Widened participation in post-compulsory and higher education is generally regarded as a result of the growing recognition of the internal and external benefits of higher education, which are categorised either as a private or public good. However, a question can be raised: once these incentives become less promising or less evident, will a strong demand for higher education still exist? In particular, higher education is the final stage of the educational systems of most countries. University graduates have to face the inevitable challenge of transferring from their universities to the society in general and to the labour market in particular. Once the supposed link between education and economic and social prosperity becomes tangible or broken, what might be the incentives for students to enter universities? Can higher education be seen as a government's endeavour to enhance public good, or is it basically an individual struggle for a private good? This article presents a case study on the massification of higher education in Taiwan. In particular, the effect of massification in terms of individuals' employment and earnings is reviewed critically. First, a broader context of the changing global economy is examined, and the debate on education as a public or private good is discussed. Second, the development of the massification of higher education in Taiwan is briefly outlined. Third, external factors affecting higher education, including unemployment and earnings, are investigated. Finally, implications for higher education in Taiwan and reflections on the value of higher education are reconsidered.


The article is the result of a collaborative group text, after discussion between the authors, based on the debate about their produced texts, further information from developed Capability Project: Digital Inclusion Workshop, developed at the Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology at PUCRS, and new information collected from the Extension Courses: Education, Inclusion and Aging, at PUCRS. Through the analysis of the speeches of those seniors who participated in the workshops, we listed some possibilities for the coming years on human development, especially in late adulthood, and for the idea of a healthier and more qualified lifespan approach.


Key stage 2 pupils will be fascinated by these experiments, which demonstrate the properties of explosions and the relationship between cause and effect.


GMW and m-sequences possess 2-valued auto-correlation function but their crosscorrelation functions are not well controlled. This paper studies algorithms constructing their quasi-optimal sub-families. The results show that both highest-peak-deletmg and most-peak-deleting algorithms are effective in terms of minimized bit error rate under COchannel interference.


Breast cancer is an extremely important public health issue for doctors. Health professionals draw attention to the importance of early detection of the disease, so that treatment becomes effective. The experience of the disease can be extremely shocking and devastating for women. Studies show that women diagnosed with breast cancer experienced prolonged emotional difficulties during the year following diagnosis. This article proposes a review of some important methods and techniques used in the psychotherapy of breast cancer patients, such as: art therapy, cognitive-behavioral stress management, mindfulness-based stress reduction, acceptance and commitment therapy, compassion focused therapy and experiential psychotherapy. This paper is a review based on information from the literature. The analysis was limited to articles and guides in English published between January 1 and June 1 2021, on PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, using the following keywords: breast cancer, women, depression, distress, anxiety, mental health, psychotherapy, interventions, treatment. In this review we discuss the characteristics of breast cancer pathology, the psycho-emotional effects and the interventions needed to optimize quality of life. The psychotherapeutic approaches presented draw attention to the fact that psychological interventions are part of the complementary procedures to the treatment in the pathology of breast cancer and can improve the quality of life of pacients.


A continuation method (sometimes called path following) is a way to compute solution curves of a nonlinear system of equations with a parameter. We derive a simple algorithm for branch switching at...


In this paper, after analyzing the current legislation on intellectual property, as well as its historical evolution, have been exposed the main aspects of the current regulation of biotechnological creations. They have certain peculiarities with respect to conventional inventions, since they are wholly or partially constituted by biological matter, which means that they require a special protection regime, or at least some adaptations with respect to the basic patent law, since created in its origin considering inventions of eminently technical nature arisen in the industrial revolution. This task has been carried out with the aim of considering possible solutions to solve the shortcomings of the regulations and to provide adequate protection to biotechnological inventions, such as to provide a fair remuneration to the inventor, while promoting technological development. The main features of the plant variety regime, created to protect developed plant varieties, have also been discussed. In this way, most of the cases of legal protection of biologically based creations have been covered, be they patentable inventions or plant varieties, going deeper into the former. Thus, after a bibliographical review of the main contributions made in this area and of the legislation in this respect, considering the main difficulties and singularities that the creations based on living matter present in terms of their legal protection, it can be affirmed that, nowadays, the method of patent protection is the most appropriate for biotechnological inventions. This is due to the great experience accumulated with this system, which has been adapted to this type of inventions over the years, being the one that gives the best reward to the inventor and has greater economic importance, acting as a driving force of technological development. In spite of this, the need to adapt legislation to the forefront of technology cannot be ignored, trying to provide equitable solutions for society in general, respecting human rights and certain ethical principles, and at the same time trying to promote technological development, in areas such as biotechnology, so necessary to solve many problems of our contemporary society. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2017 3


IN presenting cancer statistics it has become customary to state results as the percentage of so-called five-year cures. The hope that a patient who has lived five years without recurrence will be in no further danger of one is partly justified by the observation that about 95 per cent of recurrences make their appearance within a five-year period; however, this measure does disregard an appreciable proportion of the late recurrences. Moreover, the five-year-cure rate fails to account for the patients who die of causes other than cancer, and without evidence of recurrence. The common practice of listing such patients separately amounts to no more than transferring the statistical burden from the author to the reader, without helping in any way to solve the problem. Then, too, many authors publish data in terms of cure rates for other periods than five years. At present the only method of comparison between such data is reference to the original articles, and these often do not give sufficient details to p...


The high demand for cotton production worldwide has demonstrated the need for standardized classification of foreign matter present with cotton. Cotton trash can become comingled with fiber during the ginning and harvesting processes. The conventional instrumental method used to determine the amount of cotton trash present with cotton fiber, the high volume instrument (HVI), lacks specificity in the identification of individual trash components (leaf, etc.). Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was investigated to distinguish the individual types of cotton trash from the fiber. In this study, the concept of monitoring differences in spectral bands of cotton and cotton trash by FT-NIR spectroscopy was demonstrated and provided a 'proof of concept.' A spectral library based on NIR spectral data and pre-processing methods was developed using cotton and cotton trash samples (hull, leaf, seed coat, and stem) yielding over 97% identification accuracy of cotton trash components in the prediction set.


Peri-operative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a new with the clinical diagnostic criteria of NCD such as those term recommended by an international, multidisciplinary already used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of group named as Nomenclature Consensus Working Group including experts from multiple disciplines such as anesthesiology, neurology, geriatrics, psychiatry, neuropsychology, surgery, and psychology. It is a comprehensive term for cognitive impairments identified in the perioperative period. The recommendation of this new nomenclature has been published in several influential journals simultaneously in November 2018. It is a tremendous change in the field of peri-operative cognitive impairments. Therefore, it is necessary to know the reasons and purposes of this new nomenclature, differences between old and new nomenclatures, and the possible impacts of new nomenclature on clinical and basic researches of peri-operative cognitive impairments in the future.


A methodology for protecting confidential data sets on third-party HPC systems is reported. This is based on the NIST AES algorithm and supports the common ECB, CTR and CBC modes. The methodology is built on a flexible programming model that delegates management of the encryption key to the application code. The methodology also includes a fine-grain control over which arrays on the files are encrypted. All the stages in an encrypted workflow are investigated using an established CFD code. Benchmarks are reported using the UK national supercomputer service (ARCHER) running the CFD code on up to 18,432 cores. Performance benchmarks demonstrate the importance of the way the encryption metadata is treated. Naïve treatments are shown to have a large impact on performance. However, through a more judicious treatment, the time to run the solver with encrypted input and output data is shown to be almost identical to that with plain data. A novel parallel treatment of the block chaining in AES-CBC mode allows users to benefit from the avalanche properties of this mode relative to the CTR mode, with no penalty in run-time.


Moving past the conventional focus on ministerial portfolios, this paper investigates how coalition governments allocate and share ministerial responsibility for individual policy issues. Sharing responsibility induces coalescing parties to collaborate on policy issues, which addresses the problem of ministerial autonomy. Consequently, I argue that incumbent parties in coalition governments share ministerial responsibility for contentious and salient policy issues. This claim is corroborated based on a newly elicited dataset of over 30,000 ministerial policy responsibilities from Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The findings have important implications for scholarship on coalition governments, as they demonstrate that incumbent parties can use the design of ministerial portfolios itself to insulate a coalition compromise from partisan deviations.


Heat-stable eiastomers of potential interest for such applications as high temperature aircraft tires, ducting, seals, and flexible connectors were compounded to improve the physical properties required for construction and performance. Improved properties were obtained for compounds of methacrylate rubber, silicone rubber, Viton A and poly (ethylacrylate). Prototype wire tireeord aircraft tires were constructed from methacrylate and silicone rubbers. Preliminary compounding studies were made with terpolymers of butadiene- acrylonitrilemethylacrylate and epoxy extended polyesters. Nonelastomeric polymers with outstanding thermal stability were prepared by reacting diepoxides with diphenols. (for preceding period see WADC-TR-56-33l(Pt.II).) (auth) l5069 The preparation was studied of a wide variety of chemical intermediates required for the prepartion of high temperature fluids and polymers. The intermediates prepared include organosilanes, chlorotriazines, phosphonitrilic halide and a tetra substituted urea. The experimental procedures used were adapted from published research on related materials. Reaction conditions and analysis of desired products are given. (auth)


Over the past decade, tabletop systems are becoming more popular. However, prior works on tabletop system have mostly focused on supporting user interactions with digital contents on one single tabletop display, which are not easily extendable. In this paper we present a new scalable distributed tabletop system consisted of master/slave computer and tangible interfaces to provide high-resolution interactive tabletop display surfaces. Our work is to develop a tabletop system constructed with LCD panels and a cluster of low-cost commodity PCs to support a large highresolution scalable tiled display. It also employs the tangible user interface using the infrared camera tracking and tangible blocks to support intuitive user interaction on the tabletop surface. In this research, EBITA (Environment for Building Interactive Tangible Applications) framework is developed to support various modules necessary for easy construction of any interactive high-resolution applications that run on the distributed tabletop system. This paper briefly describes the design of EBITA framework and detail implementations of the current prototype of distributed tabletop system. Then it demonstrates two applications developed using EBITA framework: 2D high-resolution image viewer and 3D block crash game.


