........................................................................................................................... xvi 1 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................1 2 GENERAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................2 3 SÉNÉGAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................5 3.1 Description .......................................................................................................5 3.2 People ...............................................................................................................7 3.2.1 Population Statistics ............................................................................7 3.2.2 Education System................................................................................8 3.2.3 Ethnic Groups .....................................................................................9 3.2.4 Religion and Religious Education ....................................................11 3.3 Climate and Topography ................................................................................13 3.4 Forest Policy ...................................................................................................14 3.5 Land Use and Cover Change ..........................................................................15 4 KAFFRINE BACKGROUND ..................................................................................18 4.1 Description .....................................................................................................18 4.2 People .............................................................................................................19 4.3 Climate and Topography ................................................................................20 4.4 Forests ............................................................................................................20 4.4.1 Wildfires ...........................................................................................22 4.4.2 Reforestation Efforts .........................................................................22 4.5 Land Use and Cover Change ..........................................................................23 4.5.1 Ecoregions.........................................................................................24 5 LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................28 6 METHODS ...............................................................................................................31 6.1 Study Sites ......................................................................................................31


The 113 th Congress is considering various bills that would reform the way regulations are developed, analyzed, and reviewed. The GW Regulatory Studies Center has tracked and classified these bills since the beginning of the 113 th Congress and will continue tracking and updating the information regularly throughout its duration. By classifying each bill according to its approach to regulatory reform, based on the reform elements below, we hope to shed some light on the types of reforms being considered and their status.


Abstract. Safety concepts regarding nuclear waste disposal in underground repositories generally rely on a combination of engineered and geological barriers, which minimize the potential release of radionuclides from the containment-providing rock zone or even their transport into the biosphere. Cementitious materials are used for conditioning of certain nuclear waste types, as components of waste containers and overpacks, as well as being constituents of structural materials at the interface between backfilling and host rock in some repository concepts. For instance, the preferred option for the disposal of high-level waste (HLW) in Belgium is based on the supercontainer design, which consists of a carbon steel overpack surrounded by a thick concrete buffer (Bel et al., 2006). In the event of formation water interacting with cementitious materials, pore water solutions characterized by (highly) alkaline pH conditions will
form. These boundary conditions define the chemical response of the
radionuclides, but also influence the behaviour of neighbouring components of the multi-barrier system, e.g. bentonitic or argillaceous backfilling and host rock. Hardened cement paste or Sorel cement are considered to be main sorbing materials present in the near field of repositories for low- and intermediate-level waste (L/ILW). Hence, interactions of radionuclides with cementitious materials represent a very important mechanism retarding their mobility and potential migration from the near field (Wieland, 2014; Ochs et al., 2016). While the quantitative description of the sorption processes (usually in terms of sorption coefficients, i.e. Kd values) is a key input in the safety analysis of nuclear waste repositories, detailed mechanistic analysis and understanding of sorption phenomena provide additional scientific arguments and important process understanding, and thus enhance both the quality of safety arguments and the overall confidence in the safety assessment process. Research at KIT-INE dedicated to the interaction of cementitious materials
with radionuclides is conducted in the context of different repository
concepts, including clay (low- and high-ionic strength conditions),
crystalline rock or rock salt. Experimental and theoretical studies are
performed within the framework of national (GRAZ, BMWi) and international
(CEBAMA and EURAD-CORI, EU Horizon 2020 Programme) projects, extending to
third-party projects with several waste management organizations in Europe,
e.g. SKB (Sweden), ONDRAF-NIRAS (Belgium) or BGE (Germany). The combination of classical experimental (wet chemistry) methods, advanced spectroscopic
techniques and theoretical calculations provides both an accurate quantitative evaluation and a fundamental understanding of the sorption processes. Examples of recent studies at KIT-INE on radionuclide behaviour in cementitious systems in the context of both L/ILW and HLW will be presented in this contribution to explain methodologies, scientific approaches and results. The present state of knowledge as well as main remaining uncertainties affecting the retention processes of radionuclides in cementitious environments under different conditions will be critically discussed, also in view of current international research activities and repository projects.


In this paper we propose architecture to decrease the area utilization and improve the performance. To decrease the area utilization, a coherent 2D-DWT lifting based 9/7 wavelet is designed which also improves the performance. A coherent 2D-DWT method employed overlapped-stripe based scanning and stripe-based scanning for scanning the suitable inputs, so that temporal memory will get decreased. Usually the 2D-DWT operation is made in two level, in the initial level there is one predict step and update step, the second level in addition have the similar step repetitively. However, these two levels is made simpler and executed in a single level in coherent 2D-DWT, thus the area and power will very much decreased and the performance furthermore get enhanced. The architecture is parameterized to deal with different images and word length sizes. By means of a Virtex 4 Xilinx ISE 14.1 FPGA platform the suggested architecture is executed. The execution results expose that the suggested architecture is enhanced in area competence of 1% slices, 1% of DSP 48s, multipliers and adders are also decreased.


Normal 0 21 false false false DE X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normale Tabelle"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} The following seminar-paper is about the relation between the building of roads in the alps during the first half of the twentieth century and tourism. It will be shown that this two roads have only been built to vitalize the upper class tourism in the alps. By using local infrastructure and hotels as indicators it will be proven, that the motivation of the most tourists who came into the alps was the pure existence of this two roads and the beauty of the surrounding landscape but not for climbing on mountains. While alpine highways and roads of the present are used to achieve a touristic attraction, alpine roads of the early twentieth century have been touristic attractions themselves.


follow. Still, it is his sources that are crucial to his compelling interpretation. Price's research at the secondary and printed primary level is solid. He relies upon standard works for the campaign narratives that are written in German, French and English. His archival research appears most clearly in those chapters dedicated to domestic perceptions of the war. Price has consulted material effectively in the Archives nationales as well as diplomatic archives in France, Austria and the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the key sources used to support Price's thesis come from prefectural and police reports. While he uses sufficient evidence to introduce and substantiate his argument, still there is a need for more before one can fully accept this interesting interpretation. Rather than constituting a definitive account, Napoleon and the End of Glory introduces a revisionist perspective on the decline and fall of the Napoleonic regime that begs for further research. Price has achieved a clear and well-argued account of 1813–14, but his book should be considered the first new work on the subject and it should be followed by future comprehensive research into the prefectural archives. Price's interpretation is intriguing, but leaves the critical historian wanting to see more.


The evaluation of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) with Ni electrode and BaTiO3 dielectric material for potential space project applications requires an in-depth understanding of their reliability. A general reliability model for Ni-BaTiO3 MLCC is developed and discussed. The model consists of three parts: a statistical distribution; an acceleration function that describes how a capacitor's reliability life responds to the external stresses, and an empirical function that defines contribution of the structural and constructional characteristics of a multilayer capacitor device, such as the number of dielectric layers N, dielectric thickness d, average grain size , and capacitor chip size A. Application examples are also discussed based on the proposed reliability model for Ni-BaTiO3 MLCCs. Introduction Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are key building blocks in modern electronics [1]. MLCCs comprise ~30% of the total components in a typical hybrid circuit module such as a DC-DC converter. The numbers of ceramic capacitors used in integrated circuit (IC) power supply decoupling applications are even greater. Due to the demand for increasing numbers of decoupling capacitors and the limited space available, the use of Ni-BaTiO3 capacitors with higher capacitance and a smaller chip size is more attractive for current large-scale IC chip packages. Indeed, a typical central processing unit (CPU) package today requires more than 100 ceramic capacitors performing a variety of functions related to power delivery and signal integrity. These capacitors all need to work reliably for the CPU to function. Due to cost pressures, the degree of redundancy in CPU systems has been reduced, and so the failure of even one capacitor can cause the whole system to fail. In its simplest form, the capacitor system reliability can be expressed as: Capacitor system reliability = component reliability Number of capacitors (1) If a CPU system with 100 capacitors needs to maintain a system reliability of 99.9%; each capacitor must have an individual component reliability of 99.999% [2]. As a result, in order to improve the system reliability, it is vital to better understand and improve the reliability of MLCCs. Reliability of Ni-BaTiO3 MLCCs 1. Reliability of MLCCs The reliability of a MLCC is the ability of the dielectric material to retain its insulating properties under stated environmental and operational conditions for a specified period of time t. Reliability defects are the failures that might occur in the future inside a capacitor product that has been working well so far. Therefore, reliability must be regarded as a function of time and a function of external stresses. In addition, the construction and structural parameters of a MLCC device will also have an impact on the reliability of a MLCC. April 1‐3, 2014 CARTS International Santa Clara, CA 32 For publication on nepp.nasa.gov. As a result, a general expression of a MLCC reliability shall consists of three parts and can be expressed as [3]: , , , , (2) Where is a statistical distribution that describes the individual variation of properties in a testing group of samples (Weibull, log normal, normal, etc.). , is an acceleration function that describes how a capacitor's reliability responds to external stresses such as applied voltage V and temperature T. All units in the testing group should follow the same acceleration function if they share the same failure mode (independent of individual units). , , , describes the effects on reliability from the structural and constructional characteristics of a capacitor device, such as the number of dielectric layers N, the dielectric thickness d, average grain size , and capacitor chip size A. In general, a 2-parameter Weibull statistical distribution model is often used in the description of a Ni-BaTiO3 capacitor's reliability as a function of time:


In spite of the increasing amount of data available on student motivations, behavior, and aptitudes, Big Data has had little impact on the quality of higher education. Building upon the foundations of both activity theory and social learning, the author builds a case for the use of user-generated content in improving management education. The work concludes with a demonstration of how we have applied these constructs to the AMATE™ platform in both corporate and business education.


