Objective This study aimed to determine the color match of porcelain veneer restoration among different ceramic systems.Methods A2-color porcelain veneer disc specimens(diameter:10 mm,thickness:0.7 mm) were manufactured and divided into 3 groups according to different ceramic materials:opaque feldspathic porcelain group,non-opaque feldspathic porcelain group,and IPS e.max Press group.Three discolored underlying discs were made of natural die material resin with the color of ND4,ND6,ND8(Natural Die Material Shade Guide),which represented low,medium and heavy discolored tooth,respectively.The porcelain specimen was placed on the surface of discolored underlying disc,and then the L*a*b* value of each specimen was measured with Vita Easyshade.The mean color difference(ΔE) between the specimen and shade guide teeth A2 was calculated and analyzed.Results The comparison of ΔE value between the specimens and shade A2 between three groups were:IPS e.max Press group non-opaque feldspathic porcelain group opaque feldspathic porcelain group.The difference of ΔE was statistically significant among the three groups(P 0.05).Conclusion IPS e.max Press heated-pressed porcelain veneer restoration can obtain better expected shade than that of feldspathic porcelain when restore discolored teeth with the same color.


We prospectively evaluated the association of circulating retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels in early pregnancy and risk of incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women.


With the planned upgrade of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber (TPC) the current readout technology will be replaced by a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)—based readout technology in order to allow for a continuous operation at high interaction rates up to 50 kHz. A stack of four GEM stages with non-standard field configuration was chosen to achieve a suppression of the ion backflow below 1%, while maintaining a good energy resolution below σ / E= \unit[12]% for 55 Fe. A discharge probability of 10−10 for α-particles was confirmed for this low ion backflow field configuration. This is comparable to standard triple GEM detectors in low discharge settings. To upgrade all the Inner and Outer Readout Chambers of ALICE, 576 GEM foils will be needed. Only GEM foils that fullfill the highest quality criteria can be used. Therefore a quality assurance scheme has been developed that includes a large set of quality assurance measurements.


5G networks is the latest research area for communication specialists that will revolutionize communication by supporting systems with high speed and a complete realization of IoT. The 5G remote systems could be utilized to accomplish the corresponding necessities of IoT. The review is led to explore job of 5G systems in the development of IoT. Additionally, the review intends to think about current remote systems to accentuate job of 5G as empowering agent driver of IoT. Some key advances give noteworthy upgrades for 5G frameworks regarding immense limit, higher information rate, flagging overhead on the system and vitality unearthly productivity and so on. But these advancements additionally bring along basic challenges for 5G networks which are reviewed in this paper. In the end several application fields, technologies and requirements of 5G communication systems will likewise be


In order to study the photosynthetic characteristics of the transgenic rolB-pttGA20ox double genes Populus tomentosa Carr.,one-year-old potted seedlings of 4 transgenic clones(RG-1~RG-4)and a control clone(PT-1616)were used as experimental materials for the measurement of photosynthesis using Li-6400.The correlation between photosynthetic and growth characteristics was also analyzed.The results showed that the light response curves of net photosynthetic rate of the five clones were similar to each other,and the net photosynthetic rate of RG-1,RG-3 and RG-4 were higher than that of the control clone with the same photosynthetic active radiation.The light compensate points of all the 4 transgenic clones were lower than that of the control clone,but the light saturation points of RG-3 and RG-4 were higher than that of the control clone;The difference of net photosynthetic rates between different clones was significant,with RG-4 being the highest;The net photosynthetic rate of transgenic clones were correlated significantly with their ground diameters,while not significantly related to the seedling height.


Identifying short repeated video clips, such as news program logo, station logo, TV commercials, etc., from broadcasting video databases or streams is important for video content indexing, personalization as well as monitoring. In this demo system we present the following two functions: 1) automatically identifying variable length unknown repeated clips and known reference clips from video collections or steams; 2) visualize temporal distribution of repeated short video clips and analyze video structure based them. Experiment has been conducted on 12 hour CNN and ABC news videos, and excellent results have been achieved in both short repeated video clip identification and news video structure analysis.


Self-compatibility (% of 'tripped' flowers setting pods) for 218 selections of Caragana arborescens varied continuously from 0.0 to 99.5%. The frequency distribution of the compatibility data in terms of percentage was positively skewed by an excess of low self-compatibility plants and had a mean of 36.9%. However, angular transformation of the data resulted in a distribution which approached normality. Pollen abortion, which ranged from 0 to 24%, had little if any influence upon self-compatibility. Selection for high plant vigor was accompanied by a minor reduction in compatibility. Self-incompatibility of three trees could be explained by the action of several compatibility factors.


Last week I saw a placard announcing the creation of 600 new jobs at the local docks. Should just about cover the NHS redundancies, I thought. I had never before considered working as a stevedore, but needs must and all that. Could berthing ships be harder than birthing babies?


To study the Change of antioxidative microelement content in dairy goats with mastitis during lactation,the content of Se,Zn,Cu in serum and mammary gland of dairy goats with mastitis were detected.The results showed that the content of Se and Zn in serum and mammary gland were significantly lower in dairy goats with mastitis compared to the control(P0.05,P0.01).The content of Cu in serum and mammary gland from dairy goats with mastitis was higher than the control(P0.05).The decreasing content of Se and Zn weakened antioxidant capacity and resistance in dairy goats with mastitis The mechanism of increasing content of Cu was still not very clear.


Get up to speed on all existing GNSS with this practical guide. Covering everything from GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou orbits and signals to multi-GNSS receiver design, AGPS, network RTK systems, and VRS, you will understand the complete global range of mobile positioning systems. Step-by-step algorithms and practical methods provide the tools you need to develop current mobile systems, whilst coverage of cutting-edge techniques, such as the instant positioning method, gives you a head start in unlocking the potential of future mobile positioning. Whether you are an engineer or a business manager working in the mobile device industry, a student or a researcher, this is your ideal guide to GNSS.


This dissertation gives a detailed description of the immunogenic and tumorigenic properties of pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). More specifically, a clinically relevant insight is given into the immune response towards pluripotent stem cells and how this immune reaction could be limited for stem cell therapies. In addition, gene and stem cell therapies are described for the treatment of peripheral artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms.In the final chapter, the immunogenic and tumorigenic properties of iPSCs are used as an immunotherapy against various types of cancer.


In partnership with a small city police department, we randomly informed or did not inform 122 crime suspects that their interrogations were being video-recorded. Coding of all sessions indicated that camera-informed suspects spoke as often and as much as did those who were not informed; they were as likely to waive Miranda at the outset and later; they were as likely to make admissions and confessions, not just denials; and they were perceived no differently by detectives on a range of dimensions. Looking at distal outcomes, we observed no differences in ultimate case dispositions. In terms of policy and practice, results did not support the hypothesis that recording—even when transparent, as required in 2-party consent states—inhibits suspects or alters case dispositions. At least for now, this conclusion is empirically limited to situations in which cameras are concealed and to interrogations that do not involve juveniles, homicides, or drug crimes, which we a priori excluded from our sample.


The current educational context in many English speaking countries is one where literacy is understood to be essentially monolingual in orientation; that is, an understanding of literacy around a single common language, with the emphasis on identifying universal, normative 'standards' and 'benchmarks', such as the National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy in Australia, the Primary National Strategy in the United Kingdom, and No Child Left Behind in the United States. This paper aims to problematise such assumptions by examining how teachers, themselves, understand "teaching literacy" when their students come to the teaching/learning relationship with a first language other than English. With a focus on teachers working with bilingual and multilingual students in their early stages of acquiring English as a second language (ESL), the study thus acknowledges the increasingly diverse sociolinguistic profile of students in Australia and elsewhere in the varying degrees of communicative competence they bring to the mainstream in their use of ESL. Moreover, it draws on ESL teacher knowledge and expertise which has been identified as increasingly marginalised within mainstream educational discourse. Through case studies of three ESL teachers in the middle years, salient themes around the interrelated notions of literacy as learning, language for literacy and language as literacy were identified with respect to the literacy needs of second language learners.


The effect of temperature on the equilibrium level of the G–F transformation of actin was investigated in solutions containing very low concentrations of salts. It is shown by physical methods that the G–F transformation is favored by higher temperatures and the F–G transformation by lower temperatures within the range 0–20°. On the basis of the assumption that the transformation is a reversible condensation, the critical actin concentration was obtained was a function of temperature in a given solvent. Analysis of results by a conventional method gives a positive enthalpy change of the order of 10 kcal./mole actin for the GF transformation. The overall reaction of the GF transformation is postulated as a transition of hydrated G–actin into dehydrated F–actin plus free water, with net increases in enthalpy and entropy. A chemical method is employed for determining G–actin concentration in equilibrium solutions. Almost all actin other than F–actin filaments must be G–actin (ATP-actin).


In recent years,with the rapid development of China's medical industry,a large number of medical buildings have been built or rebuilt all over the country.Based on some engineering case,some measures have been discussed and analyzed to ensure the air quality considering the form of hospital air condition end as well as the setting of ventilation and air condition installed in several important hospital departments.


Objective A wide mucosal defect after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for esophageal cancer is associated with increased risk of stricture. This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of short-period, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone administration (steroid pulse therapy) in preventing post-ESD esophageal stricture. Methods This prospective study examined 13 lesions in 11 consecutive patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent ESD that involved three-quarters or more of the circumference of the esophagus or who had a longitudinal resected specimen diameter of ≥5 cm. Steroid pulse therapy was initiated the day after ESD and continued for 3 consecutive days. The primary endpoint was the stricture rate after ESD. Secondary endpoints were adverse events (AEs) associated with steroid pulse therapy, time until the development of stricture, and the frequency and duration of endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD). Results The stricture rate was 54.5% (6/11). The median time until stricture development was 15 days. The median number of EBD sessions required was 2.5. The median duration of EBD was 14.5 days. AEs related to steroid pulse therapy and postprocedure complications were not observed. Conclusion No preventive effect of the stricture after esophageal ESD by steroid pulse therapy was found, although the therapy was administered safely.


