In this paper, a methodology is developed to simulate cyclic micro/macroscopic responses of dual-phase materials based on an extension of the self-consistent scheme. This extension is significant because it makes the self-consistent scheme capable of determining overall responses of materials as well as local stress evolution in microstructure. Results show satisfactory agreement between the cyclic responses up to 50 cycles predicted by the present methodology and the experimental data of Bower (1989). The heterogeneous feature of distributions of cyclic stress, strain and energy in microstructure, as well as the essential role of the strong-energy-absorption-capability of the thin layers on the material behavior, and the high strength of the thin-layer microstructure are exploited. The possible impact of this work on issues such as ratchetting of the dual-phase material and the ductile and fatigue behavior of its hard phase, as well as the significance on plasticity modeling of constituents and effective homogeneous inclusions are also mentioned.


Despite the numerous studies available on state participation in regulating and managing logistics processes, the functions of the state remain undisclosed and not comprehensively described in a systematic way, which calls for an appropriate research. The purpose of the study is to justify the need for state regulation and support of logistics processes in Kazakhstan, to identify problems and instruments of state regulation in the realm of logistics processes.
While preparing the article, general scientific methods and techniques were used, including methods of statistical research and comparative analysis, theoretical analysis, general theoretical research methods and techniques.
The following results were obtained: the factors determining the state regulation of logistics activities were identified through application of system analysis, the functions of the state in the development and management of logistics were systematically described; The main directions of state regulation and state support of logistics are highlighted; the role of logistics in the policy of spatial development of territories is defined; Based on the review, problems and instruments of state regulation of logistics processes are identified. The forms of state participation in the management of logistics activities in Kazakhstan are systematically presented.
Explicit recommendations are given on improving the functions of state bodies in developing and improving the efficiency of logistics, which is associated in the future with the development of a national logistics strategy in Kazakhstan. An important conclusion has been made that the role of the state is not only in regulating logistics processes, creating conditions and stimulating the development of logistics, but also in special importance of interaction between the state and entrepreneurship in the formation and implementation of a logistics strategy in the future - in the form of trade unions and associations of a specialized nature.
This paper deepens the study regarding factors and functions of logistics regulation impact on the development of the country's economy. The implications of these recommendations may be useful to politicians in Kazakhstan and other developing countries


Childhood overweight and obesity, especially among migrant children, are current health problems in several European countries. In the present study the prevalence of overweight and obesity among migrant children from Turkey and the former Yugoslavia was documented and compared with that of Austrian children in Vienna. Anthropometric data from 1786 children were collected at the ages of 6, 10 and 15 years. Body mass was estimated by means of the body mass index and percentile curves were used to determine weight status. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be significantly higher among migrant children. Children and adolescents from the former Yugoslavia and Turkish girls exhibited especially high rates of overweight and obesity. Biosocial and cultural factors are discussed as causes of these observations.


Knee ligaments are among the most complicated structures and have a large effect on knee biomechanics. There are different approaches to model the knee ligaments in FE models. In the knee joint, ligaments have been commonly modelled as 1D spring elements; moreover, some studies modelled the ligaments as 3D constitutive elements [2]. Using springs reduces computational costs compared to constitutive models of the ligaments. In turn, constitutive models closer approximate the anatomy, and facilitate the prediction of local quantities and interactions with surrounding tissues, such as wrapping [1]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no direct/practical comparison study between two FE ligament modelling approaches. The aim of this study is to develop and compare two separate subject-specific finite element knee models in terms of ligament modelling approaches, based on cadaveric validation experiments.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of information literacy (IL) and digital literacy under the circumstances and challenges of the Web 2.0 environment.Design/methodology/approach – Desk research was done in order acquire a picture about the nature of the Web 2.0 and Library 2.0 in regard to their influence on literacy requirements. The hypothesis that differential literacies have to be offered to diverging groups of users, similarly to traditional library services that cater for different user needs depending on the type of the given library was tested.Findings – Professional goals characterize first of all different groups of professionals, teaching staff and researchers, as well as students. Thus, their need in information is different from that of other categories of users. Consequently, they require literacies similar to services traditionally offered by academic and special libraries. Amateur content is more compatible with the mission of public libraries and it is more suitab...


One of contribution for Indonesian state from Agriculture sector is livestock animals. This livestock animals in Indonesia is divided to large and small ruminant, poultry, and other commercial animals. All these animals can be infected by some agriculture fungi which causes mycosis. The disease cause economic loss by morbidity and mortality. In chicken (poultry), aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sp can be very important among mycotic diseases. In ruminant ringworm (dermatofitosis) caused by dermatofit fungi which infected skin, and mastitis caused by fungi in Dairy cattle causes decrease milk production. Histoplasmosis caused by fungi such as Histoplasma farciminosum is called Selakarang, infect horse. This paper discribes these mycotic diseases and control and to give more information of fungal disease caused by some agriculture fungi.


A multi-bands voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) based on LC resonator circuit is presented in this work. Two methods of optimization are applied to multi-band VCO circuit in order to confirm and to compare their results. These optimization techniques are the geometric program (GP) and graphical method. Theory results of each optimization method agree on the optimum component size of the multi-band VCO circuit. The operation range of the VCO is extended to cover eight frequency bands from 3.1GHz to 4.8GHz of which the tuning range is 42.5%. The phase noise is -118dBc/Hz, -123dBc/Hz and -123dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from carrier frequency of 3.432GHz, 3.96GHz and 4.488GHz, respectively. The power consumption of multi-band VCO is 18mW from a 2.5V supply voltage. Simulated results show the performances of these methods, in fact, low phase noise and low power are obtained with the optimum components size of achieved result of optimization methods.


Potassium (K) is mostly an intracellular ion, with a complex homeostasis that is deeply modified in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Several factors (diet, insulin, acid-base balance, aldosterone, etc) may contribute to determine the level of serum extracellular K, but it is not clear which factor contributes the most. We aimed to evaluate the importance of several factors in inducing hyperkalemia in HD patients.

 Chronic tri-weekly HD patients were evaluated. Patients on diuretics or on potassium binders were excluded. For every patient we recorded age, sex, Kt/V and we measured the post-HD kalemia on the day before the long interHD interval. On the day after the long interHD interval we evaluated: pre-HD K, glucose, creatinine, aldosterone, LDH, CPK, arterial blood gases, ECG, overhydration by bioelectrical impedance analysis, body weight increase after the long interHD interval and daily urinary output. K amount introduced by diet was calculated by a dietitian from each patient's daily food diary. Treatment with ARB, ACE-inhibitors, beta-blockers, insulin or heparin was recorded. Data are presented as mean±SD for each variable analyzed. Correlations between the serum K values and change in serum K (delta K) and the other patient medical data were determined through the two-tailed Pearson's test or Spearman test according to data distribution.

 We enrolled 56 patients (male 53.6%), aged 72±13, with a mean Kt/V 1.44±0.25. Mean post-HD kalemia was 3.65±0.4 mmol/L, mean pre-HD kalemia was 5.23±0.72 mmol/L, with a mean delta 1.58±0.64 mmol/L. Medium pH was 7.37±0.01, with serum bicarbonate 20.15±4.0 mmol/L. Overhydration estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis was 2.3±0.6 L, while mean daily intake of K was 1697.13±711.13 mg. We found a strong positive correlation between delta K and pre-HD kalemia (r=0.79, p<0.0001). Surprisingly, a positive correlation was found between delta K and serum bicarbonate (r=0.27, p=0.04), while no correlations were present between delta K, mean pre-HD kalemia and dietary intake of K (p=ns). No difference in delta K was found between anuric and not anuric patients. No other statistically significant differences were found.

 Potassium homeostasis is markedly altered in ESRD and several factors contribute to determine the serum K values. In this study we found that delta potassium correlates to pre-HD kalemia. We did not study the temporal kinetic of K increase, but it is reasonable to infer that a significant post-HD rebound may contribute to increase kalemia, as dietary intake of K was not found to correlate to delta K or to serum K after the long interdialytic interval. The positive correlation between delta K and serum bicarbonate is unexpected and difficult to explain. However, since we did not measure serum bicarbonate post-HD, we may speculate that patients with high delta K and serum bicarbonate might have even higher levels of bicarbonate after HD. In conclusion, our study shows that none of the examined factors prevales in determining high serum potassium in HD patients.


The research reported in this article explores Wari imperial strategies in the upper Nasca Valley of south-central Peru and, building on previous research, documents the flexibility and diversity of those strategies. The focus of these investigations is the site of Pataraya, a small Wari provincial outpost, and its environs. Despite its size, the rectangular enclosure at Pataraya is well planned and conforms to the canons of Wari state architecture documented at other Wari provincial sites. The site was founded early in the Middle Horizon (A.D. 650-1000) and then abandoned during the collapse of the Wari system. Extensive excavation at this condensed version of the Wari building tradition—over 60 percent—uncovered a pattern of spatially segregated use and access within the enclosure. Activities were relegated to specific patio groups with little replication of function, and the sectors themselves were connected by an astonishingly complex system of narrow corridors. The site appears to have been involved in the transfer of coastal products, especially cotton, to the sierra along an ancient road that is also associated with another much larger Wari compound and with the reorganization of an older local site near modern-day Uchuymarca, both of which were also documented during the project.