Motivated by the beautiful theory and the rich applications of harmonic conformal immersions and conformal immersions of constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces, we study biharmonic conformal immersions of surfaces into a generic 3-manifold. We first derive an invariant equation for such immersions, we then try to answer the question, "what surfaces can be biharmonically conformally immersed into Euclidean 3-space?" We prove that a circular cylinder is the only CMC surface that can be biharmonically conformally immersed into a Euclidean 3-space; We obtain a classification of biharmonic conformal immersions of complete CMC surfaces into a Euclidean 3-space and a hyperbolic 3-spaces. We also study rotational surfaces that can be biharmonically conformally immersed into a Euclidean 3-space and prove that a circular cone can never such an immersion.


Background: Mobile phone makes life convenient and comfortable, at the same time the pose a threatin terms of psychological dependence. Nomo- phobia is a catchy contraction for "no mobile phone" andmobile phone addiction. Nomo- phobia refers to discomfort, anxiety, nervousness or anguish caused bybeing out of contact with a mobile phone. The feeling of panic and desperation is observed in peoplewho lost their phones. The problem is prevalent among young mobile users, as they use mobile phone forvarious purposes. Studies have found that the students with stronger addiction to mobile phones have higherpossibility of decreased learning and concentration problems. Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalenceof Nomo- phobic undergraduate students. 2. To assess the level of knowledge of undergraduate studentsregarding prevention and management of Nomo- phobia. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teachingprogramme on the level of knowledge among undergraduate students regarding prevention and managementof Nomo- phobia. 4. To find association between the level of knowledge of undergraduate students and theselected demographic variables. 5. To find the association between the prevalence of nomophobia amongundergraduate students and the selected demographic variables. Methods and Materials: An experimentalresearch approach with quasi-experimental design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted on200 undergraduate students studying and residing in a selected university campus in Kanpur. The prevalenceof nomophobia was determined by using NMP-Q scale developed by Yildrin and Correia, while knowledgelevel was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaire regarding prevention and management ofnomophobia. Result: The study reveals that 57% undergraduate students had moderate nomophobia, while21.5% had mild and 21.5% had severe nomophobia. The knowledge levels of the undergraduate studentsranged between poor to moderate. 85% of the undergraduate in both the groups had poor knowledge and15% had moderate knowledge regarding prevention and management of nomophobia. The planned teachingprogram was effective in increasing knowledge of undergraduate students. Conclusion: Nomophobiais prevalent in undergraduate students. Planned teaching program is effective strategy in increasing theknowledge levels of undergraduate students.


A system for providing mains power to a cordless appliance, the system comprising a coupler and a complementary coupler on the appliance. The coupler has symmetrically configured concentric power terminals, which are connected to a mains power source in use, and a magnetic coupling region disposed concentrically around an outer periphery of the power terminals. The complementary coupler has complementary power terminals configured to engage with the symmetrically configured concentric power terminals of the coupler, and an engaging region disposed concentrically around an outer periphery of the complementary terminals. A magnetic force provides a mutual attraction between the magnetic coupling region and the engaging region, thereby engaging the power terminals and complementary power terminals and establishing an electrical connection between the coupler and the appliance.


It has become a commonplace in psychoanalytic theory, and the technique that has evolved from it, for an analyst to avoid extra- and post-analytic contact with current and former patients. However, with the advent of new influences on psychoanalysis—particularly attachment theory—it is necessary to reconsider these prohibitions against contact outside the consultation room. In this article, I discuss my experiences both as a former patient and an analyst with extra- and post-treatment contact with patients, and discuss handling these situations that inevitably occur.


The recently developed three‐body eikonal approach to ion‐atom collisions, based on the Alt‐Grassberger‐Sandhas equations, is applied to the scattering at medium and high energies of H+ off hydrogen atoms. The latter are considered in the ground as well as in some low‐lying excited states.


Recently, Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using deep neural network has become a hot topic in human-computer interaction. Machine can effectively identify human naturalistic activities by learning from a large collection of sensor data. Distinguishing the same activity of different human is not only an interesting research problem, but also has real applications in private identity authentication. Based on the success of convolutional networks for sequence raw data and residual network to achieve the level of aesthetic representation of the automatic learning, we propose a novel model, named Deep Convolutional and Residual Networks (ConvResNets), for identifying authentication on wearable data, in which: (1)The raw input features can be replaced by high-level features representation; (2)ConvResNets does not require expert-knowledge to extract activity data features; (3)ConvResNets can easily capture features distribution of private activities. We evaluate our model on two public datasets. Our results show that our model is effective to recognize identity authentication via wearable datasets. We discuss the influence of networks parameters on performance to provide insights about its optimization.


K°Bloc welded PHE with double dimple free-flow plates operating in the sour water stripping process could lower realized fouling rate, minimize maintenance costs, extend service interval cycles, and increase the heat exchanger's availability in comparison with the same model with chevron plates. The measurements over about 8 years (3 years history on a competitor bloc with chevron plates and 5 years history on new designed K°Bloc operation with double dimple plates) showed that the cleaning cycle of the K°Bloc with double dimple plates improved to four times longer between required cleanings than that for the same unit with chevron plates. Moreover, the K°Bloc thermal performance was almost twice that of the old unit.


The results of dot-ELISA application for the detection of IgG specific to the recombinant Chlamydia psittaci DnaK antigen in sera of farm animals vaccinated with a commercial chlamydia vaccine are presented. It was revealed, that C. psittaci heat shock protein DnaK participates in immune response of sheep immunized with the vaccine based on the C. psittaci Rostinovo-70 strain.


This paper contributes to theorizing about issues of pedagogy through elaborations on the idea of design experimentation as a methodological and analytical tool within the cultural–historical activity theory (CHAT) perspective. Our aim is to show that whereas it is analytically possible to separate people and implementations of pedagogical procedures from what are referred to as 'contexts' and 'learning ecologies', in practice, these moments of activity are co-constituted. To illustrate this process of co-constitution, we present five iterative studies aimed at replicating Vivian Paley's educational activity of storytelling/story-acting in a wide variety of settings. Our results highlight the dynamic complexity of the learning ecology and help us appreciate that Paley's pedagogical activity cannot be reduced to a discrete set of mechanically combined procedures. Our results also make clear that the learning ecology, as currently conceptualized by many design-based researchers, needs to be revisited in light of central concepts from CHAT.


The optimal design of fibre composite structures with embedded sensor systems is investigated to address the interaction between the fibre composite structure and sensor design disciplines for Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO). Optimisation within the composite structure discipline involves changes in the geometry and ply orientations to achieve a design meeting strength and weight constraints. Other design decisions involve choices of materials, material forms and manufacturing processes, and these affect the valid design space for such variables as minimum thicknesses or curvatures, and strength properties. Within the sensor discipline, optimisation involves changes in sensor locations to achieve a design meeting the requirements for sensor functionality (e.g. detecting damage of a particular size), robustness, cost, and structural integrity. Design decisions such as choice of sensor type influence allowable locations for embedment, the degree of strength reduction in the fibre composite structure, compatible methods of component manufacture, and coverage area for each sensor. The nature of the disciplinary design spaces differ significantly leading to varied approaches to optimisation and the requirement to bring together a range of commercial and customised analysis programs and optimisation algorithms into a cohesive MDO environment.


Change in the European mole population number near the copper-smelting factory is considered in the article. Environment pollution leads to the mole number reduction, most likely indirectly through its forage reserve reduction.


The aim of the present study is to detect the surface temperature of the green roofs by using infrared thermography,and then analyze the roof greening's effect on thermal environment.The slope roof greening,lightweight roof greening and water storage roof greening's infrared thermal images were shot in a cloudy day,a day after the rain and a sunny day,and then the same day and different days' surface temperatures of the three typical green roof were compared.The results show that the green roofs' surface temperature are mainly under the influence of solar radiation and air temperature,and water storage green roof's surface temperature is also influenced by its water content.Roof greening can effectively reduce the roof surface temperature and decrease the range of temperature fluctuation in any weather conditions.


The factors influencing the possibility of partial automation of the assembly process and quality control of lens microscopes. Proposed engineering solutions, and booth setup.


In this study, an atomistic simulation was performed to investigate intrinsic resonance propensity of clamped-clamped copper nanowires with Σ5 (310)/[001] symmetric tilt grain boundary. Grain boundary energy γGB for bicrystal structure was calculated based on an iterative approach. The stable atomic configuration was then doubly clamped and excited via flexural oscillation under varied temperatures. From the result, the appearance of grain boundary significantly alters the resonance properties of Cu nanowires. Greater attenuation in kinetic energy can be observed with increased temperature. Quality factors attains Q ~ 1/T0.7144 and 1/T0.7249 with temperatures from kinetic energy and centroid root mean square spectrum, respectively, where the former seems more reliable to employ at elevated temperatures.


