References for these lecture notes: Some of the results discussed below are classical and well-known and some are work I've done with my collaborators. The discussion below of the de Rham operator and the signature of stratified spaces refers to work done in the papers [5, 6]. We also studied the relation to topologically defined cohomologies in [2], application to the Novikov conjecture in [7], and to mapping surgery to analysis in [8]. All but the last of these are covered in my survey paper [1]. The discussion below of Dirac-type operators and an index formula refers to work done in [3, 4]. These papers build on the seminal work of Cheeger [13–16]. Analysis on spaces with conical singularities dates back to Kondratev [21] and the approach below dates back to [26,28]; we follow, e.g., [18, 22, 24, 27]. The index formula for spaces with isolated conical singularities is well-known, see e.g., [17, 23]. For non-isolated conic singularities, see e.g., [9, 12]. The general case of a stratified space is treated in [3].


The purpose of the academic paper is to develop ways in order to increase the level of food security of Ukraine and the world on the basis of sustainable development by providing a bioeconomic vector of development of the agricultural sector. Research methods: analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific papers, analytical reports, policy papers, synthesis, induction, SWOT-analysis. Results: as a result of the study conducted, a bioeconomic model of agricultural sector development has been developed on the basis of sustainable intensification, the application of which will ensure the required level of food security in Ukraine and the world. The model includes a number of aspects for its application in different operating conditions. Conclusions: Ireland, Austria and France are the leaders in the field of food security according to the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). In Ukraine, this index has the lowest value among the studied countries. Ukraine's food security is affected by such negative factors as underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of funding, and lack of a strategic vision of food security at the state level. At the same time, there is a great untapped potential in agricultural production in Ukraine. The developed theoretical bioeconomic model of agricultural development includes the maximum number of factors that affect the quality and stability of production, storage, and minimizes the negative effects of production. It has been taken into account that the long-term ability of the food system for provision of sufficient nutritious food will depend on its ability to respond to environmental and social-economic challenges, minimizing the negative impact on human health and the environment. The SWOT-analysis of the developed model has been carried out, which includes the analysis of benefits and shortcomings, opportunities and challenges as a result of its application. The developed bioeconomic model of agricultural sector development will contribute to solving a wide range of topical issues of economic and food security of Ukraine and the world.


The Wang-Landau method is used to study thermodynamic properties of a three-dimensional flexible homopolymer chain with continuous monomer positions. Results describing the coil-globule and solid-liquid transitions are presented for chain lengths up to N = 100. In order to elucidate the thermodynamic behavior, finite chain length effects and the influence of the energy range over which the density of states is determined are carefully analyzed. Simulation efficiency is also studied and it is shown that setting the natural logarithm of the final modification factor equal to 10-6 is an appropriate choice for this model.


Multimedia presentations are often intended to cater for a wide range of viewing scenarios, encompassing variety with respect to factors including the delivery platform, audience experience level and individual reader preferences. Existing presentation-building tools either make no provision for such variation, or go some way by providing generic information structures that are interpreted at the time of information delivery to produce a supposedly appropriate presentation. For the moment, at least, this latter approach has severe limitations, simply because no tool designer yet has su cient experience in multimedia communication to de ne generic structures that will serve a suitable range of presentation intent and readers' needs. This report proposes an authoring approach that avoids these limitations, by explicitly recognising the authoring task as the creation of a family of designs. Building their presentations in a constraint-based environment that directly represents the design family will help authors to deal with the full complexity of delivery variation, and to keep track of whether all predicted viewing scenarios are supported satisfactorily. At the completion of the project in which this work was undertaken, the authoring environment had not yet been demonstrated. The report documents the design and implementation work that was done, and includes suggestions as to how the ideas can be developed further.


This is a preliminary report. After calling attention to some phenomena brought out, the authors discuss the effects of shape, temperature, vapor pressure, humidity and the velocity of air currents as affecting the rate of drying. It is shown that evaporation from the clay sample is directly proportional to surface area exposed per unit weight of the dry clay body and that successful drying is a function of the rate of drying, but a different function for each different type of clay. Data are presented on the relation of transverse breaking strength to residual moisture content for each of several typical clays. The causes of the varying types of drying injuries are pointed out, sample drying schedules are given and a method is suggested whereby the clayworker may without great expense quickly work out for himself in the laboratory the most rapid and safe drying schedules possible for his particular type of material regardless of its character or its source, and to alter his drying practice so as to overcome present difficulties. Brief descriptions are given of the drying cabinet used and of a simple weighing device for automatically indicating, through loss of weight, the amount of moisture already evaporated and the amount of shrinkage the clay has undergone at any moment of observation during the drying process. The information supplied should operate to bring about a reduction in production costs of clay products, and hence of selling prices, to the ultimate consumer. A brief outline of the proposed extension of the investigation is given in the conclusion.


Crest lines convey the inherent features of the shape. Mathematically Crest lines are described via extremes of the surface principal curvatures along their corresponding lines of curvature. In this study we used an automatic threshold estimation technique to estimate crest lines. We firstly computed the principal curvature and corresponding direction for each vertex in the mesh; then we computed the saliency value by a linear combination of the maximal absolute curvature and the absolute curvature difference; finally, we automatically determine the threshold to detect the crest lines according to the saliency value. For illustrative purpose, we demonstrated our method with several examples.


Aluminum corrosion inhibition using Capparis decidua extract has been studied. The study was performed in a 1.0 M solution of sodium hydroxide and was monitored both by measuring mass-loss and by using electro-chemical and polarization methods. In addition, surface morphology analysis was performed by applying the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrate effectiveness of Capparis decidua extract as an inhibitor and the efficiency is both concentration and temperature dependent. Optimum (95.2%) inhibitor efficiency was found with maximum extract concentration at 45˚C. Results also show a slight decrease of aluminum dissolution upon increasing temperature using Capparis decidua extract. Based on Langmuir adsorption model, Capparis decidua adsorption on aluminum surface shows a high regression coefficient value. Based on the observed results, the activation enthalpy (ΔH#) and activation entropy (ΔS#) have been estimated and discussed. The value, and sign, of the thermodynamic adsorption free energy (ΔGoads) indicate that Capparis decidua extract undergoes physisorption on aluminum surface. A mixed-type inhibition of Capparis decidua extract has been concluded from electrochemical polarization studies. The study clearly shows that Capparis decidua extract acted against aluminum corrosion in alkaline media by forming a protective film on the top of aluminum surface which was determined by SEM results.


The post harvest technology of spices comprises of a whole gamut of operations such as pretreatments, chemical treatments, curing and similar operations, drying, cleaning, sorting, grading and packing. These aspects are briefly covered in this review. Wherever applicable the problems involved and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various processes are indicated.


We hypothesized that a very advanced stage of dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with lower response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).


Increasing demands for telemetry bandwidth in conjunction with commercial encroachments on telemetry spectrum have created a need for test range operations personnel to make frequency assignments in the most efficient manner possible. The Spectrum Management System (SMS) project researches a potential tool to bring advanced capabilities to the assistance of test range operations. Features that appear to have significant utility are: frequency assignment optimizations to simultaneously satisfy device and spectrum constraints, prediction of RF channel quality across airspace, and support for frequency reuse. A prototype system is currently being trialed at selected test ranges.


AbstractIn view of the low accuracy of the existing nuclear magnetic-resonance (NMR) logging permeability model in tight sandstone reservoirs, we derive a relationship between the NMR T2 spectrum and permeability based on the transverse relaxation theory of NMR and the Kozeny-Carman equation. We determined the reasons for the low accuracy of the model through the theoretical analysis. We have developed the deep Boltzmann kernel extreme learning machine (DBKELM) to improve the deep-learning algorithm and to predict the reservoir permeability based on NMR logging with a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM). We use the permeability data of 200 rock specimens in a tight gas reservoir in a certain area and the corresponding T2 spectra from NMR logging for modeling. We apply the model to the evaluation of permeability in this area. The results show that the accuracy of the deep-learning algorithm is higher than that of the existing NMR logging permeability model and the shallow layer machine-learning model. Furthermore...


This paper aims to study data driven model selection criteria for a large class of time series, which includes ARMA or AR(∞) processes, as well as GARCH or ARCH(∞), APARCH and many others processes. We tackled the challenging issue of designing adaptive criteria which enjoys the strong consistency property. When the observations are generated from one of the aforementioned models, the new criteria, select the true model almost surely asymptotically. The proposed criteria are based on the minimization of a penalized contrast akin to the Hannan and Quinn's criterion and then involved a term which is known for most classical time series models and for more complex models, this term can be data driven calibrated. Monte-Carlo experiments and an illustrative example on the CAC 40 index are performed to highlight the obtained results.


PURPOSE Out-of-pocket cost sharing for health care expenses is a growing burden. Prior research has emphasized the medical consequences of cost sharing. This study investigates the range of social, medical, financial, and sometimes legal disruptions from high out-of-pocket health expenses. METHODS We conducted open-ended, semistructured interviews with 33 insured patients (two-thirds covered by Medicare). All had chronic illnesses and sought philanthropic financial assistance. RESULTS We found that high levels of cost sharing precipitated considerable anxiety and substantial debt problems, as well as disruptions of medical care. Participants described various borrowing strategies (eg, credit cards), legal problems (eg, debt collections), and threats to their nonmedical household budgets (eg, food, housing). Participants described explicit and rank-ordered strategies for coping with new medical expenses. Participants understood their health benefits with exceptional detail but described considerable anxiety about changes to those benefits that could easily disrupt carefully managed household budgets. Benefit designs that resulted in large a variations in financial liability from month to month (eg, large deductibles or coverage gaps) imposed considerable financial challenges. CONCLUSIONS As health care cost sharing grows, policy makers will need to consider the consequences of high cost sharing for families facing strained household budgets. Although the generosity of health insurance is important, continuity of benefi ts and month-to-month stability of fi nancial liability are also important and may be undervalued in policy discussions.