The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence about the problems discussed, namely "Influence of Inflation, Jakarta Islamic Index, and Profit-Sharing of Islamic Banks on Sharia Mutual Investment". Investment is proxied by the Net Asset Value of Sharia Funds.
Presentation and analysis of research data in 2013-2017, using descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression models, data estimation methods namely Chow Test, classical assumption analysis using normality test, multicollinearity test, and hypothesis testing.
Based on the results of the analysis of this research data, positive inflation has a significant positive effect on Sharia Mutual Fund Investment, the Jakarta Islamic Index has a significant positive effect on Sharia Mutual Fund Investment, while Sharia Bank Profit Sharing is also significantly negative on Sharia Mutual Fund Investment.


The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion of rat was monitored by longitudinal relaxation time-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1-weighted MRI) in combination with a ventricular injection of a T1-relaxation reagent: gadolinium-diethylene triamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). A cannula was inserted in the left lateral ventricle, and 5 ml of 8.5 mM Gd-DTPA was injected as a CSF marker. Changes in the image intensity of the CSF were measured every 30 s, and the turnover rate of CSF (k) in the left lateral ventricle was obtained from the dilution of Gd-DTPA, based on the assumption of a single compartment model. In the control conditions, k was 0.158 ± 0.009 min−1 at an arterial blood CO2 tension (pCO2) of 38.6 ± 2.2 mmHg (n = 10), which corresponds to the CSF secretion rate of 3.6 μl min−1. The k value was decreased (0.078 ± 0.010 min−1, n = 4) by a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide). The turnover rate was decreased by hypocapnia (0.094 ± 0.019 min−1, pCO2 = 24.7 ± 2.9 mmHg, n = 4), and it increased gradually and reached a plateau level as a result of hypercapnia (0.194 ± 0.011 min−1, pCO2 = 104.5 ± 7.1 mmHg, n = 10). These results suggested that CO2 upregulates the secretion of CSF in the rat.


Purpose: This paper aims at investigating the reasons for the complex and long lead time from global suppliers that causes inventory shortages.  It  focuses on supply chain risk management in global sourcing.  This study  has revealed all the specific risks of a global sourcing project and has provided some solutions for risk management: three-step risk management, safety stock, data sharing and driving supplier performance.Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative study is conducted to propose concrete recommendations on three topics: risk management, safety stock and information sharing. A semi-structured survey-guided interview was used to collect related data, and the answers were assessed using syntactic, lexical, thematical and NVivo software analysis.Findings: This study  has revealed all the specific risks of a global sourcing project and has provided some solutions for risk management: three-step risk management, safety stock, data sharing and driving supplier performance.Originality/value: Through research work, we have noticed that the world of the Supply Chain is constantly evolving and that it is becoming more and more complex. Through these interviews, we have noticed that the role of purchasing is changing differently in each sector.


Environmental concerns and global energy demands are pressuring the world to develop and utilize more clean energy sources, and solar photovoltaics (PV) is one of those technologies that has been in use by firms and countries around the globe. Solar PV can achieve the feat of zero emissions and operate for a long time at a substantial efficiency. Within this field of technology, different materials are being experimented with to improve the practicality of PV cells further. This article will compare amorphous silicon (a-Si) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) as materials for solar panels through various aspects. This paper will address the historical development, physical principles, implementations, system operation, environmental assessment, and economic evaluation of these cells. This work examines recent scholarly articles (i.e. background research, data analysis) that conclude that amorphous silicon technology has been refined to temporarily allow more frequent use than the toxic cadmium telluride cells.


Contact angle hysteresis is an interesting phenomenon in wetting. While it is believed that roughness or chemically inhomogeneity of the solid surface can cause the phenomenon, quantitative study of the problem is difficult. In this paper, we use a phase field equation with a relaxed boundary condition on a rough boundary to model contact angle hysteresis. By asymptotic analysis, we derive an ordinary differential system for the apparent contact angle and the contact point. Numerical examples show that the ordinary differential equation can be used to understand the contact angle hysteresis, including the asymmetric dependence of the advancing and receding contact angles on velocity, which is observed recently in experiments.


We report the results of a voltammetric investigation in a boric acid buffer of pH 10, limited to non-dissolutive processes, and the XP spectra recorded after electrochemical treatment. The same investigations were performed on the electrodes used for H 2 O 2 reduction. The quantity of corrosion resulting in the latter case under a steady-state, non-oscillating current, is compared to that induced under oscillating conditions


Oxytropis falcata Bunge f.albiflora Y.H.Wu,a new form of Leguminosae in Qinghai of China is described.It differs from the typical form,O.falcata Bunge f.falcata,by having white flowers,which is quite stable and randomly occurs in populations of O.falcata Bunge.


In the environment, animals have to cope with a combination of natural factors. Extreme changes in these factors can alter homeostasis, which can lead to thermal or heat stress. This stress can be due to either high or low temperature. Energy transference for thermoregulation in homoeothermic animals occurs through several mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. When animals are subjected to thermal stress, physiological mechanisms are activated which may include endocrine, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses. Activation of the neuroendocrine system affects the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters which act collectively as response mechanisms that allow them to adapt to stress. Mechanisms which have developed through evolution to allow animals to adapt to high environmental temperatures and to achieve thermo-tolerance include physical, physiological and biochemical changes like reduced feed intake and metabolic heat production, increased surface area of skin to dissipate heat, increased blood flow to take heat from the body core to the skin and extremities to dissipate the heat, increased numbers and activity of sweat glands, panting, increased water intake and color adaptation of integument system to reflect heat. Chronic exposure to thermal stress can cause disease, reduce growth, decrease productive and reproductive performance and, in extreme cases, lead to death. This paper aims to briefly explain the physical and physiological responses of mammals to thermal stress, like a tool for biological environment adaptation, emphasizing knowledge gaps and offering some recommendations to stress control for the animal production system.


This review covers the present status and perspectives in myxoporean studies including basic research in myxosporean as well as the mechanism of selecting host and location and the recent interest in myxosporean pathology,especially PKD caused by PKX. In addition, phylogeny and γtaxonomy for Myxosporean by using molecular technique such as smallsubunit ribosomal DNA squence analysis have been discussed.


The influence of different ion source parameters on the extraction of ions in a magnetic-sector mass spectrometer has been studied by means of computer-calculated ion trajectories. Ion trajectories have also been calculated for different masses when voltage scanning is applied. The decrease in sensitivity for high mass numbers (mass discrimination) is explained by the decrease in the number of ions extracted from the source and by the decrease in the transmission of the spectrometer tube.


Magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (Fe2O3) are important mineral constituents of iron formations, being the main phases of iron deposits worldwide, such as those in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region – Brazil, as well as common accessory minerals in many igneous and sedimentary rocks. The understanding of the effects of deformation on magnetite grains, their transformation into hematite and the textural aspects involved are, therefore, very important for understanding the processes of formation and deformation of these rocks. The analyzed micro textures developed in natural aggregate of magnetite with small amounts of hematite and quartz that was experimentally deformed under the confining pressure of 3GPa and temperatures between 900 ̊C – 1100 ̊C, in a pure shear configuration using a 6 piston Multi anvil press from the Bayerisches Geoinstitute (BGI), Germany. Five experiments were performed with strain rates varying between 5x10 s -1 and 8.3 x10 s . The recovered samples were studied by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique. The EBSD data were processed and analyzed using the Mtex toolbox and Channel 5 processing software. The aims of the study were to observe the micro textures developed in the magnetite and hematite grains, as well as the influence of the deformation and temperature on the transformation between these oxides. Results show that the transformation of magnetite into hematite occurs at all imposed conditions. Hematite is more abundant at temperatures around 900 ̊-1000 ̊C in samples deformed under the strain rate of 8.3 x10 s . Both iron oxide phases deformed plastically by dislocation creep. Magnetite developed a quasisingle crystal CPO while hematite shows fiber texture in most of experiments. The slip systems {111}<110>, {100}<110> and {110}<110> are inferred to be active during magnetite deformation, and for hematite the (c) slip system and the 60 ̊ twin seem to be responsible for the observed CPO patterns. A topotaxial relationship between magnetite and hematite is shown by the pole figures, but the boundary misorientation relationship of 60 ̊<0001>hematite // 60 ̊<111>magnetite is absent. Besides, the micro textural analysis of these iron oxides can contribute to further investigations on high temperature and high pressure phases such as ringwoodite and akimotoite once they present crystallographic similarities with magnetite and hematite respectively.