The present study concerns a longue durée evolution of the ancient Egyptian Snw.ty from the time of its foundation during the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom (ca 2600–1650 BC). During this time, Snw.ty was the apex of the royal grain management as an important royal tool and intermediary between the producers and receivers of the grain. The objective of this study is to determine how Snw.ty was used during this time and how its operations transformed with respect to changing royal administration and policies. The analysis is based on observation of term's use transformations which might be indicative of its changing sense, as found in written documents referring to both Snw.ty and related Snw.wt installations.


Information regarding tumor lesions and disease response is key in oncology clinical trials to evaluate if the primary or secondary endpoint, usually being defined as a time to event endpoint, has been achieved. Specific oncology domains described in Study Data Tabulation Model Implementation Guide (SDTMIG) 3.2, are representing the data collection of tumor lesions and the evaluation of response(s). Identification information of the lesion is collected in the tumor identification domain (TU). Each identified lesion is repeatedly measured or assessed at subsequent time points. The follow up of each of these lesions, lesions that are split up or merged, and new lesions is captured in the tumor results domain (TR). Using all of this information the investigator evaluates the disease response, captured in the disease response domain (RS). Often in parallel with the investigator, multiple independent reviewers are evaluating the lesions and the disease response to better assess patient outcomes and provide standardized endpoint classification.


Artificial pneumothorax or lung compression has assumed its place as an important factor in pulmonary therapy. Murriston Davies designates it as the greatest present-day advance in lung surgery. Phthisiotherapists, with a few ultraconservative exceptions, are beginning to look on it as the greatest addition to their armamentarium since Koch's discovery of tuberculin. So important has it become that several articles have appeared during the past three years as to who should be given priority for its discovery. Forlanini, in a comprehensive monograph, 1 states that Carson (an English physician) in 1843, himself in 1881, and Murphy in 1898, each independently of the other's work, gave birth to the idea of placing a badly diseased lung at rest by compression with gas. Forlanini, as far as I can ascertain from a scrutiny of the literature on the subject, must be credited with the idea of performing artificial pneumothorax "medically" instead of


Many new unknown quarry sites were discovered during several survey campaigns carried out between 2006-2010 in Asia Minor. Some of them, like the huge bigio antico quarries near Iznik (ancient Nicea) or the greco scritto quarries of Hasancavuslar in the region of Ephesos were, apparently completely unknown. Others like the pavonazzetto-like marbles near Milas (Milas Lilac) are still actively exploited but their role in ancient times went unnoticed. Pavonazzetto, but also white marble quarries were identified not far from Aphrodisias. The broccatellone quarry was found in the Karaburun peninsula not far from Izmir. In the same peninsula, but also near Manisa, NE of Izmir, several breccia corallina quarries were found. The survey allowed also to widen the number of known sites in the Seferhisar region, some 50 km south west from Izmir, where additional Africano quarries were identified, but also close to the village of Beyler, where a Skyros-like breccia was exploited in antiquity


We present the analysis of the spin vector orientation of 5$\,$987 SDSS galaxies having negative redshift from $-$87.6 to $-$0.3 km$\,$s$^{-1}$. Two dimensional observed parameters are used to compute three dimensional galaxy rotation axes by applying `position angle--inclination' method. We aim to examine the non-random effects in the spatial orientation of blue-shifted galaxies. We generate 5$\times$10$^6$ virtual galaxies to find expected isotropic distributions by performing numerical simulations. We have written MATLAB program to facilitate the simulation process and eliminate the manual errors in the process. Chi-square, auto-correlation, and the Fourier tests are used to examine non-random effects in the polar and azimuthal angle distributions of the galaxy rotation axes. In general, blue-shifted galaxies show no preferred alignments of galaxy rotation axes. Our results support Hierarchy model, which suggests a random orientation of angular momentum vectors of galaxies. However, local effects are noted suggesting gravitational tidal interaction between neighboring galaxies.


In order to enhance millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) physical layer security (PLS), we propose inverted antenna subset transmission technique (IAST) based large antenna array. IAST consists of a conventional phased-array architecture followed with inverse phase control component. The main idea for security in IAST is to generate artificial noise (AN) on undesired direction by randomly scrambling received constellation through antenna subset selection, while preserving the constellation points in target direction clear. Using a simplified statistical model, an expression of average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived as a function of the observation angle. The optimized inverse phase ratio of antenna subset is obtained for the objective of minimizing SNR on undesired direction. Simulation results show that the proposed solution provides higher secrecy performance for target user, generates narrower beamwidth in the target direction and produces greater symbol error rate (SER) to eavesdropper compared current techniques.


The article provides a definition of the term "motivation" and an overview of the motivation process. Following a summary of every source examined, the following conclusions can be made: By addressing all of an employee's demands, motivation is a method that encourages staff to perform efficiently to accomplish goals. The writers underlined the significance of researching motivational techniques and frameworks and the utilization of contemporary employee motivation theories and strategies in the context of strengthening global cooperation. The writers concentrate on the factors that contribute to staff motivation in the context of global cooperation. According to the authors, a number of factors are crucial to staff motivation in the context of international cooperation. Transformational leadership that motivates and advances employees is a crucial element. Organizational identification, which refers to a fit between a worker's perception of himself and his employer, is another crucial component. Staff motivation can also be significantly influenced by ongoing attention to employee engagement, and a comprehensive plan includes commitment, organizational identification, and motivation. Employee motivation can also be influenced by fundamental organizational procedures including performance reviews, feedback, engagement, and reward programs. Employers can boost employee intrinsic motivation and engagement in accomplishing their objectives for international cooperation by putting these components into practice. Incentives must be offered to employees in order to improve performance. The key recommendations for the area of employee motivation in businesses involved in international activities are identified based on the analysis of the literature. It is crucial to offer a personalized strategy for each employee when it comes to global cooperation. Particularly, it is important to consider diverse cultural, ethical, and religious aspects that could influence employee motivation. Another factor to think about is developing a healthy corporate culture at the company that supports employee growth and motivates them to deliver excellent results. Opportunities for professional advancement, a focus on wellness, and a balance between work and personal life are examples of components of a positive corporate culture.


This paper compares the quality of designs generated by shape grammar systems with designs created by professional architects. It describes an experiment in which evaluators rank the quality of preliminary designs for refurbishing Lisbon's Rabo-de-Bacalhau apartments, and that makes plausible that the design quality of the grammar solutions for this task is similar to that of the designs of the professional architects. It is argued that shape grammars can therefore be used as stand-alone design systems in architecture. The practical value is that shape grammar systems become alternative means to take up design challenges (such as refurbishing all of Lisbon's Rabo-de-Bacalhau apartments) that currently require too much effort of architects to be economically feasible.


"Brief notes on the relationship between tourism and Italian literature. Using literary sources, the essay covers three points in the relationship between Italians and holidays: the first is the transition from vacation to tourism; the second from summer vacation as a moment of rest (mainly in the countryside) to vacation as an opportunity for fun (mostly at the seaside). In addition to these two, we have a third point: in the second half of the Twentieth century, holidays become a mass phenomenon, no longer elitist as they had been until the first half of the same century. They become something possible for most Italians who, especially in August, leave the cities empty. This historical-sociological parable is revisited through literary testimonies that go back to the roots of the mother literature, the Latin one and then it resumes its path, interrupted in the High Middle Ages, around 1300 in conjunction with the first literary testimonies (the triad Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio). The vacation phenomenon, intended as staying for the summer months in a villa more or less outside the city walls, finds its maximum expression starting from the 16th century with the Renaissance villas of the aristocracy, until it meets the aspirations of the small nobility and of the upper middle class in the 18th and 19th centuries. Crucial testimony is Carlo Goldoni's "Vacation Trilogy", a triptych of three comedies that actually constitute a single text portraying the vacation phenomenon as a status symbol far from the motivations of previous centuries (vacation as a moment of peace, ''otium'', rest). During the Nineteenth century, holidays are associated with tourism (especially in the thermal baths and in the mountains), while from the Twentieth century, the favourite option is the seaside. However, another change will characterize the use of leisure in the Twentieth century: the birth of mass tourism. With brief literary notes, we try to explain how in Italy holidays have now turned into something with anxiety-inducing traits, especially among young people and not only, in an almost spasmodic search for fun (with Dionysian and Bacchic traits) at the expense of original motivations (rest, leisure, "otium") in a relationship in which the "horror vacui" seems to have ousted the "horror pleni".