A BSTRACT In the aging process, the intracellular routes that regulate collagen homeostasis are influenced by the exposome, resulting in its degradation and decreased synthesis, leading to sagging skin. Current evidence indicates that oral collagen supplementation may promote wrinkles reduction in the eye area, wound healing, skin elasticity and hydration improvement, enhancement of cellulite, some dermatitis, and nails fragility. Large-scale and methodologically more robust studies are still needed to consider the use of oral collagen as an effective adjuvant treatment to different dermatological conditions.


In this paper,a new method of signal de-noising is presented with three important factors being taken into consideration,that are mother functions,function order and the number of functions,and the proposed method is based on structural risk minimization(SRM) and wavelet threshold method.After sorting the values which are gained through the way of wavelet transform multi-resolving coefficients dividing their frequencies,the larger values are reserved while the smaller ones are discarded,which can effectively restrain high frequency coefficients as well as avoid the drawbacks of former wavelet methods based on empirical risk minimization(ERM) which depend on choosing mother function excessively.The simulation results and the fault signal de-noising experiment of electrical machine show that the proposed method is better than the former ones with precision improved by 100%.


The underlying mechanism of osteosarcoma proliferation, migration and invasion remains to be elucidated. Here, we set out to investigate the role of FoxC1 in the regulation of osteosarcoma cell proliferation and metastasis and to assess its role as potential therapeutic target. The evidence was as follows: we found that FoxC1 was markedly up-regulated in both osteosarcoma samples and osteosarcoma cell lines, compared to adjacent nontumor tissues and osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19, respectively. In addition, we found that in the osteosarcoma cell lines Saos-2 and U2OS, siRNAs targeting FoxC1 remarkably reduced the endogenous expression of FoxC1 and, concomitantly, inhibited cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Using qChIP and a luciferase assay, we found that FoxC1 directly targets EZH2. Consistently with this notion, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of EZH2 were down-regulated upon FoxC1 knockdown in Saos-2 and U2OS cells. Finally, the silencing of EZH2 by siRNA could markedly reversed the inhibitory effect of FoxC1 knockdown on osteosarcoma cell growth and invasion.


Walkability in cities is assessed in general at the neighbourhood scale (street grids and their connectivity, etc.) as well as at the street scale (width of sidewalks, existence of benches, etc.). The process of walking along a street canyon itself is hardly included in such investigations. This paper wants to contribute to the question of which physical conditions create a positive impression to make a street canyon attractive to walk along. The eye delivers a sharp vision only in the range of 2° (the fovea). To generate a sharp image of the whole field of view, the eye scans it with quick movements (saccades) of mostly 4 to 15° from one point of foveal view to the next one, and the brain completes the intermediate ranges to the final impression. The perception of what we see is facilitated if distinct objects are offered there, where saccades want to scan. In that case the saccades run smoothly creating the feeling that it is a pleasure to watch what is in the field of view, the object is perceived as interesting and diverse. This paper shows a series of figures where the pattern of a sequence of saccades is included in the view along typical street canyons. Because of the grazing angle of incidence of view on distant façades, three-dimensional modulated façades and their upper building lines attract saccades much better than two-dimensional modulated ones. Similarly, a linear upper building line hardly delivers attractions for the saccades, while a three-dimensional modulated one does it well. This paper includes recommendations for the size of three-dimensional objects to range from 0.5 up to 3 m for different distances.


In late October, IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman said the Service would probably provide relief from proposed testing and continuing education requirements for nonsigning tax preparers working under the supervision of a CPA or other federally authorized tax practitioners, such as an attorney or enrolled agent, in a CPA or other professional firm. Shulman made the prediction in his keynote speech at the AICPA's National Tax Conference in Washington, in which he also described other modifications to the new regulatory regime for all paid tax return preparers and its deployment timetable--some, like the nonsigning preparer relief, in response to the Institute's concerns about the plan. "I am very sympathetic to the argument that the rules should be flexible for people who have met a higher professional standard," Shulman said. "Therefore it is highly likely that as we implement the new rules and procedures there will be some relief for testing and continuing education requirements" for nonsigning preparers supervised by a CPA, enrolled agent or attorney. Edward Karl, MCPA vice president-Taxation, said such a change would be welcome. "I am very pleased with this development," Karl said. "It recognizes that CPAs, and CPA firms, are already subject to a strong and long-standing regulatory regime." Federally authorized tax practitioners, including CPAs, are already exempt from the testing and continuing education requirements. Continuing education delayed. Also, Shulman said, for the first year of implementation of the new regulatory regime, the IRS will waive its new continuing education requirement for all return preparers to whom it would otherwise apply Shulman said the delayed start for continuing education was one of several transition issues the Service is working through. He said the overall regulatory initiative will continue to move forward. CPAs and other highly trained tax practitioners are "allies" in the IRS' goals of "working smarter" and adapting to change, he said. Shulman pointed to the Service's Sept. 28 deployment of its online application for preparer tax identification numbers (PTINs) as a major step toward the ultimate goal of allowing taxpayers to have greater confidence in the competence and honesty of the large group of previously unregulated return preparers, as well as enabling the Service to better track "bad actors" among them. The IRS estimates there are about 1 million paid tax preparers, he said. [GRAPHIC OMITTED] AICPA's advice and concerns. The AICPA has expressed general support for the IRS' goals of increasing preparer accountability and competence but has also called upon the Service to reconsider the practicality of its timetable and the scope with regard to certain parts of its plan, to allow more deliberate alignment with established safeguards and to better serve the interests of efficient and orderly administration. …


It is well known that atmospheric waves excited by intense earthquakes induce ionospheric disturbances. At remote distances greater than ∼ 500 km, Rayleigh waves are the major source of infrasounds that propagate upward in the atmosphere. Acoustic waves interact with the ionospheric plasma through collision between neutral particles and ions. Ionospheric disturbances caused by Rayleigh waves near the low frequency part of the Airy phase (a period of several minutes) are detected as a change in the total electron content since the wavelength of induced acoustic waves in the thermosphere is comparable to the ionospheric slab thickness. On the other hand, Rayleigh waves near the high frequency part of the Airy phase (a period of several tens of seconds) cause distortion of ionogram traces, which is characterized by a multiple cusp signature (MCS). The vertical separation of the ledge corresponding to each cusp is the wavelength of the infrasound in the thermosphere. Thus, the MCS ionogram is considered to be a snapshot of the wave that propagates upward. We conducted rapid-run operation of ionosonde with a frame rate of 1 min at Kazan, Russia. After the 2010 M8.8 Chile earth-quake (epicentral distance was 15,162 km), ionospheric disturbances showing MCSs in ionograms were observed for several tens of minutes. The seismogram obtained at Obninsk near Moscow, Russia (epicentral distance was 14,369 km) recorded Rayleigh waves with a period of ∼ 17 s responsible for the ionospheric disturbances showing MCS (the seismogram was shifted by the time corresponding to the difference of epicentral distances between the two locations by assuming a Rayleigh wave speed of 3 km/s). The vertical wavelength of the acoustic wave launched by the Rayleigh waves was 8.5 ∼ 12 km in the thermosphere. The sound speed calculated by a model was 500 ∼ 700 m/s at the height of the bottomside ionosphere and wavefronts should propagate 30 ∼ 42 km upward during the intervals of ionograms, which is smaller than the bottomside depth of the ionosphere. Thus, we could track acoustic wavefronts between consecutive MCS ionograms. This observation bears an analogy with radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), in which atmospheric perturbation induced by acoustic sounds is tracked by a radar technique and the sound speed (and corresponding virtual temperature) at high altitudes is remotely measured. In a like manner, we compared the sound speed estimated by the MCS analysis and that calculated by the MSIS thermospheric model. The determined sound speed (and corresponding temperature) was slightly higher than the model.


In the last few years, many form of Learning Management Systems (LMS) have been introduced in many educational institutions with the main objective of obtaining meaningful information from the accumulated learning data to be then utilized for increasing the quality of the educations in those institutions. One of the most popular techniques for extracting information is by visualizing the high dimensional data that characterize the information. In this study, we propose to utilize Context-Relevant Self Organizing Map, a unique visualization algorithm that preserves not only the topographical characteristics of high dimensional data but also their context, for visualizing LMS data. Our preliminary experiments with real world LMS data show that the Context-Relevant Self-Organizing map is able to provide visual information which cannot be provided by the conventional Self-Organizing Map.


In this paper, Benedicta Marzinotto and Jorg Rocholl focus on the tightening of credit conditions for banking rules (Basel III), particularly the estimated macroeconomic costs range, monetary policy and the aggregate costs of the measures. The authors report that the monetary policy response to these changes is not likely to be accommodating and that the aggregate costs of the measures will be differently distributed across countries depending on a variety of issues.


