Bright students are leaving Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) programs. In the landmark study, "Talking About Leaving'', Seymour and Hewitt suggest that each institution should examine its own set of factors as to why students leave these programs, and then take appropriate action. Previous research has identified multiple reasons for the student retention problem including attitudes toward the engineering field, student's self-confidence levels, quality of instructor interactions, and robustness of the STEM curriculum: for example engineering in comparison to other non-STEM majors such as liberal arts or business. Engineering student attrition due to poor attitudes, perceived coursework difficulty, and departmental polices that effect this behavior are clearly concerns for engineering institutions. Lovitts (2001) suggests that more standardized quantitative measures for departmental environments need to be created, and more appropriate quantitative measurements need to be applied to studying STEM student attrition. There is a need to conduct objective longitudinal studies that prevent attrition as opposed to the subjective retrospective studies done in the past. This study demonstrates a methodology that will begin to fulfill this need. The Statistical Evaluation of Cognitive Turnover Control System (SECtCS) methodology was designed to perform objective longitudinal studies on turnover and is founded on Industrial Engineering principles of statistical process control, Engineering Management theories on motivation, and Industrial Psychology test instrument development techniques. This paper reports the results of a study conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln that used this methodology to evaluate measures affecting sophomore engineering students' attrition. Results presented on the first two phases of this methodology demonstrate how burnout and turnover measures affect attrition in the College of Engineering & Technology (CoE&T) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and may point to interventions that show promise in reducing engineering student attrition. INTRODUCTION Academic organizations spend millions of dollars each year to recruit students to the STEM majors. The National Science Foundation and other organizations have allocated funds to increase the enrollment of STEM students. This research, if proven valid, may be applied to the efforts to reduce the turnover of students leaving this field and allow money spent by academic organizations to be better utilized in the retention effort. Administrators may be able to avoid negative consequences to universities and students by identifying the STEM students who are experiencing high levels of Cognitive Turnover. P ge 10399.1 "Proceedings of the 2005 American Society fr Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education" Jones (2001) defined Cognitive Turnover (CT) as a mind-set that is created by a combination of turnover cognitions brought about by the negative impacts of burnout. Turnover is the voluntary cessation of membership in an organization by an individual who receives current or future compensation for participating in that organization (Mobley 1982). Turnover has cognitive indicators that predicate eventual departure. Chemiss (1980) defines burnout as "a syndrome of inappropriate attitudes toward others and toward self often associated with uncomfortable physical and emotional symptoms" Maslach (1976) observed that burnout "appears to be a factor of organizational turnover, absenteeism, and low morale. While everyone may manifest this mind-set periodically, excessive CT (eCT) may be detrimental to the individual and the organizations they belong to. Subtle acts such as absenteeism, poor quality, and lack of discretionary effort are related to burnout and are usual predecessors before a person quits an organization and becomes another turnover statistic. This research theorizes that eCT condition occurs when a person is absorbed with the thoughts of turnover created by organizationally driven burnout. For engineering students non-committal type behavior may originate from student stress and burnout created by class structure, administrative neglect, or lack of advisory support. Hence, an eCT will have lower than expected grades and experiences due to the lack of commitment. SECtCS BACKGROUND The Statistical Evaluation of Cognitive Turnover System (SECtCS) methodology was created by the primary investigator (Jones 2001) and was previously used to measure and evaluate Cognitive Turnover (CT) in engineering knowledge workers. The results demonstrated four valid constructs for a heterogeneous group of engineers across multiple companies. Results also included Statistical Process Control Charts that demonstrated both "in control" CT respondents and "out of control" CT, or eCT respondents The SECtCS methodology is grounded in three research areas, Industrial Engineering (IE), Engineering Management (EM), and Industrial Psychology (IP). The three research areas provide important aspects to the methodology and are uniquely integrated. Figure 1 shows the SECtCS methodology and the integration of the research areas. Fig 1: SECtCS Methodology


In this paper we analyze the probability of consistency of sensor data distribution systems (SDDS), and determine suitable evaluation models. This problem is typically difficult, since a reliable model taking into account all parameters and processes which affect the system consistency is unavoidably very complex. The simplest candidate approach consists of modeling the state sojourn time, or holding time, as memoryless, and resorting to the well known solutions of Markovian processes. Nevertheless, it may happen that this approach does not fit with some working conditions. In particular, the correct modeling of the SDDS dynamics requires the introduction of a number of parameters, such as the packet transfer time or the packet loss probability, the value of which may determine the suitability of unsuitability of the Markovian model. Candidate alternative solutions include the Erlang phase-type approximation of nearly constant state holding time and a more refined model to account for overlapping events in semi-Markov processes.


Ergotamine tartrate and caffeine has been widely prescribed for the prevention and treatment of migraine headaches. Rarely the ergotamine can cause symptoms of peripheral vascular insufficiency, often concerning the lower extremities. A case report of bilateral severe ischemia to the upper limbs, caused by a chronic assumption of ergotamine tartrate is presented.


This paper presents the experimental results of the real-time performance of model-based control algorithms. We compare the computed-torque scheme which utilizes the complete dynamics model of the manipulator with the independent joint control scheme which assumes a decoupled and linear model of the manipulator dynamics. The two manipulator control schemes have been implemented on the CMU DD Arm II with a sampling period of 2 ms. Our initial investigation shows that the computed-torque scheme outperforms the independent joint control scheme as long as there is no torque saturation in the actuators.


First of all this article focuses on the analysis of the obstacles and its reasons at present time to the development of professional training education in China, then puts forward some suggestions concerning the bettering of operational mechanism and the reform of structures of professional training in China. The author holds that, as an important component of China's education system, the professional training colleges have made considerable contribution to the country, but now in the situation of social changes and transformation, the professional training in China faces both challenges and opportunities. We should carry out the strategic adaptation of educational structure and function of China's professional training through abolishing the bondage of planned management, seeking for the unification of benefits for both colleges and society, and setting up a new system to come to terms with the socialist market system in the new era.


This paper addresses the modeling of the dynamics of moored structures and different techniques for the evaluation of the resulting differential equations. Benefits and limits of simplifying assumptions such as linearizations or deterministic descriptions of random processes are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


This paper presents jogo, an explorative design that uses sound as a medium to encourage children to play and socially interact in a physically embodied sense. Open-ended play materials are explored as a way of encouraging free play. A simple, intuitive yet engaging platform provides a combination of low barrier to learning and motivation in the interaction. A prototype of jogo has been developed to investigate how the provision of a tangible play experience can encourage children to play freely in a more physical way, while socially interacting with others around them.


Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.0.) was used to induce gastric and duodenal ulcers of varying severity (scored as 1-9) in albino rats. Croron penduiij7oru.s seed oil crystals (CP crystals) were administered to groups of rats at varying doses (6,l2, and 18 mg/kg, p.0.). The ulcers observed in groups treated with indomethacin and CP crystals consisted mainly of the hyperemic conditions with one or two lesions (scored as 1-3) and medium sized lesions of moderate depth (scored as 4-6). Severe lesions with large diameter and depth (scored as 7-9 seventy) observed in the control group treated with indomethacin only were absent in indomethacin and CP crystals treated groups. CP crystals offered significant ( p < 0.05) protection against gastric ulcers when given at 12 mg/kg and against duodenal ulcers when given at 6,lZ and 18 mg/kg. The maximum cytoprotection against duodenal ulcers was observed in rats treated with 18 mg/kg of CP crystals.


Introduction: The proliferation of services and applications requiring ultra-low latency and high reliability of data transmission in communication networks leads to creating new approaches and architectures in order to ensure the simultaneous transmission of Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC) traffic. Providing efficient eMBB and URLLC multiplexing schemes with preset key performance indicators for each stream is the most challenging problem in wireless network development. Purpose: To provide a simultaneous transmission of eMBB and URLLC streams without reducing the user experience of eMBB services by developing a multiplexing scheme and the coherent architecture of physical (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layers in the downlink channel. Results: An eMBB and URLLC multiplexing scheme has been proposed, along with a coherent architecture for PHY and MAC layers, ensuring the given wireless network key performance indicators. The proposed solution performance has been estimated by simulation. The multiplexing scheme outperforms the baseline solution in Bit Error Rate and Frame Error Rate metrics. The coherent PHY and MAC layers architecture provides transmission with an arrival rate of 400 messages per millisecond and 99% message delivery probability in one millisecond. Practical relevance: The obtained results allow communication system developers to deploy centralized wireless networks at industrial objects.


Viruses have one mission: to make more viruses. To achieve this, they use diverse replication strategies, all of which rely on the careful orchestration of viral and host cell components. Although the outlines of these replication schemes have historically formed the basis for viral classification, the precise mechanisms by which viruses propagate their genomes are still being unraveled. In PNAS, the study by Perez et al. (1) identifies virus-encoded, short RNAs (svRNA) as a component of the influenza A viral replicase and an essential prerequisite for viral RNA synthesis. Their exciting discovery adds an additional dimension to the current paradigm regarding how influenza A viruses mediate the switch between transcription and replication.


Four brands of milk based on the potential type electronic tongue are tested by using the principal component analysis (PCA), fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) algorithm for clustering analysis. Support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is used to forecast category for any brand of milk data, which are extracted from all the data randomly. The results show that potential type electronic tongue can distinguish four brands of milk perfectly, and the forecasting accuracy rate can reach to 100%. Potential type electronic tongue has potential application value in the identification of milk. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i9.3292 Full Text: PDF


the author, when writing of the 13th and 14th years of Muhammad Shah, states the then year to be the 28th of the reign (1158-9 H.); and on fol. 1,132a he tells us that on the 26th Shawwal of the 25th year (1155 H.) he lost his infant son, Chaman L'al (also known as Madan L'al), whereas Rile Khushhal Chand had died on the 6th Muharram, nine months before that date. Thus it seems impossible that the Khushhal Chand, author of the Nddir-uz-Zamani, was the man of that name who died on the 6th Muharram, 1155 H.