Keywords: vacation, tourism, holidays, literature, Italy.
"


Infrared luminescent materials are widely used as laser media, for example, Nd:YAG and Er-doped silica fibers. In the infrared region, luminescence offers many advantages as laser media due to the variety of optics and excitation sources, such as semiconductor lasers and flash lamps. A frequency-doubled laser-beam with a nonlinear crystal can also obtained in the visible region. Therefore, infrared light source materials are very useful for scientific research and industrial uses. Fujimoto et al. discovered a new infrared luminescent from bismuth-doped silica glass (BiSG)(Fujimoto & Nakatsuka 2001). Wide luminescent exists between 1000 and 1600 nm, and absorption is in the visible region. The lifetime is 630 μs at room temperature. Since this silica glass-based material has luminescence around 1.3 μm of zero-dispersion wavelength, it can be used as a core material of an optical fiber amplifier for telecommunication in the 1.3-μm range. Fujimoto et al. also demonstrated an optical amplification at 1.3 μm with 0.8μm excitation(Fujimoto & Nakatsuka 2003). Therefore, BiSG is expected to be a promising substitution for Pr3+:ZBLAN fiber or Raman amplifiers in the 1.3-μm region. The spectroscopic properties of BiSG are different from previously reported Bi luminescent material(Fujimoto & Nakatsuka 2001), because the previous Bi-doped glasses or crystals with low Bi2O3 concentration showed that luminescences exist in the visible region (400 ~ 600 nm) and that absorptions are in the ultraviolet region. The lifetimes (~4 μs) are much shorter than those of BiSG at room temperature. Such luminescences have been reported to originate from the Bi3+ ion in the media(M. J. Weber & Monchamp 1973; Parke & Webb 1973; van der Steen, van Hesteren et al. 1981). BiSG is also different from the Bi2O3-rich glass whose Bi2O3 concentration ranges from 18.7 to 42.5 mol%(Sugimoto, Kanbara et al. 1996) because the glass has no absorption in the visible region. Then the investigation of new glass compositions with Bi luminescence is also progressing vigorously in a past decade. Although the first discovered glass was a silica-based material with a SiO2 of 97.5 mol%(Fujimoto & Nakatsuka 2001), many glass compositions were tested and shown to effectively generate Bi luminescence, such as silicate(Peng, Qiu et al. 2005; Ren, Yang et al. 2006; Suzuki & Ohishi 2006; Arai, Suzuki et al. 2007; Murata & Mouri 2007; Peng, Chen et al. 2007; Ren, Qiu et al. 2007; Zhou, Feng et al. 2007; Peng, Wu et al. 2008), germanate(Peng, Qiu et al. 2004; Meng, Qiu et al. 2005; Peng, Meng et al. 2005; Peng, Qiu et al. 2005; Peng, Wang et al. 2005; Wang & Xia 2006; Xia & Wang 2006; Murata & Mouri 2007; Ren, Wu et al. 2007;


Recent studies in the accounting literature have investigated the economic consequences of R&D capitalization. Discretionary R&D capitalization for target beating can be characterized by a firm to signal private information on its future economic benefits or serve as opportunistic earnings management. R&D capitalization also has impact on a firm's marginal costs and product market competition. Thus, R&D capitalization has both a real effect and an informational effect. This paper addresses how firms choose R&D levels for the purpose of meeting or beating their earnings targets, and how this influences sequential product market competition. We study this issue in a stylized game-theoretic model where R&D choices of a firm are not only strategically made but are also used to convey proprietary information to its rival. The model provides a rationale for a firm distorting its R&D level to earn more profits and meet the earnings target. The equilibrium result indicate that before the realization of common cost shock, a firm can influence the output of its accounting system (i.e., meeting an earnings threshold) through adjusting its R&D choices. This firm will overinvest in R&D, and this will give an opportunity to create some reserves to be used later to earn a higher profit and reach the higher earnings target. Moreover, our results provide a view that firms report kinky earnings but do not necessarily use an earnings management strategy and support the observation of an abnormally large number of firms meeting targets, but not necessarily using earnings management.


ABSTRACT This skripsi which is entitled "DiskriminasiRasdalamNovela Heart of Darkness Karya Joseph Conrad" is a study about the social life of the African people to face the racial discrimination through the story and characters in the novella. There are two questions to be answered in this research namely: How the Racial Discrimination reflected in the novella Heart of Darkness and what is the effect of racial discrimination to all the society in Africa. The aims of this research are to analyze the reflection of racial discrimination by the white people in the novel and to analyze the social effect of racial discrimination to the black people in Africa. The writer uses theory from Aristotle, Wellek and Warren, and De Bonald to describe how the racial discrimination in Africa and what the effect to the people who face discrimination. The intrinsic and extrinsic approaches are applied and the descriptive method is used in this research. The result shows that discrimination give big effect to the black people in Africa who face the savagery and the violence. Keywords:  Racial Discrimination, Effect, Black People, Heart of Darkness


Single cell tumour suspensions were prepared from biopsy and urine samples from 28 patients with muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Nuclear extracts (nucleoids) containing intact chromatin were isolated from these cells and the condensation of DNA supercoils measured by the light scattered from individual nucleoids within a flow cytometer. Exposure of these nucleoids to 10 pgmlP' ethidium bromide produced 78.9% increase in light scatter compared to those treated with 501 gml-'. This finding is consistent with the known effect of ethidium bromide on DNA supercoiling and confirms that the light scatter signal is responding to changes at this level of DNA organisation. Cell samples were also exposed to 12 Gy of gamma radiation and the effect on nucleoid light scatter recorded. Of the patients studied prior to radiotherapy, those with persistent disease 3 months after treatment generated an increase in nucleoid light scatter of + 9.35 ± 4.8% after 12 Gy irradiation, of these, 2/14 produced nucleoids that relaxed by more than 10% compared to controls. Those patients with no evidence of disease after radiotherapy gave an increase in nucleoid light scatter after in vitro irradiation of + 19.3 ± 4.5% of which 10/14 (71%) relaxed by more than 10%. It is proposed that the increased relaxation within the supercoiled DNA from patients whose tumours


Soybean represents one of the main crops grown in Brazil. Among the problems faced by this crop, weed interference is one of the most remarkable to emphasize. In order to prepare this article, it was utilized data selected from several experiments conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil, during a set of years, all of them dealing with treatments related to weed control. It was intented to elucidate some aspects related to soybean x weed competition, being clear from the search that these species cause negativo effects to the crop, mainly to its grain yield. Grass weeds are capable to produce greater loss to soybean yield than broadieaf weeds. To eliminate this interference, aiming to increase soybean yield, there was no difference between using hoeings or herbicides, eitheir applied to the soil or to weed foliage. These methods were all equally efficient, since correctly utilized.


As deep neural network (DNN) models grow deeper and wider, one of the main challenges for training large-scale neural networks is overcoming limited GPU memory capacity. One common solution is to utilize the host memory as the external memory for swapping tensors in and out of GPU memory. However, the effectiveness of such tensor swapping can be impaired in data-parallel training systems due to contention on the shared PCIe channel to the host. In this paper, we propose the first large-model support framework that coordinates tensor movements among GPUs to alleviate PCIe channel contention. We design two types of coordination mechanisms. In the first mechanism, PCIe channel accesses from different GPUs are interleaved by selecting disjoint swapped-out tensors for each GPU. In the second method, swap commands are orchestrated to avoid contention. The effectiveness of these two methods depends on the model size and how often the GPUs synchronize on gradients. Experimental results show that compared to large-model support that is oblivious to channel contention, the proposed solution achieves average speedups of 38.3% to 31.8% when the memory footprint size is 1.33 to 2 times the GPU memory size.


We study evolution of coordination in social systems by simulating a coordination game in an ensemble of scale-free and small-world networks and comparing the results. We give particular emphasis to the role information about the pay-offs of neighbours plays in nodes adapting strategies, by limiting this information up to various levels. We find that if nodes have no chance to evolutionarily adapt, then non-coordination is a better strategy, however when nodes adapt based on information of the neighbour payoffs, coordination quickly emerges as the better strategy. We find phase transitions in number of coordinators with respect to the relative pay-off of coordination, and these phase transitions are sharper in small-world networks. We also find that when pay-off information of neighbours is limited, small-world networks are able to better cope with this limitation than scale-free networks. We observe that provincial hubs are the quickest to evolutionarily adapt strategies, in both scale-free and small world networks. Our findings confirm that evolutionary tendencies of coordination heavily depend on network topology.


Background Epidemiological studies demonstrate associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cancer incidence and mortality. The aim of this study was to measure OSA in women with breast (BC) or endometrial cancer (EC) and associations with clinico-pathological tumor variables. Methods and findings In a cross sectional study, women with BC (12 months) or EC (3 months) post-diagnosis were recruited from cancer clinics. We collected demographic, anthropometric data, cancer stage, grade, histopathology and history of cancer treatment and all subjects had in-laboratory polysomnography. Sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). We compared anthropometric and polysomnographic data between cancer groups (unpaired t-tests), and assessed relationships between cancer characteristics and OSA variables (Fishers exact test). There were no significant differences between average age (BC:59.6±8.7 years(n = 50); EC:60.3±7.7 years(n = 37)), or ESS score (BC:6.4±4.4; EC 6.8±4.7; mean±SD; all p>0.2), however, BMI was higher in EC (BC: 29.7±7.9kgm-2; EC: 34.2±8.0 kgm-2; p<0.05). BC had longer sleep latency (BC:31.8±32minutes; EC:19.3±17.9 minutes), less Stage 3 sleep (BC:20.0±5.2%; EC:23.6±8.2%) and more REM sleep (BC:21.1±6.9%; EC: 16.6±5.7%), all p<0.05. EC had lower average awake and asleep oxygen saturation levels (BC: 95.6±1.3%; EC: 94.6±1.9% [awake]: BC: 94.8±2.1%; EC: 93.3±2.4% [asleep]; both p<0.05). Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) (BC: 21.2(7.3–36.9) events/hr; EC: 15.7 (10–33.5) events/hour (median (interquartile range)) was not different p = 0.7), however, 58% and 57% of women with BC and EC respectively, had an AHI>15 events/hour. In this small sample size group, no significant associations (all p>0.1) were detected between OSA metrics and clinico-pathological tumor variables. Conclusion In postmenopausal women with breast or endometrial cancer there is high prevalence of OSA, with no association with specific tumor characteristics detected. Recognition of the high prevalence of OSA in women with cancer is important to recognise as it may impact on surgical risk and quality of life.