The invention discloses a message system, comprises: a mobile terminal, a mobile access network, a core network, a message center and an improving service function module. Wherein, said message center transmits the information message containing the type of service to said improving service function module; said improving service function module receives the information message from said message center by which it generates the message relative to the service type to be referred to message center. The invention also discloses a method for realizing the message improving service, comprising: a, the message center transmits the information message to the improving service function module according to the set service type; b, the improving service function module generates the message according to the received information message to be referred to the message center; c, the message center transmits said message to the receiving user. The inventive system and method can provide a more convenient service to the users.


Determine the concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments, and crops within the La Villa river basin, Herrera and Los Santos provinces, republic of Panama. La Villa river Basin, south central of Panama, in the rainy season of 2016 (May to November) and in the dry season of 2017 (December to April). Twenty two sediments and water samples were taken using the systematic method which consists of selecting sampling points at uniform distances and crops in upper, middle and lower basin. The selected sampling was confined to a preferably rectangular area of 10.0 m x 30.0 m, on which the sub-samples were taken with a number of 15 on each grid, at 0.20m depth. For collecting the water samples, a rod with a clean plastic bottle was introduced against the current of the river. The digestion of sediments and crops to determine the concentration of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd) was carried out according to USEPA (25) method (3051A) (SW-846). In the sediments, in the rainy season, Cu (upper and lower basin) and Mn (all levels) values were found above the USEPA Standards. In the dry season, high values of Mn were found in the middle and lower basin, Cr in the upper and lower basin and As in all areas of the basin. In the rainy and dry seasons, high levels of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb were found in the waters of the rivers that make up the basin. The main crops at each height of the basin were analyzed, determining high levels of As and Cr in the upper basin, in the middle and lower basin Cr and Cd. It is necessary to monitor the concentration of heavy metals in sediments of La Villa river basin because 90% of the agrochemicals that enter the country is destined for agriculture. Each Panamanian consumes (does not ingest) 3 kg of agrochemicals annually, exceeding six times the amount used in Central America.  Due to their geological origin, these soils are rich in copper, manganese and arsenic, latter being associated with iron oxides and sulfides but there is also great influence of anthropogenic activities, agriculture and industries. Some metals such as lead and arsenic showed low solubility in water but showed high concentration in sediments. Chromium and cadmium present in crops come from water.


We study the inclusive decays of Ds+ mesons, using data collected near the Ds*+ Ds- peak production energy E_cm=4170 MeV by the CLEO-c detector. We report the inclusive yields of Ds+ decays to K^+ X, K^- X, KS0 X, pi^+ X, pi^- X, pi^0 X, eta X, eta' X, phi X, omega X and f0(980) X, and also decays into pairs of kaons, Ds+ -> KK-bar X. Using these measurements, we obtain an overview of Ds+ decays.


This paper analyzes the meaning of motherhood for a group of Spanish women who wish to enter, or re-enter, the labour force. Their lives have been focused on motherhood and family to which they now add training and employment. I will explore how these women perceive motherhood, what it has meant for them to be mothers, and the degree to which motherhood is valued as compared to their professional development. In this study, I use a qualitative methodology that is focused on the subjective meaning of motherhood. Information has been gathered from discussion groups, life stories, and notes. The results obtained show that Spanish women see motherhood as both desirable and oppressive. Also, the way in which these women ascribe value to motherhood in the current context is different compared to their perception of motherhood in previous life stages. For women in my study, motherhood is a relevant event that has marked their lives and that affects their return to the labour market.


The concept of correctness of the numerical solution of a gas–liquid system with persistent discontinuity sticking in the gas model is proposed. An algorithm that handles discontinuity while in the liquid model alone is shown to be correct. This technique is applied to the gas–liquid system with linear hydraulics and compared with the analytical solution. For a system with squareroot hydraulics, the results of this approach are compared with those obtained from the numerical solution of equivalent dynamics. The proposed technique is one to two orders of magnitude more efficient than a previously reported, and a less accurate, method.


55%was revealed to be an indicator of shorter PFS(p = 0.019).Either △SUVmax≤11.45 or Ki67>55%was defined as an indicator to poor outcome and scored 1 point.The PFS rate was 100%in patients scored 0 point,yet 0%in patients scored 2 points.PFS tended to be shorter along with the score getting higher(p = 0.006).△SUVmax and Ki67 positive index were both of significance in DLBCL prognosis.The prognostic value may be confirmed when △SUVmax was accordant with Ki67.


Mathematics in general education at KAIST by K. H. Ko Harnessing the enthusiasm of our best and brightest students for mathematics by D. Hughes Hallett Interactive geometry and multivariable calculus on the internet by T. Banchoff Helping new mathematics faculty to develop into successful teachers and scholars by C. Stevens Computer algebra and human algebra by W. G. McCallum Teaching mathematics graduate students to teach: An international perspective by S. Friedberg Computers supporting mathematical insight--two case studies by E. Neuwirth Mathematics--at your service by T. M. Mills and P. Sullivan A leverage in learning by H. Arikan Towards inquiry-oriented mathematics instruction in the university by O. N. Kwon. The influence of technology on mathematics instruction: Concerns and challenges by W. Page Research experiences with undergraduates: A discussion from the mathematical educational point of view by C.-K. Li Problem solving: What I have learned from my students by J. Sandefur Guidelines for using computers creatively in mathematics education by U. Kortenkamp Suggestions from the real world on improving math education by L. H. Seitelman Spreadsheets in the mathematics classroom by R. S. Smith Incorporating MATLABR into university mathematics programs by A. Stanoyevitch A CAS supported environment for learning and teaching calculus by E. A. Varbanova Experience with blended learning: IT support inside the classroom and beyond by G. E. Uchida On the mathematics courses for social science majors by S.-O. Kim On mathematical contents of computer science contests by S. O. Shilova and N. V. Shilov Curriculum for teaching how mathematics is applied to real world in teacher education course at a Japanese college by M. Narita Workshop in Excel by D. Arganbright, E. Neuwirth, and R. S. Smith.


Background: Delirium is common among hospitalized elderly patients. It is associated with complications and mortality.

Objective: To develop and validate a predictive model for delirium among hospitalized elderly patients.

Materials and Methods: The present study was a single-center, retrospective cohort study performed in 589 patients aged 60 years or older admitted to medical or surgical units at a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand between 2011 and 2017.

Results: A sample was randomly split (70:30) into the derivation set (n=412; 120 with delirium) and validation set (n=177; 56 with delirium). In the derivation set, multiple logistic regression reveled six potential risk factors, which were older than 75 years, dementia, infection, liver cirrhosis, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed that the model had a good calibration (p=0.27). The model also had a good discrimination ability based on high area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.821 (95% CI 0.784 to 0.858). Regression coefficients were used to get a risk score which varied from 0 to 15. The optimal cutoff point of 4.5 or with a higher risk of delirium, gave a sensitivity of 65.8% (95% CI 56.6 to 74.2), a specificity of 82.2% (95% CI 77.3 to 86.4), a positive predictive value of 60.3% (95% CI 53.5 to 66.7), a negative predictive value of 85.4% (95% CI 82.0 to 88.3), and an accuracy of 77.4% (95% CI 73.1 to 81.4). The risk score was then applied to the derivation set resulting in a higher AUROC of 0.855 (95% CI 0.797 to 0.914).

Conclusion: The present study was a simple predictive model that demonstrated good discrimination ability, high specificity, and an excellent negative predictive value. It may permit the use of early preventive intervention to reduce the incidence, severity, and complications of delirium.

Keywords: Delirium; Elderly; Hypokalemia; Hyponatremia; Predictive model


The role of the nurse in medical oncology is well defined and accepted, particularly in relation to the administration of chemotherapy. However, radiotherapy nurses have not received equal recognition ( Bruner 1990 ). The role of nurses within radiotherapy departments is perceived as being limited to observations, sorting charts and showing patients into clinic rooms, but this misunderstands the contribution to patient care made by the radiotherapy nurse.


The Midwest Geometry Conference 2007 was devoted to the substantial mathe- matical legacy of Thomas P. Branson who passed away unexpectedly the previous year. This contribution to the Proceedings briefly introduces this legacy. We also take the opportunity of recording his bibliography. Thomas Branson was on the Editorial Board of SIGMA and we are pleased that SIGMA is able to publish the Proceedings.


By applying the co-integration theory,this paper analyzed the relation between 3 month's interest rate of inter-bank market and the capital structure of listed company.Firstly,the use of the augmented Dickey-Fuller method discovered that the two step difference sequences of the interest rate of inter-bank market and the capital structure were the steady sequences.Secondly,the use of the Engel-Granger two step method involved a co-integration examination.The result indicated that there was a long and steady relation between the interest rate of inter-bank market and the capital structure of listed company.The Granger examination indicated that the interest rate influenced the capital structure of listed company.


