Conventionally, depictions of the Irish landscape and people on Ž lm have been regarded as coming from a tradition of Romanticism. In his classic analysis of representations of Irishness, Luke Gibbons (after Panofsky) has distinguished between those Ž lms that display a tendency towards 'soft primitivism' and those he associates with 'hard primitivism'. The former, exempliŽ ed by Beloved Enemy (USA, H. C. Potter, 1936) and The Quiet Man (USA, John Ford, 1952), tend to emphasise the beauty of the landscape and its bucolic inhabitants. Works such as Man of Aran (GB, Robert Flaherty, 1934) and Ryan's Daughter (GB, David Lean, 1970), illustrate the latter tendency, displaying a 'drift towards realism ... not as a means of challenging romanticism but, on the contrary, as a way of authenticating it, of adding credibility to what are otherwise characteristically romantic situations' [1]. As has been widely discussed, when an indigenous Irish cinema did develop in the 1970s, one of its ambitions was to break with this tradition, whether through 'warts and all' depictions of rural Ireland or a new desire to examine urban life [2]. The Ž lm makers of the 1970s are now valued for their iconoclasm both in terms of content and form, particularly given the movement towards a more commercial cinema which could be said to have started in the 1980s and to dominate Ž lm making in the 1990s. This new commercial cinema has done little to move away from the romantic view of Ireland, whether it is concerned with depictions of the rural, like Circle of Friends (Irl/USA, Pat O'Connor, 1995) and Dancing at Lughnasa (Irl/GB/USA, Pat O'Connor, 1998), or the aestheticisation of the urban working-class, as in The Commitments (USA, Alan Parker, 1991) or Crushproof (GB/NL/Irl/Ger, Paul Tickell, 1998). As I have argued elsewhere, the overriding concern of the Ž lms of the 1990s was to present a tourist's view of Ireland where a non-violent native population with an interesting but unexplained history lived a lifestyle marked by quaint encounters with capitalism and innocent sexual adventures. The apogee of this cycle could be considered to be the feature Waking Ned (GB/Fr/USA, Kirk Jones, 1998) whilst other recent examples include The Closer You Get (USA/GB/Irl, Aileen Ritchie, 1999) [3]. With virtually no outlet now for avant-garde works, Ž lm makers who wish to deŽ ne themselves as existing outside of the conventional mainstream of Hollywood-type Ž lm making, whilst retaining their audience, have had to resort to alternative strategies in order to make Ž lms which will in some way express their own vision. It is the deployment of a visual style that deliberately counters the romanticisation of the rural and the urban that I want to explore in this essay. By taking examples from a number of recent Ž lms, I would like to propose that by exploring and even celebrating the 'bad taste' of rural and urban Ireland, there is a space for Ž lm makers to produce a cinema that carries a particular meaning for a local audience whilst displaying an internationally recognisable iconography—of kitsch.


This paper describes how the phase sequence and voltage level (132 kV, 275 kV or 400 kV) of single-circuit overhead conductors can be determined from the measurements which are made by passive, non-contact sensors situated on a moving platform at ground level. The investigation relies on sensing of the electric field along the lateral profile beneath overhead conductors. Firstly, the passive sensor fabricated is described together with an analysis of its performance. Then experimental results obtained in the laboratory have led to the determination technique of voltage level and phase sequence from the spatial variation of the amplitudes and phase angles of electric field. 1 kHz AC supply has been used to energize overhead conductors rather than 50 Hz supply. This greatly improves the signal noise ratio (SNR) of induced voltage measured and makes the investigation of electric field in vicinity of conductors with low-level voltage possible in the laboratory. Finally, investigations made in a 400 kV substation in the UK shows that the proposed technique can successfully evaluate the phase sequence and voltage level of high-voltage overhead conductors


Being a priority habitat type of the EU Habitat Directive, conservation and management of grey dunes demands special attention. Therefore, basic ecological insight is important. Grey dune succession is initiated by fixation and driven by the complex of soil formation (humus accumulation) and vegetation development. Leaching and mobilisation of CaCO3 complicate the picture and are important in nutrient dynamics. But at present, rough grassand scrub encroachment greatly overrule these fine scaled soil processes and cause substantial loss of regional biodiversity. Belgium has a shared international responsability in grey dune conservation due to its limited range of its characteristic vegetation, flora and fauna. As biomass removal seems essential in grassland preservation, grazing is an important management tool. Evaluation of management measures focusses on biodiversity measurement, which is done on the levels of landscape, community and species.


This research proposed to design and implementation system of voice pattern recognition in the form of numbers with offline pronunciation. Artificial intelligent with backpropagation algorithm used on the simulation test. The test has been done to 100 voice files which got from 10 person voices for 10 different numbers. The words are consisting of number 0 to 9. The trial has been done with artificial neural network parameters such as tolerance value and the sum of a neuron. The best result is shown at tolerance value varied and a sum of the neuron is fixed. The percentage of this network training with optimal architecture and network parameter for each training data and new data are 82,2% and 53,3%. Therefore if tolerance value is fixed and a sum of neuron varied gave 82,2% for training data and 54,4% for new data


The flux-current characteristic of the voltage transformer plays an important role for non-linear Ferro- magnetic analysis. The disadvantage of traditional excitation curve fitting method using the model of polynomial terms lies in that the linear part fitting is not perfect, while, the non-linear part has the good fitting results, which is not accord with the PT excitation characteristic. With fitting order number increasing, insufficient samples will also lead to unfavorable fitting results. In this paper, line interpolation will be first carried out for the linear part of the measuring volt-ampere characteristics, then sample points will be increased by utilizing least squares fit, which will greatly improves the fitting precision of the linear part and the overall fitting accuracy of the non-linear part. The simulation results show that the error of the linear part does not exceed 0.3% and the error of the non-linear part drops from 2.5% to 1.5% when the linear part is given 11 order line interpolations.


For Real-time operation to the working loom,the display system is essential.By applying with LM64P83L,QPYENH6255 and MC68331,the paper realized a design method of the hardware and software of LCD display system,which is a subsystem of the rapier loom supervisory system.In the design,we validated a timing conversion method of interface between QPYENH6255 and MC68331,which solved the redundant logic circuit for the timing conversion between Intel8080 and M6800.


All Australian states currently (or will shortly in 2005), require commercial poultry to follow mandatory vaccination programs as described in a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) developed by the Newcastle Disease (ND) Management Group (NDMG) and endorsed by the respective state government authorities. Those states that previously adopted the SOPs in 2003 allowed a transition period for ND vaccination during which time live ND V4 vaccination could be administered to existing flocks prior to the use of a live plus inactivated (killed) ND vaccination program for new layer and breeder flocks.


Mamalian proteins encoded by the ras gene are thought to function as regulators of various signal transduction processes involved in cell growth and differentiation. The chemical basis for the regulation is cycling of the protein between the inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound state and the active guanosine triphophate (GTP)-bound state. Loop 1 of ras contains the GXXXXGK(S/T) motif (residues 10-17), which is found in all ras-related proteins, G proteins, and other nucleotide-binding proteins. Structural and biochemical studies have suggested that Lys 16 of loop 1 is critical for substrate binding and catalysis. The [epsilon]-amino group is involved in ion pair interactions with the [Beta]-and [gamma]-phosphates of GTP and forms hydrogen bonds with the main-chain oxygens of Gly 10 and Ala 11. In order to better understand the role of the key residue in ras function, we have replaced Lys 16 with a number of unnatural amino acid analogues, including (aminoethyl)cysteine, (hydroxyethyl)cysteine, (aminoethyl)homocysteine, and ornithine. We were surprised to find that the [open quotes]unnatural[close quotes] mutant ras proteins retained high levels of GAP-stimulated GTPase activity and GTP dissociation rates comparable to that of wild-type ras. These results may indicate that, in the GAP-activated form, Lys 16 is not involved in transition-state stabilizationmore » or GTP binding. However, replacement of Lys 16 with the isosteric uncharged Lys analogue, (hydroxyethyl)cysteine, led to a complete loss of GAP-stimulated GTPase activity, demonstrating the importance of the charged ammonium side chain. 22 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less


Backward informationization management of tendering agency hindered the further development of the tender agent industry. Based on project management and tendering agency business process, the overall framework model of tendering agency management information system was established, and analyzed the content of each function module.


With the comparasion of the contents of sci-tech literature evaluation with that of selective dissemination of information(SDI),this paper discusses the necessity and feasibility of integration of sci-tech literature evaluation with SDI in respect of the existing problems in the sci-tech literature evaluation.Furthermore,it points out the issues to which attention should be paid in the integration.


The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is generalized to solve the generalized Burgers-Fisher equation, and some new analytical solutions for the given system are achieved. Furthermore, the comparison of the result obtained using this method with the exact ones reveals that the HPM is a promising tool for solving nonlinear systems.


Use the weather data collected in Yangling,Shannxi between the year 2001 and 2002 to compare three different reference evaportranspiration calculation equations. Use these equations to calculate the daily reference evaportranspiration value,and compare the difference and relation of these calculation results using the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith as standard. Discuss the forecast of ETo by predigested ETo equation.


