Significance This work explains how the experimental time scale determines our perception of the free-energy landscape for a molecular system. Greater temporal resolution naturally resolves more free-energy minima, although this structure may be averaged out over longer time scales. Hence shorter observation times may resolve more states, but result in broken ergodicity. A consistent treatment of the thermodynamics that corresponds with a given experiment must therefore account for the feasibility of different rearrangement mechanisms on the relevant observation time scale. Hence we establish a connection between the concepts of molecular symmetry, ergodicity, and local equilibrium. When structures that interconvert on a given time scale are lumped together, the corresponding free-energy surface becomes a function of the observation time. This view is equivalent to grouping structures that are connected by free-energy barriers below a certain threshold. We illustrate this time dependence for some benchmark systems, namely atomic clusters and alanine dipeptide, highlighting the connections to broken ergodicity, local equilibrium, and "feasible" symmetry operations of the molecular Hamiltonian.


An inner magnetic shield, which substantially improves the terrestrial magnetic characteristic, was developed for a CRT with a tensioned shadow mask. We proved that (1) the shape of the inner magnetic shield, (2) the joint resistance of each component, and (3) the material and tension of shadow mask all contributed to the magnetic characteristic. Based on our research, a 'home base'‐shaped inner magnetic shield was developed and the performance was improved and nearly equivalent conventional CRT with a press mask.


Based on the measurements on 770 cage-cultured large yellow croakers,the relations between fish body width,length and their weight have been analyzed by means of regression equation.From the geometric morphological measurements on fish body,which are often used in estimating gillnet selectivity and from Logistic curve model,the theoretic bar spacing of the grading panel has been derived as 34.66 mm to meet the requirement of the grading standard 300 g.It was 38.21 mm derived from a power function regression.Grading effects were tested with two different grading spacings of 33.01 mm and 37.95 mm.For the 33.01 mm grading spacing grading panel,after 5 to 10 minutes of grading operation,the highest ratio of marketable fish which weigh more than 300 g was 50.00% of total retained by the grading panel.Their average body weight retained by the grading panel was 296 g.For the 37.95 mm grading spacing in the same conditions,the highest ratio,whose weight ≥300 g was 73.33% in the total retained by the grading panel.The average ratio was 41.65%.The average body weight of total fish retained by the grading panel was 310 g which was 25 g more than that of fish without sizing grade.Grading trials have been operated in a 48 m circle fish cage.All of the fish retained by the grading panel,when the bar spacing was set at 37.95 mm,were heavier than 300 g and the lowest body weight was 320 g.The results show that grading effect was better when the bar spacing was 37.95 mm,which was derived by means of a power function regression equation.


A novel method is proposed for estimating the pose (position and attitude) and speed of the axisymmetric target using a line-scan camera. Since the line-scan camera collects image by continuously line scanning, it can record the motion information of the moving object which provides a way to estimate the pose and speed. An optimization algorithm is developed to give an optimal solution by minimizing an energy function which is defined on the matching measure between the projection contours of the target and that of its 3D model. The method is experimentally testified both on synthetic and real images.


Despite the efforts to stop the epidemic, HIV is considered one of the major socially significant threats in the field of public health all around the world. HIV/AIDS prevention objectives have gone beyond medical approach and need a comprehensive solution. The development and testing the efficacy of the secondary HIV prevention programs, which aim to stop the spread of HIV from those already infected and to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV, is urgently needed. Innovative programs with the use of internet-technologies have high preventive potential. Distant HIV prevention has been widely developing in the West, while in Russia, as far as we know, such programs have not been implemented yet. The present article represents an overview of the modern state of secondary HIV prevention with the aim to define effective technologies to become the basis of distant preventive program for PLWH in Saint-Petersburg. The research is implemented with the support of the RHSF grant «Comprehensive distant prevention program for socially significant diseases: psychological and medical basis for development and efficacy evaluation» (№ 15-06-10506).


Optical heterodyne techniques are used to meet the stringent angular tracking requirements necessary for an optical communication system to operate properly. The spatial tracking system is assumed to operate in its linear region, use semiconductor lasers, and use a squaring loop to combat the frequency noise due to the lasers. The results reveal a near optimum detector array and a near optimum LO field distribution. Also included are some preliminary experimental results.


Anumericalframeworkisdevelopedforsimulatingpore-scaleliquidwatertransportinpolymerelectrolytefuelcell(PEFC)diffusionmedia(DM)asmeasuredbyX-raycomputedtomography.Accuracyofthemodelisevaluatedbybenchmarkingitwithmicro-scaletomographicobservationsofliquidwaterinDMatdifferentinletpressures.Applicationofthemodeltonano-scalemorphologyofthemicroporouslayer(MPL)showsthatcracksinMPLfacilitatewatermanagementbykeepingnano-poresdry.Simulationsinmacro-scalemorphologyofDMindicatethatliquidwatersaturationisapproximatelytwo-timeshigherinDMwithoutanMPL.Thisisshowntobeaconsequenceofwateraccumulationinthemiddle-lowerheightoftheDMintheabsenceofanMPLwhichisdemonstratedtolimitthewaterintrusionintoDM.Simulationoftheland-channelconfigurationshowswateraccumulationpredominantlyunderthelandofDMwithanMPLwhereasconsiderableamountofwaterisalsoobservedunderthechannel without an MPL. Additionally, we performed direct reactant transport simulations showing that MPL facilitates significantly better O 2 transport in wet DM ( ∼ two-times higher formation factor in land-channel configuration) but it induces slightly less facile O 2 transport in dry DM (12% 32 in phase contrast mode by a of to into three- with analysis out using normalized There is a significant difference in liquid for in and The model results show breakthrough pressure of 32-kPa for the compared to for MPLs. our


We show that small homogeneous solutions to the Einstein–Boltzmann-scalar field system exist globally toward the future and tend to the de Sitter solution in a suitable sense. More specifically, we assume that the spacetime is of Bianchi type I–VIII, that the matter is described by Israel particles and that there exists a scalar field with a potential which has a positive lower bound. This represents a generalization of the work [H. Lee and E. Nungesser, Classical Quantum Gravity 35, 025001 (2018)], where a cosmological constant was considered, and a generalization of [H. Lee and J. Lee, J. Math. Phys. 63, 031502 (2022)], where a spatially flat FLRW spacetime was considered. We obtain the global existence and asymptotic behavior of classical solutions to the Einstein–Boltzmann-scalar field system for small initial data.


The bandwagon of nostalgia in post-socialist countries (e.g. Russia, DDR) has recently attracted attention in various research areas. Po litically, China is a so cialist country, but in social and economic context, it h as in reality b een go ing through a similar ex perience to those fo rmer socialist countries during the 30 years' transition from a planned to a market economy. In addition, an intensively affective demand for nostalgia can also be found in China today and may be directly attributable to this transition. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest incorporating China and Affective Design in to this specific research subject and propose a related design strategy. Firstly, the paper reviews the issue of nostalgia and the nature of the planned economy, and then it explores the relationship between planned economy ex perience, collective memory, and nostalgia. Secondly, it ex plores the designrelated phenomenon of n ostalgia i n former planned ec onomy cou ntries. T hirdly, i t proposes a potential affective design strategy for Chinese market – na mely, mastering affective value in the design process through studying the target public group's collective memory of early experience.


Interview with Dr. George Clarence Moffett, a farmer, oilman, and former state legislator from Denton, Texas. In the interview, Dr. Moffett describes his personal experiences as a member of the House and Senate of Texas for thirty-four years and as a Delegate to Democratic National Convention in Houston in 1928. He comments about Governors W. Lee O'Daniel, Coke Stevenson, and Allan Shivers and talks about oil legislation.


Objective:To investigate the hypotensive effect and adverse reactions of Perindopril combined with Indapamide in primary hypertension.Methods:From July 2009 to December 2009 in our department,90 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension were randomized groups,46 cases of treatment group and 44 cases of control group,they were excluded secondary hypertension.These patients stopped taking antihypertensive drugs more than 5 days.Before and after treatment,the blood and urine routine,ECG and blood lipids,blood glucose,liver and kidney function were recorded.The control group treated with Indapamide 2.5 mg/d or 5 mg/d;the treatment group treated with Indapamide 2.5 mg/d and Perindopril 4 mg/d;the curative effect were assessed after 8 weeks.Results:The total effective rate of treatment group was 87.0%,and the control group was 59.1%,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05),and the treatment group had less adverse reactions.Conclusion:Perindopril combined with Indapamide in the treatment of primary hypertension has good effect and less adverse reactions,it is worth popularizing.


This paper uses three types of analysis to investigate the drivers of energy productivity changes occurring in 39 countries during 1995-2009. We find that increases in sectoral energy productivity were the primary driver behind economy-wide energy productivity improvements between 1995 and 2009. Structural economic shifts away from industry and towards more service-oriented sectors played a lesser role in aggregate energy productivity improvements. Nations with similar demographic and economic characteristics showed similar levels of energy productivity and rates of improvement. Most notably, former communist countries and nations undergoing economic liberalization exhibited the highest rate of improvement — although they are still characterized as less energy productive than developed nations. Moreover, the econometric analysis reinforces the long-standing hypothesis that higher levels of income per capita and higher energy prices are associated with greater energy productivity, while a greater share of output from industry is associated with lower energy productivity levels. In particular, higher energy prices and income levels are associated with improvements in sectoral energy productivity.


