Application of ethephon at 200 to 2,000 ppm was made to the grape cvs. 'Tokay' and 'Emperor', and at 1,000 ppm to 'Thompson Seedless' and 'Carignane'. The soluble solids were significantly increased in some fruits of 'Carignane' but not in the other cultivars. Ethephon treatment resulted in reductions in acidity in some fruits of all cultivars. This increased soluble solids to acidity ratios in some ethephon-treated fruits. An increase in anthocyanin content of the colored berries occurred, but not significantly so in 'Tokay'. Optimum time for treatment was about 2 weeks after initiation of coloring.


In this project, an object detection algorithm is implemented. The algorithm is capable of locating keyboards in images. Main component of the algorithm is based on GMM models which can be applied to objects other than keyboards as well, while parts of the algorithm is heuristics based on the characteristics of the keyboard object. The algorithm achieved 80% detection rate for this task.


The characterization and comparison of various interdigital transducer (IDT) models used to analyze and design SAW transversal filters are facilitated by partitioning the overall periodic transducer re- sponse into an impulse function, a discrete time sampling function, and m acoustic weighting function in order to describe both wide-band and space harmonic responses. Through this formalism the analog char- acter of an IDT is accounted for by the use of an acoustic function a(f). This perspective is applied to five interdigital transducer models: namely, impulse (equivalent circuit), impulse (sine wave), modified delta function, spectral weighting and space harmonic. The models differ by their a(r) function. The spectral weighting model is de- scribed in detail for its application to apodized and withdrawal weighted transducer design. A new modified delta function model is shown to agree qualitatively with the spectral weighting model for single electrodes, Aperture weighting laws are derived for the models using sampling theory; it is shown that the cla~sicf;~/~ frequency de- pendence holds only for the narrow-band case f = fn and that, in gen- eral, compensation is required for the acoustic weighting function of the model used. Guidelines for evaluating whether or not compensa- tion is needed as well as compensation techniques and alternatives are described.


As an action for the regional Aerospace Industry Cluster in Lombardy, Italy, our research group is conducting a review of higher education activities in aerospace and remote sensing. Analyzing various models and approaches should help in finding the best approach to education locally in a particularly promising field, starting from a global perspective. In this article, which is one of a series, we focus on Nigeria. We report our main findings about the current state and evolution over time of remote sensing in Nigerian universities, with a focus on identifying high-impact institutions and key drivers of educational and research productivity nationally. With similar previous studies already being carried out at the global, European, and national Italian levels, this article brings the essential details from a country and region previously not considered into this study.


With this issue of II.WCH we are introducing a new feature under the rubric "scholarly controversies." It consists of a lead article offering new departures in subject theory methodology or proposing a reexamination of accepted concepts and approaches. The controversial piece is accompanied by several commentaries, which evaluate its claims and directions. A "readers' column" in the following issue will present related comments from our readers (limited to 750 words). In our first scholarly controversy. .Jacques Ranciere challenges us to reflect on artisans as a category in social history. A study of the memoire literature of militant workers in 19th-century France leads him to question the notion that worker militancy was to be found among those trades where professional identity and status were strongest. He concludes that the role of the skilled artisan and his culture as a seminal force in the development of the working-class and socialist movement is exaggerated and stems from later internal myth-making about the traditions of an earlier "authentic worker socialism." Ranciere's main concern is to highlight the complexity of the term "artisan" and to reveal the ambiguities and contradictions of artisan socialism. At times, however, worker militants of any kind disappear from view, absorbed in Ranciere's effort to demythologize the artisan. The critical comments of Christopher Johnson and William Sewell address this latter point and other formulations by Ranciere. which threaten to throw out the (artisan) baby with the bath. Readers' comments on this scholarly controversy should reach the IL WCH editorial office by February 1, 1984. The preparation of this issue including our striking out in a new direction would not have been possible without the stalwart and unstinting contribution of two colleagues. Michael Hanagan has done an outstanding job as editor of the reports and correspondence section. But much beyond that responsibility, he has been a mainstay at each critical turn, sharing in every labor from the most scholarly to the most menial and with a profound dedication to the journal. Without Ileen De Vault this issue would never have seen the light of day. Her excellent editorial and scholarly judgement is apparent in every phase of our work and in the result. A special debt is owed to David H. Lake of Vassar College for his excellent translation of the difficult Ranciere text.


The paper presents the principles of acquisition of real property by foreigners that are different for the citizens of the European Economic Area countries and the other countries. The fragment of the real property market in Poland encompassing transactions in premises that involved foreigners was covered. In the base of the studies conducted for the years 2004–2008 it was established that the interest of foreigners in acquisition of premises in Poland increases. NABYWANIE NIERUCHOMOŚCI LOKALOWYCH PRZEZ CUDZOZIEMCÓW W LATACH 2004–2008 Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Baryła, Agnieszka Osiecka Katedra Ekonomiki Przestrzennej i Środowiskowej Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie S ł o w a k l u c z o w e: cudzoziemcy, nabywanie nieruchomości przez cudzoziemców, nieruchomości lokalowe.


We develop the formalism for estimating parallaxes, proper motions and positions from long-focus astrometric observations as well as additional extraneous reference material whenever this is available and relax the constraints on the star parameters (basically their sums and correlations with the coordinates on the frames), thus generating (albeit correlated) quasiobservations whose inclusion would make the solutions determinate even if there were no extraneous reference material. The result are data on the same system to which the reference material is referred, so that there is no need to perform the "reduction from relative to absolute" as an afterthought.


Complete removal of the larynx for cancer is an operation which is carried out comparatively seldom considering the frequency of such disease. The aversion which both patients and surgeons have to radical operative treatment is not justified by the results of such measures, as in cases of intrinsic cancer of the larnyx the results of laryngectomy are extremely good. Crile (Trans. Amer. Surg. Assoc., 1913, vol. xxxi. p. 259) has performed 27 laryngectomies for cancer with 2 operative deaths. The impairment of speech following operation is of course considerable, but all such patients acquire a buccal


The invention relates to a cancer-resistant drug, which comprises alkaloid of kuh-seng andNotoginsen triterpenes at 1:0.1-1:10 mass ratio, wherein the invention combines Notoginsen triterpenes with alkaloid of kuh-seng to represent the functions as improve the general condition and eliminate the causative agents. Test has proved that it can significantly restrain cancer of mouse, improve drug effect, and reduce side effect. The invention has simple components and simple quality control.


The transition of an α-helix to a β-sheet in proteins is among the most complex conformational changes seen in bio-molecular systems. Currently, it is difficult to study such protein conformational changes in a direct molecular dynamics simulation. This limitation is typically overcome using an indirect approach wherein one computes the free energy landscape associated with the transition. Computation of free energy landscapes, however, requires a suitable set of collective variables that describe the transition. In this work we demonstrate the use of path collective variables [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 054103 (2007)] and combine it with the finite temperature string (FTS) method [J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6688-6693 (2005)] to determine the molecular mechanisms involved during the structural transition of the mini G-protein from an α-helix to a β-hairpin. The transition from the α-helix proceeds via unfolding of the terminal residues, giving rise to a β-turn unfolded intermediate to eventually form the β-hairpin. Our proposed algorithm uses umbrella sampling simulations to simulate images along the string and the weighted histogram analysis to compute the free energy along the computed transition path. This work demonstrates that the string method in combination with path collective variables can be exploited to study complex protein conformational changes such as a complete change in the secondary structure.


The thermal conductivity of the Apollo 15 fines, sample 15031,38, was measured under vacuum conditions as a function of temperature. Measurements were made for a sample density of 1300 kg/cu m. The conductivity was found to vary from about .00057 W per m per K at 95 K to about .00136 W per m per K at 406 K. The data are compared with the correlation using a cubic temperature dependence and also with data from samples gathered during prior Apollo missions. The thermal diffusivity is obtained for the sample by calculation using the given density and measured thermal conductivity along with specific heats from the literature.


Music allows artists to express and connect themselves with broad and diverse audiences. Certain musical choices can greatly impact the amount of influence the artists' message has on an audience. To best share messages through a musical work, it can be beneficial for an artist to understand the biological processes with which the audience may experience the perception of music. The physiological, psychological, and neural responses represent the bodily effects of music and are thus informative to study in relation to the individual experience of a musical work on an individual. This paper will review the biological view of music and create a narrative to show how physiology, psychology, and neurology can be applied to influence a social or individual atmosphere toward an artist's desired message. After synthesizing the biological effects of musical feature changes (such as tempo, rhythm, volume, pleasantness, structure, music type, emotions, and audience type) this paper will make three conclusions relating to the intersection of physiology, neurology, and psychology. First, the ability to prefer or expect a musical change or feature can have a large emotional impact. Second, the arguably most important musical emotion of empathy can likely be created through rhythmic features of tempo and synchronization. Third, peak musical experiences are emotionally arousing and largely influenced by musical structure and audience setting.


