The paper analyses the contribution of different types of innovative entrepreneurship: new products entrepreneurship, new technology development entrepreneurship, high growth expectation entrepreneurship and average growth expectation entrepreneurship to economic growth in emerging markets. The aim of paper is to identify types of innovative entrepreneurship which have the greatest contribution to economic growth in emerging markets and propose measures that macroeconomic policy makers could implement to achieve sustainable economic growth. The regression analysis is performed in order to estimate the impact of different types of innovative entrepreneurship on economic growth in 13 emerging markets. The results have shown that a high growth expectation entrepreneurship has the greatest influence on economic growth. Also, results have shown that impact of new products entrepreneurship is bigger than impact of technology development entrepreneurship on economic growth in emerging markets.


Abstrcat Dostoyevsky is an extraordinary writer whose works present crime problems from different perspectives. Crime and punishment become a basic theme in Dostoyevsky's works. This paper approaches the reasons for his concern for the crime from three aspects:personal experiences,social situation and the conception of original sin from the religion ideas.


We consider the channel estimation issues for two-way relay network (TWRN) that employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. We propose a two-phase training protocol for channel estimation, which is compatible with two-phase data transmission scheme associated with TWRN. It will be seen that channel estimation in TWRN is quite different from that in the traditional point-to-point system or even that in the one-way relay network (OWRN). The identifiability issue of the channel estimation, which particularly exists for TWRN, is studied. Simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


This paper deals with Theoretical and Experimental methods for identification of coulomb ,Viscous and Particle damping parameters from the response of Single degree of freedom harmonically forced linear oscillator when system damped with more than one type of damping ,which parameter is responsible for the control of resonant response of vibrating systems, in experimental method setup have been presented to investigate steady state response amplitude xi for SDOF system for different values of amplitude Yi of the base excitation from this relationship of (Xi ,Yi) the values of viscous damping coefficient "c" and coulomb friction force F0 ,also equivalent viscous damping ratios ,have been calculated from frequency response analysis for the systems with viscous damping ,Viscous and Coulomb friction damping, coulomb friction damping and particle damping by using half power band-width method and in theoretical studies expression for steady state amplitude X0 obtained is used to study the effect of frequency ratio and coulomb friction parameters on phase angle and amplitude ratio.


Product innovation's success at research and development level, does not guarantee that it will lead to the success in commercialization stage. Despite the enormous research efforts, the commercialization rates of product innovation are still at an alarming level in many countries including Malaysia. While collaboration has been acknowledged as pertinent to the success of innovation product commercialization, the collaborative effort between innovation recipient firm and the innovators remains limited. Besides, one of the central questions is how and under what condition the two parties are more likely to engage in a resilient collaborative effort, from the perspective of innovation recipient firms remain unclear. This new perspective requires an understanding of the relationship between collaboration and commercialization performance and the moderating effect of TC from firm's perspective. Based on the response of 104 product innovation recipient firms, the findings show that collaboration positively aff...


the importance of the prologue of hebrews (1.1-4) to the letter can hardly be overstated, elucidating as it does the distinct, dialectic modes of divine speaking: one, of old, mediated through the prophets (1.1), the other, the new, final, once for all declaration now made through the Son (1.2a). This definitive filial utterance established, the writer continues with a sevenfold declaration of the Son's character and attributes (1.2c-3), qualities that will contribute to his ultimately being superior to angels (1.4-14). The second of these declarations—δι ̓ οὗ καὶ ἐποίησεν τοὺς αἰῶνας (1.2c)—seems to appeal to some form of wisdom/creation tradition, ascribing a creative agency to the Son that is not accredited to any merely angelic being. While the rhetorical or literary function of the clause is not especially complicated, and while the attribution of some form of creative capacity to the Son is not generally in dispute, the extent of what is being created through the filial agency remains somewhat uncertain or ambiguous. the object of ἐποίησεν—τοὺς αἰῶνας—is invariably translated in physical or tangible terms, bespeaking some form of spatial entity being created. A survey of recent translations concurs with this assessment:


A label-free quantification strategy including the development of in-house software (NakedQuant) to calculate the average TIC across all spectral counts in tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tagging liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry MS/MS (LC/MS/MS) experiments was applied to a large-scale study of protein complexes in the MAPK portion of the insulin signaling pathway from Drosophila cells. Dynamics were calculated under basal and stimulating conditions as fold changes. These experiments were performed in the context of a core service model with the user performing the TAP immunoprecipitation and the MS core performing the MS and informatics stops. The MS strategy showed excellent coverage of known components in addition to potentially novel interactions.


To the Editor:

Since June 1997, we have measured homocysteine (Hcy) in 42 patients with cervical artery dissection (CAD), and so far, the mean Hcy level has been 17.8±9.1 μmol/L. This finding confirms our previous ones demonstrating that mild hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with CAD.1 This result was confirmed by another group.2 It is still unknown whether hyperhomocysteinemia, responsible for endothelial damage, can cause secondary dissection. The role of hyperhomocysteinemia in inducing endothelial damage and early atherogenesis has been documented both in vitro and in vivo.3–5 On the other hand, Magyar et al6 reported that Hcy and inflammatory markers have a significant role in early-onset carotid atherosclerosis. Hcy should have another effect in CAD patients. Except for a few elderly CAD patients in whom atherosclerotic lesions are described together with CAD,1 no atherosclerotic lesions were found in younger CAD patients …