In Benin, land, the main factor of agricultural production, is subject to various human pressures, leading to a situation of insecurity that currently characterizes rural land in the commune of Djougou. This study aims to understand the current rural land tenure security systems and identify their effects on agriculture. To collect the data, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative method consisted, using an interview guide, in individual interviews with customary authorities, traditional chiefs, political and administrative authorities, community leaders and religious authorities. A focus group was conducted with the village assemblies. As for the quantitative approach, it consisted in administering questionnaires to farmers (30), local government officials (07) and decentralized government services (05). At the end of the investigations, it appears that customary systems predominate over other systems and remain the most common forms of rural land tenure security. However, by their position, some actors influence land managers and take advantage of their ignorance to take over the domains. This attitude has serious consequences: disengagement and destruction of farmers, earlier than expected takeovers of plots, land conflicts, etc. This situation calls on all stakeholders in rural land tenure to become aware of the growing phenomenon.


In this editorial, we encourage readers to consider how ethics are involved in every aspect of research including collaboration, mentoring, and analyzing data. We explore the values of psychology which motivate the creation of ethical standards and help people make decisions even when no formal codes are present. Finally, we argue that the values of psychology are more than just good behavior, they are a necessary part of a productive and effective science. As we address the various aspects of the research process, we incorporate the perspectives of student and faculty researchers.


A ring rotating mechanism of a clamp assembling machine is characterized by comprising a driving motor, a rotary shaft, a linear guide track, a sliding block base, a connecting shaft, a cylinder installing base, a finger cylinder, a first clamp block, a second clamp block and an O-shaped ring limit device. The driving motor can sequentially drive the rotary shaft, the linear guide track, the sliding block base, the connecting shaft, the cylinder installing base, the finger cylinder, the first clamp block and the second clamp block to rotate, and the first clamp block and the second clamp block are combined to clamp an O-shaped ring to rotate. The ring rotating mechanism has the advantage that first the ring rotating mechanism is simple in structure and low in device fault rate; then by arranging the sliding block base and the linear guide track between the rotary shaft and the connecting shaft, when the O-shaped ring in an oval shape rotates, the sliding block base can slide relative to the linear guide track in a rotating process in order to adapt to an oval-shaped track, so that deformation can not be generated in a rotating process of the O-shaped ring, and the ring rotating mechanism is favorable for improving clamp assembling quality; and finally detecting of an O-shaped ring rotating state can be achieved.


Xinjiang conglomerate reservoir is the main reservoir type in Xinjiang oilfield development and also the typical representative of conglomerate reservoir in the world (Zou et al., 2007; Jia et al., 2016; Zheng and Fan 2019). Most of these reservoirs belong to conglomerate reservoirs dominated by alluvial fan-braided river deposits at the edge of the Piedmont continental basin (Chen et al., 2016). The reservoirs include Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic systems, with an average porosity of 11–18.8% and permeability of 0.01–817 mD, and the reservoir properties are poor (Qu et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016). The main reservoir space types are intergranular dissolution pores, intergranular dissolution pores, and microfractures. The development practice of conglomerate reservoirs shows that the waterflooding development effect is poor (Wu et al., 2014). The JL2 reservoir is a typical conglomerate reservoir in Xinjiang oilfield. The 23 vertical wells in the JL2 reservoir had an average initial production of 4.2 t/d, resulting in low production and poor development. So far, CCUS and its application have been carried out worldwide and achieved remarkable results for low-permeability reservoirs (Park et al., 2017; Khather et al., 2019). The numerical simulation of this reservoir proves that CO2 flooding is an effective EOR method for low-permeability conglomerate reservoir (Huang et al., 2016; Ding et al., 2017). Through further research on well type, it is concluded that the development effect of CO2 injection in vertical well and horizontal well is better than that of vertical well (Wang et al., 2017). Therefore, based on the understanding of the development of low-permeability sandstone reservoirs, the current production wells are mainly horizontal wells. As we know, horizontal well has the advantages of large contact area with reservoirs. Horizontal wells have high initial productivity and slow production decline and also can effectively control gas channeling (Yin et al., 2021). Eight horizontal wells have been put into production in the JL2 reservoir, with an average initial productivity of 32.9 t/d. The practice of CO2 injection in conglomerate reservoir further shows that horizontal well development is a reasonable development mode for low-permeability conglomerate reservoir and can effectively reduce the risk of gas channeling (Liu et al., 2019). At the same time, due to the low permeability, conglomerate reservoir must be developed by fracturing. Although the average productivity of horizontal well is high, there are also differences between the productivity of each horizontal well. Because of the special geological conditions of conglomerate reservoir, the productivity of horizontal well is complicated (Zhao et al., 2020). Therefore, the initial productivity of horizontal wells is affected by many factors. Based on in-depth analysis of geological conditions and fracturing parameters of a single horizontal well, most scholars adopted single-factor or multi-factor Edited by: Hui Zhao, Yangtze University, China


THE increasing frequency of reactions to penicillin warrants wider recognition of the dangers of the local application of penicillin, and more reliance placed on less sensitizing methods of adminis...


OBAMA TRANSITIONU.S. researchers are eagerly anticipating the moment that President-elect Barack Obama takes office and sweeps away the Bush Administration's restrictions on federal funding for research with human embryonic stem cells.


This paper presents a new construction simulation approach using Cell-DEVS techniques, which allows considering site spatial constraints and the sensitivity analysis of different site layout patterns. The proposed approach includes three phases: pre-processing to configure the simulation, main-processing where the simulation is executed, and post-processing, which incorporates animation and sensitivity analysis of the results. Using Cell-DEVS modeling, spatial resource allocation, worksite layout, as well as the movement of equipment can be explicitly analyzed and visualized. Spatial conflicts can be detected, resolved, and compared based on different site layout patterns. As a result, the accuracy of simulation is improved, especially for situations where spatial conflicts are critical. A case study is presented to illustrate the procedure for modeling and analyzing the sensitivity of simulation results considering several site layout patterns. The difference between the results of MicroCYCLONE and Cell-DEVS illustrates that in some cases the impact of spatial constraints on productivity is significant and should not be neglected. Based on the present study, it has been found that Cell-DEVS simulation is an effective tool for space-related analysis in construction project.


In this talk we will report about first results and measurements achieved with an electron beam lithographic system (EBL, eLINE Plus CAS) containing a unique in situ setup to not only fabricate but also characterize and measure GMR/TMR based devices. The eLINE Plus CAS is additionally equipped with the capability of generating a large lateral magnetic field, which is indispensible in measurement of spintronic devices or materials, besides of its original SEM and EBL functionalities. This unique EBL instrument, thus, could be not only used as a microscope or a lithography system but also as a analytical instrument for in-situ magnetoelectric transport measurements. Figure 1 shows the structure of the magnet in chamber whose pole tips are placed underneath pole piece of SEM column. The maximum lateral field realized at current stage is about 400 Oe as exciting current is elevated as 2.5 A. This large field has already been applied in in-situ measurement GMR or TMR devices. As shown in Figure 2, utilizing the magnet as well as the other two tungsten probers already installed in the chamber, we have measured magnetotransport properties of a TMR device whose TMR ratio is nearly the same as that measured outside chamber. We will further report about the characterization of the homogeneity of the magnetic field and next steps taken in this project.


For short-track identification in nuclear emulsions, a new index was used which was independent of the emulsion processing: the mean curvature radius of the track, calculated after changing the actual trajectory, with all its irregularities, by an average line. It has been obtained with two different types of cells and enables us to discriminate protons, deuterons and alpha - particles of a 100- mu range with good statistics. (auth)


In order to improve the accuracy observation of stator flux,the luenberger observer was used in the direct control torque system to observe the stator flux in this paper.On the basis of the closed-loop flux observer,the speed adaptive observer is constructed based on the Lyapunov theory.Simulation and experimental results show that the Luenberger observer can improve the observed accuracy of the stator flux,and the speed adaptive observer can increase the observed precision of speed.So the system maintains a good performance at a relatively low speed.


It is not at all unusual these days to pick up a copy of any current safety magazine and find articles and advertisements celebrating the principles, methods and application of behavior-based safety. There are obviously a large number of advocates of behavior-based safety. Indeed, the only thing that seems to be larger than the number of BBS advocates is the number of articles and advertisements in print.


Discusses the role of psychoprophylaxis, the means of preserving health by psychic means, in childhood. Describes the essence of psychoprophylaxis as that of associating useful activities with agreeable feeling-tones, and to disassociate from useless or injurious acts the agreeable feeling-tones that may have been acquired. Interest, suggestions, hypnoidization and persuasion are procedures which favor passivity, psychological automatism, mental dissociation and suggestibility. Employing authoritative affirmation rather than suggestion is believed to be the best method in early childhood, and sometimes even in adolescents. Teaching mothers to form healthy emotional habits in their children was presented as a desirous way. Stresses the need of facilities for instructing medical men in principles of psychopathology and therapeutics to provide opportunities to re-educate the perverted trends of the patient's disposition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)


The purpose of this project was to develop a psychologically realistic model of the way people construct a mapping between base and target domains in analogies. It was assumed that the mapping process was not based on an exhaustive search of possibilities, but that correspondences were rst recognized between segments of each domain, then checked for consistency with the remainder of each domain. The size of segments that are initially mapped is de ned by three mapping rules; element (object) maps, relational maps, and system maps. A program based on these rules was shown to be able to recognize complex analogies from the literature, and its output was congruent with empirical ndings.