Despite their potential in language learning, films have not been covered adequately in academic research except some attempts to develop strategies. One of these strategies has been to compare film scripts and their translations, to identify chunks, technical terms, and creative language examples and to list them with their translations, and to do creative dialogue writing activities especially by modeling these scripts where chunks are used extensively. Believing in the importance of evaluating the film scripts with their translations, this study aims to investigate the processes the researcher/teacher's high school students went through in learning and using the target language starting with the use of the film adaptations of the literary works, writing their scripts modeling the film scripts, acting their own scripts, and shooting their performances. The mixed method research design was used with the triangulation of the qualitative and quantitative data. The 68 high school students' views were investigated with Likert scale (1-5) questionnaire along with their comments about the items.


This paper examines this agenda and argues that if Brazil really wants to fully enjoy the growth and welfare benefits of trade, it needs to further lower and rationalize its structure of protection; adopt a more aggressive, World Trade Organization-plus, policy to open markets abroad; design a regional integration strategy that makes sense to its smaller partners; and bring trade facilitation, particularly transport costs, to the core of its trade agenda


As I have argued elsewhere, I think that the mysterious man in the Macintosh of Joyce's Ulysses is the ghost of Rudolph Bloom. Briefly, my argument is that repeated testimony in Ulysses identifies M'Intosh as a grieving widower and that Rudolph is the only character who qualifies, that Rudolph's having been buried miles away from his wife's grave in the cemetery where M'Intosh first appears, in spite of an expressed desire to be "with her" and go "to her" in death, constitutes a motive for his presence in that cemetery, that M'Intosh's drink of beef tea ("Bovril") corresponds to the blood of slaughtered cattle with which Homer's dead are fed, that his appearance to Bloom and other details of his presentation recall the Hamlet father-and-son encounter which has long been seen as one of the book's central themes, and that there are too many verbal correspondences between M'Intosh and Rudolph Bloom for coincidence (Gordon, passim). In his Joyce's Uncertainty Principle, Philip F. Herring has this to say about my case:


[Objective]To understand the false positive results of HIV antibody screening in recruits, to explore the correlation between the initial screening and the confirmation test, and provide evidence for improving HIV detection techniques.[Methods]ELISA method was adopted to conduct initial screening of HIV antibody in recruits during 2000—2007, negative samples were judged as negative, all positive samples were re-examination by another reagent, the confirmed positive cases were sent to the military HIV control center for further confirmation by western blot.[Results]Totally 49 017 serum samples of recruits were examined for HIV antibody during 6 years. The initial screening showed 260 positive results which were 100% negative after re-examination and confirmation experiments. The S/CO values (249 false positive samples) were between 1.000~ 5.000, accounting for 95.8%, 11 samples' S/CO values were more than 5, accounting for 4.2%.[Conclusion]There are some false positive results for HIV antibody in the recruits. Re-examination is an efficient practice to eliminate the false positive results from the initial screening, to improve the efficiency of HIV detection, and to save budget.


Reducing logistics costs in the supply chain has been a key concern of major enterprises. Meanwhile, reducing the delivery cost of the supply chain is a key component of supply chain cost management. Therefore, this article mainly focuses on the cost management of agricultural enterprise supply chain delivery and achieves the goal of reducing logistics costs by optimizing the specific process of supply chain delivery. Firstly, a multi-objective mathematical model was established by comprehensively considering multiple objectives such as delivery cost targets and carbon emission targets in the delivery process of agricultural products. Furthermore, the delivery quality of agricultural products during the delivery process was ensured through time window constraints, and corresponding constraint conditions were established based on the actual scenarios during the agricultural product delivery process. On this basis, an Improved Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (IABC), a heuristic algorithm, was designed. And simulation experiments were conducted. The simulation results showed that the algorithm designed in the article can be effectively applied to the cost management problem of agricultural enterprises.


The effects of the voltage difference of batteries on the service life of the batteries for electric bicycle were discussed.The cycle life test of some batteries was carried out,the results indicated that the voltage difference of batteries had not effect on the service life;the voltage difference of batteries was not always constant during the service life;the service life state could not be judged by one time of voltage difference of batteries.


We demonstrate the concept that highly colored imidazolium porphyrazine ligands and complexes may be useful for visualizing the location of a catalyst and/or ligand. This was analytically demonstrated by the application of UV–vis spectrophotometry to detect the ligand and ICP-OES spectroscopy for quantification of the Pd in the biphasic systems. In the first instance, a toluene/water system was used, in which the complex and ligand preferred the organic phase. Water-soluble substrates were made to react under these conditions by employing the complexes as catalysts in Heck and Suzuki C–C bond forming reactions. In the second instance, an ionic liquid containing biphasic mixture was used, in which the ligand/catalyst was retained in the ionic liquid. Catalyst recycling experiments were met with limited success.


Abstract : Effect of low speed impact damage on composite materials is a new and potentially significant design condition for high performance systems. In metallic structure, damage due to tool drop, small rock impact and hail (while on the ground) did not constitute a damage of major concern. However, composites generally exhibit little inelastic ductility, are sensitive to secondary stresses, and are susceptible to splitting and delamination with cracks often propagating in the fiber direction through debonding. Upon failure, energy absorption is low. Due to these fracture characteristics and the low strain to failure, composite materials generally exhibit lower impact resistance than the metals typically used for aircraft construction. Environmental exposure may aggravate the deleterious effects of impact damage. It is well known that the mechanical properties of a polymeric matrix are susceptible to environmental degradation. Matrix cracking resulting from impact, loading or thermal cycling may provide pathways for moisture which can enter by laminar flow much more rapidly than by diffusion upon subsequent exposure to high humidity environment. Detrimental effects may also be expected because the internal tensile stress in the matrix increases with decreasing temperature, promoting crazing and the formation of microvoids.


Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs) address the data processing needs of situational monitoring applications, where data must be collected on-the-fly and processed in real-time. Sensitive data in situational monitoring applications must be processed such that there is no leakage of confidential information. Towards this end, we design a DSMS that allows continuous queries to be executed on multilevel secure (MLS) data in an efficient and secure manner. We provide a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of our ideas and present some experimental results that discuss the overhead and performance gain of our approach.


ABSTRACT To the Editor: —In The Journal, Jan. 8, 1910, p. 169, is a reference to a contribution on the treatment of fracture of the thigh in the new-born, by Dr. G. Zancarini, published in the Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift, Nov. 16, 1909, p. 2353.In 1887 I practiced this method in the case of a fracture at the lesser trochanter in a child just born. There had been a breech presentation, and the accoucheur had fractured the thigh in making traction with the finger inserted in the flexure of the groin. The case was treated by flexion of the thigh on the abdomen, placing it in the identical position it had occupied in utero, enveloping the thigh and abdomen of the child in a complete investment of plaster of Paris. To this I arranged a valise handle so that the infant was carried, for the three weeks in which it remained


Planar mechanisms dominate modern designs of legged robots with remote actuator placement for robust agility in ground mobility. This paper presents a novel design of robotic leg modules using the Bennett linkage, driven by two coaxially arranged quasi-direct actuators capable of omnidirectional ground locomotion. The Bennett linkage belongs to a family of overconstrained linkages with three-dimensional spatial motion and unparalleled joint axes. We present the first work regarding the design, modeling, and optimization of the Bennett leg module, enabling lateral locomotion, like the crabs, that was not capable with robotic legs designed with common planar mechanisms. We further explored the concept of overconstrained robots, which is a class of advanced robots based on the design reconfiguration of the Bennett leg modules, serving as a potential direction for future research.


THE round window may be functionally defined as the distal extremity of the perilymphatic duct, the proximal extremity being formed by the oval window. In mammals, the perilymphatic duct (consisting of the combined scalae, tympani and vestibuli) is closely applied to the scala media. So close indeed is the association that it tends to obscure the fact that ontologically and functionally the perilymphatic system is entirely different from the endolymphatic system. The latter is essentially a specialized portion of the saccule whereas the former develops as a loculation in the connective tissue surrounding the primitive labyrinth. Fig. i shows the relations as envisaged by De Burlet. He argues, quite correctly, that true hearing in the vertebrate does not occur except in the presence of a perilymphatic duct. The function of the duct is


In the final article, Doren, Lindstrom, Zane, and Johnson report the results from a case study research design that indicate that young adults who had targeted services and an active career orientation experienced more positive employment outcomes than students who did not. The issue concludes with another installment of "In Other Sources," which summarizes transition-related articles published in other journals in 2006. A review of this list reminds us that secondary transition is in need of a healthy dose of group experimental, quasiexperimental, and single-subject design research. Therefore, we encourage readers to get involved in intervention research designed to build a set of evidence-based secondary transition practices, and most important, to consider CDEI as their outlet for publication. Finally, one of our favorite duties as editors is selecting our Reviewers of the Year based on their outstanding contributions to our journal over the past year. This year's awards go to Dr. Lauren Lindstrom (University of Oregon), Dr. Meg Grigal (TransCen, Inc.), and Dr. Craig Michaels (Queens College, City University of New York). A big thanks to these individuals and to all our reviewers; we could not do this without you.


The development of relations of Finno-Ugrian nations in the area of culture, science and mass media are discussed in the article. This process maintains traditions, culture and language. The institutions were introduced to accelerate relation development.


In the design of pressure vessels commonly used in chemical industry,it is possible to carry out the optimum design of the structure by using the finite element analysis software ANSYS,and then,the appropriate structure and sizes can be obtained.In this way,a large amount of material will be saved under the condition that the engineering requirements are fulfilled.What presented herein may be referenced by engineers.