Based on interviews she conducted with Cuban filmmaker and theorist Susana Barriga, Hanoi-based filmmaker and moving image artist Nguyen Trinh Thi and New York-based artist and filmmaker Bo Wang, essay film theorist Laura Rascaroli investigates the ways global artists who call their films 'essays', or whose work has been labelled as such by art institutions, think of their practice in light of this somewhat ambiguous term. Rascaroli is interested in what these non-Western-born artists have to say about a form that has been conceptualised by heavily drawing on Western thought and according to Enlightenment categories of Self, human subject, world/society and the role of the artist. As these interviews confirm, the essay film emerges as a privileged meeting ground of different impulses and hybrid influences.


Malaria infection is initiated when an infectedanopheline mosquito injects sporozoites during abloodmeal. After injection, sporozoites enter thecirculation and rapidly invade hepatocytes [1],where they develop into exoerythrocytic forms(EEF). There is a large body of evidence (re-viewed in [2]) suggesting that sporozoite arrest inthe liver is mediated by the binding of the para-site's major surface protein, the circumsporozoiteprotein (CS; [3]), to heparan sulfate proteoglycans(HSPGs) on the hepatocyte surface. CS binding toHSPGs is mediated by region II-plus, a highlyconserved stretch of amino acids, containing amotif of basic and hydrophobic residues, whichbinds to the negatively-charged sulfate moieties ofHSPG glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Physio-logic ligands for these hepatic HSPGs includechylomicron and very low density lipoproteinremnants [4]. Like


This paper reports the features and some performances of a transmitting frequency converter, a receiving frequency converter and a local oscillator at 50 GHz. The output power of the transmitting converter is 12 dBm and the front end noise figure of the receiving-converter is below 10.3 dB. The power and the frequency stability of the local oscillator are 20 dBm and within /spl plusmn/7 x 10/sup -5/ (0~60/spl deg/C), respectively.


Starting voltage values have been measured with F40-type, rapid-start fluorescent lamps operating at 60 Hertz as well as at various high frequencies. The test circuits used as well as their suggested procedures are discussed along with the resultant data.


The article presents the analysis one of the most vivid manifestations of implication substitution. Linguistic substitution is the application of the units instead of others. In the process of communication we try to reduce our utterance as much as possible following to the principle of economy. To avoid inconvenience and monotony of the speech we use substitution.


Prawn represent pledge commodity from fishery sector sub. Level of prawn production represent especial potency which can race processing industry. And surely there [is] tendency socialized to consume prawn in the form of other dissimilar like prawn crisply. Prawn become form which vary will give separate advantage for producer. Because will race storey;level consume society become to go up as well as equivalent consume to become more immeasurable from society [of] under socialize for. Planning from wide facet of areal and mount production, expected can create balance existence of among/between production and consume. With price stability existence will give amenity for company to estimate how much/many yielded production. Planning from distribution facet very needed in order to later the harmless existing marketing system of company and expected will get maximal advantage. Target performing of this research is to know channel of marketing of prawn crisply, knowing marketing margin, distribution of margin and share [of] [at] each channel of marketing and know elasticity of transmission at marketing of crisply of prawn of Pursuant to framework of above opinion hence can pulled a[n the following hypothesizing: 1.Is anticipated progressively length of channel of marketing hence margin of ever greater marketing. 2.Is anticipated [by] a prawn crisply marketing margin influenced by prawn crisply price mounted [by] retailer. This research is done in Countryside Kedung Rejo, Subdistrict Jabon, Regency Sidoarjo. the research place Determination Method determined in intend (purposive). The getting data use method snowball sampling, Its meaning intake sampel followedly groove itself prawn crisply marketing institute, that first institute ( produsen) will determine next institute. For sampel producer determined [by] entire/all population member amounting to 25 people. Pursuant to research [in] spacious, got [by] [of] result that is enchain channel of crisply of prawn can be joined to become 5 marketing channel, that is: 1.Producer of Whole Saler of Sidoarjo of Retailer of Sidoarjo Consumer 2.Producer of Retailer of Sidoarjo Consumer. 3.Producer of Whole Saler of Sidoarjo Consumer. 4.Consumer Producer. 5.External Merchant Producer [of] Town At marketing I channel assess margin that happened equal to Rp. 4.647,83, share accepted by producer [of] equal to 56,54 %. Whole saler obtain;get share advantage [of] equal to 13,03% and assess margin distribution [of] equal to 41,25% while dealer obtain;get share advantage [of] equal to 20,81% and assess margin distribution [of] equal to 59,41%. [At] marketing II channel assess marketing margin that happened [is] Rp.3.181,82, level of share accepted by producer [of] equal to 67,29 %. Dealer obtain;get share advantage [of] equal to 27,71% and assess margin distribution [of] equal to 100%. [At] marketing III price channel sell product accepted by producer [of] equal to Rp. 7.187,50, marketing margin value that happened [is] equal to Rp.0,00. [At] marketing IV producer channel sell prawn crisply to whole saler at the price of Rp. 2.975,00 with shares ( share) accepted by producer [is] equal to 66,39 %. Share Advantage obtained [by] whole saler [of] equal to 27,86%. [At] marketing I channel assess coefficient regresi from retail price [in] consumer storey;level ( b) [is] equal to 0,971 by Ttabel ( 11,626) bigger than Thitung (? 5 = 1,7247 and ? 1 = 2,528 meaning increase of price at retail equal to 1% will boost up marketing margin [of] equal to 0,971%. [At] marketing II channel assess coefficient regresi from variable [of] retail price [of] equal to 0,609 by Thitung ( 4,471) bigger than Ttabel (? 5 = 1,8595 and ? 1 = 2,8965), meaning that variable [of] retail price have an effect on to level of marketing margin. [At] marketing IV channel assess coefficient regresi from retail price for the marketing IV channel [is] 0,93 by Thitung = 20,06 bigger than Ttaebl (? 5 = 2,015 and ? 1 = 3,365), matter [of] this means change 1% [at] retail price will have an effect on to marketing margin [of] equal to 0,93%. [At] marketing channel 1 level of price transmission elasticity [is] 0,513 meaning each;every price degradation mounted [by] retailer [of] equal to 1% will cause price degradation [of] equal to 0,513% mounted [by] producer. [At] marketing II channel of[is level of price transmission elasticity [is] 0,705 meaning that each;every price degradation mounted [by] retailer [of] equal to 1% will cause price degradation mounted [by] producer [of] equal to 0,705%. For the marketing III channel got [by] a transmission elasticity value [of] equal to 1, matter [of] this means that price degradation mounted [by] retailer [of] equal to 1% will cut under [in] producer storey;level [of] equal to 1%. While [at] marketing IV channel got [by] a transmission elasticity value [of] equal to 0,528 meaning each;every price degradation mounted [by] retailer [of] equal to 1% will result price degradation mounted [by] producer [of] equal to 0,528%. Keyword : efisiensi pemasaran, kerupuk udang Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/8/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2004-zaqiyahnov-392-pendahul-n.pdf


Among the various causes of acute vestibular vertigo, vascular factors are of particular importance. Numerous studies show that the diagnosis of vascular vertigo remains inadequate, often leading to overdiagnosis of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and vestibular migraine, on the one hand, and underestimation of the importance of cerebrovascular pathology, especially in patients with the first attack of persistent vestibular vertigo, on the other.The International Barany Society has developed and published diagnostic criteria for vascular vertigo. These criteria are intended to facilitate the identification of vascular causes of acute vestibular syndrome. Particular emphasis is placed on clinical signs because imaging techniques often do not allow detection of foci small in volume and area, especially in cases when stroke is manifested by an isolated vestibular syndrome. Key clinical signs to analyze when a vascular etiology of acute vestibular syndrome is suspected include nystagmus, corrective saccades on the Halmagyi test, smooth visual pursuit, visual saccades, severity of trunk ataxia, and hearing loss.


The findings in this survey do not support those reported by Cranswick, et al. The slight deviations from normal values in 3 of 25 patients (1 below normal and 2 above) are clinically and statistically insignificant. On the basis of the PBI determinations in these 25 patients on longterm perphenazine therapy, it may be concluded that this phenothiazine has no direct or indirect pathological influence on the thyroid gland.


Several types of tool holders have been developed to meet desired specifications in the manufacturing area. In this study, the performance of shrink-fit, hydraulic and precision milling tool holders was investigated in dry end milling of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. The study was carried out in different conditions which were three different cutting speeds (100, 150 and 200 m/min). Depth of cut and step over were kept constant as 0.3 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The experiments were conducted to compare the milling force, the nose wear and the surface roughness. The results indicated that shrink-fit tool holder had the better performance than the others.


Most of the concerns raised during the general discussion were about data issues. Shigeyuki Abe raised the concern about the possible changes in cost and efficiency to catch bribery activities during the five-year period and questioned whether that can be dealt with in the study. M. Niaz Asadullah pointed out that people who have chosen to violate the law in the first place may be more prone than others to giving bribes once caught to get away from being punished by law. These people's intention to bribe may be stronger than those who have violated the law inadvertently. He suggests that the authors obtain some secondary proxies to differentiate these two kinds of bribe givers. Angsoka Paundralingga raised concerns about using the conviction rate of those being reported as a proxy for probability of a briber being caught in this study. To meet the purpose of the study, he suggested that the authors conduct a survey on people about their belief in the probability in being caught for bribe giving and how much bribe would be effective to avoid punishment.