In first part of this paper an overview is given about glucomannans sources, characterisation and use for healing of human diseases. In the second part an experimental study is presented. The study is focused on assessing the contribution of the in vivo antioxidant properties of Candida utillis cell-wall glucomannan (GM) on its anti-arthritic effect. For this purpose not only biochemical methods were used but also chemiluminiscence measurements were performed in whole blood and in selected tissues, as spleen and hind paw taken from arthritic rats treated with GM in two doses (7.5 mg/kg and of 15 mg/kg body weight) daily per os during 28 experimental days. Additionally, the functionality of neutrophils was evaluated by flow cytometry. An original approach was the determination of CoQ levels in mitochondria of skeletal muscles in AA treated by GM. The antiarthritic effect of GM in adjuvant arthritis was evidenced using evaluation with clinical parameters – hind paw volume and body weight of experimental Lewis rats. GM in vivo antioxidant activity has a large impact on this effect, both in the whole system and locally. The local effect of GM was primarily exerted in the hind paw tissue and mitochondria of skeletal muscles. As to the intensity of GM effects observed for the tested doses of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg b.w., no significant difference was manifested; however the lower dose was more effective concerning the number of parameters affected. The results suggest that Candida utilis cell-wall GM is a potential immunomodulative agent in treating exaggerated neutrophilic inflammation accompanying arthritis and thus GM seems to be beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.


We report a comprehensive neutron scattering study of the spin correlations in the diluted two-dimensional (2D) Ising antiferromagnet Rb/sub 2/Co/sub 0.7/Mg/sub 0.3/F/sub 4/ in an applied magnetic field. As predicted by Fishman and Aharony, an applied field in this system produces a random staggered magnetic field. Random fields are expected to have drastic effects on the cooperative behavior of magnets although the detailed behavior remains controversial. It is found that the applied magnetic field, and by inference the concomitant random staggered fields, destroy the 2D long-range order for all temperatures and fields. The structure factor S/sup z/z(Q) = summation/sub r/e/sup i/Qxr ..T/sub N/, taking on values of about 0.7 and -1.2, respectively, at T/sub N/ = 42.5 K. For small but nonzero applied fields the inverse correlation length may be factorized into a random-field part and a thermal part, kappa = kappa/sub RF/+kappa/sub T/, with kappa/sub T/approx.ezz/k/sub B/T where J/sup z/z is the Ising exchange constant.


This paper studies the social and environmental accountability in one of the local authorities in Klang Valley. Environmental issues along with its related costs and benefits – are of increasing concern to many countries around the world. Klang Valley with a population estimated at 6.5 million in 2006, is the heartland of Malaysia's industry and commerce. The tremendous economic growth in Malaysia during the 1990s saw the rapid urbanization of Klang Valley. However, this impressive growth has its 'cost'- social and environmental problems. The ongoing reports on the proliferation of social and environmental problems by the electronic media should alert the local authorities in Klang Valley of its accountability. The diversity of city inhabitants in term of education, income, lifestyles and their 'demanding' attitude should create more awareness on these local authorities of their social and environmental responsibility. The objective of this study is to investigate the disclosure made in the annual reports of a selected local authority relating to its social and environmental responsibilities (SER). It is envisaged that the outcome of this study will be of immense value to the Malaysian local authorities in particular and the public sector in general in projecting their SER.


The study was designed to observe the needs of gifted students and prepare the standardized tool. Researcher used descriptive survey research design .a total of 700 students purposively selected after use of intelligence test. "t" test and correlation were the major statistical tools used for data analysis. Findings from the study revealed the GSNI retained the reliability .672 and validity .553. In this way the GSNI was made standard. Introduction "The Gifted students are those who possess a superior central nervous system, characterized by the potential to perform tasks requiring a comparatively high degree of intellectual obstruction or creative imagination or both, are called "Gifted student". The term "gifted" and "talented" are used interchangeably. The gifted child shows his excellence in performing some specific tasks their behaviour in classroom is above average or very high. The psychologists have recognized gifted brood on the base of I.Q. Characteristics of Gifted students: 1) The giftedness is upper extreme on the normal distribution of any trait, e.g. social, mental, and aptitude. 2) A gifted student is one who shows outstanding and marvelous performance in any work while task. 3) He possesses a superior central nervous system high degree of intellectual, creative and imagination. 4) A gifted child makes outstanding contrition to the welfare, quality of living and our society. 5) Gifted child possesses high ideational level in productive and evaluating thinking. 6) He is problem solver, innovators and evaluators of cultural and educational experiences. Apart from these three categories some students are creating problem in schools and their class. They called problematic students. A small number of problematic students in a class can create anxiety, battle fatigue, and even, fear for some teachers. NEEDS OF ADOLESCENTS – Teenagers today face severe problems of adjustment. The onset of adolescence leads to dramatic change in size and shape as they enter the adolescent growth spurt. They also reach puberty, the point in life when an individual reaches sexual maturity. The term growth spurt describes the rapid acceleration in height and weight that makes the beginning of adolescence. The adolescent growth spurt is not as uniform as our overview might indicate (Shaffer, 1993, p. 176). The central focal point of the present investigation is to know about the needs of gifted and problematic secondary school students and also locate the effect of their self aspiration, adjustment and family environment on their needs. These two types of school students require reformation respect of view of society. Gifted students can contribute allot in the progress of society and nation in various respect. Education and persons working with education should not neglect them otherwise the structure of future society will be seen with many lacunas. It is the requirement of present time to achieve all the objectives of education in general, so all the strata of the students and categories should be privileged. The results of close observation with the gifted student of the classes are not so good as such students' behaviors are not over looked by one way or another. Teachers think that gifted students will make their own way .Such type of thinking is not expected from teachers the leaders of society and generating the future of students and nation. In Indian history, for Acharya Chaneyak it is said that "He used to say that development and destruction takes its shape in the lap of teacher" Thus teacher plays an important role in society, and hence it is significant to know about the various needs of gifted students which may make them passive and which will be the great loss of youngsters and future of nation also. Thus this investigation is confined to know the needs of gifted students, This research work has been certainly solve the problems of gifted and problematic students and thus will be helpful to make them progressive and normal. According to Remark. J. Hawes, "The strength and safety of a Community consists So our school going men are the growth points of a society and are the future leaders, the progress of social and national development. As nation is moving towards the 21st century, a century of computer technology and electronics-our lifestyles are constantly under going tremendous changes. These changes affect each and every aspect of life, it be our physical life, social, emotional, mental or spiritual life. The world in which society have to live and function its future is changing extremely fast. Adjustment further developed many problems in school, college, society and in personal areas of life. If these problems are not tackled they will hinder the adjustment of the individual. Need inventory Construction and standardization of need inventoryIn the present investigation the main focus is on needs of


Abstract : This report summarizes the data collected as part of a hydrogeologic investigation to determine the effects of the Wayne County landfill on local water quality. The investigation was conducted from 1988 through 1989 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, Division of Superfund. The landfill was closed in November 1984 after allegations that contaminants from the landfill were affecting the quality of water from domestic wells in the Banjo Branch-Hardin Hollow valley. Test well construction data; water-quality data for selected wells, seeps, and surface-water sites: streamflow data from Banjo Branch; analyses of bottom-sediment samples: and biological data for the study area are documented in this report.


1. Background Transient metal oxides (TMO) have recently attracted large attention because of their potential as carrier selective contacts for silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. The large work function of TMO such as MoO3, WO3, and V2O5 induces a band bending on the c-Si surface, creating a band energy gradient that repels the electrons and allow the formation of an inversion layer at the interface. As a result, rectifying properties similar to those obtained with pn-junctions can be achieved. Through this approach, an impressive efficiency of 22.5% has been achieved using a MoO3/a-Si:H stack as the hole selective contact in SHJ solar cells.[1] In contrast, the passivation effect achieved in MoOx/n-c-Si/MoOx structures without passivation layers has been attributed to both band bending and unintentional silicon oxide formation at the MoOx/c-Si interface.[2] To clarify the effect of interfacial SiOx layer on the passivation properties, the effective lifetimes of solar cell precursors with and without intentionally grown SiOx layers were evaluated.


