Growth of informal employment in the world significantly changes the traditional models of employment on permanent working places, and the number of precarious workers is growing. As a result, the requirements of the decent employment concept of the International Labor Organization are violated. The article describes modern forms of precarious employment and analyzes approaches to its assessment.


Modern smart logistics is an important infrastructure for the new business and new economy, which is a socialized logistics collaborative platform driven by big data. Through the introduction of the system feedback information, intellectualization of logistics management and logistics operation is realized with the support of big data technology. At the same time, through the creation of more logistics products and scenes, the efficiency of end-to-end supply chain is enhanced, so that an ecological logistics with adaptive characteristics come into being. Keywords—Ecological Logistics; Intelligent Logistics; End to


The paper proposes a improving strategy of testing Client/Server system,discusses the system structure and feature of Client/Server software system,and the principle,strategy and rules of testing Client/Server system,also gives definitions and three theorems used to expatiate the principle including Client part,Server part,and middle layer part. Finally an example of this testing strategy in TCL network TV system is given ,it shows that this strategy obviously reduces the testing time and resource. ;;


The concept of unified field theory is discussed. Two nonlinear field models with world volume type action are considered, namely extremal space-time film model and Born–Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics. The natural appearance of two long-range fundamental interactions, electromagnetism and gravitation, in these field models is discussed. The quantum behavior of the interacting solitons-particles is considered. The concept of quasi-bounding quantization in nonlinear field models is introduced.


For an m × n matrix A over a field F we consider the following quantities: μ(A), the maximum multiplicity of a field element as a component of a nonzero vector in the range of A, and δ(A), the minimum number of distinct entries in a nonzero vector in the range of A. In terms of ramk(A), we describe the set of possible values of μand δ and discuss the possible relations between them. We also develop a general affine geometric structure in which the sets of values of μ and δ may be characterized linear algebraically.


This paper applied nano-SiO2 into the fire resistive coatings for st ee l structures. It was found the appropriate attendance of nano-SiO2 could remark ably enhance the intensity of foamed cellar char and therefore could prolong the fire proofing time of steel structures. In addition, because of its special opt ical properties, nano-SiO2 has strong ability of light reflection in ultraviole t region. The attendance of it could deter the fire resistive coatings′aging an d therefore improve the performance of intumescent fireproof coatings.


tag=1 data=The Royal Commission, ATSIC and Self-Determination: a review of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. by Tim Rowse

tag=2 data=Rowse, Tim

tag=3 data=Australian Journal of Social Issues,

tag=4 data=27

tag=5 data=3

tag=6 data=August 1992

tag=7 data=153-172.

tag=8 data=DEATHS IN CUSTODY%ABORIGINES

tag=10 data=The Commissioner argued the fundamental importance of publicly-funded Aboriginal organisations and urged governments to relax financial accountability requirements imposed on them.

tag=11 data=1992/4/13

tag=12 data=92/0845

tag=13 data=CAB


THE AUTHOR REPORTS ON THE STATE OF DATA BANKS AND THEIR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT, AND STRESSES THE NEED FOR SETTING UP A MECHANICAL DOCUMENTATION SERVICE FOR GERMAN STANDARDS. THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SUCH A DATA BANK ARE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF A MECHANICAL AS OPPOSED TO A MANUAL SYSTEM.


This study investigated the effects of graphing software in teaching mathematics at senior secondary level in  Ghana. The purpose was to determine the extent to which the effective use of graphing software as an instructional technology could improve the performance of students in mathematics. It also examined the effect of gender on these outcomes. An action research design with quantitative data was used. The sample consisted of 43 Form 2 students of Adiembra Senior High School, 13 males and 30 females. The sample was taught the concept of  quadratic functions in accordance with the Senior High School core mathematics teaching syllabus for two weeks using the graphing software. The students were pretested and posttested. A t-test analysis revealed a significantly high performance in the posttest than the pretest. Thus, the use of technology improved academic performance in Mathematics. However, there was no significant difference between the performance of males and females. The  study has therefore provided some empirical evidence about the effectiveness of graphing software in the cognitive gains of students in Mathematics. Research with larger samples is hereby recommended before any major  implementation of the intervention.


In two recent cases involving the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court examined whether race should be allowed to play an explicit role in the admission decisions of schools. The primary argument in these court cases and others has been that racial diversity strengthens the quality of education ofered to all students. Underlying this argument is the notion that educational benefits arise if interactions between students of different races improve preparation for life after college by, among other things, fostering mutual understanding and correcting misperceptions. A comprehensive study of this issue would ideally examine two conditions: first, whether students actually have incorrect perceptions about their friendship compatibility with students of other races at the time of college entrance; second, if misperceptions exist, whether diversity on campus is effective in changing students' beliefs about individuals of different races. In this paper we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct evidence about both conditions by taking advantage of unique new data that was collected specifically for this purpose.


A Monte Carlo simulation of tritium β particle motion in a matrix material indicates that the probability of escape through the material surface is greater than 50% for near-surface tritium, but drops quite rapidly with increasing depth. Beyond an areal density depth of 2×10−5 g/cm2, the decline is close to exponential, with an e-folding length of approximately 3×10−5 g/cm2, the exact value varying slightly with the material. The sensitivity of the tritium imaging technique will decrease at a similar rate with increasing depth of tritium. Experimentally, the image intensity of a tritium-implanted graphite specimen was observed to decrease exponentially with coating thickness as an aluminum layer was evaporated onto its surface, with an exponent that was within 30% of the predicted value. The Monte Carlo simulation also indicated that the limit of lateral resolution of the tritium imaging technique will be slightly less than the depth of the tritium, subject always to Recknagel's limit of resolution due to...


Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, which secretes a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive toxin, mycolactone. The disease is characterized by necrosis of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and bone, and is re-emerging as a potentially disabling affliction of inhabitants of tropical wetlands. Major foci are in West and Central Africa with an increasing focus in Australia, Mexico, South America, and Southeast Asia. It is not contagious; environmental sources include water, vegetation, and insects, with humans probably becoming infected by traumatic introduction of the bacillus into the skin from the overlying M. ulcerans-contaminated surface in most instances. Clinical presentation may be as a cutaneous nodule, undermined ulcer, plaque, or widely disseminated oedematous lesion. Clinical diagnosis is often accurate by experienced clinicians, and smears for acid-fast bacilli, culture, polymerase chain reaction assays, and histopathology are confirmatory. Treatment was formerly by wide surgical excision and skin grafting, yet antibiotics have now been found effective, including an all-oral regimen.


Advances in X-ray microtomography (XMT) are opening new opportunities for examining soil structural properties and fluid distribution around living roots in-situ. The low contrast between moist soil, root and air-filled pores in XMT images presents a problem with respect to image segmentation. In this paper, we develop an unsupervised method for segmenting XMT images to pores (air and water), soil, and root regions. A feature-based segmentation method is provided to isolate regions that consist of similar texture patterns from an image based on the normalized inverse difference moment of gray-level co-occurrence matrix. The results obtained show that the combination of features, clustering, and post-processing techniques has advantageous over other advanced segmentation methods.


FIELD: measuring equipment. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to mounting of rotor or other machines and is intended for measurement of relative position of shaft axes. Receiving device for measuring position of laser beam by linear photosensitive matrix in plane of matrix, consisting of linear light-sensitive matrix and an optical system arranged in parallel to said matrix, providing for scanning of the beam into a horizontal line. Optical system is an optically transparent collecting semi-cylindrical lens, which provides focusing of the laser beam on the photosensitive matrix, wherein half-cylinder length l not less than height of matrix h (l≥h), and the distance r between the optical center of the semi-cylindrical lens and the light-sensitive matrix satisfies the following condition: r=ƒ±z=R/(n-1)±z, where ƒ is the focal distance of the semi-cylindrical lens, R is the radius of the semi-cylindrical lens, n is the refractive index of the optically transparent substance from which the semi-cylindrical lens is made, and z is the depth of focus. EFFECT: high reliability of determining the position of a laser spot with a linear matrix without increasing laser radiation power and wider field of use thereof. 1 cl, 2 dwg


With the gradual improvement of the infrastructure of the information society, computer network information security has involved all aspects of people's lives. Therefore, computer network security has also affected the security and economic development of all walks of life when applying computer networks to some extent. Nowadays, all walks of life in society are closely related to computer networks, from state secrets to people's daily entertainment. From the computer's own defects and the related prediction of computer security in the future, it can be known that security is the direction that needs to be focused on at present, and the protective measures and evaluation algorithms for computer network information security need further research. In this paper, from the perspective of computer network information security, based on fuzzy clustering analysis, the computer network security protection problem is evaluated. The computer network information security protection strategy and evaluation algorithm introduced in this paper are of great significance for improving the computer network security level.


ABSTRACT This paper analyses decadal climate phenomena and the phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and assesses the climate–water–energy nexus at the reservoir system of the São Francisco River Basin (SFRB), Brazil. This study brings a non-traditional approach focused on the link between climatic patterns and hydrological processes and their social-economic consequences, such as their effect on energy production. The methodology used data from the precipitation, natural streamflow, and AMO and PDO series. These variables were evaluated by wavelet transform analysis (WTA), flow duration curve (FDC), streamflow that is equalled or exceed ed 90% of the time (Q90), the reliability index (RI) for different demands and the hydropower generated. The results suggest that the WTA for the SFRB was more significant on the inter-annual scale, and the period with opposite phases of AMO(−) and PDO(+) showed the highest values of FDC, Q90, RI and hydropower generated simulated for the SFRB.


