The simulation of the structural crashworthiness of automotive shells is a key function during the product design and development phase. Modern road vehicles require high-complexity product design in order to satisfy the demanding market and the increasing requirements of crash test safety regulations. Product safety issues are highly related to the development of manufacturing processes and material treatment, which will allow for the necessary product structural properties and crash safety. The consideration of the structural properties after the forming process of sheet metal parts and their welding into body assemblies emerge to be essential for a more accurate modelling of the crash behaviour. In this paper, a practical approach for realising the simulation chaining of forming, welding and crash for structural shell assemblies is proposed. The attained structural results of single-sheet metal components are transferred into an integrated model, which enables the side impact simulation of a B-pillar assembly considering the preliminary manufacturing effects.


We provide a CPU-time vs. accuracy comparison as a building-block for choosing among the multitude of numerical methods for wave equation solution (collocation-related, integral equation and shooting). Relative performance depends on both profile and guidance parameter, V. Shooting extrapolation and boundary-matching forms provide refinements for maximum efficiency.


This study exploits contract-level data from Bosnia and Herzegovina to assess the impact of a new credit registry on the use of borrower collateral versus third-party guarantees. Among first-time borrowers, the introduction of mandatory information sharing leads to a shift from collateral to guarantees, in particular for riskier borrowers. Among repeat borrowers, both collateral and guarantee requirements decline in proportion to the length of the lending relationship. These results suggest that information sharing can both reduce adverse selection among new borrowers and hold-up problems among repeat borrowers.


Sugar cane bagasse is disused in most of sugar factories.It will be a good way if it is applied in aspect of nursing substrate.The ex-periment was carried out to select the most suitable nursing substrate for Anthocephalus chinensis according to advanced substrate composting technology of Fenland in different composting mode and different ratio of material.The result obtained by analysing the characteristics of C/N of different prescription of composted sugar cane bagasse and variation of physical and chemical properties according to the standard all of the world.The result showed that the sugar cane bassage was about 90% in the all material in the suitable nursing substrate for Anthocephalus chinensis.All of the substrates had enough nutrients for seedling.The value of C/N tended to decrease,and total nitrogen(TN)decreased dis-tinctly during the composting.The contents of nutrient tended to increase such as phosphorus,potassium,exchangable calcium.The effect of different substrates on height of seedling,basal diameter,number of lateral root of seedling,dry weight of shoot,dry weight of root was not dis-tinctive in the middle of experiment.The height of seedling,root width had a distinctive difference in the different substrates by the end of experiment.Moreover the basal diameter,number of lateral root got to be difference distinctively by the end of experiment.13 and 6 sub-strates could increase markedly dry weight of shoot and root,which could promote the nutrient absorb.13 substrate was the best substrate for Anthocephalus chinensis,in the tropical region of Yunnan in the condition of the experiment.6 substrate was the next.


The industrial structure adjustment of agriculture must be carried out by means of balancing urban and rural development. This is determined by the new historical characteristics of the stage. Meanwhile, we must adjust agricultural industrial structure according to market needs and the comparative advantage of rural areas.


This study aimed to investigation the fungal contamination in local and imported Nuts which processed for human consuming that have been collected from local markets in Diyala – Iraq . The study showed that 8 from 11 Nuts product were contaminated with fungi and bacteria , The total fungal isolates were 48 isolate belong to 3 fungi Genus which were Aspergillus niger , Penicillium spp and Rhizoctonia spp , The number of fungal isolates were 26 isolate of Penicillium spp , 18 isolate of Aspergillus niger and 4 isolate of Rhizoctonia spp . The occurrence percentage of  Aspergillus niger ranged from 50 % to 20 % , for Penicillium spp ranged from 100% to 50% and for Rhizoctonia spp the occurrence was 80% in one sample only , Each of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp were occurrence in all tested samples except one sample which was contain Rhizoctonia spp fungus only . Also this study showed that local Nuts products were less fungal contamination than imported Nuts products . Keyword: Nuts , Aspergillus niger , Penicillium spp , Fungal contamination


The aquatic species of U(iv) in acidic aqueous solution in the presence of sulfate were studied in the micromolar range by a combined approach of optical spectroscopy (UV/vis and mid-IR), quantum-chemical calculations (QCC), and thermodynamic modelling. The number of species occurring in solution within the pH range 0-2 was assessed by decomposition and fitting of photometric spectra using HypSpec and Geochemist's Workbench software. Single component spectra of U4+, UOH3+, USO42+ and U(SO4)2 were obtained and extinction coefficients ελ were calculated to be 61.7, 19.2, 47.6 and 40.3 L mol-1 cm-1, respectively. Complex formation constants of two U(iv) sulfate species and the first hydrolysis species UOH3+ in infinitely diluted solution were determined by thermodynamic modelling to be log βθ101 = 6.9 ± 0.3, log βθ102 = 11.8 ± 0.5 and log βθ110 = -(0.36 ± 0.1), respectively. No further U(iv) sulfate and hydrolysis species were observed under the prevailing conditions. Molecular structural information of the sulfate species was derived from vibrational spectra and QCC exhibiting a predominant monodentate coordination of the sulfate ions.


We present pulsed electron spin resonance measurements of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) for pristine samples and after adsorption of nitrobenzene in the fibers' porous structure. Two-level tunneling state (TLS) model is discussed in order to define the nature of paramagnetic centers and to explain the electron spin-lattice relaxation mechanism in the studied system. Electron spin echo decay is dominated by spin diffusion at low temperatures (below $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and for higher temperatures the echo dephasing rate is governed by thermal excitations of the TLS model. The model enables us to treat the nanographitic units being the basic structural units of ACF, as quantum wells (dots) separated by potential barriers of the order of $25(2)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ determined from temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate. Stimulation of these barriers leads to spin localization within nanographitic units. A possible control of the potential barriers is the crucial point for the problem of nanographitic unit system treated as a quantum dot matrix.


Palabras clave: Retinopatía del prematuro. Tratamiento precoz. Láser diodo. DIODE LASER THERAPY IN RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: MORE THAN A DECADE OF EXPERIENCE Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the most important causes of blindness in childhood. The introduction of diode laser has represented a significant advance in its treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate our results in the treatment of this entity after more than a decade of experience.


Background Src family kinases (SFKs), a group of non-receptor and intracellular tyrosine kinases, are classically known as proto-oncogenes. Recent studies have suggested that SFKs are excessively activated and play an important role in the fibrosis development of various tissues, i.e. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, liver fibrosis, as well as kidney fibrosis. The present study was directed to investigate the effect of SJB 003-085, a newly synthesized Src kinase inhibitor (SKI) with proposed low toxicity, in preventing the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Unilateral obstruction (UUO) surgery was performed in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to induce renal interstitial fibrosis. Either SJB-003-085 (30 mg/kg, oral) or PP2 (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), a common experimental SKI, was administered to the mice for 7 days, started one day prior to surgery. similar to PP2, a standard experimental SKI. Unlike PP2, SJB lowered lipid peroxides, a marker of oxidative stress in the kidney. SJB-003-085 is a promising agent to attenuate the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.


The Bergman kernel is a basic biholomorphic invariant on domains in C. A lot of important work has been done on its explicit computation and asymptotic expansion. Generalized to complex manifolds [K], the Bergman kernel continues to play a fundamental role. However, it seems that there is little attention given to the possible role of the Bergman kernel on analytic spaces, in connection with the study of singularities. In this paper, we give an initial step in studying the Bergman kernel on a resolution of an isolated 2-dimensional singularity. The problem is to investigate how the Bergman kernel holds information on the singularity. Our main result (Theorem 5 and Theorem 7) is that for any Gorenstein surface singularity, the exceptional set of the resolution is exactly the minimal set of the Bergman kernel. The rational singularities will be studied explicitly and a canonical holomorphic 2-form will be given. Since the exceptional set provides crucial topological information on the resolution, our result shows that the analytic definition of the Bergman kernel contains important topological information on the singularity. We wish to thank the referees for useful comments which help us in preparing the revised version. The second author would like to express his gratitude to the Late Professor Bergman who suggested the topic to him twenty-six years ago when he was a graduate student working on singularities.


Performances of ocean wave spectrometer in different sea conditions are analyzed in this study by analyzing wave parameters calculated from spectra of STORM (Systeme de Teledetection pour l'Observation par Radar de la Mer). The air-borne ocean wave spectrometer-STORM, is a real-aperture radar aims to detect the directional spectrum of ocean waves using a conical-scanning beam at low incidence angles. The principle of measurement is based on the modulation of the backscattering cross-section by the slopes of sea surface due to long waves. Spectra obtained from STORM, SWAN model outputs and data from buoy measurement are compared, the compared results reveal that for swell dominant or swell with a significant wave height large than about 2 m, the spectra retrieved from STORM data describe the sea surface quite well.


Objective
To investigate the effect of amiodarone combined with beta blocker on cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with rapid arrhythmia.

Methods
108 cases of acute myocardial infarction complicated with rapid arrhythmia in our hospital from June 2014 to October 2015 were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 54 cases in each group. Control group was treated with amiodarone, observation group was treated with amiodarone combined with beta blocker (metoprolol). Recorded left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), ejection fraction (LVEF), and heart rate (HR) of two groups before and after treatment, compared the indexes of cardiac function and clinical curative effect.

Results
The total effective rate in control group was 79.63%, significantly lower than 96.30% in observation group, with statistically significant difference between two groups (P 0.05); after treatment, LVEDD, LVESD, and HR in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group, LVEF was significantly higher than that in control group, with statistically significant differences between two groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion
The effect of amiodarone combined with beta blocker on cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with rapid arrhythmia is significant, which can significantly improve the clinical treatment effect and the cardiac function of patients.