To study the effect of aqueous banana peel (either green or yellow) extract on the sexual behavior, 50 male adult rats divided into 5 equal groups as the following: the control group administrated orally with 0.2 ml normal saline/ kg, the second group administrated orally with aqueous extract of green yellow banana peel (400 mg/kg), the third group administrated orally with aqueous extract of green yellow banana peel (200 mg/kg), the fourth group administrated orally with extract of yellow banana peel (400 mg/kg) and the fifth group administrated orally with extract of yellow banana peel (200 mg/kg) . All treatments were done for 28 days. The experiment was performed at the night time in a dim red florescent lamp. Fifty bilateral overiectomized female rats were used as a mating stimulus, the ovariectomy was done two weeks before the experiment . To be sexually receptive, the females were received single subcutaneous injections of 10μg estradiol benzoate and 1mg progesterone before pairing by 52 hours and 4 hours respectively. The parameters of male sexual behavior were recorded. In comparison to control the extract treatment either of green or yellow in all doses resulted in increase in mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL) and ejaculation latency (EL) while it decrease the mounts frequency(MF) ,intromission frequency (IF) ejaculation frequency (EF) and ejaculatory interval (PEI). Also, the extract increased estrogen levels while it decrease testosterone level. It could be concluded that aqueous extract of either green or yellow banana peel resulted in impairment of sexual behavior in male rats and further studies may be conducted on the mode of action and phytochemical screening. Key word: banana peel, sexual behavior, male rat, testosterone 1.INTRODUCTION Sexual behavior of the male involves a complex pattern of somatomotor and genital responses, educed, directed and maintained by internal and external signals. It comprises precopulatory and copulatory behaviors that permit the male to discover and define a partner, determine her prospect mating suitability and excite a receptive response [1-2]. Reproductive ability of the male was found to be insufficient in no less of less than 50%of infertile couples [3]. Main factors that lower the eventuality of the conception in the female mate are extremely iatrogenic, immunological, endocrine or congenital cause. Ejaculatory and sexual dysfunction, oligospermia are additional responsible for failure to conceive in many cases [3]. The extent of sexual insufficiency in human males has led to the development of a number of available treatments. These options may be with serious side effects and expensive. Many patients rummage for a product of natural origin having wide safety margin, quick starting action and minimum side effects [4-5]. Nowadays, plants and herbal products which have valuable therapeutic action both in traditional and modern medicine attract the attention of the scientists. Vol-3 Issue-1 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396 3853 www.ijariie.com 1304 Banana is one of the most important subtropical and tropical fruit, it is cultivated with both large and small scale in about 130 countries all over the world [6]. Its tree like herb, different parts of the tree (leaves, the root, the juice of the corn, fruit and peel) have a number of beneficial pharmacological effects [7], have antibiotic and antifungal properties [8] and used for treatment broken bones, bruises [9], retention of urine, gonorrhea, goiter and as laxative, anticancer, antiulcer and heart disease [10], moreover, banana fruits consumption could alleviate some reproductive disorders and improve some reproductive functions in human males [11and 12] The flower as astringent [13], the root used in folk medicine as aphrodisiac and anthelmintic [13], root infusion also, used to suppress convulsion, venereal disease, vomiting and anemia [13], enhanced sperm metabolism [14]. Moreover, the root extract found to be enhance the synthetic and normal secretory functions of the rat testes through stimulating testosterone production and increasing the bioavailabilty of androgen to the testes [15]. Furthermore the stem juices used for dissolving of urinary stone and inhibiting the urinary stone formation [9]. Banana peel protects the banana fruits and it accounts about 30-40% of the total weight of fresh banana and it contains high quantities of phosphorous and nitrogen and used as fertilizer in some countries while it discarded as waste products in many countries and this makes an environmental problem [16], it has antibiotic and antifungal properties it is used for treating many different skin diseases like skin irritants and allergies, relieve hangovers, treat warts; aids in toxifications and as diuretics. It can also supply nutritional products, it is rich with minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, calcium and potassium, the pulp is poor than the banana peel in phytochemical compounds [17-18] Both yellow and green banana peels extracts exhibits antidepressant-like effects and can be used to treat depression and the extract of yellow banana peel could treat depression with less effects in comparison to green banana peel extract [19]. The quantitative analysis of banana peel extract reveals the presence of tryptophan amino acid. The tryptophan is the precursor for serotonin formation and the serotonin plays an important role in the mood and human sexuality[20]. However, there is no published data about the effect of banana peel on sexual behavior. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of banana peel on the sexual behavior in male rats 2. MATERIALAS AND METHODS 2.1 BANANA PEEL EXTRACTION: The green peel of banana with a vestige of yellow phase extracted by using the fresh banana fruit's peel, every 600 g peel heated for 2 min at 80 o C in one liter of distilled water. Then, using an electric blender the peel homogenized twice at room temperature with 70% acetone [21]. After that it centrifuged for 10 min at 6000 rpm. Then, the acetone extracts filtered and concentrated at 50° C to 300 ml which allowed to dry at 50°C.The same procedures used for extraction of yellow banana peel.


Abstract: The goal is to develop an algorithm for implementing the edge quality management system for finishing parts with polymer-abrasive brushes, discussed in part 1. The principle of the system approach is used for a formalized description of the system with the presence of relationships between its constituent subsystems. The article considers the algorithm for designing the technological operation of edge processing in accordance with the optimal control system described in part 1. The initial data were: parameters of the workpiece, requirements for roughness and edge parameters, characteristics of tools and equipment. Based on the analysis of the functional capabilities of the operation, an algorithm for selecting the optimal tool among competing ones is obtained, taking into account the technological capabilities of the operation. Based on the developed mathematical models (formation of a rounded edge in size, shape and roughness, cutting force, temperature in the processing zone, tool wear), the optimization of technological parameters of the operation was carried out. The developed algorithm for designing a technological operation provides for conducting a test operation (installing and attaching the workpiece to the equipment, processing it at optimal modes) and monitoring the compliance of processing results with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents, analyzing defects and their causes, as well as forming a control effect. The control subsystem "Optimization of the process of rounding edges"is considered. Developed system for design of technological operations of processing of the edge elastic polymer-abrasive brushes allows you to assign the most effective tools and rational regime treatment parameters ensuring all requirements of normative-technical documents on the quality of processing at the highest productivity and lowest cost of operation.


A rotor comprising: a rotor core; a plurality of magnets; and an adhesive which binds the magnets adhesively secured to the rotor core. The magnets are so placed in the magnetic holders, that the same magnetic poles of adjacent magnets are opposite in a circumferential direction of the rotor core each other. The adhesive comprises: a first adhesive portion, the two internal surfaces of the magnet holder, which face the circumferential direction, adhesive binds to the magnet and the one of ends of the magnet achieved in an axial direction of the magnet; and a second adhesive portion of end faces of the rotor core, the end surface of the rotor core adhesive binds on one side by a in an axial direction of the rotor core to an end surface of the magnet in an axial direction of the magnet and which is connected to the first adhesive part.


The challenge of defining "the people," political theorist Jason Frank writes, "haunts all theories of democracy and continually vivifies democratic practice." The phrase "the people" haunts because, like a specter, it claims to speak for something that never was and is always in formation. Yet it "vivifies" democratic theory because the American political tradition's legitimacy derives from popular sovereignty, and thus outsider groups can use the idea of the people to claim a role for themselves within our democracy. But who are the people? For some constitutional scholars, including political scientists and theorists, the people are the constituent sovereign who, in conventions, design their government. From this perspective, the most important outcome of the American Revolution was the convention as a mechanism to enact the social contract. But many have challenged this conclusion. As Progressive historians and their heirs remind us, the Constitution was itself contested, did not fully embody popular will, and was an elite backlash against more popular democracy. These two perspectives created a theoretical and practical problem that played out in the postrevolutionary decades. If the state authorized by "the people" cannot speak for the people, how can elected leaders represent the public will? Alternatively, if others in civil society have a stronger claim to represent the people, how can representative government be legitimate? Given this conundrum, it is no wonder that Daniel Rodgers in Contested Truths (1987) considers "the people" one of America's "contested truths," a phrase that can be used by those in power and by outsider groups—as in populist uprisings—who claim to represent better the people than elected leaders do. It is into these confusing waters that Frank wades. He hopes to contribute to democratic theory by exploring how postrevolutionary Americans struggled with this fundamental problem, which is, ultimately, one of the relationship between representative government and civil society. Frank's answer draws


The paper by Shah and colleagues (hereafter referred to as Shah), "Angina and Other Risk Factors in Patients With Cardiac Diseases Undergoing Noncardiac Operations" (l), is an important study because of the prevalence of cardiac patients that require noncardiac surgery. It is also important because it is a paradigm of a number of studies that have appeared in the literatuie recently (e.g., 2,3). Statistical analysis plays a central role in these studies. The purpose of this editorial is to use Shah's study as a point of departure to expand on the statistical methodology and suggest some other methodologies for future investigations. This editorial will concentrate on the design of these studies, patient selection, variable selection, statistical model selection and evaluation, and interpretation of results. The principles and pitfalls of the statistical methodology are crucial in evaluating these epidemiologic studies. There are two classes of observational studies in the clinical setting, retrospective and prospective. In retrospective studies, past patient records are reviewed to collect the relevant prognostic and outcome variables. In prospective studies the relevant prognostic and outcome variables are collected from patients as they are treated and followed. Retrospective studies are generally quicker and cheaper to conduct because patients have already been treated and the data collected. There are, however, several problems with retrospective studies. Among them are the following: patient records may be lost; definition of the variables may have changed


– This study's first objective is to experimentally examine the effect of brand‐cause fit and campaign duration on company and brand image, commercial objectives and buying intention as perceived by Japanese consumers. Second, the study aims to evaluate the moderating role of gender and participation in philanthropic activities on the impact of cause‐related marketing (CrM) programs in Japan., – An experimental design was used with 196 Japanese subjects completing a survey online., – A high brand‐cause fit was found to elicit more positive attitudes toward the CrM program than campaign duration. Japanese female respondents were showing more favorable attitudes than men, confirming results in previous research studies conducted in the West. Previous participation in philanthropic activities was also found to increase positive attitudes especially when brand‐cause fit and duration were high., – The experiment relied on fictitious advertising materials. Many respondents were students from the greater Tokyo area. This may make it difficult to generalize findings to a broader population., – Results show that CrM campaigns in Japan are viewed more positively when consumers perceive a good match between the brand and the cause. Japanese marketers targeting women and consumers with philanthropic experience are likely to benefit by supporting matching social causes., – This paper is the first to contribute to better understanding of the impact of CrM in Japan. It does confirm the gender effect previously observed in western countries.