The Lesser Antilles consist of those West Indian islands which extend from the Anegada Passage in the north to Grenada in the south.¹) These islands are nomenclatorially divided into two major groups: 1) The Leeward Islands, including Sombrero, Anguilla, St. Martin, St.-Barthelemy [= St. Barts], Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher [= St. Kitts], Nevis, Redonda, Montserrat, Barbuda, and Antigua, and 2) the Windward Islands, including Guadeloupe (with its satellites Marie-Galante, La Desirade, Les Saintes), Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados. Geologically, the Lesser Antilles can be divided into two major groups: 1) those which are mountainous – the so-called inner-chain islands – which are younger and more recently volcanic (Saba to Grenada, and including the western or Basse-Terre portion of Guadeloupe, and Les Saintes), and 2) the older, gently rolling limestone islands – the so-called outer-chain islands (Sombrero to Marie-Galante, and including the Grande-Terre portion of Guadeloupe, La Desirade, and Barbados). The northern Leeward Islands may be additionally grouped according to the banks on which they lie: the Anguilla Bank (incl. Anguilla, St. Martin and St.-Barthelemy), the St. Christopher Bank (incl. St. Eustatius, St. Kitts and Nevis), and the Antigua Bank (incl. Antigua and Barbuda). The Lesser Antilles extend for about 750 kilometers in a northwest to southeast direction on a slightly bowed arc. The mountainous inner-chain islands are generally very mesic, with the windward (eastern) coast wet and the leeward (western) coast dry; the latter lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains. This brief ecological statement is greatly oversimplified, since on some islands there are dry sections on the windward side (the Presqu'ile de la Caravelle on Martinique is a notable example) and occasional sections of the leeward coast are better watered than is customary (the central western coast of Dominica and the western coast of Montserrat are examples). The central mountains vary in maximum elevation from 1975 feet (602 m) in St. Eustatius to 4813 feet (1456 m) in Guadeloupe; Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique, in that order, have the three highest peaks in the Lesser Antilles.


The research proceeded according to the original plan, with only minor modifications. In particular, the research on the reasoning use case started several months earlier than planned, and was nearly completed by end 2011. On the other hand, the research on logical patterns systematization is slightly delayed, partly because the working visit to University of Manchester had to be shifted to early 2012. While the research on naming patterns progressed at the level of empirical experiments (using a tool created by a foreign partner), the actual theoretical work (using the apparatus of analytical linguistics) was postponed to 2012. In year 2 the formal model was relatively stable. The ontology pattern language was however extended by new features reflecting the more advanced implementation: optional axioms and variable number of arguments in certain kinds of axioms. Furthermore, rich annotations reflecting ontology updates (ontology additions and removals) can now be expressed. New research on systematic categorization of published logical patterns was eventually started in the end of 2011. The main motivation is to create a sound template according to which logical/structural patterns could be retrieved and indexed at the OntologyDesignPatterns.org portal. Submission of the results to a major European conference is envisaged for the first half of 2012. The detection and transformation service, already developed in year 1, was further enhanced, in particular in terms of handling so‐called additional axioms (3 different strategies, and 3 sub‐ strategies) and recursive detection/application. Furthermore, in addition to RESTful services, the functionality was also implemented as a Java library, which allowed its subsequent use in the import use case (below). The new implementation was described in a demo paper [4]. In order to enable convenient authoring of transformation patterns, a visual editor was developed by student M. Dudáš. It is also described in [4], and available for download from The WP2 deliverable, D2.3 Report on evaluation of style transformation, had the character of a study in a particular WP4 use case, namely the content pattern import use case, which was identified as topical in 2011. The study has the form of a section in a working paper, 1 describing the pattern detection tests on three ontologies; it will be extended in the first half of 2012 towards an IF journal submission (joint with ISTC‐CNR Rome). Another part of the paper corresponds to an early version of D4.2 Report on the ontology import use case. The comparison of …


Abstract Background In head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) a valid predictive parameter for the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors is still missing especially in locally advanced stages. Methods In the phase II CheckRad-CD8 trial unselected patients with HNSCC stage III-IVB receive one cycle of induction chemo-immunotherapy with cisplatin (30mg/m² d1-3)/ docetaxel (75mg/m² d1) plus durvalumab (1500mg absolute d5)/ tremelimumab(75mg absolute d5). Intra- and peritumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells are assessed before and after the induction chemo-immunotherapy. Patients with CD8+ T-cell increase after induction chemo-immunotherapy enter radio-immunotherapy, patients without CD8+ T-cell increase enter radio-chemotherapy. This interim analysis including immunophenotyping of whole blood was performed after 10 patients had completed the re-evaluation after induction chemo-immunotherapy. Results 6 patients with oropharyngeal, 2 patients with hypopharyngeal and 2 patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer were included. The mean pre-treatment intratumoral CD8 density was 1094 CD8+ cells/mm². 8 of 10 patients had a pathological complete response of their primary tumor defined by complete absence of remaining tumor cells in re-biopsies after induction treatment. The other two patients showed an average intratumoral increase from 227 CD8+ cells/mm² to 1074 CD8+ cells/mm². According to RECIST 1.1 criteria 6 patients had a partial response (PR), 3 patients a stable disease (SD), 1 patient was not evaluable. Grade III-IV toxicity included one case of hepatitis and one infectious diarrhea. Detailed immunophenotyping revealed a trend of slight reduction of CD8+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of patients with initially lower numbers of intratumoral CD8+ T-cells. The early activation marker CD69 is increased on T-cells and PD-1 on T-helper cells after induction treatment. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest a promising response to single cycle induction treatment with cisplatin/ docetaxel plus durvalumab/ tremelimumab in unselected HNSCC patients. Furthermore, they show an induction of an immune response in both in the tumor tissue and the peripheral blood. Clinical trial identification NCT03426657. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding AstraZeneca. Disclosure M. Hecht: Research grant / Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: MSD. A. Gostian: Advisory / Consultancy: test. M. Eckstein: Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Janssen-Cilag/JohnsonJ Honoraria (self): Astellas; Honoraria (self): Roche. M.G. Hautmann: Honoraria (self): AstraZeneca. S. Laban: Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: MSD; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: BMS; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Honoraria (self): Merck Serono. A. Hartmann: Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: BMS; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: MSD; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Roche; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Cepheid; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: AstraZeneca; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: Boehringer Ingelheim; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy: AbbVie; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Janssen; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): NanoString; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Illumina; Advisory / Consultancy: Quiagen; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Biontech; Advisory / Consultancy: 3D Histotech. U. Gaipl: Research grant / Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Research grant / Funding (institution): MSD. R. Fietkau: Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Merck Serono; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): AstraZeneca; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Novocure; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Brainlab; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Fresenius Kabi; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): BMS; Honoraria (self), Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): MSD. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