Key words:
Amiodarone; Beta blocker; Acute myocardial infarction; Arrhythmia; Cardiac function


Nonlinear optical properties of soda-lime glass were studied by using 200-femtosecond laser pulses at 800-nm irradiation. Nonlinear transmission is observed for incident pulse energies above 65 μJ. Femtosecond nonlinear transmittance measurements were used to characterize the nonlinear behavior of the glass. The three-photon absorption along with three-photon-generated free carriers within the glass is found to be the main mechanism for the observed nonlinear response. The values of the three-photon absorption coefficient and photo-generated free-carrier cross-section were measured to be 2.1 × 10 -23 cm 3 W -2 and 1.2 × 10 -18 cm 2 , respectively. The nonlinear refractive index of the soda-lime glass was found to be as high as 3 x 10- 16 cm 2 W -1 using the z-scan measurement technique.


Recent years,big data has become one of the hottest topics in the field of IT.The construction of digital library is based on big data methods: data storage,data mining,data analysis.In order to improve the quality of library and upgrade library services,that this research adopt the interdisciplinary analysis method to discovery how to use big data in the library construction.At last,this article find a effective way to manage big data resource which is based on cloud computing,SAN,Hadoop,MapReduce and other methods.


with a BCVA of�20/40 in 95.2% and 88.5% of the eyes, respectively (P=0.31). Problems in the epithelia were encountered in 7.0% and 42.3% of the eyes in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=0.001). Suture complications, including stitch abscesses (16.3% versus 53.8%, respectively; P=0.001) and suture tract vascularization (2.3% and 34.6%, respectively; P<0.001), were more frequently observed in group 2. At the 31-month follow-up examination, the rejection-free graft survival rates were 50.0% in group 1 and 33.3% in group 2, with mean durations of 33.0 and 32.1 months, respectively (P=0.89). At the final follow-up examination, all grafts in group 1 and 96.2% of grafts in group 2 remained clear (P=0.75). Conclusion: The clinical outcomes of PK and DALK in eyes with keratoconus and VKC are comparable. However, because certain complications, such as epithelial problems and suture-related complications are more common following DALK, closer monitoring is necessary in these cases.


: In modern society, cars have been widely used. Every driver will face the problem of reversing. Experienced drivers can park the car to the designated position quickly and accurately. However, most drivers, especially some novices who have just obtained their driver's license, are very worried about the problem of parking. It is often difficult to meet both accuracy and speed. At this time, the automatic parking system appeared in front of the public. As one of the representative systems in the era of vehicle intelligence, the automatic parking system has become the main way for major automobile companies to show their strength in vehicle intelligence; In today's increasingly scarce parking spaces and shrinking parking space, automatic parking system has gradually become a "standard accessory" of vehicles and one of the main reference items for consumers to buy cars. Based on theory and practice, this paper analyzes the possible situations of automatic parking and solves the following problems to improve the automatic parking system. The acceleration model is solved by differential method. The unmanned vehicle travels along a straight line for 1.381m and reaches the maximum limit speed of 20km / h. When unmanned vehicle turns, it is necessary to establish the model of minimum curvature path and minimum path length to express the relationship between them. The initial position of the unmanned vehicle is at the intersection of the parking lot. Three parking situations will be considered, namely vertical parking space, parallel parking space and inclined parking space. A visual trajectory graph will be established to indicate the speed, path, acceleration and other parameters of each point, which vividly shows that the parking can be completed safely and quickly without conflict and collision.


We study the term structure of variance swaps, equity and variance risk premia. A model-free analysis reveals a significant price jump component in variance swap rates. A model-based analysis shows that investors' willingness to ensure against volatility risk increases after a market drop. This effect is stronger for short horizons and more persistent for long horizons. During the financial crisis investors demanded large risk premia to hold equities but the risk premia largely depended and strongly decreased with the holding horizon. The term structure of equity and variance risk premia responds differently to various economic indicators.


The Rh(I)-catalyzed allenic cyclocarbonylation reaction is a formal [2 + 2 + 1] cyclocarbonylation process that has been used to gain access to 4-alkylidenecyclopentenones. Inclusion of a six-membered ring on the tether between the allene and the alkyne components allows access to a variety of [6-7-5] ring structures found in the core-skeletons of natural products such as rippertene. This thesis describes a synthetic approach to the carbocyclic skeleton of 3α-hydroxy-15-rippertene, utilizing the Rh(I)-catalyzed allenic cyclocarbonylation reaction. Starting from 2-butyn-1-ol the [6-7-5] carbocyclic core of rippertene was synthesized in 1.9% over 10 steps.


We prove a lower bound on the first eigenvalue of the fractional Dirichlet–Laplacian of order on planar open sets, in terms of their inradius and topology. The result is optimal, in many respects. In particular, we recover a classical result proved independently by Croke, Osserman, and Taylor, in the limit as goes to 1. The limit as goes to is carefully analyzed, as well.


Suction boxes are used in the paper industry simultaneously to drain a pulp suspension and to form a fibre mat (or filter cake). This research address, in the formation unit of an industrial papermachine, the modelling of the fibre deposition assuming a filtration process and that of the flowing suspension drained through the building fibre mat and the wire on a suction box. From experimental data of the cumulative volume drained V, per surface area, for two vacuum pressure P and 6 application times t, an extension of the classical law (t/V) versus V is proposed, validated and used. This relation allows determining the average specific filtration resistance of the fibre mat over the box and the solid mass deposition before and over the suction box. The model obtained is as precise as 1% and can be used to limit and reduce the energy consumption of drainage assisted devices as suction boxes in the forming unit of an industrial papermachine.


Summary The lumbosacral ventral root outflow of the cat contains 20-25 p.c. small diameter nerve fibers. These cause no detectable shortening of muscles and no propagated muscle impulses. Stimulation of such fibers sets up discharges from muscle spindle receptors. The discharge is dependent upon the number and frequency of stimuli and on adjustment of muscle stretch.


The study was conducted at experimental fields of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala. The experiment was laid out in a 6 strip plots with plot size of 48 m2 including 2 hybrids (PMH 1 and DKC 9125) at 3 plant population densities comprising of 55, 555, 83, 333 and 1, 11, 111 plants/ha with the objective of observing the effect of plant spacing on yield attributes and yield of maize hybrids. The yield attributing factors as number of rows per cob, number of grains per row, cob girth and cob length were determined and finally the yield was recorded for both the hybrids. In case of DKC 9125 the only factor contributing to increase in cob yield and grain yield per unit area was the number of plants grown in the area, so the maximum yield was obtained at 15 cm plant spacing whereas, in case of PMH 1, both yield attributing factors (cob length and plant spacing) ultimately led to increase in grain yield. At 20 cm plant spacing the number of plants were reduced but increase in cob length at wider plant spacing nullified the effect of lesser plants grown per unit area. It was due to the reason that increase in cob length did not occur proportionately to the reduction in plant population. Hence, PMH 1 hybrid gave maximum cob yield and grain yield at 20 cm plant spacing.


Bilayer quantum Hall systems at vT = 1 support an excitonic ground state. In addition to the usual charged quasiparticles, this system possesses a condensate degree of freedom: exciton transport. Detection of this neutral transport mode is facilitated by the use of the Corbino multiply-connected geometry in which charge transport is suppressed. We here summarize our recent experiments on Corbino devices which directly demonstrate exciton transport across the bulk of the incompressible vT = 1 quantum Hall state.


Based on the fact that China has adopted a sever anti-corruption campaign since the 18~(th) Party Congress in China,this paper tries to explore the effect of anti-corruption on firms' RD investments from the perspective of political connections.The results find that in China,seeking for political connections and strengthening innovation are two substitutive ways for firms to develop themselves.After this anti-corruption campaign,firms with strong political connections increase their level of RD investments,and anti-corruption has a good effect on firms' innovation.The further results also show that for different types of firms,anti-corruption has different effects on firms' innovation investments.For SOEs,anti-corruption can only enhance the RD investments of firms when their managers are former officers in governments,while for Non-SOEs,anti-corruption have more bride positive effects on firms' RD investments.Additionally,for firms in provinces with strong anticorruption campaign,the increases of RD investments of firms with strong political connections are much more than that of firms without political connections.This paper lays a micro-foundation for the suggestion that anticorruption is good for firms' innovation,providing a new idea about the effects of this anti-corruption on economic development.


The article introduces a study methodology of the architectural periodization of Algerian mosques based on the systematic structural analysis. The specificity of the Islamic architectural school of Algeria is the simultaneous combination of the traditions of many cultures, imported from other countries, and local, different within certain regions. In the cities of Algeria, mosques with different spatial organization have survived: the so-called Arabian column type, the Maghreb type, the Khari-jites type and the Ottoman type. As in the Islamic world in general, a special role in the mosques of Algeria is devoted to ritual ablution.


Brand-Gruwel, S., & Wopereis, I. (2006). Integration of the information problem-solving skill in an educational programme: The effects of learning with authentic tasks. Technology, Instruction, Cognition, and Learning, 4, 243-263.


Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had many impacts on the education sector. The pandemic has had negative impacts on the academic activities of nursing students globally. Therefore, we assessed the impact of the COVID-19 on final year nursing students' academic activities in Lusaka and Mufulira districts of Zambia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that employed quantitative methods using a structured questionnaire among 196 final year nursing students from 1 August 2020 to 30 September 2020. Data were analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: A female predominance (67.9%) and a response rate of 86% were obtained. Many students strongly agreed (32.7%) and agreed (20.4%) that they did not complete their course work resulting in some concepts being poorly taught, 86.1% strongly agreed that they had delayed final examinations, and 51.5% strongly agreed that they did not do their clinical attachments. Students strongly disagreed (40.3%) that the e-library and wireless facilities in their school were well-stocked. Hence, this resulted in some students (40.3%) missing class lessons and assessments. Conclusions: The COVID-19 epidemic has negatively affected the academic activities of nursing students in Zambia. Ministries responsible for education must put in place measures that will mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector. Schools must adapt to the changes in the way of conducting learning and assessment sessions. Finally, schools must improve on their e-library and wireless facilities to effectively support online learning.


www.PRSJournal.com 1088 Hyaluronic acid treatments have become the most commonly used soft-tissue fillers worldwide. According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 1,209,217 hyaluronic acid injection procedures were performed in the United States in 2009, which increased to 2,494,814 in 2016. Globally, the number of hyaluronic acid injection procedures increased from 2,045,899 in 2010 to 2,865,085 in 2015, which represents a greater than 9 percent increase per year on average.1,2 Because of the increased number of clinical applications, the number of serious adverse events associated with hyaluronic acid is increasing. The major complications of hyaluronic acid injections are primarily attributable to arterial occlusions, which may lead to tissue necrosis, blindness, stroke, and death3–8; thus, such complications warrant greater attention.5,9 The mechanisms of arterial embolism induced by hyaluronic acid injection are not clear. Experts have not yet offered recommendations for the treatment of these serious complications, and limited evidence exists concerning treatment efficacy.


This study aims to contribute to the literature on IT outsourcing governance by advancing our understanding of mechanisms of substitution and complementarity between formal and relational governance. Our study illustrates certain conditions under which substitution and complementarity can occur and depicts a two‐way causal relationship between them. Our examination further provides a more in‐depth assessment of relational governance by using the concept of the psychological contract. Our results demonstrate that the psychologically binding nature of the psychological contract makes it a particularly forceful substitute to formal governance, while its associations with other relationship aspects make it a forceful complement.


The 1 : 1 adduct of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (tnba) with 2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-dap), [(2,6-dap)+(tnba)-], has been prepared and the low-temperature crystal structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. A modulated structure has been identified and refined by using a stacking fault model that requires reflection data to be put on three scales depending on an index condition. Crystals are triclinic, space group P1–, with Z 8 in a cell of dimensions a 13.538(3), b 14.516(4), c 16.480(4) A; α 97.17(2), β 105.69(2), γ 106.09(2)˚. The structure involves proton transfer from the tnba molecule to the 2,6-dap molecule, with the resulting pyridinium proton and an amine proton interacting with the carboxyl oxygens of the tnba molecule in a primary cyclic hydrogen-bonding association. Additional peripheral hydrogen bonding completes a two-dimensional sheet structure.


Here we consider the initial-boundary value problems in a homogeneous cylindrical domain YI Ω ×+ ( Ω+ is an open two-dimensional bounded simply connected domain with a boundary 5 ∂Ω ∈C , 2 \ Ω≡ Ω − + R is the open exterior of the domain Ω+ , [0, ] YI ≡ Y is the height of the cylinder) on a time interval [0, ] TI ≡ T . The initial conditions and the boundary conditions on the bases of the cylinder are zero, and the boundary conditions on the lateral surface of the cylinder are given by the function 1 2 wx x yt ( , , ,) ( 1 2 (, ) x x ∈∂Ω , Y y ∈ I , T t I ∈ ). An approximate solution of such problems is obtained through the combined use of the Fourier method and the collocation boundary element method based on piecewise quadratic interpolation (PQI). The solution to the problem in the cylinder is expanded in a Fourier series in terms of eigenfunctions of the operator 2 By yy ≡ ∂ with the corresponding zero boundary conditions. The coefficients of such a Fourier series are solutions of problems for two-dimensional heat equations 2 2 t ∇ =∂ + u u ku . With a low smoothness of the functions w in the variable y, the weight of solutions at large values of k increases and the accuracy of solving the problem in the cylinder decreases. To maintain accuracy on a uniform grid, the step of discretization of the boundary function w with respect to the variable y is decreased by a factor of j. Here j is an averaged value of the quantity Y k π depending on the function w. In addition, the steps of discretization of functions ( ) 2 exp − τ k with respect to the variable τ in domains τ≤πT k are reduced by a factor of 2 2 k π . The steps in the remaining ranges of values τ and the steps by the other variables remain unchanged. The approximate solutions obtained on the basis of this procedure converge stably to exact solutions in the 2 ( ) LI I Y T × -norm with a cubic velocity uniformly with respect to sets of functions w, bounded by norm of functions with low smoothness in the variable y, uniformly along the length of the generatrix of the cylinder Y , and uniformly in the domain Ω . The latter is also associated with the use of PQI along the curve ∂Ω over the variable 2 2 ρ≡ − r d , which is carried out at small values of r ( d and r are the distances from the observed point of the domain Ω to the boundary ∂Ω and to the current point of integration along ∂Ω , respectively). The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results of the numerical solution of the problem in a circular cylinder, where the dependence of the boundary functions w on y is given by the normalized eigenfunctions of the differential operator By which vary in a sufficiently large range of values of k .


Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a well-known cause of death and physical incapacity worldwide. Heart failure (HF) is a common disease resulting from multiple etiologies that contribute to decreasing physical capacity and quality of life (QOL)., Not long ago physical exercises were discouraged in CVDs, but evidence-based exercise programs augment QOL, reduce mortality and hospital readmission in HF2. Strength training is an important component of a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its close relationship with improvements in functional capacity reverberating in [...]


The current situation of Chinese husbandry was elaborated from the yield of husbandry,the function in national economic development,production mode and layout.Many problems existed in husbandry process were analyzed.On the basis of husbandry development tendency in our country,some corresponding countermeasures were put forward.


This paper proposes a matching engine of query-by-singing/humming (QbSH) system which retrieves the most similar music information by comparing the input data with the extracted feature information from polyphonic music like MP3. The feature sequences transcribed from polyphonic music may have many errors. So, to reduce the influence of errors and improve the performance, the chroma-scale representation, compensation and asymmetric DTW (Dynamic Time Warping) are adopted in the matching engine. The performance of various distance metrics are also investigated in this paper. In our experiment, the proposed QbSH system achieves MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) of 0.718 for 1000 singing/humming queries when searching from a database of 450 polyphonic musics.


The curriculum of plant tissue culture was reformed in education according to educational objective and the demand for talent cultivation of higher vocational colleges.The main purpose is to promote the theoretical level and the practical ability of the students,and improve the quality of teaching.The combination of theory and practice was focused in the teaching process in order to achieve the combination of engineering and study.


According to the detailed field investigation and the collected data,the paper undertakes the careful data classification and the analysis,sums up the major influential factors of the geological disasters in the region,and points out the prevention measures,the work allocation and the suggestions accordingly,so as to prevent and reduce the geological disasters.


Block modified covariance algorithms are proposed for autoregressive parametric spectral estimation. First, the authors develop the block modified covariance algorithm (BMCA) which can be implemented either in the time or in the frequency domain-with the latter being more efficient in high-order cases. A block algorithm is also developed for the energy weighted combined forward and backward prediction. This algorithm is called energy weighted BMCA (EWBMCA) and its performance is analogous to that of the weighted covariance method proposed by Nikias and Scott (1983). Time-varying convergence factors, designed to minimize the error energy from one iteration to the next, are given for both algorithms. In addition, three updating schemes are presented, namely block-by-block, sample-by-sample, and sample-by-sample with time-scale separation. The performance of the proposed algorithms is examined with stationary and nonstationary narrowband and broadband processes, and also with sinusoids in noise. Lastly, the authors discuss the computational complexity of the proposed algorithms and give performance comparisons to existing modified covariance algorithms. >


A temperature and strain rate dependent model for the thermoforming process of amorphous polymer materials is proposed. The polymeric sheet is heated at a temperature above the glass transition temperature then deformed to take the mold shape by the means of an applied pressure. The applied process temperature is taken uniform throughout the sheet and its variation is due only to the adiabatic heating. The behavior of the polymeric material is described by a micromechanically-based elastic-viscoplastic model. The simulations are conducted for the poly(methyl methacrylate) using the finite element method. The polymer sheet thickness and the orientation of the polymer molecular chains show an important dependence on the process temperature, the applied pressure profile, and the contact forces with the mold surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007


In this essay the author wanders through the events that forged the image and the representation of the sixties, culminating in the 1968 student movements. These movements are the cultural and political condensation of the transformations that emerged in the post- World War II period.


It was point thing or course in-house objectivity,at the same time return mean that main body knowledge of object and understand degree our that "ascertain".It was point thing or course not possess"ascertain"like that property that uncertainty.The 20th century since,science appear to be of uncertainty.The uncertainty of scientific knowledge results from knowledge itself and effects of outer world.


Start with two independent families of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) zero mean, real-valued random variables { Z i,j } 1≤i<j and { Y i } 1≤i , such that EZ 2 1,2 = 1 and for all integers k ≥ 1,


Species richness of the intertidal macroinfauna of exposed sandy beaches around South America is reviewed in relation to geographic location. This macrolnfauna is dominated by drolanid isopods (Excirolana). bivalves (Mesadesma and Donax) and opheliid and spionid polychaeles. In general, Ihe upper shore of tropical and subtropical beaches is characterized by crabs (Ocypodidae). whereas on temperate beaches it is dominated by talitrid amphipods and cirolanid isopods. The middle shore is prim<!rily occupied by cirolanids and bivalves, and hippid crabs, bivalves and amphipods dominate the lower beach. Generally, species richness increases from upper to lower beach levels. Siudies earned out on exposed sandy beaches of south-central Chile (ca. 40"8) show that different beach states harbour differences in species richness, with the greatest species richness on dissipative beaches, and the least on beaches with reflective characteristics, a pattern also observed in Uruguay.