We observe situation in which human computation processes leverage the abilities of people via the Web to perform complex computation. In this context human intelligence is harnessed to solve computational problems that are beyond the scope of existing Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. The aim of this paper is to achieve an in-depth understanding of the influence of crowdfunding business process into Artificial Intelligence and what kind of computational problems can be efficiently answered using human computation. Wisdom of crowd has been applied successfully to a range of tasks, from translating text and marking images, collecting information to building large databases and to solve problems that are difficult for machines to solve. Presented hybrid solutions will be considered as optimization- leveraging machine intelligence to help improve the accuracy and efficiency of algorithms.


A design for the switching power supply with large current and low voltage is presented,which is based on the Pulse Width Modulator control circuit named SG3525.The DC/DC full-bridge converter is used for the main circuit of the switching power supply.The output signals of SG3525 drive IGBTs of the main circuit after photoelectric isolation and power amplifier.In order to achieve the stable output and the continuously adjustable current,the technologies of feedback and PWM are applied to the switching power supply.This paper introduces the specific design and the primary circuit parameters of the main circuit,the control circuit and the drive circuit.The experimental results show that the switching power supply can steadily operate and continuously regulate the output current from 45A to 90A.


so to speak. In addition to a fascinatingly developed thesis, the social scientist will find here excellent treatments of experience, its nature, meaning, and place in the human career, and of culture, especially the analyses of language, science, art and aestheticism, technology, economy, morality, the state, and statism. While the author doubtless wanted the book to be read as a whole and not for its details, in view of the richness of its scholarship and the wealth of superbly selected and developed concepts, it is a pity that there is no index. J. O. HERTZLER University of Nebraska


The K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) is strongly dependent on the quality of the distance metric used. For supervised classification problems, the aim of metric learning is to learn a distance metric for the input data space from a given collection of pair of similar/dissimilar points. A crucial point is the distance metric used to measure the closeness of instances. In the industrial context of this paper the key point is that a very interesting source of knowledge is available : a classifier to be deployed. The knowledge incorporated in this classifier is used to guide the choice (or the construction) of a distance adapted to the situation Then a KNN-based deployment is elaborated to speed up the deployment of the classifier compared to a direct deployment.


The purpose of this study was to compare academic aspirations and expectations and vocational maturity of ninth grade boys and girls. This grade level is considered by many as crucial for educational and vocational decisions. Although families differ widely in attitudes and values, many American families retain the tradition of higher levels of aspiration and expectation for boys than for girls. Most students in the ninth grade are 1 4 or 15 yr. old and typically girls are more mature physically, socially, and emotionally than boys. However reasonable it seems to infer from the earlier maturation of girls to higher levels of vocational maturity (realism), Crites' ( 1965 ) research showed no significant sex differences at the ninth grade level. It was therefore hypothesized that boys would have higher academic aspirations and expectations, whereas no sex differences in vocational maturity would be obtained. Ss were 50 boys and 50 girls from a southeastern university city of approximately 50,000 population. Data were obtained as a part of a youth program sponsored by 1 1 Protestant churches in the community. The families were somewhat above average in socioeconomic background, since parents had relatively high educational and occupational levels. The measures of academic aspirations and expectations were taken from Brookover's (1964) research. The checklist has two parts, each of which is to be answered by circling one of seven statements. The first part refers to desired academic aspiration level; the second part, to expected academic aspiration. Because 1, the lowest option ("I'd like to quit school right now"), and 7, the highest option ("I'd like to do graduate work beyond college"), were the extreme choices and each inrermediare option represented a succeeding higher level of aspiration (or expectation), the data derived from the checklist were tested as an interval o r isometric scale. This assumption permitted a more powerful and sophisticated statistical analysis. The measure of vocational maturity was the Vocational Development Inventory of Crites (1965) who has reported considerable research with this instrument over the Dast vears. . . Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with sex as independent variable and the aspirations and vocational maturity as dependent variables. Means for the two groups were as follows: desired academic level-boys, 6.26; girls, 5.83; expected academic level-boys, 6.13; girls, 5.68; vocational maturity-boys, 34.83; girls, 36.29. The results supported the hypotheses that boys would have higher desired ( F j l o s = 4.87, P < .05) and expected academic levels (K,m = 5.16, P < .05) and confirmed Crites' findings of no reliable sex differences in vocational maturity.


The mechanism of 4-carboxybenzophenone (CB)-sensitized photooxidation of methionine-containing dipeptides (Met-Gly and Gly-Met) and tripeptides (Met-Gly-Gly, Gly-Met-Gly, and Gly-Gly-Met) was investigated using nanosecond flash photolysis and steady-state photolysis. The rate constants for quenching of the CB triplet by sulfur-containing peptides were determined to be in the range (1.8-2.3) x 10{sup 9} M{sup -1} S{sup -1} for neutral and alkaline solutions. The presence of the various electron-transfer intermediates accompanying the CB triplet quenching events was identified through the use of a multiple-regression procedure that was used to resolve the experimental transient spectra into components. The intermediates identified were the CB ketyl radical anion, the CB ketyl radical, intermolecularly (S.{sup {center_dot}}.S)-bonded radical cations, and intramolecularly (S.{sup {center_dot}}.N)-bonded radical cations derived from peptides. The types of intermediates were found to depend on the pH of the solution and on the location of the methionine unit with respect to the terminal functions. The quantum yields of all the transients and the kinetics of their formation and decay were measured by flash photolysis, and quantum yields of CO{sub 2} formation were measured by steady-state photolysis. 50 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.


The temperature studying is very important for determination of the oil and gas genesis conditions, understanding the migration and transformation of the underground fluids, assessment of distribution of the thermal characteristics in the rock. On the territory of Perm-Bashkirian Arch in Perm kray, the geothermal observation of the sedimentary cover were curried out on 251 sites. The depth and lateral distribution of the geothermal conditions is discussed. Based on the comparative analysis of temperature, geothermal gradient, and geothermal step at the studied sites, the areas perspective for oil and gas exploration were revealed.


Women are often faced with different kinds of diffi culties while trying to cope with the roles of havi ng to nurse a neonate. It is worse when the neonate is separated from the mother owing to hospitalization in the neo atal intensive care unit. Mothers experience psychological trauma ranging from anxiety to depression resulting from t he situation and the inability to cope with the Neonatal Intensi ve Care Unit (NICU) environment. This study assesse d th effect of supportive nursing intervention on the psycholog ical well-being of mothers of admitted neonates. Th e study employed a quasi-experimental research design which involved one group pre and post-test design. There were 52 mothers recruited for the study using total enumera tion method in the two study centres. Ryfff's stand rdized scale of psychological well-being was used in collecting data from the participants. This study concludes th at supportive nursing intervention has positive effect on the psy chological well-being of mothers. Nurses can play m ajor roles in ensuring that the mothers whose neonates are admitt e are psychologically stable throughout the period of admission.


For several years, the (lack of) safety associated with school children's journeys to/from the school has attracted attention. In this project, an analysis has been made of bus related accidents du ...


This paper investigates the phenomenon known as 'Compensatory Shortening' (CS) in English. In CS, the addition of segments to a syllable causes shortening of the syllabic nucleus. A production study shows that CS is observed between syllables with and without onsets, and syllables with and without codas. For syllables with singleton as opposed to complex onsets and codas, CS appears to be limited to liquid vs. obstruent-liquid pairs. CS can be analyzed as an effect of gestural coordination within the Articulatory Phonology (AP) framework (Browman & Goldstein 1986 et seq., Nam 2004a, b, Goldstein et al. 2006), but the patterns recorded here differ in important respects from the predictions of that framework. I argue that a satisfactory account of English CS must draw at least in part


We have studied the magnetic entropy change of highly ordered La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 nanotube arrays synthesized by template assisted sol-gel method in temperatures ranging from 179 to 293 K and in magnetic fields up to 5 T. From the measurements of isothermal magnetization, we have calculated the maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change of −△SM = 1.9 J/kg K around the Curie temperature at 236 K for a field of 5 T. The nanotubes present lower magnetic entropy change compared with their bulk counterpart (−△SM = 4.8 J/kg K) which was prepared by the same sol-gel route. Such diminished magnetic entropy change observed in nanotubes is explained by the disordered magnetic states which are created on the surface sites of nanograins due to the larger surface to volume ratio. However, the nanotubes present an expanded magnetic transition that extends over a wide temperature range and suggest that such manganite nanotubes could be used for magnetic refrigeration with broad working temperature span.


Background: Clinician-educators are encouraged to engage in scholarly activity despite numerous barriers to conducting educational research. We found no reports of formal educational research groups among general internists. Aim: To evaluate a Scholarship in Medical Education Group (SIMEG) for general internists. Methods: The setting is a Division of General Internal Medicine at a large academic medical center. In 2005 twenty-two faculty members formed SIMEG to collaborate on educational research and award protected days for scholarly education projects. Through monthly dialogue and literature review, standards for critiquing educational research were created. Results: A total of 63 protected days were awarded to successful applicants. SIMEG members' curriculum vitae were monitored over two years. From 2005 to 2006, SIMEG members' presentations (15 to 29; p = 0.125), peer-reviewed publications (8 to 27; p = 0.016) and collaborative projects (19 to 42; p = 0.047) increased. Conclusions: Our educational research group enjoyed improving scholarly productivity over two years. Keys to success were supportive leadership, a culture of collaboration, creating a useful framework for critiquing research, and involving medical learners as co-investigators. Since faculty members are pressured to teach and care for patients while maintaining scholarly productivity, groups like SIMEG should become increasingly valued.