Numerical and experimental research is outlined on the idea of rocking-isolation of bridge pier through a non-conservative design of the foundations. Shallow foundations are studied is detail, but piled foundations and embedded caissons are also discussed.


economy' lay out the main ideas that are used in the rest of the book. Largely accepting the general framework for understanding the capitalist world economy provided by Wallerstein, Wallace neatly introduces his own views concerning the changing structure of the world economy, the importance of population-resource dynamics, and the limitations of much conventional thinking about comparative advantage, factor endowments and transportation costs in explaining uneven economic development. In logical progression, Chapter 4 provides a crisp general overview of the history of the world economy. Chapters 5 to 7, for me the most original and important chapters in the book, give succinct reviews of 'States and the global economic system', 'The corporation and the global production system' and 'Transnational corporations in a world of sovereign states'. Chapters 8 to 11 survey the recent economic geography of the 'industrialized Western nations', the 'industrialized state-socialist economies' and 'varieties of


Current NoC test scheduling methodologies in the literature are based on a dedicated path approach; a physical path through the NoC routers and interconnects are allocated for the transportation of test data from an external tester to a single core during the whole duration of the core test. This approach unnecessarily limits test concurrency of the embedded cores because a physical channel bandwidth is typically larger than the scan rate of any core-under-test. We are proposing a bandwidth sharing approach that divides the physical channel bandwidth into multiple smaller virtual channel bandwidths. The test scheduling is performed under the objective of co-optimizing the wrapper area cost and the resulting test application time using two complementary NoC wrappers. Experimental results showed that the area overhead can be optimized (to an extent) without compromising the test application time. Compared to other NoC scheduling approaches based on dedicated paths, our bandwidth sharing approach can reduce the test application time by up to 75.4%.


Based on the interval estimation and the two-sided hypothesis of parameter of Gamma distribution,the existence and uniqueness of the shortest interval estimation and the optimal two-sided test are proved.At the same time,the necessary conditions are derived.Then the shortest interval estimation and the best two-sided test are compared with the conventional ones.So,it is necessary to research the shortest interval estimation and the optimal two-sided test of parameters for small samples.


There is a growing literature revealing the complexity of family–school relationships and the significant power imbalances and mismatches between the role expectations of caregivers and teachers who differ by class and race. This study investigates a course at a large research university in the Southeastern United States designed to influence the attitudes of preservice teachers (PSTs) about how they might work with low-income and/or ethnic minority families. Study results on 138 PSTs demonstrate that, after completing the course, their attitudes were less stereotypic, they were more confident about using family-centric involvement practices, and conceptualized student's problems in less blaming terms.


Objective To observe the control effect of heat preservation infusion on incidence of infection after artificial abortion.Methods 168 cases of patients after artificial abortion were randomly divided into the heat preservation infusion group and normal infusion group with 84 cases in each group.The normal infusion group received routine nursing,and was intravenously infused fluid with non heat preservation method,the heat preservation infusion group was intravenously infused constant temperature liquid heated to 37℃.The incidence of infection was observed in two groups of patients after artificial abortion.Results The infection rate of the heat preservation group was significantly less than the normal infusion group.Conclusions Heat preservation infusion can effectively reduce the infection rate after artificial abortion.

Key words:
Heat preservation infusion;  Artificial abortion;  Infection


The perspectives of people of color continue to be largely underrepresented in earth science texts and curricula. In recent years, as part of an effort to make geoscience and other science disciplines more inclusive of diverse experiences, Vanderbilt University and the American Geological Institute launched multicultural education initiatives. The author's implementation of these initiatives in introductory earth and environmental science courses at Vanderbilt and Oberlin College indicates that with proper preparation and pre-assessment of student expectations, geoscience courses can be effectively taught with supplementary material reflecting minority group frames of reference. Challenges to be faced include balancing social and physical science content in geoscience courses and dealing with sensitive issues involving race and class. Experience indicates that inclusion of environmental justice oriented content may not effectively attract and retain students of color from non-science disciplines. Multicultural course content should be used as a means to recognize the significance of minority involvement within the discipline.


Substrate thickness 70 μm(weak-magnetic) Stabilizer 60 μm both side Between each layer 13.66 mm Stabilizer material Brass Abstract The authors analyzed harmonic current based loss of a high temperature superconducting (HTS) DC model cable. The loss in HTS DC cable is generated due to the variation of magnetic field caused by harmonic current in a HVDC transmission system. The authors designed and fabricated two meters of HTS DC model cable for verification of real loss characteristic. In this paper, the loss characteristics caused by harmonic current in the HTS DC model cable are analyzed using commercial finite element method software package. The loss of the HTS DC cable is much less than the loss of the HTS AC cable but the loss should be considered to decide a proper capacity of cooling system.


Goal Upon completion of this course, one should be able to: • Define fibromyalgia. • Explain 3 brain-related changes found with fibromyalgia. • Describe diagnostic procedures. • Discuss at least 5 differential diagnoses. • Describe at least 5 common symptoms. • Discuss 3 FDA-approved medications. • Describe at least 3 other medical treatments. • List and describe at least 4 complementary therapies.


The "Catechism of Nesvizh" refers to a very long tradition of this genre. It is; however, the first catechism published in the old Belarusian language. It contains first of all rules of the Calvinist doctrine presented on the basis of three texts important for all Christians: the Decalogue, Our Father prayer and the Creed.   Catechisms were not used for the purpose of a regular faith-related discussion; however, the analysed text contains parts that are a polemic with teaching in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Orthodox Church. Especially the following theses were discussed in great detail: the Harrowing of Hell, celibacy of the clergy, prayers to saints and iconolatry. In this article, I present methods used by the author of the "Catechism of Nesvizh" (Nesvizh – in Polish "Nieświez" – a place in Poland) – Szymon Budny, while criticizing formal statements contrary to the Calvinist doctrine. I also pay attention to knowledge of both reality and the literature of the Orthodox Church shown by the author of the discussed work as well as to methodological reliability. This can be seen in the light of the fact that Szymon Budny presents his critical attitude towards theological theses rather than towards religious communities authorizing those statements.


Chitosan-g-oligolactide copolymers with relatively long oligolactide grafted chains of various stereochemical compositions have been synthetized via a solvent-free mechanochemical technique and tailored to fabricate three-dimensional hydrogels using two-photon induced microstereolithography. An effect of the characteristics of chitosan and oligolactide used for the synthesis on the grafting yield and copolymer's behavior were evaluated using fractional analysis, FTIR-spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and UV-spectrophotometry. The lowest copolymer yield was found for the system based on chitosan with higher molecular weight, while the samples consisting of low-molecular weight chitosan showed higher grafting degrees, which were comparable in both the cases of l,l- or l,d-oligolactide grafting. The copolymer processability in the course of two-photon stereolithography was evaluated as a function of the copolymer's characteristics and stereolithography conditions. The structure and mechanical properties of the model film samples and fabricated 3D hydrogels were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as by using tensile and nanoindenter devices. The application of copolymer with oligo(l,d-lactide) side chains led to higher processability during two-photon stereolithography in terms of the response to the laser beam, reproduction of the digital model, and the mechanical properties of the fabricated hydrogels.


This study proposes an optimal community detection method based on average mutual information (AMI). We calculate the optimal community partition using AMI. This method is applied to the non-overlapping community detection algorithm (GN) and the overlapping community detection algorithm (COPRA), and the AMI-GN algorithm and the AMI-COPRA algorithm are generated respectively. Compared with the performance of the original GN, FN, and IE algorithm, experimental results show that AMI-GN algorithm improves the quality of community detection. Furthermore, compared with the performance of the original COPRA algorithm and the LPPB algorithm, experimental results show that the AMI-COPRA algorithm improves the stability of the original COPRA algorithm, reduces the average number of iterations, and accelerates the convergence speed of the algorithm. Moreover, compared with the LPPB algorithm, the AMI-COPRA algorithm reveals that the quality of the community shows a little difference, but is more stable than the LPPB algorithm. Our study shows that the AMI-based methods can improve the performance of typical non-overlapping community discovery algorithms and overlapping community discovery algorithms.


Two novel schemes are proposed to represent intermediate-scale features for normal-abnormal classification of colonoscopy images. The first scheme works on the full-resolution image, the second on a multi-scale pyramid space. Both schemes support any feature descriptor; here we use multi-resolution local binary patterns which outperformed other features reported in the literature in our comparative experiments. We also compared experimentally two types of features not previously used in colonoscopy image classification, bag of features and sparse coding, each with and without spatial pyramid matching (SPM). We find that SPM improves performance, therefore supporting the importance of intermediate-scale features as in the proposed schemes for classification. Within normal-abnormal frame classification, we show that our representational schemes outperforms other features reported in the literature in leave-N-out tests with a database of 2100 colonoscopy images.


Nowadays the new sphere of economic relations, called «new economy», is establishing. It bases on intellectual resource, information, knowledge and computer technologies. On the one this system has indisputable advantages of its existence; on the other hand it has some difficulties in its foundation.