In traditional track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms, intervals between frames are considered to be uniform. The uncertainty of revisit intervals is not taken into account. However, revisit intervals of the target varies with its states in rotating radars. This may lead to degradation in energy integration due to the use of inaccurate revisit intervals in conventional methods. In this paper, a velocity-filtering-based TBD method with revisit interval uncertainty (RIU-VF-TBD) is proposed to address the above problem. The revisit interval is solved precisely using the space-time joint solution. Using the angle relation between target movement and the motion of antenna, the revisit interval is solved iteratively until accuracy requirement is reached. Each measurement cell in polar coordinates is converted to Cartesian coordinates and predicted according to an assumed velocity and the precisely solved revisit interval. Then, every predicted Cartesian position is converted back to polar coordinates for energy accumulation. Procedures of the revisit interval calculation and energy integration are derived in detail. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with conventional VF-TBD methods.


The report deals with investigations of the sulfur behaviour in the Fe-CaO-Al 2 O 3 −H 2 S−H 2 system at 1600 °C and at very low values for the partial pressure of oxygen and sulfur. Results of the equilibrium in the iron-gas system, of the sulfide and sulfur capacities, of the solubility and activity of CaS in CaO-Al 2 O 3 slags are represented


A theoretical analysis is given of deep inelastic dp..-->..dX reactions. The contribution of the resonance mechanism is studied, where as a result of multiple scattering of quarks belonging to the colliding particles, nucleon resonances are excited in the target. It is shown that this mechanism contributes less than 40% of the cross section. Nonresonance processes are calculated and the results are compared with available experimental data.


In the Lower Palaeozoic where true palynological microfossils become rare, much use can be made of other acid-resistant microfossils such as acritarchs and chitinozoans. This study gives some of the results of an investigation on the presence of acritarchs and chitinozoans in three essentially Lower Palaeozoic formations of the Province of Leon in northwest Spain, viz. the Formigoso, the San Pedro, and the La Vid Formations. They range from Upper Llandoverian to the middle part of the Emsian. The techniques used to prepare the samples are discussed. The vertical distribution of the most common acritarchs and chitinozoans in the region investigated are given, as well as the changes of frequency in the associations of some selected groups of acritarchs from a number of sections of the San Pedro and the La Vid Formations. Most formgroups show characteristic changes of frequency providing the possibility of detailed correlation within the formations. The most common forms of acritarchs and chitinozoans used for correlation purposes are described. A list of species may be found on pages 280 and 337. Most of these forms had not yet been recorded.


Tone et al. (1) are to be awarded for performing the first randomized trial that compares 6-week and 12-week antibiotic treatment duration in patients with diabetes and osteomyelitis with neuropathy without vascular disease. The study has two strong points: cultures of transcutaneous bone biopsy material were obligatory for inclusion and, in almost all cases, there was an antibiotic-free period between suspicion …


Linear sloshing problems (inviscid irrotational flows) in suspended tanks are revisited, with an intention to address some issues in the previous study based on shallow water wave theory. Time‐periodic solutions are considered, which describe the synchronized oscillation of the water and tank, reached after the initial transient dies out. The solutions are developed for arbitrary water depths, and separate explicitly the propagating and evanescent wave components of the fluid motion, illuminating clearly the physics and converging rapidly. At the limit of infinite string length, these solutions describe the sloshing motions in tanks that are free to oscillate horizontally on a frictionless plane. Various effects on the lowest sloshing mode are discussed, emphasizing the physical interpretations and examining the limitations of the shallow water approximations. Comparisons with existing laboratory experiments are made, showing agreements with the analysis.


Five students of a rescue training school cycled at 50 W for 20 minutes at 20 °C before walking up to 30 minutes in a climatic chamber at 55 °C and 30 % relative humidity. Four different types of clothing ensembles were used differing in terms of thickness and thermal insulation value were tested on separate days. All subjects completed 28-30 minutes in light clothing, but quitted after 20-27 minutes in three firefighter ensembles due to a rectal temperature of 39.0 °C or subjective fatigue. No difference in the evolution of mean skin or rectal temperature was seen for the three turnout ensembles. Sweat production amounted to about 1000 g in the turnout gears of which less than 20 % evaporated. It was concluded that the small differences between the turnout gears in terms of design, thickness and insulation value had no effect on the resulting physiological strain for the given experimental conditions. (Less)


Surgical strategies for rheumatoid arthritis Tang WM, Ng KH,1 Chiu KY Division of Joint Replacement Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Surgical treatment could be considered as one of the most important advances in treating rheumatoid arthritis in the past 30 years. The sequence of surgical treatment for patients with multiple joint involvement, however, is still controversial. This report states the principles of planning surgical strategies in the light of two cases of polyarthritis. (Hong Kong j. orthop. surg. 2001;5(1):64-69)


Major indicator of firm performance is business performance. Aim of firms and managers are to achieve firm performance. Human resource management (HRM) aims to achieve individual performance in order for firm performance. Because individuals (professionals) may have an impact on business performance. European HRM is adopting principles of American HRM. This is convergence. There are two factors that may affect divergence between Europe and USA. Divergence factors are social awareness and economic viewpoint difference. First of all, European firms consider social partners in HRM. Secondly, EU is regulated market economy and USA has liberal market economy. That may create divergence between Europe and USA..


The Borsuk-Ulam Theorem and Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem are classic results in topology, with wide-reaching applications. In this paper, we discuss these theorems, and two combinatorial results which are equivalent to these theorems, in the hope of shedding some light on the nature of the classic results.


The effects of substrate concentration on bioproduction of Volatile Fatty Acids(VFAs) from sewage sludge by a novel multistage countercurrent fermentation process was studied in this manuscript.Results showed that the concentrations of substrate have significant effects on bioproduction of VFAs by this process.The concentration and yield of total volatile fatty acids reached 20 g/L and 0.20 g/gVS,respectively when VS was 100 g/L.The process was of great superiority during fermentation of high concentrations of substrate.The results indicated that the process could reduce the inhibitory effect of the products on the production of volatile fatty acids during the fermentation when the concentrations of substrate were high.


Abstract Although Cecilie Løveid is one of Norway's most important contemporary dramatists, she is not generally considered part of mainstream theater. In fact, she has positioned herself against it by her writing of feminist and performative theater texts since her debut in the 1980s. In her play Østerrike, which is inspired by Henrik Ibsen's Brand and by Ludwig Wittgenstein's diary of his stay in Norway, the audience is introduced to a love triangle. Ludwig, his fiancée Agnes and his former boyfriend David are entangeled in a queer love drama causing constant gender trouble. In this article, I will analyze how Løveid combines this gender discourse with a metatextual genre discourse. The play ends with a "beautiful scene", which disrupts all existing categories of gender and genre. This scene in particular illustrates that Østerrike can be interpreted as a critical commentary on the Ibsen-tradition that determines Løveid's outsider position.


The contents of the objective aspect of the crime of misappropriating public funds are complex,in the recent two years,the disputes which existed in the scholars are also quite a lot.The article tries to comment on the major points of the crime,which hopes to further deepen the research of the objective aspect of the crime fo misappropriating public funds,and to provide profits from the valuable material for the criminal law theorists.


The generation of stability derivative information is a critical step in determining aircraft stability. Often these derivatives are obtained from data contained in empirical databases that may not reflect the aircraft of interest. There has been much work using CFD to compute both static and dynamic stability derivatives. This effort also uses CFD to obtain static stability derivatives. However, this work takes a novel geometry driven approach based on recent work in automating the process of geometry generation, meshing, and CFD analysis by making use of parameterized aircraft models including control surfaces. This approach makes available a reliable and robust physics-based method to determine aircraft stability earlier in the design process. The objective of this research is to enable, revolutionary air vehicle concepts by taking stability into consideration even at the conceptual design level. This paper presents a high speed aircraft control surface design problem to exercise these new tools.


We address the scattering of light by a system consisting of a dielectric corrugated object surface in presence of a metallic nanoparticle suspended at subwavelength distance from it. The sample is illuminated from its dielectric side by a focused beam either at normal or total internal reflection incidence. The near field distribution projected into the far zone by the particle, as well as its imaging characteristics, is analyzed. A filtering of the far field intensity is imposed so that the signal coming from the nanoparticle is extracted out of the component due to the surface. The superresolution dependence on nanocylinder size and its distance to the sample is discussed. Also, the image contrast versus the path followed by the particle on scanning the sample is analyzed.


In the research of events description in the identification unit based on rules, formulation of rules becomes a core issue. This thesis selects 3751 information corpus of TCT corpus for the study, summarizes 9 predicate identification rules and 14 phrases merger rules, and quantify the importance of the rules by the contribution. Furthermore, the relationship between the binding rules is studied by a large number of experiments. Experimental results show that the binding between the different rules has different influence on event description unit. The paper is supported by Science and Technology Department of Shanxi Province international cooperation and exchange project "China-Japan Cooperation Research on Chinese Intelligent Interactive Question and Answer System Based on Web "(Grant No.2009g18).


identified "ABC" (American-born Chinese) seeking and, as the chapter title puts it, "finding sonic belonging abroad" (p. 143). Although musicologists reading Sound tracks of Asian America might hunger for closer engagement with musical texts, the lack of traditional analysis does not impede Wang in the task at hand, which is to explicate from a more qualitative perspective how "music both muddles and upholds racial boundaries" (p. 192) in national and transnational settings. She is restrained in her deployment of a reflexive voice, yet her previous experiences as a U.S.-trained violinist who performed a stint with Taiwan's National Symphony Orchestra (p. 5) clearly give her rich personal insight into the subject at hand. The book will find warm welcome in a range of disciplinary settings, from Asian and Asian American studies to musicology and media studies. Incisively and engagingly written, it will also serve as an invaluable resource for students and scholars seeking insight into topics as diverse as transnational stardom, the cultural politics of online media, music pedagogy, and the anthropology of the conservatory.