Background. Targeting downstream signaling to B-cell receptor (BCR) is one of the promising therapeutic approaches in lymphoma. PI3Kδ-inhibitor (i) idelalisib (IDEL) and BTK-i ibrutinib (IBRU) have been approved by FDA for different indications and are currently used to treat indolent lymphomas including marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). However, a subset of patients relapses due to acquired resistance. A better understanding of resistance mechanisms could help to design improved therapies. With this aim, we generated MZL cell lines resistant to either IDEL or IBRU. Materials and Methods. VL51 and Karpas1718 cell lines were exposed to IC90 concentration of IDEL or IBRU for several months until they acquired specific drug resistance (RES). In parallel, lines were cultured upon similar conditions in the absence of drug (parental, PAR). Proliferation of acquired stable resistance was tested by MTT assay (72 hrs) in RES and PAR after 2-weeks of drug-free culture. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was ruled out. RES and PAR cells underwent transcriptome profiling by RNA-Seq, whole exome sequencing and were exposed to IDE or IBRU alone or in combination with a library of 348 compounds. Protein expression of p-AKT, p-BTK, p-PLCG2, p-mTOR and p-ERK was determined by FACS. Results. Six lines with IC50s 5-10 fold times higher than PAR counterparts were generated: two VL51 and two Karpas1718 IDEL-RES and two VL51 IBRU-RES. IDEL-RES-VL51 showed mutations in AKT-mTOR regulators, DNA damage genes and Ca2+/Calmodulin partners while IDEL-RES-K1718 exhibited variants affecting kinases and chromatin remodeling genes. IBRU-RES-VL51 harbored mutations involving kinases and cell cycle genes. IDEL-RES-VL51 showed enrichment in RNA-Seq signatures related to BCR and RAS-RAF signaling while IDEL-RES-K1718 was enriched in cell cycle and HDAC targets suggesting different mechanisms of resistance. IBRU-RES-VL51 exhibited overexpression of PI3K signaling and proliferation signatures. Consistent with RNA-Seq, upon 1µM IDEL, IDEL-RES showed increased p-AKT and p-BTK, while upon 1µM IBRU, IBRU-RES showed enhanced p-PLCG2. Single treatment with DOTL1-i, JAK-STAT-i and TGFB-i decreased cell viability in IDEL-RES. IDEL-combo with tyrosine kinase-i (ABL/SRC, cKit), EZH2-i and RAF-i overcame resistance in IDEL-RES. IBRU-combo with cell cycle modulators and VEGFR-i exhibited synergism in IBRU-RES-VL51, which showed sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR-i, JAK/STAT-i and NFKB-i. Conclusions. We created three novel models, derived from MZL, of secondary resistance: two to the PI3Kδ-i idelalisib, and one to BTK-i ibrutinib. We also identified potential active treatments for IDEL-RES or IBRU-RES that are worth of further investigations. These models, apparently driven by different biologic processes, will help in clarifying mechanisms of resistance to the drug and to evaluate alternative therapeutic approaches. Citation Format: Alberto J. Arribas, Eugenio Gaudio, Luciano Cascione, Chiara Tarantelli, Antonella Zucchetto, Francesca Rossi, Andrea Rinaldi, Ivo Kwee, Anastasios Stathis, Valter Gattei, Emanuele Zucca, Davide Rossi, Francesco Bertoni. Development of novel preclinical models of secondary resistance downstream B cell receptor in marginal zone lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 906.


Abstract : The growth, maintenance, and extinction are considered of the discharge phenomenon connected with high frequency, low pressure discharge. A better understanding of the role played by space charge effects during the history of the discharge is sought.


In this study, a new congruence[A••] has been definedby putting a tangent right conoid on each line of a ruled surface (A1(s)) of a line congruence [A]. Then, by considering special case of the congruence [A••] which has been defined in the previous part, the concepts of tangent congruence, drall and the relation among Blaschke vectors of Blaschke trihedrons, having common line Ao has been examined for this special case. At the end of this study, the concept of tangent congruence for some special congruences has been examined.


The interaction of high intensity laser radiation with underdense plasma may lead to the formation of electron vortices. Though being quasistationary on an electron timescales, these structures tend to expand on a proton timescale due to Coloumb repulsion of ions. Using a simple analytical model of a stationary vortex as initial condition, 2D PIC simulations are performed. A number of effects are observed such as vortex boundary field intensification, multistream instabilities at the vortex boundary, and bending of the vortex boundary with the subsequent transformation into smaller electron vortices.


In recent times, sustainable development has received so much media, business and government attention, sometimes influencing the decisions of both voters and end-users. Expectedly, several organizations and governments endeavor to demonstrate their sensitivity to this theme in order to earn favors. Electrifying rural households falls within the topics on the front-burner. Although the general consensus has been that rural electrification has huge impacts on household labor supply, income and summary measures of well-being, some observational and randomized experimental studies suggest otherwise. Here, we reviewed the divergent conclusions across the literature, assessed technological readiness to support low-cost electrification, presented a case study of sustainable off-grid electrification from the Himalayas, and recommended sustainable growth strategies for energy-poor countries. We conclude that electrification efforts solely focused on electrifying poor and mostly rural households via government-subsidized mass electrification programs, are not likely to be economically transformative. Instead, Sub-Saharan African countries should prioritize energy for productive use as a strategy for both sustainable rural electrification and meaningful gains in development outcomes.


Objective To study the relationship between the time limit for the premature rupture of membranes and the delivery outcomes of pregnant women.Methods According to our hospital from March 2008 to September 2011,86 cases of fetal membrane early broken patients to conduct research and analysis,will these patients were grouped into control group and observation group had 43 cases,the observation group,the patients in the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes(PROM) 24 hours after induction and control group in diagnosed 12 hours after induction of labor,the rate of two groups of maternal vaginal delivery rate,natural labor,cervical ripening,maternal condition for comparative analysis.Results 90.7% of the patients in the observation group were vaginal delivery,9.3% were taking cesarean section,the control group had 69.8% patients with vaginal delivery,30.2% were taking cesarean section,the observation group was lower than the control group,the vaginal delivery rate was higher than the control group,the results showed significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion Premature rupture of membranes in term pregnancy should wait for 24 hours after the induction of labor,which can reduce the rate of cesarean section.


For a company to achieve business excellence, its customers have to be satis® ed with the performance of the company. However, satisfying customers requires not only the eVort of the company, but also the support and resources of the company's suppliers. This is especially true for those companies that have outsourced many of their companies' activities to their suppliers. Therefore, companies and their suppliers have to work together to meet the needs of their customers. Companies can involve suppliers in diVerent ways through partnering eVorts so as to help improve end users' customer satisfaction. However, partnering eVorts will not succeed if suppliers' needs cannot be satis® ed in the process. Therefore, partnering eVorts should also take into consideration the satisfaction of the suppliers. When suppliers' needs are satis® ed, suppliers will be more willing to help companies meet the needs of their customers. Thus, companies need to integrate supplier satisfaction with customer satisfaction in order to achieve business excellence. This paper examines how companies can work together with their suppliers to achieve supplier satisfaction and how their concerted eVorts can in ̄ uence customer satisfaction.


In the ten minutes I have, I want to apply some of the principles of standardization to the inspection service of the city. Now of course in ten minutes I could not even outline the extent and importance of the inspection work of a city the size of Philadelphia. But that it is important and becomes more so with each extension of the city's activity, is too well known to need repetition. In the first place I want to give some of the results of one very significant attempt at the introduction of standards in the inspection service. This was made by the registrar, in the bureau of water in Philadelphia. What he tried to do was to find the best method of procedure and have it followed, and to keep such records that a standard day's work could be determined. The forty-five inspectors in this division count water fixtures, read meters, and inspect for the waste of water in dwellings. This data is used for the basis of water rent charges. Formerly each inspector was given a certain number of political wards and turned loose to collect his data as he saw fit. He made out his own route. There was no outside supervision, and no one knew for sure how many hours a day a man worked, or indeed whether or not he worked at all.


Abstract We explore the local factors associated with the emergence of innovative start-ups fostered by a targeted industrial policy intervention in Italy. We focus on the local industrial fabric and the agglomeration mechanisms, namely localization (specialization) economies, diversification economies and the proximity to large firms. Results show that both localization economies and diversification economies are at play. Notably, a greater presence of large firms at local level seems to support the creation of innovative start-ups. Other factors, such us the presence of technical and scientific universities and the urbanization, are found to encourage their formation. The contribution of local factors to the innovative start-up creation is found to be different depending on the regional development conditions. Our analysis outlines the features of a local ecosystem favourable to the emergence of these firms, providing policy makers with suggestions for moulding industrial policies to regional specific needs and to better exploit the local opportunities.