Objective To investigate the etiology and surgical treatment of neovascular glaucoma(NVG).Methods The etiological and surgical data of 108 eyes of 97 NVG patients were analyzed and summarized. Results Of all the causes,retinal vein occlusion was the principal cause,followed by diabetic retinopathy, and their sum were 74 eyes of 67 patients, 69.1% of all patients and 68.5% of all NVG eyes. The other causes included ocular ischemia syndrome ( 6 eyes of 5 patients ), Coat's disease ( 4 eyes of 4 patients),chronic uveitis ( 4 eyes of 3 patients ), chronic angle-closure glaucoma ( 3 eyes of 3 patients ), and some relatively unusual causes. Of 37 eyes performed panretinal photocoagulation, the new vessels of 34 eyes (91.9%) were disappear, of 47 eyes performed pan-peripheral retinal cryotheraphy, the new vessels of 38 eyes(80.9%) were disappear, of 26 eyes performed improved trabeculectomy with preoperative or postoperative panretinal photocoagulation, the intraocular pressures (IOP) of 21 eyes ( 80.8%)were fully controlled. Of 9 eyes performed vitrectomy and panretinal photocoagulation and trabeculectomy, the IOP of 8 eyes ( 88.9%)were fully controlled. All 4 eyes performed glaucoma drainage implant placement appeared fully controlled IOP during the average follow-up time of 5.5 months. Of 39 eyes performed 52 semicircular ciliary body cryotheraphies early or late, the IOP of 30 eyes (76.9%) were fully controlled. Conclusions The causes of NVG are complicated and various, and the individual operation should be performed according to various clinical characteristic.

Key words:
Neovascular glaucoma;  Etiology;  Surgical theraphy


GF-120 spinosad bait was comparable to the organophosphate insecticide Guthion in protecting sweet and tart cherries from western cherry fruit fly (WCFF) in two research and four commercial orchard trials in 2004 and 2005 in northern Utah. A low level of fruit injury (mean of <0.6 larvae per 100 fruit) occurred in GF-120 plots in three of the six trials, but Guthion plots also had fruit injury. Orchard sites with fruit injury had nearby sources of migrating mature WCFF adults that caused small failures in fruit protection for GF-120 and Guthion. Two concentrations of WCFF bait, 20% and 40%, were evaluated in one tart cherry trial in 2005 for its effects on adult attraction and retention and fruit protection. In plots sprayed with GF-120 and untreated plots, more cumulative numbers of adults were caught on traps in subplots treated with 40% than 20% bait, however higher trap catch did not translate to a difference in fruit injury. Adjacent non-host trees (pear and peach) treated with 20% and 40% bait attracted a relatively low number of WCFF adults (<12 cumulative adults per trap), and trap catch was not influenced by bait concentration. In conclusion, increasing the bait concentration in GF-120 sprays did not result in greater protection of fruit from WCFF through higher retention and kill of adults, and use of bait sprays in nearby trap crops (e.g., non-host trees) did not show promise.


Based on detail investigation of accompanying vascular plants in primary habitat of Adiantum reniforme var. sinense community, the community characteristics and flora of seed plant in Three Gorges Reservoir area were analyzed. The results showed that fern and angiosperm were the major vascular plants in the primary habitat of A. reniforme var. sinense. There were 17 species, 14 genera,12 families of ferns, 2 species, 2 genera, 2 families of gymnosperm and 65 species, 58 genera, 36 families of angiosperm in this community. Flora of seed plant in A. reniforme var. sinensse community was dominant with tropic zone, transited from the tropic to temperate zone. Study on flora characteristics of companion species in primary habitat of A. reniforme var. sinense community could provide conference for protecting rare and endangered plants in Three Gorges area and other areas.


In this paper, a network relying on software-defined underwater acoustic nodes is proposed: by receiving a periodic beacon signal from the sink node, each node in a cluster obtains a prediction about the communication quality of the potential links to its one-hop neighbors as well as to the available relay nodes within the cluster. A hidden Markov process is used to predict the next state of the channels, using the probability distribution of the channel amplitude and delay spread from previous observations. Each transmitting node evaluates the quality of links to its next hop neighbor relay nodes. Accordingly, a normalized weight representing the channel quality is assigned to each link. The channel gain and its delay spread are the two metrics that are used to define the channel quality. To evaluate the network performance in realistic conditions, the output of a statistical model combined with the Bellhop ray tracing software is compared to experimental data. Using the channel quality, each transmitter node in the network selects its next hop optimum relay node. This scheme minimizes the number of transmitted control packets and also reduces the re-transmission of data packets, by predicting the channel status rather than exchanging an excessive number of control packets which typically convey expired channel state information. Minimizing the overhead and selecting the optimum channel saves on the energy per bit consumption while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and low latency.


Temporal dependencies reveal interesting insights into the semantic discourse structure of narrative texts. The investigations of literary scientists are, as of today, mostly based on labor-intensive manual annotations. Computational Narratology, an important subtopic of the Digital Humanities, aims at facilitating annotations and supporting literary scientists with their analyses. According to Mani (2013), one aspect of Computational Narratology focuses on exploring and testing literary hypotheses through mining narrative structures from corpora. In the context of the BMBF-funded eHumanities project heureCLÉA, we address temporal phenomena in literary text, a genre whose temporal phenomena are different from others. For example, it is often not possible to anchor temporal expressions to real points in time, but literary texts tend to have their own time frame. Our project partners, as well as many other humanists, use CATMA, a comprehensive graphical tool for annotating data. Interfacing NLP with CATMA could drastically reduce the effort of manual annotation. The goal of heureCLÉAis to provide users with a collaborative annotation environment for tagging temporal phenomena in documents, with simple annotations (e.g., temporal expressions) being added automatically, and more complex annotations (e.g., time shifts and ellipses) being suggested. Users can correct automatic annotations, and user feedback will be used to apply machine learning techniques to improve future annotation suggestions. In the following, we outline our flexible architecture for NLP in the domain of narrative texts, as well as promising first results for annotating the tense of sub-sentences to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.


A tailor-made autoclave setup for simultaneous acoustic irradiation and hydrogenation was used in the hydrogenation of fatty acids and carbohydrates. The aim was not to perform actual sonochemistry but to retard deactivation of the catalyst by means of acoustic irradiation. The catalyst used was a Raney nickel one that tends to deactivate quite rapidly from batch to batch. The results indicated that in the case of the aqueous system (xylose hydrogenation to xylitol) the effect is clear. In the case of the fatty acids one actually observed an enhancement of the reaction rate: with recycled catalyst the second and third batch proceeded somewhat faster than the first one.


Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among Swedish men. Each year approx. 2 500 men die from the disease constituting almost 1/5 of all cancer death among men. Screening for prostate cancer has not been recommended in Sweden but PSA-testing is despite that commonly used. With high diagnostic activity more men are diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer, increasing the risk of over treatment. There is a strong need for better prognostic markers of prostate cancer. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate an early prostate cancer screening study and to assess different possible prognostic factors of prostate cancer. In 1988, all men aged between 55-70 years living in the catchment area of Stockholm South Hospital were identified (26 602). 2 400 of them were randomly selected and invited to participate in a single intervention prostate cancer screening study. 1 782 men accepted, and were examined with DRE, TRUS and PSA analysis. 65 cases of prostate cancer were detected. Study I is based on a 15-year follow up of the screening study. There was no significant difference in the risk of dying from prostate cancer between the source population and the invited group. The risk of dying from other diseases was however significantly increased among the non-attendees, with an IRR of 1.89 (95% CI 1.65-2.16), compared to the attendees. In study II we evaluated the pre-diagnostic serum values of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and SHBG influence on prostate cancer survival. Of the 65 men with screening detected prostate cancer, 41 died during follow up. 17 died of prostate cancer. Having a DHT value above median were associated with lower risk of dying from prostate cancer with a HR of = 0.24 (95% CI 0.08-0.75). We speculate that high DHT values lead to increased stimulation of the ERβ-receptor which has antiproliferative properties. Study III assesses suPAR as a prognostic marker of prostate cancer and longevity. We measured the serum level of two different forms of suPAR among 375 men of the screening cohort. Among these we included 63 of the screening detected prostate cancer cases. Neither suPAR (I-III) nor suPAR (II-III) were associated with prostate cancer mortality after adjustment for other prognostic factors. Both suPAR-forms were however associated with decreased overall survival with HR 2.26 (95% CI 1.17-4.35) for one unit increase of suPAR (I-III). The increase of overall survival was especially due to an increase in the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. One unit increase of SuPAR (I-III) had a HR of 6.44 (95% CI 2.16-19.18). Study IV Since low DHT level was associated with higher risk of prostate cancer death in study II, we wanted to explore if treatment with drugs lowering the DHT level (5-αreductase inhibitors) would influence the risk of dying from PC. We used a prescription database to identify men prescribed 5-α-reductase inhibitors before diagnosis of prostate cancer. To compensate for lead time bias we also included men prescribed αadrenoceptor antagonist for comparison. Treatment with 5-α-reductase inhibitors did not increase the risk of prostate cancer death (HR 0.94 (95% CI 0.77-1.16). However, treatment with α-adrenoceptor antagonist did significantly reduce the risk with HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.70-0.96). We also analyzed the risk of being diagnosed with metastasized prostate cancer with DDD of medicine as exposure variable. The OR for having metastasized disease at diagnosis was 1.14 (95% 1.01-1.29) per 100 DDD of finasteride treatment. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I. Kjellman A, Akre O, Norming U, Tornblom M, Gustafsson O. 15-Year followup of a population based prostate cancer screening study. Journal of Urology, April 2009, Vol 181, 1615-1621 II. Kjellman A, Akre O, Norming U, Tornblom M, Gustafsson O. Dihydrotestosterone levels and survival in screening-detected prostate cancer: a 15-yr follow-up study. European Urology, 2008, Vol 53, 106-111 III. Kjellman A, Akre O, Gustafsson O, Hoyer-Hansen G, Lilja H, Norming U, Piironen T, Tornblom M. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor as a prognostic marker in men participating in prostate cancer screening. Submitted IV. Kjellman A, Friis S, Granath F, Gustafsson O, Toft Sorensen H, Akre O. Treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and prostate cancer survival. Submitted