The opinions expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or the governments of its Member countries.


Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the most important pulses grown in different tropical and sub tropical parts of the world which is commonly known as green gram (bean). It is rich in vitamin A and protein that considered as a substitute of animal protein and forms a balanced diet when taken in combination with cereals contain low level of protein. It is a favorable crop for the semi-arid areas due to its short growing cycle. It has an ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen for its own use, improves soil fertility and for residual carry over in association with rhizobium strains. Nitrogenous fertilizers are important because nitrogen is the main component of amino acid as well as protein. But the use of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) technology in the form of rhizobium inoculants in grain legumes can be an alternative of nitrogenous fertilizer. It also requires phosphorus , for growth and development. Mungbean meet up its N requirement through BNF depending on proper growth, development and also leg-hemoglobin content of the root nodules through activity of phosphorus which is very important for nodule formation and to fix atmospheric nitrogen. All characteristics of grain and shoot dry matter (above ground biomass) yields were significantly increased due to seed inoculation with particular rhizobial strains. It is recommended to apply appropriate amount of N mineral fertilizer directly before sowing even though a soil is well supplied with N. Phosphorus is needed in relatively large amounts by legumes for growth and high level of phosphorus in the soil helps the uptake of other nutrients, which ultimately produces healthy plant parts. Growth and yield of mungbean can be increased due to appropriate application of NP fertilizers with rhizobium strains. NP nutrient deficiencies are the major constraints limiting N fixation, growth and yield and a deficiency can be overcome by applying rhizobium strain and providing N and P nutrients in the soil. Production potential of mungbean is dependent on primary essential elements nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and rhizobium strains. So, optimum supply of nitrogen and phosphorus inoculating with appropriate strains are the best ways of mungbean production and also further researches on other macro and micro nutrients are need to be done. Keywords : Mungbean, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Rhizobium strain, Growth, Yield DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-23-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2019


In the last 5 years, III-nitrides have attracted enormous attention because of their wide bandgaps, and after finding how to grow material of sufficient quality, they are being exploited commercially for blue and green light emitting diodes (LEDs). There remains much to be done in finding device structures that optimise LED efficiency. Here, we present simulations of charge transport in a novel structure based on two quantum wells.


A communication terminal for providing a detection has an application configured to receive a first message from a requesting communication device, wherein the first message includes a request for a detection, a first digital signature, and a request for the user descriptive information. The application is further configured to check the first digital signature and to service the request upon successful verification and create a response message to the requesting communication device, wherein the response message includes a response to the request in the request.


We examined the effects of dietary nucleotides on the immune response balance in two subtypes of T helper cells, type 1 (Thl) and type 2 (Th2) cells, In experiment 1, BALB/c mice were maintained on a nucleotide-free diet (NT(-) diet) or the NT(-) diet supplemented with dietary nucieotides (NT(+) diet) from 4 weeks prior to mating and throughout the experiments. The second generations of these mice (Fl) were maintained on the same diet as the respective dams. Male F1-generation mice were used to determine the serum immunoglobulin levels. The serum lgE levels were significantly decreased in mice fed the NT(+) diet (p <0.05) compared with ones fed the NT(-) diet. The serum lgGl and lgG2a levels were not significantly different between the two dietary groups. However, the lgGl :lgG2a level ratio was significantly decreased in mice fed the NT(+) diet (p <0.05). In experiment 2, BALB/c weanling mice were placed on the NT(-) diet or NT(+) diet for 10 weeks. The production of splenic interleukin-4, a cytokine produced by Th2, was decreased in mice fed the NT(+) diet compared with ones fed the NT(-) diet. On the other hand, the production of splenic interferon-y, a cytokine produced by Thl, was increased in mice fed the NT(+)diet. These results suggest that dietary nucleotides may up-regulate the Thl immune response in systemic immunity. @ 1997 Ek3iuSciraceIn C.


The invention discloses a method for prompting terminal services on the basis of the GPS location technology and a system thereof, which provide service promoting functions for users. The method comprises: setting one or a plurality of promoting conditions which relate to GPS information by users, obtaining the GPS information by a terminal, and sending promptings to the users when the terminal judges that the obtained GPS information satisfies the promoting conditions. The system comprises a terminal device and a network device, wherein the terminal device comprises a GPS module, a terminal GPS processing module, a terminal storage module, a judging module and a promoting module, and the network device comprises a network GPS processing module and a network service processing module.