1National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West MLK Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 2Water Supply and Water Resources Division, US EPA, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 3Water Quality Management Branch, US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NRMRL/WSWRD-MS 679, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA 4The Research Center for Cancer Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanosciences and Technology of China, Tianjin Cancer Hospital & CAS, P.O. Box 918, Beijing 100049, China


The influence of the organosilicon coupling agent — aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane — on the physicomechanical properties of nanocomposites based on a low density polyethylene and kaolin is considered. The kaolin nanoparticles with a size of 80-120 nm were obtained during the processing of the powdered mineral in a laboratory mill mark A-11 at a rotor speed of 30,000 rpm. The regularity of changes in the properties of the dressed polymer nanocomposites depending on the concentration of the filler and coupling agent is shown. For comparative analysis, composites with dressed and undressed filler were used. The results of the study showed that nanocomposites with dressed nanoparticles are characterized by relatively high values of ultimate tensile stress, elongation at break, and flexural strength. Only when the concentration of the filler is 20 wt.% and higher, there is a noticeable deterioration in strength and elongation at break of the composites. This is interpreted by the fact that in the process of crystallization and growth of spherulites most of the filler accumulates in the amorphous region which consists of a large number of "feed-through chains" determining the mechanism of formation of the "neck" under uniaxial tension. The increase in the proportion of filler particles in the inter-spherolite space is accompanied by the fact that the feed-through chains become "walled up" in amorphous space.


The introduction of new solutions to improve the efficiency of the production and use of energy arising from national and European legislation. It is moving in the direction of distributed energy development, increase the use of renewable energy sources, preferring a combined heat and power. In the buildings where is a large heat demand for the preparation of hot water, using solar energy has already been widely disseminated. The other possibility is to use the ground source heat pump or the cogeneration unit. This requires the use of new equipment and expansion of an existing installation. The article shows how had been changes in the student house with the heat supplying of which have occurred over the past years. Solar thermal collectors are used that assist a hot water installation in an existing heat centre. In the article technical solutions of an existing installation and solar energy installation integrated with a heat pump and cogeneration are presented. The proposed combination of an installation with the new equipment is due to the high consumption of low temperature heat in the form of hot water and a significant and ever-increasing electricity consumption. This solution could provide significant environmental and financial benefits. How-ever, require financial support during implementation.


We exploit and improve a MIMO demultiplexing algorithm named Independent Vector Analysis (IVA) in frequency domain for few-mode fiber (FMF) communication System. Both simulations and experiments show performance improvement compared with conventional methods.


Abstract The adsorption behavior and dispersion efficiency of sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) on Al2O3 particles at different pH values were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and viscosity measurements. The effects of the additives urea, Na2SO4, and NaCl were tested. At low pH values, NaLS adsorbed on the Al2O3 particles in the form of aggregates and at high pH values as separated single molecules. At pH 3–11, the adsorption was not affected through addition of urea, ruling out hydrogen bond as a controlling factor. By adding Na2SO4 and NaCl, the main driving force was the synergistic effect of the electrostatic interaction and the metal cation-π interaction at pH<pHIEP (IEP, isoelectric point), whereas the metal cation-π interaction was dominant at pH>pHIEP. The dispersing mechanism was mainly attributed to the steric hindrance (at pH<pHIEP) and the electrostatic repulsive force (at pH>pHIEP) owing to the differences in the aggregation state of the adsorbed molecules.


Tools able to allow fast construction performance feedback in early design stages are essential to the design process. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have high potential to metamodeling building energy performance considering daylighting harvesting. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of ANNs to predict the energy performance of daylit buildings located in different climate. The ANNs were trained using results from parametric computational energy simulations, by taking into consideration the key daylighting parameters. Accordingly, the ANNs were able to predict the total energy consumption in different climates when cities from different hemispheres were taken into account.


The dependency between the accuracy/uncertainty of storm erosion exceedance estimates obtained via a probabilistic model and the level of sophistication of the structural function (storm erosion model) embedded in the probabilistic model is assessed via the application of Callaghan et al.'s (2008) Joint Probability Model (JPM) at Narrabeen beach, Australia with three different structural functions: (a) Kriebel and Dean (1993) (analytical); (b) SBEACH (semiempirical); and (c) XBeach (fully process based). Results indicate that the accuracy is greatest for JPM-SBEACH and lowest for JPM-XBeach. The most uncertain results are given by JPM-XBeach while the most robust results are given by JPM-SBEACH. Thus, it appears that increasing the level of sophistication of the structural function beyond the semi-empirical SBEACH model, may not always lead to better results and may even be counter-productive.


Approximate coherentism suggests that imperfectly rational agents should hold approximately coherent credences. This norm is intended as a generalization of ordinary coherence. I argue that it may be unable to play this role by considering its application under learning experiences. While it is unclear how imperfect agents should revise their beliefs, I suggest a plausible route is through Bayesian updating. However, Bayesian updating can take an incoherent agent from relatively more coherent credences to relatively less coherent credences, depending on the data observed. Thus, comparative rationality judgments among incoherent agents are unduly sensitive to luck.


That ticks are a very serious trouble in countries where stock forms the basis of the wealth of the country is too well known to require elaborate demonstration, for the fact that they are the agents of transmission of some of the most fatal and devastating diseases is now generally recognised by the stock-farmer.


Many scholars who are interested in psychoanalyti c theory would agree that for a number of reasons psychoanalysis is currently a "theory in crisis," as Edelson (1988) recently noted. One aspect of this crisis centers around the clash of opinions as to whether as a body of theory and practice psychoanalysis is amenable to scientific validation in the traditional sense or whether it is primarily a hermeneutic enterprise and hence more akin to such humanities disciplines as literary criticism and history. If the latter were so, psychoanalysis would presumably be outside the domain of natural-scien ce inquiry. I believe that this controversy stems in part from a lack of clarity about some underlying philosophical issues which are not sufficiently articulated in this disagreement. Illuminating these issues might help to bring closer what seem to be quite disparate positions. In this article I propose that one broadly conceived hu manistic approach to psychology (Rychlak, 1988) provides a set of conceptual tools for such a resolution.


Introduction: Dental erosion has for many years received little study. However, in recent years a significant increase in its prevalence has been observed, especially in children and adolescents. Dental erosion is a multifactorial disease, where the interaction of different chemical, biological and behavioral factors over time may or may not produce the disease. It is also a chronic and progressive disease that increases over time if the etiological factors are not addressed. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of dental erosion in a sample of children aged 4 to 12 years and to correlate this with their parents' knowledge of the disease. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted using a sample of 98 patients aged 4 to 12 years who were attending different schools in Marina Alta, Alicante; the public school Verge Pobra de Xaló, the public school Sants Cosme i Damià de Llíber and the public school José María Paternina de Senija. The prevalence of dental erosion was analyzed using the BEWE (Basic Erosion Wear Examination) index, and a questionnaire was given to the parents in order to study their knowledge on the etiology of the disease. Results: The prevalence of dental erosion in the population studied was 13.5%. It was found that 13.51% were low risk and only 0.9% had a mean risk of dental erosion. None of the children who participated in the study were at high risk of dental erosion. It was observed that only 55.1% of the respondents knew what dental erosion was, while 41.8% had never heard of erosion. Of the total number of participants in the study, only 33.7% reported knowing the etiological factors that are associated with the development of the disease. Regarding parental knowledge, it was observed that 11.2% had proper knowledge of the disease, 56.2% had average knowledge and 32.6% had low knowledge. Conclusions: The prevalence of dental erosion in the population studied was 13.5%, and 56.2% had average knowledge about the disease. A linear relationship between both data was not found. 2. HOSPITAL STUDY ON 100 CHILDREN WITH SUPERNUMERARY TEETH


This paper proposes the off-design mathematical model of generation units for the optimal energy dispatch of the energy hubs (EHs). EHs are usually operated under off-design condition as the widely fluctuating energy demands of residence. In order to investigate the impacts of the off-design characteristics on the operation strategy of EHs, we test the off-design model in the integrated energy system with three EHs. The simulation result shows that ignoring the off-design characteristics of EHs may lead to the inaccurate result of the optimal energy dispatch of EHs.


: This work has as its main objective to examine, from the perspective of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), which are the pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic motivations underlying the ordering of the constituents of the discontinuous Np in different synchronies of Brazilian Portuguese, in order to verify whether the synchronic characterization of the phenomenon has a diachronic basis and whether there are differences in the productivity of the phenomenon in speech and writing. The empirical analysis of the phenomenon is based on samples from different historical sources: (i) letters from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries from the Projeto Para a História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB) and from the Corpus Histórico do Português Tycho Brahe ; (ii) readers' letters from the 21st century from the newspapers Folha de São Paulo and Diário do Norte ; and (iii) spoken language records from the 20th century, extracted from the minimum corpus of the NURC/ Brazil, and from the 21st century, taken from the Iboruna database ( Amostra Censo ). The methodology includes analysis parameters of interpersonal (rhetorical and pragmatic functions of the Np constituents), representational (type of semantic entity designated by the head noun and the semantic relationship between the head and the displaced constituent) and morphosyntactic nature (morphosyntactic configuration of the Np constituents and structural weight of the displaced constituent). Based on the analyses, the conclusion is that the discontinuity in the structuring of the Np has a stable behavior over time and it is motivated by factors of a more pragmatic order rather than morphosyntactic.


Source location based on polarization angle information is a research hot spot in the field of shallow distributed source localization. The near-field P-wave and S-wave aliasing are severe and the polarization characteristics of the wave group are poor, making it difficult to extract the polarization angle, an important source localization parameter. To address the above difficulty, this paper proposes a method that is based on high-resolution parabolic Radon transform (HRP-Radon) and incorporates adaptive covariance matrix (ACM) to extract the polarization angle information of the wavefront. First, a data set is constructed from the data acquired by the sensor array, and this data set is morphologically corrected against the first break time information. Second, the time domain data set is converted into the Radon domain by HRP-Radon, and the direct P-wave is extracted from the aliasing information by use of the focusing characteristics of the P-wave and S-wave and the phase characteristics of the far-field P-wave. Third, a model is built using the ACM algorithm to extract the direct P-wave angle information and the angle extraction is assessed using a metric-polarization method. The numerical simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method is able to extract the wavefront angle information of the blasting near-field aliasing signal and determine the source location from the polarization angle information. This method is of practical value to the field of underground space.