In this paper we present how a 2D least squares algorithm, Res2Dinv (Loke and Dahlin, 2002), and the 2D Lateral Constrained Inversion (2D-LCI) algorithm (Christiansen et al., 2003) can be applied in geotechnical site investigations. The 2D-LCI algorithm performs a parameterized 2D Laterally Constrained Inversion (Auken and Christiansen, 2003) on resistivity data.


early due to are to interfere with children's cognitive and emotional development. Recent research in Psychological Science expands on past work by indicating that experiences of deprivation and may influence children's psychological development differently. That is, early deprivation experiences, such as parental neglect and financial difficulties, appear to be more closely associated with cognitive and emotional functioning in adolescence than early threat experiences, such as exposure to abuse.


The aim of this paper is to prove the existence of two solutions for a nonlinear elliptic problem involving the (p,q) ‐Laplacian operator. The solutions are obtained by using variational methods and critical points theorems. The positivity of the solutions is shown by applying a generalized version of the strong maximum principle.


The aim of this paper is to show a different presentation of the classical proof of the first part of Gerschgorin's theorem. Besides for the second part of this theorem, there is a more straightforward and understandable proof than the one given on most of the classical books.


Adenosine inhibits cyclic AMP synthesis induced by dopamine in embryonic but not in post‐hatched chick retinas. N6‐Cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), which preferntially activates A1 receptors as well as 2‐chloroadenosine, inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation induced by dopamine in retinas from 10‐day‐old embryos (E10) with IC50's of 0.1 and 0.5 μM, respectively, but this effect is not detectable after hatching. In order to verify if this developmental change reflects variations in the number of affinity of A1 adenosine receptors, their development during chick retina ontogeny was studied. Binding studies using 3(H)CHA revealed the presence of A1 receptors at all stages of development examined, including the post‐hatched retina. The number of binding sites increased between E10 and E17, and then decreased in post‐hatched animals. In the latter, 3(H)CHA binding was to a single site with a Bmax of 128.6 ± 13.4 fmol/mg protein and a Kd of 2.1 + 0.2 nM. Various ligands showed similar hierachies of affinity for the A1 receptor in embryonic and post‐hatched retinas, namely, CHA > R‐N6‐phenylisopropyladenosine (1‐PIA)> 5′,‐N‐ethylcarbox‐amideadenosine (NECA) > isobuthylmethyl‐xanthine (IBMX). Given that CHA inhibited forskolin‐induced cyclic AMP production and Gpp(NH)p inhibited 3(H)CHA binding in both embryonic and posthatched retinas, it appears that receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase is present since early embryonic stages. The results suggest that the A1 receptors may have different functions in the embryonic as compared to the mature chick retina.


Modeling of emergency response plan is the basis for reducing the harm and adverse effects of sudden disasters on society. Multi-entity (unit) participate in emergency response plan has high synergy in workers and entities, strong logical relationship, etc. In this paper, the natural disaster emergency response plan is the research object, and the emergency rescue mission is directive, and rescue time is the main line, and model is builded by using the network diagram. This method aims to express all kinds of emergency response plans more flexibly and accurately, and the complex relationship between internal working rooms and the expression of structural networks. At the same time, this paper establishes a task which completion probability model to comprehensively evaluate emergency response capabilities based on time. The emergency response network diagram established in this paper has the characteristics of the network and can be combined with complex network theory for in-depth research.


A chromic acid digestion extraction technique was compared to conventional solvent extraction for recovery of a series of organochlorine compounds (chlorinated benzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, DDE, mires, and photomirex) from centrifuged Niagara River water. The digestion technique was more efficient than conventional solvent extraction. Relative recovery undigested/digested) decreased exponentially with increasing log K ow


Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to describe the potential use of lasers in the treatment of benign superficial lesions of the larynx and discuss possible roles for vocal nodules. Recent findingsAlthough there are many articles that describe the use of lasers in benign laryngeal lesions, there have not been much recent data with CO2 lasers for such lesions and very little to describe the use in vocal nodules. Most recent data have been related to other lasers such as the pulse-dye or potassium titanyl phosphate lasers. SummaryLasers can be used safely in the larynx to remove benign superficial laryngeal lesions. The safety and efficiency of microdissection techniques and the lack of evidence to support the use of newer lasers for vocal nodules would suggest selective laser use for removing vocal nodules.


Carnitine is a small, water-soluble molecule that plays a key role in transporting fatty acids across the barrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane for fJ-oxidation. Because of its central role in energy production from fatty acids, there has been considerable interest in the relation of carnitine to the development of fatty acid oxidation during the neonatal period. Information has become available on the role of carnitine in genetic and acquired disorders of fatty acid oxidation that provides some perspective on carnitine physiology in the neonate. For reviews on carnitine see references 1-4.


The logarithmic model is often used to describe the relationships between factors.It often gives good statistical characteristics.Yet,in the process of modeling of soil and water conservation,we find out that this"good"model cannot guarantee good result.In this paper we make an inquiry into the intrinsic reasons.It is shown that the logarithmic model has the property of enlarging or reducing model errors,and the disadvantages of the logarithmic model are analyzed.


The present invention relates to a probe card production method for mutual assembly relates to a probe replaceable probe card and a manufacturing method of a hybrid type, in more detail making the upper tip portion and a lower spring of the hybrid probe structure separately and the middle of the socket structure It relates. Probe replacement of the hybrid-type probe card and a manufacturing method thereof of the present invention has the technical features in made of a step, step and step of assembling the upper part and a lower spring probe to produce a lower spring for making an upper probe. Thus, probe replacement of the hybrid-type probe card and a manufacturing method thereof of the present invention, even if produced by separating a part and the lower upper probe spring and probe added destroyed by mutually assembled by using the socket structure because it can replace part new probe real-time there are benefits to be repaired easily. In addition, there is an effect that, by making the upper portion and the lower spring probe parts each other plating materials relieve load applied to the carrier when the probe assembly and can be secured to parts of the spring design freedom. Probe card, the probe, prefabricated, MEMS


Pseudocontractions, which are generalizations of paracontractions in the linear case, are introduced in this paper in order to study the convergence of nonstationary iterative methods for linear systems in which the coefficient matrices are singular M-matrices. A general convergence theorem for pseudocontractions is developed. This theorem is used to analyze the convergence of two nonstationary parallel iterations: two-stage multisplitting iterations and asynchronous multisplitting iterations for singular M-matrices, without other contractivity conditions on the iteration matrices.


Depression is a common mental disorder that severely affects the quality of life, and can lead to suicide. When diagnosed in time, mild, moderate, and even severe depression can be treated. This is why it is vital to detect signs of depression in time. One possibility for this is the use of text classification models on social media posts. Transformers have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a variety of similar text classification tasks. One drawback, however, is that when the dataset is imbalanced, the performance of these models may be negatively affected. Because of this, in this paper, we examine the effect of balancing a depression detection dataset using data augmentation. In particular, we use abstractive summarization techniques for data augmentation. We examine the effect of this method on the LT-EDI-ACL2022 task. Our results show that when increasing the multiplicity of the minority classes to the right degree, this data augmentation method can in fact improve classification scores on the task.


A huge amount of documents is created and changed in our everyday life, so that Version Control Systems like Git or SVN are tightly integrated with documents workflows. On the other hand, XML has come of age as a basis for document formats, and even though XML as a textbased format is suitable for version control in principle, the fact that version control systems work on files makes the integration of fragment access techniques like XPath or XQuery difficult. In this paper, we present the state of the art of TNTBase, a versioned XML database based on Berkeley DB XML and Subversion. Thus, the system integrates versioning and fragment access needed for fine-granular document content management. It is intended as a basis for collaboratively editing and sharing XML documents, and also provides an infrastructure for specialization towards specific applications and their document formats, such as validation, format-specific "XML-database views" and human-oriented presentation.


Background: Polymorphisms of TAP1 gene might be pertinent in development of cancer by altering the immune response. We studied the association of TAP1 gene polymorphism with HPV related oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: This prospective study consisted of 200 subjects divided into three groups; Group A—HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer (17/100), Group B—HPV negative oropharyngeal cancer (83/100) and Group C—Controls. TAP1ile333val polymorphism genotyping was performed by ARMS-PCR. Results: No significant difference was observed in the distribution of Val/Val genotype of Group A in comparison to Group C (OR = 0.663, 95% CI = 0.164 - 2.688, p = 0.742) and Group B (OR = 1.725, 95% CI = 0.388 - 7.675, p = 0.677) and thus was not associated with HPV associated cancer. But the frequency of Val/Val genotype was found to be significantly decreased in Group B as compared to controls and was linked with increased risk of oropharyngeal cancers (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15 - 0.97, p = 0.048). Conclusion: TAP1i333v gene polymorphism was not associated with HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer; however decreased frequency of Val/Val genotype raises the risk of oropharyngeal cancer.