A procedure for calculating the attitude disturbances imparted to a spacecraft by the impacts of meteoroids is presented herein. It is shown that the anisotropy of the incident flux of meteoroids on the space vehicle, coupled with the inherent asymmetry of typical vehicles, leads to a steady-state disturbance in addition to the possibility of disturbance torques due to single impacts of relatively rare, large particles. It is further shown that a multiplication of momentum effect takes place during the hypervelocity impact of a meteoroid; this phenomenon can increase the attitude perturbation effect of meteoroids by an order of magnitude. Finally, it is illustrated that, in spite of uncertainties of several orders of magnitude in the results, it is possible to accommodate the most pessimistic situation without excessive weight penalties and without undue complexity in the design of an attitude control system.


Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier system and more popular for high data rate communication in a wireless environment. However OFDM suffers from a major drawback of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR), which reduces the performance efficiency of the nonlinear power amplifiers used at the transmitter. Alternatively, to transmit the high PAPR without distortion, the power amplifier requires a wide dynamic range which increases the complexity and cost of the amplifier. Thus, we propose a new method to reduce the PAPR of the OFDM signals based on the μ-law with two inflection points, i.e., the compress and enhance parts of the μ-law operates on the OFDM signals that are greater than the large inflection point and lower than the small inflection point, respectively. Simulation results are presented to compare the PAPR and BER performance of the developed method with the μ-law and the linear companding transform (LCT).


In this paper the first thirty-two axisymmetric modes for steady-periodic waves in viscous compressible liquids contained in rigid, impermeable, circular tubes are calculated. These results end long speculation over the effects of viscosity on guided acoustic waves. Sixteen of the modes belong to a family of rotation-dominated modes whose existence was previously unknown. The thirty-two modes were computed for a wide range of frequencies, viscosities and wave-lengths. The modes were found through the use of the method of eigenvalleys, which also led to the discovery of backward-propagating waves, an exact analytical expression for the zeroth rotational mode eigenvalue, definitive boundaries between low and intermediate frequencies and between intermediate and high frequencies, and a new type of boundary layer, called a dilatational boundary layer.


Optimization techniques to ensure synthesis of stiffened and laminated composite panels subjected to acoustic excitation are presented. The criteria for optimization are established to balance the structure weight and fatigue life. Test spectrum of loading pressure fluctuations is in use, with the parameters of pressure correlation ensuring the greatest response. For stiffened structures, stress spectra and corresponding root‐mean‐square values in points of maximum response are computed by means of special software to draw the special final diagrams that connect nondimensional structure parameters and optimization criteria. These diagrams are then used to select optimal parameters of reinforcement. For composite structures, correlation of the nondimensional parameters representing structure stress level, acoustic load level, dominant frequency of vibration, and panel anisotropy is computed by the same technique. The functions computed are later used to estimate how the criterion for optimization depends o...


A recent experiment reported that a newly crystallized phosphine-protected Au20 nanocluster [Au20(PPhy2)10Cl4]Cl2 [PPhpy2 = bis(2-pyridyl)phenylphosphine] owns a very stable Au20 core, but the number of valence electrons of the Au20 core is 14e, which is not predicted by the superatom model. So we apply the density functional theory to further study this cluster from its molecular orbital and chemical bonding. The results suggest that the Au20(+6) core is an analogue of the F2 molecule based on the super valence bond model, and the 20-center–14-electron Au20(+6) core can be taken as a superatomic molecule bonded by two 11-center–7-electron superatoms, where the two 11c superatoms share two Au atoms and two electrons to meet an 8-electron closed shell for each. The electronic shell closure enhances the stability of the Au20 core, besides the PN bridges. Exceptionally, the theoretical HOMO–LUMO gap (1.03 eV) disagrees with the experimental value (2.24 eV), and some possible reasons for this big difference a...


A Critical Incident Approach of Examining the Effects of Service Breakdowns on Custoemr Relationships. The Case of Swedish and US Airlines


For a variety of safety and economic reasons, engineering undergraduates in Australia have experienced diminishing access to the real hardware that is typically the embodiment of their theoretical studies. This trend will delay the development of practical competence, decrease the ability to model and design, and suppress motivation in all but the most imaginative students. The authors have attempted to address this concern by creating a software tool that contains both photographic images of real machinery, and sets of modelling 'tools'. Academics can use the software to set tutorial tasks, and incorporate feedback comments for a range of student responses. An evaluation of the software demonstrated that students who had solved modelling problems with the aid of the electronic tutor performed significantly better in formal examinations with similar modelling tasks.


Objectives While documented plans for patient and public involvement (PPI) in research are required in many grant applications, little is known about how frequently PPI occurs in practice. Low levels of reported PPI may mask actual activity due to limited PPI reporting requirements. This research analysed the frequency and types of reported PPI in the presence and absence of a journal requirement to include this information. Design and setting A before and after comparison of PPI reported in research papers published in The BMJ before and 1 year after the introduction of a journal policy requiring authors to report if and how they involved patients and the public within their papers. Results Between 1 June 2013 and 31 May 2014, The BMJ published 189 research papers and 1 (0.5%) reported PPI activity. From 1 June 2015 to 31 May 2016, following the introduction of the policy, The BMJ published 152 research papers of which 16 (11%) reported PPI activity. Patients contributed to grant applications in addition to designing studies through to coauthorship and participation in study dissemination. Patient contributors were often not fully acknowledged; 6 of 17 (35%) papers acknowledged their contributions and 2 (12%) included them as coauthors. Conclusions Infrequent reporting of PPI activity does not appear to be purely due to a failure of documentation. Reporting of PPI activity increased after the introduction of The BMJ's policy, but activity both before and after was low and reporting was inconsistent in quality. Journals, funders and research institutions should collaborate to move us from the current situation where PPI is an optional extra to one where PPI is fully embedded in practice throughout the research process.


Primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is one of the most common forms of glomerular disorder in children.It is reported that over 90% of patients are due to minimal change disease and most respond to glucocorticoid(GC) therapy.However, 76%-93% cases have relapses and 40%-50% frequently relapses nephritic syndrome or steroid dependent nephritic syndrome when steroid is tapered.Long-term courses of GC and immunosuppressant will place them at increased risk for severe side effects.Not all patients do respond to therapy.Although most reports on rituximab use in pediatric patients have not recognized significant side effects, the long-term adverse events of rituximab are not known.Thus, controlled long-term studies are required to be done to assess the risk-benefit profile of rituximab in childhood nephrotic syndrome.

Key words:
Nephrotic syndrome; Rituximab; Child


Abstract Washington, DC, has been the site of a course offered by the Department of Housing and Consumer Economics, University of Georgia, since 1991. This article describes the development of the off-site course, course mechanics, examples of activities, and considerations for faculty who may wish to develop a similar course. Student comments about the course have been positive, reinforcing the advantages of providing students with first-hand experiences of ? housing and consumer economics issues.


Kant claims this about the structure of judgments. We are told that they can be classified äs synthetic or analytic. We are further told that to judge is to relate concepts one to another. And, finally, we are told that what Kant calls synthetic judgments are irreducible to analytic judgments. These claims have generated a philosophically and historically important dispute. Some have argued that the distinction between synthetic and analytic judgments had really been anticipated by distinctions supplied by the Leibniz-Wolff tradition. Call this the Eberhard-Lovejoy Thesis (ELT for short). Yet Kant and others have argued with equal persistence that Kant's theory of synthetic judgment has characteristics which ELT cannot reconstruct. Call this the Kant-Beck Thesis (KBT for short). Both of these alternatives are wrong. And they are wrong because they assume a common premiss which vitiates both of them. They assume that the content of a judgment is always a relation between two concepts. This assumption undermines the claim of ELT that the Kantian synthetic-analytic distinction had been anticipated by his predecessors and KBT's claim that there is a genuine distinction between the two kinds of judgment. Both claims ultimately collapse on the same common assumption. For neither of them understands the relevance of the distinction between what Kant calls intuitions and concepts to the synthetic-analytic distinction.


Vigorous seedling growth is a desirable trait for machine-assisted transplanting using a plug nursery system in bunching onion. This study was undertaken to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seedling growth and to elucidate the modes of gene action of the QTLs. Plant material was a set of reciprocally backcrossed populations (BC1). These were produced from 2 inbred lines derived from the Senju group and Kujo group. Two corresponding BC1 maps were constructed by adding co-dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to the previously reported amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) based maps. Fresh weights of seedlings were measured in 3 seasons using BC1S1 families. Remarkable heterosis was observed in F1 and many BC1S1 families. Many QTLs for seedling weight were detected on the 2 maps by composite interval mapping. The phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL was less than 25%. Of these, 3 QTLs on 3 linkage groups are considered to be consistently effective across different environmental conditions because they were detected in different years and seasons. Most QTLs were detected on one map, but were not detected in a corresponding region on the other map; however, the degree of dominance at each locus was calculated to determine whether the locus shows overdominance. Overdominance was observed at some loci, and the other loci showed an additive and dominant effect. It is suggested that remarkable heterosis for seedling weight in the present population is based on the accumulation of dominant and overdominant gene actions.


Note: A final version of this research has been published (link and reference below).Link: https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2020/07/24/2009030117.full.pdfReference: Heck, P.R., Watts, D., Chabris, C.F., & Meyer, M.N. (2020). Objecting to experiments even while approving of the policies or treatments they compare. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009030117Across three studies that revealed the A/B Effect using a between-subjects design in Meyer et al. (2019), we find via corresponding within-subjects designs that the A/B Effect persists even when participants (1) have complete information about the options available to a decision-maker (i.e., to implement policy A for everyone or policy B for everyone, or to run an A/B test between them and use the results to choose the best policy), (2) rate the appropriateness of these decisions after being able to consider all of them, and (3) rank-order the soundness of the decisions to run an A/B test or implement an untested policy. The result held across three domains: two healthcare (a hospital and a walk-in clinic) and one corporate (a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company). Importantly, the results were robust to increasing levels of conservativeness in the critical test for the presence of an effect.


PurposeGreen buildings have proven to be essential contributors to the sustainability of buildings in the construction industry. However, in developing economies, the rate of green building adoption is slow. Moreover, the factors linked to a relatively slow adoption rarely feature in the literature. This study seeks to bridge the gap by first exploring factors influencing the adoption of green buildings. Second, analysing strategies and preferences determining the adoption of green building principles and lastly, exploring case-based opportunities for their adoption in Tanzania.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from twelve key informants. The qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate that the most influential factors in green building adoption are related to key organizational decisions. Moreover, social and environmental factors are more related to green building adoption than economic factors. In addition, energy and water efficiency are the most commonly adopted sustainability features, while certified materials, recycling and reusing are rarely implemented.Practical implicationsSince green building adoption is still in its infancy, this study informs policymakers, professional bodies, developers, and researchers of the empirically supported factors for green building adoption. The conclusions can be amplified within the sustainability movement.Originality/valueThis study provides an in-depth understanding of the precursors of green building adoption, which is increasingly becoming a paradigm shift in the construction sector. The study is the first to present an in-depth analysis of the real-life factors influencing the adoption of green buildings in Tanzania.