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of electronic colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical lesions.METHOD Analysis of 2 279 cases of colposcopy patients in gynecology clinic during the January 2010 to September 2010.RESULTS The sensitivity of colposcopy to CIN was 85.1%(40/47),specificity was 53.0%(71/134).The sensitivity of cervical cancer was 88.9%(8/9),the sensitivity of condyloma was 100.0%(2/2),positive predictive value was 64.5%(40/62),negative predictive value was 89.9%(71/79).Whereas the acetic acid white punctate epithelial +Vascular + embedded in CIN III was higher compared with CIN I and CIN II.CONCLUSION The colposcopy is a aluable diagnostic method,but it has limitations,need experience,comprehensive analysis,careful diagnosis.


This is the first in a series of papers describing a high-performan ce liquid chromatography (HPLC) system for quantitative measurement of the distribution of both aromatic carbon and mass in heavy distillates. Unique detector algorithms are applied to quantitate the aromaticity and mass of six groups (saturates, 1-4 ring aromatics, and polars) separated from oils using solvent gradients on coupled columns. Separation efficiencies (ring purities) are verified by alternate separations and mass spectra, the aromaticities derived from ultraviolet spectra are validated with 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and the evaporative mass detector results are verified by weighing isolated fractions from multiple runs. Both single- and interlaboratory precision are established at ~10% (1σ relative standard deviation). Several examples are provided to illustrate the utility of HPLC-2 data in refining heavy distillates.


This study examined the effects of the position and number of the supply openings (SOs) and exhaust openings (EOs) on the inhaled-air quality of inpatients using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The positions and number of SOs and EOs were selected to create mixing ventilation, displacement ventilation for a calm indoor environment, and personal ventilation for each inpatient′s ventilation. The effect of the installation of a curtain in the sickroom on the inhaled-air quality for inpatients was also examined. The inhaled-air quality of the inpatients was evaluated using the age of air, residual life of air, contribution ratio of nostril-exhaled air, and contribution ratio of the pollution source from the sickroom floor. CFD analysis showed that displacement ventilation, which uses a large SO with a low airflow velocity, supplied better air to the inpatients than the other ventilation methods, but pollution from the sickroom floor made a significant contribution. Overall, in general sickrooms and intensive care units, low-airflow-velocity displacement ventilation can supply high-quality air to the inpatients but the sickroom floor must be cleaned thoroughly.


A study has been made of the effect of various needle characteristics on the needle temperature during high-speed sewing without thread. The needle temperatures were determined by means of infrared flux measurements. A very fast indium antimonide detector coupled with a closed-circuit television recording system and the individual determination of needle emissivities overcame almost all the dit1iculties previously associated with this methcxl. Despite the accuracy of the measuring system, there was a fair amount of variation among the needles of a particular group. An average tem perature difference hetween groups of less than 30°F is probably not significant. Xeedle surface finish was found to be the most significant needle variable. Kooltorr R or dark matte surface finishes ran at much lower temperatures than any other finishes, while sewing heavy cotton-duck fabric at 4200 stitches per minute. Nickel, plain steel, and chrome gave increas ing temperatures in that order. There is a moderate, but not completely consistent, effect of higher needle temperatures with increasing diameter. Point type and most other physical variations had very little effect. The range of maximum temperatures for standard 88X 1 size 16 needles was from 640°F for the Kooltorr® to over 800°F for the chrome and nickel finishes.


Argentina's constitution dates back to 1853 and has rarely been formally suspended. Nevertheless, constitutionalism has almost never existed in Argentina, as virtually each government's power exceeded the strictures of the constitution. Presidential omnipotence, state violence, political instability, the absence of the rule of law, and political clientelism have been recurrent problems throughout Argentine history. Peronism, a quintessential Argentine movement, has likewise hindered constitutionalism. The article explores historical, legal, political, and sociological factors behind the failed invigoration of Argentina's constitution.


Creative spirit cultivation is one of the emphases of the quality education. With its distinct theoretic features, Marxism provides, for this purpose, general strategy of understanding and changing the world and is of great importance for choosing and applying subjective thinking pattern. Also reasons why Marxism is ignored by college students are discussed and solutions are proposed.


[Objective] To observe the negative effects of administration ketamine or penehyclidine hydrochloride or both of them to neonatal rats on the learning and memory development. [Methods] Forty SD rats at the age of 7 days were randomly divided into 4 groups, and ten rats in each group: rats in K group were treated with 50 mg / kg ketamine, P group with 2 mg / kg penehyclidine hydrochloride, and PK group with 50 mg / kg ketamine plus 2mg / kg penehyclidine hydrochloride, and rats in NS group (control group) with the same volume of normal saline as that in the PK group.The performances of every rat in Open field, Novel objects recognition and Morris water maze were tested at 21 days after treatment. [Results] There were no significant differences for the results in Open field tests among each group.Results in Novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests did not show significant difference between P and NS groups.While the escape latency in K group increased obviously compared to that in NS group or P group, and it increased longer in PK group; The preference index and the spatial probing time for previous platform decreased remarkably in K and PK groups compared to NS group or P group, especially for that in the latter group.In search strategy, the average percentage of straight strategy in PK group was significantly smaller than that in NS group. [Conclusion] Penehyclidine hydrochloride may not have any significant effect on the development of learning and memory in neonatal rats, whereas ketamine combined with penehyclidine hydrochloride may worsen the development of learning and memory in neonatal rats than ketamine administration alone.


Some invariant properties of incomplete information systems homomorphism are studied in this paper. Demand conditions of tolerance class, attribute reduction, indispensable attribute and dispensable attribute being invariant under homomorphism in incomplete information system are revealed and discussed. The existing condition of endohomomorphism on an incomplete information system is also explored. It establishes some theoretical foundations for further investigations on incomplete information systems in rough set theory, like in information systems. Keywords—Attribute reduction, homomorphism, incomplete information system, rough set, tolerance relation.


Profit Management is a phenomenon that is influenced by various factors. Among them are such as information asymmetry and free cash flow. In Indonesia alone there are already cases of profit management from several years ago. This study aims to determine the influence of information asymmetry, and free cash flow on profit management practices in manufacturing companies listed on the Stock Exchange. The population of this study are the manufacturing companies that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) 2012-2016. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling method. The method of analysis used in this study using multiple linear regression. The total number of samples for this study are 180 companies. But, there are found 45 samples as outlier should be excluded from sample observation. So, the final samples for this study are 136 companies. The results showed that the free cash flow has influence on profit management, and information asymmetry has no effect on profit management. Keywords:    Profit managements, Information Asymmetry, Free cash flow.


The Fushou fish (FSF) was a hybrid (F_1) of Tilapia nilotica (Tn)♂×Tilapia mossambica (Tm)♀. They were fed with same bait at the similar condition in a pond and mixed with other domestic fishes according to the general proportion. The result of the test showed that, the bodylength of FSF was longer 10.07% and 22.05% thau that of Tn and Tm respectively, while the body-weight was weighter than that of parent fishes with 46.9% and 86.49% respectively. The hybrid populati n growth more homogeneously and had a little degree of variation, the economic value of production also was higher.


Ant colony algorithm is applied in image segmentation and a new method of image edge detection based on ant colony algorithm is proposed.The basic principle of ant colony algorithm and the method and concrete realization process are elaborated.In order to improve the efficiency of algorithm,two aspects are modified.First,according to a threshold of gray gradient value the ants are initialized nearby the edge of image instead of random position.Second,both the intensity of pheromone and the visibility of node are defined by the function of gray gradient value on the pixel.Many experiment results prove the algorithm can detect the edge of image effectively with high efficiency and adaptability.


A case of aspergillosis with the maxillary sinus cured by peroral antimycotic drug was reported. A 71-year-old woman visited our clinic complaining of right nasal obstruction and purulent nasal discharge. A necrotic mass was found in the middle meatus of the right nasal cavity. A CT-scan revealed a large soft tissue mass occupying the right maxillary sinus extended through the medial wall to the nasal cavity. Biopsy specimens from the mass showed a characteristic picture of aspergillosis. Conservative treatment with oral administration of the antimycotic drug, fluconazole was carried out. The aspergillosis was cured within seven weeks. Treatment with oral administration of fluconazole is recommended as the first choice of the paranasal sinus mycosis as well as follow-up treatment for the prevention of recurrence after surgery. In addition to this case report, 10 cases of primary fungal infections in the paranasal sinuses treated in Yamagata University Hospital during the 14 years from 1976 to 1991, have been reviewed.