Introduction: Hypothyroidism and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is well-established predecessor of atherogenic cardiovascular disease. MetS includes a group of risk factors characterized by hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory conditions, which speed up the body's atherogenic process. Hypothyroidism causes hyperlipidemia, diastolic hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease. Hypothyroidism is also associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity for which various theories have been proposed. One of the hypotheses suggested is causal interaction with the metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program has identified the MetS as a Multiplex risk factor for cardiovascular disease that deserved more clinical attention. The prevalence rates vary greatly depending upon MetS, population, age, ethnicity etc. in India a rapid increase in its prevalence has been noted due to socioeconomic transitions to increasing mechanization, affluence, urbanization and urban migration. Useful changes within the thyroid organ might have an affiliation with MetS and its related components counting weight, affront resistance (AR), lipid and glucose digestion system anomalies, raised blood weight, and cardiovascular brokenness. MetS and Thyroid dysfunction (TD) are both characterized by a cluster of common variations from the norm such as stomach weight, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and raised triglycerides (TG). Additionally, IR, distinguished as a fundamental component for MetS, too plays a part in hypothyroidism. Worldwide the most prevalent endocrine disorders are among thyroid diseases. Various studies in India showed that about 42 million people suffer from thyroid diseases.


Loop Quantum Gravity is a background independent, nonperturbative approach to the quantization of General Relativity. Its application to models of interest in cosmology and astrophysics, known as Loop Quantum Cosmology, has led to new and exciting views of the gravitational phenomena that took place in the early universe, or that occur in spacetime regions where Einstein's theory predicts singularities. We provide a brief introduction to the bases of Loop Quantum Cosmology and summarize the most important results obtained in homogeneous scenarios. These results include a mechanism to avoid the cosmological Big Bang singularity and replace it with a Big Bounce, as well as the existence of processes which favor inflation. We also discuss the extension of the frame of Loop Quantum Cosmology to inhomogeneous settings.


Synaptic vesicles, vesicular carriers highly specialized for the secretion of fast nonpeptide neurotransmitters, until recently were considered neuron‐specific organelles. The identification and characterization of several of the most abundant synaptic vesicle proteins have led to the identification in peptide‐secreting endocrine cells of a class of microvesicles, referred to as synaptic‐like microvesicles (SLMVs), which are similar to synaptic vesicles in membrane composition, biogenesis, and life cycle. Studies of pancreatic β cells and of a chromaffin cell‐derived cell line (PC12 cells) have suggested that SLMVs, like synaptic vesicles, store and secrete neurotransmitter‐like substances that act as paracrine/endocrine signaling molecules. SLMVs of pancreatic β cells store GABA; SLMVs of PC12 cells contain acetylcholine. Both synaptic vesicles and SLMVs are recycling organelles that represent a specialized subcompartment of the receptor‐mediated recycling pathway of all cells. Recently, homologues of membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles and SLMVs have been identified in the endocytic/recycling compartment of non‐neuronal, nonendocrine cells. Tracing the evolution of synaptic vesicles from vesicular carriers present in all cells will help to advance our understanding of neurotransmitter release as well as of molecular mechanisms of vesicular traffic.—Thomas‐Reetz, A. C., De Camilli, P. A role for synaptic vesicles in non‐neuronal cells: clues from pancreatic cells and from chromaffin cells. FASEB J. 8: 209‐216; 1994.


In the past decade, location-based services have grown through geo-tagging and place-tagging. Proliferation of GPS-enabled mobile devices further enabled exponential growth in geo-tagged user content. On the other hand, location-based applications harness the abundance of geo-tagged content to further improve user experience and more relevant localized content. We show in this paper that geo-tagged content can vary significantly based on whether they are captured by a local versus a tourist to the location. Using photos shared by online users, we also show how we can learn unique characteristics about a given location. We finally discuss an effective metric to rank the most representative photos for a given location by combining visual contents and their social engagement potential.


Introduction Whatever the triggering factor may be, it is generally accepted that mucosal ischaemia and an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria are the two prerequisites for the development of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. The pre-term baby, who is particularly subject to hypoxia and the consequent redistribution of blood away from the splanchnic circulation, whose immunoglobulins are at low levels, and whose phagocytes have relatively low uptake and killing power, is thus particularly at risk. Indeed, DeLuca and his coworkers (1974), in reporting a series of 19 cases, said that 'necrotising enterocolitis occurs almost exclusively in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome'. Consequently, paediatricians alert to this risk recognize the nonspecific early signs of lethargy and abdominal distension and institute appropriate medical therapy on suspicion in pre-term babies, so that in many cases the pathological process is arrested before it has proceeded far enough to allow positive diagnosis. This alertness to the condition in the premature baby almost certainly means that the surgeon sees only the minority of cases in the pre-term child. However, our experience in the Neonatal Surgical Unit in Alder Hey Children's Hospital shows an additional group of patients affected in which the risk is not so well recognized.


Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) introduce 100% outdoor air into building to enhance ventilation and control humidity of inner space. According to usage and ambient condition, various DOAS configurations exist. Therefor, purpose of this paper is to find appropriate DOAS configurations for 3 sites in korea and analyse energy saving potentials. 6 DOAS configurations were collected to compare energy consumptions in Seoul, Kangneung and Mokpo. With building loads from TRNSYS 17 program using TMY2, energy consumptions of heating coil, chiller and fans were calculated in addition to sensible loads of DOAS and parallel cooling system according to operation modes of each configuration. As a result, appropriate DOAS configuration for each site's condition derived.


Components of a computer system input devices system unit output devices storage media DOS Windows selecting a menu choice maximizing restoring minimizing moving switching help files directories, subdirectories file manager collapsing expanding directories displaying files filenames notepad creating a directory moving copying renaming deleting a file printer set-up.


AIM
Leptin and total homocysteine (tHcy) may participate in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) through nitric oxide (NO) depletion. We sought to investigate whether leptin, tHcy and NO are suitable predictors of CAD.

PATIENTS & METHODS
This study contained 50 control subjects and 50 stable and 50 unstable angina patients. Plasma leptin, tHcy and NO levels were determined using enzyme immunoassay, HPLC fluorescence and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Other conventional risk factors were also determined.

RESULTS
Leptin and tHcy levels were highest in unstable angina patients, followed by stable angina patients and then controls (p < 0.001). Controls had significantly higher NO than patients (p <0.001). Leptin and tHcy had a positive and NO a negative association with the presence of CAD.

CONCLUSIONS
Some athrogenic effects of leptin may be mediated by affecting tHcy and NO levels. Plasma leptin, tHcy and NO levels showed significant contribution to CAD prediction and discrimination.


Twent into the bathroom without knocking. Aunt Clara was sitting on the bi Ldet scrubbing her heels with a pumice stone. She was in a black satin bra and had taken off her panties; they were black and shiny. Her pubic hair reached all the way to her navel. I shut the door blushing up to my ears. Shaking all over, I massaged my wrists as I had seen people do to fainting victims. Only I had not fainted and could still hear her laughing hoarsely from the bathroom. It was laughter that did more than shame me with its facial muscles; it was laughter pouring out of the bathroom and squeezing its hardened nipples, yanking down with one decisive pull—yes, laughter did this, in person—the lower half of my overalls along with my underpants. It then fell down to its knees—how does laughter fall to its knees? It simply puts on a straight face and bends its legs— and began blowing on my cock, madly kissing its head as though fussing play fully over a baby, (. . .).


Background: To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of earlier induction of hypothermia already during the 'no‐flow' period of cardiac arrest with non‐invasive surface cooling or invasive aortic flush cooling.


In this study, a novel protein-loaded and lipid-coated drug carrier system for pulmonary application was developed. In a first step, spherically shaped chitosan particles were produced by spray-drying. The produced particles showed sizes between 2 μm and 3.5 µm and zeta potentials ranged between 1.4 mV and 37.9 mV. Due to the positive charge of the particles, they could easily be loaded with the model protein drug Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA) via electrostatic interaction. In a final step, the prepared BSA loaded chitosan microparticles were coated with a lipid layer to improve drug delivery via the pulmonary and nasal route. This lipid-based surface modification changed the physico-chemical characteristics of the drug carrier systems. While unmodified chitosan particles showed a fast burst release of the protein, the lipid coated particles released the protein over a time period of 2 days. In Conclusion, the lipid-coated particles show characteristics which make them a promising vehicle for pulmonary administration of proteins. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The existing literature and ongoing debate about bounded rationality argues that self-interest, power and politics influence the decision maker. The purpose of this study is to build and propose a simulation model that helps decision makers in the purchasing & supply management field to cope with bounded rationality in taking the most advantageous sourcing decision regarding the Brexit. This study is designed to take interviews with two purchasing professionals to assess the degree to which bounded rationality is relevant and to identify variables to include in the model. The findings of the interview show that uncertainty about the type of Brexit and the contextual factors of an organization make decision making complex. The proposed model has therefore included uncertainty and major contextual factors. Finally, the model takes away bounded rationality of a decision maker, to a certain degree.