Mechanical stirrer, installed entirely within tank, is powered by turbine driven by discharge flow of fluid. Contents of tank are automatically mixed whenever fluid in tank is discharged. Magnetic coupling eliminates need for shaft seal, particularly in high-pressure tanks.


Sequential instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to study 10 Apollo-15 rake basalts for 23 bulk, minor and trace elements and 13 basaltic fragments from the Apollo-15 deep drill core 15003 Station 8 for eight major, minor and trace elements. Attention is given here to La-MgO-TiO2 correlations, La/Sm-La and Sm/Eu-La correlations, the La/Sm-Sc correlation, and basalt genesis models.


Anaerobic bioreactor landfill technology would result in long time of acidogenesis phase and accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in leachate. To solve the problems, 4 simulated bioreactors were built up, including an anaerobic bioreactor(C1) and 3 aerobic bioreactors(C2, C3, C4) with aeration on the upper layer. All the bioreactors were recirculated with leachate every day, and aeration intensity for C2, C3 and C4 were 2 h/d, 4h/d and 8h/d respectively. Results showed that organic matters in leachate from all aerobic bioreactors decreased quickly over time. At the end of experiment, COD and BOD5in leachate from C2, C3, C4 were all reduced above 90%. Increasing aeration time could accelerate the degradation of nitrogen compounds significantly. In the end, concentrations of NH3-N in leachate from C3 and C4 decreased to 99 mg/L and 39mg/L respectively. Waste settlements of 7.1%, 8.6%, 17.1% and 21.4% were observed in C1, C2, C3, C4, indicating faster stabilization and more space saved under longer aeration time.


Like most nongovernmental organizations, NEHA is a volunteer organization. As members we perform numerous functions for the organization as volunteers. Volunteers range from the board of directors (which includes the fi ve elected offi cers and the nine regional vice presidents), to the affi liate presidents, technical advisors, peer reviewers and technical editors, past presidents, and numerous other committees and groups who perform various tasks or functions for NEHA. Many of us have been called upon to volunteer for some committee or work on some project, from developing the new Registered Environmental Health Specialist/Registered Sanitarian (REHS/RS) exam to deciding who our new executive director will be. As members we feel an obligation, and in most cases, a feeling of contribution to NEHA to ensure its continuation as the go-to organization for our profession. All of us somehow found our way to NEHA; we believe we can contribute and encourage others to join and work with us to make NEHA the premier organization for environmental health. Many of us were elected by either the total membership, by our regional membership, by our state affi liate, or by being invited or asked by the president to be a technical advisor or to serve on some committee. Our members are volunteers in every sense of the word. The board of directors has responsibilities that include fi nancial and operational (as the executive director reports to the board). The board also is responsible for communicating with the membership. This year we have had the enormous task of fi nding a new executive director, which takes time and fi nancial resources. Our task is nearing completion and we know NEHA will have the very best executive director to lead us into the 21st century. One of the board's tasks related to this was a detailed review of NEHA and its operations. We found the NEHA staff to be a wonderful group of intelligent and hardworking individuals who perform their jobs, work with our members, interact with outside agencies, and maintain thousands of registrations in several areas of environmental health. Our job as board members is made easier by their dedication and loyalty to all of us who are members of NEHA. Our affi liate presidents are the leaders on the ground and contribute so much to the membership with their activities during the year including their annual meetings and their attendance at NEHA's Annual Educational Conference (AEC) & Exhibition to give us an update on what is happening in the trenches. They are the foundation upon which NEHA was created and the state organizations in which we are individual members. We hope many of them will move up to regional vice presidents or offi cers of NEHA in the future. Perhaps the groups we see or converse with frequently at NEHA's AEC are the technical advisors. These volunteers are experts in their chosen fi eld and give NEHA the ability to utilize their knowledge and expertise to assemble a slate of speakers for our AEC. They work with the NEHA staff to recruit speakers to present papers and posters and will moderate the educational sessions. Our educational sessions are some of the best presentations and posters with the latest information on a variety of subjects that are of vital interest to many members. After the AEC they will provide a written report to NEHA's educational coordinator that summarizes the presentations, handouts, audiovisuals, and speakers' technical and presentation skills. Another group of volunteers that makes a big impact on NEHA are the Journal's peer reviewers and technical editors. Without this large group of individuals the Journal would not be able to publish the high-quality and scientifi cally sound articles that it does. All articles submitted to the Journal for publication consideration are sent to two peer reviewers and one technical editor for review. The peer reviewers provide feedback on the We feel an obligation, and in most cases, a feeling of contribution to NEHA to ensure its continuation as the go-to organization for our profession.


NKG2D is an activating receptor that is involved in the innate and adaptive immune response to various forms of cellular stress (infections, heat shock, etc.) and tumor transformation. In mice, it is expressed on NK, NKT and T (activated and memory CD8+   and some   ) cells. NKG2D is a transmembrane type II glycoprotein, encoded by a gene situated within the NK complex of the mouse chromosome 6, which binds different, mostly stress-induced MHC class I-like molecules (MULT-1, H60 and Rae 1 family) on wide variety of cell types. Although the role of NKG2D has been intensively investigated in different models (viral infections, tumor immunosurveillance, autoimmunity, etc.), to address more specific questions on the role of NKG2D in the development, homeostasis and effector functions of the immune system the use of a genetic approach seems to be preferable. Therefore, we have generated NKG2D knock out mouse strain by targeting of NKG2D in Bruce 4 (C57BL/6) embryonic stem (ES) cells. Following the selection and screening procedure, we have identified several ES cell clones positive for the homologous recombination. Upon the microinjection of the clones we have obtained several chimeras that have given germ-line transmission of the mutation. The flow cytometry analysis of CD8+ T and NK cells isolated from NKG2D k.o. mice has revealed complete absence of the NKG2D receptor. However, we haven't observed any abnormalities either in the development of T cells or in the presence of mature T cell subpopulations at the periphery of NKG2D k.o. mice. Unexpectedly, NKG2D mutant mice have shown enhanced resistance to early MCMV infection either with tissue culture grown  m157 MCMV (4d p.i.) or more virulent SGV virus. Flow cytometric analysis of NK cells has reviled that absence of NKG2D affects the NK cell development (reduced number of c-Kit+, CD51+ and Ly49A+ NK cells). We have also observed increased number of mature KLRG1+ NK cells on the periphery.


Objective To explore contamination risk while conducting human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) etiologic study in bio-safety level-Ⅲ laboratory(BSL-3) in case of accidents,and to establish risk evaluation index for bio-safety management system in BSL-3 laboratory for HIV study.Methods Ink and pseudo-virus solution were used as samples to simulate laboratory accident to determine contamination extent.Swab samples taken from different contaminated spots were collected and tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) with quantitative real-time PCR.After disinfection procedures,swab samples from various spots were collected again and tested for HIV-1 to evaluate effectiveness of disinfection.Results While accidents occurred in bio-safety cabinet,the major contaminated sites were located in table surface of the cabinet where samples directly contacting with the surface in the radius of 15 cm,and its lateral walls and front as well.Glove surface was the most seriously contaminated.When different laboratory containers fell off to laboratory floor,major contamination was located in the places in front of the experimenter with a range of 60-degree of angle.The range of splash was positively correlated with sample size and its height.After on-site disinfection with 75% ethanol or/and 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectants,HIV-1 nucleic acid tests for samples taken from accident sites were all negative.Conclusion The study primarily determined the range and degree of contamination diffusion when laboratory accidents happened and common disinfectants can effectively kill HIV.


On 16 July 2014, the European Court of Human Rights sitting as a Grand Chamber issued its most recent ruling regarding transsexuality and marriage. The question before the Court was whether a transsexual woman, who had married another woman before her gender transition, had the right to obtain full legal recognition of her gender without putting an end to their marriage. The answer given by the Court was not only a rejection of the applicant's claim; it was also a decision that called into question the Court's own conception of heterosexual marriage.


Ethernet continues to be the most widely used network architecture today for its low cost and backward compatibility with the existing Ethernet infrastructure. Driven by increasing networking demands of cloud workloads, network speed rapidly migrates from 1Gbps to 10Gbps and beyond. Ethernet's ubiquity and its continuously increasing rate motivate us to fully understand high speed network processing performance and its power efficiency. In this paper, we begin with per-packet processing overhead breakdown on Intel Xeon servers with 10GbE networking. We find that besides data copy, the driver and buffer release, unexpectedly take 46% of processing time for large I/O sizes and even 54% for small I/O sizes. To further understand the overheads, we manually instrument the 10GbE NIC driver and OS kernel along the packet processing path using hardware performance counters. Our fine-grained instrumentation pinpoints the performance bottlenecks, which were never reported before. In addition to detailed performance analysis, we also examine power consumption of network processing over 10GbE by using a power analyzer. Then, we use an external Data Acquisition System (DAQ) to obtain a breakdown of power consumption for individual hardware components such as CPU, memory and NIC, and obtain several interesting observations. Our detailed performance and power analysis guides us to design a more processing-and power-efficient server I/O architecture for high speed networks. Ethernet is the most widely used network architecture today. Its speed has been increased at a very unprecedented rate, migrating from 1Gbps to 10Gbps and beyond. This paper aims to understand high speed network processing performance on mainstream servers and then pinpoint its bottlenecks. Moreover, as power has become one major concern in IT industry, we also study power efficiency of high speed network processing and then breakdown power consumption over individual hardware components by using an external Data Acquisition System. Our detailed performance and power analysis leads us to several interesting and useful observations.  We do per-packet processing overhead breakdown on Intel Xeon servers with 10GbE network to understand network processing overhead.  To further pinpoint performance bottlenecks, we manually instrument NIC driver and OS kernel using hardware performance counters along the packet processing path. Our instrumentation locates the bottlenecks and points out several observations, which have never been reported before.  We study power efficiency of high speed network processing over mainstream servers and then setup real environment using an external Data Acquisition System to obtain power consumption breakdown over individual …


This paper analyzes dynamic behaviors of a moving fabric during the processing of weaving, dyeing and finishing. A mathematical model is established for the transverse free vibration of the fabric under the condition of large deflection and high running speed by Hamilton's principle. The homotopy perturbation method is used to solve the problem, and the results show agreement with experimental data.