We report cw yellow emission from a miniature self-Raman laser using highly doped Nd:YVO₄ crystals combined with intracavity frequency doubling. Pump-limited 587.8 nm output of 220 mW was obtained from an 18 mm long resonator, pumped by a 3.8 W diode laser.


Abstract We surveyed the nonvolant mammals in 10 forest fragments embedded in a matrix of row crop agriculture in east-central Illinois to assess the impact of forest fragmentation on mammalian diversity and distributions. A total of 19 species were recorded during our study, including 16 native species that occur naturally in forest habitat. We found a significant species-area relationship and a significantly nested subset structure. In particular, gray squirrels, chipmunks and flying squirrels were only encountered in the larger, more continuous sites suggesting a negative effect of habitat fragmentation. Seven species were ubiquitous and we believe that several others occur periodically at all study sites, indicating that most mammalian species currently present have not had their distributions altered by changes in the intervening habitat. Though an analogy to oceanic islands may apply for some species, we believe that most mammals treat forest remnants as habitat patches rather than islands, and that mechanisms such as habitat selection, constraints due to home range size and differential dispersal ability best explain the observed distributions of mammals.


Objective:  To examine the bioavailability of kavalactones in vitro and the possible differences in their bioavailability because of variations in either chemical structure or the method of extraction used.


A space‐ensemble average decay curve {〈S2(t)〉}NO, obtained in a reverberation room, shows a smooth but notable curvature at low frequencies, implying a lack of diffusion. It is closely approximated by L(t), the theoretical curve for power‐law decays given by Schroeder [5th ICA, paper G31 (1965)], and can be quantitatively characterized by only two parameters for L(t), i.e., by T0 (initial decay time) and Q30 (curvature index). This allows a quantitative evaluation of the diffusion condition in the decay process, always relating it to the absorption coefficient (αrev) evaluated from the identical {〈S2(t)〉}NO. The validity of {〈S2(t)〉}NO has been verified by its application in the design of a large‐scale reverberation room (570 m3) provided with a huge rotating vane (6 m in diameter) on the ceiling. A large contribution of the vane to the linearization of {〈S2(t)〉}NO, and hence, to the increase in measured αrev has been clearly established after the construction. Theoretical analysis of the effectiveness of...


. • The lowlands' of the study area consist of nearly 4,600 acres of developed and undeveloped farmlands and approximate Iy 3,100 acres of freshwater marsh and associated wildlands and bogs. At present the latter areas attract, a wide range of recreation ' oriented activities. In addition, the marshes were believed to play an integral part in waterfowl utilization of the. Lower Fraser Valley. The basic objectives of the study were to delineate, various indices of biological, production, particularly as they pertained to waterfowl, between habitats within the study area and between the study area as a whole and wetlands elsewhere. To this end, the importance of cover in influencing faunal distribution was recognized and schematically presented in a cover-map. Basic characteristics of soils subjected to varying hydric conditions were described. The quality of waters in the different habitats appeared to refIect current land. use. In this respect, waters of the marshes, wildlands, bogs and large tracts of undeveloped farmlands were oligotrophic in nature. Conversely, waters in and adjacent to actively farmed areas were relatively eutrophic. The water regime of the lands subjected to pumping is fairIy.stab Ie whereas in the.unpumped habitats wide fluctuations in water level occur bi-annually. Yields of major plant communities were monitored throughout the growing season, thus indicating primary production capabilities of the area. In the unpumped habitats a large proportion of the nitrogen per unit area of vegetation is "tied up" in accumulations of old growth and duff. In both pumped and unpumped habitats, hardhack communities were shown to account for much of the nutrient "short-stopping" in the study area. Secondary succession is in effect in both pumped and unpumped habitats and vegetation development suggests long-term development towards peat bog in many areas. In terms of both total invertebrate yield and yield of twelve families considered potential Iy important to young waterfowl, the Ag. II / habitat is more productive than Ag. I or the Sturgeon Slough marsh. Based on brood and invertebrate production in Ag. I, feed for ducklings is not a factor in. low brood production in Ag. II but may contribute to that currently experienced in the Sturgeon Slough marsh. The major nesting species of waterfowI"were mallard,.cinnamon teal and wood duck. Twenty-four broods were actually censused in 1972 and twenty in 1973. Calculation of brood production based on breeding pairs and estimates on areas too large to census indicated seventy-eight broods were raised in the habitats investigated in 1973. For the entire study area, production was caIcuIated.to be 8.3 broods/sq. mile in 1973. Rapid increases in water level during May and June conflict with the nesting period of both mallard and teal in the unpumped habitats, and probably are a major factor in current levels of brood production in these areas. Marshes of. the unpumped habitats were extensively used by moulting mallards and.wood duck and may serve the moulting needs of most summer resident waterfowl in the Lower Fraser Valley. Harvest of most local mallards occurs predominantly in or adjacent'.to their natal area. Adult wood ducks are apparently non-migratory and undergo litt l e pressure after the first two weeks of hunting. Approximately onethird of the immature wood duck harvest occurs in their natal area, general ly by late October. The remaining harvest is distributed between the'


Abstract : This monograph analyzes the Revolution in Military Affairs of early modern Europe to develop a paradigm for the current posited RMA and for the U.S. Army Transformation. Michael Roberts introduced the concept of a military revolution during a lecture presented at the Queen's University of Belfast in 1955. The lecture entitled The Military Revolution 1560-1660, influenced numerous scholars and was the genesis of a large body of work on the subject. Exploitation of these works can potentially lead to a better understanding of military revolutions in general, the posited current military revolution and the U.S. Army Transformation. The militaries of early modern Europe passed through the crucible of transformation during the RMA of early modern Europe. The United States Army is currently undergoing a transformation as it incorporates digital technology into its arsenal. The United States Army is moving from its current force structure, known as the Legacy Force, to an Objective Force in which all divisions share a common design and possess similar C4ISR capabilities, logistical capabilities, and a common suite of vehicles. The paradigm developed in the monograph will determine whether there is an ongoing RMA and then whether that same paradigm is illustrative and appropriate for the U.S. Army Transformation. First, the monograph establishes workable definitions for an RMA and a paradigm. The monograph then assesses the notable works of scholars who studied the RMA of early modern Europe. This assessment will establish a framework with which to evaluate that early RMA and will lay the groundwork for establishing a paradigm. The actual battlefield events which occurred during the RMA of early modern Europe are then analyzed and a five part paradigm developed.


The safety concerns linked to semi-automated driving – more automation, less driver engagement – could be resolved by real-time driver monitoring with mitigation strategies. To achieve this, this paper analyzed an on-road dataset of sequential off-road glance behaviors under different levels of distraction in an autonomous vehicle trial named CANdrive. Several metrics based on sequential off-road glances were proposed and examined in terms of their capacity of measuring the levels of distraction. These findings are useful for the development of high-resolution driver state monitoring to improve safety in the collaboration between human driver and semi-autonomous vehicle.


. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) were the leading causes of death in Indonesia. According to the 2018 data from WHO – NCD Country Profile, the proportional mortality in Indonesia were cardiovascular diseases (35%), cancers (12%), chronic respiratory diseases (6%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (6%), injuries (6%), other NCDs (15%), and communicable maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions (21%). The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of NCDs of each province in Indonesia and physical inactivity as a risk factor of NCDs. It was descriptive study based on Basic Health Research 2013 and 2018. Data 2018 revealed that most of NCDs such as stroke, cancer, and DM increased from 2013. The proportion of physical inactivity in Indonesia increased from 26.1% in 2013 to 33.5% in 2018. Perhaps there was association between physical inactivity and the incidence of NCDs. Further study was needed to analyze the risk factors associated with NCDs.


A significant amount of the carbon (C) assimilated in photosynthesis by trees is re-emitted to the atmosphere via the respiratory CO2 flux of roots. Because of technical constraints, we have little understanding of the extent and dynamics of the respiratory CO2 flux of roots at the total root system scale (RCF). This study aimed to fill this gap and to quantify the daily C budget of entire trees. We used aeroponics as a novel approach to measure directly and simultaneously RCF and the net CO2 flux of the entire shoot (SCF), to estimate their night- and day-time contributions to daily tree CO2 budget, and to estimate the relative contribution of different root categories to RCF in large saplings of the tropical tree species Ceiba pentandra. By maintaining root temperature within a narrow range (24-27.5°C), we controlled for its effect on RCF, thus allowing to test the potential relationship between RCF and SCF. The carbon gain of the fast-growing saplings was 0.79 ± 0.10 g C sapling-1 d-1, with day-time shoot CO2 uptake outweighing night-time shoot and day- and night-time root CO2 losses by a factor of two. Other than a slight rise in the morning hours, RCF was relatively stable and not coupled to the daily dynamics of SCF. Albeit having lower specific respiration rates compared to fine-roots, the relative contributions of coarse-roots (diameter > 2 mm) to RCF were substantial because of their large biomass and was estimated to range 43-63% of RCF at midday of different days during the growing season. The results of this study suggest that (i) the entire root system needs to be monitored for its impact on the tree CO2 budget, (ii) RCF cannot be derived from SCF, and (iii) the importance of coarse-root respiration to RCF may be greater than appreciated.