Objective This study e-amined the effects of acute psychological stress and e-haustive e-ercise on the e-pression and density of adhesion molecules (L-selectin, lymphocyte function antigen-1 [LFA-1], and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1]) on monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Methods Forty-five healthy volunteers performed a 15-minute public speaking task and a 15- to 18-minute bicycle ergometer challenge. Results In general, both the e-ercise and speaking tasks led to increases in the number of circulating leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets. The density of L-selectin (CD62L) on mi-ed lymphocytes and T lymphocytes was decreased in response to e-ercise (p values < .001). Both stressors led to an increased density of LFA-1 (CD11a) on mixed lymphocytes (p values < .01), whereas CD11a density on monocytes and granulocytes remained unchanged. ICAM-1 (CD54) density was unaffected, but the number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes expressing CD54 increased in the circulation on both stressors. Conclusions The data indicate that both psychological stress and e-ercise have significant effects on cellular e-pression of adhesion molecules on circulating leukocytes. Given the crucial role that adhesion molecules on circulating cells play in inflammation and disease, these findings may have clinical relevance in sympathetic nervous system–induced immune activation.


The paper presents a brief historical overview of the field of the measurement of diffusion in zeolites. The focus will be on macroscopic measurements, i.e. when diffusion through entire crystals is studied. While this may appear to be a simple task, we will see that there are difficulties in obtaining reliable results. Two case studies, the volumetric/piezometric experiment and the Transient Analysis of Products (TAP) apparatus are discussed and ways to improve either the experiments or the way in which the results are analyzed are presented. The author's perspective into what are the current challenges in the field concludes the paper.


This study examined the relationship between human resource planning and employee commitment in Local Government Councils of Rivers State. Affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment were used as measures of employee commitment. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. Primary data was generated through self-administered questionnaire. The population of the study was 10,967 employees of nine (9) selected Local Government Councils of Rivers State. The sample size was 386 determined using the Taro Yamane's formula for sample size determination. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Crombach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. The study finding revealed that there is a significant relationship between human resource planning and employee commitments in Local Government Councils of Rivers State. The study recommended that Authorities of Local Government Councils in Rivers State should continually carry out human resource audit and planning to determine in advance the demand and supply situation in the labor market prior to recruitment of employees. Keywords: Human Resource Planning Employee Commitments, Affective Commitment, Formative Commitment, Continuance Commitment CITATION: Ajieh, I. V. (2019). Human resource planning and employee commitments in local government councils of Rivers State. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 6 (4), 1645 – 1657.


Abstract Seventy‐nine specimens of the holothurian larva Auricularia nudibranchiata from north of New Zealand are described, and relationships with previously described specimens of the same or related species are discussed.


Objectives It is known that at most 20 convex polygons can be formed using all seven pieces of the puzzle, but this limit is imposed by the omission of the premise that the puzzle is a square divided into seven pieces. This study analyzes a convex polygon that is conjectured to be impossible to create using the puzzle and then uses the puzzle to prove that it cannot actually be constructed as the convex polygon.
Methods The proof is based on the assumption that the given convex polygon cannot be formed using sev-en-piece puzzles. It proceeds in two different ways, depending on how the pieces are arranged within the square shape.
Results We accomplished this in two ways: either by placing in the pieces having the largest area or by initially arranging the pieces on an angle and the diagonal of a square. Consequently, we have proved that the convex poly-gon cannot be formed by seven-piece puzzles.
Conclusions The actual number of convex polygons that can be formed by seven-piece puzzles was 19, not 20. This study is significant because it provides a corollary for the number of convex polygons that can be constructed using all the pieces of the puzzle.


In this paper the convergence behavior of a variant of Newton's method based on the root mean square for solving nonlinear equations is proposed. The convergence properties of this method for solving non linear equations which have simple or multiple roots have been discussed and it is shown that it converges cubically to simple roots and linearly to multiple roots. Moreover, the values of the corresponding asymptotic error constants of convergence are determined. Theoretical results have been verified on the relevant numerical problems. A comparison of the efficiency of this method with other mean-based Newton's methods is also included. Convergence behavior and error equations are also exhibited graphically for comparison on considering a particular example.


The study investigated the relationship between students' test anxiety levels and academic achievement in secondary schools. The study used correlational survey design using Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) for data collection. It was a year-long study. The students' annual cumulative scores in English Language and Mathematics were used as measure of their academic achievement. Stratified random sampling was used to get a sample of 320 male and female students drawn from four secondary schools in Igbo-Eze South L.G.A. of Enugu state. Four research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated for the study. The data were analyzed using percentages, standard deviation, correlation and measure of central tendency (the mean) and t-test. On the bases of their scores on Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), males were found to be more test anxious than females. The results showed that test anxiety increases with increase in class level. The result also revealed that the relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement was inverse with r = -77 That is, the relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement is such that as test anxiety increases, the academic achievement decreases. The implications and recommendations arising from the findings were highlighted.


The Ontario Court of Appeal has dismissed an appeal by a physician who lost his licence because he had a sexual relationship with one of his patients.