The surface geostrophic velocity field for the Gulf Stream region was analyzed for the position, structure and surface transport of the Gulf Stream for 2.5 years of the Geosat altimeter Exact Repeat Mission. Synthetic data using a Gaussian velocity profile were generated and fit to the sea surface residual heights to create a synthetic mean sea surface height field and profiles of absolute geostrophic currents. Most of cross-track velocity variance was due to the meandering of the Gulf Stream, rather than to rings or complicated velocity profiles, which suggested that the simple model parameters are an efficient description of the Gulf Stream fluctuations. An analysis of the model parameters and the actual geostrophic velocity profiles revealed two different flow regimes for the Gulf Stream connected by a narrow transition region coincident with the New England Seamount Chain. The upstream region was characterized by relatively straight Gulf Stream paths, long Eulerian time scales and eastward propagating meanders. The downstream region had more large meanders, no consistent propagation direction and shorter Eulerian time scales. A 25% reduction in surface transport occurred in the transition region, with a corresponding reduction in current speed and no change in Gulf Stream width. A significant anomaly in surface transport near 69°W suggested the existence of small-scale recirculation gyres there. The highest-variance empirical orthogonal functions of position and surface transport were significantly correlated, with larger surface transports leading more northerly positions by a month.


Background The "Double First-Class" refers to world first-class university and first-class academic discipline construction proposed by China government. The "Double First-Class" construction medical universities have made many clinical research achievements, but the analysis and evaluation of research collaboration networks in the field of clinical research are still lacking. Methods Clinical research papers by 23 "Double First-Class" construction medical universities in China from 2000 to 2019 indexed in the databases of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science (WoS) databases were collected. Through the social network analysis (SNA) method and Ucinet software, the interuniversity research cooperation networks of domestic and international publications were comparatively analyzed at the overall, individual, and group levels in terms of number of publications, cooperation network matrix, centrality analysis, cohesive subgroup analysis, and core–periphery structure to understand the developmental status of the cooperative network of clinical research publications among China's "Double First-Class" construction medical universities. Results The cooperation among China's "Double First-Class" construction universities showed certain regional distribution characteristics, and they showed closer cooperation in publishing papers in international journals than in domestic ones. The overall density of the domestic-journal research collaboration network of the universities was 0.4229, mainly centered on Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In contrast, the overall density of international-journal research collaboration network was 0.9052, mainly centered on Peking University, Central South University, and Zhengzhou University, with large differences in subgroup density and low integration. Conclusions To promote the development of clinical research, it is necessary to improve the construction of the interuniversity clinical research collaboration system, build a national clinical research network with a multilevel structure and sophisticated functions, and expand resource sharing as well as collaborative innovation capacity.


Departments of transportation around the country are struggling with timely project delivery. One of the issues that is contributing to project delays is how land use issues, including indirect and cumulative impacts, should be incorporated into the overall transportation decision-making process. This paper reviews the transportation decision-making process, placing special emphasis on the controlling decision-makers in the three phases, metropolitan planning organizations for long-range planning, departments of transportation for project development, and environmental resource agencies for permitting. With three entirely separate sets of controlling decision-makers, the author contends that DOTs must take the lead to create a more collaborative decision-making framework with both MPOs and permitting agencies related to land use issues.


Herbal alternative medicine (Herbamed) has global distribution and extending moreover 2000 years, particularly among Asian and Northern European population (1-3). For examples, Iranian scientists, Avicenna (980-1037) and Razi (846-930) published several traditional medicine (phytotherapy) books and still in use in famous universities in the World (3). Moreover, nearly 25% of all modern medicines are derived from medicinal plants (4). Herbal drugs are usually self-prescribed preparations or prescribed in grocery stores for the treatment and prevention of various diseases (5). Compatibility with human body and less adverse effects are two important futures of herbal drugs. Therefore, traditional medicine using herbal drugs are now widely accepted and developed as alternative medicine in most countries. On the other hand, microbial contaminations, toxins and heavy metals are an important problem for herbal remedies (5-7).

Herbal drugs are a crude preparation of several parts of medicinal plants such as, fruits, bark, leaves, root, rhizome, stem, flowers, seeds and essential oils. They are natural products and may be contaminated by many microorganisms (biological contamination) through harvesting, handling and storage (5). Several studies showed that medicinal plants were contaminated with bacterial species (5, 8). In addition, fungal contaminates as well as mycotoxins have been reported in previous researches of herbal drugs and their preparations (2, 9). The lengthened storage in warmth and humidity conditions could lead to fungal grow on large scales and bring a risk of mycotoxin production into medicinal herbs (10).

In the present study, several face mask preparations were purchased at random from several local groceries in Ahvaz, Iran. Then, 10 grams of each herbal face mask preparations was dissolved in 90 mL of sterile distilled water into sterilized flasks. Flasks were put for 30 minutes at room temperature and then shaken for five minutes. Afterwards, 10 µL of each supernatant was inoculated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (Merck, Germany) plates, spread as lawn and incubated at ambient temperature for one week. In the present study, only 75% of samples (powder masks) yielded several fungi; whereas, only 25% of samples (solution preparations) had negative results for fungal elements. All grown fungi were identified by culture morphology and microscopy features. The most common isolated agent was Aspergillus flavus followed by A. niger, Penicillium species, Mucor species and Fusarium species.

In the present study, all powdered herbal face mask were contaminated with several saprophytic fungi. The presence of many fungi in herbal preparations may be harmful for those who used for medical care, especially those preparation applied on face skin. Gautam and Bhadauria showed that 88% of fruits and powdered samples of herbal drugs were contaminated to several species of saprophytic fungi belonging to Aspergillus and Penicillium (11). In addition, Razak illustrated A. niger as the most dominant fungal contaminant in herbal plants (12). On the other hand, Fusarium was observed as the most dominant genus in tested medicinal drugs by Stevic et al. (9). Most isolates of Aspergillus species such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus, A. niger and A. fumigatus have potentially mycotoxic (4, 7). Mycotoxins produced by these fungi, especially aflatoxins, are carcinogenic and cause several diseases of skin, liver, kidney, respiratory organs and nervous system (11).


The results of computing the structure of the resistant and susceptible stands bear evidence that in a resistant one, about 20% trees have low resistance and compose a limited trophical niche of the pest. The checking up of this suggestion conducted in a region with different ecological conditions (the central part of Ukraine), confirms it. Hence, a resistant stand must consist of a definite level of the resistant pine groups rather than exclusively resistant ones even at polygenic control the resistance. We have conducted the systematization of information from observations as to the damage scale of the pine and a number of cultured plant species by specialized pest insects. The aim of this systematization is the checking up of the regularity of the structure of resistant stands of the pine and cultured plants that are damage‐resistant. The analysis of the study's results bears evidence of the presence of the determined regularity in the structure of resistant biocenoses independent of species or varieties of the plants and also the specialized pests.


The paper explores four major concerns with respect to synthetic biology: the concept of synthetic life,analyses of risk/benefits,patenting and scientists' moral duty.Until now none ethics and policy framework has been made in China and the lack of attention to ethical views from the public and scientists is still popular.Considering concerns all above,it's high time to develop an ethics and policy framework for synthetic biology,thus ensuring the development of synthetic biology and avoiding its potential risks.


The paper aims at implementing the basic findings in neuroaesthetics and in ecological film theory in the theory of new media. Following the ecological psychologist, J.J: Gibson, film theorist .J.D. Anderson who proposed a list of so-called "thumb rules" which classical Hollywood films should respect if they are meant to appeal to wide audiences, J. Patterson who extended the ecological approach to the analysis of experimental films by replacing the classical code model of communication with an inference-based model at a higher cognitive level, and finally Ramachandran & Hirstein who argue that the ecologically relevant properties of visual art exemplify the so-called "aesthetic principles" the present paper tries to account for the changes in perception that digital media have produced in visual culture.  On the one hand, CGI, have come very close to what was once considered as trompe l'oeil in the history of art, hence they seem to corroborate the ecological thesis that moving images are perceived on a par with real life images. On the other hand, however, CGI exemplify what Andre Bazin considered as 'dangerous' tricks in films, which look real but are in reality deceiving. Digital technology are blatantly 'irreal' by producing scenes which are against almost all laws, physical, logical, natural or even supernatural, yet they look  real. Can ecological theory account for the wide popularity of 'impossible' events, extremely fast cutting, jump cut, sharp, many times disharmonious colouring, etc.? Or does it mean the end for ecological and neuroaesthetic theories as many media theorists would want to say by arguing that the way we perceive has radically changed ever since film as a medium appeared? They appeal to changes in cultural and social history, in what Wittgenstein called "forms of life". The evolutionary theorist would retort that evolution does not 'move' so fast in a hundred years. Our eyes and cognitive system do not seem to be that different to the one with which our forefathers were endowed in the nineteenth century. Is there a golden midway between the two poles, The currant paper tries to sketch such a third alternative.