A 2‐year‐old boy with clinical manifestations of monosomy 9p syndrome and brown hair is described. G‐banding and chromosome FISH studies demonstrated complex rearrangements involving seven breakpoints in chromosomes 2 and 9, which included a 6.6‐Mb deletion at 9p22.2‐p23. This, together with previous studies in the literature, narrowed the shortest region of overlap (SRO) for the syndrome to a 4.7‐Mb interval. Candidate genes for trigonocephaly, mental retardation, and brown hair are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


In this paper, we first use experimental data from six human subjects to validate and calibrate our proposed dynamic models for fatigue and recovery of cyclists in [1]. These models are used to formulate pacing strategy of a cyclist during a time trial as an optimal control problem. We first derive the optimal strategy in a time-trial using Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. We then resort to numerical solution via Dynamic Programming (DP) for simulating one of the subjects on four strategically different courses including stage 13 of the 2019 Tour de France. The DP simulation results confirm our analytical findings and also show reduced time over experimental results of the self-paced subject who is a competitive cyclist.


The debate over globalisation and the state has been sharpened by the emergence of such transitional economies as China and Vietnam. These states have become the subject of considerable attention, both in terms of the form that production is taking and the manner in which they interact with international capital. In both cases, interaction with international capital and the establishment of elements of the market economy have taken place under the auspices of highly centralised single party states. The resulting approach to the forces of economic globalisation has been both highly interventionist and, at times, extremely heavy-handed. As such, both countries may be seen as being seriously out of step with the advocates of liberalisation and economic globalisation. This paper seeks to further the understanding of the position of such states through an examination of Vietnam at two levels: first, through an overview of the distinctive and changing nature of the interaction and, second, through an examination of the nature and consequences of the differential treatment of labour and capital for foreign companies operating in Vietnam.


[Objective] The aim of this study was to analyze the cytoplasmic male sterile line 21A and its maintainer line 21B of peppers by AFLP,and lay the foundation for further studies on molecular mechanism of the cytoplasmic male sterility in peppers.[Method] Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)line 21A and its maintainer line 21B were analyzed by AFLP to obtain the specific amplified fragments of cytoplasmic male sterile line 21A,while the specific amplified fragments were recovered or sequenced,and analyzed by BLASTn and TBLASTX in GenBank of NCBI.[Result] A specific fragment AA/CAG169 was obtained from cytoplamic male sterility(CMS)line 21A.Partial DNA sequence of AA/CAG169 was the series repeated sequence in AFLP marker sequence related to the sex and growth traits of Penaeus monodon.The results of BLASTX and TBLASTX showed that the translation products of this specific fragment had a higher similarity to Solanum demissum putative gag-pol protein,Solanum demissum putative retrotransposon protein and Solanum demissum putative retrotransposon gag protein respectively.[Conclusion] The function of this specific fragement AA/CAG169 is more likely to be closely related to retrotransposon,which indicates that the special fragment is possibly related to the sterility trait.


Abstract In September 2011 the authors conducted a survey of the membership of NAFE on their attitudes regarding the NAFE Statement of Ethical Principles and Principles of Professional Practice (SE...


Abstract This paper attempts to offer a general overview of the contribution of Father Dumitru Stăniloae to theology, emphasizing recognitions and commentaries (from throughout the entire spectrum of Christian theology) related to this topic. As promoter of the Patristic Tradition, Father Stăniloae successfully elaborated a form of neopatristic theology. His struggle against the scholastic typology, his promotion of Saint Gregory Palama's theology, his support of the spiritual approach to dogmas, the importance of the Philokalic theology, the role of the patristic exegesis and ascetic experience in the dogmatic development of Tradition are just a few aspects of this approach. The final section of the paper provides the perspective of understanding Father Stăniloae's theology as an open dimension to the entire cosmic reality.


While red wine phenolics have been extensively studied, polysaccharides and proteins have not received the same level of attention, especially when considering Italian wines. In this study, for the first time, quantitative and qualitative data on the macromolecular (proteins and polysaccharides) and tannin composition of 110 monovarietal red wines from 11 of the most important Italian grape varieties are reported. The winemaking did not include any filtration, oak contact, fining treatments, or ageing on yeast lees. Results highlighted a great inter- and intra- varietal diversity. The protein content ranged between 0 and 159 mg/L, polysaccharides between 211 and 1081 mg/L and total tannins between 171 and 3746 mg/L, with averages of 41 mg/L, 497 mg/L and 1687 mg/L, respectively. Six varieties with protein content representative of the variability observed were selected and submitted to electrophoresis. Within each variety, the SDS-PAGE mobility of protein-tannin complexes was similar but showed two distinct patterns for wines of different varieties (higher mobility for Corvina, Teroldego and Raboso Piave, lower mobility for Nebbiolo, Aglianico, Cannonau), suggesting that the Italian monovarietal wines can be diverse also in their colloidal-forming structures. This can be explained by looking at the different percentages of protein-reactive tannins (TBSA) on the total tannin content (TMCP), which is a varietal characteristic.


The study presents the influence Christian Dior has on the contemporary fashion design. It researches the importance his first fashion show the New Lo


According to medical experts, haptic realism is difficult to achieve, and even more difficult to have inter-expert agreement on the haptic feedback of one simulation. However haptic feedback is important in medical training, and allows educators to share the forces felt during a procedure if they know and trust what a particular virtual simulator will provide to the trainee. A new approach is proposed to refine bio-mechanical models with experts' input, to closely match the forces felt during a simulated procedure with an expert trainer's expectations. By allowing experts to tune a training scenario's haptic feedback as they trial a newly developed case, the experts can replicate their haptic perception and match their expectations with the simulation.


Due to the elderly's limited physical ability, their mode choice behavior with particular demand for the traffic system is significantly distinguished compared to young people. The emergence of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) will allow the elderly to travel independently and offer more mode choices. However, emerging vehicles will continue to coexist with other traditional modes such as public transport. This paper aims to explore the internal mechanism of the elderly's choice behavior among public transport, AVs, and SAVs. We integrated the relevant factors by expanding the ecological model and used the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model to analyze the constructs' relationship. The results show that the elderly believe that public transport, AVs, and SAVs are useful and convenient travel modes for themselves, affecting intention significantly. In addition, the elderly's well-being and social influence during travel are also significant constructs for their behavioral intention. The research could provide academic supports for the traffic management departments when making relevant policies and measures for the elderly.


This exploratory research investigates the nature of explanation use and factors that influence it during users' interaction with a knowledge-based system (KBS) for decision-making. It draws upon s...


Individual differences in learners' learning styles can have a significant effect on their acceptance of collaboration technologies to facilitate the sharing of learning information in technology-based collaborative learning. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the impact of learning styles on the acceptance of open learner models as a collaboration technology for information sharing. This study investigates the impact of learners' learning styles on their acceptance of open learner models for information sharing. A total of 240 undergraduate students in a university in Malaysia have participated in the online survey. A chi-square test is performed to explore the relationship between learning styles and the acceptance of open learner models for information sharing in technology-based collaborative learning. The result reveals that learning styles have no significant impact on learners' acceptance of open learner models for information sharing. The implications of this study can assist open learner models designers to apply appropriate instructional design strategies in developing open learner models applications.


Injection of charge carriers into the nitride in an MNOS structure by direct tunneling to traps in the nitride is studied in this paper. It is shown that this injection mechanism is very important for MNOS structures with thin oxides at low nitride fields (1–4 MV/cm). The dependence on field, temperature, and oxide thickness of this injection current are examined both theoretically and experimentally. It is furthermore proposed that this mechanism may be of considerable importance for charge transport in most insulators.


This article charges student affairs professionals who work with student leaders to become more intentional in how they and their students create and contribute to community. Towards that end, this article delineates a process called community-praxis that teaches students how to talk about, think about, and do community. Organization advisors who utilize community-praxis will help student members more deliberately conceptualize and create and recreate the type of community associated with their particular club, organization, or association. The process may have educational value for the advisors as well. By facilitating the community-praxis delineated here, advisors will be prompted to review the democratic theories and procedures that have long shaped educational communities. Additionally, they likely will be introduced to viable postmodern theories and practices that have not traditionally informed the ways educators conceptualize and operationalize their own campus communities.


It is known that interactions between particles of the fresh PCC, such as adsorption and repulsion processes, influence not only the stability of the fresh concrete but also the cement hydration considerably. The interactions of the polymer(particles) with the surfaces of other components of the concrete (e. g. cement particles, fillers) have been the subject of studies on electroand physiochemical interfacial analysis. Furthermore, the distribution of the polymer phase in the cement matrix is of interest as this significantly influences the mechanical properties of the hardened PCC. With computer tomography there is a non-invasive technique at hand to verify some of the aspects contemplated before and draw conclusions as to the quality of the evaluation of the results of electroand physiochemical interfacial analysis.


A kind of bonding technique with photosensitive benzo-cyclo-butene(BCB) is presented.In our experiments,by employing a kind of negative photosensitive BCB(XUS35078) and optimizing photolithography parameters,well-patterned BCB is obtained,then BCB bonding is carried out under particular temperature and pressure.Test shows that the BCB shows low flow characteristic and collapsing rate.The thickness of BCB photoresist after bonding is 11.6 μm,shear strength of each cell is 18 MPa,and hermeticity is better than 5.0 ×10-8atm· cm3/s He.This bonding process can be applied for production of MEMS devices which needs low temperature process and cannot bear high voltage.