This paper analysizes two contemporary theories on distributive justice——Rawls's fairness and Nozick's entitlement, states their contents, purpose,problems,emphasizes Rawls' two principles of justice both unconditional equality and conditional equality,and discusses Nozick's holding justice as basement of distribution and role of the state. In the mean time, they are compared from different perspectives. At last.it briefly points their reference value for modern Chinese distributive justice.


Rice production in the Everglades Agriculture Area (EAA) of Florida dates back nearly seven decades. For a brief period in the 1950s about 2,000 acres of rice was grown in the EAA. Rice was reintroduced in the EAA in 1977 after it was demonstrated that rice could be successfully incorporated into the sugarcane production cycle during the fallow period. This 3-page fact sheet provides a history of rice production in Florida and information about rice varieties grown in Florida. Written by Jehangir H. Bhadha, Luigi Trotta, and Matthew VanWeelden, and published by the Soil and Water Sciences Department, May 2016.


Summary The effects of three levels of cognitive tuning (transmission, reception, and no-set) on the free recall of clustered and unclustered word lists were investigated with the use of three ratio measures: proportion of words correctly recalled, number of runs of clusters out of the number of possible runs, and number of clusters utilized over the number of words recalled. Subjects included 99 female undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course. The results supported a cognitive structure as opposed to a motivational interpretation of the tuning set phenomenon. Receivers, being tuned for sorting information into broad categories, recalled a greater number of words, scored lower on the ratio of runs, and used smaller ratios of clusters to words than transmitters who tuned in cognitive structures designed to process discrete bits of information.


The group of characters of an elementary Abelian group  has been used to define duality between its subgroups, which in turn is extended to duality between group codes. The transform domain description of the dual codes of cyclic group codes of length  over has been developed in this paper. Several example codes and their duals have been presented also.


The invention discloses a cloud deck device capable of realizing conversion between transverse shooting and vertical shooting of a mobile phone. The cloud deck device comprises a cloud deck supporting part, and a first motor connected to the cloud deck supporting part through a first connecting arm, wherein a connector is fixedly connected on the first motor; the first motor can drive the connector to rotate; and a mobile phone clamp is in threaded connection to the connector by manually turning a screw. The cloud deck device capable of realizing conversion between transverse shooting and vertical shooting of the mobile phone disclosed by the invention adopts a control rocking bar or a controller on the cloud deck supporting part to control rotation of the first motor, so that the connector and the mobile phone clamp are driven to be in rotary motion, and therefore, conversion between transverse shooting and vertical shooting of the mobile phone is realized. Besides, the rotation of the mobile phone clamp further can be regulated by manually regulating the manually-turning screw between the connector and the mobile phone clamp, so that the conversion between transverse shooting and vertical shooting of the mobile phone is realized, and therefore, the shooting efficiency is improved, and the cloud deck device is worthy of being popularized and applied.


1.1   Introduction

 One of the main concern of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the risk of renal injury in nephropathic patients. A valid alternative is represented by CO2 angiography, which is however contraindicated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is not always available in hospitals. In these cases, the role of duplex guided balloon angioplasty (Du-PTA) should be reassessed.

 1.2   Case presentation

  We describe the case of a 75 years-old nephropathic Caucasian male patient who underwent a duplex-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (Du-PTA) for a 10-cm occlusion of his right femoral superficial artery causing rest pain. A review of the literature about the use of duplex ultrasound for the endovascular treatment of infrainguinal vascular disease in selected high-risk nephropathic patients was also performed.

 1.3   Conclusion

 In well selected patients who present with critical limb ischemia and are at high risk for contrast-induced nephropathy, and when CO2 angiography cannot be performed, Du-PTA of femoral-popliteal district can still be a safe and effective alternative to conventional PTA and should be taken into account.


Collateral circulation plays a major role in maintaining cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. CBF can remain normal despite severe ICA stenosis, making the benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or stenting difficult to assess. Before and after surgery, we assessed CBF supplied through the ipsilateral (stenotic) or contralateral ICA individually with a novel hemisphere‐selective arterial spin‐labeling (ASL) perfusion MR technique. We further explored the relationship between CBF and ICA obstruction ratio (OR) acquired with a multislice black‐blood imaging sequence. For patients with unilateral ICA stenosis (n = 19), conventional bilateral labeling did not reveal interhemispheric differences. With unilateral labeling, CBF in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory on the surgical side from the ipsilateral supply (53.7 ± 3.3 ml/100 g/min) was lower than CBF in the contralateral MCA territory from the contralateral supply (58.5 ± 2.7 ml/100 g/min), although not statistically significant (p = 0.09). The ipsilateral MCA territory received significant (p = 0.02) contralateral supply (7.0 ± 2.7 ml/100 g/min), while ipsilateral supply to the contralateral side was not reciprocated. After surgery (n = 11), ipsilateral supply to the MCA territory increased from 57.3 ± 5.7 to 67.3 ± 5.4 ml/100 g/min (p = 0.03), and contralateral supply to the ipsilateral MCA territory decreased. The best predictor of increased CBF on the side of surgery was normalized presurgical ipsilateral supply (r2 = 0.62, p = 0.004). OR was less predictive of change, although the change in normalized contralateral supply was negatively correlated with ORexcess (=ORipsilateral − ORcontralateral) (r2 = 0.58, p = 0.006). The results demonstrate the effect of carotid artery stenosis on blood supply to the cerebral hemispheres, as well as the relative role of collateral pathways before surgery and redistribution of blood flow through these pathways after surgery. Unilateral ASL may better predict hemodynamic surgical outcome (measured by improved perfusion) than ICA OR. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


During the Victorian Era, the emigration of British women was a major topic of concern both in Great Britain and in the British Colonies. Due to a gender imbalance between male and female populations showing in a mid-nineteenth century British census, single women came to be considered in Victorian Britain as a burden and were labelled as "surplus", even "superfluous" women. From there, Victorians took it as an emergency to find a role, a place in society for these women. At the exact same time, the British colonies were experiencing a cruel shortage of British women emigrants to their lands, preventing the proper expansion of Victorian values. Emigration started to emerge as the ideal solution. This dissertation intends to give an overview of the common view on women and their role in society at the time as well as to explore the nature and the effects of the different types of organised emigration to the colonies that were put in place for them as a solution to both their surplus in Great Britain and their shortage in the colonies.


In the transition from the traditional management to modern management, the market economy has created the massive outstanding collective economy entrepreneur, which finally formed the group. This group capable person has the following basic characteristics. First, they posses the most basic capability for entrepreneur ——the innovation spirit, pursuing the product innovation, the technological innovation, opening market, and innovating organization and system. Second, they develop themselves by combining agriculture and industry; Third, they take the mode of integrating the village and factory.


Following salvage total laryngectomy (STL) with microvascular‐free tissue transfer (MFTT), patients are at high risk for swallowing dysfunction, but risk factors for persistent gastrostomy tube (G‐tube) dependence are unknown.


In this paper, soil types found on the territory of the Tarnier deposit of copper pyrite ores are considered. The contents of rock-forming components in the main soil types are determined. The analysis of excesses of permissible concentrations in soils was performed.


S K-edge XAS is a direct experimental probe of metal ion electronic structure as the pre-edge energy reflects its oxidation state, and the energy splitting pattern of the pre-edge transitions reflects its spin state. The combination of sulfur K-edge XAS and DFT calculations indicates that the electronic structures of {FeNO} 7 (S=3/2) (S Me2 N 4 (tren)Fe(NO), complex I) and {FeNO} 7 (S=1/2) ((bme-daco)Fe(NO), complex II) are Fe III (S=5/2)-NO - (S=1) and Fe III (S=3/2)-NO - (S=1), respectively. When an axial ligand is computationally added to complex II, the electronic structure becomes Fe II (S=0)-NO• (S=1/2). These studies demonstrate how the ligand field of the Fe center defines its spin state and thus changes the electron exchange, an important factor in determining the electron distribution over {FeNO} 7 and {FeO 2 } 8 sites.


In order to acquire the data of the object in reverse engineering, the parallel binocular stereo vision acquisition system is built based on the linear laser scanning. Two cameras are placed parallel, simultaneously acquire the light strips of laser light on the object. By means of preprocessing the image, distiling the laser light strips, refining the light strips and matching the image, the three-dimensional coordinates of light stripes are calculated using vision disparity of the image, and finally all three-dimensional point cloud obtained in various locations of light strips is displayed in the same world coordinates.


This paper proposes a new simultaneous spectrum sensing (SS) and energy harvesting (EH) scheme, called integrated SS-EH, where all of the incoming radio-frequency (RF) power is used for EH. Then, SS is performed based on a fraction of the harvested power. The proposed approach does not require a separate energy detector, which needs a power-hungry radio front end. Therefore, the energy consumption and hardware complexity for SS can be reduced significantly. Furthermore, it can increase the harvested energy over the conventional separated SS-EH scheme, where SS and EH are performed separately, and thus, only a fraction of the incoming RF power can be used for EH. The combined benefit of reduced energy consumption for SS and increased energy harvest allows more energy to be available for communication, which results in an increase of the throughput. The probability of false alarm and missed detection, the average harvested energy, and the average throughput are analyzed in Rayleigh fading channel and compared with the conventional separated SS-EH scheme. A mixed SS and EH scheme is proposed in cooperative SS and EH environment where each sensor operates in either the integrated SS-EH or the separated SS-EH mode to improve the sensing accuracy at the fusion center.