This article show experimental evidences confirming the recently proposed hypothesis that isotropic and polarization sensitive optical feedback from an extremely short external cavity (ESEC) is a way to simultaneously active polarization control and stabilization in VCSELs. The experiments reported here were obtained using an oxide-confined GaAs/InGaAs quantum well VCSEL. Experimental results showing how the external mirror reflectivity affects the mapping of the polarization states as well as the effect of polarization sensitive optical feedback from an ESEC on VCSELs polarization, is presented.


Relevance: the method of dosed dermotension as one of the options for plastic reconstruction of the foot with the soft tissue defects of various etiologies (including diabetes mellitus) are widely used in surgery. Local circulatory compensated hypoxia, occurs when dosed dermotension, stimulates proliferation of blood vessels, but to date no proven link between measured growth and the concentration of cytokine HIF-1α. Aim: the aim was to identify patterns between local circulatory compensated hypoxia created by carrying out the dosed dermotension and cytokine concentration of HIF-1α in stretched the flap when closing the wound of the soft tissues. Materials and methods: the experiment was carried out on 18 experimental animals, which was simulated wound scapular area and conducted a hardware apparatus dermotension under the control of laser Doppler flowmetry, formed the skin samples and performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the concentration of cytokine HIF-1α after 30 minutes, 24 hours from the beginning of tissue stretching. Results: the concentration of HIF-1α in the skin before the start of the dermotension was (Me [Q1; Q3]) 110 [98,1; 114,8] ng/ml. A statistically significant increase in the concentration of HIF-1α to 148 [122,2; 221,7] ng/ml (p=0.008) recorded in the group of animals who underwent tissue stretching within 30 minutes, research also showed that the concentration of HIF-1α increased to 330 [246,4; 463,3] ng/ml (p=0.007) after 24 hours from the start of the dosed strains. Conclusion: the concentration of cytokine HIF-1α in stretched the flap increases with dosed dermotension. Thus, the regulation of adaptation of the skin to stretching is performed by increasing the concentration of the cytokine HIF-1α.


Objectives:  The aim of the study was to investigate in vitro the effect of free iron on erythroid and granulocyte‐macrophage colony formation and the effect of binding free iron with apotransferrin.


TN A RECENT ARTICLE Mary Haas (1967) demonstrates clearly that the study of classificatory verb systems can be of significant value in revealing the structure and content of what she calls "covert taxonomies."'2 She also notes that information concerning the operation of such systems with respect to specific lexical items is generally lacking (1967:360). The present paper is intended as a modest step towards the elimination of this deficiency. It presents an analysis of the Western Apache classificatory verb system and the covert categories embodied therein.


Silicon microcantilevers can be used to measure the rheological properties of complex fluids. In the method presented in this paper, the measurement of the microcantilever's dynamic spectrum is used to extract the hydrodynamic force exerted by the surrounding fluid on the microcantilever and consequently the rheological fluid properties. The originality of the proposed method relies in the fact that not only may the viscosity of the fluid be measured but also the fluid's viscoelasticity, i.e., both viscous and elastic properties, which are key parameters in the case of complex fluids. In this method the use of analytical equations allows the fluid's complex shear modulus to be extracted and expressed as a function of the frequency. Viscoelastic spectral characteristics of fluids can be determined in analogy to rheograms recorded with standard laboratory equipment, and extend the frequencies of investigation to the range 1-100 kHz.


This article describes the design of an articulation robot arm with seven joints. The control core of the robot arm is the module-based system built using the Mitsubishi Q series programming logical controller (PLC). The robot arm contains seven AC servomotors, seven driver devices, a vision system and a PLC control system. The PLC-based controller programs the motion trajectory of the gripper to catch or hold the objects and finish the assigned tasks. Kinect system (Asus Xtion Pro-Live, or called RGB-D sensor) acts as the vision system to recognize shape and color of each object. During the experiments, we found that the robot arm recognizes the shape and color of each object, and catches each object moving to the assigned box with the same color.


The paper attempts to develop an understanding of the planning implications of telecommunication, with a focus on telework in the Australian context. It begins by reviewing major definitional discrepancies in telework studies and provides a definition for telework as a flexible knowledge-work option in the new economy. It then builds upon the growing interest in telework under the National Broadband Network (NBN) in federal policy documents in Australia and analyses the Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 as the major document that shapes the future of Australia's first global city. This analysis identifies serious inconsistencies between federal and state policies and points out a number of policy gaps, regarding the lack of telecommunication awareness at Sydney's metropolitan level. The paper also reveals some opportunities in the current strategy to incorporate telecommunication in dealing with the major planning issues, thus challenging the future of Australia's largest capital city.


The innovation of social service management is a major move to implement the national strategy and the report spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Since China's reform and opening up, Guangzhou's economic and social development on the county-rural level had made great achievement. Industrialization and urbanization level enhance unceasingly. Fundamental changes have taken place in the rural population structure and population scale. Various social contradictions and social problems in rural areas become more and more serious and the demand for social service management is in urgency. Therefore, the management innovation is particularly necessary.


During the nineteenth century, multiple discoveries of moa bones lying on the ground surface in exposed situations generated debate about the recentness of moa extinction. Subsequently, clearance of land for agricultural purposes has probably resulted in the destruction of many surface moa bones and such finds are now rare. The recent discovery of a pair of tibiotarsi from a North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae) lying on the forest floor at Aorangi Awarua, Ruahine Range, has allowed the age of two surface moa bones to be tested. Both tibiotarsi were AMS radiocarbon dated and returned ages of 681±28 and 721±29 14C years BP. The 2σ calibrated ranges are statistically the same age and suggest that the bones are from one bird that died sometime between AD 1286 and 1390. Although the bones post-date human settlement of New Zealand, they are not anomalously recent. The results show that, given favourable environmental conditions, moa bones can persist in exposed situations for long periods, and do not necessarily reflect survival of moa into relatively recent times.


The Hamiltonian form of the Klein–Gordon equation is used to study the Zitterbewegung of spin‐ zero particles. It is shown that the time dependence of the velocity and position operators in the Heisenberg picture is formally the same as that of a spin‐ 1/2 particle. It is also shown that the Zitterbewegung is the result of the interference between positive and negative energy states. A representation‐free expression is found for the mean position operator. This operator is free from Zitterbewegung. The Klein–Gordon equation is solved with an electrostatic potential originally used by Sauter in his investigation of the Klein paradox for spin‐ 1/2 particles. It is shown that the transmission to states with negative kinetic energy is very small when the electric field is weak.


This paper addresses an error concealment technique, focusing on motion vector (MV) recovery for inter-coded frames, to improve video quality at decoder when video bit stream data are incurred transmission errors. The proposed algorithm considers slice (i.e., a row of macroblocks (MBs)) errors and uses DP (Dynamic Programming) optimization technique to estimate the lost MVs in a combined manner, differing from the traditional Boundary Matching Algorithm (BMA) which recovers MV independently for each erroneous MB. We also consider MV recovery for blocks of 8×8, 8×16, and 16×8 pixels (rather than 16×16 pixels MBs only) and apply an iterative DP process to refine the estimated results. Experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms the well-known BMA by up to 1.36 dB in PSNR and a newly published algorithm [8] by up to 0.56 dB at a pack loss rate of up to 15%. Subjective evaluation shows that our algorithm takes the advantages of moderate speed and accurate recovery of contiguous line/curve features in images.


It is believed that there are many occasions when the magnetotelluric impedance tensor is the result of local galvanic distortion of electric currents which arise from induction in a structure which is approximately two-dimensional on a regional scale. Procedures for rotating the impedance tensor, such as minimizing the mean square modulus of the diagonal elements, cannot in general recover the principal axes of induction nor do they recover the principal impedances but rather linear combinations of them.