With the aid of Ziegler' s transition state method and the improved Xa-SW method, the bond properties of cerium halide are analyzed energetically. The result shows that, the cova-lent bond of Ce-X(X represents halogen) is mainly due to the 5d and 4f orbitals of cerium) The spin unpairedly occupied molecular orbital is primarily composed of the 4f orbital of cerium; Some of the spin pairedly occupied molecular orbitals are formed by the considerable mixture of the 4f orbital of cerium and the orbitals of halogen; The action of ionic bond is principal for CeF3, however, the action of ionic bond is not evidently different from that of covalent bond for the other halides.


Analyzing energy consumption is an important task for a factory. In order to accomplish this task, most studies fit the relationship between energy consumption and product design features, process characteristics, or equipment types. However, the energy-saving effects of product yield learning are rarely considered. To bridge this gap, this study proposes a two-stage fuzzy approach to estimate the energy savings brought about by yield improvement. In the two-stage fuzzy approach, a fuzzy polynomial programming approach is first utilized to fit the yield-learning process of a product. Then, the relationship between monthly electricity consumption and increase in yield was fit to estimate the energy savings brought about by the improvement in yield. The actual case of a dynamic random-access memory factory was used to illustrate the applicability of the two-stage fuzzy approach. According to the experiment results, product yield learning can greatly reduce electricity consumption.


The interplay between superconductivity and structural phase transition has attracted enormous interest in recent years. For example, in Fe-pnictide high temperature superconductors, quantum fluctuations in association with structural phase transition have been proposed to lead to many novel physical properties and even the superconductivity itself. Here we report a finding that the quasi-skutterudite superconductors (Sr1−xCax)3Ir4Sn13 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) and Ca3Rh4Sn13 show some unusual properties similar to the Fe-pnictides, through 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. In (Sr1−xCax)3Ir4Sn13, the NMR linewidth increases below a temperature T* that is higher than the structural phase transition temperature Ts. The spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) divided by temperature (T), 1/T1T and the Knight shift K increase with decreasing T down to T*, but start to decrease below T*, and followed by more distinct changes at Ts. In contrast, none of the anomalies is observed in Ca3Rh4Sn13 that does not undergo a structural phase transition. The precursory phenomenon above the structural phase transition resembles that occurring in Fe-pnictides. In the superconducting state of Ca3Ir4Sn13, 1/T1 decays as exp(−Δ/kBT) with a large gap Δ = 2.21kBTc, yet without a Hebel–Slichter coherence peak, which indicates strong-coupling superconductivity. Our results provide new insight into the relationship between superconductivity and the electronic-structure change associated with structural phase transition.


Low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence observed in cometary environments mostly peaks at the gyrofrequency of the water-group ions of cometary origin, because of cyclotron resonance fueled by relative drifts parallel to the interplanetary magnetic field. Nevertheless, some of the observations point to pickup proton cyclotron turbulence, to single-cycle magnetic pulses or solitary waves at the proton gyrofrequency, and also to intermediate frequencies between the water-group and the proton gyrofrequencies, The generation of turbulence at such frequencies has been attributed to cascade via wave-wave interactions, but here an alternative and direct mechanism for the generation of these waves is suggested in an unstable wavelength band when the solar wind is sufficiently mass-loaded by cometary material. It is shown, for average parameters near comet 1P/Halley, that unstable modes of the intermediate frequency kind can indeed occur up to several million kilometers from the cometary nucleus and are easier to excite in higher-velocity solar wind flows.


A method for measuring the charge spectrum of particles in a solid‐gas suspension flow is described. The probe, fabricated of hypodermic needle, gives minimal disturbance to the flow stream. The charge spectrum is obtained by a pulse counting technique. Typical results are presented for glass particles of 80 μ diameter in air stream flowing at 8 m/sec inside an aluminum channel. The charge distribution follows essentially an exponential law and the average charge per particle has been found to be 1.3×10−14C. Practically all particles carried a measurable charge.


The complex density-functional theory calculations of structural, electronic, and optical properties for two principal representatives of the filled skutterudites $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ and $\mathrm{Th}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ have been reported using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method plus local orbitals, as implemented in the WIEN2K code. In this approach, the local-density approximation is used for the exchange-correlation potential. We performed these calculations with and without spin-orbit interactions. Results are given for lattice constant, bulk modulus, and its pressure derivative. Band structure, density of states, pressure coefficients of energy gaps, and refractive indices are also given. We note that both $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ and $\mathrm{Th}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ are semiconductors with indirect and direct energy gaps, respectively. The valence-band maximum is located at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ for both compounds, whereas the conduction-band minimum is located at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ for $\mathrm{Th}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ and at $N$ for $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}{\mathrm{P}}_{12}$. Our results are compared with previous theoretical calculations and experimental data.


The aim of this study was to investigate the role of copper in patients with ankylosing spondilitis (AS). Twenty-nine patients with AS were included in the study and the patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 14 patients with systemic hypertension and cardiac abnormalities, Group II consisted of 15 patients with normal cardiac findings. Serum copper levels in Group I patients, measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, were 55.0 ± 3.7 μg/dl (mean ± SD) compared with 94.2 ± 15.5 μg/dl in a group of matched control subjects. These results suggest that copper deficiency might be an important factor in the development of cardiovascular complications of AS.


Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncturing Du vessel on FADD and caspase-8 expression for ischemic cerebrovascular disease in Rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups.The MCAO rats were prepared by Suture method.The animals in therapy group received acupuncturing Du vessel.The FADD and Caspase-8 expression were determined.Results The FADD and Caspase-8 expression were significantly higher after MCAO.The levels of FADD and Caspase-8 expression at 24h and 72h after MCAO in therapy group were lower than those in MCAO group.Conclusio ns Acupuncturing Du vessel might reduce FADD and caspase-8 expression in MCAO rats.It might be the mechanism of acupuncturing on Du vessel therapy to ischemic cerebrovascular disease.


Erosion corrosion and environmental chamber corrosion studies conducted on plasma sprayed samples from three different spray dried and densified nanopowders showed good resistance to corrosion. A dense, uniform and even distribution of splats and small number of microvoids and pores offered a high resistance to erosion-corrosion in sodium chloride polystyrene slurry. The coatings offer a high resistance in salt spray chamber environment.


Using Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to assist mobile edge computing (MEC) network is a promising solution to provide flexible and low-latency computing service for resource limited user equipments (UEs). However, the computing resources that one UAV can provide are often limited and cannot provide computing services for massive mobile users, thus limiting the application of this technology. So, a novel multi-UAV-assisted MEC network is proposed in this paper. The optimization problem is formulated with the aim to make full use of network's computing resources to reduce the number of failed tasks and energy consumption. To solve this challenging problem, a novel solution is proposed. First, we use a swarm intelligence algorithm to investigate the deployment of UAVs. Second, we offer an efficient matching algorithm to explore the tasks assignments under the given deployment of UAVs. The simulation results show that the proposed solution can effectively reduce the number of failed tasks and energy consumption.


The critical phenomenon analogy in an absorptive optical bistability system is studied. The asymptotic form of the family of potential functions for the system near threshold is obtained by using catastrophe theory. The well-known scaling hypothesis in the general homogeneous function form in critical phenomena is shown to be a characteristic of the asymptotic family. Four threshold exponents beta , delta , gamma , alpha and their four accompanied threshold amplitudes B, D, Gamma , A on both bistability and monotonic regions are estimated. The threshold exponents obey the same scaling laws as those in critical phenomena, while the threshold amplitudes obey the definite relations between exponents and amplitudes.


Fatigue of swelling-contraction cycles of ionic networks was experimentally demonstrated for cross-linked poly(methacrylic acid) and a set of particles (ion-exchange resins). The mechanisms of fatigue in both mechanochemical systems were investigated.


The discovery that tritiated benzodiazepines, like 3H-diazepam (Möh/er and Okada, 1977; Squires and Braestrup, 1977) and 3H.flunitrazepam (Speth et al., 1978), bind specifically and with high affinity to brain membranes, greatly stimulated research on the molecular mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Binding of the radiolabelled benzodiazepines occurred rapidly, was reversible, stereo· specific and saturable and there was an excellent correlation between the clinical potency of aseries of benzodiaze· pines and their ability to displace 3H·diazepam or 3H-flunitrazepam from their high affinity binding sites on brain membranes (Möh/er and Okada, 1977; Squires and Braestrup, 1977; Speth et al., 1978). Because of these and other results (Tal/man et al, 1980), it is now generally assumed that the specific high affinity binding sites for radiolabelled benzodiazepines are the receptors by which the benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological and clinically relevant actions.


In experimental work with bilirubin toxicity, incubates or in jectates are prepared without added albumin, or with a molar excess of bilirubin over albumin. Bilirubin is liable to aggre gation as free bilirubin acid under these circumstances, giv ing rise to variable toxicity. Stable solutions are obtained with a molar excess ofalbumin over bilirubin; such solutions show no toxicity, however. It is suggested that this difficulty may be circumvented by using an excess ofalbumin, adding a sulfonamide as a bilirubin displacer, to provoke toxicity.