On every street in America, there is a man like the Chicken Man. How will he be voting this election?


There is an increasing need of developing methods for fast recognition and identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The chemical identification of these new substances produced with the intention of mimicking the effects of controlled drugs is a challenge for forensic and Customs laboratories. In this study, we aim to test the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the identification and classification of seized Customs samples into three NPS families. The performance of two excitation wavelength lasers (785 and 1064 nm) in a benchtop Raman instrument was compared in a set of seized samples that included cathinone, fentanyl, and synthetic cannabinoid derivatives or analogues. The 1064 nm wavelength laser had significant advantages for identifying NPS samples overcoming the intense fluorescence induced when using 785 nm lasers in some substances. Principal component analysis was employed to create a model that successfully discriminates the three NPS families. In order to provide Customs officers with a fast and nondestructive in ‐ field testing method, the same approach used with the benchtop Raman spectrometer was applied using three handheld Raman instruments. The developed identification and classification model allows the discrimination of fentanyl, cathinone, and synthetic cannabinoid analogues or derivatives providing an efficient tool for the rapid identification of three NPS families. The approach presented in this study can facilitate rapid decision ‐ making that could be of high relevance especially in the frame of the fentanyl crisis.


This chapter delivers the mathematical model to retrieve the definite route of MH370 and its debris, which is based on a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The chapter shows that the appropriate short route for Captian Zaharie to murder-suicide is the Gulf of Thailand, not in the Southern Indian Ocean, which is specified by 1000 iterations and 100 fitness. Needless to say that the MH370 path reclaimed from Inmarsat 3-F1 satellite data was not delivering the real scenario of MH370's vanishing, which is proving the multiobjective genetic algorithm.


The kinetic model given by Marten and Hamielec that describes the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and accounts for diffusion-controlled termination and propagation was modified to include termination by combination and reaction diffusion and was then tested using isothermal conversion/time and molecular weight data obtained dilatometrically at various temperatures and with three different initiators. For each series of measurements two adjustable parameters were fitted to the conversion/time data. Excellent fits were obtained and the adjustable parameters were found to be the same for all concentration levels of the three initiators and to vary in a simple manner with temperature. The predicted molecular weight averages and molecular weight distributions were in satisfactory agreement with those found experimentally considering the difficulty of measuring high molecular weight PMMA by GPC. This model thus satisfies the specifications for a polymer reactor model that can be used to optimize commercial production systems.


Abstract. Winds, waves and storm surges can inflict severe damage in coastal areas. In
order to improve preparedness for such events, a better understanding of
storm-induced coastal flooding episodes is necessary. To this end, this paper
highlights the use of atmospheric downscaling techniques in order to improve
wave and storm surge hindcasts. The downscaling techniques used here are
based on existing European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
reanalyses (ERA-20C, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The results show that the 10 km
resolution data forcing provided by a downscaled atmospheric model gives a
better wave and surge hindcast compared to using data directly from the
reanalysis. Furthermore, the analysis of the most extreme mid-latitude
cyclones indicates that a four-dimensional blending approach improves the
whole process, as it assimilates more small-scale processes in the initial
conditions. Our approach has been successfully applied to ERA-20C (the
20th century reanalysis).


At the request of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Transportation Research Board (TRB) undertook to develop guidelines for assessing the landside capacity of individual airports. A special 18-member committee, representing airport operators, airlines, and airport planning and design professionals, directed and participated in this study. This paper reviews the study's principal findings and recommendations, presented in the final report published in September 1987. An airport's landside capacity is its capability to accommodate passengers, visitors, air cargo, ground access vehicles, and parked or parking aircraft. Of these, the broad demands of air passengers traveling between their homes, offices, and other points of departure to the aircraft--or in the opposite direction when their aircraft arrives and they deplane--are most important to judging capacity at most commercial service airports; and they are the focus of the study. Airport passengers, then, are in most cases the basis for measuring landside capacity. Nevertheless, at some airports employee access and parking, cargo operations, or aircraft servicing may become constraining. While airport operators, airlines, and passengers may often recognize when an airport's landside facilities and services are approaching the limits of their ability to accommodate additional demand, there are no generally accepted procedures and standards for judging airport landside capacity. Current FAA forecasts of more than 70% growth over the next decade in the annual number of airline passengers in the U.S. indicate that consistent bases for making decisions about operation and development of airport landside facilities will continue to be needed. Research to collect data on service conditions over the wide variety of airports, passenger markets, and airline operations should be undertaken to support development of landside service-level measures that can be used by airport operators, airlines, and the FAA to make consistent decisions about needs for airport facilities.


© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Reuse permitted under CC BYNC. No commercial reuse. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. CASE DESCRIPTION A young patient with developmental delay and recurrent foreign body ingestion presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting after reportedly ingesting unidentified foreign objects 2 days previously. The patient was afebrile and slightly tachycardic, but hemodynamically stable. Labs were notable for white blood cell count of 19×109/L. CT of the abdomen showed multiple foreign bodies in the duodenum and small bowel including a screw (figure 1). The patient was taken to the operating room for foreign body removal, endoscopy, and repair of any bowel injuries. We made an upper midline laparotomy incision. In D1, there were several large palpable objects. These were milked back through the pylorus and removed via a gastrotomy on the anterior stomach wall. They were too large to safely remove by upper endoscopy. One was a plastic object with a screw inside of it. Others were folded up plastic and unidentifiable inorganic material. We then evaluated the small bowel and remainder of the duodenum. The mid small bowel was adherent to D3/D4. We finger fractured the bowel free and identified one 2 cm hole in the outer wall of D4 (<50% of the bowel circumference). Protruding from the perforation was a fullsized toothbrush (figure 2). A second toothbrush was also extracted from this hole. The edges were ragged, but the surrounding tissue appeared healthy. After taking down the ligament of Treitz and mobilizing D3, a second subcentimeter perforation was noted on the anterior wall of D3. No additional foreign bodies or areas of perforation were noted.


In this study, a microcantilever bending technique was applied to evaluate the interfacial adhesion of a silicon nitride (SiN) film on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. Miniaturised cantilevers in micrometre scale were machined on the SiN/GaAs cross-section using focused ion beam milling. Subsequent bending tests was performed on a nanomechanical testing system. Static and cyclic loadings were applied to bend the cantilevers until they fractured. All cantilevers failed at the SiN/GaAs interface. A finite element analysis (FEA) model was used to simulate the deflection of the cantilevers and the stress state at the locus of failure was analysed. Interfacial fracture strength σ in was derived from the FEA model. The mean values of σ in from the static and cyclic loading tests were 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.5 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively. An energy balance analysis was then used to evaluate an interfacial toughness of G in = 0.18 ± 0.05 J m−2.


73 Assignee: Telcordia Technologies, Inc., 57 ABSTRACT Morristown, N.J. A pseudo-random number generator is used as a pre * Notice: This patent is Subject to a terminal disprocessing Step to generating a long random bit string. The claimer. bit String is then "stretched' by performing certain one-way functions in parallel on the bit Strings. In a preferred embodiment, Specialized constructions based on expander 21 Appl. No.: 08/911,690 graphs are also used. Preferably, the Strings generated by the 22 Filed: Aug. 15, 1997 one-way functions and expander graphs are exclusive-ored. An embodiment may operate in the following manner. Related U.S. Application Data ASSume a slow but Secure generator Go 60 Provisional application No. 60/023,960, Aug. 16, 1996, and 1. Using Go, generate random numbers X1, X2, . . . , X, provisional application No. 60/035,220, Jan. 8, 1997. 2. Using a stretch function, Stretch the random numbers into 51 Int. Cl." ................................. H04L 9/00; G06F 1/02 R=r, r2, ..., r, where each r, is a predetermined amount 3. U.S. Cl. ............................................... 380/46; 708/253 longer than X. 58 Field of Search .................................. so 2s. 44.45, 3. Use R as a one-time pad for encryption. 380/46, 47; 708/250, 253, 245, 256 This process provides a long, random, cryptographically Secure bit String. This bit String is Sufficiently fast to Support 56) References Cited encryption processes Suitable for real-time, on-line encryption, such as video stream encryption and TCP/IP U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS layer encryption.


In China since liberation a major focus has been on improving the quality of drinking water. Peasants are urged to drink well water and they are provided assistance in digging wells. This program has been carried out in combination with antischistosomiasis activities. The government has supplied construction materials for wells and the brigades have provided the labor for digging them. Up to 1980 a total of 23 million bricks and 3500 tons of cement had been allocated by the government for this purpose. Most wells are dug rather than drilled for the ground water level is no more than 3-4 meters below ground level. Comparing 1980 with 1949 the number of wells has increased more than 50 times. The population drinking well water has increased 10 times. Along with the development of wells as a source of drinking water for peasants 9 small scale waterworks have been developed in some of the 5 county affiliated towns and 12 relatively densely populated commune seats. The county Health and Anti Epidemic Station supervises hygienic control of drinking water. There are specially trained personnel placed at each commune or town hospital. At the brigade level the primary responsibility for maintaining adequate water supplies and monitoring water quality is with a special fulltime sanitation worker who is supervised by a barefoot doctor. Calcium hypochlorite containing 65% available chlorine is used for disinfection of well water. In order to ensure adequate attention to disinfection of drinking water health aides in each production team are assigned the task of adding chlorine daily to the periodically chlorinated wells and checking continuous chlorinators weekly and adding disinfectant as necessary. Early in 1981 cultures were obtained from 5 wells each of unchlorinated periodically chlorinated and continuously chlorinated types. It has been found that continuous chlorination of wells is preferable to periodic chlorination because if provides more reliable disinfection and saves time and labor. Examinations have shown that more than 70% of wells which are sealed and have hand pumps can meet hygiene standards for drinking water without chlorination. In town running water systems chlorine levels are checked more than once daily and chlorine doses are adjusted to ensure proper residual chlorine levels. Cultures are obtained at least once a month. In 1980 285 samples were examined from 9 waterworks and 81.1% of these were satisfactory with respect to bacteriological requirements.