Intended to be a central location for non-partisan information on national, state and local elections in 2020. Resources covering the November 2020 Henderson County elections


Endogenous tags have become invaluable tools to visualize and study native proteins in live cells. However, generating human cell lines carrying endogenous tags is difficult due to the low efficiency of homology-directed repair. Recently, an engineered split mNeonGreen protein was used to generate a large-scale endogenous tag library in HEK293 cells. Using split mNeonGreen for large-scale endogenous tagging in human iPSCs would open the door to studying protein function in healthy cells and across differentiated cell types. We engineered an iPS cell line to express the large fragment of the split mNeonGreen protein (mNG21-10) and showed that it enables fast and efficient endogenous tagging of proteins with the short fragment (mNG211). We also demonstrate that neural network-based image restoration enables live imaging studies of highly dynamic cellular processes such as cytokinesis in iPSCs. This work represents the first step towards a genome-wide endogenous tag library in human stem cells.


ABSTRACT Let 𝒜 be a commutative unital algebra over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic ≠2, whose generators form a finite-dimensional subspace V, with no nontrivial homogeneous quadratic relations. Let 𝒬 be a Hopf algebra that coacts on 𝒜 inner-faithfully, while leaving V invariant. We prove that 𝒬 must be commutative when either: (i) the coaction preserves a non-degenerate bilinear form on V; or (ii) 𝒬 is co-semisimple, finite-dimensional, and char(k) = 0.


Based on the PM 2.5 concentration in the autumn and winter of 2015–2019, the characteristics of urban air pollution in the eastern monsoon region of China were discussed. The spatial distribution and interregional influence of fine particle pollution under different synoptic weather and topography in the eastern monsoon region of China were illustrated. According to synoptic systems, regional PM 2.5 pollution episodes were classified into three categories, including Uniform Pressure field (UP, 60.00%), Pre-High Pressure (PreHP, 30.91%) and Inverted-Trough (IT, 9.09%). The K-Means algorithm combined with the HYSPLIT backward trajectory clustering analysis indicated four clusters under UP controlled, and under weak pressure field was responsible for the elevation of PM 2.5 concentration, where the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas were the most polluted region. For PreHP, four clusters eased after cold front. For IT, three clusters were ascertained, and the severe PM 2.5 pollution area was in the central and southern of the North China Plain. This study provided a scientific basis for the joint prevention of PM 2.5 pollution based on topographic and meteorological characteristics in Eastern China.


To study specificity of Fab antibody against mouse serologically detected male antigen,based on recombinant phage clone with male specific activity screened from phage Fab antibody library,expression plasmid of soluble Fab antibody was constructed,antibody fragment was induced and purified,the antibody specificity was determined by immunofluorescence staining with FITC/DAPI and ELISA.The results showed that an about 49 ku band appeared in the SDS-PAGE,comparison of cell immunofluorescence staining of Fab antibody and H-Y antiserum showed that male specificity and binding activity of Fab antibody was higher than that of antiserum,based on number of positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity of male or female spleen cells.The quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence staining of paraffin sections showed that binding activity of Fab antibody against male mouse liver was obviously higher than that of female mouse liver,there was high significant difference between them(t=20.73,P=0.002 30.01),binding activity of H-Y antiserum against male mouse liver was slightly higher than that of female mouse,there was significant difference between them(t=7.11,P=0.019 20.05).The soluble Fab antibody had male specific activity in the ELISA with male mouse spleen and testicular cells as antigen,but OD values of Fab antibody were lower than that of antiserum.The results suggest that male specificity of Fab antibody is higher than that of H-Y antiserum,but its binding activity with male specificity was lower than that of H-Y antiserum,Fab antibody with male specificity had non-specific binding with a little female tissue or cells,affinity maturation of Fab antibody in vitro would be used as follow-up study,to screen soluble Fab antibody with high affinity and specificity against mouse serologically detected male antigen.


This paper intends to face to what extent the media education has allowed some cultural aspects present unknown program of social networks and shown interest in the social policy field in general. First, we want to trace how the concept of "net" is being designed and contextualized within the framework of technological prodigy rise of as "Internet." Second, to give a philosophical address two perspectives on the nature of what are social networks in terms of real-virtual relationship established between stakeholders. Third, new research about the psychosocial effects of the use of cyberspace through opinions and studies in general and social networks in particular. Fourth, we reflect on how the usage of social networks can popularize the growth of social events and cultural events, in short, how he builds new areas of expansion in several areas of society.


NASA's new age of space exploration augurs great promise for deep space exploration missions whereby spacecraft should be independent, autonomous, and smart. Nowadays NASA increasingly relies on the concepts of autonomic computing, exploiting these to increase the survivability of remote missions, particularly when human tending is not feasible. Autonomic computing has been recognized as a promising approach to the development of self-managing spacecraft systems that employ onboard intelligence and rely less on control links. The Autonomic System Specification Language (ASSL) is a framework for formally specifying and generating autonomic systems. As part of long-term research targeted at the development of models for space exploration missions that rely on principles of autonomic computing, we have employed ASSL to develop formal models and generate functional prototypes for NASA missions. This helps to validate features and perform experiments through simulation. Here, we discuss our work on developing such missions with ASSL.


This study is concerned with ways that clinical psychologists construct the clinical psychologist's experience of distress, in relation to their professional identity, and the implications these constructions have for their social practices in relation to personal distress. Nine qualified clinical psychologists in practice in the NHS were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. Data from these interviews was analysed using a discourse-informed approach to Thematic Analysis. Three overarching themes were formed: psychologist's distress is constructed as part of the human condition, work with distress as a difficult and skilled practice, negotiating dilemmas of professional identity and role. These themes are discussed with reference to the socio-cultural and historical context of the profession of Clinical Psychology. In dialogue with literature and research pertaining to clinical psychologist's distress and help-seeking, and broader aspects of the institutional and professional context. Findings supported the view that the ways contemporary clinical psychologists in the NHS are positioned by language, social practices, and institutions can function to constrain clinical psychologists from talking about personal distress and accessing support.
However, findings also indicated that there is scope in the contemporary clinical psychologist professional identity for resistance to discourses and practices that limit space for clinical psychologists to acknowledge their own vulnerability. Implications for Clinical Psychology practice and further research are considered. In conclusion, it is suggested that the acknowledgement of a human vulnerability by clinical psychologists can create the conditions for individual and collective action to respond to distress experienced by clinical psychologists, and their colleagues, in the NHS.


Aim:  Despite an increased risk of cancer post transplant, little is known about the knowledge, beliefs of and attitudes to cancer and its prevention among kidney transplant recipients. This study aims to explore these beliefs and attitudes, to better understand patient motives and potential barriers to early detection of cancer.


Objective To investigate the progression rate and prognosis of spinal decompression surgery after the onset of symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).Methods A total of 329consecutive patients with deftnite or probable ALS were enrolled in the study.The patients were recorded with clinical features,history of spinal surgery,etc. Some of the patients were monitored every 3 months from visit to death or tracheostomy.Results Of 329 typical sporadic ALS,we found cervical spondylosis in 156(47.4%)patients,among whom 19(5.8%)underwent decompressive spinal surgery.No differences were noted regarding age at symptom onset,Sex and ALSFRS-R at time of diagnosis between ALS patients who underwent spinal surgery and other ALS patients.But the time from symptom onset to diagnosis was significantly longer in patients with spinal surgery((23.0±6.5)months vs(13.7±7.9)months,t=4.800,P=0.000).In the folow-up study,there were no differences in the rate of disease progression and survival between 2 groups.Conclusions All patients have inevitably progressed after spinal surgery.Although the surgery does not obviously fasten disease progression rate and shorten survival,it prolongs the time from disease onset to diagnosis,therefore should be handled with caution in patients with concurrent ALS and cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Key words:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Cervical spondylosis ; Cervical vertebrae; Surgical procedures,operative; Follow-up studies; Prognosis


This article deals with various functions of the title of Darwīsh's collection Why Have You Left the Horse Alone in three different contexts: as an independent and separate text; in relation to the poem in which it originally appeared; and in relation to all the poems in the collection. Our case discussion shows that the interpretation of the title means in fact a discussion of the entire text, or rather of all these texts. It also shows that the question/title has equally informative, rhetorical, provocative, and communicative facets, and as such our discussion grants it great summarizing and representational power. When all this power is given to the title as pre-text, it in essence also makes the title a post-text.


Considering the threshold pressure gradient(TPG) phenomenon in low-permeability reservoirs,a mathematical unsteady flow model of horizontal well with TPG was established in box-shaped reservoir.The numerical solution of bottom pressure of horizontal well was obtained by using the Galerkin finite element method,which was verified by comparing with the classic Odeh solution.The results show that the horizontal well pressure and its derivative curves present an upward tendency when the TPG is considered.And the bigger the TPG,the more severe the curves upturned,namely,the greater pressure difference is required.Meanwhile,the effect of TPG on pressure derivative increases gradually,which is essentially different from the curve upturned when the pressure reaches the surrounding boundary.


Under approved dietary treatment the daily Se intake amounted only to 1.0-4.7/ug in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) or maple-syrup-urine disease (MSUD). For 120 days 5 patients got an oral Se supplementation by yeast rich in Se, daily dose 0.56 g yeast, equivalent to 45/ug Se.Before supplementation the Se contents of serum and whole blood were reduced to 5-16 ng/ml, 10-27 ng/ml resp., that means to 10-20% normal. The activity of the erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) amounted only to 0.19-2.69 U37/g Hb. After 4-8 weeks of supplementation the Se contents of serum and whole blood reached normal values. The activity of the erythrocyte GSHPx showed only a slow increase of the values after 4-6 weeks of Se supplementation. Within 9-15 weeks it reached a plateau at low normal values - a time similar to normal red cell life span. There was a close positive relationship between the erythrocyte Se content and the activity of the erythrocyte GSHPx.- Although mammalian GSHPx has been shown to contain seleno-cysteine residues in polypeptide linkage, our knowledge about the Se requirements in man is still scarce.