When three of America's foremost historians of the American Civil War publish sweeping overviews at almost the same time, it seems like a good opportunity to take stock of the state of the field. We are six years past the end of the sesquicentennial, which many scholars hoped would spark a resurgence of public interest in the period. That did not happen—at least not to the extent of the centennial—but the past six years have seen a very public reassessment of the place of Confederate iconography in the American landscape, and with it a realization that the Civil War, and the long shadow of American slavery, still resonates. As we saw over the summer of 2020, when protests over the deaths of George Floyd and other African Americans led to the removal of scores of Confederate monuments, the Civil War still has the power to inflame, and many of its lessons remain unlearned. Even without the hook of the sesquicentennial or public protests, Civil War historians are blessed with a broader audience than our colleagues in many other subfields. This is both a blessing—our books have greater commercial potential—and a responsibility to make our work accessible to general readers rather than simply writing for the historiography. All three of these books succeed on that count; in fact, their utility for scholars and students is more varied. In the introduction to The Women's Fight, Thavolia Glymph describes four Civil Wars that historians explore: armies fighting on the battlefields, conflicts


By making empirical study with the data of China's equity open-ended funds, we find out the main internal influence factors of the yield. It turns out that management expense ratio, total expense ratio and the changing frequency of fund manager may have significant effects on the open-ended fund performance. Meanwhile, the size of the fund does not affect the yield.


The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Read, Cover, Remember, and Retell (RCRR) Strategy on students' reading comprehension. This current study was carried out by using quasi experimental method. The subjects of this research were 14 Eight semester students of English Study Program of UMB . The instrument used in this study was a reading comprehension test consisted of pre-test and post-test. Pre-test was given before the treatment and post-test was given after the treatment. The result of the study show that there is an increased scores of students who used RCRR Strategy. After conducting the measuremnet,  researchers found that T-count value was lower than T-table (1.1904 < 1.70562). However, the total score was 590 and mean score was 84.28 for experimental group, which was higher than the total score in the control group, 555 and mean score was 79.28. This indicate that RCRR has a significant effect on students reading comprehension skill.


Abstract A diagnostic analysis of two cases of lee cyclogenesis in the Alps region is presented. Data used consisted of routinely available rawinsonde, satellite and aircraft data. The analysis employed a three-stage variational objective scheme which allowed assimilation of satellite retrieved temperatures, imposition of a weak geostrophic constraint consistent with quasi-geostrophic flow, and a method to satisfy continuity while combining kinematic and dynamic estimates of vertical motion. Evolution of vorticity, vertical motion and energy are computed along with frontogenesis and Q-vectors (Hoskins et al., 1978) as diagnostic tools. The analyses indicate that lee cyclogenesis is a multi-stage process involving interaction between the flow and terrain. The developing cyclone passes through three stages: a shallow, terrain-induced barotropic phase; a rapid development phase where barotropic and baroclinic processes act in concert; and a phase where the mature storm is dominated by baroclinic processes. F...


The paper presents the working principle, analyzes the reason of vibration and gives the solution of the hydraulic coupling of type GWT58 which is working on the blower in front of prepared material kiln of second phase project of shanxi aluminium smelter.


The present invention is to provide a micro-imprint lithography process, which can in performing micro-imprint lithography process with respect to the substrate having more than a 5 inch area, smoothly separated from the Im Treant substrate from the stamp from the imprinted substrate or the stamp . The present invention includes the steps of preparing a stage for supporting the substrate and stamp the microstructure pattern is formed and the substrate or the stamp to imprint the microstructure to it; and the micro-structure of the stamp to the applying a resist on the upper and the resist of the substrate further comprising: imprinting a pattern; And the step of spaced apart by the said substrate and the imprint stamp using the air pressure or vacuum; In the micro-imprint lithography process including providing a way to separate the stamp and the substrate. Micro-imprint lithography, a substrate, seals, spaced apart step, the air nozzle, the step


The influence of multispecies inorganic solutions on swelling and hydraulic conductivity of non-prehydrated geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing sodium bentonite was examined. Ionic strength and the relative abundance of monovalent and divalent cations (RMD) in the permeant solution were found to influence swell of the bentonite, and the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs. Swell is directly related to RMD and inversely related to ionic strength, whereas hydraulic conductivity is directly related to ionic strength and inversely related to RMD. RMD has a greater influence for solutions with low ionic strength (e.g., 0.05 M), whereas concentration effects dominate at high ionic strength (e.g., 0.5 M). No discernable effect of cation species of similar valence was observed in the swell or hydraulic conductivity data for test solutions with similar ionic strength and RMD. A strong relationship between hydraulic conductivity and free swell was found, but the relationship must be defined empirically for a particular bentonite. A regression model relating hydraulic conductivity of the GCL to ionic strength and RMD of the permeant solution was developed. Predictions made with the model indicate that high hydraulic conductivities (i.e., >10\u-\u7 cm/s) are not likely for GCLs in base liners in many solid waste containment facilities. However, for wastes with stronger leachates or leachates dominated by polyvalent cations, high hydraulic conductivities may occur.


Delicately and with a voluptuous spiral movement the leaf from the tall beech tree detached itself from its branch and landed on the flaming bed made by its companions. That autumn, that morning, while I was observing this unique event, I began to reflect on the emotion I felt in its probably universal connotation. Like aesthetic feeling, a great many concepts affect living beings in the deepest part of themselves, and come from the depths of the cognitive processes, those determinants that are innate dispositions to feel and know. Those depths have a reality and a meta-historical, infraand extra-verbal dimension. When people talk about the reasons and extent of reciprocal East–West influence, the integration of certain ways of thinking and acting in relation to the arts, of social, philosophical or religious systems, there is clearly a mutual awakening of latent dispositions, as naturally as warmth and light are felt when coming close to a flame. Indeed, supposing that we make our choices 'freely', is it not true to say that we choose quite spontaneously what seems beneficial for us in the period of deprivation and maturation we are going through? As regards concepts and behaviour, would we be open to what does fit in with either a need or a prospect of greater well-being? Even cultural or religious constraints introduced after bloody conquests ended by being assimilated eventually via those of their components that responded to a certain expectation or encountered receptive inclinations on the part of individuals who integrated and then transformed them. To tell the truth we could have avoided those contemporary questions and remained in the context of intense emulating exchanges if since the Greeks of the Portico many centuries had not rolled by before we discovered a certain freedom to think, express and act. In addition the fact that distances have been cancelled out or are quickly crossed now puts us within reach of all the marvellous experiences and creations achieved and transmitted through human beings, wherever they are. Thus


The boiling point is 1530 C., and it is miscible with water and some organic solvents. On boiling with water or alkali it hydrolyzes to formic acid and dimethylamine. It is more stable than formamide and can be distilled. For the present work freshly distilled dimethylformamide was used and all aqueous solutions were freshly prepared. Dimethylformamide in the atmosphere may be trapped by passing the air through two bubblers containing water and estimating it by the method of Bergmann (1952). Of a dimethylformamide solution, 10 ml. was mixed with 1 ml. 3-5 N-NaOH and 1 ml. 2N-hydroxylamine sulphate. After shaking, it was left at 150 C. for four hours and 1 ml. of 3-5 N-HCI and 0 74 M-FeCI3 added and the colour estimated. It may be estimated directly in blood after precipitating the proteins or in filtrates of urine or stomach contents.


This paper discusses chemical process models for which the only uncertainties of interest are model parameters. In an earlier paper the authors addressed multicriteria optimization in the presence of model and process uncertainty at the design stage. Specifically the authors discussed extensions of the average criterion method, the worst-case strategy and the e -constraint method under the following conditions: (a) at the design stage the only information available about the uncertain parameters is that they are enclosed in a known uncertainty region T , and (b) at the operation stage, process data is rich enough to allow the determination of exact values of all the uncertain parameters. The suggested formulation assumed that at the operation stage, certain process variables (called control variables) could be tuned or manipulated in order to offset the effects of uncertainty. This formulation made the conventional assumption that there was only one type of uncertain parameters. In this paper, the authors consider the more realistic case, where the uncertain parameters fall under at least two classes at the operation stage, namely (a) those that can be determined with enough accuracy and (b) those that cannot be determined with such accuracy given the available process data. The case study is an application to a direct methanol fuel cell.


EUROPE 1992 promises substantial economic gains to the 12 nations that are to make up the single integrated market. From the larger market are to flow the microeconomic benefits of economies of scale and increased competition. It is these gains that are the promise of Europe 1992; the gains from macroeconomic policy come largely from capitalizing on the supply-side shock of lower prices and costs. A quantitative estimate of the gains was made in a widely publicized report, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, known as the Cecchini report. ' The report estimates the microeconomic gains to be 4.3 percent to 6.4 percent of gross domestic product, with appropriate accompanying macroeconomic policies adding another 2.5 percent.2 It is a one-time gain analogous to those achieved by eliminating a domestic monopoly or a tariff. Lest the estimated gain seem small, it is several times the estimated gain of 1 percent of GDP from the 1968 elimination of tariffs on industrial products among the then-Common Market members.3 To state the relative size of the gains in another way, the midpoint of the report's estimates of the microeconomic welfare gains from Europe 1992 is 216 billion European currency units (ECU),


Automated transport of suspended objects is a subject of importance in many manufacturing, construction, and military applications. Suppression of the natural oscillation of payloads after a transport motion has been extensively studied, but generalized planar motion has yet to be examined. Obstacles in a crane or robot workspace may necessitate transport using a sequence of many linear segments or by a sequence of fewer curvilinear ones. The use of curvilinear motions in such cases may have the following advantages: (1) less error buildup in optimization due to the use of fewer segments, and (2) faster transport. We investigate parametrically-defined polynomial spatial paths optimized using dynamic programming. We present simulations and experimental evaluations of these optimizations.