The scheme of basin territories and coastal zone management by landscape planning instruments was considered on the example of Voron river basin (Crimea, Ukraine). The functional zones in this territory are picked out: the areas requiring special protection, extensively used areas, especially vulnerable areas and the intensively used areas. Allocation of zones provides the complex of actions on stabilization and improvement of the ecological situation in the coastal zone.


We have proposed and studied a resonator fiber optic gyro (R-FOG) with bipolar digital serrodyne phase modulation scheme. The serrodyne modulation serves multiple functions from reducing noises caused by fiber characteristics, such as backscattering and optical Kerr effect, to achieving gyro signal processing including closed-loop operation. Because the sensing fiber length in R-FOG is much shorter than that in interferometer FOG (I-FOG), the Shupe effect, which is caused by temporally variant temperature distribution along the fiber, can effectively be reduced in R-FOG. In this paper, a resonator made of a polarization-maintaining optical fiber (PMF) with twin 90o polarization-axis rotated splices has been proposed to suppress the polarization-fluctuation induced drift. An automated control to optimize the suppression has been proposed and demonstrated in experiments. To suppress the backscattering induced noise effectively, a precise adjustment of amplitude of the bipolar digital serrodyne waveform has also been introduced. Additionally, a closed-loop operation has been demonstrated by locking both the frequencies of clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) travelling lightwaves to the resonator's resonant frequencies with manipulating the serrodyne waveform.


The current competitive business environment has forced business leaders to consider business process reengineering (BPR) in their search for dramatic improvement in organizational effectiveness. This paper provides an extensive review of the existing literature by classifying the articles into four research streams, presents a comprehensive practical reengineering plan for achieving a true organization transformation, and suggests future research directions for BPR under each of these streams.


The microstructure of the sweet almond (variety Marcona) and the most important microstruc tural changes caused after roasting (150 °C, 45 min) and soaking (H2O and NaCl 5%, 24 h) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The majority of the cotyledon tissue is made up of rather large, nearly isodiametric parenchyma cells with a thick cell wall; the cell-to-cell junc tions are characterized by a distinct middle lamella. The cytoplasmatic membrane delimits the cellular content, protein bodies and lipid bodies being the major components. A cytoplasmic network consisting of the membranous system structured as hexagonal cells extends throughout each parenchyma cell, and surrounds the major components. The parenchymatic tissue is surrounded by a layer of epidermic cells and tegument. After roasting, the cellular organization is lost and the cytoplasmic network surrounding the lipid bodies and protein bodies is altered; the heat destroys some middle lamellae of cell-to-cell junctions; the cytoplasmic compartimental ization of the oil is lost in most cells and the oil drops coalesce; protein bodies are distended and aggregated; other thermal modifications of roasting included pitting and pock-marking of the epidermis and protein bodies, caused by the escape of steam and oil. Soaking in water did not cause drastic changes in the structure; the most significant modification was an alteration of the cytoplasmic network and membrane; soaking in 5% NaCl also produced a partial disolution of protein bodies.


In this letter, we aim to elucidate the physical mechanism of the so called optical memory effect and blinking phenomenon observed in InGaN single quantum wells (SQW). We have found that the optical response of both memory effect and blinking phenomenon, is affected by different excitation wavelengths and by the change of gas adsorption on the crystal surface. A model that reproduce dynamics of the coverage of absorbed gas molecules on the sample surface is given and compared with experimental data with evident match.


A number of papers have been written concerning the properties of triangles which circumscribe convex sets, see for example (1), (2), (3). In this note we shall characterise two set functionals, one of which has already been introduced in (6). This will enable us to produce some new results in the spirit of those obtained in the papers mentioned above. These two functionals are interesting in that although they are defined in a rather abstruse manner, they turn out to have an intuitive geometric meaning, namely that they are the minimal widths of certain circumscribing triangles.


Motivated by their gravitational wave driven instability, we investigate the influence of the crust on r-mode oscillations in a neutron star. Using a simplistic model of an elastic neutron star crust with constant shear modulus, we carry out an analytic calculation with the main objective of deriving an expression for the slippage between the core and the crust. Our analytic estimates support previous numerical results and provide useful insights into the details of the problem.


Nasonia are excellent organisms for research and teaching. These parasitoid wasps have been the subject of genetic, ecological, evolutionary and developmental research for over 50 years. Two general features that make these insects such excellent study organisms are (a) ease of handling and rearing, and (b) interesting and diverse biology. Nasonia are readily reared on commercially available fly pupae (the hosts). Virgin females and males are easily collected in the pupal stage (there is a 3 day time window for virgin collection). Adults are "user friendly" and can be handled without the need for anaesthetization. Nasonia has a short generation time (two weeks), but can be stored under refrigeration for periods of time, allowing for flexibility in experimental timing. A diapausing larval stage allows storage of strains for up to two years without maintenance. Both visible mutants and molecular markers are available for genetic mapping and instruction in genetics. The system is excellent for basic studies in genetics, ecology, behavior, development and evolution. Four closely related species of Nasonia are present. The species are interfertile, allowing movement of chromosomal regions (and phenotypes) between the species for genetic and molecular genetic analyses of species differences in behavior, development, morphology and physiology. Nasonia is an excellent candidate for comparative genomic studies, as well. A key feature of Nasonia is haplodiploid sex determination; males are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs and females are diploid and develop from fertilized eggs. This feature makes Nasonia a very useful organism for genetic research (advantages of this feature are described further below). Below we describe the basic biology of Nasonia, and discuss opportunities for research.


) (e.g., for ITER "inductive" regime the profile B(ρ) is flat with accuracy ~20% [6]). The comparison [1] was carried out in view of the potential importance of EC wave emission in the local electron power balance for ITER and tokamak-reactor steady-state operation [7]. Here we analyze the influence of the inhomogeneity of total magnetic field profile on the P


BACKGROUND: In myocardial infarction, there occurs functional deficit of available magnesium due to trapping of free magnesium in adipocytes. Magnesium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and its complications. Magnesium ions are considered essential for the maintenance of functional integrity of myocardium. The serum magnesium concentration was found to have great significance in acute myocardial infarction. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic value of serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate serum magnesium concentration in patients with acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours of presentation and on 7 th day post myocardial infarction. 2. To evaluate validity of serum magnesium as prognostic indicator in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All cases admitted over a period of 2 years were taken as time bound study (Approximately 50-70 cases by hospital statistics). Serum magnesium was estimated by spectrophotometric method. Difference in serum magnesium levels within 24 hours and on the 7th day were calculated. These values were compared with the control values. RESULTS: We observed statistically significant lower serum magnesium concentration at onset in comparison to control. Serum magnesium gradually raised to normal value by 7 th day. Further, mean serum magnesium on the 1 st and 7 th days in complicated cases was lesser than uncomplicated cases. Difference in serum magnesium levels within 24 hours and on the 7 th day were calculated using Z test and P value was then calculated. These values were compared with the control values. CONCLUSIONS: Serum magnesium levels were found to be lower in acute myocardial infarction cases at presentation within 24 hours as compared to matched controls. Serum magnesium levels were lower in acute myocardial infarction with complication, when compared with acute myocardial infarction without complication. Serum magnesium levels were very low in patients of acute myocardial infarction who expired. Serum magnesium levels raised towards normal values by 7th day. So it can be concluded that measurement


The convergence of the Smart Cities and the Internet of Things open a broad set of opportunities in the provision of new services and the development of new products, leading to better managed cities and more informed citizens that take profit from the information ubiquity. However, some concerns arise from privacy and security that might condition the acceptance of those technologies. Research efforts have to be put in place to ensure the proper levels of confidence at feasible costs. The security of wireless communications has become a crucial success factor in the deployment of sensor networks by means of more robust access protocols and reliable anomaly detection algorithms. This work focuses on the necessary provisions taken to simulate existing node networks already deployed as part of the Barcelona's Smart City structure, using real data to construct messages and adapting results from different scenarios to be used later in anomaly detection architectures. Index Terms Smart Cities, WSN, Networks Simulation, Castalia Simulator, Information Security, Attacks Detection


Spargers are porous devices used for the continuous injection of gas bubbles into liquids. They have many applications like effective aeration in bio reactors, enhanced oil recovery, flotation, filtration and water treatment. In this study low cost spargers are fabricated, utilizing a new method. Nano- and microstructured glass bead spargers were fabricated in a temperature-controlled convection furnace. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry were used to further characterize the fabricated spargers. The bubble sizes and distributions were determined in an experimental setup comprising a bubble column equipped with a semi-professional camera to record the sizes of the bubbles in the column and resulting bubbles were photographed at different gas flow rates. In comparison to existing commercial spargers, the spargers fabricated in this study produce bubbles smaller than 100 µm in size. As substrate, first disc shaped and conical shaped glass spargers are fabricated. They are then covered by a layer of copper through two methods: manual method and plasma focus deposition method. The effect of reaction temperature and fluid properties were investigated on the size and the distribution of the produced bubbles: the best sintering temperature for copper oxide conical samples was 600 and 610 oC.