Abstract Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain problematic even in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Efavirenz (EFV) is well known for neuropsychiatric side effects and has been associated with worsening neurocognitive performance (NC). We hypothesized that switching from an ART regimen with EFV to one with rilpivirine (RPV) would improve NC. Methods This single-center, open-label, superiority, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital June 2018 to March 2019. HIV- infected adults (≥18 years), virologically suppressed on an EFV-containing regimen for at least 12 months, who met Frascati's criteria of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), were randomized to a switching arm (RPV-containing regimen) vs. a control arm (EFV-containing regimen). The primary objective was to compare the improvement of NC at month 6 (M6) after switching. Secondary outcomes were individual NC domains, tolerability, and safety after switching regimens. Results 20 ANI participants (10 per group) completed the study. 11 participants showed NC improvement at M6: 6 in the switching arm and 5 in the control arm. Global neuro deficit scores (GDS), figure learning, and figure memory at M6 significantly improved in both arms (P < 0.05). Verbal memory and speed of information processing improved over time in the switching arm only (0.6 (0.1–1.0); P = 0.02, and 0.7 (0.1–1.2); P = 0.03, respectively). However, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. Male gender, age < 50 and initiation of ART within 5 years after diagnosis all trended toward an association with improved NC. No tolerability issues or clinical significant adverse events were reported. Conclusion Despite some positive trends, switching from an EFV-containing regimen did not significantly improve NC. This finding was consistent with previous reports. A larger study with longer follow-up may be warranted. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


This paper develops a minimally supervised approach, based on focused distributional similarity methods and discourse connectives, for identifying of causality relations between events in context. While it has been shown that distributional similarity can help identifying causality, we observe that discourse connectives and the particular discourse relation they evoke in context provide additional information towards determining causality between events. We show that combining discourse relation predictions and distributional similarity methods in a global inference procedure provides additional improvements towards determining event causality.


Welcome to the proceedings of the IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium 2011 which took place in Hong Kong, China, on March 1–4, 2011. After a very successful event in Kyoto in 2008, Beijing in 2009, and Taipei in 2010, this is the fourth PacificVis sponsored by the IEEE Visualization and Graphics Technical Committee (VGTC).


Abstract : Blade-vortex interaction noise from full-scale helicopters is shown to involve unsteady transonic flow phenomena which can be modeled as two-dimensional. An unsteady, small-disturbance-theory, numerical analysis, is used to model the interaction of an airfoil with a finite-core, locally-convected vortex using the vortex-in-cell method with multiple branch cuts accounting for the distributed vortices' potential jumps. Strong disturbances propagating from the blade-vortex interaction are associated with occurrence of Tijdeman's Type C flow on the airfoil's lower surface. In this type of flow, the shock which initially terminates a supersonic zone propagates through it and forward off the airfoil. The effects of airfoil shape, angle of attack, Mach number, vortex strength, and vortex miss distance on the flow and on waves radiated forward are investigated. It is found that stronger radiated waves are associated with narrow supersonic regions and near-sonic base flow. Also, stronger vortices generate stronger radiated waves, but miss distance is not as important a factor. Originator-supplied keywords include: Acoustics, Noise(Sound), and Numerical analysis.


Background Dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) are rare chronicinflammatory disorders with significant associated morbidityand mortality despite treatment [1, 2], characterized by subacute onset of proximal muscle weakness, elevated muscle enzymes, and inflammatory infiltrates on muscle biopsy. Although several hypotheses have been proposed for triggers of inflammation in the diseases [3], growing evidences have focused on the immune disorders [4]. However, the quantitative changes of lymphocyte subsets in DM/PM are unclear and whether low-dose IL-2 could rebalance the lymphocyte subsets and further benefit to remission disease activity of DM/PM patients is unknown. Objectives To investigate the quantitative status of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in the patients for the exploration of pathogenesis and evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose IL-2 therapy in patients with DM/PM. Methods From February 2016 to October 2018, total 147 patients with PM/DM and 128 gender and age matched healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The absolute numbers of T, B, NK, CD4+T, CD8+T, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood of these individuals were detected by flow cytometry combined with standard absolute counting beads. Patients in IL-2 group (n=31) were not only given traditional treatments, but injected subcutaneously human IL-2 (aldesleukin) at 50 WIU per day for a 5-day course. The demographic features, clinical manifestations and laboratory indicators were compared before and after the treatment. Results Patients with PM/DM had lower levels of Treg cells as well as T, CD4+T, CD8+T, Th1, Th2, and Th17 compared with those of the healthy controls (P < 0.05), which was correlated with disease activity(P < 0.05). After IL-2 administration, the absolute numbers of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients were significantly increased (P < 0.05), leading to a better remission compared with the patients received conventional therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion The difference status of peripheral lymphocyte subsets, especially Tregs, between PM/DM patients and healthy individuals suggests that lymphocyte subsets may be involved in and play an important role in the pathogenesis of patients. Low-dose IL-2 can effectively increase the level of Treg cells as well as other lymphocytes to some degree and maintain the immunologic balance, which may help for PM/DM patients' symptoms remission without over-treatment and evaluated side effect. But long-term benefits of IL-2 therapy are required to further study. References [1] Erin, V. and L. T. Sarah, et al. (2015). "The evidence for immunotherapy in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a systematic review." Clin Rheumatol 34 (12): 2089-95. [2] Thomas, B. and F. Romain, et al. (2018). "Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myositis associated interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Autoimmun Rev. [3] Angela, C. and D. S. Maria, et al. (2017). "The Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis: a Critical Review." Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 52 (1): 58-70. [4] V, P. and C. E (2018). "Dermatomyositis: a slow path towards targeted therapies or will conventional therapies prevail?" Br J Dermatol 179 (6): 1233-1234. Acknowledgement No. Disclosure of Interests None declared


Experimental drift turbulence and zonal flow studies in magnetically confined plasma experiments are reviewed. The origins of drift waves, transition to drift turbulence and drift turbulence–zonal flow interactions in open field line and toroidal closed flux surface experiments are discussed and the free energy sources, dissipation mechanisms and nonlinear dynamics of drift turbulence in the core, edge and scrape-off layer plasma regions are examined. Evidence that turbulence across these regions is linked and that turbulence-driven zonal flows exist is presented, and evidence that these flows help regulate the turbulent scale lengths, amplitude and fluxes is summarized. Seemingly contradictory reports exist regarding the scale of turbulent transport events; gyro-Bohm behavior of turbulence correlation lengths as well as evidence for long-range transport phenomena both exist. Changes in turbulence during and after transport barrier formation are summarized and compared. The inferred turbulent particle and heat fluxes due to turbulent transport are usually consistent with global confinement, and edge plasma momentum transport appears to be linked to plasma flows at the last-closed flux surface and in the open field line region. However, inconsistencies between observed transport and turbulence have sometimes been reported and are pointed out here. Special attention is given to open issues, and suggestions for future experimental studies are given.


Numerical analysis for TC4 alloy induction brazing model was established by ANSYS.The skin effect of current and edge effect of magnetic were fully considered during modeling.In the simulation process,the non-linear characteristics of materials were considered;the APDL parametric design language was utilized.the magnetic-heat coupling was realized by several steps nested circulation and the magnetic and temperature filed were acquired.The results show that electromagnetic field lines thinned within the increasing distance between the sample and induction coils;the highest and lowest temperature appears on the side surface and upper surface of the sample separately.Heating rate of the side surface decreases.While,the heating rate of the upper surface increases at first and then decreases.However,the heating rate of the whole sample reaches the same at last.The simulation results can provide a reliable theoretical basis for TC4 alloy induction brazing experiment.


The oncoming many-core platforms is a hot topic these days, and this next generation hardware sets new focus on energy and thermal awareness. With a more and more dense packing of transistors, the system must be made energy aware to not suffer from overheating and energy waste. As a step towards increased energy efficiency, we intend to add the notion of QoS handling to the OS level and to applications. We suggest the design of a QoS manager as a plug-in OS extension capable of providing applications with the necessary resources leading to better energy efficiency.


This paper focuses on developing an active controller for an elastic beam with tip payload subject to state and input constraints. The dynamics of the elastic beam is expressed by partial differential equations. A novel hyperbolic barrier Lyapunov function (HBLF) is proposed to ensure Lyapunov asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system and enable the constraint of system states. Then, a HBLF-based controller is developed to track desired position of angle and rapidly suppress vibrations of the beam. The controller is developed by using smooth hyperbolic functions, and the issue of input constraint is also handled simultaneously. It is proven that the input and state constraints are both guaranteed. The favorable performance is shown by simulations which validate the effectiveness of control scheme.


The main objective of this study was to find the prospects continuous professional development offer to lecturers at technical universities in Ghana. The researcher used two technical universities for the research. The study was qualitative in nature with a sample size of four-eight, comprising of six deans of faculty, six heads of department and thirty-six lecturers. Two interview schedules were used to collect the data. One of the schedules was used to collect data from the deans and the heads of department and the other was used to interview the lecturers. Some of the findings included that CPD helps lecturers at technical universities in Ghana to improve their teaching, research and managerial skills and competencies. CPD helps lecturers to conduct research and do publications which enhances their chances for promotion. The study also revealed that lecturers who embark on CPD face financial challenges. That aside, they also face sociological and psychological challenges. Sociologically, those who leave for further studies may not be able to make time for the family members and social events and can mar their social ties. When such people become isolated due to inability to socialise, or ignored by friends and colleges it can bring about psychological problems. It is recommended that lecturers should collaborate with other colleagues for research activities and publications. Moreover, all lecturers should budget every each to at least to attend one conference or workshop a year. Keywords: Coaching, Competencies, Prospects, Profession, Promotion.