It has been argued theoretically that a new state, namely, no halogen displacements around Pd ions and, consequently, their trivalent states with finite magnitudes of spin, will be realized by at least 50%-inclusion of Ni ions in Pd–Ni mixed-metal MX-chains. This state is peculiar to such mixed-metal systems, because it is never found as a ground state for homo-metal chains of Pd. Moreover, from the theoretical viewpoint, strong electron-lattice interaction and strong electron-electron Coulombic repulsion are mixed up to give a very interesting example for the study of both. Here we go beyond the previous theoretical work that was based on a Hartree–Fock (HF) calculation and investigate the same system by a quantum Monte-Carlo method applied to a Peierls–Hubbard model. The obtained result is qualitatively the same as the previous one and therefore reinforces the above interpretation with a preliminary result for magnetic susceptibility. Moreover, we show statistically averaged lattice states for rather co...


Portable embedded systems have recently become smaller in size and offer a variety of junctions for users. These systems require high performance processors to handle the many functions and also a small battery to fit inside the system. However, due to its size, the battery life has become a major issue. It is important to have both efficient power design and management for each function, while optimizing processor voltage and clock frequency in order to extend the battery life of the system. In this paper, we calculated the efficiency of power in optimizing power rail. This system has two microprocessors. One is used to play music and movie files while the other is for DMB. In order to reduce power consumption, the DMB microprocessor is turned of while music or videos are played. Lastly, DVFS is applied to the processor in the system to reduce power consumption. Experimental results of the implemented system have resulted in reduced power consumption.


Formal scattering theory is recast in a Lie-algebraic form. The central result is an algebraic Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the wave operator from which an algebraic form of the Born series (containing only linked terms) is obtained. When a finite Lie algebra is sufficient, The Mo/ller wave operator, on the energy shell, can be solved for explicitly as an element of the corresponding group. The method is illustrated for the separable potential whose relevant algebra is found to be U(1,1).


Embodiments of the present invention provides an apparatus and method for depositing a material on a substrate during a vapor deposition process such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). In one embodiment, chamber houses a directly or formed expanding channel in heat insulating material formed into a funnel-shaped inner liner mounted thereon into the chamber lid. Chamber is coupled to the gas inlet in the expansion channel, vortex, helix, further comprising at least one conduit positioned to provide a circular direction to the gas flow, such as swirl. Chamber, a retaining ring, the upper process liner, can accommodate the lower process liner or slip valve liner. The liner typically has an abrasive surface finish, contains a quartz glass or heat-insulating material such as ceramics. In an alternative embodiment, the deposition system to accommodate the catalytic steam generator connected to the ALD chamber. .FIELD 8


The twenty-four young women and one man treated in an ultra-clean isolation ward should have had a low incidence of staphylococcal infection on grounds of age, sex and clean environment alone. However, they apparently acquired new strains of Staph. aureus at the rate of 4·7/100 patient weeks (3·9 multiple resistant strains/100 patient weeks) from the sixth week after admission onwards. Environmental factors contributing to infection included introduction of resistant strains by the patients on admission, contact between patients in the unit, and failure to eliminate nasal carriage in staff and patients. Host susceptibility was increased by malignancy, and by antibiotic and cytotoxic therapy. The nasal carriage rate of Staph. aureus was significantly greater for patients with repeated episodes of leucopenia induced by cytotoxic drugs.


Acknowledgements The authors of this design project would like to thank the following individuals for their help: Professor Kristen Billiar for his guidance and support throughout the project and the use of the core facility at Gateway. for their clinical experience, insight and support. John Dieselman for his mechanical testing experience and use of his anti-wobble screw-plate system. Authorship All group members participated equally in the writing and editing of this report. Abstract The use of screw-plate fixation devices after sternotomy procedures is becoming more prevalent with studies showing the mechanical superiority of such devices. However, there is no current device that is capable of supplying both the compressive and locking forces needed to optimally fixate the plate to the bone. The goal of this project is to create an anti-wobble screw-plate fixation device capable of reducing sternal displacement after fixation using clinically relevant materials. The design achieves this anti-wobble effect through the use of a modified one piece, two-part screw that allows for full compression between the bone-plate interface before locking into the plate. The device was designed and manufactured to clinical specifications in the final prototype, and the anti-wobble concept was tested in a bone analog and human cadaveric sternum using an earlier prototype. Using a uniaxial mechanical testing machine, cyclic loading from 0 to 25N was applied for 15,000 cycles to mimic breathing forces. The anti-wobble concept, having both compression and locking, reduced displacement of the bone plate on a sternal segment. In a bone analog, the displacements for standard nonlocking and anti-wobble systems were 0.57mm and 0.20mm, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the anti-wobble system may significantly minimize screw-displacement, and a clinically relevant product was developed.


Free trade areas (and customs unions) were established in a multilateral level since in Article XXIV of the GATT, and that is the legal minimum from which preferential trade agreements are now built. Some say CPTPP is part of a new generation of Free Trade Agreements because it goes deeper in the integration process. The CPTPP Agreement is a 584-page treaty, a very extensive legal instrument with 30 chapters, so when we talk about legal trends it refers to all 30 chapters at first. But it's not the idea to explain every chapter in this text, not even just the dispute mechanisms, but the legal highlights that make the CPTPP an example of the new structure in international trade law. The CPTPP's new chapters constitute the actual trade agenda and establish a minimum level of protection on topics not specially linked to trade, but which are now essential to talk about a new configuration of trade agreements, such as investments, intellectual property, e-commerce, among others


The low transmission power and very large bandwidth used by Ultra-Wide band (UWB) radio systems ,enables them co-exist with other narrow-band systems over the same frequency band without interfering the narrow-band systems. Nevertheless, the interference caused by these narrow-band systems may jam the UWB receiver. Existing narrow-band interference suppression methods for spread spectrum systems are either not applicable for UWB systems, or the complexity of these methods prohibits their use. This paper presents novel low complexity narrow band interference suppression algorithm for UWB radio systems. Theoretical analysis of the algorithm reveal that it can achieve very good narrow-band interference suppression with low-complexity receiver.


In the Southern Tang Dynasty,literary values played a leading role in the social spirit because of the civil administration advocated by ruling class.Painter's works also showed a literary tendency in the Southern Tang and the Literati Painting was in the initiation in the Five Dynasties under the influence of cultural habit,the three of poetry,calligraphy and painting especially the writing techniques of calligraphy began to com-bine in paintings.The development of Chinese painting in this period meant a great significance to the forming of Literati Painting


Under environment of the multimedia and the network,information literacy is a basic ability in English learning.How to cultivate it in English teaching is a problem worthy of studying.In writer's opinion,to cultivate the students' information literacy is to cultivate their information consciousness and the information ethics.Their ability of making use of information technology should be fostered and their knowledge of information widened so as to improve their ability of independent learning.It is advisable for teachers to cultivate students' information literacy through teaching target analysis,classroom teaching design and offering study strategy.


Long term intermittent management of symptomatic erosive and non erosive gastro esophageal reflux (GERD) disease needs elucidation and evaluation. To evaluate the clinical value of maintenance intermittent with oral rabeprazole 20mg once a day versus omeprazole 20mg once a day in patients with symptomatic. This prospective study included 60 adults patients of either sex aged 21-65 years with mean age of 31.4 + 1.2 years with symptomatic history of GERD more than 3 months duration consist of both erosive and non erosive esophagitis. They were divided into two groups one group enrolled with oral rabepazole 20mg once a day initial 4 weeks followed by intermittent maintenance therapy of same dose 4 days a week for 6 months, another group enrolled with oral omeprazole 20mg once a day for initial 4 weeks followed by intermittent maintenance therapy 4 days a week for 6 months. When symptoms recurs, on demand liquid antacid 15 ml given when heart burn occurs either day time or night time. The outcome was elicited on clinical score severity of symptoms. Patients rated symptoms severity on a 5 point scale. 0= no symptoms and 4= very severe symptoms that interfere considerable with daytime or sleep. The primary efficacy end point mean percentage of heart burn free days was significantly greater with rabeprazole when compared to omeprazole. Rabeprazole experienced a significantly higher percentage of symptoms free daytime 75.9% versus 62.7% in omeprazole group and night time 82.6% in rabeprazole compared to 61.4% in omeprazole group. Intermittent use of rabeprazole may be an effective maintenance treatment strategy in patients with GERD.


Skin reactions caused by interventional pain procedures are well documented in literature, ranging from fistula formation to urticarial allergic reactions and infections. Burn lesions may also occur, however far less common; and as pain physician we must be cognizant of this possible complication and its etiologies. This is difficult in an outpatient setting where a patient cannot be regularly monitored, their adherence to prescribed therapies is unclear, and reporting is often done via phone, ancillary staff, and outside facility records. These compounding factors require clinicians to consider a broad differential and be comfortable with instituting myriad therapies or appropriately involve outside consultation for thorough patient care.


Background: Posttransfusion complications can be prevented by pretransfusion removal of donor white cells from platelet concentrate. The filtration used for this removal seems to have little effect on platelet function and activation, but more information is needed on its effect on function during subsequent long‐term storage of concentrate.