By using the Windows98and Visual Basic language to program the system,di sasters such as flood and drought which occur easily in Heilongjiang p rovince were estimated and analyzed through calculating index with esti mating model.Climatic resource of Heilongjiang province was expatiated roundly in the system.All the results can be used as a base to make agricultural policies on adjusting the agricultu ral planting structure and the distr ibution of crop varieties and defend ing the disasters.


This paper introduces the sliding construction of steel structures in Anfu building.Meanwhile the application of several kinds of working platforms, including hoisting construction platform and various sliding rails in the complicated structural condition,is presented.


Contents: Preface Abstract Macroeconomic Schools and Methodology - An Introduction Prologue Introduction - Different Points of View 1. Keynes-Inspired Macroeconomic Theory - A Methodological Perspectives 2. Macroeconomic Methodology - From a Critical Realist Perspective 3. The Macroeconomic Landscape - An Example of an Ontological Reflection 4. About Uncertainty, Risk and Limited Knowledge 5. Uncertainty and 'the Economy as a Whole' 6. Equilibrium and Path-dependence from a Perspective of Uncertainty 7. The Fallacy of Composition 8. Effective Demand - A Macroeconomic Causal Relationship 9. Methodological Perspectives for Realistic, Macroeconomic Research - A Summary Glossary Bibliography


Summaryp- And m-hydroxymethylphenylacetylenes were prepared by a two step sequence starting from a commercial mixture of p- and m-chloromethylstyrene, i.e., by the bromination of the vinylic monomer mixture followed by separation of m- and p- brominated derivatives by fractional crystallization, and simultaneous dehydrobromination and nucleophilic substitution of the -Cl with -OH.


This paper presents the first results of the geophysical surveys – principally a large scale gradiometer survey – of Verulamium Park, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK, under which lies approximately half of the Roman city. Verulamium was the third largest Roman city in the province of Britannia – covering some 81 ha – and the largest which is currently available for survey. Approximately 65 ha lies under parkland or pasture. The 30 ha available under the Park was the subject of a magnetometry survey in 2013–2014, along with smaller areas of ground penetrating radar (GPR), earth resistance and magnetic susceptibility. These surveys were undertaken as part of a community archaeology project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). The surveys have detected a wide variety of features including stone buildings of varying size and complexity, pottery kilns, roads, pits and ditches. The results so far suggest the town can be divided into an area of largely elite housing, an area characterised by smaller structures and industrial features, and a somewhat enigmatic magnetically quiet area. Challenges in the interpretation of the results are discussed, as are potential solutions and planned future work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Research background: There have been several studies on the degree of exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to consumer prices, as well as macroeconomic environment with yet no clear direction. Purpose: This research work investigates exchange rate pass-through effects into consumer prices in Nigeria from 1960 to 2018. Research methodology: The methodology employed by the study for estimation is the Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) procedures. Results: The empirical results indicate an incomplete pass-through of exchange rate into consumer prices in Nigeria. The pass-through is found to be 1.6 for the model under consideration. The impulse response function results indicate that the response of the consumer prices to the exchange rate shock decreases immediately to a negative shock in the short run, and continues along the horizon to a positive shock in the long run. Also, the response of consumer prices to interest rate shock decreases immediately and continues to fluctuate to a negative shock in both the short run long run horizon. Novelty: The results support the view that exchange rate policy should be complimented with coordinated macroeconomic policy approaches in order to control inflationary level in the economy. The study therefore recommends that the Federal Government should adopt a tightening of the monetary policy as it will help reduce the impact of exchange rate depreciation on consumer prices.


Government-sponsored institution has experienced broad, no-deep and unbalanced reformation which initially imitated enterprise contracted production system. The lagging of government administrative system reform hinders the reform of government-sponsored institution which is engaged in administration and law enforcement. Another kind of government-sponsored institution which provides social services adopted internal contracted production system and canceled monopoly. But, the plan-monopoly becomes market-monopoly and the high price of relative services indicates the consequence of reform partly underdone.


Endocrine disruptors are man-made or naturally occurring chemical substances, upon exposure, alter the male reproductive health by interfering with hormonal homeostasis and spermatogenesis. Several studies have supported the hypothesis that a decrease in sperm count over the past few decades is due to exposure to environmental contaminants possessing estrogenic or anti-androgenic properties. Bisphenol A, phthalates, alkylphenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls are some of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals commonly present in our day-to-day products that have been shown to pose a significant threat to reproductive health. Many chemicals directly or indirectly affect the endocrine systems, altering metabolism, sex differentiation, growth, stress response, gender behavior, and reproduction. The endocrine pathway disruption is possible via membrane receptors or nuclear receptors and inhibition of enzymatic pathways. The declining male reproductive health has been linked to an increased presence of chemical contaminants in our environment in the form of pesticides and plastics. The effect of endocrine disruptors on reproductive health remains a real issue considering public health. This review gives a recent update on environmental chemicals that have endocrine-disrupting potential and their effect on the male reproductive system.


It is calculated that about 75 research papers on the late Tang Dynasty been published through the year 2004 (apart from studies about LI Shang-yin and DU Mu).Among these papers,new points or new ideas have been raised by var- ious scholars and particularly in the aspect of textual criticism which fully expressed scholars'rigorous and practical aca- demic attitudes towards their research.The paper is all to discuss mainly in three aspects about the important issues of poets with their textual criticism and studies about writers and their artistic characteristics and the different literary schools.


This article illustrates that agriculture and forestry specialties in local comprehensiveuniversities should make full use of their own advantages to improve humanistic and scientificqualities of agriculture and forestry specialty students so as to foster high quality agriculture andforestry talents in all respects. For this end, university-wide optional courses, supplementaryspecialties, second specialties, second degrees and culture-oriented courses are to be offered tothose students.


Hand posture extraction is important for object manipulation of a humanoid robot. This paper focuses on the problem of hand posture extraction for object manipulation of human robot BHR-2, and proposes a novel method based on blue mark to get the hand posture. Based on the attached marks, the hand is identified and segmented using a method based on multiple visual cues integration. The vertices of the mark are obtained by using K-L transform, Hough transform and Least Square Estimator (LSE) methods together. The world coordinates of these feature points and the postures of the hand are obtained through coordinate transform. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been illustrated by the experimental results.


Glioblastoma (GBM) is a difficult form of brain cancer to treat as GBM cells utilize various strategies to evade host immune responses. Prior studies have shown autologous cytotoxic T cells (CTL) modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) facilitating host CTL responses against cancers. This study investigates the ability of T-cell receptor (TCR)-like antibody clones against TERT to facilitate specific CAR T cell mediated killing of GBM. Lentiviral vectors were created for five TCR-like antibody CAR constructs recognizing an HLA-A*02:01-restricted TERT-derived antigen. Nur77-GFP Jurkat reporter cell lines and 3 healthy donor-derived CTLs transduced with these vectors were used in flow-based and in vitro killing assays to assess specificity and functionality. K562 cells that did, and did not, express HLA-A*02:01 were targets in the flow-based assay. Flow cytometry captured activation of transduced Jurkat cells via GFP and CD69 upregulation. Three luciferase-transduced GBM cell lines were targets in the cytotoxic killing assay and visualized via bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Increased GFP and CD69 expression was seen on Jurkat cells transduced with clones 3A12 and 3H2 only when co-cultured with TERT antigen and A*02 positive K562 suggesting specific recognition of the TERT:HLA complex. Furthermore, healthy donor-derived CTL transduced with 3A12 and 3H2 CAR constructs demonstrated in vitro killing of tumor cells by BLI. Interestingly, the 3H2 construct only showed cytotoxicity in the presence of exogenous TERT antigen. However, when the heavy and light chains of the 3H2 clone were flipped in the lentiviral construct (3H2F), specificity to the TERT:HLA complex was preserved but the CAR T cells now demonstrated cytotoxicity of GBM without needing exogeneous peptide. TCR-like antibody clones 3A12 and 3H2F specifically recognize an HLA-A*02:01-restricted TERT-derived antigen, facilitating effective in vitro cytotoxicity of GBM cells. Ongoing experiments will evaluate the in vivo activity of these TERT-specific CAR constructs and assess potential off-target toxicity.


The 19th century is period which was been making presentation of the Eastern Asia by Europeans. Many Europeans took active part in missionary work, trade work, diplomacy work etc. They each stayed in Canton, Bombay, Singapore, Malacca, Batavia, Macao etc. But They were making network of human resources and information. Chinese Repository was situated in the center of them, which was published during 1832-1851 at Canton by a America missionary, E. C. Bridgman(1801-1861). This magazine contributed to formation of modern image and of China and Eastern Asia and Orientalism in the Europe and United state. This article will study that network of human resources and information and the Characters which were depicted by them, also extract problems from them.


Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been applied to the quantitative analysis of 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water. Equilibration curves for the partitioning of the VOCs between the fiber coating and fortified water obtained at 20, 50, and 80 °C are found between the theoretical curves for completely agitated and non-agitated samples. Two important factors for the amount adsorbed by the SPME fiber coating are the extraction time and the fiber coating/water distribution coefficient, KFW. Both depend on the sample temperature, but in a counteracting manner: Increasing the temperature shortened the equilibration times, especially for the heavier VOCs, but also lead to lower KFW values, and consequently a lower sensitivity of the method. KFW values are determined for 33 of the VOCs at 40, 60, and 80°C and the heats of adsorption,–ΔH, are calculated. The nature of the adsorption is found to be exothermic which explains the decreasing sensitivity of the method with increasing temperature. Detection limits were typically from 20 ng/l to 200 ng/l, except for the very light VOCs with which detection difficulties were encountered. For all of the VOCs the linear range extended from the lowest concentration at which they were actually detected to at least 5 mg/l. The precision, 3% average standard deviation when an internal standard was used, was satisfactory for most quantitative routine analysis. SPME was also applied to head-space (HS) analysis of drinking water through the coupled equilibrium between water/head-space/fiber coating. HS-SPME is demonstrated to have shorter equilibration times than SPME directly from the water and equal sensitivities, except for the very light VOCs. Water samples from a drinking water plant contaminated in the low μg/l range with 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were analyzed. There seems to be a reasonable agreement between results obtained by SPME and purge & trap. It is concluded that SPME has a great potential for drinking water analysis.


Vitis vinifera seeds are very rich in bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, representing a generous and available source for obtainment of new active biopreparations with agricultural, biomedical and ecological valorification. In this paper are presented the results focused on identification of the possible action mechanisms of some total polyphenolic bioproducts, extracted from grape seeds (P4, P5 in doses of 200 and 300 μg/mL) and proven already in our previous tests as cytostatic/cytotoxic agents. For this purpose were analyzed, on tumoral HeLa and normal Vero cells, the cell apoptosis process (Annexin V-PI assay) as well as the levels of ROS (DCFH-DA assay). It was registered, after the polyphenolic treatment period (48 hours), a stimulation of the apoptosis in HeLa cell cultures, the maximum effect being in the case of the bioproduct coded P4, at a dose of 300 μg/mL. In Vero cell cultures, the intensity of apoptosis was similar to the control group. No variations in ROS levels, as compared with control group, were registered in both cell cultures. Therefore, the cytotoxic effect of the studied polyphenolic extracts seems to be induced by activation of the cell apoptosis process and not by oxidative mechanism.


The integration of the students in the school is accompanied by a number of problems, not only with academic success rate of the individual, but also with his inclusion in the team of peers. A minor part of the issue is dealing with the social dimension of the educational process. The contribution is therefore oriented towards the acceptance of the individual, which we examined in the domain of the integrated 398 adolescents regular elementary school. Through the Questionnaire on social acceptance (Juhas, 1990), we measured the degree of acceptance of individuals, their view of the team, the emotional, families and school classes experiencing relationship and relationship to classmates. We found significant differences in the view of the individual to the team class and Emotional survival of the individual in a school class considering to integrated and intact students. These results suggest a subjective view of the individual to the collective of peers. As well, this can be attributed to the small development of social skills integrated individuals, as it indicates the detected a statistically significant difference in the emotional experiences of the individual.


The procedures used heretofore to evaluate ionization dose distributions in multiportal irradiation are inaccurate or arduous and time-consuming, or too specialized and limited in application (1–4). Our instrument uses optical projectors to superimpose images of radiation fields on a screen, producing an optical analogue of the radiation dose distribution in the plane under consideration, which is scanned by a television camera to produce electrical signals corresponding to the light levels on the screen. Electronic circuits are used to produce isodose curves on a monitor screen wherever the dose level equals a reference level. Each radiation field is represented by a lantern-slide image which transmits light everywhere in proportion to the dose rate at the corresponding point in an appropriate phantom (5). The images of several fields are combined by projecting them onto a translucent screen from special projectors in which the slides are laid on horizontal stages to facilitate orientation. The resulting...


In the history of high pressure neutron science, the most crucial technical progresses would be the developments of Paris-Edinburgh cell in ISIS, pulsed neutron spallation source in UK. They now permit in situ high pressure and high/low temperature neutron scattering studies for both crystals and amorphous materials. In this article, from the practical point of view, a short introduction for the principle of time-of-flight neutron scattering method, data calibration methods for structure analysis with some previous studies are shown. Also, the required improvements and future prospects to the technique are proposed.


For modern computer systems, both performance and power consumption must be considered to reduce the maintenance cost for quality of service guarantees. This paper proposes efficient and effective power management schemes for heterogeneous clusters. Distinct from existing heuristic approaches, we propose power management schemes with approximation factor guarantees, compared to the optimal power management. Our greedy power management schemes have 1.5-approximation or 2-approximation guarantees depending on the complexity. We also propose dynamic-programming approach which can trade the quality of the resulting solutions with different time/space complexity. Simulation results wrt different power consumption models show that the proposed schemes are effective for the minimization of the power consumption for large scale clusters.


Numerical simulation was made on parameters like thickness ratio of sheet metals,its shapes and dimensions,blank holder force and die radius that affect the formation of square box made of tailor rolled blanks.Through orthogonal experiments,the forming depth and movement amounts of transition zone on different conditions were contrasted and analyzed.The strain path of dangerous points was adjusted and an optimized scheme was determined to improve the formability of tailor rolled blanks.


We show symplectic non-squeezing for the KdV equation on the line $\mathbb R$. This is achieved via finite-dimensional approximation. Our choice of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian system that effectively approximates the KdV flow is inspired by the recent breakthrough of Killip and Visan in the well-posedness theory of KdV in low regularity spaces, relying on its completely integrable structure. We also prove and exploit a weak well-posedness result for KdV in $H^{-1}(\mathbb R)$. Furthermore, the employment of our methods provides a new concise proof for the known result of symplectic non-squeezing for the same equation on the circle $\mathbb T$, first proved by Colliander, Keel, Staffilani, Takaoka, and Tao.


Certain researchers in the field of moral psychology, following Turiel (1983), argue that children and adults in different cultures make a distinction between moral and conventional transgressions. One interpretation of the theory holds that moral transgressions elicit a signature moral response pattern while conventional transgressions elicit a signature conventional response pattern (e.g., Kelly et al. 2007). Four dimensions distinguish the moral response pattern from the conventional response pattern (e.g., Nichols 2004). 1. HARM/JUSTICE/RIGHTS – Subjects justify the wrongness of moral transgressions by stating that they involve a victim that is harmed, whose rights have been violated or who has been subject to an injustice. Conventional transgressions do not involve a victim that is harmed, whose rights have been violated or who has been subject to an injustice. 2. AUTHORITY – Subjects judge moral transgressions as wrong independent of structures of authority while the wrongness of conventional transgressions can be changed by an authority. 3. GENERALIZABILITY – Subjects judge moral transgressions as generalizably wrong, i.e., independent of time and place, while conventional transgressions' wrongness depends on time and place. 4. SERIOUSNESS – Subjects judge moral transgressions as more seriously wrong than conventional transgressions. Others have criticized this view for a diversity of reasons. Relevant for our purposes is that, first, there appear to be cultural differences in what constitutes a moral transgression (e.g., Haidt et al. 1993) and second, it is unclear what the exact hypotheses are, surrounding this supposed moral/conventional distinction (e.g., Stich et al. 2009). I will present planned and ongoing experimental research that investigates two specific problems we encountered in the moral-conventional literature. First of all, we cannot draw reliable conclusions from previous work about the generalizability of the wrongness of different kinds of transgressions. In previous experiments, differences in time and place are often but not always confounded with a variety of other differences. For example, Huebner et al. (2010) ask participants if the depicted act would be OK for someone who lived elsewhere where everyone else did this. Moreover, when varying time and/or place, participants are likely to assume that other things differ as well. In our study, we vary time and/or place in a variety of scenarios in order to investigate what assumptions participants make when confronted with the generalizability question. Second, it is an open question as to what extent any transgression will universally elicit one of the two signature response patterns. In our study, we make use of existing differences in participants' value hierarchy to test this. For one and the same scenario, we compare the response of participants for whom authority is an important value with the results of participants for whom authority is not an important value, in order to see if there are differences in the two groups' response patterns. References: Haidt J., Koller S. & Dias M. 1993. Affect, culture and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:613-628. Huebner B., Lee, J.L. & Hauser, M.D. 2010. The Moral-Conventional Distinction in Mature Moral Competence. Journal of Cognition and Culture 10: 1-26.
Kelly D., Stich S., Haley K.J., Eng S.J. & Fessler D.M.T. 2007. Harm, Affect, and the Moral/Conventional Distinction. Mind & Language 22:117-131. Nichols S. 2004. Sentimental Rules: on the Natural Foundations of Moral Judgment. Oxford University Press. Stich S., Fessler, D.M.T. & Kelly D. 2009. On the Morality of Harm: A response to Sousa, Holbrook and Piazza. Cognition 113:93-97. Turiel E. 1983. The Development of Social Knowledge. Morality & Convention. Cambridge University Press.


The entropy of the non-stationary and slowly changing spherically symmetric Schwarzschild space-time is calculated under local thermal balance.The result shows that the entropy is still proportional to its surface area if we choose proper cut-off.