The main purpose of this paper is to study a pair of optimization problems on differentiable manifolds under (p, r)-invexity assumptions. By using the (p, r)-invexity assumptions on the functions involved, optimality conditions and duality results (Mond-Weir, Wolfe and mixed type) are established on differentiable manifolds. We construct counterexample to justify that our investigations are more general than the existing work available in the literature. M.S.C. 2010: 26B25, 58A05, 58B20, 90C26, 90C46.


Conventional source-switching charge pump suffers from slow turning-off speed and intrinsic speed mismatch between its NMOS discharging path and PMOS charging path, which incur obvious dynamic mismatch. To alleviate the above problems, this paper proposes an improved source-switching charge pump, which achieves much better dynamic matching while maintains the same static matching. The proposed charge pump outputs less current noise and lowers the reference spur obviously, which makes it quite preferable for high-performance phase-locked loops.


The purpose of this article is to show nature in the metaphorical statements of 9-year-old students. Narrative and narrative interview were used as research methods. The presented research results are only a part of a larger research project carried out for the purposes of the doctoral dissertation entitled: "Experiencing Aesthetic Values in Contact with Nature of Students Completing Early School Education". The metaphors created by the child are a sign of creativity, rich imagination, and freedom of using the language. The metaphor is somehow a symbol of the "transition" between the real world and the child's individual imaginary world. The article presents fragments of the narratives of the surveyed students showing their metaphorical possibilities, used to describe nature and natural experiences.


Hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and causes serious health problems. About a third of the world's population has been infected, and 400 million people are chronic carriers (1). HBV infection is a major public health problem in India, as there are 45 million estimated carriers (2). The dental environment has been shown to be a high risk setting for hepatitis B virus infection among dentists and possibly, their patients. HBV has been detected in blood and in saliva, which are common contaminants in the dental environment (3). The virus and the infection can be controlled by immunizing susceptible people, interrupting the routes of transmission, and treating the chronically infected (1). Information on the persistence of protection after vaccination is still inadequate (1). Previous studies have shown that the level of anti-HBs in vaccinees declines rapidly within the first year and more slowly thereafter (4). Studies have shown that certain individuals can be nonresponders or hyporesponders to the HBV vaccination (5). Factors such as increasing age, chronic disease, male gender, obesity, cigarette smoking were identified as adverse prognostic factors for seroconversion by several studies (6, 7). Present study was performed to evaluate the awareness among dentists about the monitoring of anti-HBs levels after primary vaccination. This cross sectional questionnaire based study involved 150 dental professionals from private dental institution. A custom made questionnaire was administered to all 150 correspondents. Questionnaire had information regarding level of education of correspondents, knowledge regarding the HBV immunization, self-assessed information about own vaccinations status and need for informative programmes on HBV immunization. All correspondents were in dental practice from 1 to 20 years. Even though all the dental schools in India have HBV immunization programme in the beginning of their training period 9 (6%) correspondents were not vaccinated against HBV. This is due to the cost of immunization and lack of knowledge. Out of 141 vaccinated dentists 17(12%) individuals had history of incomplete vaccination. All these dentists were vaccinated 1 to 18 years prior to the study period. Only 74 (52.4%) individuals were aware of decline in post vaccination antibody titres. Among 141 immunized dentists only 11 (7.8%) have checked their post vaccination antibody titre. This is attributed to the lack of knowledge, limited laboratory facility to assess Anti-HBs and cost factor. Study revealed that 44 subjects had taken booster vaccination. All participants opined that more informative programmes on HBV immunization are necessary. A similar study done by Tripati S et al also demonstrated the need for further HBV education (8). A study done on dental health-care professionals in Italy also stated that training and educational interventions are needed to improve knowledge and immunization coverage (9). Our study shows that though HBV vaccination is taken by majority of dental professionals, awareness about monitoring of post vaccination immunity status is sadly lacking. The determination of post vaccination antibody titre is especially important for non and hypo responders for vaccination, who may be susceptible for HBV infection. Thus its importance should be emphasized.


There are two competing "narratives" for decision-making processes evidenced in accounts of the 2007-2008 financial crisis. The narrative of "moral failure" focuses on the role played by compensation structures (and other principal-agent type issues) in encouraging executives to place their companies at risk. On the other hand, the narrative of "cognitive failure" emphasizes the inability of private and corporate actors to understand what they were doing. Although financial institutions have emerged as expert systems in the risk society, playing a key role in introducing new forms of manufactured risk into financial markets, the 2007-2008 financial crisis saw a widespread breakdown of systems and internal risk controls used in the industry, leading to the collapse (or near-collapse) of major financial institutions. Taking the narrative of 'cognitive failure' seriously, we identify the paradigm of quantifiable risk as an epistemic fallacy at the root of the financial crisis and ask why this dominant paradigm has endured in mainstream economics and risk management despite its repeated failures.


"Cannabis" also known as "marijuana" is a medicinal plant, whose scientific name is Cannabis sativa and belongs to Cannabaceae family. Since many centuries, this plant has been controversial for its medicinal use as well as for the purpose of feeling intoxicated ("high") due to psychoactive compounds such as tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabinoid). Cannabis contains >100 identified cannabinoids till date, which is the diverse class of chemical compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors present in the cells and play a crucial role in the alteration of neurotransmitter released in the brain. In the human body, these receptors are the target of internally produced proteins called endocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system comprises biosynthesis of endocannabinoids, their receptors, and downstream pathways. The receptors involved in the endocannabinoid pathway are mostly G protein‐coupled receptors (CB1 and CB2), GPR55 receptors, and many yet unidentified receptors. Endocannabinoids are produced by almost all cell types in the brain and peripheral tissues, and the biological effect of these endogenous agents is similar to marijuana. But safety issues and addictive property were the main issues hindering medical use of Cannabis. Cannabis clinical development history has been controversial throughout as it has been surrounded with ethical, legal, and social challenges; adverse health consequences; and mortality attributed due to Cannabis and Cannabis‐based synthetic drugs due to lack of sufficient clinical data. Despite so much failures, even and odds, in June 2018, first cannabinoid‐based drug epidiolex got approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of two rare syndromes and opened new horizons for medical and research fraternity around the world.


Purpose: To report a case of a tractional epiretinal membrane that rapidly progressed after intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation (Yamane technique).Case summary: A 59-year-old male presented with acute-onset decreased visual acuity in the left eye, which occurred 2 days previously. He was diagnosed with IOL dislocation, and underwent vitrectomy and intrascleral IOL fixation following dislocated IOL removal. Choroidal detachment related to ocular hypotony was checked for 1 day after surgery, but there were no signs of leakage at the wound. Two months after the surgery, a tractional epiretinal membrane was present in the superior arcade. and cystoid macular edema was seen on fundoscopy. The best corrected visual acuity had deteriorated to 0.6. Vessel tortuosity and cystoid macular edema deteriorated due to progressive tractional epiretinal membrane 3 months after the surgery, while visual acuity decreased to 0.2. The tractional epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane were removed through secondary vitrectomy. Visual acuity recovered to 0.6 1 month after the surgery, and remained stable thereafter.Conclusions: We report this case because there have been no previously reported cases of rapidly progressing tractional epiretinal membrane after application of the Yamane technique.


A 13-year-old boy presented with erythema nodosum on the anterior and lateral side of his lower legs due to enteritis caused by Salmonella enteritidis.


It is shown that the darkness of the interaction region of protons is governed by the ratio of the slope of the diffraction cone to the total cross section. At LHC energies, it becomes completely absorptive at small impact parameters. The lower limit of the ratio is determined. That imposes some restrictions on its energy behavior. It is argued that the black disk terminology should be replaced by the black torus.


All the Letters to the Editor in this issue are in the same PostScript or PDF file. Contents Moving reference frames and the acoustic Doppler effect W H Owens School of Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham Erratum: moving frame and the Doppler effect in mechanical waves Murshed Hossain 1996 Phys. Ed. 31 12 Department of Chemistry and Physics, Rowan College of New Jersey, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA and Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA The Physics Display Jonathan Freedman Lower Sixth Form pupil, Haberdashers' Aske's School, Elstree, Herts


Dr. Mercado is Professor, Department of Agronomy, University of the Philippines at Los Baños. Her undergraduate and Master's degrees are from the University of the Phillippines, and her Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. She has been active in weed science since the early 1970's and has trained some 27 M.S. and 8 Ph.D. students. In addition, she and her husband have raised a family of five children. Mercado is a well-recognized weed scientist in her part of the world, having lectured in Indonesia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan. Her weed science textbook, "Introduction to Weed Science," is widely used in Asian countries. Among her many honors, perhaps those most prized would be three awards for outstanding achievement from her own University of the Philippines.


†† Summary It is an important problem of an organization to select the most suitable personnel among the candidates for the vacant positions. Selecting the wrong candidate negatively affects the performance and competitive power of organization. The personnel selection is made mainly upon their performances thus far. There are many methods to measure the performances of personnel. One of the weaknesses of these traditional methods is that they don't consider the relationship between the criteria used for evaluation. There are, however, relationships, interrelationships and feedbacks between them. In this paper, Analytical Network Process (ANP) method which can be used for selecting the most suitable personnel is discussed and a case study is presented.