A unique fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based aptasensor was constructed for the determination of 17β-estradiol using a quantum dot (QD) bioconjugate as a nano-bioprobe and a high-affinity, high-specificity fluorescence-labeled anti-17β-estradiol aptamer as a bio-recognition molecule. Based on the principles of QD-FRET and competitive bioassays, a number of samples containing various 17β-estradiol concentrations and a given concentration of the fluorescence-labeled DNA aptamer were incubated with a certain concentration of the QD nano-bioprobe solution. A higher 17β-estradiol concentration led to fewer fluorescence-labelled DNA aptamers bound to the QD nano-bioprobe surface and thus a lower fluorescence signal. The compound 17β-estradiol was quantified over a concentration range of 0.82 nM to 20.5 nM with a detection limit of 0.22 nM. The high specificity and selectivity of the sensor were demonstrated by evaluating the response of the sensor toward a number of potentially interfering endocrine-disrupting compounds or other chemicals. This sensor was also sufficiently stable for practical applications. The performance of the FRET-based aptasensor with spiked water samples demonstrated good recovery, precision and accuracy, indicating that it had a low susceptibility to water matrix effects.


To improve the teaching and learning is an important factor that needs to be considered. To improve the students' learning achievement is one of the tasks and the responsibilities of a professional teacher. One of the strategies to improve the quality of teaching is by applying metacognitive technique which is entered not only to improve their achievement but the awareness of learning as well.
The teaching and learning activities done by combining cognitive, affective, psycomotoric and metacognitive domains are able to improve the awareness of the student on what they have learn. The result of the students' learning is considered to be qualified if they are considerably able to control their cognitive process sustainably and it brings about the improvement of the metacognitive quality.
The implementation of metacognitive technique in mathematics problem solving is able to build the students' characteristics, such as they get used to think reflectively, alternatively, and systematically; they have good control in doing various activities; they have good plan before doing any activities; they are capable of monitoring and evaluating their own activities. Accordingly, metacognitive strategy needs to be implemented in teaching mathematics.


Introduction: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a small and medium vessel vasculitis, that mainly affects patients under 5 years age, of unknown etiology, characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with mucocutaneous manifestations and develop coronary artery abnormalities (CAA). Treatment with Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin prevent to CAA and other complications. Objective: To known the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, treatment and complications of KD in two pediatric centers in the northwest of the Mexico in the course of 16 years. Material and methods: Retrospective study of patients with KD in two pediatric centers. The frecuency of patients with a diagnosis of complete and incomplete KD was obtained. The results were represented as mean, standard desviation and median, according to corresponding variable. Results: We report 62 patients with KD. Males were 64.5%, the median age at the time of diagnosis were 33.4 months. Predominant clinical manifestations were fever, rash and conjunctivitis in more than 86% of cases. Incomplete KD


Carl Sagan proposed that aggressive galactic imperialism is intrinsically unstable to the point that civilizations disposed that way never spread far through the galaxy. He suggested that by the time civilizations advance as far as interstellar exploration they are pre-adapted to mutual respect. We introduce the idea of galaxy protection as an extension of planetary protection, that advanced civilizations need to develop ways to live sustainably on their planet, as we are doing, and that in the process they also develop an understanding of the need to protect their planets and their entire galaxy from themselves to explore it sustainably with minimal impact on other civilizations and on themselves. Development of attitudes of sustainability and planetary and galaxy protection may be part of an inevitable progression of advanced civilizations as they mature.


The article evaluates the web database IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) based in the U.S. and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) based in Great Britain.


, it was estimated that over 2.16 million episodes of typhoid occurred worldwide, resulting in 216,000 deaths, and that more than 90% of this morbidity and mortality ABSTRACT Background : Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are important causes of bacteremia in children, especially those from the developing world. The present study is undertaken to study the pattern of antimicrobial resistance of S. typhi in culture positive cases of enteric fever. Materials and Methods: This prospective non-randomized study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, J. N. Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, in association with the Department of Paediatrics and Department of Microbiology, J. N. Medical College, on pediatric patients attending the Outpatient/Inpatient Department of Paediatrics, over a period of 1 year and 11 months from September 2005 to August 2006. For all patients with suspected enteric fever, the following investigations were sent for complete hemogram, blood culture, and sensitivity test and Widal test. Results: About 114 randomly selected children having clinical features strongly suggestive of uncomplicated enteric fever with either culture positive or serology positive or both were entered in the study. Fever was the most common clinical presentation and was present in 94.7%. Only 25% of patients attended the hospital within the 1 st week of illness, while maximum (54.6%) patients came to the hospital in the 2 nd week of illness. Hepatomegaly was more common (43.8%) as compared to splenomegaly (27.1%). The characteristic rose spots of enteric fever were a rare finding in children. Conclusion: Burden of typhoid fever in endemic areas of India underscores the importance of evidence on disease burden in making policy decisions about interventions to control this disease. Our antimicrobial susceptibility data suggest that quinolones and third-generation cefalosporins should be used as first-line antimicrobials in enteric fever. A careful consideration should be given before deciding the antibiotic for treatment to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance.


The demand for wireless resources is increasing at high pace. Heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a key solution to address this increased demand. This paper presents a handover (HO) algorithm for BS sleep mode algorithm in HetNet. The proposed algorithm yields improvement in HO times compared to the conventional algorithms in dense SBS deployment and higher UE densities.


The studies in this special issue build on the idea that multilinguals, in the sense of learners or speakers that have more than two languages in their linguistic repertoire, are different from bilinguals and monolinguals in various ways. Several authors in the area of thirdlanguage acquisition (TLA) have referred to the same idea since it emerged as a field in the late 1990s (Cenoz, Hufeisen, & Jessner, 2001; Williams & Hammarberg, 1998). In academic research in second-language acquisition, the fact that a 'second' language learner already knows another language was often not taken into account or completely ignored. It could be that the learner grew up as a bilingual speaker of a minority or heritage language or had acquired another language before. Even if the new target language was thus actually a third or fourth language, it was treated as a second language (L2) and any comparison made with that 'L2' or measures of cross-linguistic influence in the 'L2' was related only to the first language (L1) of the learner and the other languages remained kind of hidden. What is obvious in the collection of articles in this special issue is that the authors take all languages in the repertoire of their subjects into account. For example, Dmitrenko first carries out a small-scale study among students who are already identified as multilinguals. These students are learners of German as an additional language. On the basis of her results, she adapts the well-known questionnaire Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) (Oxford, 1990). The SILL was based on monolinguals and only looks at the 'second' language they are learning. Dmitrenko, however, takes multilingual resources into account and uses her first study to develop a new multilingual version of the questionnaire (M-SILL) that she then uses with a larger sample of multilingual learners. The learners in that sample have between two and eight languages in their repertoire (on average over four languages). She wants to consider all the language learning strategies used by these students and she gains new insights from the experiences they have learning all the previous languages in their repertoire. So in research in second-language acquisition and also in related fields some languages can remain hidden or have low visibility. This also happens in society at large where monolingual ideas have predominated for a long time and what often prevails is a 'monolingual mindset' (a term spread by Michael Clyne, see Hajek & Slaughter, 2014). Although direct legal prohibition of languages in today's world is rare, other languages are often ignored or disregarded as if they were non-existent. In that respect, the contribution to


The baculovirus‐insect cell system is reliable in expressing a variety of recombinant proteins. A recombinant baculovirus encoding the full length human CD4 has been used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda 9 cells in 6‐L‐airlift fermentors. The procedured described in this report permitted a 6.5‐fold enhancement of rCD4 expression as compared to standard procedures previously published. The increase of rCD4 expression on the cell surface was achieved by using the following steps: (1) Optimal seeding density of 0.8 × 106 cells/mL used to multiply cells at a maximum exponential growth of 4.5 × 106; (2) high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 580 PFU/cell; (3) addition of medium at time of infection. In addition to full‐length rCD4, a "short" rCD4 with largely deleted cytoplasmic sequence (last 31 C‐terminal amino acids) was also efficiently expressed.


Part 1 A modern fable: the giraffe and the elephant diversity effectiveness - an overview. Part 2 Head giraffes in action: a natural diversity manager, Phil Jackson the making of a diversity manager, Bill Smith diversity effectiveness - the challenges for head giraffes. Part 3 Elephants in action: the assimilated elephants the angry elephants the pioneering elephants diversity effectiveness - the challenges for elephants. Part 4 Giraffes in action: the assimilated giraffe the uncompromising giraffe the pioneering giraffe diversity effectiveness - the challenges for giraffes. Part 5 Moving toward diversity effectiveness: the individual journey the organizational journey.


1. My title is taken from an observation by A. E. Housman. "The faintest of all human passions," he wrote, "is the love of truth." There are two senses in which a passion may be faint: it may be weak, or it may only be difficult to discern. Housman certainly intended the former. But be that as it may, there is a passion that, in both senses, is even fainter than our love of truth. Surely the very faintest human passion – both the least salient and the least robust – is our love of the truth about ourselves. The ability both to believe something and at the same time to conceal this from oneself is a bit paradoxical. Philosophers have found it difficult to explain how we do this. There is no problem, however, in understanding why . The facts about ourselves are often hard to take. When they move us to self-deception, it is because we find them irreconcilable with what we want to believe. We hide from the truth, it seems clear, because it conflicts with our self-love. My theme here, however, is not self-deception. I am aiming at another enemy of the truth about ourselves – one whose relation to self-love is rather more complex and uncertain. My approach will be some what oblique. I begin with a question about lying. 2. When we object to being the victim of a lie, just what is it that we find so objectionable?


Based on a method used to calculate the magnetic field in a thin clearance between superconducting blocks, this paper analyzes the force characteristics of the superconducting passive suspension system. Superconducting magnetic suspension system is an essentially self-stabilization system. At the basis of the existing structure, an electrostatic suspension system is introduced to obtain great suspension stiffness. Then, the corresponding controller is designed and many details about operating conditions are also analyzed. Simulation results show the feasibility of this model. This paper provides a theoretical guidance for the next experiment, and also has reference meaning to the supporting system of accelerometer, gradient meter, and flywheel and so on.