Collections of essays dealing with European Romantic culture face something of a challenge: the topic is difficult to map, the dates of the so-called 'period' are disputed and in constant flux, and the 'movement' continually crosses linguistic, generic, and disciplinary borders. As a result, such volumes can fall into one of two traps: either they seek to encompass broader trends and end up lacking in close textual readings, or they are so sharply focused that they may be of limited appeal to more general readers. At over 700 pages, this volume of thirty-six essays, together with an Introduction and Conclusion, is more than comprehensive and makes a good attempt at circumventing such pitfalls. The fact that the collection belongs to an integrated sub-series — the others are dedicated to Romantic irony, drama, poetry, and non-fictional prose — helps to ensure that no single volume takes on too much.


Thermal analysis has been conducted numerically on a film cooled ramjet combustor with combining experimental data. The film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient on the exposed combustor wall were taken experimentally in a cold flow test to obtain the thermal boundary conditions. Distributions of temperature and thermal stresses on the combustor liner were calculated by using the boundary conditions from experimental data and a commercial code, ANSYS. The high thermal stress appears after the stabilizer wall. That is also the region attached by combustion flame. Thermal fracture will occur on the region of high thermal stress due to high temperature difference. The present results of temperature and stress distributions provide a guide line for thermal design in a film cooled ramjet combustor.


The utility model relates to a low-power-consumption wireless active temperature label. The low-power-consumption wireless temperature label comprises a temperature sensor, a radio frequency electronic module, a processor module, a power supply module and an antenna, wherein the temperature sensor is used for measuring a temperature value of a to-be-measured object; the processor module is used for controlling the work of all the other modules, acquiring the temperature value of the to-be-measured object measured by the temperature sensor, receiving user commands and outputting prompt information, and is in a state of dormancy when not being used; the radio frequency electronic module is used for storing temperature value information, sending the temperature information to an external card reader; and the power supply module is used for providing working voltage for the low-power-consumption wireless active temperature label. The low-power-consumption wireless active temperature label has a temperature measuring function as well as the functions of an electronic tag, all the temperature collection period, data sending period and sending frequency can be adjusted automatically, battery capacity check can be performed too, and the low-power-consumption wireless active temperature label has the characteristics of initiative submission, passive inquiry, low power consumption and the like.


Y2−xErxMo4O15 (x = 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, 2.0) phosphors were synthesised at 700 °C through a solid-state reaction method. The samples were characterised by XRD and emission spectra analysis. Y2−xErxMo4O15 samples showed a strong green emission (2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2) and a weak red emission (4F9/2 → 4I15/2) under 1550 and 980 nm excitation. The green emission intensity was enhanced increasing the Er3+ ion doping content, whereas the red emission was basically unchanged. Thus, Er2Mo4O15 exhibited an abnormal green up-conversion luminescence without concentration quenching under 1550 and 980 nm excitation. The dominating green up-conversion luminescence was due to the larger adjacent Er3+⋯Er3+ distance caused by the special structure of Er2Mo4O15, which limited the energy-transfer process and cross-relaxation responsible for the red up-conversion emission. Therefore, the up-conversion luminescence mechanism was excited-state absorption under 1550 nm excitation.


A 38-year-old man presented to the hospital with complaints of fever and multiple lesions on his face, hands, and arms. The lesions were appeared five days earlier before admission as painless small papules and developed into larger lesions with the darkish center. He was experiencing a fever for the last 24 hours. He was a farmer, he sacrificed and butchered a bull at the Eid al-Adha, ten days ago. He reported that he was healthy previously and did not use any drug. On physical examination, his body temperature was 39°C. He had multiple lesions on arms, hands, face and erythematous diffuse edema on his right hand, on 4th finger extending to the arm. There were some satellite lesions on the left arm (Figure1, 2), as well. He had a red lymphangitic streak on the right arm that extended from the hands toward the axillae with a palpable and tender axillary lymph node 2 cm in diameter. Laboratory examination revealed white blood count 11600 cells/μL with left shift, and C-reactive protein 85 mg/ dL (N: 0-5). Aspiration material was obtained from the lesion on the 4th finger, stained with Gram stain and cultured.


The invention relates to a method for recycling recycled N,N'-dicyclohexylurea. The method comprises the steps of adding N,N'-dicyclohexylurea and sodium hydroxide into a reaction still, starting stirring, raising temperature to 80-450 DEG C and reacting for 2-8 hours to steam out yielded fluid of cyclohexane in a reaction process. The method has the advantages that the N,N'-dicyclohexylurea of a bio-polypeptide condensing agent by-product is recycled to achieve reclamation of wastes, the problem that the industrialization of the N,N'-dicyclohexylurea is hard to be processed is solved, and the regeneration from the N,N'-dicyclohexylurea to cyclohexylamine to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is achieved, a solvent is not used, and the shortcomings that an organic solvent is flammable and combustible and high in cost are overcome, the yield of the cyclohexylamine is larger than 99%, the purity is larger than 99.3%, raw materials only have the N,N'-dicyclohexylurea and the sodium hydroxide, the products are only cyclohexylamine and sodium carbonate, and the cyclohexylamine and the sodium carbonate can be separated easily. The method is safe and environmentally friendly, low in cost and suitable for industrial production.


In vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced when tooth surfaces were subjected to topical applications of iodine (0.2% I2 in 2.0% KI) twice daily for 3 d. Similarly, in vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced on enamel surfaces that were subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. Control experiments indicated that neither ultraviolet irradiation nor iodine treatment interfered with mechanisms for bacterial apposition to dental plaque. The results are interpreted to suggest that plaque grows in mass primarily by the division and multiplication in situ by plaque bacteria, not by a continued apposition of salivary microbes.


A series of Higgs field quantum numbers in the anti-grand-unification model, based on the gauge group SMG/sup 3/*U(1)/sub f/, is tested against the spectrum of quark and lepton masses and mixing angles. A more precise formulation of the statement that the couplings are assumed of order unity is given. It is found that the corrections coming from this more precise assumption do not contain factors of the order of the number of colors, N/sub c/=3, as one could have feared. We also include a combinatorial correction factor, taking account of the distinct internal orderings within the chain Feynman diagrams in our statistical estimates. Strictly speaking our model predicts that the uncertainty in its predictions and thus the accuracy of our fits should be +or-60%. Many of the best fitting quantum numbers give a higher accuracy fit to the masses and mixing angles, although within the expected fluctuations in a chi /sup 2/. This means that our fit is as good as it can possibly be.


The intermittent nature of haemodialysis leads to fluctuations in potassium content, frequent predialysis hyperkalaemia and possible intraand/or postdialysis hypokalaemia (Plasma K < 3.5 mmol/L). The changes in extracellular potassium (Ke) during dialysis (circa 30–40%) are greater than those of intracellular potassium (Ki) (circa 5–10%): This and the rebound in plasma potassium postdialysis is further evidence of a relatively rapid change in the Ke/Ki ratio, another cardiac risk factor. Factors affecting Ke/Ki, with dialysis are the rate of externally imposed change in Ke and can include change/ abnormal levels of catecholamines, osmolality, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, pH, insulin, and uraemia. There is an increased mortality in people on dialysis associated with both predialysis hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia. In studies involving circa 200 000 and 20 000 person years, all cause mortality is increased by circa 150/10 000 person years in both predialysis hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia (Table 1). Those with more severe abnormalities have a further increase in mortality (Table 1). The increased mortality with hyperkalaemia was present after adjustment for case mix, including residual renal function. In a study of the sudden death of 80 people, occurring within 12 h of commencing dialysis, there was a trend to an increased risk in those with a plasma K <4 mmol/L: Importantly many also had evidence of increased dispersion of the Q and T waves on electrocardiograph or cardiac failure, complicating the issue as cardiac failure clearly increases the risk of death with hypokalaemia. In people with hypertension, not on dialysis, there is no convincing evidence of an increased mortality associated with a plasma potassium <3.5 mmol/L (Table 1), although the hypokalaemic group had a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. The coexistence of cardiac failure clearly reveals the cardiovascular risks of hypokalaemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In people with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and chronic heart failure (ejection fraction 33 ± 13%, eGFR 47 ± 9 mL/min) a plasma potassium <4 mmol/L was associated with an increased mortality of circa 400/10 000 person years, with the increase in mortality circa 1000/10 000 person years with a plasma K <3.5 mmol/L (Table 1). Within the constraints of comparing different studies, it seems likely that in people with heart failure and stage 3 CKD, or greater, and probably those on dialysis, the risk of mortality with a plasma potassium <4 mmol/L (circa 400+/ 10 000 person years) is substantial and greater than the risk of a plasma potassium 6–6.5 mmol/L (in patients without cardiac failure circa, 150/10 000 person years). In the absence of cardiac failure the cardiac risks of hypokalaemia are similar to those of hyperkalaemia. However, many patients on dialysis may be at risk from undiagnosed cardiac failure, or cardiac dilatation caused by fluid overload. In a retrospective cohort study of 2031 person years of dialysis, after extensive adjustment for other appropriate variables, there was no significant differences in mortality with differences in dialysate potassium (0–4 mmol/L) or the sum of dialysate potassium and plasma potassium (5–7 mmol/L). However the sensitivity of the study was limited by the low numbers at risk with a low or high dialysate potassium. In a study of sudden death during dialysis of circa 58 000 person years, sudden death on dialysis occurred at the rate of 110/10 000 person years, and those that died were twice as likely to have used a dialysate potassium of 0 or 1 mmol/L than their case selected cohorts. Whatever the risk of death of using a low dialysate potassium, it does have cardiac and hemodynamic consequences which place the patient risk. In a blinded crossover study of 24 patients with variations in dialysate potassium, the lower potassium lead to a lower mean blood pressure and a decrease in peripheral resistance. In another crossover study of 42 people on dialysis a larger gradient between plasma and dialysate potassium early in dialysis was associated with an increased frequency of premature ventricular contractions, and their coupling. The clearest messages from the above are that: • A low predialysis potassium (<4 mmol/L) should be avoided by managing any underlying cause and/or increasing dialysate potassium, particularly in those people with heart failure; • Use a dialysate K of ≥2 mol/L, unless there is compelling reason to use a lower concentration. The more difficult problem is how to manage significant predialysis hyperkalaemia. There is real risk of a predialysis potassium >6 mmol/L, but his needs to be balanced against a similar risk of its management by using a dialysate potassium of 0 or 1 mmol/L. The next step in managing predialysis hyperkalaemia, after appropriate dietary advice and/or any achievable increase in dialysis hours/frequency/efficiency, would be the options for increasing gastrointestinal potassium excretion by the use of cation exchange resins (limited by palatability, side effects and cost) or by identification, and treatment, of any hypoaldosteronism. Another option is to try to reduce the Ke/Ki ratio by ceasing non obligatory B Blocker treatment, identifying and treating any insulinopenia, and more bs_bs_banner