There are multiple public agencies in Brazil that operate for the purpose of inspection, investigation, and the levying of penalties for the crime of exploitation of labor in conditions analogous to slavery: These include the civil police, Federal Police, the Ministry of Labor, the Regional Labor Tribunals, the Public Ministry of Labor, the Federal Public Ministry, and the state-level public ministries, with branches that encompass the entire nation and others that focus on specific regions. The activities of each one of these entities is recorded in different types of documents that are processed at various levels and can cover considerable amounts of time, depending on the deadlines and procedures involved. While the volume of this documentation is quite substantial, these records are not especially well known or widely used.


The O(MeV) spin-1 U boson has been proposed to mediate the interaction among electron-positron and O(MeV) dark matter, in order to account for the 511 keV {gamma}-ray observation by SPI/INTEGRAL. In this paper the observability of such a kind of U boson at BESIII is investigated through the processes e{sup +}e{sup -}{yields}U{gamma} and e{sup +}e{sup -}{yields}J/{psi}{yields}e{sup +}e{sup -}U. We find that BESIII and high luminosity B factories have a comparable capacity to detect such a U boson. If the U boson decays mainly into dark matter, i.e. invisibly, BESIII can measure the coupling between the U boson and an electron-positron pair g{sub eR} (see text) down to O(10{sup -5}), and cover large parameter space which can account for 511 keV {gamma}-ray observation. On the other hand, provided that U decays mainly into the electron-positron, BESIII can detect g{sub eR} down to O(10{sup -3}), and it is hard to explore the 511 keV {gamma}-ray measurement allowed parameter space due to the irreducible QED backgrounds.


This paper analyzes the significance and the advantages of the characteristic databases construction of university libraries in China, and then it explores some problems existing in the construction. On the basis of the above analysis, it puts forth the fundament and the notices for building the characteristic databanks.


Simple Summary The abnormal glucose metabolism present in diabetes mellitus causes several complications in different metabolic pathways and different organs. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defense, causing oxidative stress, which contributes to damage in the body. The properties of natural products in diabetes mellitus research have been investigated to assist in the treatment. In this study, the effects of 28 days of oral administration of bacuri seed butter (Platonia insignis Mart.) was investigated on blood glucose, HbA1c, and liver and kidney function, as well as antioxidant defense in streptozotocin-induced female rats. Bacuri seed butter presented a positive effect on glycemic control, evidenced by a decrease in the percentage of glycated hemoglobin. Interestingly, the treatment also promoted increased hepatic antioxidant defenses and reduced liver damage, demonstrating a hepatoprotective effect. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral administration of Platonia insignis Mart. ("bacuri") seed butter (BSB) on oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus-related parameters in streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in female Wistar rats (180–250 g) by the intraperitoneal administration of STZ (45 mg/kg, b.w). BSB (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was administered to animals for four weeks. The effect on weight gain, food intake, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, hepatic transaminases, plasma and liver TBARS and MPO activity, erythrocyte SOD activity, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (SH-NP), and histopathology of the liver tissue was investigated. BSB at the dose of 100 mg/kg had a positive effect on the reduction in glycated hemoglobin percentage and increased albumin concentration, as well as decreased ALT and AST levels and increased SH-NP liver levels in treated animals compared to normal control rats. Moreover, BSB had no effects on weight gain, food intake, and fasting glucose. Thus, the BSB presented marked properties in improvement of hepatic antioxidant defenses, which demonstrates BSB as a potential hepatoprotective agent in metabolic disorders.


What does it mean that the cosmic radio wave flux density varies with the passage of time is an interesting question; the radio wave is of the quasar, a system of galaxy, which is distributed in our universe from a few billions of light years to the distanse close to the big bang age and has been radiating immense electromagnetic energy from it by the synchrotron radiation that we may able to make a measurement of the flux density at micro wave bands with a radio interferometer[3,4]. A group of radio observers and astronomers has been monitoring daily so far over several years extragalactic radio sources (radio galaxies, quasars, etc.) and the monitored data were kindly shared with us who were interested in using for analysis[5]. In a few recent decades, the chaos and fractal theory has been intensively studied and developed in the fields of mathematics, computer numerical analysis, natural sciences and technologies[1], and in same decades, the nonlinear time series analysis methods have been developed intensely based on the newly understood ideas of the theory for analyzing the nonlinear phenonena[2].


This article is devoted to the study of interdiscursivity that is understood as discourses' interpenetration. The category of interdiscursivity is analyzed on the basis of postmodern belles-lettres discourse. According to linguo-synergetic approach postmodern belles-lettres discourse that consists of infinite number of self-like interpretations of some intertextual structures is realized as a combination of different sign systems the regulation of which is carried out with the help of such fractal self-organization models as concentric circles, spiral, rhizome and tree.


The pathogenesis of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is not entirely understood, nor the numerous triggers that lead to MPA relapses. This case is a relapse of MPA likely secondary to an infectious aetiology. In November 2009, a 42-year-old man presented with a 48-hour history of fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and dyspnoea. He was diagnosed with MPA in July 2009, with pauciimmune segmental non-granulomatous necrotizing glomerulonephritis (peak creatinine 518 mmol/L), pulmonary haemorrhage and p-ANCA 288 U/mL (Fig. 1). He was treated with pulse steroids tapered to 5 mg/day and monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide. Examination revealed postural hypotension and a temperature of 39.4°C. Chest radiography showed opacities in the left lower lobe, which was similar to July At the time of his presentation our institution was experiencing an outbreak of H1N1. Differential diagnoses included multifactorial pneumonia, H1N1 influenza and MPA exacerbation. Cultures were taken, and levofloxacin, oseltamivir and methylprednisolone were initiated. Within 24 h, he became hypoxic and developed worsening cough with haemoptysis. Haemoglobin fell to 75 g/L and opacification of the left lower, right middle and lower lobes were noted. A course of seven plasma exchanges was started on day 2. The H1N1 swab was positive and p-ANCA titre was elevated. The patient was discharged day 9, on prednisone 60 mg and monthly cyclophosphamide. Birck et al. described four cases of new or relapsing ANCAassociated vasculitis following influenza vaccination. Stassen et al., however, concluded that influenza vaccination does not result in an increase in relapses in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. The conflicting literature suggests that the pathogenesis is poorly understood and the question of an influenza-associated immune trigger causing a relapse in ANCA-associated vasculitis still exists. In our case influenza A H1N1 infection was associated with a development of pulmonary haemorrhage; in a patient with known MPA. In order to ensure optimal outcomes, both diagnoses needed to be considered and treated. In patients with a history of vasculitis it is important to consider relapse when presenting with a new infection, including influenza A, as well as consider a new diagnosis of vasculitis in the rare number of H1N1 cases that develop pulmonary haemorrhage and rapidly progressive kidney disease.


This paper reports on the RAILTEL field trial carried out by LIMSI, to assess the technical adequacy of available speech technology for interactive vocal access to static train timetable information. The data collection system used to carry out the field trials, is based on the LIMSI MASK spoken language system and runs on a Unix workstation with a high quality telephone interface. The spoken language system allows a mixed-initiative dialog where the user can provide any information at any point in time. Experienced users are thus able to provide all the information needed for database access in a single sentence, whereas less experienced users tend to provide shorter responses, allowing the system to guide them. The RAILTEL field trial was carried out using a commonly defined upon methodology. 100 naive subjects participated in the field trials, each contributing one call and completing a user questionnaire. 72% of the callers successfully completed their scenarios. The subjective assessment of the service was for the most part favorable, with subjects expressing interest in using such a service.


Capsules are used to encapsulate drugs. Consequently, the quality of the capsule shells is crucial for the bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs. Our laboratory developed a new plant-based capsule shell called Algal Polysaccharide Vegetable Capsule (APPC). It was composed of algal polysaccharide and cellulose. Studies on the bioavailability and bioequivalence of three types of capsules (APPC, Qualicaps, and gelatin) were conducted. Ibuprofen was adopted as model drug, and its plasma concentrations of 12 healthy volunteers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters are calculated on the basis of plasma concentrations with the software DAS 2.0, and the bioavailability and bioequivalence of the three types of capsules were evaluated. The aim of this paper was to compare the absorption of the drug in the capsules of APPC, Qualicaps and gelatin. The results showed that the substitution of gelatin capsules with algal polysaccharide vegetable capsules would not affect the in vivo drug absorption. Algal polysaccharide capsule met the criteria of bioequivalence with Qualicaps (relative bioavailability of 94.9%) and gelatin capsules (relative bioavailability of 97.5%).


The research carried out has the aim to improve the performance of excellent services that will attract consumers of health service users to be a choice for patients as customers. So that it can contribute to the performance and progress of Anwar Medika Hospital. The research method used in this research is survey research method. This type of research is quantitative research with the technique of determining samples that are carried out purposively sampling, data collection using a closed questionnaire directed to Linkert 5 gradation scale; data analysis is quantitative/statistical with the aim to test the hypothesis that has been set. This research is explanatory research that will prove the causal relationship between independent variables, namely Transformational leadership style variables, work discipline, work environment and; intervening variable, namely work motivation variable; and the dependent variable is employee performance. From the research carried out shows the results that hypothesis 1 test can be accepted, hypothesis test 2, hypothesis 3 test cannot be accepted, test hypothesis 4 can be accepted, test hypothesis 5 can be accepted, test hypothesis 6 cannot be accepted, test hypothesis 7 acceptable.


Background:
Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria are increasing, partly due to inappropriate antibiotic use in human and animal medicine, including in farming.