SOA particle formation ranks among the least understood processes in the atmosphere, rooted in part in a) the limited knowledge about SOA chemical composition; b) the availability of only little concrete evidence for chemical structures; and c) little availability of reference compounds needed for benchmarking and chemical identification in pure and homogenous form. Here, we address these challenges by synthesizing and subjecting to physical and chemical analysis putative isoprene-derived SOA particle constituents. Our surface-selective spectroscopic analysis of these compounds is followed by comparison to synthetic SOA particles prepared at the Harvard Environmental Chamber (HEC) and to authentic SOA particles collected in a tropical forest environment, namely the Amazon Basin, where isoprene oxidation by OH radicals has been reported to dominate SOA particle formation (Claeys et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2010b; Paulot et al., 2009; Poeschl et al., 2010). We focus on the epoxides and tetraols that have been proposed to be present in the SOA particles. We characterize the compounds prepared here by a variety of physical measurements and polarizationresolved vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG), paying particular attention to the Ebben et al. Page 2 phase state (condensed vs. vapor) of four epoxides and two tetraols in contact with a fused silica window. We compare the spectral responses from the tetraol and epoxide model compounds with those obtained from the natural and synthetic SOA particle samples that were collected on filter substrates and pressed against a fused silica window and discuss a possible match for the SFG response of one of the epoxides with that of the synthetic SOA particle material. We conclude our work by discussing how the approach described here will allow for the study of the SOA particle formation pathways from firstand second-generation oxidation products by effectively 'fast-forwarding' through the initial reaction steps of particle nucleation via a chemically resolved approach aimed at testing the underlying chemical mechanisms of SOA particle formation. Contributed equally, *Corresponding authors: firstname.lastname@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com Ebben et al. Page 3


Mineralogical and particle-size distribution data on differentiated clay loamy podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils are considered. It is argued that dendrograms of similarity derived from data on the particle-size distribution in the bulk soil mass and clay-free samples can be used to judge the degree of homogeneity of the initial parent rock and its subsequent transformation by pedogenic processes. This method allows one to determine quantitatively the significance of pedogenic alterations in the parent rocks. The obtained results suggest that most of the studied soils have developed from initially homogeneous substrates. The essence of podzolization as a process of closely interrelated changes in the mineralogical and textural composition of soil forming rocks is discussed.


Abstract Lion manes represent a compromise between social benefits and ecological costs. Mane development of Panthera leo varies geographically with prevailing climate, but varying genetics, behavior and social systems, and nutrition may all influence such broad-scale correlations. We studied captive lions housed comparably across 12 degrees of latitude in North America and correlated mane variation with climatic, life-history, and husbandry variables. As predicted from heat-load considerations, mane length and density were inversely correlated with temperature; color variation was unrelated. Mane development was correlated with January but not July conditions, suggesting a stronger response to cold than to heat. Climate-induced variation in manes of captives accounted for up to 50% of variation seen. Developmental effects of climate appear to be responsible for many of the taxonomic names applied to African lions and may signify important biological differences between modern and Pleistocene lions.


Results are reported on the 193 and 248 nm photolysis of iodoethane, specifically with respect to H‐atom production. Experiments using selectively deuterated iodoethanes, ICD2CH3 and ICH2CD3, reveal that at 193 nm the carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage is not carbon‐atom specific. However, following photolysis at 248 nm, it is clear that C–H (or C–D) bond dissociation occurs preferentially at the β carbon atom.


Chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) has been used to etch InGaAsP/InP ridge laser facets. Smooth, vertical facets 4 μm deep have been etched using Ar/Cl2 CAIBE with a beam voltage of 440 V and a beam current density of 0.08 mA/cm2. Room temperature and high temperature (85 °C) L‐I characteristics and device performance have been evaluated, as well as the performance of integrated back facet monitors. Output powers of 9.5 mW from the laser and a monitor current of 3.75 mA have been obtained.


presbyters not bishops. Innes may have been a Jacobite polemicist and his royal genealogy as dubious as the one he exploded, but at least his methodology was more solid. Jackson Williams suggests the debunking of the Ancient Monarchy myth was "the single greatest shift in Scottish historical thought, in the eighteenth century or at any other time." Archival research and "the minute analysis of texts" were also used to confirm the legitimacy of Robert III, which had been questioned by opponents of hereditary Stuart rule. When a group of second Enlightenment Scots met in Edinburgh to found the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1780, they acknowledged but largely discounted the first wave who had preceded them. Even so, the earlier generation's "conception of historical scholarship was carried forward well into the nineteenth century and beyond, even when they themselves had been forgotten." Some of the book's chapters go into more detail about academic controversies than most general readers will care about, but Jackson Williams' prose is lively and he uses case studies to document the flowering of a new evidence-based approach to history. In the process, he rescues a fascinating and important intellectual movement from neglect and the teleology of Whig historiography.


1 Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; firstname.lastname@example.com (V.Y.); 7 firstname.lastname@example.com (B.v.S.); firstname.lastname@example.com (J.P.); firstname.lastname@example.com (N.B.); 8 email@example.com (H.D.B); email@example.com (E.P.); firstname.lastname@example.com (P.F.D); 9 firstname.lastname@example.com (I.R.); email@example.com (T.I.) 10 2 Biostatistical Group/Dean's Department, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; 11 email@example.com (D.S.) 12 3 Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand. 13 * Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com; Tel.: +64 (0) 4 2820366 14 15 Abstract: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in many cancer types. This study identified 16 and characterized CSCs in head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma (HNmMM) to regional 17 lymph nodes using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers. Immunohistochemical (IHC) 18 staining performed on 20 HNmMM tissue samples demonstrated expression of iPSC markers OCT4, 19 SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in all samples while NANOG was expressed at low levels in two samples. 20 Immunofluorescence (IF) staining demonstrated an OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ CSC 21 subpopulation within the tumor nests (TNs) and another within the peritumoral stroma (PTS) of 22 HNmMM tissues. IF also showed expression of NANOG by some OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ 23 cells within the TNs in an HNmMM tissue sample that expressed NANOG on IHC staining. In situ 24 hybridization (n=6) and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n=5) on the 25 HNmMM samples confirmed expression of all five iPSC markers. Western blotting of four primary 26 cell lines derived from four of the 20 HNmMM tissue samples showed expression of SOX2, KLF4, 27 and c-MYC but not OCT4 and NANOG, and three of these cell lines formed tumorspheres in vitro. 28 We demonstrate the presence of two putative CSC subpopulations within HNmMM, which may be 29 a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of this aggressive cancer. 30 31


It is well known that the welded residual stress has marked influence on fatigue crack growth rate in welding structure. In particular, because the tensile residual stress may accelerate the fatigue crack growth rate, it is important to develope the method of residual stress-relief. We have succeeded in relief of residual stress up to about 80% by using a method of mechanical stress relief which was the slow preloading of welded joint. The effects of residual stress relieved, stress ratio and preloadingg on fatigue crack growth rate in welded joints were investigated in associated with crack closure phenomenon. The results obtained are summarized as follows.(1) For the tensile residual stress fields after preloading, the fatigue crack growth rate was accelerated by the tensile residual stress relieved even if the stress ratio was low. Then, the fatigue crack growth rate accelerated was not changed regardless of the strength of residual stress fields and stress ratio.(2) For the compressive residual stress fields after preloading, the fatigue crack growth rate was considerably lower than that of base metal. After the crack arrested as the stress intensity range approached the threshold for crack growth, the fatigue crack growth rate increased with increasing stress intensity range and stress ratio.(3) The preloading scarecely resulted in the change of crack growth rate in the tensile residual stress field but markedly accelerated the rate in the compressive residual stress field.(4) It became clear that the effects of welding residual stress, stress ratio and preloading on fatigue crack growth rate in welding residual stress fields can be explained by the effective stress intensity range defined from both the welding residual stress- and plastic- induced crack closure.


We report a facile method for preparing KIT-1 mesoporous silicates with two different macroporous structures by dual templating. As a template for macropores, polystyrene (PS) beads are assembled into uniform three dimensional arrays by ice templating, i.e., by growing ice crystals during the freezing process of the particle suspension. Then, the polymeric templates are directly introduced into the precursor-gel solution with cationic surfactants for templating the mesopores, which is followed by hydrothermal crystallization and calcination. Later, by burning out the PS beads and the surfactants, KIT-1 mesoporous silicates with macropores are produced in a powder form. The macroporous structures of the silicates can be controlled by changing the amount of EDTANa4 salt under the same templating conditions using the PS beads and inverse-opal or hollow structures can be obtained. This strategy to prepare mesoporous powders with controllable macrostructures is potentially useful for various applications especially those dealing with bulky molecules such as, catalysis, separation, drug carriers and environmental adsorbents.


Calcification in the wall of the left atrium, appearing in association with rheumatic heart disease, was first described as a pathologic entity by Oppenheimer (1) in 1912. It was not referred to as a radiologic finding, however, until 1938, when Shanks and his co-workers (2) considered it in the differential diagnosis of intracardiac calcification. Since that time, reports of isolated cases or small series have appeared sporadically in the radiologic literature (3–14). The total number of recorded cases in which the antemortem diagnosis of calcification of the left atrial wall was established by radiologic methods is now 42. The purpose of this paper is to report 5 additional examples seen at the Mayo Clinic since 1953. Since all the cases described, including those comprising the present study, have been associated with rheumatic heart disease of long standing, it may be assumed that left atrial calcification is pathognomonic of that condition. Although minute amounts of calcium may be present in the atr...


This paper aims to study the physical, electrical, magnetic properties and microstructural analysis of aluminum matrix incorporated with different amounts of Fe3O4 at (2,4,6,8 and 10wt.%) with a constant amount of Ni at 2wt.%. Al/Fe3O4 +Ni hybrid nanocomposites specimens were prepared using the powder metallurgy method. Aluminum matrix nanocomposites (AMNCs) are important alloys because of their high strength, wear resistance, and lightweight, which enables them to be used in different thermal environments in a variety of applications including automotive, electronics, and aerospace. Many examinations, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)) analysis, were performed on the specimens in this study to determine the microstructure and phases of the nanocomposites, and study important properties such as density, porosity, magnetic and electrical properties, to evaluate these properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. FESEM analysis revealed that Fe3O4 and Ni nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed in the Al matrix in this study. The results of these tests showed that increasing the weight percentage of Fe3O4 and constant weight percentage of Ni nanoparticles decreases the porosity and increases the density and increases saturation magnetization (Ms) as well as improved electrical properties.