This issue keeps the Journal's tradition of promulgating innovative ideas on a broad range of questions related to corporate governance. By its nature, governance is inseparable from the existence, operation, and evolution of economic entities. As such, gaining understanding of its characteristics informs the spectrum of social science disciplines. Compensation contracts, a board of directors' composition, stakeholder interactions, and the role of mandatory and voluntary disclosure of entities that are searching for or have acquired capital, serve as some of its many manifestations. Limited by data availability, extant research often favors public, for-profit entities. Understanding the role of governance in non-for-profit entities, private enterprises, and individuals, however, is just as important, and offers a fertile ground for future research


The filling of the vacancies for the service section head and the government section head in Besole Village, Bayan District, Purworejo Regency was carried out in three stages, namely a basic ability test (TKD), a speech test, and a Computer Skills Test. Sawunggalih Aji Polytechnic became the institution appointed to administer the test. The TKDA test consists of 100 multiple choice questions, and is continued with speech skills and the computer skills test consists of three sessions. The session is Ms Word skills, Ms skills. Excel and Ms. Power point. The three scores are then totaled and ranked. From the test results it was stated that all participants were able to complete the three stages of the test quite well. The three test were carried out smoothly and without a hitch


Case 1 A 66-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented with acute chest pain and was found to have a right ventricular (RV) myocardial infarction. Her ECG demonstrated ST elevations in the inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) and reciprocal depressions in the anterior precordial leads (V2–V4). A bedside echocardiogram revealed akinesis of the basal inferior wall and septum with severely reduced RV systolic function. Left ventricular (LV) function was preserved. The estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure by echocardiogram was 14 to 19 mm Hg. Emergent cardiac catheterization revealed multivessel coronary disease, including a completely occluded right coronary artery, which was revascularized with drug-eluting stents leading to restoration of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 2 to 3 flow (Figure 1). After revascularization, the patient was hypotensive (86/51 mm Hg) and


By using immunofluorescence labeling technique and incubating the Fluo-3 AM of Ca2+ fluorescein, wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Lovrin 10 and 5389 were selected as mesophyll protoplast material interaction with elicitor in this paper for studying the relationship between the pattern of microtubule and [Ca2+]cyt. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) was used and pharmacologic examination was set. The results indicated: when treated with elicitor, the cytosolic calcium in the protoplasts from the Lovrin 10 was increasing and the pattern of microtubule showed depolymerization. In the protoplasts which MTs were depolymerized by oryzalin prior to elicitor treatment, the increase of cytosolic calcium was even higher than that in the one which was not depolymerized.


How to create regional identity? What role do the space and the culture play in this process? Can we classify the special characteristics of regional identity compared to spatial identity? The concept is rather new, similar to the concept of the regionalization of the regions. The development and spatial planning regions established ten years ago, haven't got any historical tradition or geographical borders in Hungary. So the article is to look into the factors how to strengthen regional identity. The instruments of the participatory democracy, the communication, the designation of the regional centres, and not least the foundation of new regional intstitutions can contribute so the creation of regional identity within the population. On the basis of the experiencies other countries, these latter are important, ones to give the framework of common activities within the new regional boundaries.


Osteoporosis, accidents and subsequent bone fractures cause suffering on an individual level, as well as an economical burden to the society (Ortiz-Luna et al., 2009; Stevens & Olson, 2000). It has been estimated that, in Finland alone, between 30,000 to 40,000 osteoporosis-related fractures occur annually and that 400,000 Finnish people have osteoporosis (Duodecim, 2008). There are a few potential ways of preventing bone fracture, i.e. strengthening bones and/or preventing falls (Ortiz-Luna et al., 2009; Stevens & Olson, 2000). In order to withstand prevalent loading without breaking; while remaining relatively light in weight to allow for locomotion, bones have the ability to adapt their structure to functional loading (Frost, 2000; 2003; Sievanen, 2005). It has been demonstrated that physical activity affects the weight bearing skeleton more than the non-weight bearing one (Mikkola et al., 2008), and it may therefore be argued that, the skeleton is loaded mainly by locomotory actions that impart strains on bones. Bones are loaded in daily activities by muscles accelerating and decelerating body segments and resisting the pull of gravity (Burr et al., 1996). Since falling is the single most significant bone fracture risk factor (Jarvinen et al., 2008) and up to 90% of fractures are caused by falls (Cummings & Melton, 2002; Stevens & Olson, 2000; Wagner et al., 2009), exercise can be viewed as a potential intervention for fracture prevention. Exercise seemingly has a potential of both reducing the fall rate and also increasing bone strength. In agreement, exercise interventions have been shown to successfully decrease the fall rate (Kemmler et al., 2010; Korpelainen et al., 2006), to strengthen the bones and to decrease the fracture rate (Korpelainen et al., 2006; Sinaki et al., 2002). It is quite obvious, that in some cases even the strongest bone could not withstand the loading associated with falling. Therefore, it is reasonable to question whether strengthening bones makes a significant contribution in preventing fractures. A prospective study has shown that people with higher calcaneal bone mineral density had lower fracture rate even while the fall rates between the groups were relatively similar (Cheng et al., 1997). The differences between the groups in bone mineral density were relatively large (~10%). In agreement, prospective studies have shown that increasing the amount of bone mineral with drugs by about 10% is effective in decreasing fracture rates (Cummings et al., 2009). On the other hand, the increments in bone mineral amount associated with year long exercise interventions are relatively modest, i.e. in the order of 1 2% (Nikander et al., 2010). There are examples of fractures for which this kind of relatively modest bone strength increase does play an important role. One of the most convincing examples is vertebral fractures. It has been shown in a prospective study that vertebral bone mineral density (represents 11


Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) which could finish autonomous mission process is paid more and more attention. As an artificial intelligence system, AUV has high independence, reliability and adaptability to ocean environment. An efficient architecture of AUV plays an important roll in achieving those properties. A newly developed AUV, ZT-AUV, which is used for ocean exploring, is introduced. And its basic control system architecture is depicted. Both the hardware and software in the control system are described. Finally, the experiments in tank and those at sea are conducted to test the architecture and the methods of the control system, and the results prove that the control system of the AUV is reliable, flexible and extensible.


The author of cubic spline interpolation function error estimate results are compared with the system have been summarized,and some special index for spline interpolation error made more meaningful method of optimizing improvements.Not only the specific error estimates are given the coefficients,and give a detailed calculation steps.Follow-up of the relevant mathematics may provide a reference.


The temperature dependence of the exchange-bias field of a ferromagnetic layer coupled with an antiferromagnetic layer is studied. The focus is on the phenomenon that the exchange-bias field of some ferromagnet-antiferromagnet (F-AF) coupled systems does not show a monotonic dependence on temperature. Instead, the exchange-bias field peaks at some temperature for some ferromagnet-antiferromagnet coupled systems. This phenomenon is successfully explained by a model proposed recently. It is predicted that it is more likely to observe a peak of the exchange bias field of a F-AF system versus temperature if the N\'eel temperature is higher than the Curie temperature and/or the AF layer is relatively thin. This prediction has been well supported by experimental data.


The existence of phenotypic heterogeneity in single-species bacterial biofilms is well-established in the published literature. However, the modeling of population dynamics in biofilms from the viewpoint of social interactions, i.e. interplay between heterotypic strains, and the analysis of this kind using control theory are not addressed significantly. Therefore, in this paper, we theoretically analyze the population dynamics model in microbial biofilms with non-participating strains (coexisting with public goods producers and non-producers) in the context of evolutionary game theory and nonlinear dynamics. Our analysis of the replicator dynamics model is twofold: first without the inclusion of spatial pattern, and second with the consideration of degree of assortment. In the first case, Lyapunov stability analysis of the stable equilibrium point of the proposed replicator system determines (1,0) ('full dominance of cooperators') as a global asymptotic stable equilibrium whenever the return exceeds the metabolic cost of cooperation. Hence, the global asymptotic stable nature of (1,0) in the context of non-consideration of spatial pattern helps to justify mathematically the adversity in the eradication of "cooperative enterprise" that is an infectious biofilm. In the second case, we found non-existence of global asymptotic stability in the system, and it unveils two additional phenomena - bistability and coexistence. In this context, two inequality conditions are derived for the 'full dominance of cooperators' and coexistence. Therefore, the inclusion of spatial pattern in biofilms with non-competing strains intends conditional dominance of pathogenic (with respect to the hosts) public goods producers which can be an effective strategy towards the control of an infectious biofilm with the drug-dependent regulation of degree of segregation. Furthermore, the simulation results of the proposed dynamics for both the discussed scenario confirm the results of the analysis of equilibrium points. The proposed stability analysis not only demonstrate a mathematical framework to analyze the population dynamics in biofilms but also gives a clue to control an infectious biofilm, where phenotypic and spatial heterogeneity exist.


OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to develop a therapeutic system of aneurysm embolization on the basis of organization of fibrous tissue. The healing process of aneurysms by means of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber coils seeded with autologous fibroblasts was evaluated. METHODS:The aneurysm was prepared at the common carotid artery of 42 rabbits by end-to-side anastomosis of the jugular vein pouch. PET fiber coils seeded with or without autologous fibroblasts were applied to the aneurysm. Assessment of the tissue appearance and histological examination were performed 3 and 5 weeks after application to evaluate the area embolized by fibrous organization in the aneurysm and the neointima formation at the aneurysm orifice. RESULTS:An agitated seeding method enabled autologous fibroblasts to attach and proliferate homogeneously on the PET fiber coil. In contrast to the PET fiber coil, the PET fiber coil seeded with autologous fibroblasts accelerated the organization of fibrous tissue in the aneurysm and time to achieve aneurysm embolization. The aneurysm orifice was closed with neointima formed. The aneurysm was histologically embolized with newly formed fibrous tissue, and the area embolized was significantly larger than that of nontreated and the PET fiber coil–treated groups. The orifice was completely covered with endothelial cells. CONCLUSION:The PET fiber coil seeded with autologous fibroblasts is a promising tool for healing aneurysms using embolization therapy by tissue organization.