Surface-trapped electromagnetic waves can be localized at a boundary between a semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and the air. These waves enable a novel class of both in-plane-emitting and vertically-emitting optical devices including edge-emitting lasers, disk microlasers, near-field fiber-coupled lasers as well as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). In oxide-confined VCSEL structures the surface-trapped mode can be used for engineering of coupled modes in the oxidized periphery region outside the aperture having a large overlap integral with the VCSEL modes inside the aperture region. Depending on the thickness of the distributed Bragg reflector layers, the thickness of the oxide layers and of the design of the top VCSEL cap layers, the interaction of these non-orthogonal optical modes can result in the lateral leakage of the VCSEL emission into the oxidized periphery. High order transverse VCSEL aperture modes having a higher intensity at the aperture boundary can have preference for such leakage. Mapping of the VCSEL wafers in areas with the variable aperture diameters $D(\sim 3\ \mu \mathrm{m}\ \text{to} \sim 5\ \mu \mathrm{m})$ shows non-monotonous behavior of side mode suppression ratio (SMRS) between the fundamental and the excited mode versus $D$ oscillating in the range from 7 dB to ∼30 dB with three clearly revealed maxima in the SMSR at particular aperture diameters. VCSELs manufactured show 40 Gb/s data transmission over 1.4 km OM5 multimode fiber without pre-emphasis or equalization.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in the degree of innovation as moderated by the type of opportunity pursued – found or formed – among social and non-social start-ups. The authors aim to further the discussion on opportunity types by drawing on an expansive data set, the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II, to test the notion of opportunity types and their implications for innovation among social entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that social ventures are, on average, considerably more innovative than other kinds of start-ups. Furthermore, the authors find evidence which suggests that social entrepreneurs pursuing formed opportunities are less likely to be innovative.


Objective To analy se the efficacy and its influential factors in the schizophrenic inpatients treate d with quetiapine.Methods The data of 256 schizophrenic i npatients who had been treated with quetiapine for eight weeks were analysed.All subjects meet CCMD-3 criteria for schizophrenia.Multivariate analyses were used .Results One hundred patients (77.73%) were much improve d with the treatment of quetiapine.The maintaining dose of quetiapine was (362± 97.34)mg daily(200~500mg),stepwise regression analysis indicated that the bett e r results also occurred in inpatients with shorter courses and in later-onset p atients.Conclusion The results showed useful information on how to use quetiapine resonably and effectively in the treatment of schizophr enic inpatients.


"The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons." - Fyodor DostoevskyIf Dostoevsky is right, then America is the most uncivilized nation on earth. As the age-old wave of American exceptionalism plagues the shores of mainstream discourse, the hard rock of reality continues to smudge our portrait of the American dream. While politicians boast about our nation's "exceptional" character, the American people are left to live with certain dispiriting facts. As Michael Moore enumerates in a Huffington Post article, America's students rank seventeenth in science and twenty-fifth in math, our nation is thirty-fifth in life expectancy, and we are last in voter turnout of any Western democracy (2012). However, there is an area Avhere America is unequivocally, exceptionally, and indisputably number one. As Michael Kelley reveals in a Business Insider article, while America possesses 5 percent of the world's population, it incarcerates 25 percent of the world's prisoners (2012). In other words, approximately one out of every four prisoners worldwide is incarcerated in an American prison, jail, or juvenile detention center. While mass incarceration is indisputably an American characteristic, it is a crisis in the African American community.' According to recent reports:* One out of every three African American men is currently under the control of the criminal justice system, that is, on parole, on probation, or in prison (Alexander 2010).* Black males are incarcerated at a rate six and a half times that of White males, and Black females are incarcerated at approximately three times the rate of White females (Bonczar 2003).* In Chicago, young Black men have a better chance of going to prison than to college (Alexander 2010).Sadly, these statistics are exacerbated everyday as America's war on drugs and prison-industrial complex rage on. Together, the war on drugs and the prison-industrial complex have created the most catastrophic carceral situation in modern history. Considering our carceral situation in the wake of the one-hundred-and-fifty-year anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans are left to not only celebrate its legacy, but also consider its legitimacy.MARIJUANA AND MASS INCARCERATIONSince President Richard Nixon declared the war on drugs in 1971, America's prison system has grown astronomically. Despite relatively consistent crime rates, the prison population mushroomed from less than three hundred thousand to more than two million in three decades (Alexander 2010). Capitalizing on Nixon's momentum, President Ronald Reagan and his political contemporaries sought public support by implementing policies that appeared to be tough on crime. Interestingly, crime often constituted nonviolent drug possession and/or distribution. Furthermore, contrary to Reagan's drug war rhetoric, which included infamous Avelfare queens and crack babies, the most popular drug offense was and still is cannabis, or marijuana, rather than crack cocaine.The criminalization of marijuana, a drug many argue is less harmful than tobacco and alcohol, has transformed nonviolent drug users into stigmatized criminals. Out of the 2.7 million prisoners, five hundred thousand are nonviolent drug offenders, with the majority being arrested for simple marijuana possession (Alexander 2010). For example, in the 1990s, marijuana accounted for approximately 80 percent of all growth in drug arrests (Alexander 2010). And in 2005, four out of every five drug arrests were for possession rather than distribution (Alexander 2010). According to a 2013 Huffington Post article, "In 2011, marijuana possession arrests totaled 663,032-more than arrests for all violent crimes combined" (Hall and Spurlock 2013). While the drug war affects Americans of all races, African Americans are overwhelmingly impacted and disproportionately incarcerated for possession and distribution of illegal drugs. …


Energy Conservation is a phenomenon used for the different nodes of the network to save the energy of those nodes which are participating in the network, for extending the working time of the ad-hoc nodes. The ad-hoc nodes are the nodes which have the wireless property i.e. they work for the network without any physical connection between the node and the source of the energy. The ad-hoc nodes has to be charged from an energy source and after that the node is unplugged from the source of energy, the node starts consuming the energy as the time passes away and the battery which stores the energy for the node gets flat soon i.e. looses all its energy which causes the node to turn off and the network gets down. Ant colony algorithm is one of the best approaches to get the shortest path of the neighborhood nodes. The shortest path is get by using flooding technique in ant algorithm but there is a problem, when there is a change in the topology of the network, for each & every change, the node has to perform flooding to get the shortest path which give rise to the problem of congestion & decreases the throughput. Such problems i.e. energy consumption and flooding results in the decrease of efficiency of the network. This motivates the need of some novel technique to handle such problems. The present work describes that the whole network nodes are divided into clusters. So rather then using the flooding technique for all the neighbor nodes, the flooding is used only among the clusters which reduces the network congestion and results in the increase of throughput and also describes an energy conservation technique by introducing a new mode i.e. idle mode.


The proton spin‐lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 has been measured in the two compounds Ni(C2H8N2)2NO2 (ClO4) (NENP) and [Ni(NO2)3N(CH3)4] (TMNIN), which provide good examples of S=1 antiferromagnetic chains. Both the field H and the temperature dependencies are well analyzed in the framework of the Haldane conjecture. The prediction of a mode whose energy decreases with H is confirmed. The energy damping of this mode is observed to be also reduced by H. For both compounds, a possible energy renormalization is suggested as H approaches the critical field, where the spin system is expected to recover a magnetic behavior.


Abstract : This volume specifies the Government Furnished Property (GFP) required by the Wings III thru V Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) Test Program Contractor, The Boeing Company, for the Minuteman Program. The scope of this document is to provide identification of items of GFP by certain classifications, Figure A designation and/or part number, nomenclature, and configuration. In addition the scope includes provision for schedule of quantities required together with on-site-need dates. The following types of material are listed: Aero-Space Ground Equipment, Airborne Equipment, GEEIA, SAC, + FCR Installed Items, Time Compliance Technical Orders, Technical Order Items Required for Validation and Verification, and Non-Figure A Items Required for Validation and Verification.


A graph G is k-ordered if for any sequence of k distinct vertices of G, there exists a cycle in G containing these k vertices in the specified order. It is k-ordered Hamiltonian if, in addition, the required cycle is Hamiltonian. The question of the existence of an infinite class of 3-regular 4-ordered Hamiltonian graphs was posed in 1997 by Ng and Schultz.13 At the time, the only known examples were K4 and K3,3. Some progress was made in 2008 by Meszaros,12 when the Peterson graph was found to be 4-ordered and the Heawood graph was proved to be 4-ordered Hamiltonian; moreover, an infinite class of 3-regular 4-ordered graphs was found. In 2010 a subclass of generalized Petersen graphs was shown to be 4-ordered by Hsu et al.,10 with an infinite subset of this subclass being 4-ordered Hamiltonian, thus answering the open question. In this paper we find another infinite class of 3-regular 4-ordered Hamiltonian graphs, part of a subclass of the chordal ring graphs. In addition, we classify precisely which of these graphs are 4-ordered Hamiltonian.