All-dielectric metamaterials (MMs) realize low-loss high efficiency reflector by utilizing Mie resonances in high-permittivity resonators. A single-negative all-dielectric near-perfect reflector is realized by a single layer of silicon (Si) cylinder resonators MM. The average reflection over 99% across 150.6-nm wide bandwidth in near infrared wavelength is achieved. Ultrabroadband perfect reflector was proposed by all dielectric single-layer super cell MM. It consists of four Si nanocylinders with different radius in single unit cell, which possesses peak reflection over 99% and a 313.3 nm wide near-perfect reflection (>95%) bandwidth. In order to achieve the required reflection bandwidth, we controlled the spectral separation of the electric and magnetic resonances.


The feeding strategy and the feed self-sufficiency of 34 commercial dairy farms in the western part of Switzerland were investigated throughout the year 2010. Feed ration composition of farms from the lowlands with relatively high proportions of maize were compared to farms from the mountain area with relatively high proportions of herbage in the rations. Dairy feeds were categorized into herbage, whole-plant maize and concentrate. The proportions of dry matter (DM), net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) sourced from herbage, maize and concentrates were calculated. Dairy farms located in the mountain area had higher proportions of herbage DM in the ration than farms located in the lowland (70% vs. 51 %), as well as herbage-sourced NEL (66 % vs. 47%) and herbage-sourced MP (68% vs. 49%). In contrast, lowland farms showed a higher proportion of maize DM in the ration (31% vs. 17 %). The degree of self-sufficiency of the total feed ration of mountain farms was shown to be larger for DM, NEL and especially MP. A general negative relationship between the proportion of maize DM in the ration and the dairy herd MP self-sufficiency could be observed.


The Ethernet for Plant Automation(EPA) protocol framework of network control system based on Ethernet and wireless technology is discussed, and the bluetooth communication protocol framework adapting to industrial field control is proposed. The bluetooth adapter adapting to industrial field and the realization method of access device connecting to wire control network are produced. Finally, an example of realization process of software and hardware is given.


A dual-layer substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) cavity filtering antenna with a controllable radiation band and two radiation nulls is proposed. It consists of a coaxial feeding, two SIW cavities, three metal planes and three slots. An H-shaped slot is etched on the top plane and two rectangle slots are cut on the middle plane. A radiating mode (i.e. TE210 mode) is excited to achieve a radiation band while two non-radiating modes (i.e. TE010 mode and TE110 mode) are utilised to generate two radiation nulls. Good filtering performance including sharp sideband selectivity and high stopband suppression is achieved by these radiation nulls. Moreover, the radiation band can be independently controlled without affecting the radiation nulls. A fabricated prototype with the size of 0.58λ 0 × 0.58λ 0 × 0.07λ 0 is measured. The measured centre frequency of the radiation band is at 3.49 GHz with the gain of 5.39 dBi and efficiency of 79.25%. However, the gain and efficiency of a radiation null at 3.29 GHz are −27.56 dBi and 0.07% while those of the other radiation null at 3.86 GHz are −27.29 dBi and 0.04%.


The merging of two community laboratories and the need to upgrade equipment offered the opportunity to improve workflow and productivity. The introduction of a new system based on dual HST Transportation modules linked in series provides the means to completely automate full blood count (FBC) analysis including reflex testing. Additional efficiencies have been achieved with a new hematology work area manager, Meru that is primarily used in microscopy. Molis software handles data from these two elements and acts as a single interface to the laboratory information system (LIS). Significant benefits have been achieved. (Sysmex J Int 13 : 48-52, 2003)


The effects of configuration and fiber orientation on the performance of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) subjected to low velocity impact has been investigated. A finite element model has been firstly validated credible, and then it was adopted to simulate the impact response of other four types of FMLs with some differences in configuration or fiber layup orientation to compare with the experimental one. The analysis illustrated that 3/2 configuration FMLs has better impact characteristic than 2/1 configuration FMLs. Meanwhile, fiber orientation of woven glass fiber prepregs could be designed to offer FMLs with different impact resistance. These results are valuable for the purpose of designing the anti-impact aerospace structures when using FMLs panels.


For elliptic diffusion equations with random coefficient and source term, the probability measure of the solution random field is shown to be Lipschitz-continuous in both total variation and Wasserstein distance as a function of the input probability measure. These results extend to Lipschitz continuous quantities of interest of the solution as well as to coherent risk functionals of those applied to evaluate their uncertainty. Our analysis is based on the sensitivity of risk functionals and pushforward measures for locally Lipschitz mappings with respect to the Wasserstein distance of perturbed input distributions. The established results particularly apply to the case of lognormal diffusions and the truncation of series representations of input random fields.


The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary seed and extract of Harmal (Peganum harmala L.) on immunity of broiler chicks. A total of 350 one-day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments with four replicates pen of 14 birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of control, 1 and 2 g/kg Harmal seed in diet, 100 and 200 mg/L Harmal seed extract in water. Broilers received dietary treatments from 1 to 42 d. Two birds from each pen were randomly weighed and sacrificed at 42 d of age, the relative weight of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabercius and spleen) to live weight were calculated. Antibody titers against Newcastle and influenza viruses and sheep red blood cell were measured at 30 d of age. Results showed that the relative weights of lymphoid organs were not affected by dietary treatments. Furthermore, antibody titer against Newcastle and influenza viruses as well as sheep red blood cell antigen were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by feeding Harmal seed and extract. In conclusion, the results indicated that dietary inclusion of Harmal seed and extract enhanced immunological responses in broiler chicks. Keywords—Broiler chicks, Harmal, immunity.


When refugees and migrants arrive in Europe, European states portray themselves as inadvertent hosts to unanticipated crises: well-intentioned, sorely-stretched, and attempting to negotiate a reasonable solution and find the middle ground between fairly balancing the needs of refugees and their own citizens. To the contrary, I argue that European states, like many other developed countries, themselves take part in creating conditions for displacement in the Third World. This is done through, among other things, international legal regimes for the global economy, trade, war, and the environmental. Although local factors also play an important role in Third World displacement, external interventions have a significant role to play and should be subject to equal scrutiny. For instance, climate change induced migration is attributable to the largest carbon emitters, and yet this group of states are unwilling to accept refugees from climate change. I argue that this mismatch between causation and responsibility is unsustainable and asylum policies aimed at containing refugees in the Third World through closed European borders, aid, and proposals for solely local solutions are highly misplaced. As European states continue to intervene deep into the economic, political and social sphere of Third World countries, they strip Third World states of their decision-making ability and impose policies in favour of affluent states, and uphold an international unequal system that lies at the core of displacement dynamics. Yet these dynamics are not reflected either in international refugee law or the other legal regimes governing war, economy, trade, or environment. This is because interventions are enabled through, among other things, international law itself; under the pretext of rectifying Third World problems. International law helps create a perception of the international as the saviour and the local as the problem. European and other developed states are able to obfuscate their roles in displacement and can deny responsibility for sheltering displaced people. Consequently, a global apartheid persists, where those who cause displacement maintain their vast privileges through international law, while most of the displaced that a just law should protect are left to suffer.


AASHTO guidelines on highway design have drawn criticism for their inability to deal with the uncertainty of traffic operations, costs, and physical constraints. Some analysts believe that in light of changing economic and socio-environmental values, new procedures are needed to better address uncertainties and to justify engineering decisions. An analytical model that could be used to determine the optimal design curvature for horizontal curves on two-lane highways is presented. The optimal curvature results in the minimum total cost, defined as the sum of construction, maintenance, and expected user costs. The expected user cost is the sum of expected accident, travel time, and vehicle operating costs. It is shown that: (a) optimal design curvature is highly sensitive to the skewness of the probability distribution of the required curvature; (b) when the mean operating speed is high, optimal design curvature does not change significantly with the changes of standard deviation of speeds compared with the low mean operating speed; and (c) when the mean operating speed is low, the polynomial model best represents the relationship between optimal design curvature and the standard deviation of the operating speeds. When the mean operating speed is high, the linear model best represents the relationship between optimal design curvature and the standard deviation of the operating speeds. The application of the model and sensitivity of the optimum to model parameters are illustrated using numerical examples.


Aуbek was born in the family of an artisan weaver on January 10, 1905 in Tashkent. He wrote such works as "Sacred Blood", "Wind of the Golden Valley", "The Sun Will Not Dim", "Navoi". This house where the writer lived and worked has become a house-museum now. The house-museum was created with the aim of a broad demonstration of the life and work of the writer, the history of the creation of works, the unlimited contribution of the writer to the development of Uzbek and world literature. A resolution was adopted by the government of the republic on the organization of the house-museum of Aуbek on February 23, 1980. The museum was officially opened on September 9, 1985.


The sensitivity of engine performance to gas-dynamic phenomena in the exhaust system has been known for around 100 years but is still relatively poorly understood. The nonlinearity of the wave-propagation behaviour renders simple empirical approaches ineffective, even in a single-cylinder engine. The adoption of analytical tools such as engine-cycle-simulation codes has enabled greater understanding of the tuning mechanisms but for multi-cylinder engines has required the development of accurate models for pipe junctions. The present work examines the propagation of pressure waves through pipe junctions using shock-tube rigs in order to validate a computational model. Following this the effects of exhaust-system gas dynamics on engine performance are discussed using the results from an engine-cycle-simulation program based on the equations of one-dimensional compressible fluid flow.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


New measurements of the posterior choroidal arteries are presented. Hydrocephalus produces approximation and forward displacement, caused by movement of the thalami forward and downward. Brainstem tumors produce approximation but not forward displacement of the arteries. Tumors of the region of the posterior third ventricle may result in any of three different patterns: (a) separation of the posterior choroidal arteries, (b) no displacement of the arteries despite significant hydrocephalus, or (c) approximation without descent. The interchoroidal distance appears to be a more sensitive indicator of hydrocephalus than the distance between either choroidal artery and the dorsum sellae.