The development of environmentally friendly transport is given priority by all the leading cities in the world. Electric transport is the most important aspect of the transport system of a modern metropolis, one of the main tools for maintaining sustainable population mobility and high living standards. Highly efficient charging stations are one of the most important factors in the commercial success of electric vehicles. The development and installation of fast charging stations will be an important step towards the development of the electric vehicles use. The development of technologies aimed at alternative energy sources, including for use in transport, is gaining popularity both for research in this area and for patenting on the territory of the Russian Federation. A review of patent documents filed with the Patent Office of the Russian Federation and related to inventions in the field of electric transport is carried out. The analysis of technical solutions of inventions and utility models aimed at the development of a charging infrastructure, the creation of an intelligent power supply system for express charging of electric vehicles based on lithium-ion energy storage devices, as well as related promising areas for the development of the industry. An attractive investment climate in the Russian Federation and the stimulation of the development of the charging infrastructure by the state is shown, which can give an impetus to inventive activity in the segment of charging stations and electric vehicles.


The liver of Invertebrates is generally considered by biologists to be nothing more than a pancreas in function, but the observations which I have made seem to me to indicate that it discharges other functions in addition to the preparation of a digestive ferment. The colouring-matters found in the bile of Vertebrates do not occur in that of Invertebrates, with one exception, and that is, hæmochromogen in Astacus fluviatilis and in Pulmoniferous Mollusca, for I have shown in a former paper that hæmochromogen is present in mammalian bile.


The symmetry issue for Galileons has been studied. In particular we address scaling (conformal) and Noether symmetrized Galileons. We have been proven a series of theorems about the form of Noether conserved charge (current) for irregular (not quadratic) dynamical systems. Special attentions have been made on Galileons. We have been proven that for Galileons always is possible to find a way to "symmetrized" Galileo's field .


he use of Information Technology systems to support LMS is a natural aim within the growing technological envronment of schools. Whether the implementation of IT is yet right is open to question. The SIMS software package is dominating the market at the moment. This packagr has been under continual development and change since its inception and trials in one LEA in the mid80s and now includes modules covering most areas of school administration. The wide use of


[Objective] To study the influence on humoral immunity and ectopic endometrium by infusion of Bushen Tiaojing Decoction (BTD) with the Huoxue Sanjie Suppository (HSS) in anus. [Methods] One hundred and thirty SD rats were allocated to ten groups: normal control (A), model (B), normal dose of HSS (C), normal dose of BTD with HSS (D), 3 doses of BTD (E), 3 doses of BTD with HSS (F), 5 doses of BTD (G), 5 doses of HSS (H), 5 doses of BTD with HSS (I), and Danazol (J) groups. The endometriosis (EM) rats were modeled by endometrium implantation in all groups except those in Group A. Four weeks after the treatment, the contents of immunoglobulin (IgG、IgM、IgA), C_3, C_4 and ALT were tested, and histomorphomological analysis of the thymus, ovary, uterus, EM implants, liver and kidney were performed. [Results] Four weeks after EM implantation, the ectopic endometria were growing well, IgG and C_3 increased, but IgM decreased, and the uterus and ovary significantly enlarged. With the treatment of BTD and HSS or Danazol, the ectopic endometria were atrophied. In Groups F and G, IgG decreased; in Groups H and I, C_3 decreased, and uterus and ovary shrunk in Group I. Danazol can help to prolong the sexual cycle, while BTD and HSS can not. In all the medication groups, no obvious difference was found in ALT of the rats. [Conclusion] Oral administration of BTD with HSS can cause endometrial atrophy and improve humoral immunity in model rats.


A miniature electron source with small electron windows for use in atmospheric environment has been developed. Electron windows made of 50-nm thick silicon with sizes of 250 nm diameter and 1.5 mum square are fabricated at the bottom of an aperture. Electrons from carbon nanocoils as emitters can be emitted by field emission and transmitted into atmospheric pressure via submicron electron window. The transmittance via the electron window and current density are evaluated to be 4% and 90 pA/mum2 , respectively. At the acceleration voltage of 10 kV, electrons penetrated the electron window, ant its pattern was transferred on resist.


The character of Earth's upper atmosphere is shaped not only by internal processes but also by energy received from deep space above and Earth's surface below.


10 -10 11 A/s current rising rate. The pseudospark device is also a simply-constructed source for intense electron beam with high energy. The presented experimental investigation is focused on the discharge properties of pseudospark and the plasma-produced electron beam characteristics for current and potential applications in aerospace problems. The discharge property results show the presented pseudospark device has the hold-off voltages up to 26 kV and discharge current of 2 kA with current rising rate of 1× 10 11 A/sec. And the comparative study on various discharge configurations show the capability of pseudospark device to hold voltage and high current generation in short pulse can be further improved by the device geometric configuration, leading to higher pulsed load drive capability. The intense electron beam obtained from the multi-gap pseudospark device has a current up to 132.2 A, and electron number is varied from 4×10 15 to 2×10 16 in the presented operation voltage range obtained from 10s of cm 3 charged particle channel. The energy analysis on this pseudospark-produced electron beam displays the "double-hump" non-Maxwellian energy distribution. The maximum energy peak value varies from 900 eV to 6.3 keV under 4 kV to 12 kV discharge voltage. Specifically, comparison of the beam parameters obtained from pseudospark device and the electron beam requirement for a MHD channel indicates pseudospark is a promising electron source.


Research is a relatively new activity for physicians--scientific medicine and the culture of research that supports it date from only the beginning of this century. Whereas Western physicians have discussed ethical values in patient care for over 2,000 years, a true discourse on the ethics of biomedical research has developed only in the last few decades. Instruction in the ethics of biomedical research has become a part of the professional development of young doctors even more recently. While the history of ethical reflection on biomedical research has been short, scholarly and professional activity in the field has been intense. Unfortunately, contemporary attention to the ethics of research and the integrity of biomedical science has been prompted not by idealism but by public scandals over abuse of human and animal subjects, reports of scientific fraud, and public concern over an apparent lack of general ethical standards among biomedical scientists.[1] Professional discussion of the ethics of biomedical research has resulted largely from the need to identify, punish, and prevent wrongdoing among researchers. In most instances, this discussion has not meant the creation of new ethical norms, but rather the articulation of previously unwritten ethical standards that became evident only as they were violated. Integrity and ethical responsibility in biomedical research have received particularly serious attention in U.S. universities and medical institutions since 1989. That year the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued a formal requirement that "a program in the principles of scientific integrity be an integral part of the proposed research training effort" of any institution that applies for a National Research Service Award training grant, funds that support graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in biomedical research.[2] In the years since, administrators and faculty in medical universities have spent significant time and effort developing educational programs in research ethics for physicians in training and graduate students in the biomedical sciences. NIH's order was issued amid profound concern among senior medical researchers, science policy experts, and high-ranking members of government that the informal transmission of ethical norms from teacher to student was not enough in today's complex world of biomedical research. The growing emphasis on formal instruction in ethics is intended as a corrective to the past generation's more exclusive concentration on trainees' technical skills and research productivity. By requiring young researchers to study ethics as an essential tool of their work--just as they might study statistics--NIH called for the ethical standards of biomedical science to be formalized, analyzed, and taught deliberately. In seeking to meet NIH's requirement, many schools have struggled to define essential professional values in research and determine what a core curriculum expressing these values should contain. The ethic, al issues facing physician researchers are widely recognized: the humane and respectful use of human and animal subjects in research; the proper maintenance of data and records; conflicts of interest; self-deception and fraud; the definition of intellectual property in authorship, publishing, and patenting; and the scientist's relationship with peers, students, teachers, funders, and society at large. However, there is still work to be done in articulating the ground on which to address specific ethical problems in biomedical research as well as in devising effective methods for ethics instruction. The Source of Ethics in Scientific Research The first intellectual challenge in designing an educational program in the ethics of biomedical research is to define what is meant by ethics. Many courses in medical and research ethics begin with an overview of the fundamental theories and methods of philosophical ethics, which they later apply to the specific problems of the field. …


Lars von Trier's TV series Riget (The Kingdom, 1994, 1997) engages with space and geography in various ways. The hospital (Rigshospitalet) in Copenhagen provides a labyrinthine and multi-layered se ...


The aim of this paper is to present an improvement in analog RF, up to 3 GHz, low-cost multimode optical fibre links with directly modulated multimode VCSEL. The performances of such links suffer from nonlinear distortiom due to fibre dispersion, which generates spurious third order intermodulation distortion on the received RF modulation signal. The distortion increases with the length of the multimode fibre and if the fibre is longer than 100-200 metres it is unlikely to use it. We measnred the distortion generated by the multimode fibre on the RF signal: at low level the residual distortion is mainly phase distortion, and it is possible to reduce it with a simple and low-cost RF AM-PM distortion circuit. In this way it is possible to achieve good performances over a transmission distance up to 500 metres.


We report the application of diphenyloxazinone glycinate chiral templates to asymmetric syntheses of cylindrospermospin, 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin, 7-deoxycylindrospermopsin, and spirotryprostatins A and B. Synthetic studies toward quinine, nakadomarin A, and palau'amine using these templates are also described.


We feel that the reason for these glaring inconsistences is the fact that we, the authors, are clinicians and microbiologists and do not have the expertise of an entomologist of Prof. Filipe's caliber. The section "Images in Infectious Diseases" has a word limit of 250 words; therefore, it was not possible to explain the entomology of ticks. With regard to the quality of images, the reviewers and the editorial board were satisfied with the images we had submitted. It should also be noted that the images were captured in the clinic with whatever means available at that time. The intent of the article was to bring awareness among clinicians and clinical microbiologists about this unique condition of tick infestation and possible zoonotic diseases associated with it. The absence of evidence of a pathogen like Rickettsia rickettsii cannot be taken as the evidence of its absence in that geographic location (like India).


Dielectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric properties in the (1-x-y)PMN-xPT-yBT solid solution series have been investigated. Approximately 85% of the theoretical density was achieved for pellets sintered at 1250 degrees C for 2 h. The dielectric constant and pyroelectric coefficient increased with increasing grain size for various compositions. Further addition of BaTiO/sub 3/ affected the electrical properties of PMN-PT, and the phase transition temperature was continuously shifted toward a lower temperature with a small amount of BaTiO/sub 3/. The maximum electromechanical coupling factor occurred in the compositions 0.60PMN-0.35PT-0.05BT


IN spite of the production of Ca deposits in the soft tissues by means of parathyroid extracts and irradiated ergosterol, the quantitative determination of Ca in the body tissues has not been the subject of many investigations. The concentration of Ca in normal tissues varies in a way which was not to be expected from the narrow range within which it fluctuates in the serum. On the other hand the changes in tissue Ca concentration produced by experiment and by disease are small, and the variability of its concentration in healthy tissues has made the significance of small changes difficult to assess except by statistical means. The present contribution contains the. results of Ca analyses of the brain and liver tissue of rats with low-phosphorus rickets and acute ergosterol poisoning. EXPERIMENTAL


The comparative susceptibility of Culex fatigans Delhi strain and of strains cytoplasmically incompatible with it was tested to Wuchereria bancrofti. ~esults of this study showed that all the strains which were tested were highly susceptible to infection and there was no consistent difference between the strains in their degree of susceptibility. WHO/VOC/74.49l ENGLISH ONLY Culex fatigans is the most important vector of bancroftian filal'iasis on the subcontinent of India. Due to rapid urbanization, C. fatigans and filaria are spreading to new areas, and presently the disease is endemic in almost all the States of India (Pandit, 1971). The WHO/ICMR Research Unit on Genetic Control of Mosquitos is currently investigating the feasibility of eradication or control of C. fatigans by use of an integrated strain of C. fatigans, which is cytoplasmically'incompatible with indigenous strains and carries a male-linked translocation as proposed by Laven & Aslamkhan (1970). This strain has cytoplasm of Paris origin and a male-linked translocation complex induced in chromosomes of the Delhi strain and has been backcrossed with a strain with Bangkok cytoplasm and Delhi genome, so as to combine the Paris cytoplasm with the indigenous genome, almost entirely of Delhi origin. The resulting strain has been designated as the IS-3lB strain (Krishnamurthy & Laven, in preparation). Since it is possible during g~netic releases that any released strain might replace the local population and survive in the wild despite the disadvantage of a reduced fertility, it was considered advisable,,"tO comPare the susceptibility of the indigenous and IS-31B,strains to Wuchereria bancrofti before making releases in the field. It was recognized that differences would be unlikely because susceptibility would be under the control of chromosomal genes (Macdonald, 1967) and the backcrossing programme would 'ensure that the genome of females of the IS-31B strain was largely that of the Delhi strain. 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. (Short-term Consultant, WHO/ICMR Project, New Delhi, India.) 2 Senior Scientist, WHO/ICMR Project, New Delhi, India. The issue of this document does not constitute formal publication. It should not be reviewed, abstracted or quoted without the agreement of the World Health Organization. Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in signed articles. Ce document ne constitue pas une publication. II ne doit faire I'objet d'aucun compte rendu ou resume ni d'aucune citation sans I'autorisation de I'Organisation Mondiale de la Sante. Les opinions exprimees dans les articles signes n'engagent que leurs auteurs, WHO/VBC/74.491 page 2 Before testing the susceptibility of the product of the five-time backcrossed IS-31B material, its immediate precursors, the products of the third and fourth backcrosses were also tested, as a strain designated D3, which contained Paris cytoplasm and Freetown genome and therefore a precursor of the IS-31B strain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out at the National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Filaria Research and Training Centre, Varanasi (U.P.) and at WHO/ICMR Research Unit on Genetic Control of Mosquitos, New Delhi, India. 1 The following strains of C. fatigans were tested: (1) Delhi (Laboratory colony). This colony was started from approximately 5000 larvae collected at random from several villages in Delhi Union Territory in May 1970. It has been under continuous colonization on a mass scale and no fresh material from the field has been added. (2) D3 -(Paris cytoplasm, Freetown genome). (3) Progeny of the third backcross of D3 to males of a strain with Bangkok cytoplasm and Delhi genome. (4) Progeny of fourth backcross of D3 to males of the strain described in No. 3 above. The males of this generation carried a male-linked translocation complex. (5) IS-31B strain: product of fifth backcross of D3 to males of a strain with Bangkok cytoplasm and Delhi genome and the males with a male-linked translocation complex. All strains were reared and maintained under standard conditions to minimize the environmental effects on the vectorial capacity of different strains. As W. bancrofti carriers are not available in and around Delhi, adult females of all were transported to Varanasi by 'air in specially designed insulated boxes for feeding on donors. Mortality during transportation among unfed and fed mosquitos was minimal and never exceeded 1%. Female mosquitos five to six days old were fed on W. bancrofti infected subjects during the period of peak circulation in the peripheral blood, i.e. between 20.00 and 22.00 hours. Test and control groups were fed simultaneously on opposite hands of the same donor. Estimates of microfilaraemia were made from donors before and after exposure to feeding mosquitos and the mean value of microfilariae per cubic millili tre was determined. After feeding mosquitos were transported back to the WHO/ICMR Unit laboratories and held at 28 ± laC and 80-85% relative humidity until dissections of the mosquitos were carried out on the tenth, eleventh and twelfth days after feeding. (The best results were obtained on the eleventh and twelfth day and if the dissections were done on the thirteenth day or later, there was a possibility of a few infective larvae escaping from mosquitos thus dissections were carried out on the eleventh and twelfth day.) The index of experimeptal infection for different strains was calculated using the following modified formula of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis (1962): 1 For detailed histories of genetic strains see Krishnamurthy & Laven (in preparation).


ABSRACT
All active pharmaceutical ingredients are having good therapeutic activity and show poor oral bioavailability , because of poor solubility .The present study is to investigate to improve the solubility of felodipine using different carriers and different methods of preparation of techniques to identify that which carrier and suitable method of preparation. All formulation are evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution studies. Among all the formulations three formulation shows good drug release and the formulation with direct compression method shows good drug release compared to other formulation among all the formulation PVP with direct compression is considered as ideal formulation from the study.


The sexual calling behaviour of Ectomyelois ceratoniae, (zell.) was observed in the laboratory under 16L: 8D photoperiodic regime and three different constant temperatures, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. E. ceratoniae, females showed a broad late-scotophase peak of calling activity without any calling throughout the photophase. Most females started calling during the eclosion day on, regardless of the temperature. With increasing age, moths initiated calling significantly earlier at night and the mean time spent calling increased significantly on successive days of calling. There was an inverse relationship between mean time spent calling and mean onset time of calling (r = -0.8079, p < 0.0001) and these parameters significantly affected by age and square of temperature.


The total CO2 produced by aseptic Drosophila cultures during the entire duration of life has been determined at 15°, 26°, and 30°C. in the dark and at 22–26°C. in the light. The total amount of CO2 produced is not constant but is greater at 15° than at 26° or 30°, and is much greater in the light than in the dark. The total duration of life, therefore, is not determined by the time required to produce a limiting amount of CO2.


Shyness is considered as a universal phenomenon and its prevalence rates vary across cultures. This study aimed at comparing the level of shyness, self-construal, and personality traits of extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism among the college students from India, the host country, Africa; Iran; and Maldives, and Tibetan refugees in India (TRI), studying in different colleges at Mysore, India. Two hundred students (100 men and 100 women), age ranging from 17 to 30 years, were recruited based on stratified random sampling and were administered the Henderson/Zimbardo Shyness Questionnaire, Fernandez Scale of Independent–Interdependent Self-Construal, and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised. The results showed that shyness was significantly correlated with high introversion and high neuroticism scores. The results also showed that level of shyness varies significantly across different cultural groups and students from Maldives showed highest level of shyness whereas Iranian students had the lowest level of shyness. Although there was no significant gender difference, TRI males and Maldivian females had higher scores on shyness. Faith Orientation did not differentiate the prevalence of shyness among students of the different cultural groups. Shyness may be influenced by the culture from which one hails, and its level may vary depending on the nurturance.


Stereomicroscope observation,analysis of scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray inspection,spot tests,etc.were used for investigation of white spot phenomenon on anodic oxidation film of the submitted LD10 aluminum alloy connection block.The anodic oxidation film in the white spot area presented cracks,fragments,pitting and other morphological characteristics and also contained an abnormal mass fraction of chlorine element;threaded holes had typical characteristics of pitting corrosion,and contained corrosive media as well.The results show that the residual acid solutions in the threaded holes provide corrosive media to damage the oxide film and produce the white spots.


One of the problems seen companies that are engaged in this economic activity is the lack of internal controls that adapt to economic conditions in which they operate and provide new alternatives to help improve administrative and accounting procedures , in order reduce the risks of theft and loss of inventory while optimizing resources.