Our study attempts to highlight the level of voluntary disclosure of Tunisian companies and subsequently raise the impact of several determinants on this disclosure. Our sample consists of annual reports of listed Tunisian firms relative to the year 2007. The empirical results showed that the size of the company (as measured by the number of employees), the independence of the board of directors and audit firm size have a positive and significant influence on the level of disclosure, while the age of the firm, and contrary to our hypothesis, has a negative influence on the level of disclosure. We have not been able to establish a relationship between the level of voluntary disclosure and leverage, as well as the ownership concentration and type of industry.


Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes Accounting and Auditing ('ROSC A&A') assess financial reporting and auditing standards, institutions and practices in participating countries. These reports form part of a joint initiative implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to review the quality of implementation of internationally recognized standards and principles in 12 key areas ('the ROSC program') with a view to promoting financial and economic stability. This report provides an assessment of financial reporting and auditing requirements and practices within the corporate sector2 in the Philippines and sets forth areas for consideration for improving the institutional environment for A&A. The ROSC A&A used international benchmarks of good practice governing financial reporting and auditing in the assessment, including International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). This report updates an earlier assessment which was published in 2006 and was undertaken following a formal request from the Government of the Philippines.


This comment will illustrate the utilization by United States industry of the Mexican Border Industrialization Program. The Border Industrialization Program is an attempt by the Mexican government to solve the problem of high unemployment of their people along the United States-Mexico border while protecting their domestic industry. Under this program an abundant supply of labor is available whereby United States industry, by locating plants within Mexico along the border, may utilize the program and provide employment for the Mexican worker. Raw materials may be imported duty free into Mexico where they are assembled into a product which is then exported from the country thereby not affecting Mexico's domestic market. The exported product may be then further perfected or marketed as a salable product. Specifically, this comment is concerned with the events leading to the evolution of the Mexican Border Industrialization Program. The already existing legislative means that are employed by United States industry in order to facilitate such an operation are analyzed. Finally an analysis is presented as to the benefits derived by Mexico and the United States through the utilization of that program.


We introduce the notion of nil(α, δ)-compatible rings which is a generalization of reduced rings and (α, δ)-compatible rings. In [Ore extensions of weak zip rings, Glasgow Math. J.51 (2009) 525–537] Ouyang introduces the notion of right (respectively, left) weak zip rings and proved that, a ring R is right (respectively, left) weak zip if and only if the skew polynomial ring R[x; α, δ] is right (respectively, left) weak zip, when R is (α, δ)-compatible and reversible. We extend this result to the more general situation that, when R has (α, δ)-condition and quasi-IFP, then nil(R)[x; α, δ] = nil(R[x; α, δ]); and R is right (respectively, left) weak zip if and only if the skew polynomial ring R[x; α, δ] is right (respectively, left) weak zip.


Building a home for the B52 bomber is the challenge facing the Imperial War Museum, which has the richest collection of American aircraft outside the United States. The new American Air Museum at Duxford Airfield near Cambridge, England, will house the B52 and 19 other aircraft, half of which will hang from the roof. This article describes concrete construction of the "warped igloo"-shaped structure. The dimensions of the torus wedge, the "ribs" or inverted precast T-beams that support the structure, and the glazed band that curves up and around the sides of the concrete roof to allow natural light to enter are explained in detail.


This aims of observation : (1) describe teacher resource quality enhanced of program plan at smk muhammadiyah 3 yk, (2) describe efektivitas about the teacher quality enhanced program execution and (3) describe supporter factors and the teacher resource quality enhanced program and powerlessness hindrance aims the grade school of international program (SBI).
This observation belongs to quantitative observation the kind that is done at smk muhammadiyah 3 yogyakarta. And this file collecting according to observation, interview and also documentation. validity test with "trianggulasi source" that is file verification same and from different respondent.The file analysis techniq used that is descriptive, quantitative and also qualitative.
Result of observation shows the teacher quality enhanced the plan of the program at smk muhammadiyah 3 yk the aim school of International program (SBI) made of according to collaboration to accompany of staff aducation. The plan of program the school properly tools likes Laptop,computer,Also with gives cost subsidy for english training and advanced study to s2. Efektivitas program execution not yet until now, because the problem is the powerlessness of planning and also undercommunication in english training, advanced study target not science teachers, mathematics teachers and vocational kernel but the target is teacher that long teach of the school. In the program execution is various factors that is teacher motivation, program to support, pleasant work environment with professional work coordinationto the other. And factor powerlessness that is power catches teacher that decreased, teacher age that unproductive, with low teacher motivation.
keyword: school of International program, teacher quality, smk muh 3 Yk.


Two problems of time‐dependent compression of ideal (inviscid and not heat‐conducting) gas, related with the idea of controlled inertial thermonuclear fusion (CITF) are considered. In first of them for time, close to time of an acoustic wave run by an initial cylindrical or spherical volume, the gas is isentropically compressed from rest to rest. Such energy optimal compressing does not ensure, however, the required level of temperature. In opposite to it when faster compressing with "a head shock" (HS) the necessary density is not reached. In the second problem the centered compressing wave of characteristics coming to an axis or to center of symmetry (further — CS) simultaneously with HS is introduced. As a result it is possible to create the conditions required for CITF.


The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relationships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ ecologically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed so far. Further studies are needed to specifically analyze biogeographical history, character evolution, and genome evolution of polyploids.


Causes no known disease Background: Domestic cats are infected with members of all 3 retrovirus subfamilies. The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was first isolated from a cat in Scotland in 1964. At that time all retroviruses were thought to be endogenous viruses that were only transmitted genetically (vertically). However, using the FeLV IFA test in pet cats, we demonstrated that FeLV is an exogenous retrovirus that is transmitted contagiously amongst cats. This observation was the first conclusive proof that any retrovirus was transmissible by contagious means, and this finding changed the prevailing concepts on these viruses. Before the introduction of the FeLV vaccines, about 2%, or more than 1 million of the estimated 60 million pet cats in the United States, were infected with FeLV. The incidence of FeLV-infected cats has not been studied after the introduction of the FeLV vaccines.


Detailed practical and numerical information is provided for undertaking and evaluating absolute-structure and absolute-configuration determinations. The interpretation of numerical values of x, the Flack [Acta Cryst. (1983), A39, 876–881] parameter, and its standard uncertainty u are explained in terms of the inversion-distinguishing power. Moreover, the conditions to obtain reliable values of x(u) are detailed. Further explanatory material is provided on the use of right-handed axes, valid intensity data, the application to macromolecular structures, the dangers of polar-dispersion errors, Euclidean normalizers of space groups, the detection and reporting of molecular symmetry, enantiopurity and optical activity in solution. New CIF data names are introduced.


Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Objective: The goal of this study is to determine if skipping a single level affects the revision rate for patients undergoing multilevel posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCDF). Summary of Background Data: A multilevel PCDF is a common procedure for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. With advanced pathology, it can be difficult to safely place screw instrumentation at every level increasing the risk of intraoperative and perioperative morbidity. It is unclear whether skipping a level during PCDF affects fusion and revision rates. Patients and Methods: A cervical spine surgeries database at a single institution was used to identify patients who underwent ≥3 levels of PCDF. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients who had screws placed at every level or if they had a single level without screws bilaterally. Patients were excluded if the surgery was performed for tumor, trauma, or infection, and age below 18 years, or if there was <1 year of follow-up. Results: A total of 157 patients met inclusion criteria, with 86 undergoing a PCDF with instrumentation at all levels and 71 that had a single uninstrumented level. Overall mean follow-up was 46.5±22.8 months. In patients with or without a skipped level, the revision rate was 25% and 26%, respectively (P<1.00). Univariate regression analysis demonstrated that proximal fixation level in the upper cervical region, having the fusion end at C7, prior surgery, and myelopathy were significant predictors of revision. Skipping a single level, however, was not predictive of revision. Conclusions: When performing a multilevel PCDF, there is no increase in the rate of revision surgery if a single level is uninstrumented. Conversely, other surgical factors, including the cranial and caudal levels, affect revision rates. In contrast to other reports, the C2 sagittal vertical axis did not affect reoperation rates. Level of Evidence: Level IV.


Although predominant cohesive energy is Madelung energy, the ground state of crystalline complex ion radical salt is further stabilized by the charge-transfer interaction between neutral molecule and ion radical, together with that between ion radicals. The magnitude of this stabilization energy was estimated with (Phenothiazine)2+· Br−.


Waxes from filter press cake of the by-product of the Sugar Cane Industry gained from various Egyptian Cane Sugar Factories were studied. A method for continuous extraction of wax filter cake using different solvent i. e. toluene, naphtha, acetone, fractionated gasoline, denatured and refined alcohol was investigated. The speed and ease of extraction using different solvents were compared. By using toluene as solvent the highest percentage of crude wax was obtained from Edfu, which gave 14.55%, while extraction with refined alcohol produced 12.65% crude wax from Qus. Decolorization of crude wax was carried out by sodium hypochlorite, nitric acid, chlorine, sulphur dioxide and acetone. The pure wax was separated from the fatty oil fraction by fractional crystallization from 70° to 0° C. The greater portion of wax can be obtained at 30° C. Hard, brittle wax was obtained between 45° to 20° C. The crude and refined waxes had properties comparable to carnauba wax and other commercial waxes. The Egyptian cane sugar waxes can be utilized in paper, ink, coating, varnishes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and fertilizer industries.