Objective To investigate the different effect of oral hypoglycemic agents(OHA)and simple insulin intensification therapy on insulin resistance and β cell function of patients with short disease duration and naive type 2 diabetic.Methods Sixty newly diagnosed and naive type 2 diabetic patients(the diabetic duration≤1 year)were randomly divided into two groups,treated with OHA and insulin respectively.Each group included 30 cases and was put on intensive blood glucose control.The targets for blood glucose control were fasting blood glucose less than 6.0mmol/L,and two hours postprandial blood glucose less than 8.0mmoL/L,which were achieved in 5-10 days,and had been lasted for 4 weeks.Before and after intensive therapy,intravenous glucose tolerance test(IVGTT)which was performed to calculate AUCIns0-10min,Homa A and Homa B between two groups were compared.Results After intensive treatment,AUCIns0-10min and Homa B of the two groups increased,but Homa A decreased.There were no significant differences between two groups.Conclusion The same excellent improvement of insulin sensitivity and β cell function could be obtained by two ways of intensive glucose treatment in short disease duration and naive type 2 diabetic patients.

Key words:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Intensive treatment; β cell function; Insulin resistance


Among the most serious adverse effects for herbal medicines is the potential liver injury due to a central role of liver on metabolism of foreign substances Recently, several reports have shown about hepatotoxicity of chaparral(Larrea tridentata) and ma‐huang(Ephedra) used as traditional medicines. However, relatively little studies have been attempted on the development of biomarkers and assays for hepatotoxicity assessment of herbal medicines, particularly for detecting the early stage of hepatotoxicity. In this study, early cellular changes were monitored to assess hepatotoxicity of chaparral and ma‐hung. Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of aqueous ethanolic(70%) extracts of chaparral and ma‐huang. Hepatotoxicity of these herbal medicines was compared with that of acetaminophen and galactosamine, well‐known hepatotoxins. The markers to detect early and late stage hepatotoxicity include Fas, GSH, IL‐8, cytosolic Ca2+, ATP, cytochrome c, caspase‐8, steatosis, cholestasis, caspase‐3, MTT, and LDH. Chaparral, ma‐huang, acetaminophen and galactosamine showed hepatotoxicity in various assays. The early stage markers were observed at lower concentration than that needed for late stage events. These results indicate that herbal medicines such as chaparral and ma‐huang exert in vitro hepatotoxicity and may cause human liver injury. This study further suggests that assays using early stage markers as well as late stage markers are necessary to assess hepatotoxic potential of herbal medicines.


Every Saturday, and every Wednesday, millions of people club together and give millions of pounds to a few people. The beneficiaries are not selected for their achievements, efforts, or personal qualities. They might be the most unsuccessful, lazy, and unpleasant of all the players; when there's a hint of this, the tabloids enjoy themselves, but the winner keeps her money. Nor are the winners given the money because they are most in need. They might easily be richer than many of the other players, even before collecting their prizes  there's nothing to stop the Duke of Westminster having a flutter. This can seem like a very unfair way of distributing money. But the players buy their tickets through choice, and even the losers benefit from the excitement of playing: perhaps it's just harmless fun.


Purpose –The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether religions parables are relevant to finance. Design/methodology/approach - In the Gospel, one may find parallels to the capital asset pricing model in the context of the parables of the kingdom of God. For instance, the duality in the parables is particularly analogous to the gain – loss decision making in the practice and theory of finance. Moreover, several parables giving insight into investor reactions may help explain the premium puzzles in asset pricing. Findings - Based on a thorough analysis, one can see that the parables contribute to finance practice and education. Originality/value - This study is the first attempt to link parables in the Gospel of Matthew to finance theories.


Objective To study the effect of low dose premarin supplementary treatment in climacteric syndrome.Methods Sixty-three patients with climacteric syndrome were randomly divided into the study group(42 patients) and the control group(21 patients).Patients of the study group were treated with premarin and medroxyprogesterone acetate.Patients of the controlled group intake Chinese patent medicines xiaoyao pill and liuweidihuang pill.The general score of climacteric symptom,the chang of E2、FSH blood-fat in blood,and the reaction of medicine before and after treatment were observed and compared.Results Two groups showed improvement in climacteric symptom.Compared with the control group in the study group,reduction in Kupperman score and FSH and elevation in E2 after 6 months and one year treatment were remarkable(P0.01).There were no significant change in blood pressure,thickness of endometrium,blood-fat,liver function and renal function among two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Premarin is more better than xiaoyao pill in improving climacteric symptom,such as hectic fever et al.


The realization of an evaluation of the recreational places bears to the care and protection of the proper use the resources, so the evaluation of the Parque Viernes Santo has been necessary. The procedures for this evaluation are; the realization of surveys to obtain the visitor's profile, the study of load capacity where have reached to determine the number of visits that it must receive, considering the different activities the people make in this park, we have given advices about negative impacts, some recommendations were given for its mitigation and boost the positive impacts. One of the most important things should be implement more security to its visitors, the municipality will have to make a budget for promotion better this place.


Purpose: Lung cancer screening of high-risk subjects with low-dose CT (LDCT) significantly reduces mortality. Integrating liquid biomarkers circulating tumor cells (CTCs) screening could significantly improve the accuracy of findings on LDCT. Experimental Design: In a prospective, observational clinical trial (NCT02838836; NCT03551951), high-risk screening subjects (≥30 pack-years smoking history, age 55-80) undergoing screening LDCT were enrolled. Peripheral blood (7.5ml) was collected, CTCs were enriched by microfilter isolation and immunofluorescence staining was performed for cytokeratin, EpCAM, CD14/45, PD-L1, vimentin, N-cadherin. Lung cancer tissues were similarly analyzed. Results: In total, 136 subjects were enrolled prospectively. CTCs/7.5ml of blood were significantly higher in 14 subjects with proven lung cancer identified by screening LDCT (mean 23.57, SEM: ±3.73), in comparison to 37 high-risk subjects with benign-appearing lung nodules on LDCT (3.92 (±0.62)) (p Conclusions: This seminal study suggests that CTC detection can accurately identify lung cancers in high-risk subjects with a nodule on screening LDCT. CTC phenotyping in lung cancer patients allows real-time insights that are potentially highly relevant for personalized treatment strategies. Citation Format: YARISWAMY MANJUNATH, Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah, Eric T. Kimchi, Kevin F. Staveley-O9Carroll, Jared Coberly, Diego M. Avella, Timothy J. Hoffman, Chelsea Deroche, Klaus Pantel, Guangfu Li, Jussuf T. Kaifi. Circulating tumor cells accurately detect and characterize lung cancers in high-risk subjects undergoing low-dose CT screening [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 917.


To the Editor.— The report by Richman et al (226:62, 1973) concerned barium enema septicemia. Recently, we also saw a young infant develop sepsis after a barium enema examination. Report of a Case.— A 7-week-old white male infant was admitted because of constipation, abdominal distension, and failure to thrive. The lethargic and dehydrated infant's abdomen was grossly distended and tympanic to percussion, with normal bowel sounds. A roentgenogram showed gas and feces scattered throughout the colon and small bowel with no evidence of mechanical obstruction. The infant was rehydrated with intravenous fluid. A barium enema examination was reported as normal with complete evacuation of the contrast media after 12 hours. Nasogastric and rectal tubes were inserted for decompression. On the fourth day of hospitalization, a rectal biopsy revealed normal ganglion cells. The infant became febrile (38.8 C [102 F]), more lethargic, and had diarrhea approximately 72 hours after the barium


Summary
From birth to age 5 years, the sitting height increases by 27 cm. The sitting height represents 66% of the standing height at birth and 56% at age 5 years. The T1 to S1 segment must still grow 15 cm at age 5 years. The deficit in sitting height caused by a perivertebral arthrodesis can be calculated with accuracy; a practical diagram can be used. At age 5 years, the spinal canal has grown to ∼95% of its definitive size. Therefore, perivertebral arthrodesis will have no influence on the size of the spinal canal. All indicators do not progress at the same speed. The increase in weight and the thoracic volume remain offset relative to the other indicators.


THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LEFT-BANK HETMANATE'S ARMY IN THE WAR OF THE POLISH SUCCESSION 1733–1735

 The war of the Polish succession from 1733 until 1734 was an important armed conflict in the history of Centra


The observatory data of the magnetic differences and the azimuth between frusta in the Seismic Standard Station of Chengdu are put in order.The comparative measuring methods,the quality of observer and the measurement precise degree are checked in order to provide the users in future with the tables which include the original observation data,the 11 items differences for the F,I,D,H and Z observatory elements,the direction and azimuths formed between observatory frusta.