The quantity and diversity of soil actinomycetes were compared between grasslands with different degradation degree in Three River Source area, using different isolation methods and media. In this area, 178 strains were isolated from 5 soil samples collected, and were classified into 7 recognized genera based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences, including Micromonospora, Promicromonospora, Nocardia, Pseudonocardia, Actinoplanes, Kribbella and Streptomyces. Isolates of Streptomyce were further divided into 7 phenotypic groups. Larger quantity and higher diversity of actinomycetes were found in soil from lightly degraded steppe than in soil from heavily degraded steppe, and were also found in soil from Stipa purpurea alpine steppe than in soil from Kobresia pygmaea alpine meadow which, however, possessed higher diversity of streptomycetes than the former. The results indicate a negative correlation between deg- radation degree of alpine grasslands and quantity and diversity of the soil actinomycetes.


A series of new derivatives of titanium and zirconium containing carbazole ligation have been isolated and studied. Treatment of [Zr(NMe2)4] with carbazole (cbH) leads to the adduct [Zr(cb)2(NMe2)2(NHMe2)]. Structural studies (trigonal bipyramidal with axial cb and NMe2) show the Zr–N(carbazole) distances to be 0.15 A longer than the Zr–NMe2 distances. This is consistent with almost negligible nitrogen-p to metal-d π-bonding from the carbazole ligands. Treatment of [M(CH2Ph)4] (M = Ti or Zr) with cbH leads to the derivatives [Zr(cb)4] and [Ti(cb)2(CH2Ph)2]. The latter reacts with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (xyNC) to generate the corresponding bis(iminoacyl) derivative, the iminoacyl carbon chemical shift of δ 246.9 in the 13C NMR of which indicates η2-C,N binding. The reaction of the more bulky alkyl substrate [Ti(CH2SiMe3)4] with cbH at 100 °C the reaction produces a sparingly soluble, red crystalline product identified as the alkylidene bridged dimer [(cb)2Ti(μ-CHSiMe3)2Ti(cb)2] which was structurally characterized. Treatment of it with xyNC (>3 equivalents) produces a single organometallic species [(cb)Ti(μ-cb)(μ-xyNCCSiMe3){μ-xyNCC(SiMe3)CHNxy)Ti(cb)] and one equivalent of free carbazole. The molecular structure could only be elucidated by a solid state structure that shows it to be dinuclear, containing a total of three equivalents of isocyanide within two distinct bridging units. Two terminal and one non-symmetrically bridged carbazole ligand are also present. The reaction of [TiCpCl3] with potassium carbazolate (Kcb) leads to formation of [TiCp(cb)Cl2] (structurally characterized) which can readily be converted into the dimethyl [TiCp(cb)Me2].
p


Previous observations implied that cholccystokinin oclapcptidc(CCK-8)was a strong endogenous anti-opioid substrate,though the mechanisms of aetion were obscure.Since the prevention of 45Ca2+ uptakc into the nerve terminals was considered as one of the mechanisms for morphine analgesia,we sought to examine whether CCK-8 had an augmentative effect on 45Ca uptake or was a blockade on the effect of morphine on 45Ca uptake by way of rat brain synaptosomal preparations(P2).The resultindicated that morphine at concentrations of 0.01-1μmol/L produced a suppression on synaptosomal 45Ca uptake(-41%,at 0.1 μmol/L,p0.001).This supprcssivc effect was completely blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxonc at 1/imol/L.CCK-8(0.01-1 μmol/L)also induced a decrease in 45Ca uptake(-10-40%,p0.01),which was completely blocked by CCK receptor antagonist proglumidc at 1μmol/L.However,CCK-8 at 0.01 and 0.1μmol/L could antagonize the suppressivc effect of morphinc(1μmol/L)on 45Ca uptake,and this antagonistic effect could also be blocked by proglumide(1μmol/L).At higher concentrations(1 and 10 μmol/L),CCK-8 failed to antagonize the effect of morphine.The results suggest that at low concentrations CCK-8 could antagonize the suppressivc effect of morphine on 45Cauptake via the activation of CCK receptor,and this effect may constitute one of the mechanisms for the anti-opioid activity of CCK-8


Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome is characterized by long standing hypothyroidism, precocious puberty, Ovarian cysts and delayed bona age. We present a case of a 12 year old female who presented with Short stature and precocious puberty.  The Patient responded well to L- thyroxine therapy.


A fully analytical study of the properties of the parallel plate electrostatic spectrograph in the relativistic region is presented. The formalism used allows for an exact tridimensional treatment whereby the coupling between the polar angles θ, φ appears through the quantity α = −dφ/dθ only while the explicit expression of α(θ, φ) remains unspecified. This freedom in the choice of the relationship φ = f (θ) may be used to improve on the properties of the instrument. The main consequence of the relativistic effect is to alter the shape of the focal surface in a way which reduces the versatility of the instrument when changes in energy range are considered. This stems from the dependence of θ, φ on β = v/c introduced by the second order focusing condition. It is shown that versatility is restored to a considerable extent for suitable choices of φ = f(θ). The relative merits of various choices are discussed. A numerical calculation of the basic parameters of a spectrograph suited for astrophysical research ...


The 2021 3rd International Forum on Geoscience and Oceanography (IFGO 2021) was planned to be held on March 12-14, 2021 in Suzhou, China. Currently, the entire world is struggling against the virulent pandemic COVID-19. Unfortunately, each of us is affected, either overtly or covertly. Our conference, 2021 3rd International Forum on Geoscience and Oceanography (IFGO 2021) was not an exception. Nowadays, mass gatherings are not permitted by the government. It is uncertain when the COVID-19 would end, so it remains unclear for postponement time, while many scholars and researchers wanted to attend this long-waited conference and have academic exchanges with their peers. Therefore, in order to actively respond the call of the government, and meet author's request, the IFGO 2021, which was planned to be held in Suzhou, China from March 12-14, 2021, was changed to be held online through Zoom software. This approach not only reduces people gathering, but also meets their communication needs. The primary goal of the symposium is to promote research and developmental activities in geoscience and oceanography, and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. An ideal platform for seeking global partners had been established. We sincerely invited you to attend the forum to share views and experiences in geoscience, oceanography and related areas. List of Committee member are available in this pdf.


cent development-has become one of the most important fields in the crowded history of Boccaccio and Cervantes criticism. The Decameron and Don Quixote have elicited incessant commentary not only because of their inherent magnitude as works of art but also because both are at the origins of their respective genres and thus provide ideal grounds of inquiry into the elusive forms of fiction. Much has been said about the authors' own statements regarding their works: for the Decameron, principally those found in the general Introduction, the introduction to the fourth day, and the General Conclusion; for Don Quixote, those in the Prologues or those expressed by characters such as the Priest and the Canon, who are thought to represent the author's point of view. But Cervantes and Boccaccio are storytellers first; in their fiction they prefer to illustrate rather than to theorize. The Canon and the Priest in Don Quixote are characters after all; their statements must be understood within the context of the novel and as aspects of its action.' As for Boccaccio, his self-defense in the introduction to the fourth day is a tour de force of narrative irony whereby he places himself within the cornice-the activities and conversation of the lords and


By modeling quantum chaotic dynamics with ensembles of random operators, we explore how machine learning algorithms can be used to detect pseudorandom behavior in qubit systems. We analyze samples consisting of pieces of correlation functions and find that machine learning algorithms are capable of determining the degree of pseudorandomness which a system is subject to in a precise sense. This is done without computing any correlators explicitly. Interestingly, even samples drawn from two-point functions are found to be sufficient to solve this classification problem. This presents the possibility of using deep learning algorithms to explore late time behavior in chaotic quantum systems which have been inaccessible to simulation.


PurposeThis paper aims to measure the change and the sources of change in total factor productivity (TFP) of the Indian non-life insurance sector over the period 2005–2016.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the bootstrapped Malmquist index (MI) to assess the changes in the TFP and adopts a decomposition approach proposed by Balk and Zofío (2018). Moreover, it utilises truncated regression to identify the determinants of the TFP. In addition, it employs Wilcoxon-W test and t-test to scrutinise the difference between the state-owned and the private insurers in terms of variations in TFP and its various components.FindingsThe results divulge a miniature improvement in TFP of the insurance sector, which is primarily attributable to the improvement in scale efficiency (economies of scale). The results also reveal that there are no significant TFP differences across the ownership. However, private insurers have better scale efficiency and lower input-mix efficiency than state-owned insurers. In addition, the results unveil that size, diversification and reinsurance have a negative impact on the TFP, while age has a positive impact on it.Practical implicationsThe results may help the policymakers to frame new consolidation policies. Moreover, the findings may guide the decision-makers of the Indian non-life insurance companies to abate inefficiency and improve TFP.Originality/valueThis study estimates bias-corrected changes in TFP and efficiency in the non-life insurance sector. Moreover, it adopts an elaborated decomposition of the MI to identify the true sources of change in the TFP.


Experimental studies of plasma heating due to microwave irradiation of the magnetically confined plasma column in the Princeton L-3 device is presented. X-band (10.4 GHz) microwave power, both in the ordinary and the extraordinary modes of propagation, is used in these experiments. Plasma heating is observed to occur simultaneously with the occurrence of parametric decay instabilities. The mode structure of the pump wave and the decay ion wave dispersion have been measured with high frequency probes. Detailed measurements of electron heating rates are presented and compared with collisional heating rates. In addition, production of suprathermal electrons and ions is also observed and measured. A comparison is made with recent laser-pellet interaction experiments.