Indonesia as a developing country is often faced with the problem of unemployment. Low unemployment rates can reflect good economic growth and reflect the well-being of the population, thus each country will attemp to lower the unemployment rate, including Indonesia. The unemployment rate of provinces in Indonesia from 2005 to 2015 observed every 6 months can be viewed as panel data. This study aims to model the trend of unemployment rate in Indonesia and external factors that influence it through multilevel modeling approach, where unemployment rate value at any point of time (level 1) is nested within the province (level 2). Selected models are models with random intercept and random time slopes which indicate there are varieties of unemployment rate between provincies that occurs at initial values and the rate of change over time. The average decline is about 0.05% every 6 months. Provinces with a high initial unemployment rate value were more likely to decline the unemployment rate compared to provinces with low initial unemployment rate values. After being controlled by the effect of time, the fixed effect that significantly affects unemployment rate is investment and population density. In addition, unemployment rate in August tended to be higher than unemployment rate in February.


The results of the RIST experiment, to design a high power tantalum foil target for the production of radioactive nuclear beams (RNB), are presented. The target was constructed from 6000 tantalum foil discs (25 μm thick) and spacer washers, diffusion bonded together to form a rigid structure. A target of similar geometry was successfully tested at the ISOLDE facility, CERN, and produced RNB yields and release times at least as good as a normal ISOLDE target. Tests using the ISIS proton beam demonstrated a method to overcome high voltage fluctuations induced by the pulsed proton beam. Operation in a mass separator produced beams of stable ions from a surface ionizer. Thermal tests using electron beam heating showed that the finned target surface gives an enhanced emissivity which radiates 24 kW (design value) at 2300 K, equivalent to running with the 800 MeV proton beam from ISIS at a current of 100 μA.


The procedure of steepest ascent consists of performing a sequence of sets of trials. Each set of trials is obtained as a result of proceeding sequentially along the path of maximum increase in response. Until now there has been no formal stopping rule, When response values are subject to random error, the decision to stop can be premature due to a "false" drop in the observed response. A new stopping rule procedure for steepest ascent is intro-duced that takes into account the random error variation in response values. The new procedure protects against taking too many observations when the true mean response is decreasing, it also protects against stopping. prematurely when the true mean response is increasing, A numerical example is given which illus-trates the method.


Over the past several decades, several industrial revolutions took place including those in genomics, nanotechnology, and synthetic biology. In the 1990s, scientists sequenced the human genome in hope of providing medical cures through personalized medicine and DNA vaccines. However, genomic cures have yet to materialize, mandating more focus on translational genomics. An infrastructure to support nanotechnology is in place, and researchers are in various stages of product development.


For high omission rate and false alarm rate in intrusion detection system,this paper proposed a tabu-based genetic neural network intrusion detection model.The model was based on genetic tabu algorithm of global search and BP global network of local search precision features,combined genetic tabu algorithm and BP algorithm,and used genetic tabu algorithm initial weights of BP network,at the same time,used niching technology to improve genetic tabu algorithm.Experiments show that the improved genetic tabu algorithm optimizing the BP network for intrusion detection can improve the efficiency of intrusion detection,lower false positive rate,improve the accuracy in the intrusion detection system to some extent.


The main aim of the paper is to define a security and mobility architecture for users to roam along isolated wireless networks. Due to the mobility of the users as well as the networks some of the key issues like security and mobility management are not addressed properly due to non availability of infrastructure to handle authentications, mobility management in the access networks. To provide services in a isolated areas, and to cover large areas the ideal solution is provided by the cellular networks, but the bandwidth, cost of communication and the availability for different services are limited by the cellular networks. For this purpose we propose to integrate WIMAX (IEEE 802.16) based networks working in a mesh configuration with WLAN (IEEE 802.11) as a solution to provide different services. By this method a centralized system is proposed to process authentication and mobility management in the network for the users as well as access networks. In the proposed architecture, a master node acts as a gateway for mesh and slave nodes. The gateway has an AAA server which acts as an authentication and accounting server for the mesh nodes. WLAN are interconnected to mesh nodes and slave nodes and the users use WLAN as an access network. The user authenticates to the network using EAP or a onetime password method to access the services in the network. We also proposed mobility management in the architecture where users roams along different access networks in an efficient manner. We evaluated the architecture using a testbed, we calculated the time of authentications and re-authentications during roaming, delay at the user level while networks are in mobile mode.


Abstract : An interim technical report on Project 6440, CCD multi-level logic documents activities and interim results midway through the project. The report is divided into two principal sections covering (a) analysis and measurements of the practical limitations of CCD multi-level digital operation and (b) ideas and potential techniques for signal-processing applications. (Author)


This paper is in the line of the recent literature on weak instruments, which, following the seminal approach of Staiger and Stock (1997) and Stock and Wright (2000) captures weak identification by drifting population moment conditions. In contrast with most of the existing literature, we do not specify a priori which parameters are strongly or weakly identified. We rather consider that weakness should be related specifically to instruments, or more generally to the moment conditions. As a consequence, we consider that the relevant partition between the strongly and weakly identified structural parameters can only be achieved after a wellsuited rotation in the parameter space. In addition, we focus here on the case dubbed nearlyweak identification where the drifting DGP introduces a limit rank deficiency reached at a rate slower than root-T . This framework ensures that GMM estimators of all parameters are consistent but at rates possibly slower than usual. This allows us to characterize the validity of the standard testing approaches like Wald and GMM-LM tests. Moreover, we are able to identify and estimate directions in the parameter space where root-T convergence is maintained. These results are all directly relevant for practical applications without requiring the knowledge or the estimation of the slower rates of convergence. JEL Classification: C13; C14; C32.


In ultrasonic images of the liver conventional two dimensional texture parameters (CTP) were compared with parameters derived from a new stochastic model i.e. auto-regressive periodic random field models (APRFM). By fitting the model to a given textural pattern, the estimated model parameters are suitable texture features to distinguish between images of the liver with and without microfocal lesions. The APRFM approach produces classification results equivalent or even better than those obtained by use of CTP parameters. Taking advantage of the principle of analysis by synthesis the possibility of comparing visually the re-synthesized image with the original ultrasonic image is important for clinical acceptance


Abstract Traditional traffic management is in most cases used only on a local level. It lacks an integrated and network wide approach. The main reason for this is that different network types are operated and maintained by different road managers. In practice these road managers are only responsible for their own part of the network and normally they do not communicate or cooperate that much. To deal with this The Netherlands has adopted a different approach, described in the handbook Sustainable Traffic Management. Together with this method, a tool was the developed to support it. The tool includes the dynamic traffic assignment model MARPLE and is already applied in more than twenty projects.


The success of the concept of smart skins depends upon the development of sensors that can be integrated into the vehicle skin and can provide accurate measurement of some parameter of interest. In particular, measurements of distributed parameter fields over the vehicle surface are of prime importance. Work to date has focused upon using a combination of optical fiber sensor and optical radar (OTDR and OFDR) techniques to provide distributed measurements of stress and strain. In this paper, the results of an investigation into the use of integrated optical radar sources/detectors are presented. The work focused upon incoherent OFDR using a laser diode - PIN photodetector combination. The laser diode was driven with an RF "chirp" with its output coupled into an optical fiber. Delayed optical signals returned from the fiber were fed back into the laser cavity and mixed. The integral packaged photodetector was used to provide system output. Such topics as laser coherence length and wavelength stability all influence this technique. Experimental results are presented and compared with measurements based on external photodetection and mixing. Finally, the applicability of the technique for smart skins applications is discussed.


Significance Neuronal subtypes are differentially affected by neuropathologies. For example, Purkinje cells, the principal neurons of the cerebellum, can be divided in subpopulations based on their sensitivity to pathological insult. However, the molecular mechanisms explaining why, among seemingly identical neurons, some will degenerate while others survive remain unknown. Here, we analyzed, in a disease model of cerebellar neurodegeneration, the metabolism of sphingolipids, complex lipids involved in cell apoptosis, and found that specific sphingolipids accumulate in the cerebellar region primarily affected by neurodegeneration. Preventing this accumulation by disrupting sphingolipid metabolism via genetic mutation caused a neuroprotective effect on subpopulations of Purkinje cells. Thus, our data indicate that sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the predisposition of neuronal subtypes to neurodegeneration. Patterned degeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs) can be observed in a wide range of neuropathologies, but mechanisms behind nonrandom cerebellar neurodegeneration remain unclear. Sphingolipid metabolism dyshomeostasis typically leads to PC neurodegeneration; hence, we questioned whether local sphingolipid balance underlies regional sensitivity to pathological insults. Here, we investigated the regional compartmentalization of sphingolipids and their related enzymes in the cerebellar cortex in healthy and pathological conditions. Analysis in wild-type animals revealed higher sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) levels in the flocculonodular cerebellum, while sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels were higher in the anterior cerebellum. Next, we investigated a model for spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) driven by the transgenic expression of the expanded Ataxin 1 protein with 82 glutamine (82Q), exhibiting severe PC degeneration in the anterior cerebellum while the flocculonodular region is preserved. In Atxn1[82Q]/+ mice, we found that levels of Sphk1 and Sphk2 were region-specific decreased and S1P levels increased, particularly in the anterior cerebellum. To determine if there is a causal link between sphingolipid levels and neurodegeneration, we deleted the Sphk1 gene in Atxn1[82Q]/+ mice. Analysis of Atxn1[82Q]/+; Sphk1−/− mice confirmed a neuroprotective effect, rescuing a subset of PCs in the anterior cerebellum, in domains reminiscent of the modules defined by AldolaseC expression. Finally, we showed that Sphk1 deletion acts on the ATXN1[82Q] protein expression and prevents PC degeneration. Taken together, our results demonstrate that there are regional differences in sphingolipid metabolism and that this metabolism is directly involved in PC degeneration in Atxn1[82Q]/+ mice.