Simple Summary In the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Israel, two dolphin species reside; the common bottlenose dolphin and the common dolphin. These two have been observed by researchers over the last 20 years and have been sighted along different parts of the coast. The two species therefore have different preferences of habitat and in order to evaluate environmental characteristics that are important for each species, statistical models were used to evaluate patterns in their occurrence. Common bottlenose dolphins were found to inhabit the entire length of coast and often chose to swim near fishing trawler vessels. Common dolphins were found to inhabit only the southern section of the Israeli coast and typically chose to swim in shallower waters than the common bottlenose dolphins. It is evident that the two species choose different habitats and the common bottlenose dolphins adapt according to human presence and disturbances, while the common dolphins have more specific preferences that are still not fully understood. Abstract Along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, two near-shore dolphin species are prevalent; Tursiops truncatus (least concern, IUCN) and Delphinus delphis (endangered, IUCN). Ship-board surveys and sporadic sightings over the last two decades have shown that the two differ in distribution—T. truncatus is found along the entire coast and D. delphis only in the south. The environmental and anthropological factors affecting these species' spatial distribution and determining their habitat preferences in this area are largely unknown. This work is a first attempt at summarizing 20 years of observations and studying habitat preferences for both species, by use of Generalized Additive Models. T. truncatus was found to be present in all areas of the continental shelf where survey effort coverage was sufficient, with a high affinity towards bottom trawlers. Model results showed D. delphis distribution to be associated to (shallow) water depths, though the factors driving their limited latitudinal distribution currently remain unknown. It is evident that T. truncatus and D. delphis are present in segregated areas of the Israeli continental shelf and T. truncatus currently sustains a delicate balance with continuously shifting human activities, while the drivers of D. delphis distribution are more specified, yet still not fully understood.


Orsellinate anion (12) shows highly regioselective attack on pyrones (13), (22), and (30), and the products were simply converted into derivatives of the polyketides: toralactone (19), 6-hydroxyrnusizin (26), and eleutherinol (32); although reaction of the anion (12) with the pyrylium salt (33) is less selective, the major product (34) can give derivatives of either alternariol (36) or rubrofusarin (37) in regiospecific biomimetic reactions.


We report on infrared (IR) absorption and dc electrical measurements of thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) that have been modified by a fluoroalkyl trichlorosilane (FTS). Spectra for FTS-treated films were compared to data for electrostatically-doped P3HT in an organic field-effect transistor (OFET). The appearance of a prominent polaron band in mid-IR absorption data for FTS-treated P3HT supports the assertion of hole doping via a charge-transfer process between FTS molecules and P3HT. In highly-doped films with a significantly enhanced polaron band, we find a monotonic Drude-like absorption in the far-IR, signifying delocalized states. Utilizing a simple capacitor model of an OFET, we extracted a carrier density for FTS-treated P3HT from the spectroscopic data. With carrier densities reaching 10$^{14}$ holes/cm$^2$, our results demonstrate that FTS doping provides a unique way to study the metal-insulator transition in polythiophenes.


Band-limiting filters can be employed to monitor the propagation of signals, originating as external inputs of known structure, through dynamic systems. By generating and comparing band-limited signals at different points in a control system, faults in system behaviour may be detected. Earlier work has described the use of this technique for fault detection in complete closed-loop systems, and, in the paper, a similar approach is applied to monitoring hardware or software faults in a control computer.


Distributional shift between domains poses great challenges to modern machine learning algorithms. The domain generalization (DG) signifies a popular line targeting this issue, where these methods intend to uncover universal patterns across disparate distributions. Noted, the crucial challenge behind DG is the existence of irrelevant domain features, and most prior works overlook this information. Motivated by this, we propose a novel contrastive-based disentanglement method CDDG, to effectively utilize the disentangled features to exploit the over-looked domain-specific features, and thus facilitating the extraction of the desired cross-domain category features for DG tasks. Specifically, CDDG learns to decouple inherent mutually exclusive features by leveraging them in the latent space, thus making the learning discriminative. Extensive experiments conducted on various benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, visualization evaluations confirm the potential of our method in achieving effective feature disentanglement.


The article discusses the importance of teaching English today. as well as the methods used in teaching English, their history and advantages are noted. The structure of the methods of the English language is analyzed, recommendations and suggestions are given on the application of several methods.


The main result of this note gives an explicit presentation of the $S^1$-equivariant cohomology ring of the $(n-k,k)$ Springer variety (in type $A$) as a quotient of a polynomial ring by an ideal $I$, in the spirit of the well-known Borel presentation of the cohomology of the flag variety.


Context. The region of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with which this paper is concerned contains the highest concentration of IRAS/Spitzer sources, H i emission, and molecular clouds in this neighboring galaxy. However, it has been the target of very few studies, despite this evidence of star formation. Aims. We present the first detailed study of the compact H ii region N33 in the SMC by placing it in a wider context of massive star formation. Moreover, we show that N33 is a particularly interesting candidate for isolated massive star formation. Methods. This analysis is based mainly on optical ESO NTT observations, both imaging and spectroscopy, coupled with other archive data, notably Spitzer images (IRAC 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 μm) and 2MASS observations. Results. We derive a number of physical characteristics of the compact H ii region N33 for the first time. This gas and dust formation of 7. �� 4 (2.2 pc) in diameter is powered by a massive star of spectral type O6.5-O7 V. The compact H ii region belongs to a rare class of H ii regions in the Magellanic Clouds, called high-excitation blobs (HEBs). We show that this H ii region is not related to any star cluster. Specifically, we do not find any traces of clustering around N33 on scales larger than 10 �� (∼3 pc). On smaller scales, there is a marginal stellar concentration, the low density of which, below the 3σ level, does not classify it as a real cluster. We also verify that N33 is not a member of any large stellar association. Under these circumstances, N33 is also therefore attractive because it represents a remarkable case of isolated massive-star formation in the SMC. Various aspects of the relevance of N33 to the topic of massive-star formation in isolation are discussed.


In this paper we propose an agent-based approach for controlling the behavior of a Smart Home Environment that, based on the recognized situation and user goal, selects a suitable workflow for combining services of the environment. To this aim we have developed a butler agent that employs user and context modeling for supporting proactive adaptation of the interaction with the house. The user can interact with the proposed services by accepting, declining or changing them. Such a feedback is exploited by the learning component of the butler to refine the user model and improve its future behavior accordingly. In order to provide a description of how the system might work, a practical example is shown.


Based on multivariate cointegration, error-correction model and variance decompositions, we analyze the causal relationships among Chinese energy consumption, economic growth, energy price and industrial structure. Results show the evidence of unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to economic growth which matches China′s extensive economic mode, depending much on energy consumption in past fifty years especially in latest few years. It is found that there are no any causal relationships between energy consumption and energy price, so energy price is weak exogeneity, which is shown by variance decompositions again. It is proved that causality runs from industrial structure to energy consumption which matches China′s higher energy consumption and industrial structural changes in latest few years. Related policy suggestions obtained from econometric proofs are also given in the paper.


Using data for 3,800 Japanese firms and their 20,000 overseas subsidiaries over the period 2000-2013, we estimate the subsidiary-level production function to check whether or not intangible assets accumulated by parent firms contribute to the subsidiary production. We find that, first, the intangibles (i.e., software, advertisement, and research & development capital) owned by parent firms positively contribute to subsidiary production. Second, the contribution is stronger in the case of smaller subsidiaries. Third, such positive contribution from parent firms' intangible to subsidiaries' production is confirmed for most of the subsidiary locations. These results jointly suggest that intangibles contribute to firm activities even if they are in geographically remote locations.


Differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes is essential for skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 are required for efficient myoblast differentiation. The caspase‐activated endonuclease activity, CAD, and the DNA‐damage repair protein XRCC1 have also been shown to be required to complete differentiation. DNA‐damage associated with differentiation is accompanied by phosphorylation of Histone 2AX, an event normally catalysed by kinases ATR, ATM or DNA‐PK. However, the kinase responsible for phosphorylation during differentiation is not known. Here we show that inhibition of DNA‐PK, but not of ATR or ATM, blocked histone phosphorylation during differentiation. We also show that DNA‐PK inhibition and siRNA‐mediated DNA‐PK knockdown blocked cell fusion. These data implicate a new role for DNA‐PK in myogenic differentiation.


The 1997-98 session of the Texas Legislature closed without the passing of several HIV-related bills. In particular, a 1995 law that requires healthcare providers to test pregnant women and provide HIV counseling during prenatal care was allowed to stand. The law is flawed because it requires testing for sexually transmitted diseases at birth. An HIV test administered at birth may be too late to prevent perinatal transmission. A proposed law would have limited the mandate for HIV testing to the woman's prenatal care. A bill that would have established nonprofit dental clinics specializing in HIV care did not clear the State Senate.


Every conversation has its own goal, which is changed depending on the situation. The dialog supporting system should recognize the changes and react to them. In order to help in implementing this system, we propose a model of dynamic planning based on the situation. In order to achieve the separation of concerns, the system architecture is structured in three tiers. For describing the situation and finding its relevant plan to get to the goal state, knowledge is employed. The knowledge is constructed in three layers of cooperation, situation based planning, and domain description. With these knowledge hierarchy and loosely coupling architecture, this model can be easily adapted to other domains.