Allah the Almighty challenged the pagan Arab society, which peaked in rhetoric and fluency, to write a book similar to Qur'an. However, the people of that time could not achieve this. This has led the scholars of language, exegesis and theology to identify the unparalleled and the original aspects of Qur'an throughout the centuries. Therefore, a literature specific to this field has been developed, and this subject has been touched upon in the books of commentary and theology. In this study, we tried to understand the place and the importance of the science of I'djāzal-Qur'an and the Morphology Theory within the framework of Ibn Juzayy's alTasheel li-'Ulūm al-Tanzeel. We also tried to touch upon the life and the works of the glossator (mufassir) briefly in order to provide the infrastructure for the readers. The commentator who sees the Nazm theory of primary importance also takes the Morphology Theory as a part of the I'djāz-al-Qur'an theory in this study. So, this study is so important for it addresses the opinions as to the dilemma concerning the theories of I'djāz-al-Qur'an and the Morphology, and provides a new approach upon the issue. At this point, our aim is to determine the layers of meaning contained in the Morphology Theory putting forth a new opinion regarding this dilemma. Summary The phenomenon of miracle, which can be defined as the extraordinary events that incapacitate the human and the djinn by a divine power from bringing forth an event just like them, varies according to place and time. Because as Hazrad Moses was given magic, Hazrad Jesus was given miracles related to medicine; Hazrad Muhammad's greatest miracle was the Holy Quran. Because the way to convince a society, referred to as the people of Djahiliyyah (Ignorance) that the Qur'an was sent down to, that accepts the poet as their tribal chieftain, a society which was known to have an advanced level of literature, was only possible having them set eyes on a literary text above their levels. The Qur'an also, to prove Hazrad Mohammad's prophethood, openly challenged them, but there wasn't any response. This quality of the Qur'an had attracted the attention of scholars for centuries. They had tried to show the fluency and the rhetoric of the Qur'an in reality. Thus, the composition of I'djāz-al-Qur'an came to light, and a large literature emerged. Though the views put forward as a result of these efforts often followed a similar course, they some appeared as inconsistent with another. However, first we aim to unearth the basic principle on which these efforts were based, the issue of I'djāz in the Qur'an, and thus defending the superiority of the divine word against the adversaries. In other words, although the ideas do not seem to contradict each other, efforts on this issue have always been in unity towards a superior, and a valuable goal. In this study, we tried to understand the place and the importance of I'djāz-al-Qur'an and Morphology Theory within the framework of Ibn Juzayy's al-Tasheel li-'Ulūm al-Tanzeel. We also tried to touch upon the life and the works of the glossator (mufassir) briefly in order to provide the infrastructure for the readers. The commentator who sees the Nazm theory of primary importance also takes the Morphology Theory as a part of the I'djāz-al-Qur'an theory in this study. So, this study is so important for it addresses the opinions as to the dilemma concerning the theories of I'djāz-al-Qur'an and the Morphology, and provides a new approach upon the issue. At this point, our aim is to determine the layers of meaning contained in the Morphology Theory putting forth a new opinion regarding this dilemma. The main source of the study is the book al-Tasheel li-'Ulūm al-Tanzeel which was published in 1416-1995 in Beirut by Dâru'l-Erkâm Publishing House, verified by Abdullah al-Khalidi. In addition,


During the Great Recession and its aftermath, customers have become increasingly concerned about the fees banks charge for checking (transaction) accounts. Some believe that banks' fee structures are unfair. In particular, commentators often argue that high overdraft and other fees paid by poor consumers cross-subsidize free accounts for rich consumers or businesses. If true, this regressive cross-subsidization could be forcing some consumers to do without banking services or to use more costly fringe financial service providers. Moreover, if regressive cross-subsidization exists, it would provide a powerful argument for increased regulation of account fees. In spite of frequent claims that poor accountholders crosssubsidize rich accountholders, there is little scholarship examining or establishing such claims. This Article examines both theoretical and empirical evidence of cross-subsidization among transaction accountholders. Contrary to the assumptions made in much of the account fee literature, this Article concludes there is little evidence that the poor cross-subsidize the rich. What the Article, however, does find is contradictory account fee regulation. Some regulations encourages fee structures with high overdrafts while other regulations simultaneously discourage overdraft fees. This Article recommends that instead of focusing on crosssubsidization, policymakers should work to establish a coherent theory of transaction account fee regulation. A coherent theory of fee regulation could correct this inconsistency and provide clear direction for banks.


This paper further outlines the accidents and losses of jack-ups with truss-type legs in recent years,retrospects the evolution of reverse "K" joint,and emphasizes the importance of robust joint design.A parametric modelling approach has been developed for the tubular joint strength analyses with the consideration of element type and meshing size,stress-strain model,influence of welds,boundary conditions,application of forces,and failure criterion.In the last section,the Ansys nonlinear solution is used to investigate the ultimate joint strength of FG "JU-2 OOOE".The effectiveness of overlapping in increasing the joint strength is clearly highlighted.


The polyaddition of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether with bis[4-(P,P-diphenylphosphinyloxy)phenyl] sulfone catalyzed by quaternary onium salt, such as tetrabutylammonium chloride afforded a new phosphorus-containing polyether with good solubility in common organic solvents. Having studied various factors affecting the reaction, such as temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, etc., an appropriate polyaddition condition was suggested as using 5 mol % of suitable quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt in polar solvent at 150°C within 25 h in an ampule for producing high molecular weight polymer. A number of polyethers bearing pendent phosphinate ester groups from the polyaddition of certain bis(epoxide)s and bis(phosphinate)s were synthesized under the above condition and characterized by GPC, IR, and NMR.


The present study tries to analyze image schemata in the literature book of grade eight (2014) based on the Jonson's image schemata in a cognitive semantic framework. This study, first, provides general definitions and some theories regarding cognitive linguistics, semantics, cognitive development and image schemata. Then, based on the Piaget's cognitive development theory and its stages and image schemata the performance of 74 kinds of image schemata suggested by Johnson (1987) Iranian researchers and the author has been studied. The application of schema and its compliance to cognitive development theory revealed that the authors of the textbooks did their best in the development and the growth of the students' creativity and way of thinking. Also, the amount of the application of these schemata varied from one to 127 samples.  Meanwhile, some of these schemata overlapped with each other. Suggesting more than 25 kinds of schema by the author shows the unlimited formation of various image schemata in the mind.


Mentoring is now a favoured policy initiative in a number of countries, including Britain and North America, both as an element of professional development, and in addressing social exclusion. The former is of direct relevance to teacher education. The latter is a key issue affecting teachers today, as they have to liaise with mentors allocated to pupils and students. Yet the concept of mentoring remains confused. This paper reviews the literature, deconstructing its mythical representations and its celebratory bias. It applies, from a feminist perspective, the dialectical materialist method to the inter-relationships between essence and appearance in mentoring. It identifies four distinct historical stages in its development. These reveal that official concepts of mentoring have shifted from dominant groupings reproducing their own power, to subordinate groupings reproducing their own oppression. The conclusion suggests a research agenda for more detailed empirical investigation of mentoring in the field of teacher education. Mentoring is highly popular... Mentoring is the 'in' thing. It has become highly popular in a number of (mainly Anglophone) advanced capitalist countries over the last two decades, and is increasingly de rigueur as an element of policy solutions in a wide range of contexts. It is now a key feature of initial training in public service professions, for example in the fields of teaching, nursing, and career guidance, as well as in the development of business managers. Mentoring has also moved to centre stage in many of the US and UK governments' initiatives, in both compulsory and post-compulsory education, to address social exclusion among young people. In the US, the two largest national programmes of this latter kind kind, Big Brothers Big Sisters and GEAR-UP, were using over a million volunteer mentors in 2000, and both are targeted to double in size in the next few years (Miller, 2002). Similar projects abound at state level, and this growth is reflected in Canada, Israel, Sweden and Australia. In England, youth mentoring emerged in the mid-1990s in localised schemes, funded through short-term, noncore sources which swam against the tide of Conservative government policies in education and guidance (Ford, 1999). Now, embraced enthusiastically by the New Labour government elected in 1997, it has appeared as a major ingredient of every new youth transition programme, such as the New Deal and the Learning Gateway. The new Connexions interagency support service for 16-19 year olds represents the culmination of this trend, creating a new profession of Learning Mentors (for young people in school) and Personal Advisers (for those in post-16 transition). Almost 3,000 such mentors are now in post, and a total of 20,000 are to be trained for Connexions. In all of these initiatives, thousands of additional volunteer mentors are also being used. Since mentoring first appeared in academic literature in the late 1970s, noticed then as a sporadic and usually informal phenomenon, these developments show that it has now been elevated to an unprecedented degree of systematic and official organisation. This paper draws on a recently completed research project into the power dynamics of mentor-mentee relationships in the context of mentoring for 'disaffected' youth (Colley, 2001


The chapter introduces the main features of the ancient states
of the Near East and the Mediterranean. These are treated as
religious, political, and legal units. It deals with the
typical features of a sacred kingdom in kin-based societies and
states, the focus being especially on the evidence proving the
existence of sacred kingships in Ancient Greece and Rome.
Furthermore, the so-called barbarian Germanic states are
characterized, as well as the pillars of their royal power and
their mythic founders and heroes. These are compared with the
typical features of the so-called Attila's Empire.