Relationships between the electronic structures of oligomers and polymers are discussed. On the basis of these relationships, the band structures, energetics, and geometries of polyacetylene, polyethylene, polyyne, and polyphenylene have been extracted from the calculations on octatetraene, butane, octatetrayne, and tetraphenylene, respectively, and are generally in agreement with those calculated by energy band theory on the basis of periodic boundary conditions. The total energies per repeat unit of the above polymers can reach the accuracy of 0.1 kcal/mol for tetramer calculations. A derivation of the corresponding finite difference method is given


The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of male familial caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease from low socio-economic status using the ecological systems theory perspective. The data were obtained from 11 semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the familial caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, where four main themes emerged, namely, relationship difficulties, understanding Alzheimer's disease, support networks, and finding meaning and satisfaction in the caregiving role. Behavioral problems, erosion of the relationship with the significant other, familial conflict, experience of diagnosis, lack of information, lack of free time, and financial concerns were identified challenges facing caregivers. Provision of information, support groups, social support, community-based support, and finding meaning and satisfaction in the caregiving role were reported as resources that assist in caregiver coping. Men seem to be capable of providing effective care and are able to successfully manage in their caregiving role. Culture seems to play a significant role in help-seeking behavior and the approach to caregiving. The findings provide the basis for the specific needs of male caregivers that should be focused on in order to provide culturally appropriate services to enhance caregiver coping amongst male caregivers in similar settings.


The invention relates to the production technics of a copycat and a printer, in particular relating to an removing point after proceed magnetic sleeve spraying sand by adopting abrading agent polishing technics. The flow of the technics is that: magnetic sleeve is operated with a clamp to abrading agent entering groove to adding vesicant and injecting water to magnetic sleeve entering groove to polishing to dismantle the magnetic sleeve from the clamp to rinsing to putting into a tray to drying. The invention can remove the point generated after magnetic sleeve spraying sand, the technics is simple and the operation is convenient, the magnetic sleeve after preceded by the technics complies with the product performance standard of the user.


APMP.T-K7, was held from February 2008 to September 2009 to compare the national realizations of the water triple point among eleven NMIs. To reach the objective, each participating laboratory sent a transfer cell to CMS and stated a value for the temperature difference of the transfer cell, relative to the corresponding national standard, representing 273.16 K. CMS (Taiwan) organized the comparison, with the support from co-pilot institutes MSL (New Zealand) and NMIJ (Japan). The other eight participating laboratories included NMIA, SCL, KIM-LIPI, KRISS, NMIM/SIRIM, NMC, NMISA, and NIMT. This report presents the results of the TPW comparison, gives detailed information about the measurements made at the CMS and at the participating laboratories, and aims to link the results of APMP.T-K7 to CCT-K7. The results of this key comparison are also represented in the form of degrees of equivalence for the purposes of the MRA. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).


The aim of this study was to determine the motives that attract tourists to visit rural areas in Vojvodina Province, Northern Serbia. The authors identified the motivation factors that push tourists to rural areas, the activities that tourists prefer on the destination, and the relationship between these two constructs—motivation and activity preferences. The questionnaire was filled in by 476 rural tourists who spent at least one night in rural accommodation facilities in Vojvodina. For data analysis, the authors used the following: descriptive statistics to provide the characteristics of the sample and general information regarding the variables, correlation analysis with reliability test to identify a relationship between individual items, and canonical correlation analysis to analyze the relationship among dependent and independent variables. The results of the research indicated that the rural environment was one of the primary reasons for choosing rural areas for holiday, but the possibility for adventure or taking adventure activities was the lowest between the motivational factors. The study revealed that there are correlations between the push and pull factors, i.e., that motivations and preferred activities are interlinked.


The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and its driving method capable of reducing the power consumption. The liquid crystal display panel LCD device includes a plurality of data lines and a plurality of gate lines are crossed, including liquid crystal cells arranged in a matrix form; Includes a plurality of light source blocks is separately driven by a light source block unit to a backlight unit irradiating light to the liquid crystal display panel; When interior mode selection signal input from the outside, with reference to the input digital video data and the timing signal for detecting a motion video processing circuit determines the display image signal of the specific area in the liquid crystal display panel; A backlight control unit that generates a light source control signal for instructing that differently the light source blocks corresponding to the light source blocks and the still image display area corresponding to a video display region driven on the basis of the motion determination signal of a display image by the region; And, while that in response to the light source driving signal includes a plurality of light source driving section for driving the light source block independently, lights are by the drive of the light source driver light source blocks corresponding to the video display region, display the still image a light source block corresponding to the areas are provided with a drive circuit that turns off a backlight. Driving block, LED, video, still images, the sequence


The invention discloses a portable gas brazing welding gun. A valve core, an adjusting valve and one end of an air mixer are mounted on an adjusting valve body; one end of a casing is connected with a gun barrel through a gun barrel assembly, and a switch lock matched with a propping button which is connected with an ignitor is mounted on the side wall of the casing; the propping button is matched with the valve core; a pressure reducing valve consists of a filter I in a gas cylinder thimble on a pressure reducing valve body, as well as a filter II, a gas needle spring and a gas needle upper fixing steel needle with a gas needle sealing pad, which are mounted in a gas needle seat; one end surface of a dishing bowl is contacted with the steel needle while the other end surface thereof is matched with the sealing pad and a gas channel seat; and the gas channel seat is connected with the adjusting valve body into a whole through a gas pipe. A two-stage filter is arranged on the pressure reducing valve so that the problem on the appearance of red fire caused by inadequate combustion is radically solved. The pressure reducing valve can be used for adjusting the pressure as well as preventing the backfire, thereby radically stopping the safety accidents caused by the backfire. A switch lock is mounted; when not working, the switch lock is in a safe state to prevent false operations; and when working, the switch lock is loosened so that the fuel gas can pass through the switch lock even if is in a locked state. The welding gun is convenient to use, labor-saving, safe, light in weight and easy to carry.


The traditional method for preparing Ogiri is described. Microorganisms associated with the various stages of fermentation were mainly bacteria; the genera frequently isolated are Pediococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Escherichia and Bacillus. The morphological and biochemical properties of the isolates are studied in pure cultures. While the temperature remained fairly constant during the fermentation, the pH increased sharply. The predominant amino acids are alanine, lysine and glutamic acid. Arginine and proline are present in low quantities. Threonine is completely absent.


Background: Serotonin and norepinephrine are known as agents of the nonopiate endogenous descending pain control system. Recently, selective serotonin norepinephrine receptor inhibitors (SNRIs) have been developed as antidepressants. We studied the effects of milnacipran, a SNRI in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model and formalin test. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 gm were used for this study. In the SNL model, under an anesthetic state, the 5th lumbar spinal nerve was ligated and a PE-10 catheter was inserted into the subarachnoid space. Milnacipran was injected intraperitoneally or intrathecally and the threshold of tactile allodynia was measured. In the formalin test, milnacipran was administered intraperitoneally or intrathecally. 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection or 60 minutes after intrathecal injection the formalin test was performed and flinching was counted for 60 minutes. Results: In the spinal nerve ligation model, pain response decreased significantly (P


Heart pacemaker with a displaceable between a removal position and an operating position along a first displacement direction of the battery compartment for receiving a replaceable battery with a first and a second battery is arranged on a front side of battery. The battery compartment has an opposite to a second side of the first side arranged electrically insulating cover member formed to cover a second side oriented to the foot end of the battery in the direction of the removal side of the battery compartment.


This paper investigates whether two raters could, using information from referral letters, reliably assign patients to one of five pre-defined clinical categories. One category tried to define the 'typical' problems seen in adult mental health (AMH). The remaining four covered problems more typical of older adult (OA) work. High rates of agreement between the two raters suggest that most patients can be matched to services on the basis of information in the referral letter.


Risk stratification remains the cornerstone in deciding management for men with non-metastatic prostate cancer. Current risk stratification systems however have barely changed in two decades and have shown significant shortcomings with regards intra and inter-group heterogeneity in disease behaviour and therapy outcomes. A number of sophisticated and expensive molecular tests have been developed and more are being investigated to address this gap. However, new thinking on how to better use existing pathological information and refining clinical risk models may already offer significant incremental benefits in improving prognostic prediction without additional costs or resourcing. In this comment we highlight some recent research which may help inform this issue.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein quality of soybean flours that differs from each other in relation to the presence of lypoxigenases and/or Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor. METHODS: Biological assays with rats were carried out to evaluate Protein Efficiency Ratio, Net Protein Ratio, Net Protein Utilization and the digestibility. The determination of the aminoacid composition of the flours and the estimation of Chemical Score Corrected by Digestibility were carried out. RESULTS: The Protein Efficiency Ratio, Net Protein Ratio, Net Protein Utilization values for the soybean varieties were inferior to the values obtained for casein. Higher digestibility values were obtained for the flours lacking Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor than for the flours with Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor present, and those were very close to the values of casein. About the determination the aminoacid composition it was verified that the restraining amino acid of this soybean is lysine, not methionine, differently from what literature indicates. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic removal of Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor improves soybean protein digestibility considerably. Chemical Score Corrected by Digestibility results did not indicate difference between the flours lacking Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor and those derived from flours of lines with Kunitz's Trypsin Inhibitor present, as it was observed by the results of in vivo digestibility.