Steel girders require stability controls for different construction stages before the lateral-torsional support from the concrete deck occurs. The load-carrying capacity of bridge girders and bracing forces generated in their bracings are very sensitive to the girders' initial imperfections in terms of both the magnitude and distribution along the span. Relatively little knowledge is available in this matter; however, decisions on the "worst" shape of imperfections that gives a conservative resistance and/or maximizes the bracings forces is often not an easy task in practice. The present paper reports the test results (in terms of the load-carrying capacities and bracing forces) of a large-scale bridge of twin I-girder type in which the location of the intermediate cross beam was varied across the depth of the main girders. Moreover, extensive numerical investigations were performed to study the effects of some relevant shape of imperfections on both the load-carrying capacities of the studied bridges and the magnitude of bracing forces generated in the cross beams that were involved. The test results showed that the load-carrying capacity of steel girders can exceed their lowest theoretical eigenvalue because of the presence of initial imperfections. In the finite-element analyses of the studied bridge cases, in some cases, the girders followed their shape of geometric imperfections and reached a load value that was greater than the lowest eigenvalue of the systems.


The analytic solutions of Boulton (1954) and Neuman (1972) for transient flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer are based on the assumption that the role of the unsaturated zone can be adequately accounted for by restricting attention to the release of water from the zone through which the water table moves. Both researchers mathematically treat this released water as a time-dependent source term. The differences between the models of Boulton and Neuman are that the former neglects vertical components of flow in the aquifer, but allows for an exponential process for the release of water as a function of time, whereas the latter assumes instantaneous release from storage, but accounts for vertical components of flow. Given this set of assumptions, we examine the applicability of these two methods using a general purpose numerical model through a process of verification extension and comparison. The issues addressed include: the role of well-bore storage in masking intermediate-time behavior, combined effects of exponential release as well as vertical flow, logic for vertical averaging of drawdowns, and the sensitivity of system response to the magnitude of specific yield. The issue of how good the assumptions of Boulton and Neuman are in the contextmore » of the general theory of unsaturated flow is addressed in part 2 of this two-part series of reports.« less


This paper mainly describes designing multiple joint robotic arm powered by ultrasonic motors.The motors have high torque per unit weight,generate an high torque output at low speed,and generate negligible electromagnetic interference.The whole performance of the robotic arm is predicted,and the structure model is optimized by using ADAMS software.The redesign of the arm structure is done according to the simulation results,which provides the data for the physics prototype structure.


Purpose To investigate the efficacy of photoactivated chromophore corneal collagen cross-linking (PACK)-CXL in the management of treatment-resistant infectious keratitis. Design Observational cohort study. Participants Forty-two eyes from 41 patients with treatment-resistant infectious keratitis. Methods Eyes underwent PACK-CXL treatment with the Dresden modified protocol in addition to standard antimicrobial therapy. The primary endpoint was the size of the corneal ulcer. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank test, McNemar test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis, and p values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Success rate at third postoperative month was of 90.5%. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of (PACK)‑CXL with standard antimicrobial therapy to reduce corneal ulcer size (p=0.031). Conclusion As adjuvant therapy to standard antimicrobial treatment, PACK-CXL improves the outcomes in patients with treatment-resistant corneal ulcers.


Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) predicts that unawareness of abuse by someone on whom a victim is dependent may serve to protect a necessary relationship. Lindblom and Gray (2009) contribute to a growing line of BTT studies by measuring narrative detail in a sample of undergraduates who met Criterion A of the PTSD diagnosis and who rated the abuse as their most distressing trauma. Although many core betrayal traumas do not fit Criterion A, Lindblom and Gray found a small effect in the predicted direction. Having found an effect as predicted by BTT, curiously the authors then argue that PTSD Avoidance is a confound for forgetting the abuse to be statistically managed. This is particularly curious since symptom 3 of Criterion C is 'inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma'. Despite constraining participant selection and other methodological issues, Lindblom and Gray's results add support to BTT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The increment of information used to be regarded as a good thing unconditionally. However what we realize at the corner of this century is the unequal distribution of wealth and information which causes itself grow bigger and bigger than ever before. And it poses invincible tasks to humankind. The World Declaration, which has a symbolic meaning in the history of international cooperation, may become a cornerstone so long as we see some possibility in it and orchestrate our efforts toward the achievement of its goal. However, it may be degenerated into another empty doodle on the wall of history unless we translate these words into action. What we should do to change the possibility into the reality is to convert symbolism into practicability. It is our task to redefine the literacy as a basic ability in this declaration and to develop the discussion based upon that definition. The critical thinking and creative attitude are the key concepts which create the circulative channel between two sides which cannot be easily fused into one. They have been employed to enable not fusion but integration of the two mathematizations, science and technique.


A comprehensive and rational design of a concrete mix is extremely complex as it is controlled by numerous factors which depend upon the properties and source of the materials, besides the methods of preparation, compaction, placement and curing of concrete and the requirements of the construction job. When these factors are incorporated in the design of a concrete mix, the task of selecting proportions of ingredients becomes difficult and in most cases inaccuracies in the required properties of concrete result, which are corrected by trial and error procedures.


There is ample evidence of a high prevalence of psychopathology among those persons unlucky enough to have lived through war, either as combatants, or, and even more so, as civilians caught in the middle of larger conflicts (1-3). Murthy and Lakshminarayana's article summarizes this evidence cogently and also shows that persons who are socially or economically vulnerable, including children, the elderly, and in many cases women, are more susceptible to the mental health consequences of war, and that ongoing displacement, stressors, or traumas may prolong the course of psychopathology and delay recovery. Although this review focuses on psychopathology, we should not forget that war is also accompanied by substantial mortality and physical morbidity, and, importantly, that there is a strong interrelationship between physical and psychological morbidity: persons who are physically injured are more likely to have prolonged psychopathology (4,5), and conversely, mental illness or injury increases the likelihood of poor physical health (6).

War is a display of force intended to subjugate one group to the will of another. It is perhaps then one of the primary goals of war to inflict harm (physical and psychological) as a means of forcing surrender and a cessation of activities undesirable to the warring party. Although war has long been part of human history and experience, a recent resurgence in between-nation conflict has resulted in substantial political discussion about "just" wars, or wars that are acceptable (7-9). These arguments suggest that war, while potentially having adverse consequences for those involved, is justifiable based on the alternatives. We suggest, however, that the burgeoning evidence documenting the mental and physical health consequences of war, among combatant and noncombatant populations alike, is seldom considered in the calculus leading up to decisions being made about war and its acceptability. Further, consideration of the full scope of the population health consequences of war raises the bar substantially about the conditions under which war is truly justifiable and as such provides a powerful argument against the initiation or perpetration of large-scale conflict.

One of the myths of modern warmaking is that wars can be conducted in a targeted "smart" way, focusing hostilities on armed combatants or political leaders without injuring the population. However, the evidence suggests that it is virtually impossible to conduct war in a way that targets only those who might be fighting back or those responsible for political and military decisions (10,11). The consequences of war inevitably include the deterioration of existing social structures, expose populations to stress and trauma, limit population access to preventive and curative health, and result in elevated rates of psychopathology and physical morbidity in persons who may well not be the intended targets of the conflict. In the vast majority of circumstances, poor population health is an inevitable consequence of war. We would suggest that arguments for just wars need to balance the adverse consequences an intended war will likely have on population health with the ongoing damage to population health in the absence of war.

Although we focus here on population health as an end in and of itself, it is the centrality of health to the achievement of other ends throughout life that in many ways cements the population health argument against war. Health is the underlying precondition for persons to achieve their personal goals and, by extension, achievement of societal goals is predicated on population health. Therefore, through limiting the health of populations, war is effectively limiting the achievement of these populations on all other conceivable fronts. This argues for an appreciation of the fact that the impact of war on societies lingers far after the war itself. Psychological and physical pathology persist for many years after war may have ended and so does the impact of any given war. Unfortunately, our appreciation of a time frame beyond a few years is limited, a limitation that is reinforced by the ever-more-pervasive news media that quickly moves on to the next story once a war is "over". However, war is seldom "over" within any given generation. The health consequences of war persist, and as a result, so do the social and economic consequences that shape all other experiences for a generation that has lived through a war. Perhaps even more alarming, recent studies suggest the inter-generational transmission of psychological trauma (12,13), further reinforcing the pervasive and long-term impact of war.

There is an abundance of accumulating empiric evidence about the social and economic consequences of adverse health. Most obviously adverse health burdens health care systems with a greater volume of need and with the attendant economic costs of providing care to those with psychological or physical morbidity. However, the indirect costs of adverse health are just as important and frequently overlooked. Adverse health is associated with limited productivity, decreased engagement in societal activities, and the imposition of a burden of care-giving on informal, as well as formal, social networks and services (14). The sum total of these costs is difficult to estimate, and is seldom considered, but these costs clearly go far beyond the costs of healthcare or of public health services. Therefore, the economic burden to societies, compounded by the impact of war on population health, must be considered as one of the consequences of war in any calculus about the "justness" or acceptability of any war.

Both overt inter-nation armed conflict as well as more limited wars such as long-term low-intensity conflict are associated with poor mental and physical health in the short and in the long term. The effect of this increased pathology is pervasive and persistent in the population and has far-reaching social and economic implications for societies at war. Those responsible for public health need to insist that the population health consequences of war are clearly articulated and considered as part of any calculus or public debate about the initiation of war.


"No single agency could adequately ensure the safety of seafood coming from the Gulf following this tragedy, but in working together, we can be sure that tainted waters are closed as appropriate, contaminated seafood is not allowed to make it to market, and that closed waters can be reopened to fishing as soon as is safe," said Eric Schwaab, NOAA assistant administrator for NOAA's Fisheries Service.