Dr. Anil Mussani, a primary care physician in Burlington, Ont., engaged in a relationship with a patient identified in court documents as A.K. The


Molasses or molasses + urea supplements were fed free-choice to steers grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to determine the effects of supplemental energy and nitrogen on carrying capacity, animal gains, and rumen parameters. Carrying capacity, average daily gain, and gain per hectare were not increased by either supplement. Molasses alone depressed ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH₃ concentrations, but molasses + urea increased ruminal NH₃. Ruminal pH and the molar percentages of the different ruminal VFA's were not substantially affected by either supplement, except for a temporary increase in butyrate, and a slight depression in iso-acids.


Commentary to: Tombola F, Ulbrich M, Isacoff I. The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 has two pores, each controlled by one voltage sensor. Neuron 2008; 58:546-66. Commentary to: Lee S-Y, Letts JA, MacKinnon R. Dimeric subunit stoichiometry of the human voltage-dependent proton channel Hv1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008; 105:7692-5.


Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Koenigs–Knorr reaction used for the synthesis of glycosides. The Koenigs–Knorr reaction is applicable to the preparation of both aryl and alkyl glycosides, and is widely used for the synthesis of glycosides having complex groups attached to the anomeric carbon atom—particularly oligosaccharides. The procedure involves the treatment of a per- O acylated glycosyl halide with an alcohol in the presence of a heavy-metal salt or an organic base as the acid acceptor; the latter enhances the rate of reaction and also prevents side reactions. It is noted that under the usual reaction-conditions the more-stable anomer is obtained, and the less stable anomer can be prepared only by a kinetically controlled reaction. Per- O -acylated glycosyl bromides react faster than the corresponding chlorides, and are therefore preferred for most reactions. Silver carbonate or silver oxide is commonly used as the acid acceptor in the Koenigs–Knorr reaction. Mercury (II) acetate instead of a silver salt has been also used.


Controlled rectifiers are often incorporated in closed-loop systems. To determine the small signal performance of such systems the rectifier must be appropriately modelled. The paper reviews the existing models and compares their step response performance, Nyquist plots and stability boundaries. It is shown that a recently developed discrete model that takes into account the commutation angle is in good agreement with experimental results. The rectifier transfer function is obtained and the large signal non-linear behaviour discussed. A rigorous mathematical dynamic model developed is capable of describing both the small and the large signal response of the system.


A new type of thin film inductive single-pole head for perpendicular magnetic recording has been developed to provide a write head for perpendicular double layer media. The head consisted of a main pole, three thin-film conductive layers to drive the pole and a return path pole. A low inductance of around 1 nH and a small saturation current of 70 mA p-p despite the low number of coil turns was obtained. The D 50 was 185 kFRPI with an AMR head of 210 nm shield separation. An error rate of 10 -6 at 310 kFRPI was attained with the AMR head whose trackwidth was 1.4 μm.


While the influence of orientation of structure plane on parameters of rock mass is neglected in the traditional GSI system. In this paper,as a case of cavern Ⅱ in the Jurong Pumped-storage Hydroplant Project,the influence coefficient between the distribution of structure plane and surface condition rating( SCR) of surrounding rock is calculated based on the space relation of structure plane and axis of cavern; the statistical method of SCR of surrounding rock is modified,and the experiential estimates of equivalent physical mechanic parameters of surrounding rock mass are acquired.The investigations show that the calculative errors of equivalent deformation modulus and cohesive strength in surrounding rock based on modified GSI system decreased by about 22. 3%,8. 3% respectively.


Background: Neonatal mortality and morbidity are gender-biased in low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. The male disadvantage theory has been suggested to be responsible for these maturational differences. Objective: To examine the impact of gender on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Design/Methods: A retrospective observational study. Data on all LBW infants admitted to George Washington University neonatal intensive care unit and surviving for >48 hrs from January 1992 to March 2003 were analyzed. Males and females were compared for gestational age, birth weight, race, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 mins, peak bilirubin levels, sepsis, and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Significant differences were entered in a regression model to detect the influence of gender on bilirubin (Bili). Analysis was repeated after stratification of infants into: group A, <1000 g; group B, 1000–1499 g; and group C, 1500–2499 g. Results: A total of 840 infants were included in this study. When comparing males (n = 407) with females (n = 433), significant differences were detected in birth weight (1,539 ± 541 vs. 1,428 ± 549 g; p = .003), IVH (14.2% vs. 9%; p = .025), and Bili (10.1 ± 3.0 vs. 9.2 ± 2.8 mg%; p < .001). No differences were detected in gestational age, sepsis, or Apgar 1 and 5. Difference in Bili for the entire group remained significant in the regression model (regression coefficient [RC] = 0.79 ± 0.22; p < .001). In subgroup analyses: group A Bili (8.4 ± 2.3 vs. 8.0 ± 2.0; p = .14) and group B Bili (9.0 ± 2.1 vs. 9.2 ± 2.2; p = .51) did not differ in bivariate or multivariate analyses. In group C, Bili was (11.3 ± 3.1 vs. 10.1 ± 3.3; p < .001) and remained the only significant difference in the regression model (RC = 1.19 ± 0.37; p = .001). Conclusions: Bili in LBW infants is significantly higher in males when compared with females. After stratification to birth weight subgroups, significance is retained in the 1500- to 2499-g group after logistic regression analysis. Bili levels in infants <1500 g are influenced more significantly by factors other than gender, such as sepsis and IVH.