: Calcium ions chelation platform was successfully obtained on a titanium surface by modification with polydopamine. The chelation mechanism of polydopamine with Ca 2+ was studied. The in vitro bioactivity and cytocompatibility of Ca 2+ chelation platform was assessed by incubation in simulated body fluids (SBF) and cultural osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1), respectively. The results showed that the functional groups of polydopamine chelated Ca 2+ were changed from phenolic hydroxyl to benzoquinone. The titanium surface modified by Ca 2+ -chelated polydopamine could induce nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite in SBF. Meanwhile, Cell attachment and viability assay demonstrated that low concentration of Ca 2+ chelation possessed good cytocompatibility.


The design of a low-noise 'circulator-coupled' amplifier for unattended small earth terminals is described in this paper. The amplifier uses a circulator-coupled active-bypass circuit with two transistors in the first stage, and a passive bypass circuit with one transistor in the subsequent stages. This configuration presents a unique low-cost approach to the design of high-gain amplifiers in a redundant fashion and can be very useful for those particular earth terminals in which 'acceptance degradation' can be tolerated. The scattering matrix and noise formula of the amplifier configuration are derived, as well as the flat-gain criterion for broadband applications. The experimental results of a 3.7–4.2 GHz two-stage amplifier which utilises gallium arsenide field-effect transistors are presented in this paper.


During continuous perfection of trumpet low pressure polythene (LPP) the method of cascade reception multimodal LPP, possessing by an optimum combination of parameters of adaptability to manufacture, crack resistance, deformation stability, and also creep is developed.


Autologous cells in cell therapy is useful in accelerating the Curing course of lesions through reducing time required for early synthesis of new derm by the host cells to invade the lesion tissue. Collagen and hyaluronic acid matrices are also effective in accelerating the lesion curing process. They increase migration of host cells and blood vessels into the tissue and allow rapid replacement by host tissue. The cell-scaffold complex is grafted onto the defect area and covered with a polyurethane foam dressing. Practical challenges including scale up, formulation, storage, transport and delivery mechanisms are the main challenges to development and clinical translation of preclinical observations. However, recent FDA consent of fibroblast treatment applications for nasolabial folds and the expanding pipeline of other fibroblast therapies in clinical development show that cellular therapy is an expanding field.


This chapter covers the involvement in the Syrian civil war by foreigners, some of whom went to Syria and took up arms and others who stayed home and supported the group by other means. For foreigners with an interest in a civil war, their choice is not whether to leave or fight as it is with locals, but whether to go or not. While there are people who come with a positive perspective (going to the foreign battlefield), others went with a negative perspective (getting away from something back in their home country). Some foreigners decided to take a risk and go to the frontline, but other supporters did not. Instead, like local civilians, they actively helped armed groups with media outreach, raising funds, buying and sending equipment, and helping potential fighters move to the battlefield.


A method for pattern classification on large-scale training data is presented in this paper, which is based upon the genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM). The initial training data are optimized with GA in order to find a sample subset including the important samples that can preserve or improve the discrimination ability of SVM. Training on the subset is equal to that on the initial sample sets. The training time is greatly shortened. Following the result, we take advantage of the excellent classification performance of SVM to accomplish the pattern classification.


The phenomenon of the relaxation of the pelvic joints, and the separation of the pubic bones at the symphysis, with formation of a symphyseal ligament in the pregnant guinea pig, was observed and described by various authors considerably in advance o€ the actual experimental dcmonstration of the causes of illis metamorphosis. The truth of Todd's ('23) statement that "there is probably no single fact in comparative anatomy which has been more often rediscovered than the extraordinary separation at the symphysis of the guinea pig in late pregnancy and parturition" is obvious to those who are familiar with the literature on this subject. It is of historical intercst, however, to note that Bland-Sutton ('ll), who erroneously believed that he was the first to dcscribe the pubic ligament of the parturient female guinea pig, states that "a microscopic examintltion of the symphyseal ligament shows nothing to explain its extensibility. " In a recent investigation (Ruth, '36) it has been shown that the pubic symphysis of the female guinea pig develops in the same manner as that of the male, with an uninterrupted plate of hyaline cartilage between the osseous elements, until the latter part of the gestation period. At that time a sexual dimorphism appears, through a cataplasia of the interosseous plate of cartilage. By this process a fissure appears, and


An innovative hearing system utilizing the human body as a sound transmission medium is suggested. By using the human body as a sound transmission medium, sound transmitter and transmission line can be replaced with the human body. Instead of a sound transmitter, the proposed system generates sound in the body. The theory for generating audible sound is based on self-demodulation. When two ultrasonic waves with different frequencies are transmitted through a nonlinear medium, the self-demodulation effect produces an audio signal at the difference frequency of two waves. The self-demodulation effect allows the user to hear the audible sound without a sound transmitter and without making any other noise outside. Moreover, ultrasound can avoid the interference from the noise in the body, reducing the distortions in the propagation process. By substituting a transmission line with the human body, wireless sound transmission is possible. In this paper, a modulation method for the proposed system is suggested and a model of the human body as a transmission medium is analyzed. To estimate the probability of sound generation in the human body, ultrasonic characteristics of a phantom material that approximates the human body is measured. And the novelty of this innovative hearing system utilizing the human body as an intuitive service is discussed.


This volume contains the more important activities of the Chinese plague prevention organization in Manchuria. It includes the history of the service, epidemiologic, pathologic, clinical and preventive studies on pneumonic plague, summary of cholera outbreaks in China, and other medical problems undertaken by the service. An important part of the volume is an up-to-date tabular presentation (p. 423) of rodents, other than domestic rats and mice, known to suffer from plague. The common English and scientific names, geographical location and source references for each species are cited. Similarly (p. 433) there is tabulated a list of fleas recovered from rodent reservoirs of plague. Although not integrally connected with the title, one of the most valuable chapters in the book deals with the early days of Western medicine in China. Much of the information has been previously printed elsewhere, but its inclusion in a single comprehensive volume is probably justified.


The temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness under conditions of metacontrast was studied with a suprathreshold brightness-matching procedure in which test-stimulus luminance was varied to maintain constant brightness. One purpose of this study was to determine the effects of surround diameter on the over-all amount of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness. Two specific predictions concerning the effect of surround size on the temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness were based on the notion of delays introduced in neural pathways mediating lateral inhibition. The typical metacontrast effect was obtained, i.e., maximum reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness occurred when the test stimulus preceded the surround by an appreciable interval. The amount of metacontrast increased with increasing surround diameter, but surround size had no consistent effects on the temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness. Although the amount of metacontrast decreased with decreasing surround luminance, the stimulus-onset asynchrony at which maximum reduction occurred showed no consistent changes with decreasing surround luminance.


The effect of salt on the filler (PCC) retention using a high molecular weight, high charge density cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was studied. Three analytical techniques were combined: Photodispersion analyzer (PDA), focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and derivatized polyelectrolyte titration. These three methods enabled the continuous study of the effect of salt on filler (PCC) flocculation from colloidal to larger particle size, as induced by a cationic polyelectrolyte (CPAM). The correlation between PCC flocculation rate and CPAM adsorption dynamics implied a multi-steps flocculation mechanism that challenges the traditional flocculation theory.


X-ray steppers have been developed and improved to the point where they are capable of replicating 100-nm patterns. The alignment system, which employs an optical heterodyne system with two wavelengths, was improved by analyzing and reducing the crosstalk and asymmetry in the alignment optics. The overlay accuracy of the steppers with respect to themselves is better than 20 nm, regardless of the wafer mark depth. A magnification correction method using wafer temperature control and chucking force is implemented on the steppers. We have achieved an overall overlay accuracy of less than 35 nm, which includes the pattern placement error for two masks, etching process distortion, and alignment error. This demonstrates the capability of proximity X-ray lithography to meet the requirements of 100-nm lithography.


This Feature focuses on pyrrolic macrocycles that can serve as switches via energy- or electron transfer (ET) mechanisms. Macrocycles operating by both ground state (thermodynamic) and photoinduced ET pathways are reviewed and their ability to serve as the readout motif for molecular sensors is discussed. The aim of this article is to highlight the potential utility of ET in the design of systems that perform molecular switching or logic functions and their applicability in chemical sensor development. The conceptual benefits of this paradigm are illustrated with examples drawn mostly from the authors' laboratories.


Health and violent conflict are strongly interconnected. The 20th century has been the bloodiest in the history of mankind. Two world wars and numerous smaller violent conflicts have resulted in more than 110 million deaths, 50 million displaced persons, and the suffering of countless more. Most recently, the violence in Gaza has been estimated to cost 1366 lives and the violent conflict in Iraq has an estimated death toll of 654,965. The Global Burden of Disease Study supported by the World Bank and the WHO estimates that war will be the 20th most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the year 2020. On the basis of numbers alone, it is beyond doubt that limiting the destructiveness of war is a challenge that must be faced. However, unlike other medical specialties, the field of conflict and health has seen limited interaction and innovation. We have several peer-reviewed journals and many active civil society organizations and research institutions. Important written overviews have been published and updated in the past few years and a new course on medical peace work has been developed. However, the conferences and meetings that have been conducted have mostly been for smaller groups of researchers from a niche in the work of violent conflict and health research and no systematic reviews and evidence have been published with the purpose of identifying overall challenges. There is a very little connection between groups from different backgrounds such as the humanitarian organizations, academic workers from teaching institutions and advocacy groups. This has resulted in limited exchange between academic communities and those working in the field and therefore much less innovation and development in understanding than those seen in