Today, every single organization is utilizing web applications for extension of its business as a result of the high accessibility of web and simple access. With the expansion of web use, the danger of attacks has increased likewise. An efficient monitoring software which can detect these attacks timely is required. HTML, PHP and Java script are used for websites development and SQL is used for database management extensively. Most common web server attacks include SQL injection, DOS (Denial of Service) and XSS (Cross Site Scripting). Rule based intrusion detection systems work on keywords and patterns and are unable to detect unknown attacks. This paper proposes machine learning based model for intrusion detection using web server logs. This model detects whether a specific log is normal or an attack log and also specifies the type of attack. Web server logs are generated and collected by creating a private network using an Apache WAMP server.


Because the volcanic ash that affected air travel in Western Europe in 2010 was considered as one of the most meaningful learning experiences by a group of MBA students, this article aims to outline the main aspects of an incidental learning situation, rarely described on management education literature. Incidental learning is an unsystematic apprentice's experience leaded by tacit knowledge. Our central objective was to describe ways of learning that developed from this situation, herein referred to as the "adventure in Europe", and also deepens the understanding of the role of incidental learning in formal education. This qualitative-exploratory study included ten senior managers from a Brazilian International Executive MBA program. Data were collected by a focal group, an objective questionnaire and two rounds of interviews. The results show the combination of reflection, reflexivity and cooperation in dealing with an incidental and loosely structured situation regarding two aspects used by students to produce significant knowledge: engagement in action and decision-making process. We discuss the relevance of educational strategies that provide opportunities so that incidental experiences can be explored creatively in management education to produce significant and experiential learning for the apprentices.

 Key words: Incidental learning, tacit knowledge, experiential learning, volcanic ash, management education, engagement, Decision-Making Process.


The gravitational instability of a two-component plasma has been studied here to include simultaneously the effects of neutral gas friction, finite ion Larmor radius, magnetic resistivity and Hall currents. The viscosities of the two components of the plasma have also been taken into account. The mode of the transverse as well as the longitudinal wave propagation have been discussed. The dispersion relations have been obtained for both these cases and numerical calculations have been performed to obtain the dependence of the growth rate of the gravitationally unstable mode on the various physical parameters involved. For the transverse mode of propagation, it is found that the growth rate of the unstable mode increases with magnetic resistivity and with the ratio of the densities of two components. The influence of the magnetic resistivity is, therefore, destabilizing on this mode of wave propagation. The viscosities of the two components are found to have a stabilizing influence on the growth rate in this case since it is found that the increase of hte viscosity effects reduces the growth rate. For the longitudinal mode also it is found that the effects of viscosities as well as that of neutral gas friction are stabilizing. The magnetic resistivity does not affect the growth rate since the equation determining the growth rate is found to be independent of this effect.


Three new sets of next-to-leading order parton distributio n functions (PDFs) are presented. These are determined by global fits to a wide variety of data for hard scattering processes. The analysis includes target mass and higher twist corrections needed fo r the description of deep inelastic scattering data at large x and lowQ2, and nuclear corrections for deuterium targets. The PDF sets correspond to three different models for the nuclear ef fects, and provide a more realistic uncertainty range for the d quark PDF compared with previous fits. Applications, in part icular to weak boson production at colliders, are also be discussed.


Two series of 2-substituted and 6-substituted ellipticine derivatives have been prepared. Several derivatives show a significant increase in the ability to bind nucleic acids compared to the parent ellipticine. Introduction Retroviruses have proven to be the causative agent in a number of diseases such as AIDS and leukemia. Therefore, there exists a great need to develop agents that possess antiviral properties. Wilson has suggested that compounds which target viral genomic RNA could be good antiviral agents. We have chosen to examine ellipticine derivatives because it has been reported that ellipticine binds to both RNA and DNA as well as inhibits RNA synthesis 3 . We have prepared two series of ellipticine derivatives that are substituted in either the 2-position or the 6-position with an amine containing side chain which will be protonated at physiological pH and should enhance the binding with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Results The preparation of 6-substituted ellipticines 2 was accomplished by deprotonation of the indole nitrogen of ellipticine with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide and subsequent alkylation with a series of amino substituted alkyl halides. The crude product was chromatographed and the desired hydrochloride salts were formed in ethanolic HCl. The 6substituted derivatives and the results of melting studies of their complexes with RNA and DNA are listed in Table 1. Reaction 1 c h 3 'Ν ι ΐ νλη/DMF r τ: τ ^ Ν 1) NaH/ 2) CI-CHJCHJR 3) HCI/Ethanol Table 1: Nucleic Acid Melting Temperatures Changes With g-SubStitUted EllipticineS" χ 2HCI


Many reports suggested that cancer stem cell(CSC) possessed stem cell(SC)-like self-renewal properties and proliferative potentials,also expressed some of SC-like markers.The deregulation and activation of some signal transduction pathways including Hh(Hedgehog),Wnt/beta-catenin and Notch might be involved in the genesis of CSC.The deregulation of these pathways might lead normal stem cells to transform into CSCs and could play important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progress.The further research on the signal pathways as well as the markers of CSC will approach to insight molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis,metastasis,drug resistance and poor prognosis of cancer so as to develop new tumor-targeted therapies.


The soldering furnace is an important piece of equipment for processing and soldering electronic components in the integrated circuit design process. After the printed circuit boards are mounted with various electronic components, they are placed in the soldering furnace for heating so that the electronic components are automatically soldered to the circuit boards. In this process, the furnace temperature profile, which records temperature data of the electronic components, is an important reference indicator for measuring the effectiveness of electronic component processing. In the context of electronic component soldering, the transfer speed of the furnace and the setting of the temperature in each temperature zone are decisive in ensuring the quality of the component soldering. Based on the Newton's law of cooling and heat equation, this paper establishes several mathematical models to study the effect of the temperature setting of each temperature zone and the transfer speed of the soldering furnace on the furnace temperature profile with the help of multi-objective planning, circular search algorithm and other mathematical methods. Finally, the corresponding conclusions and optimization methods of furnace temperature profile are drawn, which have certain significance for the processing of electronic components.


The authors provide a summarized overview of the analytical model of the Gromeka — Beltrami helical flow of nonviscous incompressible fluid in a cylindrical channel. The model is developed on the basis of the method of decomposition for Fourier Bessel equations. The authors discuss the analytical distribution function for axial, azimuthal and radial fluid velocities and the flow function depending on the length and radius of the cylindrical channel. The analysis of the proposed solution demonstrates that the properties of the flows inside the channel depend on the value of the scalar coefficient. When the value of the coefficient is within the zero-order Bessel function of the first kind, the velocity distribution is characterized by significant reverse currents in the axial zone of the channel. The findings comply with the results of laboratory and field tests. The authors have identified that this type of flow has components of the wave. Similar flows have high angular velocity. The authors assume that these conditions correspond to the emergence of toroidal Taylor Gertler vortices. Therefore, the analytical model of the Gromeka Beltrami flow complies with the phenomena observed in the course of experiments and in the natural environment.


The invention relates to a light module for a motor vehicle comprising an optical element for generating a beam with a cut portion obliquely, the optical element comprising at least an optical portion having an optical axis, and at least one light source configured to cooperate with said portion for generating at least the portion of the beam having the oblique cutoff. The optical module includes at least two distinct positions to dispose the light source, the light source occupying one of two positions, each position being defined on both sides of the optical axis of the optical portion so as to generate a beam oblique cut to the right in the first position and an oblique cut-off beam to the left in the second position.


Classification and transport of material is a crucial stage in the manufacture of parts and represents a large portion of the lead time in a production line, which is why optimization is crucial. This work deals with an omnidirectional transport mechanism for classification and quality control of parts coming from rapid prototyping processes. Said mechanism is constituted by an artificial vision system, which will be responsible for taking the necessary information to perform the classification and quality control using a neural network; and, a matrix of omnidirectional wheels that allows the movement of the piece on the XY plane. The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate that omnidirectional mechanisms can also be used to transport and classify parts within industrial processes, being another alternative of use to conventional systems. The system is able to classify three types of pieces of different forms, sizes and perspectives with high reliability and speed; it also allows a better human-machine interaction due to a graphical interface where the performed processes are detailed.


The development and progression of heart failure (HF) involves many processes that occur after cardiac stress and/or injury. Compensatory neuro-hormonal activation and chronic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is accompanied by the pathological increase in G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2 expression. Data indicates that elevated GRK2 activity participates in the progression of HF after cardiac injury such as a myocardial infarction (MI) and this includes chronic β
 1
 -adrenergic receptor (β
 1
 AR) desensitization. The molecular transcriptional or translational mechanism of GRK2 upregulation in the heart is largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered as critical regulatory molecules in the heart as their expression profiles become dysregulated after cardiac injury. Further, miRNAs can play key roles in orchestrating many phenotypic changes observed in HF. Previous studies have shown that components of the βAR pathway, including the β
 1
 AR, are targeted by miRNAs whose levels are aberrant during cardiac injury. This study was started to determine if GRK2 may also be targeted by a miRNA that goes down after injury, participating in the up-regulation of this pathological kinase. MiRNA profiles of 2 week post-MI C57BL/6 mice were examined through miRNA microarray analysis. MiRNAs that were down-regulated after MI and had seed sequence complementarity to GRK2's 3'UTR were selected as candidates for further testing. MiR-378a-5p (miR-378a) was chosen as a suitable candidate and transfection of a miR-378a mimic into neonatal rat ventricular myocytes was able to significantly reduce GRK2 protein levels compared to a negative control, while mRNA levels seem to be unaffected. This suggests miR-378a may work primarily through translational inhibition rather than transcriptional inhibition. Using a 3'UTR reporter system, we found that miR-378a was able to directly bind to the 3'UTR of GRK2 and inhibit reporter activity. These data support the hypothesis that GRK2 is regulated by a miRNA in the heart and provides a possible mechanism for GRK2 post-transcriptional regulation
 . In vivo
 studies are currently in progress to determine if miR-378a may be a novel therapeutic strategy to decrease GRK2 levels in the failing heart.