To reduce the public health threat from rising rates of AMR, 'prudent prescribing' needs to be encouraged amongst both doctors and veterinarians (vets). Research already exists to understand and improve prescribing behaviours by doctors, but corresponding research into vets' behaviour is lacking.

It is therefore important to explore the beliefs that vets, and their farmer clients, hold about antibiotic use in farming.

Research questions:
• What beliefs do vets and farmers hold about the risks of AMR to human and animal health?
• What do vets and farmers perceive to be their responsibilities for prudent antibiotic use in their livestock?

Methods:
A qualitative approach will be used. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted, via the telephone, to enable UK-wide recruitment. Participants will be 20 farm vets and 20 commercial livestock farmers. Interviews will be audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data will be analysed using thematic analysis.

Expected results:
This study will provide insight into whether vets and farmers perceive similar motivations and barriers to prudent antibiotic prescribing, and whether they make incorrect assumptions about each others' beliefs.

Current stage of work:
A study protocol is currently under review with the University's Ethics Committee. Recruitment is anticipated to commence Spring 2016.

Discussion:
Future behaviour change interventions targeting vets and farmers should consider the views of individuals from both professions; findings from this study will contribute to informing such interventions.


The jury system was first introduced in the first-established colony, New South Wales of Australia, and it possesses Anglo-American common law tradition. Section 80 of the Commonwealth Constitution provides that trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury,however,the states retain its legislative powers over the process of jury trial. An offence will be tried before a jury if it shall be substantially"indictable".A jury shall be both representative of the community and impartial,which are ensured by random selection from the electoral roll and by challenges and penal sanctions by the law of contempt of court.The principle of unanimous verdict for the jury is now maintained , yet majority verdicts are authorised by state statutes. As for the tasks of judge and jury,they are demarcated along traditional lines, still the judge may instruct the jury to reder a verdict of not guilty if the evidence is "unsafe or unsatisfactory". Besides, appeals against convictions in jury trials may be on matters of fact or law or mixed law and fact, provided they have resulted in a "miscarriage of justice"or the evidence be "unreliable or wanting in credibility".


: With the advent of IoT (Internet of Things) services in recent years, various industries are now working towards operating wireless networks and this in turn gives rise to the need for radio propagation simulations. However, in order to obtain reliable simulation results, an accurate model of the environment is often needed. This paper proposes a method for generating a plane model automatically, for use in ray tracing simulations from 3D point cloud data in order to ease the burden of creating models manually. Ray tracing simulation results using the generated model are compared with measurements and the comparison shows that the trend of normalized received power is similar.


The social dimension of the reform of the sugar market
in the European Union (based on the example of Poland)


In the July and August editorials, I discussed two topics that were featured in a relatively new book entitled The Skeptical Environmentalist ~Lomborg 2001!. In August, it was the regulation of hazardous pollutants to manage cancer risk. I spent some time on the arsenic MCL as a recent and potentially costly environmental regulation. This month I'll extend that discussion by talking about pharmaceuticals, a class of compounds that we didn't think about much in the wastewater treatment industry even 10 years ago. Through better analytical chemistry, we know beyond doubt that a great number of pharmaceuticals are present in domestic wastewater and routinely survive conventional wastewater treatments, although generally in minute amounts. This information has caught the eye of the public and the environmental community in a big way. To facilitate communication about pharmaceuticals in our water resources and to extend the discussion to wastewater organics with pharmaceutical-like properties, this class of chemicals is now called pharmaceutically active compounds ~PhAC!. Endocrine disrupting compounds ~EDC! are an important subgroup of the PhACs. Since the PhACs, including the EDCs, are present in wastewater effluent in extremely small quantities, the significance of exposure at those levels is exceptionally important and should be part of ongoing discussions about PhACs. Unfortunately, we lack information in this area. The United States Geological Survey ~USGS! took the lead in establishing analytical methods for aqueous-phase PhACs at very low concentrations—parts per billion and lower. With these new tools, they surveyed the nation's surface waters for the first time, looking for PhACs and other compounds potentially present in wastewater at trace levels ~Kolpin et al. 2002!. The waters selected in this survey were generally those that serve as receiving waters for wastewater discharges or other potential sources of pollutants. The USGS detected an astonishing array of chemicals at trace concentrations in their survey. Waters that are sometimes effluent dominated yielded some of the highest numbers. Of the 95 different organic wastewater contaminants ~OWC! that the USGS looked for, 82 were detected in at least one sample. Furthermore, OWCs were detected in 80% of the 139 streams sampled across the United States. As many as 38 OWCs were observed in a single sample. The implications of these findings for the safety of domestic water supplies has yet to be sorted out. To generate some feeling for the concentrations of pollutants present in the waters surveyed, I will explore some of the USGS results, picking somewhat at random. Caffeine was among the chemicals most commonly encountered ~70% of samples!. The highest concentration of caffeine was 6.0 mg/L. A single Excedrin tablet ~most adults


At the end of life, the chemical balance of the body becomes completely upset.. Before the final stages of death, the dying person might talk about wanting to . Dec 8, 2016. Help you live comfortably at the end stage of your life. Help you and your family cope with the changes that are happening. Help you have a . Jun 8, 2016. This is written for the person with cancer, but it can be helpful to the people. . some, but they won't help most people who are very close to the end of life.. At later stages, these efforts can even make the person feel worse. There are several symptoms of end stage ovarian cancer and bowel obstruction is one of them. This is because end stage ovarian cancer has already . Aug 24, 2016. This pilot study assessed the level of caregiver burden experienced by the primary caregivers of patients with end-stage ovarian cancer and . May 10, 2016. Palliative care of the patient with gynecologic cancer requires attention to many control and maintaining quality of life during terminal stages. Mar 12, 2009. Depending on your cancer stage, your ovarian cancer prognosis could be poor. Considering and preparing for the end of life shouldn't make . May 22, 2014. According to the American Cancer Society, epithelial ovarian carcinomas comprise 85 to 90 percent of all ovarian cancers. Epithelial cancers . Feb 5, 2009. My Mom has been battline Stage III Ovarian cancer for nine years. She went in for a hysterectomy due to a benign tumor and they discovered ..


In the first part of this article we investigate the field of definition of the group ν -1(E(K)), where ν is an isogeny of degree p of an elliptic curve E over a local field K, with [K : Qp] < ∞. In the second part we show that local results have global consequences for various elliptic curves with complex multiplication. They are concerned with describing groups of rational points of Tate-Saferevic groups and Mazur modules over Γ-extensions. Bibliography: 16 items.


High molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM) was tested as a potential selective depressant in the differential flotation separation of galena and chalcopyrite using potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) as a collector. In single mineral flotation, PAM depressed chalcopyrite while galena was floatable. Mechanism study indicated that PAM could adsorb on galena through hydrogen bonding, and on chalcopyrite through hydrogen bonding as well as ammonium-copper complexation. KEX could only break up the galena-PAM bonding. It is the combined use of PAM and KEX that caused the selectivity. In mineral mixture flotation, galena and chalcopyrite could be separated by PAM and KEX only after EDTA treatment of the mineral mixtures. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometric (ToF-SIMS) measurements indicated that when galena and chalcopyrite were present together in the suspension, PAM adsorbed on both galena and chalcopyrite. However, after prior treatment of the mineral mixture by EDTA, PAM mainly adsorbed on chalcopyrite. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Qi Liu, for his guidance, patience and encouragement throughout the project. I really have learned a lot from his invaluable guidance during the past two and half years. It has been my great honor to be his student. The financial support provided by Canadian Center for Clean Coal/Carbon and Mineral Processing Technology (C 5 MPT) is gratefully acknowledged. During the course of this project, Dr. Mingli Cao, Dr. Anqiang He, Dr. Shihong Xu (ACSES) and Mr. Shiraz Merali have helped me with the testwork, which I really appreciate. Last but not the least, I am indeed grateful to all my group members, Dr. Kaipeng Wang, Dr. Min Tang, Ph.D. students Jihua Gong, Xiao Ni and Peng Huang, M.Sc. students Marc Parrent and Huiran Wang, for their friendship and encouragement. Table of


Annual Illness and Injury Surveillance Program report for 2003 for the Fernald Environmental Management Project. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) commitment to assuring the health and safety of its workers includes the conduct of epidemiologic surveillance activities that provide an early warning system for health problems among workers. The IISP monitors illnesses and health conditions that result in an absence of workdays, occupational injuries and illnesses, and disabilities and deaths among current workers.


A reference range describes the variations of a measurement or value in healthy individuals. It is a basis for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of results for a particular patient. This article will primarily focus on the standard definition of a reference range (which is referred to if not otherwise specified). The standard reference range basically originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the population. However, there are also optimal health ranges that are those that appear to have the optimal health impact on people.


Ballasted rail tracks are most commonly used in rail track structure and are designed to provide a stable, safe and economic foundation. Main components of ballasted rail track structure can be grouped as track superstructure and track substructure. The cyclic loading by the train will be distributed from the superstructure to substructure. Sri Lanka currently uses the Indian standard gradation for almost all the tracks. Most of the ballast material used in Sri Lanka is obtained from biotite gneiss rock which is available in abundance. However, ballast is constantly subjected to degradation throughout its service due mainly to ballast breakage and migration of fine particles from the subgrade into the ballast layer, which is known as mud pumping. In this study, the effect of ballast particle breakage and mud pumping on the shear strength characteristics of ballast is investigated. Parallel gradation technique was used to model the sample as it is difficult to handle large size ballast in the conventional direct shear box. Sample was collected from Elugoda quarry (in the Kandy District) from where the ballast material is supplied to upcountry railway construction. Scaled down sample was sieved and test sample was prepared according to Indian standard gradations using the parallel gradation technique and the direct shear test was carried out under three normal pressures of 15 kPa, 30 kPa and 90 kPa. The study revealed that the shear strength of ballast is decreased for lower degrees of fouling due to ballast breakage and mud pumping and starts to increase with increased degree of fouling, but not as much as that of fresh ballast.