Abstract : PURPOSE: Information from unpublished reports, field, and greenhouse observations suggests that temperatures exceeding 29 deg C can cause reduced development and increased mortality of Megamelus scutellaris Berg (waterhyacinth planthopper), a biological control agent released for the management of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart. Solms). This document reports the results of an experiment conducted under greenhouse conditions designed to gauge temperature impacts to M. scutellaris survival and reproduction under fluctuating temperatures regimes.


Objective To analyze the effect of carvedilol and enalapril on chronic heart failure(CHF) caused by rheumatic heart disease (RHD).Methods Seventy two RHD patients with CHF were randomly divided into observation group (n=36) and control group (n=36).The control group was treated with a conventional regimen,while the observation group was treated with carvedilol and enalapril on basement of the conventional regimen.Results Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) in the control group were significantly lower than that of the control group. Left ventricular ejection fraction in the observation group was much higher (P0.05); The effective rate of the observation group (90.9%)was higher than that of the control group(63.6%) with statistical significance(P0.05).Conclusion Combination therapy of carvedilol and enalapril is effective on patients with CHF caused by RHD,which can inhibits ventricular remodeling.


Prices for hospital admissions have received considerable attention in recent years, both because they are an important component of health care spending and because they can vary widely. In this paper, we use 2013 claims data from three large insurers to examine the hospital payment rates of those insurers in their commercial plans and their Medicare Advantage plans and compare them with Medicare's fee-for-service (FFS) rates; we also examine the variation of those rates across and within markets. We found that the average commercial payment rate for a hospital admission was about


Unlike monolithic kernels that must be relinked, reinstalled, and rebooted after every code change, the Linux kernel uses loadable modules to simplify and shorten development time, make dynamic configuration easier, and save kernel memory. The paper considers how new code Linux modules can be added dynamically to the kernel at runtime.


Since October 1999, seismic activity in the shallow crust of the Futagawa Hinagu fault zone became active, and in June 2000 an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.8 occurred at the northern end of the Hinagu fault. To clarify the slip in the Hinagu fault and to obtain knowledge about the loading process to the fault, we set eleven observation points (Fig1, KM01 KM11) on the survey line of about 30 km west-northwest southeast-west orthogonal to the Hinagu fault of Misato-cho from Uto city. And we began GNSS Campaign observation from 2000 to 2010. At the reference point, we used a wooden precision tripod to fix the antenna and acquired data for 2 to 3 days.


Based on risk analysis theory of natural disasters and data of climate,DEM,cultivated area,banana planting area and yield of Hainan Island over years and GIS technology,the hazard of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-pregnant environments and vulnerability and disaster prevention ability against cold damage to banana in Hainan Island were analyzed and zoned.Furthermore,a comprehensive risk index model of cold damage to banana was constructed to divide the risk zone of cold damage to banana in Hainan Island.Results show that the highest and second-highest risk zones of cold damage to banana are located in the middle areas of Hainan Island,while the lowest and second-lowest risk zones are located in the eastern and southern areas.


We shall in this work present a theory of Weierstrass points for higher dimensional schemes. The theory is natural, flexible and well adopted to the many applications of Weierstrass points to arithmetical and geometrical questions. It gives the Weierstrass points äs a closed subscheme of the original scheme, defined by the vanishing of sections of locally free sheaves. The scheme of Weierstrass points is naturally stratified by closed subschemes of the same type and they enjoy natural functorial properties. In order to illustrate the uses of our theory and to show how it is different from the families of sets suggested äs Weierstrass sets of various degrees in the literature (Corti [4], Ogawa [17], litaka [8], [9], [10], [11], Catanese-Schneider [3]) we give some applications to rational normal scrolls and to hypersurfaces in projective space.


1Middlesex University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, London, UK 2Middlesex University, Faculty of Health and Education, Department of Mental Health and Social Work, London, UK 3Federal University of Espírito Santo, Health Sciences Center, Post-graduate Program in Public Health, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil 4Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Department of Infection Prevention and Control, London, UK


The report includes an analysis of the situation, trends and prospects of the resource base for the development of apitourism as an unconventional attractive and specialized type of supporting farmers through agricultural practices. The report presents the resource base (traditions, state, production and marketing of honey). For the aim of the analysis data has been used from the National Statistics Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Food beekeepers' associations, processors and traders of honey and bee products, the Ministry of Tourism and tourism industry organizations. The main purpose of the study is to assist companies and individuals in the field of agribusiness and apitourism for the realization of bee products and services.


I here respond to several points in Faucher and Machery's vigorous and informative critique of my volitional account of racism (VAR). First, although the authors deem it a form of "implicit racial bias," a mere tendency to associate black people with "negative" concepts falls short of racial "bias" or prejudice in the relevant sense. Second, such an associative disposition need not even be morally objectionable. Third, even for more substantial forms of implicit racial bias such as race-based fear or disgust, Faucher and Machery offer no account or explanation of when we should consider these racist, in whom, in what respect(s), or why. So, findings of implicit racial bias pose no clear objection to VAR. Fourth, because VAR allows not only racial hate, but also callous indifference, disdain, and other forms of racially driven disregard, to be racist,VAR is not "psychologically monist." Fifth, as VAR allows racist attitudes to be immoral in more than one way, offending against both the moral virtues of benevolence and justice, VAR is not "morally monist" either. I also reveal problems with some of Faucher and Machery's other claims: Faucher and Machery take too narrow a conception of the types of psychology that can contribute to understanding racism; the internal complexity of hatred, which they approvingly mention, is irrelevant to VAR's truth and undermines part of their criticism of VAR; whether some forms of racial bias are "racial ills" is irrelevant to VAR, which only analyzes racism; over-attention to implicit racial bias may cloak or exacerbate some of our society's racial ills, or even constitute a new one. I conclude by noting that Faucher and Machery are not just critics of VAR but also allies of VAR in important controversies against those who insist racism lies primarily in social structures and institutions.


Purpose: The Control, Acquisition, Processing, and Image Display System (CAPIDS) for the Micro‐Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) has been upgraded and is being evaluated for hospital clinical use. Method and Materials: The CAPIDS was developed and implemented using Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) and provides a user‐friendly interface that enables control of several clinical radiographicimaging modes of the MAF, including fluoroscopy, roadmapping, radiography, and digital‐subtraction‐angiography (DSA). The MAF is a high‐resolution, high‐sensitivity, real‐time imager which consists of a 300 |im‐thick CsI phosphor, a dual‐stage micro‐channel plate light image intensifier (LII) coupled to a fiber‐optic taper (FOT), and a frame‐transfer CCD camera, providing an image matrix of 1024×1024 35‐μm square pixels with 12‐bit depth. The region‐of‐interest (ROI) MAF can be inserted in front of a standard large field‐of‐view, standard‐resolution flat‐panel‐detector (FPD) using a detector changer when higher resolution is needed during angiographic or interventional vascular imaging procedures. Several new features were added to CAPIDS including: saving DSAimages as the mask for Roadmap mode, LII gain‐drift correction, direct saving of patient images, and real‐time window/level correction. Results: The upgraded CAPIDS has been used effectively for image guidance in over 10 rabbit aneurysm creation and treatment experiments, demonstrating the system's potential benefits for future clinical use. The CAPIDS controlled MAF increases the resolution of the x‐ray image compared to a conventional FPD and thus should increase the accuracy of interventional procedures. Conclusion: The upgraded CAPIDS for the MAF was modified and used in pre‐clinical interventional experiments. This upgrade enables the CAPIDS‐MAF imaging system to perform in most common clinical x‐ray imaging modes including: fluoroscopy, roadmapping, radiography, and DSA. The system is being evaluated for adaptation into a hospital‐based clinical interventional suite. (Supported by: NIH Grants NIH Grant R01NS43924, R01‐EB002873)


Climate is perhaps most easily understood as the results of the atmosphere's and the oceans' combined efforts to redistribute heat from the Earth's equator to the poles. What happens at the atmosphere-ocean interface, therefore, is critical to climate, climate change, and the ecosystem services provided by every ecosystem on Earth. This chapter has been submitted for inclusion in William H. Rodgers' forthcoming 'Climate Change Reader'. It reviews the basic processes of the atmosphere and the oceans, emphasizing their roles in climate regulation and other ecosystem services and paying particular attention to atmospheric-oceanic interactions. It concludes with a summary of how changes in these interactions both contribute to climate change effects and disrupt ecosystems and their services worldwide.


GC/MS spectrometric analysis of 3 cigarette flavors was carried out with DB-5MS, DB-WAXETR capillary columns and coupling column systems composed of them. The results showed that: 1) the coupling column system with the total column length of 60m was superior than that of 80m in terms of isolation effect; 2) the polar-nonpolar coupling column system 60m in total length was better than a single polar or nonpolar column in the isolation of 2 of the flavors, and superior to a single nonpolar column but worse than a single polar column in isolating the other flavor. The polar coupling column system with an appropriate length was suitable for the isolation of some flavors; polar-nonpolar coupling column system was fit only for isolating those flavors which contained more polar components, less high boiling temperature components, and the middle-low boiling temperature components in which overlapped seriously in single column analysis. The disadvantages of coupling column systems includes: troublesome and time-consuming to be optimized; lower working temperature; parts of components isolated by precolumn likely to mix together again; and the negative effects of the dead volume in column connector on the separation of components.