On the basis of gold medals won, Germany took first place at the 29th International Chemistry Olympiad, held July 13-22 in Montreal. The country earned three gold medals and one bronze medal. The top of the lineup was crowded with "ties." Hungary and Taiwan tied for second place, each pocketing two gold medals, one silver medal, and one bronze medal. South Korea and Poland tied for third, each earning two gold medals and two bronze medals, and Iran and Turkey shared fourth place, with one gold medal and three silver medals apiece. Russia, Singapore, Ukraine, and the U.S. tied for fifth place, each winning one gold medal, two silver medals, and one bronze medal. China, with four silver medals, fell to seventh place this year. Last year, China slid to third place, unseated from the top spot it had held since it began participating in the olympiad in 1987. Iran took second place last year, ...


abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a physical activity (PA) interventionon brain and behavioral indices of executive control in preadolescentchildren.METHODS: Two hundred twenty-one children (7 –9 years) were randomlyassigned to a 9-month afterschool PA program or a wait-list control. Inaddition to changes in fitness (maximal oxygen consumption), electricalactivity in the brain (P3-ERP) and behavioral measures (accuracy, reactiontime) of executive control were collected by using tasks that modulatedattentional inhibition and cognitive flexibility.RESULTS: Fitnessimprovedmore amongintervention participantsfrompretest to posttest compared with the wait-list control (1.3 mL/kg perminute, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3 to 2.4; d = 0.34 for groupdifference in pre-to-post change score). Intervention participantsexhibited greater improvements from pretest to posttest in inhibition(3.2%, 95% CI: 0.0 to 6.5; d = 0.27) and cognitive flexibility (4.8%, 95%CI: 1.1 to 8.4; d = 0.35 for group difference in pre-to-post change score)compared with control. Only the intervention group increased atten-tional resources from pretest to posttest during tasks requiring in-creased inhibition (1.4 mV, 95% CI: 0.3 to 2.6; d = 0.34) and cognitiveflexibility (1.5 mV, 95% CI: 0.6 to 2.5; d = 0.43). Finally, improvements inbrain function on the inhibition task (r = 0.22) and performance on theflexibility task correlated with intervention attendance (r =0.24).CONCLUSIONS: The intervention enhanced cognitive performance andbrain function during tasks requiring greater executive control. ThesefindingsdemonstrateacausaleffectofaPAprogramonexecutivecon-trol, andprovide supportfor PAforimproving childhoodcognitionandbrain health. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1063–e1071


Microbial conversion of anthracyclinone monosaccharides using aclarubicin-negative mutant of Streptomyces galilaeus was found to produce anthracyclinone disaccharides which had either rhodinose or 2-deoxyfucose as an additional sugar. By this conversion we obtained twelve new anthracyclines from seven anthracyclines which had rhodosamine, N-monomethyldaunosamine or daunosamine at C-7 as a glycosidic sugar. All products had a reduced cytotoxic activity in comparison with those of parent compounds. However, some of them showed a therapeutically improved antitumor effects against L1210 leukemia in vivo.


The need for a high level of integration in wireless and multi-standard radios, as well as the expensive area in downscaled CMOS pushes towards low-area circuit solutions. Feedback-type inductorless LNAs are such an example. This paper demonstrates a bondpad-size feedback type narrowband LNA using only one stacked inductor. The gain is 20.8 dB at 3.4 GHz with a noise figure of 2.2 dB. This solution is many times smaller than a classical LNA configuration with several inductors, while obtaining similar performance. It is thus an appealing solution for low-area radio integration in digital CMOS.


Interactive potential energy curves between methyl radical and the clean/hydrogenated diamond(111)surfaces are first calculated by Aml molecular orbital method.The effects of relaxation and reconstruction of the surface atoms and adsorbed hydrogen atoms on the potential energy curves have been found.It is concluded that the hydrogenated diamond(111) surface is more suitable for methyl radical to adsorbed and is therefore a better growth site for diamond than the clean surface,There is a strong interaction between methyl radical and the clean/hydrogenated diamond(111) surfaces within 5 nm above the surface.We suppose that the dynamic processes in the region is important for us to research.


Tight performance bounds are derived for maximum likelihood detection of uncoded SC-FDMA transmission over the Rayleigh fading channel. Closed-form expressions are provided for approximating the lower bound on the BER performance in the high and low SNR regimes. The derived bounds are validated by simulation.


Objective To prepare misoprostol gel,screen its prescription and finish quality control.Methods Adopted the different molecular weight polyethylene glycol as matrix to prepare misoprostol gel,and determined the content by HPLC method.Results After using PEG-400,PEG-1000,PEG-4000 as a gel matrix,the gel,easily coated and spread,having moderate viscosity,possessing the good stability under specified conditions,was obtained.Conclusion The prescription has the characteristics of rational design,simple preparation technology and controllable quality.


1 The goal of getting computers to automatically solve problems is central to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the broad area encompassed by what Turing called " machine intelligence " (Turing 1948, 1950). Genetic programming is a systematic method for getting computers to automatically solve a problem. Genetic programming starts from a high-level statement of what needs to be done and automatically creates a computer program to solve the problem. The most important point of this book is: Genetic programming now routinely delivers high-return human-competitive machine intelligence. There are now 36 instances where genetic programming has produced a human-competitive result. In section 1.1, we define " routine, " " high-return, " " human-competitive , " and " machine intelligence " and outline the evidence supporting each claimed human-competitive result. The second of this book's four main points is: Genetic programming is an automated invention machine. There are now 23 instances where genetic programming has duplicated the func-tionality of a previously patented invention, infringed a previously issued patent, or created a patentable new invention. Specifically, there are 15 instances where genetic programming has created an entity that either infringes or duplicates the functionality of Table 1.1 Four main points of this book Main point 1 ● Genetic programming now routinely delivers high-return human-competitive machine intelligence. 2 ● Genetic programming is an automated invention machine. 3 ● Genetic programming can automatically create a general solution to a problem in the form of a parameterized topology. 4 ● Genetic programming has delivered a progression of qualitatively more substantial results in synchrony with five approximately order-of-magnitude increases in the expenditure of computer time. a previously patented 20 th-century invention, six instances where genetic programming has done the same with respect to an invention patented after January 1, 2000, and two instances where genetic programming has created a patentable new invention. The two new inventions are general-purpose controllers that outperform controllers employing tuning rules that have been in widespread use in industry for most of the 20 th century. Novelty and creativity are prerequisites for patentability. A new idea that can be logically deduced from facts that are known in a field, using transformations that are known in a field, is not considered to be patentable by the Patent Office. A new idea is patentable only if there is an " illogical step " (that is, a logically unjustified step) that distinguishes the proposed invention …


Based on the perception experiment of Bangladeshi students in distinguishing and recognizing mandarin single-character tones, the perception ability of tones is investigated. The experimental results show that the perception ability of Bangladeshi students in mandarin single-character tones gradually increases with the increase of Chinese level, especially in advanced level. The order of difficulty for Bangladeshi students in perceiving mandarin single-character tones is rising tone > level tone > falling tone > falling-rising tone (">" means "more difficult"); There are many types of errors and it is easy to confuse level tone/rising tone and rising tone/falling-rising tone. On this basis, this paper puts forward some teaching suggestions on tone perception.


The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined by direct methods and refined to a final R of 0.044. The compound crystallizes in space group P21/n with cell dimensions a - 16.681(2), b - 3.838(1), c = 20.550(4) A, and β = 104.21(2)°. The phenyl and benzene rings of the title molecule are quite planar. The y-pyrone ring exhibits maximum deviation 0.032(4) A from planarity and makes a dihedral angle of 139.8(2)° with the 2-phenyl substituent.


Chromosomal deletions are structural abnormalities that cause loss of genomic material, depending on its length they use to generate several disabling genetic conditions. Interstitial deletion of chromosome 17 short arm in 17p11.2 region is related to the appearance of phenotypic characteristics related to a genetic condition known as Smith-Magenis syndrome. This deletions spans in a range between <1.5 and 9 Mb, shows some features as craniofacial dysmorphia, delayed psychomotor development, speech problems, sleep disorders, limb abnormalities, malformations of brain, heart and kidney also are expressed. We present a case of a 10 monthsold girl with brachycephaly, bulging forehead, sunken eyes, epicanthal folds, malformed ears, short philtrum, small mouth and ventriculomegaly. The gir ́sl karyotype was 46,XX,del(17)(p11.2), no molecular tests were performed because they were not available, but the phenotypic evidence, the clinical and classical cytogenetic aspects are suggestives of Smith-Magenis Syndrome. We propose to follow up of this case and perform modern molecular tests for a definitive diagnosis.