In the recent decade an alarming problem has risen about the invasion of Vespa velutina Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in European ecosystems. The species can cause serious damage to ecosystem biodiversity and in areas where it has been introduced, and can have serious impacts over beekeeping. Bioclimatic modelling suggests that under current climate conditions representatives of the invasive species have chances in the near term to invade a number of regions in Ukraine, especially in the west of the country, including Transcarpathia, and Crimea. Under predicted climate change the hornet will most likely extend its presence in Ukraine.


We investigated the characteristics of the photonic frequency-upconversion process in semiconductor optical amplifiers. We derived a simple analytical expression for the upconversion efficiency, and investigated its dependence on various parameters. We experimentally confirmed our results.


ABSTRACT: Placental extracts obtained from CBA (H‐2k) mice during syngeneic (CBA 9 × CBA cr) pregnancy were evaluated for their capacity to deviate the immune reaction of CBA mice toward A/J(H‐2a) immunizing spleen cells, as tested by alloantibody subclass formation and Sa 1 allograft accelerated rejection—or enhancement. The immunomodulatory activity appeared to be located in the soluble and in the insoluble extracts of placenta. The sodium deoxycholate (SI)O) solubilized proteinic material, fractionated on Concan‐avalin A [Con A] and injected to CBA mice simultaneously with A/J spleen cells caused a suppression of the hemagglutinating titer and C‐mediated cytotoxicity (IgG2). However, it also favoured antibody‐mediated mast cell degranulation (IgGl) and Sa 1 allograft enhancement. The presence and role of IgGl antibodies in both tumor enhancement and gestation has been described. It is concluded that placenta contains Con A‐binding glycoproteins which are located in the membranes and released in soluble form. They exert their immunomodulatory effect in a way which might help the successful outcome of pregnancy as it helps to enhance the development of allografted sarcoma.


Ultrashort pulse characterization and measurement is critical in the field of ultrafast and nonlinear optics. Here we present a method to reconstruct the complex pulse profile using a colinear frequency resolved optical gating (CFROG) acquisition combined with a convolutional neural network (CNN). The CFROG approach can be implemented with nonlinear nanoprobes for probing complex ultrafast optical fields. Typically, a CFROG trace is filtered and converted to a standard FROG trace which can then be processed by using the FROG retrieval algorithm to reconstruct both the amplitude and the phase profiles of the pulse. In this method, however, the reconstruction is often dependent on the subjective filtering step. In our approach, a CNN is trained with simulated unfiltered CFROG traces. Furthermore, we customize the CNN architecture to mitigate the ambiguity in the solution space and minimizes the error between the predicted and the input


Thin films of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) have been deposited on hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) for reduction of friction and enhancement of wear resistance of dynamic rubber seals, by sputtering graphite targets in C(2)H(2)/Ar plasma. The wax removal and pre-deposition plasma treatment are proven to be crucial and effective for the improvement of film performance due to enhanced adhesion. The columnar structure and the crack network formed during deposition enhance the flexibility of DLC thin films and exhibit strain tolerance up to 5%. After stretched to 50% strain and being unloaded from the strained status, thin DLC films of similar to 300 nm thickness still adhere very well on the rubber substrates and no spallation or delamination has been observed. The optimized DLC thin film on plasma treated HNBR rubber exhibits very low coefficient of friction of 0.19 (compared to > 1 of uncoated HNBR rubber) at high normal load of 3 N and after being stretched to 50% strain.


The measurement of nanoparticle size is of primary importance to the fields of aerosol science and nanotechnology. Size affects the aerosol dynamics and impacts the optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of nanoparticles. The size range from 1 to 10 nm is of particular interest because quantum effects and ambient aerosol nucleation occur in this range. Differential Mobility Analyzers are the primary instruments used currently to measure the size of aerosol particles, but diffusion impairs significantly their ability to size in the lower range (1–3 nm). A primary focus of this thesis work has been to design, construct, and test a Radial Differential Mobility Analyzer, termed "nano-RDMA," capable of measuring nanoparticles in the 1 to 12.5 nm size range with high resolution and transmission. The nano-RDMA was calibrated using electrospray techniques to aerosolize molecular ions for mobility analysis. The instrument was determined to have significantly improved resolution and transmission than the commercially available nano-DMA. Simulations of the nano-RDMA operation were performed to determine how the resolution could be improved. The nano-RDMA has been employed to characterize in-situ size distributions of particles produced in an atmospheric pressure microplasma reactor. The operating parameters of the microplasma (i.e., plasma current, flow rate, precursor concentration, and precursor composition) were investigated to determine the effect on particle size distribution. The microplasma was further examined as a calibration source for narrow size distributions. Iron nanoparticles produced with the microplasma were used to grow nanotubes catalytically. A correlation was established between the size of the grown carbon nanotubes and the catalytic particles produced in the microplasma. The nano-RDMA was also used as a size characterization and selection device in particle overgrowth experiments. Silicon nanoparticles produced in the microplasma were introduced into two different processing stages: a second microplasma and a furnace. The nano-RDMA permitted quick evaluation of how the operating conditions of the second processing stage affected overgrowth. The broad size distributions indicated that agglomeration was contributing to the measured size distribution, leading to the adoption of a Tandem DMA (TDMA) arrangement for overgrowth experiments. Limiting the size distribution with the first nano-RDMA permitted homogeneous overgrowth of silicon nanoparticles. The microplasma was also investigated as a possible calibration source using the TDMA arrangement. While the microplasma produced a stable size distribution with a high concentration of nanoparticles, the measured resolution was lower than expected. The TDMA arrangement permitted studies of the thermal annealing of silicon nanoparticles. The particle size was observed to decrease with increasing temperature in a manner consistent with hydrogen evolution.


Edovum puttleri , an egg parasitoid of Colorado Potato Beetle  (C.P.B.) was reared and parasitization ratio was determined in laboratory conditions. The C.P.B. and the parazitoid were rared at 27±2oC, 65±5%RH and 26±2oC, 65±5%RH, respectively. On the other hand Bacillus thuringiensis ( B.t.) preparations (M-ONE, MYX 1806, Novodor) were tested on larval stages of the pest in laboratory and field conditions. azinphos-methyl (Gusathion) was used as a standart product in the tests. Field experiments were carried out three applications were done with one week intervals. Alive larvae were counted one week after the applications. In addition to this damaged plants were also evaluated after 14 days from the last application. Parasitization ratio was found as 41.6%in laboratory. During parasitization death ratio by probing was 15 - 75%. Total egg death ratio was found as 59 - 99.9%. Sexual ratio(female:male)  was found as 2:1.
On the other hand it has concluded that Novodor ( B.t. var. tenebrionis , 500 ml/da), M-ONE ( B.t . var. sandiego , 700 ml/da), MYX 1806 ( B.t. var. sandiego , 400 ml/da) can be recommended against the pest in field conditions. Regarding the damaged plants, there were not any differences among the treatments, including standard product, azinphos-methyl. Therefore B.t. preparations can be used in IPM programs.


Unlike αβ T cells, γδ T cells respond to a variety non-proteinaceous molecules independent of MHC presentation. γδ T cells are less susceptible to immune evasion, making them an attractive target for next generation vaccines, however, little is known about the best way to prime them. WC1, a member of the group B Scavenger Receptor Cysteine Rich (SRCR) superfamily, is expressed exclusively on γδ T cells in swine and ruminants. Previous work in our lab has determined that there are 13 genes encoding for WC1 in cattle. We have also shown that WC1 functions as hybrid co-receptor and pattern recognition receptor for the γδ TCR. WC1+ γδ T cells share a restriction in TCR gene usage, yet respond to different pathogens based on which WC1 molecule(s) they express. This can be attributed to the ability of the expressed WC1 molecule to recognize and directly bind whole pathogens via its SRCR domains. Because WC1 is expressed as a multigene array, we hypothesize that each WC1 gene has co-evolved with a different set of pathogens. Swine belong to the same order as cattle, Artiodactyl, and are susceptible to infection with many of the same pathogens. The current swine assembly contains two predicted WC1 proteins, neither of which had been confirmed with cDNA evidence. Prior to this study only one full-length cDNA transcript had been successfully amplified. Using 5′/3′ RACE PCR and RT-PCR, we have obtained full length cDNA transcripts for seven WC1 genes with the SRCR domain patterns of a1-[b-c-d-e-d′] or d1-[b-c-d-e-d′]. Through bacterial pull-down assays, we have shown that multiple SRCR domains from different swine WC1 genes bind to vaccine strain Leptospira spp, and freshly grown Pasteur and Danish strains of Mycobacterium bovis.


The invention provides a method for semi-statically determining a reference signal (RS) pattern which is used by a sector, particularly a method for determining the RS pattern. A base station provides a Cell identifier (ID) of the sector and a pattern parameter (V) for user equipment in the sector which belongs to the base station, and the user equipment determines the RS pattern which is used by the sector according to the pattern parameter and the Cell identifier of the sector. The Cell identifier of the sector is not changed and the pattern parameter can be flexibly set by the base station, so that the semi-static requirement in the current 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) draft can be met. Preferably, the sample parameter is accommodated in bit of a physical broadcast channel, and the user equipment determines the RS pattern before demodulating a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), so time and power are saved. Under the condition that various types of patterns exist, patterns which are used actually are selected by a blind detection mode. The base station provides a system frame number (SFN) for the user equipment, and determines a sequence parameter of RS together with the Cell identifier of the sector.