After a brief review of stochastic limit approximation with spin-boson system from physical points of view, amplification phenomenon-stochastic resonance phenomenon-in driven spin-boson system is observed which is helped by the quantum white noise introduced through the stochastic limit approximation. The shift in frequency of the system due to the interaction with the environment-Lamb shift-has an important role in these phenomena.


Results of large-scale configuration interaction calculations of the potential surfaces for the doublet electronic states and of the corresponding transition moments in the BF 2 radical are presented. All computations are carried out in the C 2v point group. Special attention is paid to the study of interactions between valence and Rydberg states


This chapter presents the history of DER, considering Aquinas's originating account and closely tracing the development of double effect through subsequent moralists up to the 19th century Jesuit J.P. Gury, who proposed the standard modern version. Over the six centuries separating Aquinas and Gury, ethicists expanded the number of cases considered by DER and further articulated its grounds in action theory, arriving at double-effect criteria as generally applicable to relevant cases. These criteria, their import, order, relation to one another, necessity, and sufficiency are analyzed, and revisions are proposed.


Objective:To investigate the distribution of prognostic factors in Chinese medicine constitution and analyze the relationship between Chinese medicine constitution and prognostic factors among cases with lung cancer.Method:Standardized classification measurement questionnaire of nine constitutions in Chinese medicine,was used to investigate the Chinese medicine constitution of 254 lung cancer patients,who were selected from Oncology of Guangdong Provincial Hospital and consisitent with the inclusion criteria from March 2010 to March 2011.Results:The constitution in Chinese medicine was as follows:Gentleness type,Qi-deficiency type,Yang-deficiency type and Yin-deficiency type,which accounted for about fourths(72.9%),followed by Qi-depression,accounting for 10.2%.The main type of pathologicalconstitution was Qi-depression type,accounting for 32.3%.On the physical and clinical prognostic factors of lung cancer A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that:(1)Gentleness,Qi-deficiency,Yang-deficiency,Yin-deficiency and Blood-stasis type of Chinese medicine constitution and Chinese medicine treatment were negatively correlated(P=0.000).(2)Yang-deficiency tape was positively correlated with the clinical stage(P0.05).(3) Yin-deficiency tape was positively correlated with age(P0.05).The differences above were all statistically significant.Histological type,surgical treatment and radiotherapy or chemotherapy,had no correlation with the Yin-deficiency.Conclusions:Patients with lung cancer were mainly Qi-deficiency type.Chinese medicine treatment was associated with the Chinese medicine constitution.Because the involvement of Chinese medicine might affect patients' physical changes,while Qi-deficiency and Yin-deficiency type have the closest relation with Chinese medicine treatment.


the objective of this paper is to explore, from a primarily theoretical perspective, the macreconomic implications arising from the Lebanese governments approach to dealing with its crippling budget deficits.


The theme of this year's conference is building cross-university alliances that enhance research. In this context, first I will outline dominant trends and challenges of the 21 century. We must treat these trends and challenges as opportunities to build cross-university alliances to enhance research and make an impact at a global level. I will follow this with the example of the Wheat Genetics Resource Center (WGRC) that is pertinent to this discussion. At the conclusion, I will make a concrete proposal for an initiative that we can launch in Kansas to enhance cross-university alliances.


Arnold, Johannes. Der Wahre Logos des Kelsos: Eine Strukturanalyse. Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum. Ergänzungsband 39-2016. Münster: Aschendorff, 2016. Pp. x + 627. €85. Brueggemann, Walter. The Role of Old Testament Theology in Old Testament Interpretation: And Other Essays. K. C. Hanson, Editor. Havertown, PA: Casemate Academic, 2015. Pp. xiv + 190. $30. Carson, D. A., ed. The Enduring Authority of the Christian Scriptures. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. xvi + 1240. $65. Chapman, Stephen B. 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. viii + 349. $36. Downs, David J. The Offering of the Gentiles: Paul's Collection for Jerusalem in Its Chronological, Cultural, and Cultic Contexts. Foreword Beverly Gaventa. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. xviii + 204. $35. Heil, John Paul. Gospel of John: Worship for Divine Life Eternal. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2015. Pp. viii + 196. $23. Henriksen, Jan-Olav, and Karl Olav Sandnes. Jesus as Healer: A Gospel for the Body. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. x + 273. $35. Longenecker, Richard N. The Epistle to the Romans: The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. lxvii + 1140. $80. Padilla, Osvaldo. The Acts of the Apostles: Interpretation, History, and Theology. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2016. Pp. 264. $26. Provan, Iain W. Discovering Genesis: Content, Interpretation, Reception. Discovering Biblical Texts. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. ix + 214. $22. Reiser, Marius. Kritische Geschichte der Jesusforschung: Von Kelsos und Origenes bis Heute. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 235. Stuttgart: Bibelwerk, 2015. Pp. 204. €28. Selby, Gary S. Not with Wisdom of Words: Nonrational Persuasion in the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. x + 187. $22. Smith, Mark S. Where the Gods Are: Spatial Dimensions of Anthropomorphism in the Biblical World. Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library. New Haven: Yale University. Pp. 248. $75. Taylor, Marion Ann, and Christiana De Groot, eds. Women of War, Women of Woe: Joshua and Judges Through the Eyes of Nineteenth-Century Female Biblical Interpreters. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. x + 278. $35. Westerholm, Stephen, and Martin Westerholm. Reading Sacred Scripture: Voices from the History of Biblical Interpretation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016. Pp. x + 470. $40. 666819 TSJ0010.1177/0040563916666819Theological Studies research-article2016


The impact of an acoustic pulse on a submerged elastic shell (which we shall assume evacuated) generates three types of circumferentially propagating surface waves: those that are analogous to plate waves of type A0(A1,A2,...) and S0(S1,S2,...), and a Scholte–Stoneley wave of type A that propagates in the surrounding fluid. A computer program devised by Hui Cao et al. renders visualizations of the generation and propagation of circumferential pulses on spherically endcapped shells, visualized by the re‐radiation into the surrounding fluid of A, A0, and S0 waves in sequential pictures. These surface waves are generated experimentally by us in the laboratory from an ultrashort‐pulse source, at axial incidence on a hemispherically endcapped glass tube. Sequential visualizations of the re‐radiated pulses are obtained by using the Schardin–Cranz Schlieren method. These observations lead to an experimental measure of the group velocity dispersion curves of the surface waves.


Instruction process using game as the main source has not already been practiced widely since game are quite difficult to be integrated to a formal instruction. Meanwhile, from the educational side, game are potential to improve instruction process that will it turn transfer the role students and teacher. One of the methods supporting the use of games in instruction process in the individual instruction method. Within the process, students are free to individually search for information through games. The instruction design applied two approaches, namely inquiry and learning cycle. It, therefore, offered an alternative design. Several test were conducted through the design implementation within the instruction process in classroom. The data were, then, taken from test, questionnaire, interview and observation. Tabulation of data show that the percentages of student's involvements during the process for inquiry and learning cycle were 76,74% and 72,61%. The percentage of statement that learning cycle were 90% and 80%. The pre test and post test shows normalized gain for inquiry and learning cycle as of 0,71 and 0,58. Based on the test, it can be concluded that the individual instruction method using Space Exploration Game is able to create student centre learning process and increase learning motivation and learning outcomes.