Background: Low Back Pain or LBP often encountered in daily practice, especially in industrialized countries. The study showed that 90.9% of LBP patients experienced a relapse more than once in a year, the relapse was triggered by personal factor, work environment and lack of health information. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with recurrence prevention in patients with Low Back Pain at Medical Rehabilitation Instalation Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital Subjects and Method: The study was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. A total of 60 patients with LBP. That data was collected with a questionairre and analyzed by using multiple logistic regression. Results: There was a positive correlation between personal factors and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain: there was a correlation between age and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain but it was not statistically significant (O =2.09; 95% CI= 0.36 to 12.09 ; p=0.412), there was  a correlation between sex and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain but it was not statistically significant (OR=1.52; 95% CI=0.08 to 28.78; p=0.781), there was a correlation between education level and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain but it was not statistically significant (OR=2.38; 95% CI=0.41 to 14.05; p=0.337), there was a correlation between employment and  recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain and it was statistically significant ( OR=9.16; 95% CI=1.35 to 62.39; p = 0.024), there was a correlation between perceptions of Low Back Pain and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain and it was statistically significant (OR=27.81; CI=95% 2.14 to 361.33; p=0.011). There was a positive correlation between environmental factors and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain: there was a correlation between accessibility to health service and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain but it was not statistically significant (OR=0.49; 95% CI=0.02 to 14.81; p=0.684), there was a correlation between  environment accessibility and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain but it was not statistically significant (OR=0.73; 95% CI=0.04 to 14.22; p=0.834), there was correlation between family support and recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain and it was not statistically significant (OR=0.30; 95% CI=0.02 to 5.50; p=0.303) .There was a positive correlation between education on Proper Body Mechanics with recurrence prevention in Low Back Pain  and it was statistically significant (OR=35.33; 95% CI=1.65 to 757.32; p=0.023). The most dominant variable in LBP recurrence prevention was patients perceptions of Low Back Pain (p= 0.011). Conclusion: Employment, perceptions of Low Back Pain, and education on proper body mechanic were variables was statistically significant for LBP relaps prevention in this study. Keywords: personal factors, environmental factors, education on proper body mechanics, relapse prevention, LBP Correspondence : Rina Kurnia. Health Polytechnic, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta University, Surakarta. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1 (1): 19-25 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.01.03


Integrating real-world projects into courses has long been a common feature of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) education, as they are a proven method for building HCI students' knowledge, skills, and confidence. However, the rapid growth of the User Experience (UX) profession has led to increased enrollment in practice-oriented HCI programs while simultaneously introducing a variety of specialties within the industry. As a result, educators are confronted with the unique challenges of (1) providing learning experiences that offer students practical experience with various design and research methods and (2) providing enough of those experiences to support increasingly large cohorts of students. In this paper, we describe one institution's efforts to address these challenges by developing an education-focused research center devoted to coordinating and facilitating a variety of course-based partnerships for graduate-level UX students.


Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures represent a significant portion of existing historical structures around the world. Recent earthquakes have shown the need for seismic retrofitting for URM structures. Various types of strengthening methods have been used for URM structures. In particular, a strengthening technique using externally bonded (EB) fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has attracted engineers since EB FRP materials effectively enhance the shear strength of URM walls with negligible change to cross-sectional area and weight of the walls. Research has been extensively conducted to determine characteristics of URM walls strengthened with EB FRP materials. However, it is still difficult to determine an appropriate retrofitting level due to the complexity of mechanical behavior of strengthened URM walls. In this study, in-plane behavior under lateral loading was, therefore, investigated on a full-scale nonstrengthened URM wall and URM walls retrofitted with two different FRP materials: carbon (CFRP) and hybrid (HFRP) sheets. The test results indicated that both FRP composites were effective in increasing shear strength in comparison with the control specimen. However, better performance was obtained with HFRP compared to CFRP. In addition, an equation for estimating effective strain was proposed, and the theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental ones.


The nasty coal accidents occur constantly in China in recent years. The accidents have brought about the heavy economic losses and bad social effects.The signs have emerged before the happening of the coal accidents,which occur mainly because of the management negligence.The essence safety management systems are built for coal safety management in China targeting the safety management problems of coal mines.The systems are composed of six sections,risk management,establishing the management standards and management measures,managing and controlling the human unsafe behaviors,safeguard management,evaluation systems and information systems.


Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to the company's business activities and identifying and managing the risks associated with those activities are two of the fundamental duties and obligations of the board of directors. The emergence of sustainability as a new factor for consideration in boardrooms has expanded the compliance duties to include adherence to voluntary standards that the board has committed to with respect to governance and environmental and social responsibility and broadened the definition of risks to include environmental and social issues and challenges. While creating a separate board committee to focus on compliance and risk management is not a new phenomenon, such committees have grown in importance and this chapter covers the role of the board and such committees in developing and overseeing compliance programs, elements of effective compliance programs, risk assessments and enterprise risk management systems and sustainability-related risks.


The gneissic massif of Ourika is composed by various facies that gather in two distinct and concordant groups: amphibole and biotite gneisses (GBA) in center and amphibolites and amphibole gneisses (GAA) in periphery. The difference in their compositions would be related to the diversity of the protoliths. This study made it possible to have some information on their origin and tectonic significance.


Abstract Lavender Islands is the first strengths-based study of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) persons in New Zealand. In total, 2,269 LGB participants responded questions in many domains, including spirituality and religion. This study found that women are more likely to believe in a spiritual force than men, and respondents 40 years of age and older are more likely than younger to believe in a spiritual force. Respondents did not believe that partners needed to share beliefs. Christians reported that their religious tradition was more a difficulty than a support than those with no religion. LGBs appear to be disaffiliating with Christianity at 2.37 times the rate of the general New Zealand population since 1966. LGBs reporting no religion experienced more support from their families for themselves and their partners than those who were raised Christian. Religious traditions had no effect on the ages that respondents first felt different from their childhood peers, or when they actually came out. Respondents reporting no religion were significantly happier with their sexual identity than Christian respondents. Social workers should be aware of and address these conflicts and challenges with LGBs they encounter in their practice settings. doi:10.1300/J377v26n03_04


Reaction of the N-hydroxytryptophan derivative (21b) with pyruvoyl chloride gives access to the N-hydroxydioxopiperazine (28b). O-Tosylation of the latter compound, followed by base treatment, affords the dioxopiperazine (30b), an N(1)-allyl derivative of the fungal metabolite neoechinulin B (6). The biogenetic relevance of this reaction sequence is discussed.


ABSTRACT The boundary layers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss [0.231±0.016 m total body length (L) (mean±s.d.); N=6], swimming at 1.6±0.09 L s−1 (N=6) in an experimental flow channel (Reynolds number, Re=4×105) with medium turbulence (5.6% intensity) were examined using the particle image velocimetry technique. The tangential flow velocity distributions in the pectoral and pelvic surface regions (arc length from the rostrum, lx=71±8 mm, N=3, and lx=110±13 mm, N=4, respectively) were approximated by a laminar boundary layer model, the Falkner−Skan equation. The flow regime over the pectoral and pelvic surfaces was regarded as a laminar flow, which could create less skin-friction drag than would be the case with turbulent flow. Flow separation was postponed until vortex shedding occurred over the posterior surface (lx=163±22 mm, N=3). The ratio of the body-wave velocity to the swimming speed was in the order of 1.2. This was consistent with the condition of the boundary layer laminarization that had been confirmed earlier using a mechanical model. These findings suggest an energy-efficient swimming strategy for rainbow trout in a turbulent environment. Summary: The boundary layer laminarization of rainbow trout swimming in turbulent flows was confirmed. The results suggested an energy-efficient swimming strategy of this species in the turbulent flow environment.


How to support the group argument is quite an important study of HWME research. An approach of expert opinion acquisition based on Cloud Model and Evidence Theory is proposed, with respect to the characteristic of group argument. According to the semantic relations between comments, this method uses Cloud Model to find out the opinion implicated in the comment, and synthesizes the implicated opinions into expert opinion on the base of Evidence Theory. A numerical example indicates that this approach can acquire expert opinion dynamically from the argument information and show the tendency of expert opinion.


1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran Associate Professor, Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran


This paper presents an experimental study of passive control of shock wave/turbulent boundarylayer interaction induced by a step placed on the floor of a wind tunnel. The experiments were carried out in a 8×10cm2 supersonic wind tunnel, at a free-stream Mach number of 1.98. The basic model was equipped with an interchangeable insert in the shock region to allow measurements with varying geometrical parameters. The following factors influencing the passive control of shock-boundary layer interaction (PCSB) were studied : 1) area of the porous region, 2) porosity, and 3) type of porous surface. Surface static pressure measurements as well as Schlieren observations of the flow field were obtained. It was found that the mean cavity pressure is equal to the mean surface pressure and the effect of the porosity is much larger than the effect of the hole diameter. Furthermore, the forward-facing inclined holes is more effective than the backward-facing inclined holes.


BS>The method by which control rods were manufactured for the Agesta pressurized water reactor in Sweden and the Halden boiling water reactor in Norway is described. For physical and metallurgical reasons, an alloy of silver together with l5% indium and 5% cadmium was selected for the Agesta reactor and an alloy of silver with 30% cadmium for the Halden reactor. Because of mechanical strength deficiencies, the neutron absorbing silver alloys were clad with stainless steel. The cladding of the Agesta rods was metallurgically bonded to the neutron absorbing silver alloy. As a preliminary stage to bonding, those surfaces of the stainless steel cladding tubes which were to come into contact with the silver alloy were activated and then consecutively nickel and copper plated. The steel tubes for the Halden control rods were thoroughly cleaned by degreasing and pickling before compound drawing. (P.C.H.)


AIM
Endoscopy identifies inflammatory activity, however it is an unpleasant test and is not always accessible. The aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of quantitative fecal immunochemical test (FIT) versus fecal calprotectin (FC) to determine endoscopic activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODS
Cross-sectional prospective observational study. The stool samples were collected within 3 days before starting the preparation for the colonoscopy. We used the Mayo index for ulcerative colitis (UC) and the simplified endoscopic index for Crohn's disease (CD). Mucosal healing (MH) was defined as the score 0 points in each of the endoscopic indices.