Models of presidential success have sometimes focused on the importance of political capital and sometimes looked at the partisan environment of Congress. We develop time-series models of success that refine and integrate these perspectives while reframing the matter in terms of research on congressional parties. Measures of the ideological and partisan makeup of Congress are used to explain presidential success from 1953 to 2006 but the approval of the president's base is important as well. We also show the electoral consequences to congressional parties of presidential success — congressional parties gain and lose seats based on the battles won and lost by the president. This gives legislators (not) of his party an incentive to see his agenda implemented (defeated). Studying both the causes and consequences of presidential success in Congress is meant to integrate theories of the two institutions along with extant theories of party behavior.


The research aims to evaluation the effect of immune thrombocytopenia in Iraqi pregnant women and its impact on Neonatal, where 100 patients were collected from different hospitals in Iraq. This study relied on evaluating pregnant women and was based on the observations that were approved. Pregnant women were followed up until two months after giving birth, and the most complications were blood transfusion for platelet transfusion severe <50 x 10^9/L with (9) patients, and we conclude Fortunately, thrombocytopenia Pregnancy does not pose any risk to the mother or Neonatal.


Survival analysis is a statistical method, a part of the Generalized Linear Models, used to study the survival time of an individual to an event. The application of survival analysis is indispensable in open and distance education, like Universitas Terbuka (UT), Indonesia. This analysis can determine students' durability of study opportunities within a certain time. The analysis showed that the appropriate survival model to describe the covariate that was supposed to influence the study durability of the UT students of the Non Basic Education Program was Log Logistics. Covariate that influenced the survival of study was course of study, age, marital status, employment status, educational background, number of credits taken, 1st semester's result, Grade Point Average (GPA), and the courses taken per semester.


Abstract : A multi-dimensional sequence is not, in general, uniquely defined in terms of only the phase or magnitude of its Fourier transform. However, in this paper some conditions are developed under which a multi-dimensional sequence is uniquely defined by its phase. A similar set of conditions are then developed for the unique specification of a multi-dimensional sequence in terms of its Fourier transform magnitude. In both cases, it is initially assumed that either the phase or magnitude is known for all frequencies. The results are then generalized to the case in which the phase or magnitude is known only for a finite set of frequency values. (Author)


Objective: It is important to ensure that our listing practice for tonsillectomy is in keeping with the best evidence available, as stated by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). We audited the accuracy of documentation of the SIGN guideline indications for tonsillectomies to ensure appropriate listing of such patients. Method: Medical notes of patients with recurrent tonsillitis presenting to our department were reviewed retrospectively to check for documentation of the SIGN indication for tonsillectomy. Three audit cycles were carried out, each over a 3-month period. Results: Prior to intervention, only 51% (25/51) patients undergoing tonsillectomy had documented evidence of adherence to SIGN guidelines for surgery. Interventions following the first audit cycle included presentation of audit findings, introduction of guideline templates for doctors to complete, and recruitment of medical secretaries to return the notes to doctors if documentation was incomplete. Postintervention, audit cycles 2 and 3 showed respectively 100% (30/30), and 92% (36/39) of patients had documented evidence of adherence. Conclusion: The introduction of a simplistic model of intervention as above improved the local adherence to SIGN guidance for tonsillectomy and translated to safe and better care for patients. This model is easily replicable and can be used in other ENT departments to improve patient care.


Consumption of farm-raised catfish in the United States has increased over the last few decades. However, consumers usually prefer it as a deep-fried product, especially in the southern United States. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the acceptability of low-fat baked catfish using a Central Location Test. Subjects (n=137) tasted, compared, and evaluated samples of low-fat baked catfish and deep-fried catfish. Results indicated that the fried product was favored (p <0.05) over the baked product. The majority of subjects (93.4%) identified the baked product as the healthier choice. Most subjects (85.7%) indicated that catfish was an overall healthy food choice. Reasons for consuming catfish included taste (75.6%), convenience (15.1%), health reasons (7.6%), and cost (1.7%). The majority of subjects (63.8%) indicated that they normally consumed catfish as a deep-fried product, but 91.9% indicated that they would be willing to consume catfish prepared in a low-fat manner.


Efficient and reliable techniques are key factors in the delivery of multimedia information over networks such as mobile ad hoc networks and the internet. Existing works tend to mix source coding techniques like multiple description coding and scalability with network techniques such as path diversity and forward error correction capabilities (FEC) or more recently rateless codes. In this work we exploit all these factors and propose a technique that generates H.264 compatible scalable streams which are sent over independent paths using rateless codes. The amount of allowed redundancy is adapted according to the channel capacity on a group of pictures basis. We show that the approach is efficient and allows to derive some design criteria to determine coding rate and buffer size at the receiver.


In this study, we have compared the well known N3 dye and Ru(II) complex substituted with antenna group, such as two pyrenes of both site to bipyridine. Molecular orbital analysis confirmed that the LUMO and LUMO+1 are essentially delocalized over the dcbpy and the antenna ligand, respectively. The TD-DFT calculations showed that the complex with pyrene antenna had more panchromatic absorption spectra in the region above 400 nm compared to N3 dye. Moreover, the absorption bands around between 400 and 550 nm were red-shifted and increase molar extinction coefficients due to the antenna unit.


Objective;to design and produce a passive vortex mixer,to provide a new choice for drug analysis and biological agent. Methods;on the base of diffusion theory during laminar flow,a passive vortex micromixer with higher mixing efficiency by fluids themselves rotation in the mixer is designed.A simplified fabrication technology for the polymethyimethacrylate micromixer was introduced.Without adhesive,the whole process of the seal can be realized by screw fixation in ultra-pure water,and this way could be explained in theory.Results;the depth of mixing chamber,machined surface roughness and appearance of micromixer were characterized by stereomicroscope with CCD and surface profilometer.Conclusions;with the increase of micromixer depths, the mixing efficiency is also improved.


Objective To analyse the clinical and electroencphalogram characteristics of headache epilepsy. Methods The clinical manifestations and electroencphalogram in 22 patients with headache epilepsies were analysed synchronously. Results The main clinical manifestations in patients with headache epilepsy were paroxysmal headache. The abnormality rate of electroencphalogram was 92% in patients with headache epilepsy. After therapy with antiepleptic drugs, the effective rate reached 82% . Conclusion Synchonously analyses the clinical and electroencphalogram might be helpful in the diagnosis of headache epilepsy.


Economic impact (EI) studies are widely undertaken, but seldom explained with precision. This paper attempts to clarify some of the methodological issues and provide a guide to researchers undertaking economic impact studies. Airports have been subject of many EI studies and are used as an example in this paper. The airport economy has been disaggregated into primary and secondary to account for different types of activities that take place. Primary linkages are defined as aviation related, and are usually located on-site or in the immediate vicinity of the airport; and secondary linkages encompass activities that are airport related, or for which their business is derived from air passengers.


The success of foraging birds is attributed to a wide range of factors. For example, in the cattle egret Bulbulcus ibis , the presence of cattle, insects and other conspecifics is widely reported to enhance foraging success. However, few studies have considered the combined effect of insect abundance, herd and flock size on such commensalistic relationship particularly under the nomadic cattle management system practiced across West Africa. Thus, this study, compared cattle egret foraging success (prey capture rates and time interval between successive prey captures) between egrets foraging within cattle and those foraging solitary during the mid-wet season (June to July) 2013. Also, foraging success was related to insect abundance as well as herd and flock size. Study populations were randomly selected across 13-sites in Jos-east and north Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 100 cattle egrets were studied using the focal observation technique. Abundance of insect prey per site was quantified using both sweep net and direct counts. Irrespective of the number of cattle at a site, cattle egrets foraging within cattle, significantly captured more prey and spent less time between successive prey captures than those feeding solitarily. Also prey capture rates increased significantly ( P 0.05) and insect abundance ( P >0.05) for solitary feeding birds. These observations agree with previous studies that proximate benefits in terms of enhanced foraging success could be the reason for the strong association between the two organisms. Keywords: cattle egret, foraging success, herd size, flock size


Cultural diversity is the only possible way of developing EU integration. This objective has to be seen from a general interest viewpoint, without any discrimination towards any kind of population – be it with European origins or not. From this viewpoint, cultural justice has a lot to do with the recognition of the non Europeans' contribution to the emerging European public space.