A novel robot architecture has been developed which will facilitate the use of telescience in commercial microgravity laboratories to provide large potential cost savings. Utilizing tensioned cables in order to effect motion in orbiting laboratory provides large weight savings, without sacrificing required high end effector stiffness. The architecture has been built and successfully tested in space aboard the commercial SPACEHAB module. The capabilities of the robotic system to actuate standard experimental interfaces expected in space environments, as well as to read displays and transmit video to earth for operator feedback have been proved, and are discussed herein.


The bulk metallic glass Zr 41 Ti 14 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 has a high glass forming ability and a wide existence range for the supercooled liquid between glass transition and crystallization. In this temperature range remarkable structural changes are observed, even after short annealing periods. We have studied the crystallization at 623 K and 673 K for different times using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). After heat treatment of the supercooled liquid at 623 K between 5h and 508 h only a negligible fraction of small crystals (fcc, a=1.0045 nm or monoclinic, a=0.585 nm, b=0.934 nm, c=0.414 nm) is observed, while at 673 K for times between 1 h and 19 h in addition to crystallization of two new phases with fcc structure (a=0.406 nm) and with hexagonal structure (a=0.382 nm, c=0.324 nm) in agreement with the ZrBe 2 structure occurs. Preannealing at 623 K for 15 h slows down significantly the subsequent crystallization at 673 K.The TEM results are compared with results from X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and with results from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and are discussed with respect to correlations between amorphous decomposition and crystallization.


The subject matters in Indonesian elementary and secondary education curriculum have been clustered irrationally by two kinds of labeling. On one side, there are some subject matters using "education" label; on the other side, the rests are without "education" label. Both kinds of labeling need to be asked critically through philosophical questions: 1) why has this clustering happened in the school curriculum? and 2) what is the basic philosophy for this clustering? As a matter of fact, curriculum is a pivotal instrument of education in attaining the National Education Aim; therefore, all subject matters in the curriculum should have the same "education" label or should not have one. It seems to be a crucial problem in education world that need to be overcome at the first place before developing a new curriculum. In doing so, all education experts, curriculum developer, and education bureaucracies should have a strong perspective on the matter of "knowledge philosophy".ABSTRAK Mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum pendidikan dasar dan menengah di Indonesia telah dikelompokkan secara irasional ke dalam dua jenis labeling (penamaan atau pelabelan). Di satu sisi, beberapa mata pelajaran menggunakan label "pendidikan"; di sisi lain beberapa mata pelajaran tidak menggunakannya. Kedua jenis pelabelan itu perlu dipertanyakan secara kritis melalui pertanyaan filosofis: 1) mengapa pelabelan ini telah terjadi dalam kurikulum sekolah?, dan 2) apa filosofi dasar untuk pelabelan ini? Pada kenyataannya, kurikulum merupakan suatu instrumen penting pendidikan dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional. Oleh karena itu, semua mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum semestinya mempunyai label pendidikan yang sama atau sebaliknya. Hal ini tampak sebagai suatu masalah krusial dalam dunia pendidikan yang perlu diselesaikan terlebih dahulu sebelum mengembangkan kurikulum baru. Untuk melakukan hal tersebut, semua ahli pendidikan, pengembang kurikulum, birokrasi pendidikan harus memiliki persepktif yang kuat mengenai filsafat pengetahuan.


The utility model discloses a machine liquid radial forging machine which comprises a machine frame. Four pressure oil cylinders are oppositely arranged on the machine frame in the radial direction. Pressure oil cylinder cavities include rod cavities and rodless cavities, the rod cavities of the pressure oil cylinders are communicated with an air source through reversing valves, and the rodless cavities of the pressure oil cylinders are pressure oil cavities and are externally liquid charging cylinders for charging liquid for the pressure oil cylinders through pipelines. The liquid charging cylinders are single-action hydraulic cylinders and are provided with rod cavities and rodless cavities. The rod cavities of the liquid charging cylinders are communicated with the atmosphere, the rodless cavities of the liquid charging cylinders are communicated with the rodless cavities of the pressure oil cylinders, piston rods of the liquid charging cylinders are externally connected with a cam transmission mechanism, and the cam transmission mechanism is in transmission connection with a belt transmission mechanism. The machine liquid radial forging machine is applicable to fast forging of solid or hollow long shaft parts of small specification, a control system is simple, the problem that a mechanical press machine is incontrollable in speed is solved, and hydraulic impact and heating caused by high speed, large flow and fast reversing of the full hydraulic type are avoided.


In this paper,various methods of manufacture potassium nitrate by solvent extraction are reviewed,and their principles,advantages and disadvantages are discussed.Some problems which must be solved are suggested for industrialization this technique.


A new generation of typesetting devices has gained wide acceptance in the graphic arts industry. These machines not only lend themselves to operation by a computer, they demand it; their speed and flexibility can be exploited in no other way. One such machine is the VideoComp®; a programming system that supports it is called PAGE-1. This paper is a tutorial introduction to the PAGE-1 language through which the user specifies his typographic format requirements to the system. The concluding section of the paper presents an application of the language to a sample typesetting problem.


Transpersonal psychology contains a growing body of literature and theory related to the spiritual dimension of human nature and "higher states of consciousness." This approach is especially relevant for social work practitioners who are combating the social ills of the 1990s that manifest as violence, addiction, and spiritual malaise. Other theories do not recognize higher levels of consciousness, and thus their exclusive use may inhibit the optimal development of the spiritual dimension. Transpersonal theory is the only theory that focuses on the spiritual dimension and legitimates the development of higher states of consciousness as being exceptionally healthy or as representing the epitome of human potential. The practice challenges facing social workers in the postmodern age call not only for the development of a more complex and inclusive understanding of what it means to be fully human, but also for a transpersonal theory "big" enough to allow and facilitate quantum leaps in human consciousness.


Measurements were made of the charged-particle concentration in a d-c neon discharge at pressures of 5 to 40 mm Hg and currents of 0.2 to 1 amp, from the H/sub BETA / line broadening, and the results were compared with two-probe measurements. Knowing the gas temperature and the measured width of the H/sub BETA / line, the ion concentration can be obtained from the curves plotted. The results showed that the ion concentrations are in good agreement for all values. (P.C.H.)


In the presence of dioxygen (P=0.1 MPa) at room temperature (or of 40 o C), epoxides and Me 2 CHCO 2 H are prepared by cooxidation of trans-2-octene [or of 1-octene, (R)-(+)-limonene, etc.] and Me 2 CHCHO in the presence of a soluble catalyst (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, titanium, samarium complexes, etc.) or of a solid catalyst (Pd/HZ zeolite, TFO 2 , titanium silicalite, KTFOPO 4 , etc.)


Keeping a low content of impurities in the plasma, in order to avoid intolerable radiation and fuel dilution levels, is necessary in order to achieve high performance conditions in present day experiments and to make thermonuclear fusion feasible at reactor scale. It is therefore of paramount importance to quantitatively understand the mechanisms that determine the impurity transport in the plasma. In stellarators, neoclassical transport has typically been thought to dominate. However, the first experimental campaigns of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) have shown that the turbulent component is essential to understand impurity transport in this device. The calculation of turbulent transport requires to solve the gyrokinetic system of equations, which, for the three-dimensional geometry of stellarators, implies a high computational cost, in particular when several species with disparate masses are accounted for. Moreover, there have historically been many fewer numerical codes capable of handling stellarator geometry compared with the numerous tools available to address the turbulent transport problem in axisymmetric tokamak configurations. Therefore, it has not been until recently that multispecies nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations have been carried out for large stellarators, like LHD or W7-X, (see [1] and [2], respectively). In the present contribution, the turbulent transport of impurities in stellarators is comprehensively studied with the df gyrokinetic code stella [3], whose mixed implicit-explicit algorithm makes nonlinear multispecies simulations more affordable than fully explicit schemes. The results demonstrate for W7-X that: ordinary diffusion carries the largest fraction of the total turbulent impurity transport under ITG and TEM turbulence, although the second drives impurity transport less efficiently than the former; that thermo-diffusion is practically negligible; that the convection in the absence of impurity pressure gradients can be radially inwards or outwards, depending on the turbulence-driving gradients; and that both the diffusion and the convection coefficients are strongly reduced when the main ion and electron density peaking is increased, see figure 1 (left), which is particularly relevant for pellet-fueled W7-X high performance scenarios [4]. Comparing different stellarator configurations, namely, W7-X, TJ-II, LHD and NCSX it is found that the size of the normalized turbulent diffusion and convection are comparable across three of them, with appreciably lower transport coefficient for LHD, see figure 2 (right). Apart from these results, obtained at trace impurity concentration, the role that non-trace impurities have on the bulk turbulence is also addressed.


Governing NOW: Grassroots Activism in the National Organization for Women. By Maryann Barakso. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 192p. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper. This is a case study of the National Organization for Women that explains how NOW's governance structure shaped the organization's strategy from 1966 to 2003. "Strategy" is defined as NOW's "goals and tactics it uses to pursue them" (p. 2). The author contends that current conceptual approaches to explaining organizational behavior, such as the availability of resources, or political opportunities, or "collective belief systems," can fall short in their predictive powers. There are times, for example, when organizations appear to be irrational and self-destructive as they ignore "obvious political opportunities" or invest "resources inefficiently" (p. 6). Analyzing organizational behavior from the perspective of its "governance structure" or "political system," however, "resolves many of these apparent inconsistencies" (p. 6). Governance structure is "simply a political system described by a group's guiding principles (its goals and values) on the one hand and its formal decision-making process on the other" (p. 1).