Structural accuracy of segmentation is important for finescale structures in biomedical images. We propose a novel TopologyAttention ConvLSTM Network (TACNet) for 3D image segmentation in order to achieve high structural accuracy for 3D segmentation tasks. Specifically, we propose a Spatial Topology-Attention (STA) module to process a 3D image as a stack of 2D image slices and adopt ConvLSTM to leverage contextual structure information from adjacent slices. In order to effectively transfer topology-critical information across slices, we propose an Iterative-Topology Attention (ITA) module that provides a more stable topology-critical map for segmentation. Quantitative and qualitative results show that our proposed method outperforms various baselines in terms of topology-aware evaluation metrics.


A benchmark dataset is the first and foremost step in Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR). This paper provides comprehensive detail about a newly compiled dataset known as Handwritten Characters Dataset (HCD), applied for recognition of handwritten English characters (A-Z) and digits (0–9). Compilation of this dataset is of great significance as it contains segmented characters rather than words, sentences or paragraphs. Total 150 writers belonging to different ages, gender and professional backgrounds contributed in this dataset. HCD is publically available free of cost1. HCD can be used for training of classifiers like Neural Network (NN), Hidden Markov Model (HMM) or Support Vector Machine (SVM) etc. which further can be used for a wide variety of applications of handwritten text recognition. Experimental analysis of HCD has depicted very promising results compared to state of art datasets.


The invention belongs to the field of detection of saccharides and sugar alcohols in the food. An HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) evaporative light scattering detection process for separating and detecting thirteen saccharides and sugar alcohols simultaneously comprises the following steps: gradiently eluting and separating a mixed standard solution of thirteen saccharides and sugar alcohols on an amino column through a mixed solution of acetonitrile and water as a separated flow phase with the eluting speed of 0.8 to 1.2ml/min; detecting the mixed standard solution after separation through an evaporative light scattering detector; and the detection conditions of the evaporative light scattering detector are as follows: the temperature of a drift tube is 40 to 70 DEG C, the carrier gas is N2, the flow velocity is 0.8 to 1.5l/min, and the gain is 1. The invention provides an analytic process for simultaneously separating and detecting multiple saccharides and sugar alcohols with high efficiency, convenience, low detection limit and high popularity.


The 1/f noise has been investigated for the first time at 300 and 77 K in high-quality 4H-SiC Schottky diodes. It is shown that, that at 77 K, the dependence of the spectral noise density on current, SI(I), differs fundamentally between the cases of the current flowing through the main part of the diode area with a comparatively high barrier and the current flowing through the nanosized patches with a comparatively low barrier.


Literature has great influence on the socio cultural life of the people in any civilized society. It changed the condition of the people as the poetry of W.W Worth and the magnificent literary work of Rousseau inspired the people of France. In same contents Muzaffargarh is a small region of Pakistan but its land is fertile for literature. Several local poets and writers have great value due their glorious literary work. Their efforts and positive contribution played an important role during the freedom movement as well as to awaken the people against colonial and feudal system in India and then in Pakistan. The poetry and writings of these intellectuals have great impact on the society of Muzaffargarh District and this paper highlights some famous local poet and writers of Muzaffargarh District of Pakistan.


This study aims to determine the maṣlaḥah of article 105 of the Compilation of Islamic Law in granting child custody to apostate mothers. This type of research includes library research namely, research that deals directly with text or data, so the typr of research used is a qualitative tipe. The conclusion is that article 105 of the Compilation of Islamic Law as the basis for granting child custody at the Surakarta Religious Courth has achieved the goal the sharia, namely creating and seeking the benefit of children in line with maṣlaḥah.


The introduction of specifically targeted antiviral therapy (STAT-C) to peginterferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) is soon at hand and will offer new treatment opportunities to patients infected with hepatitis C. The recently released Protease Inhibition for Viral Evaluation (PROVE, evaluating telaprevir) and Serine Protease Inhibitor Therapy (SPRINT, evaluating boceprevir) studies suggest that protease inhibitors in combination with PEG-IFN/RBV can produce sustained viral response rates (SVR) approaching 70% to 75% in genotype 1, treatment-naı̈ve patients and the potential to shorten treatment duration in those with a rapid viral response.1-3 For previous nonresponders and relapsers to interferon (IFN)-based therapies, there is realistic hope for retreatment success (approximately 40% and 75% SVR, respectively, in PROVE 3 data).4 In addition, there is early indication that STAT-C drugs may help overcome negative host factors that have historically been associated with poor response rates (such as ethnicity, insulin resistance, steatosis, cirrhosis). A small cohort of African Americans included in PROVE-1 had a four-fold higher SVR rate with telaprevir (44% versus 11%), and the presence of cirrhosis did not negatively impact SVR rates in PROVE-3. However, these trials also emphasize the limitations of protease inhibitors, and viral resistance data have provided important new lessons for small molecule drug development. The initial rapid drop in hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral levels on protease therapy is attributable to inhibition of the wild-type virus that then leads to the "uncovering" of preexisting resistant variants.5 The continued replication of these variants can then lead to a virological breakthrough (ranging from 2%-24% based on treatment regimen). Most reports have suggested that resistant variants are present at very low frequencies ( 1%) and are usually detected after near complete suppression of the dominant wild-type virus. However, a recent analysis has suggested that naturally occurring drug resistance to protease and polymerase inhibitors can be seen almost 10% of patients with genotype 1.6 Another important finding with significant clinical implications from the PROVE trials is the different rates of resistance mutations detected between genotype 1a and 1b (much higher for 1a). The most likely explanation for these observations is a relative difference in the genetic barrier to resistance between subtypes. For example, the V36M or R155K mutation that can confer drug resistance to telaprevir requires only one nucleotide change from genotype 1a consensus sequence, whereas two substitutions are required in genotype 1b. Thus, it appears that HCV subtyping may play an important role in helping to select future treatment regimens and predict resistance development. Perhaps the most relevant conclusion of the PROVE and SPRINT trials is that PEG-IFN and RBV will remain critical elements in new treatment regimens. Patients who did not receive RBV in the PROVE trials and those with low-dose RBV (400-1000 mg) in the SPRINT-1 trial had increased viral breakthrough, higher relapse, and lower SVR. These data strongly indicate that standard-dose RBV is required to optimize response to these first-generation protease inhibitors. In addition, a 4-week lead-in phase of PEG-IFN/RBV in the SPRINT-1 trial led to a 50% reduction in viral breakthrough, likely because of the delivery of a more steady state of PEG-IFN/RBV and a lower viral load at the onset of protease inhibitor introduction. Lead-in phase approaches are now being extensively evaluated in other phase 2/3 programs, and its utility is still uncertain. Unfortunately, a common theme across all trials was that adverse events such as rash, pruritus, nausea, diarrhea, and anemia occurred more frequently in the protease-containing arms versus the standard of care arm. A higher proportion of both boceprevir-treated and telaprevir-treated patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events (1.5-fold to twofold increase compared with control arm). The findings from the PROVE and SPRINT studies have dramatic implications, because these are the first extensive phase 2 data to suggest that a new treatment paradigm is on the horizon for HCV infection. Both protease inhibitors have fully enrolled phase 3 programs underway, and it is estimated that 2011 will bring approval of at least one of these agents. However, given the continued need for PEG-IFN and full-dose RBV, there are many HCV-infected groups that may not benefit from the addition of STAT-C agents, including decompensated cirrhosis, renal failure, posttransplantation, and the Abbreviations: FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IFN, interferon; PEG-IFN, pegylated interferon; RBV, ribavirin; SPRINT, Serine Protease Inhibitor Therapy; STAT-C, specifically targeted antiviral therapy; SVR, sustained virological resistance. Address reprint requests to: David R. Nelson, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, 600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL 32610-0214. E-mail: email@example.com; fax: 352-392-7393. Copyright © 2009 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hep.23208 Potential conflict of interest: Dr. Nelson is a consultant and received grants from Roche, Vertex, Human Genome Sciences, Bayer, Merck, and Bristol Myers Squibb.


This text considers the individual and the social context of children's mathematical development. The author argues that this not only offers an insight into our educational practices but also our present social order.


Whereas a small number of studies have focused on the impact of extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism on the way people communicate, little is known about how the big five personality traits relate to individual differences in the specific types of communication- related situations selected in daily life. For a period of five days, people were asked to report on the types of conversations they initiated earlier that day (N = 168). Multilevel negative binomial regression analysis showed that the specific types of conversations initiated in daily life can be predicted by individual differences in extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. As such, the results show that individual differences in personality are not only reflected in the way people behave once they communicate, but also in the situations that people report to select in daily life.