Abstract Medulloblastoma is an embryonic tumor mainly located at the level of structures derived from the myelencephalon. It is the most common malignant tumor in children with a prevalence of 15-20% of intracranial tumors. In adult constitutes less than 1% of encephalic tumors. Method: The authors report a case of a 34 years old woman, who started complaining of occipital headache with morning predominance that prompted several visits to general emergency, with no other focal neurological signs. The clinical and imagiological investigation revealed a left cerebellar hemisphere lesion with about 40 mm larger diameter, heterogeneous signal capture T2, with apparent implantation base on the tentorium and edema that determinated partial collapse of the IV ventricle. Meningioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, glioma, cerebellar abscess, hemangioblastoma and metastasis were considered in the diferential diagnosis. The patient underwent total excision of well-defined contours lesion with lower tentorial insertion. Pathological examination was consistent with medulloblastoma with neuronal and glial differentiation, IV grade (WHO classification). Postoperatively she presented loca haematoma with associated edema, conditioning acute hydrocephalus. The patient was reoperated with hematoma drainage and placement of external ventricular drainage. She has a follow-up of 2 years, with no evidence of recurrence or tumor dissemination. Karnofski performance score of 100% Although Medulloblastoma is a relatively rare brain lesion it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors. The diagnosis is histological only and in cases of a high grade lesions maximum excision is indicated, once complete recession is the strongest good prognostic factor in this pathology.


People use language in their daily life to communicate to each others. In communicating, there are two forms of how language can be produced, namely oral and written forms. We can easily know the oral form of language through conversation in daily life. Meanwhile, the written form can be found in either formal or informal one, for example in the magazine, newspaper, novel, etc. Magazine is one way to get information. Like tourism magazine, people get information about place, hotel and many others things about traveling. Most of them offer news in English.The use of English in tourism magazine normally is not easily understood because there are some specific words that the readers do not know before. In this study, the writer is interested in analyzing word formation processes of traveling terms. It is because word formation processes is a way of forming new words or terms from the use of old words (Yule, 1985).This study is aimed to investigate the kind word formation processes of traveling terms and find out the meaning of the words formation processes of traveling terms in "Black Meetings & Tourism" magazine Nov/Dec 2012 edition. The writer uses Yule's theory (1985)and O'Grady's theory (1996) to analyze the data. The result of the study is expected to give significance to the next researchers who are interested in studying morphology especially about word formation processes. They are expected to conduct similar studies by using other media such as movie, newspaper and other magazine or maybe by using any other terms such as fashion, sports, etc. Kata Kunci : proses pembentukan kata, istilah-istilah pariwisata majalah.


In recent years, outdoor spaces in apartment complexes have been enlarged with decreasing ground parking lots which are replaced by green spaces with strategic landscape designs. As a tool of landscape designs, green-wall with vegetation has increasingly been installed on external walls due to environmental benefits such as reducing the heat island impact and enhancing an area"s visual effect. In terms of acoustic benefits, green-wall with porous substrates could also be useful to reduce noise levels and reverberance by absorbing sound energy reflected from building surfaces, leading to improved outdoor sound environments. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the acoustic performance of outdoor spaces according to green-wall installation conditions on three different types of space-form using measurements and simulation. The simulated reduction of reverberation time on about 70% green-wall installation is 0.82sec in parallel shape type, 0.81sec in square bracket shape type and 1.0sec in quadrangle shape type. As a result, quadrangle shape type is more effective than other types on green-wall application. Furthermore, the reduction efficiency of reverberation time is decreased by more than 30% green-wall installation area compared to the total area of surface.


In this approach, one shear wave source propagates shear waves into the medium at the frequency w. An ultrasound probe is held above the surface of the medium. The ultrasound probe is vibrated by a vibrator at the frequency w-dw, where dw is much smaller than w. The ultrasound probe is carefully positioned so that there is always a gel filled gap between the probe and the surface of the phantom to make sure the vibration of the probe does not propagate into the phantom (Figure 1).


The data of COD_Mn,NH_3—N,TP,TN,Chla,and pH were collected at the 12 monitoring points in Caohu Lake.Then,the spatiotemporal characteristics of water environment and their causes were analyzed.Results showed that the trends of COD_Mn and TP in the lake were in a slight fluctuation from 1995 to 2007,but there were significant decreases in TN and NH_3—N.Chla had no obvious change except in 2003.Compared between the periods from 1995 to 1999 and from 2000 to 2007,the area of higher COD_Mn concentration was enlarged in the west lake from 2000 to 2007 and the area of TP was reduced in the west lake at the same period.The area of higher NH_3—N concentration migrated from the Paihe River inlet to Qiaonan area.TN and Chla concentrations in the west lake were higher than those in the east lake,but pH was high in Huailin in the east lake.In a word,water environment in the east lake was better than that in the west lake and water environment in the two lake areas has improved in recent years.The causes for the spatiotemporal characteristics of water environment in Chaohu Lake are possibly the point source pollution from industrialization,non-point source pollution from agriculture and living pollution from city,increased eutrophication by the steadily increased endogenous release,and a growth environment easy to induce water bloom and bad water environment.


The research goal is to analyze the influence of socioeconomic, governmental, and accessibility factors on ICT usage, expenditure, and infrastructure in 71 developing and developed countries. Overall results indicate primary importance of scientific and technical capacity as measured by publications, and secondary significance of foreign direct investment, government prioritization of ICT, public spending on education, and math/science education. For developed nations, technology factors are again most strongly associated with scientific publications, followed by foreign direct investment, % of females in the labor force, and education variables. For developing countries, technology attributes are strongly associated with foreign direct investment, government prioritization of IT, and education variables. The cases of ICT development and growth in Egypt and Estonia are examined and found to be consistent with the regression results for developing nations. The article suggests policy steps that can be taken by national governments to narrow the digital divide. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


are not available, especially in the context of low income countries in Africa. Schooling conditionalities are unlikely to work where it is not possible to expand school places, but if the objective of the programme is to increase enrolments and school attendance unconditional income transfers will not work either. The issue here is to combine income transfers with improvements in school infrastructure, independently of whether transfers are conditional or unconditional. The main reason not to include conditionalities in income transfers arises when these impose compliance costs on beneficiaries. To the extent that these costs are non-trivial and are not accounted for in setting the level of the transfer, they are likely to compound the adverse situation of those in poverty. As income transfer programmes seldom collect information on compliance costs, or attempt to account for these in setting benefits, this is a strong concern. To conclude, it is encouraging that a multidimensional understanding of the nature of poverty is exerting a strong influence on new forms of social assistance in developing countries. Among these, conditional income transfer programmes require beneficiaries to invest in schooling, health care, and nutrition. As with other design features of income transfers, conditionalities reflect programme objectives, social preferences, and political factors. As with other design features of income transfers, conditionalities have potential advantages and limitations. A particular concern with conditionalities is the extent to which they impose non-trivial compliance costs on beneficiaries not accounted for in setting benefit levels. Conditionalities can strengthen linkages between income transfers and basic services utilization. They are likely to be effective, if at all, at the margins. A rounded assessment of conditionalities in income transfers is essential to understanding emerging forms of social assistance in developing countries.


Abstract Two new species ofVelloziafrom the Espinhaco range in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described and their taxonomic relationships are considered. A discussion of their geographical distribution and an account of their leaf anatomy is provided.


University stability is an important issue associated with the social stability,especially the political stability.It has such main features as integrity and systematicalness,relativity and dynamicness,hierarchicalness and multiplicity,complexity and long term.University stability can be judged from such aspects as political situation,the orderliness of teaching and researching on the campus,the ideological and psychological situation,campus environment and regulations.We should change our working concept,highlight the students' dominant position,ensure the validity and effectiveness of stability-maintaining work,and construct collaborative teams and long-term mechanism to maintain stability in the universities.


Abstract In the present paper, we consider a compartmental epidemic model which simulates the co-circulation of three influenza strains, A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B, in a population with the history of exposure to these virus strains. A strain-specific incidence data for the model input was generated using long-term weekly ARI incidence and virologic testing data. The algorithm for model calibration was developed as a combination of simulated annealing and BFGS optimization methods. Two simulations were carried out, assuming the absence and the presence of protected individuals in the population, with 2017– 2018 and 2018–2019 epidemic seasons in Moscow as a case study. It was shown that strain-specific immune levels defined by virologic studies might be used in the model to obtain plausible incidence curves. However, different output parameter values, such as fractions of individuals exposed to particular virus strain in the previous epidemic season, can correspond to similar incidence trajectories, which complicates the assessment of herd immunity levels based on the model calibration. The results of the study will be used in the research of the interplay between the immunity formation dynamics and the circulation of influenza strains in Russian cities.