We report measurements of the Nernst and Seebeck effects in Nd$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$NiO$_2$ thin films near the superconducting transition temperature, $T$ = 6.5 - 15 K. Our main result is the observation of a vortex-Nernst signal $S_{yx}(T,H)$ with a maximum at $\mu_0H$ = 5 T and a tail that extends to $\mu_0H$ $\approx$ 15 T, which we identify as the upper-critical field $H_{c2}$. At $T>T_{\rm c} =$ 6.1 K, $H_{c2}$ remains large (15 T), up to the highest temperature we can resolve from $S_{yx}$ (11 K). These results indicate the existence of a vortex-liquid state over a wide range of finite-resistance temperatures, as in the high-$T_{\rm c}$ cuprates.


This project is concerned with the relationship between planning policy and the characteristics of housing supply. It assesses the effects of planning policy on housing characteristics such as size, type and location. It focuses on a particular time-from 1990 until 2008, and place-the metropolitan area of Melbourne. The project will be of interest to both planning and housing researchers and practitioners. Its approach combines quantitative data analysis and modelling, using sales and valuation data, with qualitative information gained from interviews with a selection of planning managers and land and housing developers to give a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship of government policy to built form outcomes. The characteristics of housing supply that were chosen for investigation through these forms of enquiry were those which the planning regime and planning policies sought to affect. We are thus assessing the effectiveness of policy in achieving its own stated aims.


1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl (MT) alkyl sulfones 1b, 3b, and 7b react with various unsymmetrical ketones in the presence of LiHMDS in THF at low temperature to give trisubstituted (Z)-alkenes in good yields stereoselectively (Z/E = 91:9 to 99:1). For sterically less demanding ketones, olefination using t-Bu reagents 1d and 3d generated (Z)-alkenes with higher stereoselectivity (93:7-99:1).


Normal 0 21 The present study aims to compare two modern authors – Luigi Pirandello and Fernando Pessoa – from diff erent cultural environments – Italy / Brazil – pointing to a common theme: the various levels of the individual's expression .The arguments to support the proposed analysis are based on the shifting literary genres, specifi cally on the non-dramatic characters by Pirandello and on the drama in people by Pessoa.


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Lee, Woochan Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2016. Fast Timeand FrequencyDomain Finite-Element Methods for Electromagnetic Analysis. Major Professor: Dan Jiao. Fast electromagnetic analysis in time and frequency domain is of critical importance to the design of integrated circuits (IC) and other advanced engineering products and systems. Many IC structures constitute a very large scale problem in modeling and simulation, the size of which also continuously grows with the advancement of the processing technology. This results in numerical problems beyond the reach of existing most powerful computational resources. Different from many other engineering problems, the structure of most ICs is special in the sense that its geometry is of Manhattan type and its dielectrics are layered. Hence, it is important to develop structure-aware algorithms that take advantage of the structure specialties to speed up the computation. In addition, among existing time-domain methods, explicit methods can avoid solving a matrix equation. However, their time step is traditionally restricted by the space step for ensuring the stability of a time-domain simulation. Therefore, making explicit time-domain methods unconditionally stable is important to accelerate the computation. In addition to time-domain methods, frequency-domain methods have suffered from an indefinite system that makes an iterative solution difficult to converge fast. The first contribution of this work is a fast time-domain finite-element algorithm for the analysis and design of very large-scale on-chip circuits. The structure specialty of on-chip circuits such as Manhattan geometry and layered permittivity is preserved in the proposed algorithm. As a result, the large-scale matrix solution encountered in the 3-D circuit analysis is turned into a simple scaling of the solution of a small 1-D


In this paper we consider the exterior Neumann problem (P)
involving the critical Sobolew exponent.
We investigate two cases where the coefficient $a$ interferes
or not with the spectrum of the Lapalce operator with the Neumann
boundary conditions. In both cases we establish the existence of solutions.


The primary aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship of poverty and social inequality in first episode psychosis. The Method was a retrospective case note review, looking at first episode psychotics who were admitted to the in-patient psychiatric ward in Al Ain general hospital over 6 years. 161 patients with first episode psychosis were reviewed. In the 6-year period under the study, 161 aged 13-45 years with history of first episode psychosis were admitted to the psychiatric ward. They established a different clinical diagnoses according to ICD 10: 69 patients (42.9%) had a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, 35 patients (21.7%) had a diagnosis of manic episode, 31 patients (19.3%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 16 (9.9%) had depression with psychotic symptoms, 3 (1.9%) drug dependence, 1 (0.6%) persistent delusional disorder, and in 6 (3.7%) patients the data were missing. The mean age was 27.5 years (13-45 years) (SD=6.6), male/female ratio (110/49, 68.3%/30.4%). There was no significant relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) parameters and the severity of mental disorder. However there was a significant relationship between gender and SES variable, where females were more frequently unemployed and more frequent in local nationality of first episode psychosis. Results of this study indicate that certain socio-demographic parameters particularly gender may determine the poverty level and the presentation of first episode psychosis.


It is vital to examine the performance of listed companies, especially the tourism sector that was believed to be highly impacted during the Covid-19 pandemic. What more if the companies are suspected of corporate fraud. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of fraudulent activities on the performance of Malaysian listed tourism companies from 2017 to 2020 based on the sample of 81 firm-year observations. The study period was partitioned to 2017 until 2019 and during in 2020. Beneish model was chosen to represent corporate fraud activity. Based on the pool effect model using STATA Software, regression analysis documents a significant positive impact of corporate fraud on the tourism sector in Malaysia for accounting and market measures. The current findings could be considered as indicators to reduce corporate fraud in improving company performance by management and stakeholders, particularly during the pandemic.


Summary Background. Polish studies have not been focused on measures which assess attitude toward one's own body. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Polish version of the Body Attitude Test (BAT) and examine its reliability. Methods. The study included 48 patients with anorexia nervosa, 39 patients with bulimia nervosa as well as 115 female university students who had never suffered from any eating disorder. The mean age was 18.69 years (SD = 3.52) in women with anorexia nervosa, 22.28 years (SD = 3.79) in women with bulim- ia nervosa as well as 20.53 years (SD = 1.79) in women without a current eating disorder. The mean du- ration of illness was 3.31 years (SD = 2.71) in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa and 5.10 years (SD = 2.92) in patients with bulimia nervosa, respectively. Results. The BAT demonstrates satisfactory levels of internal reliability (α = 0.892). The BAT was strong- ly related with the Eating Disorder Inventory subscales: drive for thinness (r = 0.687, p < 0.001), ineffec- tiveness (r = 0.643, p < 0.001) and body dissatisfaction (r = 0.634, p < 0.001) and the Self-Esteem Inven- tory subscale: familial self-esteem (r = -0.601, p < 0.001). Discussion. The results support the criterion validity of the BAT which is able to differentiate clinical from non-clinical subjects. Conclusions. The Polish version of the BAT could be used as an appropriate measure assessing subjec- tive attitude towards the body in women with and without eating disorders in Poland. Body Attitude Test / body image / eating disorders


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to observe the differences of tooth inclinations among post-treatment good cases of different malocclusions and untreated normal occlusions in order to give references on clinical adjusting of tooth inclinations.

METHODS
157 post-treatment good cases were chosen and tooth inclinations were measured on post-treatment casts using YM-2115 three-dimensional measurement instrument. The measurement results were compared with those of untreated normal occlusions.

RESULTS
The inclination values of upper and lower incisors of Class I groups are most close to those of untreated normal occlusions, which of upper central and lateral incisors are 9.6 degrees and 8.7 degrees, and of lower central and lateral incisors are 1.1 degrees and -1.1 degrees. In Class II groups, lower incisors are markedly proclined (5.6 degrees and 2.1 degrees) and upper incisors are similar with untreated normal occlusions. In Class III groups, upper incisors are markedly proclined (15.2 degrees and 12.1 degrees) and lower incisors are markedly retroclined (-3.7 degrees and -4.9 degrees).

CONCLUSION
In order to achieve normal overjet and overbite, it is necessary to adjust the inclinations of upper and lower incisors when treated Class II and Class III malocclusions only by the method of orthodontic treatment.


We review current theoretical understanding of the spectral properties (low and high states, transition of states, quasi-periodic oscillations etc.) of the low mass as well as supermassive black hole candidates.


The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the amount of bullying a victim endures and levels of self-esteem of those victims. The sample was made up of of 124 students, 68 male and 56 female, attending a large middle school in a middle-class neighborhood in Southern New Jersey. All of the students were seventh (n= 52) and eighth (n= 72) graders enrolled in a Life Skills class in which issues regarding bullying were discussed. The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used to assess bullying activity at the school and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to obtain self-esteem ratings. A Kendall's tau-b and Gamma were used to determine the degree of relationship between level of victimization and self-esteem. A significant relationship was not found between being victimized in general and self-esteem. A significant relationship was found between specific types of bullying and self-esteem.