RESULTS
84 patients were included, 40 (47.6%) with UC. In patients with IBD, FIT and FC showed a significant correlation with the presence of inflammatory activity/MH on endoscopy; without showing statistical differences between the two receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Both tests improved their diagnostic performance when assessing patients with UC, the Spearman correlations between FIT and FC and endoscopic inflammatory activity were r = 0.6 (p = 0.0001) and r = 0.7 (p = 0.0001), respectively. In Crohn´s disease, the diagnostic utility of both tests was lower.

CONCLUSIONS
FIT is an alternative to monitor endoscopic activity among ulcerative colitis patients. In Crohn´s disease, more studies are needed to determine the role of fecal biomarkers.


In this issue of the International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, several papers focus on new investigations or new recommendations for Asian systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous work has consistently shown that Asian patients have higher rates of renal involvement compared to Caucasian patients and that lupus nephritis is a significant cause of chronic renal failure. Asian SLE patients may also have poorer outcomes and more severe renal involvement. As such, one of the papers in this volume focuses on Asian lupus nephritis management guidelines. Led by a panel of 15 nephrologists and rheumatologists from different Asian regions with extensive interest and experience in lupus nephritis, the Asian Lupus Nephritis Network (ALNN) steering group provides a summary of the current literature regarding lupus nephritis treatment options in Asian patients and provides expert consensus views about Asian lupus nephritis treatment. After summarizing the current lupus nephritis recommendations from the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), American College of Rheumatology (ACR), and the joint European League against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA), ALNN provides some summary suggestions for treatment of lupus nephritis in Asian patients based upon published Asian studies and expert opinion. However, these ALNN guidelines are based upon data garnered from predominantly Chinese patients. Asian lupus nephritis patients from the middle east and south Asian countries, including the subcontinent, need to be studied as they may require different treatment options and guidelines due to differences in disease presentation and progression. Strong conclusions cannot be drawn from the two papers on lupus nephritis from Iran in this issue, due in part to small sample sizes and the retrospective nature of their studies; however, high prevalence of renal failure in both the cohorts are noteworthy. As in all racial groups, treatment is guided by histological and clinical nephritis severity, as well as by extra-renal lupus manifestations. Mild to moderate renal disease, including patients with Class II mesangial proliferative, may be treated with moderate disease corticosteroids with or without an additional immunosuppressive agent as a steroid-sparing agent. Class III or Class IV lupus nephritis, or Class V with heavy proteinuria, requires early identification and treatment with induction therapy (4–6 months) requiring high-dose corticosteroids and an immunosuppressive agent, usually with intravenous (IV) pulse cyclophosphamide (CYC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or oral CYC based upon cost, compliance, and geographical access. MMF has been shown to be well tolerated in SLE patients often with higher efficacy, less toxicity and lower infection rates than CYC, as well as less significant drug interactions with commonly used concurrent lupus medications. Additionally, MMF is well suited for treatment of lupus nephritis as despite impaired renal function, MMF is rapidly absorbed with no significant changes in circulating levels of the active metabolite. Based upon its efficacy and tolerability in the majority of Asian patient studies, MMF in combination with corticosteroids is the most commonly recommended initial therapy. In lupus nephritis patients, carefully controlled MMF dosages have been associated with improved renal outcomes at a 1 year follow-up. Recommendations are to use 1.5–2 g daily in Asian patients and not to reduce the daily dose to below 1.5 g within the first year and not to below 1 g daily within the second year. It is important to note that taking MMF with food can alter the absorption of the drug; as such, MMF should be taken on an empty stomach to obtain the recommended daily dose. Data are needed to help understand which


To improve the elliptic filters step response, group delay equalizers are often cascaded with the filters. This paper describes the design of switched-current (SI) group delay equalizer using wave synthesis technique. This design is based on a new all-pass circuit, where the poles are generated using wave structures. Simulation results are included demonstrating that the 3rd-order SI group delay equalizer can reduces the amount of overshoot in 100kHz elliptic low-pass filter step response by 50%. This is as a result of reducing the filter group delay variation from 2.29us to 0.32us when the group delay equalizer is employed


The continuous improvement projects in SMEs are more difficult to develop than in larger companies mainly due to lack of resources. Yet they usually find ways to improve their performance. This is not the case for the non-added value activities. Its "invisibility" and strict relation with SME cultural behaviour make it difficult to develop internal action and collaborative projects to improve its performance. The proposed collaborative approach aims to establish joint projects involving several players to deal and reduce the impact of that type of activities in SMEs. Each player has a specific role and all of them benefit from the collaboration: pool of SMEs, Sectorial Centre, Consultancy Company and R&D Institution. The approach steps and its application in the Setup process are presented. The type of participation of each player is described as well as its benefits. The final projects outputs are identified and discussed.


The balanced distribution of the education resources is not only the inevitable requirement to realize the education fair but also the development path of China education reform.In this paper using a hierarchical analysis method(AHP),various factors have an influence on education resources balanced distribution,and have been checked,three factors including institutional factors,economic factors and social factors,have been quantitative analyzed.As a result,a evaluation model for education resources equilibrium distribution have been established.These give a strong scientific backing to formulate and promote fair-development policies of China's education.


During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 338, several methods were tested for the extraction of interstitial water in consolidated, low‐porosity deep‐sea sediments from Site C0002 in the Kumano Basin. On the basis of those tests, we propose a modified ground rock interstitial normative determination (GRIND) method of extraction of interstitial water. In separate runs of the new method, sediment samples were ground in a ball mill with either ultrapure water or a solution of HNO3. The interstitial water was then extracted with a conventional squeezer. Sufficient solution was extracted by this method to analyse most major and a few minor components of interstitial water that were comparable to those previously reported for samples extracted by the conventional squeezing method. The new method requires much smaller amounts of sediment than that of the conventional method and will be useful for analysis of samples recovered during super‐deep drilling programmes.


Introduction: The rapid diuretic furosemide is the temporary loop that is used in the states of edema associated so far in the liver, kidney and heart especially by oral and intravenous routes of administration but its quality control remains a problem in the administration of this drug in the DR Congo.
Method: A cross sectional study was performed on three brands of furosemide 40mg sold in pharmacies Gerva Foundation More and Biosadec of Bukavu in the South Kivu Province. A sample of 60 tablets in the newly approved three pharmacies or 20 tablets per drug were dissolved in water as a solvent and analyzed by UV spectrophotometry at 270 nm to determine the concentrations of active ingredients. The Anova test at significance level 0.5 and linear regression using the Past version1.9.1 and Excel 2010 were used to compare quantitative variables.
Result: Three brands of furosemide (New cesamex Techno economic services Frusina) Frusina shows slightly high test percentage of 99.6% and the two other marks techno economic services and New cesamex show respectively a percentage of the testing of 98 , 75%. A non-significant difference was observed between the three brands p> 0.05 with R2 = 0.99.


Abstract. This paper describes empirical research carried out to understand the knowledge possessed by experienced engineering designers. Three studies were carried out in order to understand the differences between how novice and experienced designers approach design tasks within the aerospace industry. Strategic knowledge used by experienced designers was identified from the findings. A method to support novice designers through the provision of generic questions based upon this strategic knowledge was developed. This method has been empirically evaluated for possible implementation in the form of an Intranet to support designers. This Intranet captures and structures information based upon observations of experienced designers and therefore prompts novice designers to behave more like experienced designers. 1. Introduction The aerospace industry, along with other industries, has recognised the need to bridge more rapidly the experience gap between novice and experienced designers. Therefore, providing support for designers through the capture, storage and reuse of knowledge is a key concern to achieve shorter project timescales and reduce the likelihood of errors (Moore, 1997). Many tools have been developed to support designers. These include tools that capture the history of the design and the reasoning of the designers, i.e. design rationale. Tools that capture design knowledge can be categorised into two groups: off-line capture and on-line capture (Jensen, 1998). Off-line tools do not capture design knowledge as part of the design process, but the knowledge is structured and managed by someone


of the liver pattern. The gall-bladder contained two ounces of strawcoloured bile; there were no calculi; the mucosa showed some pin-point hremorrhages; bile duct was patent. . The spleen was moderately enlarged and very soft in consistence, red in colour; the cut surface was very soft and of "strawberry jam" appearance. Weight eight ounces. Respiratory system: There were hremorrhagic patches over the ·lower third of each lung, with some scattered ones at other areas. There were adhesions at the left apex, and slight emphysema at the right apex: On palpation, the lungs felt heavier and more resistant than normaL They were crepitant in bulk. The cut surfaces showed the lower halves of both lungs to be red to purple in colour, the bronchioles containing some purulent material. '1'he upper areas were less involved, but definite areas existed. The left mid zone showed some organizing blood clot and areas of collapse. Comments on the Case.-The chief point of interest in this case is the demonstration, post mortem, of the successful role of the great omentum in combating an acute abdominal condition. This is comparable to the common experience in the surgery of the acute abdomen, when the omentum is discovered at operation to be wrapped round the appendix, thus preventing a general peritonitis. The number of complications occurring in this one case of typhoid fever must he somewhat unusual. I have to thank Lieutenant-Colonel E. Phillips, D.S.a., M.C., M.B., R.A.M.C., Commanding British Military Hospital, Jhansi, and Colonel S. G. S. Haugbton, C.I.E., O.B.E., M.D., Assistant Director of Medical Services, Meerut District, and Delhi Independent Brigade Area, Eastern Command, India, for their permission to send these notes for publication .