4 An ensemble of simulations from different versions of the Community Atmosphere Model 5 (CAM) in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) is used to investigate the processes 6 responsible for the inter-model spread in climate sensitivity. In the CESM simulations, 7 the climate sensitivity spread is primarily explained by shortwave cloud feedbacks on the 8 equator-ward flank of the mid-latitude storm tracks. While shortwave cloud feedbacks have 9 been found to explain climate sensitivity spread in previous studies, the location of feedback 10 differences was in the sub-tropics, not the storm tracks as identified in CESM. The cloud 11 feedback relationships are slightly stronger in the winter hemisphere. The spread in climate 12 sensitivity in this study is related both to the cloud base state and to the cloud feedbacks. 13 Simulated climate sensitivity is correlated with cloud fraction changes on the equator-ward 14 side of the storm tracks, cloud condensate in the storm tracks, and cloud microphysical 15 state on the poleward side of the storm tracks. Changes in the extent and water content 16 of stratiform clouds (that make up cloud feedback) are regulated by the base state vertical 17 velocity, humidity, and deep convective mass fluxes. Within the storm tracks, the cloud base 18 state affects the cloud response to CO2 induced temperature changes and alters the cloud 19 feedbacks, contributing to climate sensitivity spread within the CESM ensemble. 20


The invention relates to an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-based S-mode secondary radar decoder which comprises a power phase processing circuit. The input end of the power phase processing circuit is connected with the output end of a three-way intermediate frequency signal of a receiver, and the output end of the power phase processing circuit is connected with the input end of a pulse processing circuit. The output end of the pulse processing circuit is connected with the input end of an S-mode decoding circuit and the input end of a secondary radar normal mode decoding circuit respectively. The output end of the S-mode decoding circuit and the output end of the secondary radar normal mode decoding circuit are connected with the input end of a point track processor. The invention further discloses a testing and error correction method of the FPGA-based S-mode secondary radar decoder. Functions of all modules of the secondary radar decoder are completed in one FPGA controller, the characteristics of the FPGA controller of high speed, high performance and parallel processing are utilized sufficiently, radar processing efficiency is improved, and the FPGA-based S-mode secondary radar decoder has the advantages of being compact in structure, high in stability, fast in processing and flexible to produce.


Efficient built-in or external test strategies are becoming essential in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), especially for high reliability and safety critical applications. This paper describes self- testable and self-reparable RF MEMS fault testing approach. Simulation results show the effects of switches faults in MEMS.


The goal of this paper was to determine the effects of pandemic on Special Education teachers teaching the hearing impaired (HI) students. This qualitative-quantitative research was designed to see how the COVID-19 pandemic affected teachers who were educating hearing-impaired students during the mandated school closures in March 2020A three-part standardized and customized questionnaire with open-ended interview questions was given to special education teachers from three selected schools in Cebu Province. Participant responses to the online questionnaire revealed that there is a lack of preparation in online teaching which contributes to their stress. In addition, assessing Hearing Impaired students during distance learning were very hard to establish due to lack of preparation and lack of exposure to online teaching before. Also, the results indicated that teachers find it extremely stressful teaching HI students online during COVID-19. With the findings of this study, school leaders may be able to develop protective factors that help to foster resilience in special education teachers during this time of pandemic. School administrators should facilitate in improving the teaching skills of teachers through assessment of their needs and weaknesses in the delivery of instruction online. This includes giving teachers relevant trainings regarding online tools for assessment and strategies that would help them effectively teach their lessons.


The charge motion in vacuum and the induced currents on the electrodes can be related through the Shockley–Ramo (SR) theorem. In this paper, we develop a generalized Shockley–Ramo (GSR) theorem, which could be used to study the motion of macro charged particles in electrolytes. It could be widely applied to biological and physical environments, such as the voltage-gated ion channels. With the procedure of renormalizing of charge and dipole, the generalized theorem provides a direct relationship between the induced currents and the macro charge velocity. Compared with the original Shockley–Ramo theorem, the generalized Shockley–Ramo theorem avoids integrating all the ionic flux, which could reduce the computational cost significantly.


This thesis is a study of pain in childhood in British medical and scientific discourse between 1870 and 1950. It explores the physical, emotional, and performative dimensions of pain from a cultural perspective, analysing written documents and visual material and comparing the perspectives of disciplines including physiology, paediatrics, psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis. Successive chapters focus on: Depictions of pain by medical authors before the period covered in depth by the thesis; how different types of medical professional interpreted children's pain between 1870 and 1900, focusing on Great Ormond Street Hospital's photographs of sick children; the development of "infant pain denial" from 1890 to 1950 in the Child Study movement, behavioural psychology, and paediatrics; concepts and treatment of child insanity and mental suffering in the second half of the nineteenth century; the rivalry between the competing theoretic frameworks of the clinical tradition (which claimed a somatic basis for mental illness) and psychotherapy; debates about evacuation of the children during the Second World War, exploring the contrasting figures of the victim of air raids and the victim of parental separation, showing the role played by psychoanalysis in understanding psychological trauma, with a focus on the work of psychoanalysts Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and Donald Winnicott. The key findings of the thesis are: rivalry between different scientific disciplines meant that medical and scientific models of childhood pain and therapeutic treatments involved complex relationships between different professions and institutions; despite medicalisation, identifying and categorising children with pain often depended on non-medical factors, which usually reflected social norms; the figure of the child in pain accumulates power and value through its multiple figurations in distinct disciplines and contexts; a multidisciplinary approach is needed to be able to understand the cultural power of this figure.


The fluorine-containing polymer aqueous dispersion of An aqueous solvent-free dispersion contains one or more emulsifiers of the general formula (1) and the polymer of the monomers of (2) and formula (3) and / or formula (4). Wherein R is the formula (1), fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen or methyl, In the general formula (2) is hydrogen or methyl, Alkyl or hydroxyethyl, - formula (3), C n is 5 to 18. In formula (1), wherein in the general formula (3) from 3 to 9, X is formula R R x is 1, 2 or 3; Dispersions are used as a water repellent and oil repellent for fabrics.


A novel Hg2+-responsive thermometer system for translating mercury detection into temperature monitoring was developed based on an aggregation-activated oxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles.


Spending time in the emergency department is something that every doctor should experience, but most particularly the GP trainee. A&E represents the front line of secondary care and experience accrued here is very relevant to the GP. The rotation allows you to put your medical knowledge on fast-forward, as you will be seeing a lot of patients in a short period of time. There is no substitute for experience. You will see a lot. You will do a lot. You will experience medicine, surgery, psychiatry, paediatrics, gynaecology, orthopaedics and often social work all in the same shift.

You will be expected to work hard. The hours are long and the rota punishing. The pace at the weekends can be unrelenting. There may be managerial pressures about target times. To begin with you may be reeling from the environment but it's not all bad news. You will learn more in this rotation about pathology, injury, and 'real world' presentations than you ever have before. Crucially you will learn how to manage and treat these presentations effectively; skills that are very transferable to general practice. Many GP trainees love the A&E setting as it has all the variety of general practice but with ready access to investigations. Teamwork is important, communication is key and work can be rewarding, stimulating, challenging and fun!

The following list of tips is designed to help the trainee feel more comfortable and …


It provides methods and processes for improving recombinant protein production. Method, growth factors, in particular, useful for the production of growth factors TGF-beta superfamily, including bone morphogenetic proteins such as BMP-2 (BMP). Iron is present in a concentration of at least 2.25MyuM, and if pyridoxal is present, in a medium pyridoxal comprises about less than 55% of the molar concentration of vitamin B6 in the culture medium, culturing the suitable host cell .


risks and tiny probabilities simply cancel out!). At a rather higher level of debate Wildavsky presses the Hayekian notion that innovative capitalism is an efficient way of interrogating the unknown: the cost of failure is high for the individual but low for society as a whole. Regulation is contrasted with decentralised resilience, the defence systems of the human body being taken as illustration. Technologies, says Wildavsky, are presumed guilty until proved immaculate. This has unfortunate effects. Colouring agents are barred and replaced by even more dangerous substitutes, nuclear power is over-regulated, child abuse laws decrease displays of natural affection, etc. Wildavsky's trump card is that higher material wealth is associated with greater safety on almost all the measures one can think of. So anything that diminishes wealth ultimately diminishes safety. It is experimentation, sometimes dangerous, always uncertain, that takes us forward: anticipatory regulation stands against progress. 'The decentralised competition underlying the doctrine of getting richer and thus safer represents a form of resilience based on adaptation; the centralised regulations underlying the rival doctrine, "poorer but safer", seeks to anticipate so as to ward off harm', (p. 107) The basic approach of the book is set out in Section I. The second section, somewhat oddly called 'Conditions', explores a variety of areas in which anticipation (regulation) and resilience (unregulated competition) may be contrasted. This section is fascinating: it deals with the ways in which non-human life forms cope with danger; with safety regulations in nuclear power plants; with the defences of the human body; with the transformation of the law of tort from a resilient into an anticipatory apparatus. Each of these repays study. Wildavsky is very much open to the line of criticism that he takes too neoclassical a view of competition, ignoring large scale effects and externalities. Is it acceptable that the owners of oil tankers should 'search for safety' by trial and error? Admittedly it is not always clear what one should do when balancing safety against wealth but trial and error cannot be an adequate strategy when the damage done by individual agents (companies) is large in relation to the system as a whole. Neither can it be adequate when the effects of individual error are cumulatively (though not severally) dangerous. The design of regulations for these hugely important cases is more important than simply inveighing against them.


A 46 year old man presented to the Emergency Department with chest pain and collapse with loss of consciousness. The history, examination and investigation findings are detailed below followed by five questions surrounding the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of the condition.


In the UK, conflict resolution strategies have become increasingly popular within community development practice. Conflict resolution has been used to prevent homelessness, tackle neighbourhood dis...