Many clients wants to reserved their data in public cloud server(pcs) .along with immersive evolution of cloud computing. There is a problem in the security so this security problem have to be solved to aid clients to undertaking their data in pcs.when pcs approach is cramped for the client to process the data the client will envoy its proxy and then upload them. There is an another reliability problem called remote data integrity checking in public cloud storage. It enables the client to check whether their outsourced data have been kept unflawed without downloading the original data .from this security problems, we propose a novel remote data integrity .checking and proxy originated data uploading on identity based in public cloud Using a bilinear pairing ripuidc protocol is depicted. Based on the hardness of diffie hellman problem the rippu-idc protocol is assured. The concrete ripu-idc protocol is also coherent and pliant. Depends on the original client authorization. The proposed ripu-idc can realize confidential remote data integrity checking,emisory remote data integrity checking and public remote data


The object of study consists in a web service for interactive and tutored conception of business plans. The action-research-development methodology is applied in two stages: preliminary exploration and asserted development. The first stage took place through exploratory interviews, a focus group session and the comparative acknowledgement of existing solutions. The qualitative analysis of the exploration stage results supplied confirmation towards the relevance of a Portuguese-speaking community oriented platform. Results indicated that reviewers show particular concern for the financial analysis and market study chapters of the business plan. The availability of specialist-driven recommended plan


In June 2005, shortly after outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) caused by PCR ribotype 027 (toxinotype III) were reported in Britain,


Objective To investigate the protective effect of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) induced experimental hepatic fibrosis in rats. Methods CCl 4 was used to induce liver fibrosis in Wistar Rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Results In model group, hepatic cells degenerated and necrosed, inflammatory cell infiltrated, and pseudolobuli were formed. In the group treated with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract, the degeneration and necrosis of hepatic cells were slight in extent, fibroplasia was much less than that one in the model group, and pseudolobuli partly disappeared. Compared with those in model group, the expressions of collagen I and III in the group treated with Hovenia dulcis Thunb. extract were markedly reduced. Conclusion Hovenia dulcis Thunb. can reduce the expressions of collagen I and III in liver fibrosis. The possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of HSC.


Integrating DRC-like and Topology checks and in addition, incorporation of clamp interconnect resistance from Interconnect checks during ESD verification of SoC is presented. The benefit of integrating these three static methodologies together is shown by the detection of new critical constructions and the automatic waiving of uncritical ones.


In view of the shortcomings of the subjective determination of weights and the excessive reliance on the weight factors in current wastewater treatment process used in the analytical hierarchy process,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey correlation analysis,the study combined entropy theory,fuzzy membership and gray relational analysis to establish entropy fuzzy grey correlation analysis coupled model.The model used the effectiveness of entropy to calculate the index weighting factor,effectively avoided the weight distribution deviation caused by the subjective factors.The model has applied in practice and satisfactory effect was obtained.


David N. Breslauer, Susan J. Muller, and Luke P. Lee Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, USA Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, USA Biomolecular Nanotechnology Center, Berkeley, CA, USA ABSTRACT We are developing a biologically inspired microfluidic device for silk fiber formation that mimics the complexity of in vivo arachnid silk spinning organs. Current methods of fiber formation involve high temperatures and pressures to extrude polymer fibers, which is prohibitive for many biological applications such as tissue engineering. Spiders, however, are able to produce high strength silk fibers under benign conditions. Examination of the spider silk gland reveals that it is essentially a complex microfluidic system [1]. Through in depth understanding of microscopic hydrodynamics, we are developing a device that mimics the mechanics and chemistry of arachnid silk glands for the precision production of silk fibers at ambient temperatures and pressures.


The utilisation of cell phone networks increases continuously, especially driven by the introduction of new mobile services and smart phones. Network operators can follow two directions to deal with the problem: either install new hardware or increase the efficiency of the existing infrastructure. This paper presents a novel algorithm to improve the efficiency of current networks by allowing for a self-organised load-dependent reconfiguration of antennas. The algorithm is capable of identifying hotspot traffic, assigning this to a neighbouring cell, and learning the best strategy at runtime. This leads to a self-improving intelligent control mechanism. The simulation-based evaluation results demonstrate the potential benefit, while simultaneously keeping the hardware's deterioration at a comparable level.


The findings are stark and challenge us as social workers to reflect on how much we consider poverty and its impact on individuals and families in our assessments and actions. The research provided the genesis for this anti-poverty practice framework for social workers in NI that is applicable across all areas of practice. Social workers in both children and adult services instinctively know that many of those they work with do experience poverty and deprivation but it can be so commonplace that it becomes the wallpaper of practice, slipping into the background, not featuring in assessments of contributory factors and not seen as something to address. This practice framework seeks to bring poverty into the foreground of social work practice. It aims to help social workers recognise and respond to the impact of poverty on the people they support. The framework recognises that social work, as a profession committed to social justice, must address the injustice of poverty. This is the first publication of a new series called "Reflections" which the Office of Social Services in the Department of Health is producing. The Reflections series aims to support social workers in their practice and is designed to provoke thought and stimulate a conversation with and within the social work community in Northern Ireland.


The transverse magnetic field (TMF) contact uses self-generated TMF to drive the arc movement and has been widely used in the field of vacuum breaking. An iron-core cup-shaped TMF contact was designed by adding an iron core and changing the parameters of the cup wall based on the structure of the traditional cup-shaped TMF contact to optimize the gap magnetic field distribution of the cup-shaped TMF contact and improve the force characteristics of the vacuum arc. From the aspects of simulation and experiment, the gap magnetic field characteristics, arc force, and vacuum arc characteristics of the iron-core cup-shaped TMF contact were studied. The simulation analysis model of the iron-core cup-shaped TMF contact was established by COMSOL Multiphysics software, and the gap magnetic field characteristics and arc force were analyzed. Compared with the traditional cup-shaped TMF contact, the tangential electromagnetic force on the arc is increased by 30%, and the radial electromagnetic force is reduced by 36%. The arcing processes of the iron-core cup-shaped TMF contact and the traditional cup-shaped TMF contact were analyzed through experiments. The results show that the iron-core cup-shaped TMF contact has a faster arc movement speed, longer movement duration, and less metal droplet splashing.


The present study examines the anatomic characteristics of the primary afferent neurons that innervate the nipples and pseudonipples of ewes and the nipples of lambs. For this purpose, horseradish‐peroxidase coupled to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA‐HRP) was injected intradermally into the whole extent, the tip, or the base of the nipples and pseudonipples, as well as into a region of the posterior surface of the udder. After survival periods of 72–96 hours, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were sectioned and reacted histochemically with tetramethylbenzidine to reveal the transganglionically transported tracer. Injections of WGA‐HRP in the nipples and pseudonipples of the ewe resulted in labeled cells in the second to fifth ipsilateral lumbar spinal ganglia (L2–L5) and third and fourth (L3 and L4) lumbar spinal ganglia, respectively. Labeled cells after WGA‐HRP injections in the nipples of the lamb were found in the ipsilateral L3–L5 spinal ganglia. Central projections of the DRG‐labeled cells were found in the medial part of laminae I–III of the ipsilateral L3 and L4 spinal segments (ewe and lamb) and in the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei (ewe). Central projections of the DRG‐labeled cells after injections in the pseudonipples of the ewe were located in the medial part of laminae I–III of the ipsilateral L3 spinal segment. The results of this study demonstrate that, whereas the innervation of the nipples of the ewe originates from four successive lumbar spinal ganglia (L2–L5), the innervation of the nipples of the lamb and the pseudonipples of the ewe originates from three (L3–L5) and two (L3 and L4) successive ganglia, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:66–79, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Introduction Guidelines for treatment duration for spinal tuberculosis recommend a six-month course of chemotherapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol [2HRZE+4 hour]), based on early MRC trials in patients with one to two affected vertebrae using conventional spinal X-rays. Many clinicians, however, frequently treat for 9 to 12 months. MRI scans are now considered the best radiological investigation for spinal TB due to their sensitivity, specificity, and ability to precisely delineate soft tissue involvement. Aim This study examined the possible value of MRI, coupled with relevant demographic and clinical data, in facilitating decision-making regarding spinal TB treatment duration. Method Demographic, clinical and imaging data were collected retrospectively from 93 spinal TB patients from two London TB clinics; data from 73 were eligible for further analysis. A linear regression model was developed and applied, and statistically relevant variables identified. We compared treatment duration predictions from the model to actual treatment duration to assess the model's performance. Results From spinal biopsies alone, 73% were culture positive for M.tuberculosis. Demographic, clinical and imaging results are shown in table 1. All patients received standard quadruple therapy except for three with isoniazid resistance and one with multidrug resistance. Including these, mean treatment duration was 11(range 5–24) months. In general, a clinical decision was made to extend treatment beyond 6 months if symptoms and radiological signs were slow to resolve or there was significant drug resistance. Age (p=0.007, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.016 to 0.101), cord compression (p=0.019, CI: 0.248 to 2.689), number of vertebrae affected (p=0.010, CI: 0.078 to 0.558) and microbial sensitivity (p=0.052, CI: −11.164 to 0.050), were jointly significant determinants of treatment duration, at the 10% significance level. Surprisingly, delay in time to diagnosis was not (p=0.886, CI: −0.059 to 0.069).Abstract P223 Table 1 Demographic and clinical data at time of diagnosis Male:Female 1.5:1 Age: mean (range) years 40.8 (17–80) Area of birth (% of study population) UK 7Sub-Saharan Africa 48Indian subcontinent 22Other 23 Time of symptom duration to diagnosis: Mean (range) months 8 (0–40) Symptoms (% of study population) Back pain 93Constitutional 48Neurological 37Multiple symptoms 66 MRI scan appearance at diagnosis and region(s) affected (% of study population) Abscess 89Cord compression 38>2 affected vertebrae 86Lumbar 27Thoracic 26Cervical 3Sacral 3Multiple regions 41 Conclusion Young patients and those with fewer affected vertebrae and no cord compression on MRI scan were more likely to recover faster than older patients or those with more extensive disease. Age and MRI scan features in particular, could be used to assist clinical decision-making and help inform patients' expectations of likely treatment duration at the start of therapy.


Poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu), poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene succinate) (PMPSu), and PBSu-rich copolyesters were synthesized using an effective catalyst, titanium tetraisopropoxide. Measurements of intrinsic viscosity (1.20- 1.28 dl/g) and gel permeation chromatography demonstrated the success of the preparation of polyesters with high molec- ular weights. The compositions of the copolyesters were determined in three approaches from 1 H and 13 C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) analyses, and good agreement between the results was obtained. The distributions of the comonomers were found to be random from the spectra of carbonyl carbon. Their thermal properties were elucidated using a differential scanning calorimeter and a thermogravimetric analyzer. No marked difference exists among the thermal stabilities of these polyesters. However, the window between the glass transition and the melting temperatures becomes narrower with the increase in the concentration of 2-methyl-1,3-propylene succinate in the copolymers. Additionally, the cold crystallization ability decreases considerably. Finally, PMPSu is an amorphous homopolymer. Wide-angle X-ray diffractograms of isothermally crystallized copolyesters also follow the same trend.


Abstract Aims: Occupational therapists espouse a client-centred philosophy of practice, yet little attention has been given to pondering the politics or client-centred practices of occupational therapy research. The aim of this paper is thus to foster reflection on occupational therapy's commitment to client-centredness in the practice of occupational therapy research. Major findings: Occupational therapy research is not consistently undertaken in a collaborative manner. Power resides in control of the research agenda and participants' priorities can be supplanted by those of researchers. However, examples from the literature and from the authors' research suggest that study participants may wish to influence the research agenda such that their needs and priorities are addressed. Practice conclusion: Client-centred principles appear to require occupational therapists to undertake collaborative research and to ensure that research agendas are informed by clients' priorities. Commitment to client-centred principles demands concerted efforts to identify and address potential barriers to meaningful client participation in the occupation of research. However, it is argued that if researchers and disabled people collaborate, and pool their knowledge and expertise, they may achieve research that is more philosophically compatible with espoused professional values; and that collaborative research may also inform more relevant and useful client-centred clinical practices.


Objective To identify patients with cough variant asthma(CVA) among those with chronic cough. Methods Data of the patients' history,chest X-ray,pulmonary function(bronchial provocation test),screening allergen for 112 cases with chronic cough were collected and analyzed. Chi-square test was used for differences in rates. Results Fifty-eight cases were diagnosed as having CVA. Chest X-ray had no abnormalities,bronchial provocation test was positive in all these cases and allergen skin test was positive in 86.2%(50/58). Forty-two cases had predisposing factors. Allergen skin test was positive in 74.5%(38/42),and in 79% of them(30/38) allergens related to the predisposition were identified. Allergen skin test was positive in 75%(12/16) of the cases who had no predisposing factors. Among 54 non-CVA cases chest X-ray had no abnormalities in 34 cases,lung marking increased in 17 cases,and emphysema in 3 cases. Bronchial provocation test was negative in all these cases and among 3 cases FEV1/FVC70% and FEV180%. Allergen skin test was positive in 16.7%(9/54) cases. Forty-one cases had predisposing factors,and allergen skin test was positive in 12.2%(5/41) of the cases. Allergen skin test positive rate of the cases without predisposing factors was 30.8%(4/13). There was no significant difference in the positive rates of predisposing factors between the two group(χ2=0.180,P=0.672). However,chest X-ray findings(χ2=26.151,P=0.000),bronchial provocation test positive rate(χ2=112,P=0.000),allergen skin test positive rate(χ2=54.248,P=0.000),and allergen skin test positive rate of those without predisposing factors(χ2=5.673,P=0.017) had significant differences. Conclusion Allergen and predisposing factors were causally associated with CVA cases. In majority of cases who had no predisposing factors allergens could be detected. Bronchial provocation test and screening for allergen are important method to diagnose CVA.


The runoff erosion formation and the sediment yield intensity present a vertical distribution because of the complicated topography and the special climate condition in the Loess Plateau of China.The variation of vegetation distribution has great effects on sediment yield in slope-gully system because of the erosion spatial variability.The authors,taking the slope-gully system as a research object,which is composed of the 4-meter-long slope and the 3-meter long gully slope,made a series of simulated scouring experiments under different flow discharges(3.2 L/min,5.2 L/min).This paper studies the effects of different flow discharges,different vegetation distribution along the slope(up-slope,middle-slope and down-slope) and different vegetation coverages(0,30%,50%,70%,and 90%) to the sediment yielding of slope-gully system.The results show that,the total runoff volume and the process of runoff yield have no obvious difference among the three types of different transplanted grass on slope under the same grass coverages and the same flow discharges,but the sediment yield has distinct variation among the three types.That is,different types of grass decrease the sediment yield not by reducing the runoff volume.The total runoff discharge is only related to the grass coverage on slope and the flow discharge under the experimental condition.The amount of sediment yield on gully section increases with the increase of the flow discharges under the same grass coverage,as well as the same transplanted grass on slope.The amount of sediment yield on gully section did not show a decreasing tendency when the flow discharge is raised,but showed an increasing tendency instead.According to this result,if we only take the measure of harnessing the slope without harnessing the gully,the amount of sediment of gully section will increase with the rise of flow discharges.So we should give attention to slope and gully when we harness the soil and water loss in watersheds of the Loess Plateau.


In effort to overcome the challenges related to enhancing student learning and academic achievement in higher education, researchers continue to explore a myriad of educational strategies and best practices. Communities of Practice (CoPs) have been identified as a means to nurture the learning and expertise of members in a variety of contexts. Despite the numerous studies that have reported the many benefits of participating in CoPs, studies that assess the value created through such participation are lacking, especially within educational settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the value created through participating in a graduate studies CoP comprised of 14 graduate students and three professors. Using a case study design and a value creation framework, findings revealed that all group members gained personally meaningful and relevant value through participating in the CoP, which in turn led to enhanced learning and a gain of academic competencies. The findings provided empirical support for the value framework, which is discussed in relation to its implications for the future study and application of CoPs in higher education.


A technique is suggested to measure a threshold of two-photon initiated photopolymerisation involving Z-scan of a thin film of sensitive material along the focusing axis of the laser beam. The condition of reaching the threshold when gradually increasing the light intensity by moving the film towards the focal spot of the beam is defined as that with minimal intensity at which polymerization occurs. The occurrence of the polymerization is detected by interferometric effect inside the transmitted beam itself, which is due to interference of the wave going through the polymerization area and the wave going around it. The technique is demonstrated for measurements employing Nd:YAG laser in nanosecond regime with fundamental frequency 1064 nm and its harmonic of 532 nm, as well as with pumped by its third harmonic optical parametric oscillator. Threshold data are presented for particular systems, indicating threshold of 5 GW/cm2 for a system based on Rose Bengal exposed by 1064 nm nanosecond-pulsed radiation and 0.05 GW/cm2 for Darocur initiators exposed to 532 nm.


This paper analyzes the necessity of service for readers based on people-first concept, and expounds some measures for constructing the ranks of service for readers based on people-first concept.


Provided RI Ping Heng catalyst comprising two or more thermoplastic polymers and at least one for adjusting at least one resin layer or the refractive index of the resin composition layer and the interlayer. Such compositions, layers and the interlayer exhibit enhanced optical properties, while retaining other properties, such as impact resistance and acoustic performance.


Media in the United States and Mexico frequently employ the negative stereotype of border culture commonly referred to as "la leyenda negra" of Tijuana. 1 Against this pervasive stereotype of blood-soaked transnational slums, Luis Humberto Crosthwaite portrays a multi-faceted border community through a pastiche of vibrant culture and music in his novel, Idos de la mente: la increíble y (a veces) triste historia de Ramón y Cornelio (2001). In the narrative a pair of Tijuana norteño musicians become celebrities on radio and television only to self-destruct under the pressures of stardom. Their rise and fall narrative fictionalizes the musicians Ramón Ayala and Cornelio Reyna from the 1960s norteño band "Los relámpagos del norte." Through a mixture of media, language and evocations (or appropriations) of music legends, this narrative pays homage to a complex border culture that defies the demonized characterization bestowed it by media in Mexico and the United States. In this study I observe a cross-fertilization of different genres of cultural production such as documentary, music, graphic arts, and film, in innovative cross-media techniques that result in what I call an "album novel." 2 In its assembly of media into an album novel, Idos de la mente demonstrates the struggle of the heterogeneous border community to define its own identity through appropriations of disparate media, cultural artifacts, celebrities and symbols.