The 19th Optics of Liquid Crystals Conference (OLC2021) was held from 26 September to 1 October 2021 organised by Organizing Committee OLC2021, The Japanese Liquid Crystal Society (JLCS) and The International Liquid Crystal Society (ILCS). The Organizing Committee (chaired by Professor Jun Yamamoto from Kyoto University), Local Committee, and Program Committee mainly consisted of JLCS scientists belonging to a university or a company. The International Advisory Board consisting of 11 countries has been established. Unfortunately, the biennial conference was forced to be held online because of COVID-19. The OLC is a historic international conference on liquid crystals and optics that has been held around the world since 1986, and the OLC2021 was the first OLC to be held in Asia. The OLC2021 was originally planned to be held in Bankoku Shinryokan in Okinawa, warm Islands located in the south of Japan, and to be carefully scheduled for the online/on-site hybrid implementation by the Local Committee, while also arranging hotels, conference limousine buses, and so on. However, considering the difficult situations, the OLC2021 was decided to reschedule to a fully online conference in August. Instead, those who were planning to participate on-site were given some goods related to Okinawa (Figure 1). Because the organisers carefully prepared for the online event using Zoom meeting application, I think the online conference went on without any major problems, although there were audio problems and changes in presentation time. Especially, the guidance and setting to the breakout room were smooth in both the oral and poster sessions. Further, one of the merits is that it is not affected by natural disasters (typhoons or earthquakes), which is often seen in Japan. The OLC2021 had 169 participants and 137 papers (39 invited talks, 41 contributed oral presentations and 57 poster presentations) were accepted for discussion. The online presentations were made from the UK, Italy, Slovenia, France, the USA, South Korea, Brazil, China, Portugal, Germany, Poland, Finland, Belgium, Canada, Russia and Japan. Since the OLC2021 was held from morning to evening in Japan Standard Time (JST), most of the people who could actually attend the conference on the entire schedule were from Asian countries, especially Japanese. Here, let me state a personal impression and I would like to raise a question regarding the significance of the international online conference. What I feel regretful about was that there were not so many opinions and questions from international participants at OLC2021. In particular, in the poster presentations, although the sessions were held early in the morning and in the evening considering the participants outside Asia, the audience was almost exclusively Japanese. Therefore, OLC2021 became a place for discussion in English (in some cases, in Japanese) rather than an international discussion. In the oral presentations, most of the listeners and questioners were Japanese as well. The first day of a 6-day OLC2021 began on Sunday (26 September) in JST, and a public lecture and four tutorials were held. The public lecture was also organised online, and the committee planned a programme for elementary and junior high-school students through experiences. The tutorials were given by Professor Ingo Dierking (University of Manchester) on ITO-free carbonbased electrode materials for LCDs, Professor Claudio Zannoni (University of Bologna) on computational coarse-grained and atomistic simulations of liquid crystals and the strengths and problems, Professor Slobodan Žumer (University of Ljubljana) on optical imaging of the topology of nematic defects and Professor Pawel Pieranski (Université Paris-Saclay) on collisions of nematic monopoles and disclinations. On Monday (27 September) in JST, two tutorials were given by Professor Hiroshi Yokoyama (Kent State University) on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and sophisticated photoalignment techniques and Professor Iam-Choon Khoo (Pennsylvania State University) on liquid crystalline chiral photonic crystals working on picosecond to femtosecond scales. Fundamental concepts and approaches were summarised from various aspects, such as materials and computational sciences. In each research field, historical changes, current status and issues, and future prospects were discussed. This allowed researchers to explore new directions for their research. After the tutorials, the opening ceremony was held. Professor Yamamoto introduced Okinawa, talked about the situation of COVID-19 and typhoons in Japan, and of course, the events in OLC2021. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2021, VOL. 30, NO. 3, 46–48 https://doi.org/10.1080/1358314X.2021.2036432


Active eavesdropper sends jamming signals to raise the transmit power of base stations and steal more information from cellular systems. Network coding resists the active eavesdroppers that cannot obtain all the data flows, but highly relies on the wiretap channel states that are rarely known in wireless networks. In this paper, we present a reinforcement learning (RL) based random linear network coding scheme for drone-aided cellular systems to address eavesdropping. In this scheme, the network coding policy, including the encoded packet number, the packet and power allocation, is chosen based on the measured jamming power, previous transmission performance and BS channel states. A virtual model generates simulated experiences to update Q-values besides real experiences for faster policy optimization. We also propose a deep RL version and design a hierarchical architecture to further accelerate the policy exploration and improve the anti-eavesdropping performance, in terms of the intercept probability, the latency, the outage probability and the energy consumption. We analyze the computational complexity, drone deployment, secure coverage area and the performance bound of the proposed schemes, which are verified via simulation results.


The digital technology that has been around us for a long time has had a significant impact on our lives today. Digital technology is prevalent in many sectors of life, such as entertainment, information search tools, and online shopping and purchasing. It is by far the best choice for society in general during the current pandemic. Saung Angklung Udjo is one of West Java's tourist attraction offering traditional Sundanese arts and culture. With the Covid-19 pandemic, SAU must innovate in order to help the government's agenda in controlling the virus's spread, thus to survive under present conditions. This research examines the authenticity of a tourist's experience after virtually participating in an event hosted by SAU. The study's findings suggest that a virtual show in general has not been able to complete the authenticity of the visitor experience in seeing a cultural performance. However, based on the kind of performances presented by SAU, tourists can still have a genuine experience, particularly in the dimension of Existential Authenticity. This means that, to some extent, the experience of viewing virtual performances offers a sense of authenticity to personal experience, but the experience is not perfect, particularly in the aspects of involvement and interactivity.


In this paper we propose a texture segmentation and matching approach using the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) method. First, we examine the principle of segmentation and matching algorithm [1] that detects a unique given texture over a given image. Then we will describe our automatic segmentation algorithm which detects all textures in an image without any given information but the targeted image itself. Our method is applied on randomly generated images from a database of over 150 textures.


Abstract Nine subjects having completed laboratory ergometer work to exhaust their carbohydrate stores of fuel for muscular work were fed recovery diets either high in carbohydrate, or fats and carbohydrate, or with little energy content. After 40 minutes recovery, further laboratory work was performed by the subjects. The high carbohydrate diet allowed most work to be performed. There were slight efficiency changes. The latter differences could not be accounted for completely by the traditional statements of energy values of volumes of oxygen for various proportions of carbohydrate and fat consumed. The high carbohydrate diet quickly elevated blood glucose. A neural involvement may be implicated.


A concrete aspect of Grothendieck Duality is used to give local cohomology proofs of combinatorial identities including MacMahon's master theorem, Grosswald identity, identity of Shoo, Tepper identity, and others. In combinatorial analysis, the method of integral representation is widely used (see, for example, [1]). This analytic method provides an analytic framework in which many combinatorial problems can be systematically solved. The basis for this method is given with the help of the formalism of residues and the formal properties for transforming integrals. The symbolic apparatus of this method dates back at least to 18th century, however, without rigorous foundations. For instance, the convergence of series was not taken into account. On the other hand, the method of formal power series and formal Laurent series has also been developed for solving combinatorial problems (see, for example, [3]). Contour integrals in the analytic method are replaced by "taking the coefficient of a monomial in a series " in this algebraic method. However the concept of differentials is lacking in the algebraic side. In this article, we enrich the existing algebraic methods by using a concrete aspect of Grothendieck Duality. "Taking the coefficient " thus becomes more natural with the presence of differentials. In section 1, we give an algebraic definition of residues and review their properties. In section 2, we give local cohomology proofs of some known combinatorial identities which were shown by the analytic methods in [1] and [2]. Our proofs resemble the symbolic guise of the proofs in [1] or [2]. For the general language of commutative algebra, the reader is referred to [7], [5], and [4]. 1. Residues Let κ be a field. Formal power series rings over κ can be characterized without referring to variables. Assume that a Noetherian local ring (R,m) containing κ is a formal power series ring of n variables over κ, that is, the following three conditions are satisfied. • R is complete and is of Krull dimension n. • R is m-smooth over κ. • The induced map κ→ R/m is an isomorphism. Received by the editors October 31, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05A19; Secondary 13F25.


This report tracks legislative changes to the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program. It includes brief discussions of how Congress has changed FEHB through legislative action, including restrictions on the use of federal funds; changing the formula for determining the government's share of FEHB premiums; expanding eligibility for the program; and implementing policies that affect the relationship between Medicare and FEHB.


Lumbar interbody fusion from a posterior approach affords the advantage of adding interbody fusion to a posterolateral fusion while avoiding the added morbidity of an anterior approach to the spine. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) provides anterior column support through a single posterolateral approach to the disc space with minimal neural retraction and disruption of only one facet joint. While the cross-sectional area of bone required to obtain an adequate arthrodesis remains unclear, case series consistently report high fusion rates for TLIF. However, prior studies have demonstrated difficulty in removing sufficient disc material through a unilateral approach. It is believed that a larger area of bony contact between the grafts and the vertebral bodies heightens the chances of successful interbody fusion. However, specific regions of the disc space, such as the contralateral posterior quadrant, remain difficult to access with conventional instruments and techniques. This work was supported by research grants from Endius, Inc. and HydroCision, Inc. The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the United States Government.