In 1994, The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors was revised, updated to reflect the latest information, and published in December 1994. Lithography continues to be a cornerstone for semiconductor process and productivity. The roadmap activity is sponsored by the SIA. The Technical Working Group (TWG), which does the actual work of updating the roadmap, is comprised of members from SEMATECH, SEMATECH FTABs, SRC, industry, universities and government. One of SEMATECH's key goals is to insure that the activities we pursue are well-aligned to the roadmap. The roadmap is focused on requirements and needs of the industry. SEMATECH is focused on solutions. The Lithography roadmap makes clear the desire of semiconductor manufacturers to stay with optics as long as possible since shifts to non-optical technology are viewed as much higher investment and risk. It is perceived that optics can be a viable manufacturing solution through at least the 0. 1 8uni generation. The TWG and SEMATECH FTAB meetings highlighted the need for greatly increased emphasis and resources on 193nm technology to bring it to pilot production in 1998 for the 0.1 8um generation. SEMATECH has since worked with the industry to define more detailed needs and requirements for a successful 193 program and is working with industry and the government to insure that the technology is available when needed in manufacturing. The needs are clear...cost-effective lithography for each generation. The challenges are...how to get there from here. 1. BACKGROUND The electronics industry is a key driver in the United States and world economics. In 1993, this industry accounted for 340 billion dollars in the US and over 800 billion dollars in the global economy. The compound growth rate for semiconductors and other electronic components has far outstripped the other manufacturing sectors between 1987 and 1994. While the growth rate for automobiles was 1 .3% and that of telecommunications was 3 .7%, the annual compound growth rate for semiconductors and other electronic components was 9.7%. In 1993, this translated to over 2 million jobs in the US electronics industry with 250,000 in the semiconductor industry alone. The phenomenal growth of the semiconductor industry has been fueled by the increased productivity year by year. In turn approximately 50%of this productivity has been the result of lithography improvements: smaller feature sizes, tighter overlay and resulting higher density chips. Lithography is key. It is an enabler of semiconductor manufacturing: it is not an end in itself. The cost of development within the semiconductor industry has grown with the industry. The high investment required has caused government, industry and academia to find ways to coordinate and share these costs. In 1992, the first National Technology Roadmap was published to provide a guide for development investment. In 1994, the roadmap was reviewed and updated. It provides an outline ofwhat is needed if we are to remain on a productivity curve consistent with Moore's Law. The roadmap provides a guide for all semiconductor technologies. As researchers and developers of lithographic systems, it is important to understand not just the minimum feature sizes, the overlay, and the lithographic infrastructure demands, but also the constraints inherent in the use of lithography as a patterning mechanism. The requirements for resolution and overlay are determined by the circuit and device designers. Process integration provides the physical structures and topography, the film stacks and their etch characteristics, and the implant energies and doses. These process integration requirements also place demands on the lithography process. 2. SIAROADMAP The Critical Level Exposure Technology Potential Solutions Roadmap (Figure 1) shows a multiplicity of options out through time. While it is relatively easy to predict today, the technology that will be used in the next three years for the O-8194-1787-4/95/$6.QO SPIE Vol. 2439 /33 64M generation. our ability to predict what the tool of choice will be five years in the future has been noticeably lacking. Researchers tend to push the new development. which certainly has the capability to do the job. Manufacturing likes to stay with what it knows. So we have managed to push each generation further than was originally predicted. Figure 2 depicts what has happened in the conversion from i-line to 248nm DUV lithography. When i-line was introduced in the late 80's for sub-micron leading edge applications, the CD/X ratio was nearly 3 .0. It was expected that i-line would be limited to minimum critical dimensions greater than O.5um to have adequate process latitude in manufacturing. With advancements in resists and improved exposure tools and manufacturing processes, O.35um manufacturing will be done primarily with i-line exposure tools. The manufacturing insertion point for 248nm lithography will be at dimensions approaching that of the wavelength itself. It is evident that there are many solutions possible for printing small images in the 21st century and the roadmap list is not intended to be a complete listing of all possibilities. Not all these technologies will become manufacturing reality, but the development is needed so that there will be a manufacturing solution in the future. 3.LITHOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS It is easier to understand and predict near-in requirements. The requirements going from research to manufacturing between now and the 4 gigabit generation are shown in The National Roadmap. In moving from the O.35um generation to 0. l3um generation over the next decade, a dramatic paradigm shift is likely to occur. While 64MB chip will be produced predominately with i-line tools at the 4 gigabit generation or shortly thereafter, the use of non-optical exposure technologies will become a reality in manufacturing. The changes in exposure tools, resists and mask technologies will occur while still maintaining the learning curve in overlay, image placement and CD control. The CD control which will have to be met including mask errors and etch biases (not to mention the lithography tool and process characteristics) will still be a maximum of 10% or l3nm. The resist roadmap is an example of where we must pay critical attention to ALL the requirements, including the integration issues as we move down the feature size line. What are the real requirements for the resists of the future? Certainly resolution and edge slope will still be important. The integration issues are likely to become much more important and may play a pivotal role in selecting the resist solutions. Etch selectivity: typically today, we use iline/novolac resists as the benchmark. If we meet the etch resistance of current resists, is it sufficient for the future? Will metal thickness decrease as the resist thickness decreases? Will vertical dimensions, gate stack thickness decrease to allow a thinner resist to be successful as the etch mask? As resist thicknesses decrease from lum to less than O.5um...will they work...or are break throughs in etch processes required? Hard masks? Qther solutions? Patterning becomes truly an integrated process. As we look out through time these integration challenges may become the real limiters. The mask requirements in the future are equally challenging, even with optical reduction masks. Without the mask industry and infrastmcture we truly limit what the semiconductor industry can achieve, and yet traditionally, the focus is on the resists and the exposure tools. Masks and metrology come a weak second. Today, we are far from where we need to be, even for the 64M generation. Better resists are needed to achieve the mask requirements; better resists even exist. However, the resist industry is loath to invest significant monies on a business that is small in volume and has low returns to the business. They do not want to lose money. The concern on x-ray mask cost and manufacturability is often raised; in the near future even optical masks require significant investment in development. The roadmap has some key messages...optical lithography is the desired approach as long as possible. A systems approach is really required. Exposure tool, resist, mask and metrology are all needed for success. 4. 1 93nm LITHOGRAPHY The optics extension mentality is driven by the inherent conservatism of manufacturing managers. Stay with what you know...with what works. It minimizes the overall risk...the risk to the business. It is not that other technologies will not work, it is that for every positive thing you know about it there are probably three problems that have not been solved or even discovered!


Photovoltaic system is one common commercial device that contributes for renewable energy. It has been used widely for a past few years ago and still been research for the enhancement to achieved best performance and efficiency towards of future needs. This project proposes a modeling and control Stand alone Photovoltaic system using voltage mode control DC converter method to overcome the difficulty of using MPPT algorithms. This system is design based on parameter of commercial photovoltaic datasheet while the voltage mode control used to model power converter. Important part in generating power from Photovoltaic system is to produce constant response under uniform irradiance. Instead of using MPPT, this proposed technique was chosen to produce constant voltage. The modeling system will be constructing and simulate using Matlab Simulink to make a comparison between this two method. Anticipation from this modeling is to get the similarity and differences between proposed method and conventional method. As the result, the similarities had been defined that it can be implemented to produce maximum power. As the consequences, this proposes method might be implemented in two conditions under uniform irradiance and temperature and different irradiance. Under different temperature the performance of PV attached with MPPT technique and the proposes techniques get obviously different due on performance.


SUMMARYInpretermbabiesbothhaemoglobin andtotal neutrophil count values fromcapillary sites aresignificantly andvariably higher thanthose from simultaneous arterial samples. Comparing simultaneous venousandarterial samples, themean haemoglobin wasslightly higherbutthetotal neutrophil counts weresimilar. Recentimprovements inneonatal intensive care haveresulted inan increasing numberofsmall, very sick infants being cared forinspecialised units. They areusually intensively monitored andinvestigated. Bloodcountsareperformed veryfrequently, often daily, on illbabies. Sampling may bebydirect arterial puncture, froman umbilical vessel catheter (arterial or venous), a peripheral vein, or a heel prick (capillary). Theresults areusedforestimating thevolumeofbloodrequired fortransfusion (haemoglobin) or forassessing thepossibility of infection (neutrophil count).' Intermbabies the methodofsampling hasbeenshowntoaffect the bloodcountresults.2 Thisreportshowsthesame effect inpreterminfants.


In view of the abundant calcium and magnesium ions in sea water, an approach to CO2 capture and sequestration is put forward through enhancing the alkalinity of sea water and increasing the partial pressure of CO2. The purpose of these measures is to increase the concentration of carbonate ion and then accelerate the formation of carbonate precipitation, such as CaCO3 and MgCO3. With the increase of pH, some non-target product, e.g. Mg(OH)2, may emerge and precipitate from sea water system, so there is a top limit which is found to be pH=9.25 in order to avoid this problem. Considering that it takes a long time for surface ocean water to absorb atmospheric CO2, the engineered process may accelerate the natural kinetics to industrial rates if sea water is applied to scrub flue gas. Through calculation, it is found that applying alkalinity-enhanced sea water to accelerate the formation of carbonate precipitation is a potential and promising method to capture and sequester CO2. In actual application, condensed sea water from desalination plant or high concentration brine can be introduced to react with waste CO2. Additionally, if these carbonate precipitation could be separated, the natural carbonate resources, such as limestone, would be saved to some degree.


The Native American ethnic group has always been used and abused, not to say manipulated, by the medium of cinema. Such an exploitation of the image of the Indian responded to the demands of a new form of artistic expression which was extremely graphic and violent, as were graphic and visually violent the first western movies. As an artistic genre, cinema really manipulated the classical stereotypes related to the Indian in order to use him as a « character » detached from any historical reality. It is not surprising though to see that the evolution over time of this widely exploited « character » can be equated to a long wandering from exaggeration to understatement, to eventually reach the political expression of the Indians themselves. All this turmoil and agitation did correspond to the modus operandi of the Hollywoodian « system ».


During the month of August, 1960, I had the opportunity of studying the extensive collection of ant-lions at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. This collection contains most of the type material of Nathan Ranks and Hermann Hagen. In many cases only syntypes were present which necessitated the desicgnation of lectotypes. Whenever possible I have selected and designated a male specimen as the lectotype since many of the specific characters are restricted to the males. Others of the syntypical series were labeled lectoparatypes. In many instances one specimen had a "type" label and the rest of the series "paratype" labels or no labels at all. However, these labels were not considered to be type designations as they were not indicated as such in the original descriptions. The specimens were therefore considered to be syntypes. Also, in checklng the specimens listed in the original descriptions with the available material, it was sometimes found that other specimens belonged to the type series, even though they were not so labeled. I have included such specimens in my decisions on lectotypes.


The poetry of the mid-thirteenth century Portuguese troubadour Roi Queimado has until now remained a somewhat hidden gem contained in three extensive collections of Galician-Portuguese lyric verse, the Cancioneiro da Ajuda, the Cancioneiro da Vaticano and the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional. For the first, the 1904 edition of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos and the 1941 ediiton of Henry Carter continue to be authoritative, while the latter are available to modern scholars primarily through facsimile editions from 1982 and 1973. Pilar Lorenzo Gradín, professor of Romance philology at the University of Santiago de Compostela and Simone Marcenaro, a researcher at the same institution when this book was published, have created the first edition of Queimado's complete works, bringing the poet and his opus to life and into a rich critical perspective.