International trade in table grapes has expanded tremendously over the last few decades, with out-of-season fresh produce now being traded and consumed globally. Trade intensification has been driven by emerging traders who have changed the economic geography of table grape production. Improving competitiveness in global markets is a driving objective for entrepreneurs and policy makers. However, while the global trade in table grapes has become very important, empirical papers on the topic are limited. In this study, the authors investigate the global dynamics in the trade of table grapes between 1961 and 2011 and characterize the time series properties of the market shares for leading table grape-exporting countries. The analysis shows how trends in the market shares of historical exporters and emerging countries have changed over the past few decades. The paper provides new and useful insights for forecasting the prospects for the international fresh food trade.


The performance enhancement of various damping systems from natural hazards has become an highly important issue in engineering field. In this paper, ENTA hysteretic dampers were tested under cyclic loadings to evaluate their performance in terms of ductility and energy dissipation. The test results showed that the hysteretic dampers are effective damping systems to enhance the buildings performance for remodeling and retrofit of buildings. Also, the hysteretic dampers were modeled in FEM(Finite Element Method) structural analysis program. As comparing the computer modeling and the experiment, this study model reflects the nonlinear behavior of steel and derives the hysteresis loop.


By the theory of ecological carrying capacity(ECC) based on ecosystem health,evaluation indices and assessing standards for the ECC impact caused by cascade hydropower development were proposed.A corresponding evaluation model based on the projection pursuit(PP) and immune evolutionary algorithm was established.A case study of the Nujiang River in Yunnan Province shows that all the ECC indices of this area keep increasing at different stages of watershed exploitation.On completion of the planned hydropower development,the synthesis ECC index of this watershed will increase by 8.6%.


We present a method for constructing a thermodynamically consistent bi-quintic interpolation scheme that permits the construction of accurate equation of state (EOS) tables. Thermodynamic consistency requires that the first law of thermodynamics be satisfied exactly, i.e., that the pressure and entropy must satisfy the appropriate Maxwell relations. Furthermore, the pressure and internal energy must satisfy their definitions in terms of the derivatives of the Helmholtz free energy. We delineate in this paper a method of high-order interpolation in tables of the Helmholtz free energy, and its derivatives with respect to density and temperature, that ensures that both of these consistency conditions are exactly satisfied. This technique is capable of building highly accurate and consistent EOS tables as a function of temperature and density for use in numerical simulations of reactive flows where the maintenance of thermodynamic consistency is critical. In addition, this method of interpolation maintains continuity of the derivatives of pressure and internal energy with respect to density and temperature. This formalism can be extended to the case where the EOS is a function of chemical composition variables as well as density and temperature.


Two research studies hold promise of assisting educators in developing appropriate recommendations for helping parents help their children learn to read and writg. Dolores Durkin studied children who entered school already knowing how to read. She followed the students for several years and found that the early readers maintained or extended their lead in reading over their non-early reading peers. Durkin's study associates early success in reading with parents who did activities with their children, talked with their children about words and experiences, and answered their children's questions and responded to their requests. Denny Taylor and Catherine Dorsey-Gaines focused for several years on four inner-city families of children who were successful in learning to . read. The most significant finding was.that even though the families lived in terrible, desperate conditions, the success of the children defies the stereotyp'.cal view that children from such conditions can never succeed. The families were highly cultured, literate, provided a rich literate home environment, and had high expectations for the children. From these studies, three recommendations for parents regarding literacy learning can be gleaned: (1) have high expectations for children; (2) provide children with a rich literate environment; and (3) become involved in the reading and writing life of children (particularly by reading to the children daily) in a low-key and informal way. (RS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Nuclear and solar energy propulsion systems are discussed. A survey is presented of unconventional propulsion systems including chemical rockets, nuclear and solar thermal rockets, electrical systems, the possibilities of producing electric power in space, the radioisotope rocket, and the photon rocket. (R.E.U.)


Abstract We conducted a meta-analysis of 12 prospective cohort studies to further illuminate the associations of lignan intake with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Compared with the lowest intake, the highest intake of lignans was correlated with a decreased incidence of CVD (relative risk [RR]: 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–0.90) and T2DM (RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.99). The benefits of lignan intake in CVD prevention were consistent across subgroups. In dose-response analysis, the RR for every 500-μg/d increment in lignan intake was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74–0.92) for CVD and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95–0.98) for T2DM. Moreover, a curvilinear dose-response pattern was observed for both CVD (p for nonlinearity < 0.001) and T2DM (p for nonlinearity < 0.001) in relation to lignan intake. These results indicated that higher lignan intake may be associated, in a dose-dependent manner, with a lower risk of CVD and T2DM.


The 'seventeen Netherlands' owed their existence entirely to the energies of their rulers. Until 1548 when this hotchpot of duchies, counties and lordships was united in the Burgundian circle of the Empire, the boundaries of the Low Countries had expanded or contracted according to the military and diplomatic fortunes of their princes: there was nothing natural or inevitable about them. Charles V had, for example, threatened to annexe the prince-bishopric of Münster in 1534–5, as he had added Utrecht only a few years earlier. Nor can the incorporation of the duchy of Gelre in 1543 be considered the outcome of an ineluctable historical process. Since the late fifteenth century the rulers in the Low Countries had sought to assert their control over the duchy. But there had been times when it seemed as though Gelre, which looked Januslike both up and down the Rhine, might, in combination with Jülich and Cleves, have constructed a formidable anti-Habsburg constellation into whose orbit a large part of the northern Netherlands would be drawn.


The firm's problem. The firm maximizes the expected discounted value of profits and chooses the optimal times and size of price adjustment as a function of its state x, as encoded in the value function v(x) defined below. A second order approximation of the profit function at the optimal price gives a quadratic period return Bx, where the constant term B relates to the curvature of the profit function. The firm's value function solves the following HJB equation


This article compares and contrasts the deliverables of the Australian Reconciliation Barometer and a new methodology, reconciliation process analysis, for measuring progress toward Aboriginal reconciliation. Reconciliation process analysis draws heavily on visioning and backcasting to explore the cumulative impact of the innumerable reconciliatory gestures underway in Australia to highlight where the parties stand in relation to tipping points and shared goals for the future. The joint application of these complementary methodologies will identify not only the trajectory of Australia's reconciliatory project but, more important, the buy-in of indigenous Australians to an ultimate vision of closure and healing.


This paper attempts to explain why although Spain has now a consolidated democratic regime it is still weakly and ambiguosly promoting democracy or even good-governance abroad. Recent events such as international terrorism has made even more urgent to concentrate on democratic assistance in Maghreb neighbouring countries. The concept of governance despite its shortcomings might offer an opportunity for non-intrusive democratic promotion. However, as the case of Algeria shows in the last 3 years and before, Spanish foreign policy and development cooperation actors are manifestly reluctant to engage in such a course of action. Obvious dependence on energy supply (hydrocarbons) is challenged as the main reason for this. Alternatively, it is suggested that long practices in Spanish «Arab» foreign policy, unreformed foreign service, europeanisation of Spain's foreign policy and the «second to France player syndrom» best account for Spain's ambiguity with governance and its slow abandon of statu quo policies.


With processors becoming small and inexpensive, many researchers attempt to decrease program runtime by combining processors into a multicomputer and running programs distributed over these processors. Debugging in a distributed environment is different from debugging on a uniprocessor. On a uniprocessor, the order in which a process's events occur is deterministic. In a distributed environment events occur concurrently on different processors. The order in which events occur cannot be easily determined; a program that works correctly one time may fail subsequently if the timing between processors changes. Traditional methods of debugging (such as putting in print statements and recompiling the program or recompiling the program with a debug flag on) are inadequate since they change the program and therefore change the timing.
For this research, I have investigated distributed program bugs that depend on the relative order between events. These ordering errors include events which always occur in the wrong order and events whose order of occurrence is time-dependent. In this research, I characterize these timing errors and misorderings and show necessary conditions for their occurrence. Using my model of a distributed system, I prove which features can be used in combination to avoid ordering errors. I use these results to make suggestions to those writing distributed programs, developing distributed programming languages and designing distributed operating systems. I then explain drawbacks to preventing ordering errors and show ways to detect them as they occur. Finally, I describe a tool (called TAP) to aid the programmer in discovering the causes of ordering errors in running programs. I also show that TAP is useful in finding other types of distributed program bugs.


Uncontrolled wildfires pose a severe threat to federally protected areas, wildlife, and any nearby buildings. Despite the brave work done by our first responders, they cannot always reach the areas affected. Wind conditions can quickly engulf areas with fire, sometimes the terrain is unsuitable to navigate, and these are just some of the issues firefighters face while trying to contain fires. However, due to the increasing accessibility and affordability of reliable quadcopters, there exist a niche where swarm robotics could work hand in hand with firefighters in the front line. A quadcopter offers unparalleled benefits, they can fly over unsuitable terrain and have great mobility. In this paper we will introduce a prototype swarm robotic platform, based on existing quadcopter designs. The intention of this prototype platform is to aide firefighters in suppressing fires in areas they simply cannot reach, thus helping them tame uncontrolled wildfires. In order to accomplish this the platforms will have their own package of sensors designed for intelligent leader-follower swarm navigation and fire detection. In addition to the advanced package of sensors, the prototype will a portable fire extinguishing technology for fire suppression. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion on the future potential of this technology.