This paper present a numerical simulation of velocity and pressure drop in a single flow square shape microchannel. The ANSYS Fluent 2015 was used to predict the flow in the microchannel. The simulations were undertaken to inform on how the fluid flow within the microchannel using water, 1% Al2O3 nanofluid and 2% Al2O3 nanofluid in water. The microchannel was model using Solidwork 2014 with 0.5mm wide and 0.5mm height which is in square shape. The temperature inlet was constant at 303K and uniform heat flux used at bottom of microchannel was 100 W/m-2. The results show significant difference between working fluid used on velocity, pressure drop and the change of temperature. Comparisons also were made on velocity and pressure drop with previous study to validate present results. It has been observed the velocity was increased due to increase of Reynolds number. However, the pressure drop results show there is no much different at lowest Reynolds number (Re=0.1) for both fluid used but when increase at Re=100, water has high pressure drop. The velocity and pressure drop affected the temperature value in microchannel. This present analysis shows that the addition of nanoparticles to water leads to increasing of temperature and pressure drop compare to water. © 2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.


Objectives of Cruise: Eco-FOCI conducted an ichthyoplankton and juvenile flatfish survey in the Bering Sea from Bristol Bay to Unimak Island, Alaska. We used a 3m plumb staff beam trawl to conduct bottom sampling for 0-group flatfishes in presumed nursery areas. We used bongo and neuston nets to collect ichthyoplankton and zooplankton at all stations. We also employed a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) at selected locations over the continental shelf to examine depth-discrete patterns in pre-settling late-stage flatfish. Data on the physical characteristics of the water column were collected by a Seacat profiler collected in line with the bongo nets, and with a CTD (at selected stations). We also used the SIMRAD EK 60 Scientific Echosounder Monitoring system to collect ancillary data on adult fish aggregations during the entire cruise.


This work proposes fifth order Bernstein-Bézier (BB) curve segments to be used in path planning approaches. The combined path consists of BB spline sections with continuous second derivative in connections which means that the path curvature is continuous and feasible for wheeled robot to drive on. To further minimize the travelling time on this path a velocity profile is optimized by considering acceleration and velocity constraints.


The display device includes a scanning assembly for scanning the general two or more axes in a raster pattern. A plurality of light sources, each of those beams is placed in position to illuminate the range of the image region not substantially overlap for a range of other light. Image is in this way made from the "tiles" a set of. While forward sweep mirror, while the other sweeps in that and the mirror is made to emit a first light source, by which light is emitted to the second light source, the two halves of the common line, the mirror while in one sweep and the can be drawn. The common line of the two halves move the position of the light source as aligned reduces the raster thinning. In other embodiments, the same approach is used for imaging. Further, various approaches to control the response frequency of the different scanners are described. Then, including the positive control of the MEMs scanner and passive frequency adjustment. .The 41


This article presents the perspective of social psychology of work (SPW) and the relationships it establishes between research and intervention. From our point of view, SPW stems from responses to the socio-economic problems faced by workers. In the case of Brazil, it has developed from a critical social psychology, taking shape in two areas in particular: workers' health and the solidarity economy. Given that it figures in public debate and concerns problems that are of social importance, SPW research often takes the shape of intervention, and vice versa. Thus, there is a dynamic and unpredictable relationship between research and intervention in SPW, which arises directly within the field where social demands emerge.


Abstract It can be argued that the well-substantiated relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder (PD) symptoms may be confounded by comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety or dysfunctional childhood family environments. Therefore, the current study was designed to test the hypothesis that retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment would still be significantly related to reports of more PD symptoms when statistically controlling for these factors. One hundred and seventy-eight non-clinical participants were divided into groups reporting childhood maltreatment (n = 54) or not (n = 124) according to scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring current depression, anxiety, and PD symptoms as well as retrospective reports of their childhood environment. Results showed that individuals reporting childhood maltreatment reported more symptoms of PD than those not reporting childhood maltreatment, even when statistically co...


We compute the renormalized energy–momentum tensor of a free scalar field coupled to gravity on an (n + 1)-dimensional Einstein static universe (ESU), , with arbitrary low energy effective operators (up to mass dimension n + 1). A generic class of regulators is used, together with the Abel–Plana formula, leading to a manifestly regulator independent result. The general structure of the divergences is analysed to show that all the gravitational couplings (not just the cosmological constant) are renormalized for an arbitrary regulator. Various commonly used methods (damping function, point-splitting, momentum cut-off and zeta function) are shown to, effectively, belong to the given class. The final results depend strongly on the parity of n. A detailed analytical and numerical analysis is performed for the behaviours of the renormalized energy density and a quantity σ which determines if the strong energy condition holds for the 'quantum fluid'. We briefly discuss the quantum fluid backreaction problem, via the higher dimensional Friedmann and Raychaudhuri equations, observe that equilibrium radii exist and unveil the possibility of a 'Casimir stabilization of Einstein static universes'.


A further step towards a possible classification of $p$-groups by coclass was made by Eick & Leedham-Green in 2007. They gave a constructive proof of the ultimate periodicity of shaved coclass graphs. By giving a counterexample we show that there is a mistake in their proof, and we fill this gap.


For the high cost, large land occupation and low detection efficiency of auto ABS road experiment, an auto ABS indoor bench detection principle was proposed to make the detection of the integrative performance of auto ABS conveniently. The bench detection system mainly consists of road adhesion coefficient simulation unit, auto motion inertia simulation unit, measurement & control system and data acquisition system. In order to verify the correctness of the bench detection principle, the vehicle model, wheel model, braking force model, and tire-road model on the bench are established according to the ABS bench detection scheme. The simulation results show that the characteristic of the simulation curves are consistent with the ABS braking curves, which indicates the feasibility of the bench detection principle. Keywordsauto; anti-lock braking system; bench detection; modeling and simulation


The utility model discloses a battery flame proof case, shell are enclosed by tube bank (2), and tube bank (2) periphery is fixed by steelframe (1), restrain (2) but pass through the impact that the explosion of radial deformation active absorption battery produced to do not need very high intensity just can keep apart the impact that the explosion produced, weight reduction, it can effectively increase heat radiating area and reduce the wall thickness to restrain the structure simultaneously, and it is faster to dispel the heat.


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How does the nervous system coordinate the control of different behaviors? For example, different rhythmic behaviors that normally function independently may need to work together under certain circumstances. One example of this phenomenon is the way that our respiratory rate


Objective
To investigate the role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the regulation of inflammatory cytokines in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD) rat model, and to explore the possible mechanism involved in G-CSF neuroprotective effect via the mammalian target of Rapamycin/p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (mTOR/p70S6K) signaling pathway.

Methods
A group of postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rat pups (90 cases) were randomly divided into sham-operated group, hypoxia-ischemia(HI) group, G-CSF group, Rapamycin (RAP) group and control group, and the improved Rice method was used to establish a neonatal rat model of HIBD.One hour before HI induction, Rapamycin was administered intraperitoneally with a dose of 250 μg/kg, and the control group was given equal volume of ethanol injected intraperitoneally.One hour after HI, a dose of 50 μg/kg of G-CSF was injected intraperitoneally into the G-CSF group, Rapamycin group and control group.The same volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally into HI group and sham-operated group.Forty-eight hours after HI, Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in brain tissue.Neuron injury of the hippocampal CA1 region and the cortex was assessed by Nissl staining, and infarct volume detected by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.

Results
The G-CSF group and control group were associated with significantly reduced infarction volume compared to the HI group [(12.87±1.54)%, (11.90±1.31)% vs.(24.21±3.28)%], and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). There was an increased positive neuron cell number in the ipsilateral hemispheres of the hippocampal CA1 region in the G-CSF group and the control group [(61.00±4.90) cell/field and (61.67±6.40) cell/field] and cortex [(92.67±6.68) cell/field and (90.17±4.45) cell/field] compared with those in HI group [(42.62±4.46) cell/field and (70.83±6.97) cell/field], and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in the G-CSF group and the control group, compared with those in HI group(TNF-α: 0.67±0.07, 0.55±0.05 vs.0.86±0.05; IL-1β: 0.65±0.06, 0.52±0.10 vs.0.86±0.06), and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). There was increased expression levels of IL-10, p-mTOR/mTOR and p-p70S6K/p70S6K in the G-CSF group and the control group, compared with those in HI group (IL-10: 0.68±0.04, 0.62±0.05 vs.0.34±0.02; p-mTOR/mTOR: 0.53±0.02, 0.51±0.01 vs.0.26±0.01; p-p70S6K/p70S6K: 0.89±0.03, 0.90±0.03 vs.0.55±0.02), and the differences were all statistically significant(all P<0.05). There was an increased infarct volume in Rapamycin group [(25.70±1.50)%], compared with the G-CSF group and the control group, and there were decreased number of positive neuron cell count in the hippocampal CA1 region [(40.67±3.50) cell/field] and cortex [(68.33±8.17) cell/field], increased expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1β (0.97±0.06 and 0.98±0.10, respectively), decreased expression levels of IL-10, p-mTOR/mTOR and p-p70S6K/p70S6K (0.21±0.02, 0.30±0.01 and 0.55±0.01, respectively) in the Rapamycin group, and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Conclusions
G-CSF may inhibit inflammatory responses after HIBD by up-regulating the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in neonatal HI encephalopathy.

Key words:
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage; Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; Mammalian target of Rapamycin/p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase; Inflammatory cytokine; Rat, newborn


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