Many real-world networks, including online social networks and communication networks, are commonly modeled as temporal graphs. Answering earliest-arrival queries in temporal graphs is one of the most fundamental studies with numerous applications, such as information diffusion and measuring temporal closeness centrality. As graph sizes are growing rapidly, speedup of query execution time becomes even more important.In this paper, we propose a novel edge-centric parallel algorithm for solving single-source earliest-arrival problem in temporal graphs based on a new data structure named Edge-Scan-Dependency Graph (ESD-Graph). We evaluate the proposed parallel algorithm by theoretical analysis as well as by empirical experiments on real-world temporal graphs and synthetic graphs. Empirical results show that the new parallel algorithm outperforms the existing serial algorithm by up to 8.2 and 9.5 times on multi-core processors for real-world data and synthetic data respectively.


Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate motor gasoline's vibration bands in the mid-infrared region under exposure up to 2 hr to 150 mT uniform magnetic field. No change in symmetric and asymmetric stretching of methyl and methylene vibrations was observed up to 2 hr exposure. In contrast, the band around 1465 cm−1, assigned to methylene scissoring vibration, was observed to decrease significantly after 1 and 2 hr of exposure, showing that static magnetic field changes methylene bending vibration in gasoline's hydrocarbons. Furthermore, methyl symmetrical deformation band at 1378 cm−1 and C–C vibrations at 1610 and 1522 cm−1 decreased in intensity after exposure. These results lead to the conclusion that exposure to a low-intensity uniform magnetic field can change the structure of motor gasoline, thereby declustering hydrocarbon molecules and improving the combustion process.


1PG Scholar, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TOCE, Karnataka, India. 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TOCE, Karnataka, India. 3Associate Professor, ECE, Shri Madhwa Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The control scheme for maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system, to supply power to the grid by means of Boost converter and an inverter, which is controlled by PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) is introduced in this paper. The mathematical model for the Boost converter is derived in detail, the inductor and capacitor values of the Boost converter are estimated for continuous conduction mode, so as to maintain the output voltage of the controller constant. To adjust the duty cycle of the boost converter and to increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel, Perturb and Observe Method(P&O), Incremental Conductance(IC) and Fuzzy Logic Control(FLC) techniques for the Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT) is introduced, modeled and compared using MATLAB/Simulink.


Entrepreneurial and functional building technology education, if well positioned has the potentials of launching Nigeria into the first 20 world economies by the year 2020. This paper integrates the industrial, educational and entrepreneurial activities that results in increased productivity. Functional building technology career broadly categorised into professional and non-professional. The paper reviewed the entrepreneurial prospects open to the non-professional builders trained in the technical institutions equipped with the knowledge and skills to competently perform in the building construction sites as craftsmen, technicians and technologist. Also, other entrepreneurial activities in the public and private sectors at both small and medium scale capacity. The review presented inadequate budgetary allocation to the education sector, dearth of infrastructural facilities, also, the gap existing between the construction industry and the technical institutions. It recommended, increased funding and acquisition of modern equipment/machine and adequate infrastructural facilities. Also, establish a sustainable linkage between the construction industry and technical institutions. Implementation of these will result in increased productivity, robust economy and actualization of the nation's vision 2020.


Abstract Traffic network is composed of passing vehicls, delayed vehicles, traffic situation which is traffic incomes of traffic interfacing system. Traffic green time light is concluded by inside input factor, that is green light cycle, yellow light cycle, led light cycle, which light cycle is sensor inputs. That light cycle is converted to traffic phase composed of passing peoples and delayed vehicles, whose intervals is concluding of traffic network factors composed of consumptiom power factors, delayed time situation, occupying sensor nodes. This is very important sector,because of much poor traffic situation. Key Words : Network Technique, Imbeded Technique, Very Large Network, Sensor Node * 본 논문은 2014년 백석대학교 학술연구비에 의하여 지원되었음Received 14 April 2014, Revised 21 May 2014Accepted 20 July 2014Corresponding Author: Hyun-Soo Jin(Div. of Information Communication, Baekseok University)Email: email@example.comⒸ The Society of Digital Policy & Management. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is ISSN: 1738-1916 properly cited.


The paper introduces an absolute orientation detection method for spherical motor based on machine vision. The code generation algorithm, image processing algorithm, image matching algorithm and the method of deriving the orientation of the rotor using unit quaternion are presented. The color pattern painted on the surface of the rotor and camera model are simulated in OpenGL .With the machine vision method and simulation models in OpenGL, the measurement error of the orientation detection system when rotor rotates around single axis and multi-axis and the parameters which influence the resolution of the system are analyzed in detail. Simulation results show the validity of the system and provide references for further research.


that: (i) a partial or total deletion of the second VWF gene in the proposita is the cause of her severe phenotype; (ii) her father also carried the nonsense mutation. Screening of the patient s DNA by SALSA MLPA P011-A1 and P012-A1 VWF kits demonstrated a decreased copy number of exon 1–52 of the gene showing a sample/control ratio <0.6 (Fig. 1). This result, supported by a second MLPA assay, led us to confirm the deletion of the whole gene. As the paternal DNA could not be analyzed, we were not able to establish whether the mutation arose de novo in the patient or if it was inherited. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification is a revolutionary technique for the detection of genomic deletions/insertions in human gene diseases, and it has rapidly become a standard tool for clinical DNA diagnostics laboratories. Before the advent of MLPA, deletions/insertions in VWF were identified by Southern blot or, in homozygous cases, by the absence of PCR product. Nowadays, gene dosage analysis by real time PCR can also be performed both on genomic DNA and on mRNA to detect gain/loss of genetic material. These techniques require both expensive instruments and radioactive materials, as well as experience in data interpretation. MLPA enables us to demonstrate a deletion in the heterozygous state in patients in whom amplification of the normal gene masks the absence of exon(s) on the deleted one. From a technical point of view, MLPA can be performed in any laboratory where traditional PCR procedures and sequencing are part of the molecular biology routine. It is highly reproducible and has several advantages over traditional molecular methods for detecting large rearrangements with short hands-on time and turn-around time. It has recently been demonstrated that MLPA can reliably detect large deletions or duplication mutations in patients with bleeding disorders [5], and therefore this technique can be successfully included among the tools for the genetic analysis of bleeding diseases. On the basis of our experience, we suggest performing MLPA screening of all severe VWD patients before starting the sequencing procedure to identify the molecular defect.


Controversies regarding whether tenure encourages a culture of incompetence have led many US institutions to tighten up their decision making procedures. But many of these attempts to repair the system reflect little empirical research. In response, John Rothgeb conducted two large scale surveys across political science departments to investigate the variables that most affect the probability of denial of tenure and probability of incompetence at various US universities. The findings suggest that changes to the evaluations system are needed. But it is important to remember that tenure still remains vital to encouraging cutting-edge research.


Our pleasure in completing the capstone issue of our Ž rst volume of ECi is tempered by the awful events of the last few months of 2001. These events have called into question our presumption that ECi was part of a world in which new technologies were not just collapsing space and time but were bringing us all closer together in terms of our mutual desires for the common good. As educators, we need to understand our role and the role of education in dealing with these events. We have an even greater need to understand what we are doing with our communication technologies and to share information across the world that will bridge distance rather than deepen divides. Our themed review this month, on globalisation, was planned many months ago, but at this moment, such a topic is more germane than ever. A review on using information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the classroom follows, a practitioners' book of case studies. We also have a review of a very useful book that describes and analyses an information source essential to all educators: digital library projects. Finally, we conclude this section with our website review. In this issue, we review 'cybersoc'—a site about sociological and ethnographic research on cyberspace.


STUDIES of dimensional variation in individuals of a species existing under similar and dissimilar environmental conditions possess taxonomic and ecologic interest. Special interest centers in the edible oyster of the Atlantic Coast because of the great variation within the species and the divergent views as to its generic status. Most oyster biologists have referred to the Virginia oyster or the American oyster as Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Nelson (1938) in his classical study of the development of the promnyal chamber in the spat of 0. virginica proposes to place " all flat hermaphroditic larviparous oysters without a pronmyal chamber in the genus Ostrea and to refer to the genus Gryphaea all the deep-cupped oviparous oysters with the promnyal chamber." In this proposal he supports the view of Orton (1928) who pointed out the existence of two distinct types worthy in his opinion of generic or subgeneric rank. Nelson (loc. cit.) stresses the importance of the promyal chamber and of the marked morphological differences between the two types and advocates full generic rank for the two types. Under this plan the common American oyster becomes Gryphaea vircgiica or, according to Gunter (1948) more properly Crassostrea viarginica (Ginelin), that is used here. The extent of modifications of the shell by environmental


Humans have a remarkable ability to flexibly control various objects such as tools. Much evidence suggests that the internal models acquired in the central nervous system (CNS) support flexible control. Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects. In a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, we demonstrate how the CNS acquires and switches internal models for dexterous use of many tools. In the first study, we investigated human cerebellar activity when human subjects learned how to use a novel tool (a rotated computer mouse, where the cursor appears in a rotated position) and found that activity reflecting an internal model of the novel tool increases in the lateral cerebellum after learning how to use the tool. In the second study, we investigated the internal-model activity after sufficient training in the use of two types of novel tools (the rotated mouse and a velocity mouse, where the cursor's velocity is proportional to mouse's position) and found that the cerebellar activities for the two tools were spatially segregated. In the third study, we investigated brain activity associated with the flexible switching of tools. We found that the activity related to switching internal models was in the prefrontal lobe (area 46 and the insula), the parietal lobe, and the cerebellum. These results suggest that internal models in the cerebellum represent input-output properties of the tools as modulators of continuous signals. The cerebellar abilities in adaptive modulation of signals can be used to enhance the control signals in communications between the brain and computers.