Despite increased concerns about dairy cattle welfare, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding their welfare and the attitudes of farmers and veterinarians in the Western Balkan region. This is the first on-farm study to address dairy cattle welfare and the attitudes of farmers and veterinarians towards animal welfare in Kosovo. Thirty tie-stall dairy farms across seven Kosovo regions were assessed twice with an interval of 10 to 12 months. During the first visit, the Welfare Quality® assessment protocol was applied, whilst the second visit focused on clinical animal-based indicators and interviews with the farmers regarding intervention thresholds for a number of welfare indicators. Additionally, such thresholds were obtained from 15 veterinarians via an online questionnaire. The main areas of concern that were highlighted relate to comfort around resting (soiling of animals, restriction of lying down movements) and injuries, including lameness. Farmers and veterinarians agreed on the intervention thresholds for the majority of the indicators (eg animals with dirty udders, animals with lesions/swellings) but differences were found for important health and welfare issues (eg farmers suggesting a higher threshold for lameness compared to veterinarians). Compared to the on-farm prevalences, both farmers and veterinarians suggested lower intervention levels for welfare issues indicating an awareness of problems. In conclusion, investments into close co-operation between farmers, veterinarians and other advisors regarding awareness-building and inducing changes in daily management routines are considered necessary to improve dairy cow welfare.


This paper reviews the prospects of fullerene-based materials for photovoltaics. Device structure and parameters of inorganic and organic fullerene-based solat cells are presented. An additional promising direction of solar energy utilisation (cid:151) production of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes by concentrated sunlight (cid:151) is also discussed. Author thanks fi nancial support by the Israel Ministry of National Infrastructures and Ministry of Immigrant Absortion. heterojunction fullerene/polymer solar cells, together with chemical structure of compounds used for the cell active layer [ 24 ] . Poly [ 2-methoxy, 5- ( 3 0 ,7 0 -dimethyl-octyloxy )] -p-phenylene-vinelyne ( MDMO-PPV ) was used as the electron donor while the electron acceptor was [ 6,6 ] -Phenyl C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester ( PCBM ) . The enhanced solubility of PCBM compared to C 60 allows a high fullerene-conjugated polymer ratio and strongly supports the formation of bulk donor-acceptor heterojunctions. As electrodes, a transparent indium-tin-oxide ( ITO ) fi lm on one side and a LiF/Al bi-layer contact on the other side were used. For improvement of the ITO contact, the ITO was coaled with a thin layer of poly ( ethylene dioxythiphene ) ( PEDOT ) .


In this paper, the matrix algorithm PFPD is generalized in order to compute the power flow solution of real and large AC/DC transmission networks. In particular, it is demonstrated that the HVDC-VSC/LCC links can be seen from the AC power systems as PV/PQ constraints, which englobe both the AC and DC characteristics of the HVDC links. The proposed analytical formulation to assess the PV/PQ constraints is valid for any other numerical methods (e.g., Newton-Raphson and derived, Gauss-Seidel, etc.). Furthermore, an iterative procedure for estimating the reactive power absorption of HVDC-LCC links from the power system is proposed. In order to validate the algorithm, solution comparisons with the commercial software DIgSILENT PowerFactoy are presented. This validation procedure shows that the algorithm can analyse large and real HVAC/HVDC networks (e.g., the Italian transmission one with its five HVDC links). Therefore, the conciseness, accuracy and performances of PFPD for studying real and large AC/DC power systems is confirmed.


Introduction: Recent studies have shown that cells undergoing oncogenic processes usurp normal developmental pathways to escape regulators of unsolicited growth. Basal to luminal differentiation in the prostate serves as another cellular process that can go awry, the dysregulation of which can enable oncogenesis in the prostate. Studies have found bi-potent cells in prostate epithelium and speculate those to be cells of origin in prostate cancer. Methods and Results: Through single-cell RNA sequencing we investigated basal to luminal differentiation of normal human prostate epithelial cells across timepoints Days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 by stimulating with FGF-7 (20ng/mL) and R1881 (10nM) and explored the data to identify unique populations present in the differentiation process. Our results show spatial separation at various timepoints with distinct transcriptomics profile at Day 0, Day 16, and Day 20. As expected, populations present at Day 0 are also present across all timepoint, though enrichment of various distinct populations emerged throughout the differentiation process. Using trajectory analysis (Monocle3) and the Cell Surface Protein Atlas, we profiled surface proteins for each cluster at Day 0 and identified a set of unique surface markers (SLC3A, LYPD3, TACSTD2, DSC2) from undifferentiated basal cells that express both basal (TP63+, K14+) and luminal markers (K8+, K18+), potentially serving as a bi-potent prostate epithelial cells. Conclusion: Our data have identified unique populations present in our prostate differentiation model expressing both luminal and basal signatures which can be isolated using identified surface markers to investigate the role of bi-potent cells in prostate differentiation and oncogenesis.
 Citation Format: Hunain Khawaja, Cynthia Miranti. Identifying the molecular signature of bi-potent prostate epithelial cells through scRNA-seq [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B006.


Abstract : A protective and lubricating coating has been developed for use on the M16 submachine gun and other small arms. It protects the M16 submachine gun used by SEAL and UDT personnel during immersion in sea water and exposure to sand, dust, and jungle environment. Treated weapons are ready for immediate use. The preservative-lubricant coating which was developed for this application is a compound of arachidyl-behenyl amine and tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, with an oil and a solvent. It is packaged in aerosol cans for field use. The spray penetrates and displaces water from wet surfaces. The dried coating is firm and nontacky but breaks down to a greaselike consistency between moving parts. The consistency of the coating material can be completely controlled by adjustment of the formulation. It is compatible with other lubricants. The coating provides excellent corrosion protection, because the entire solid phase consists of a waxy polar inhibitor. The oil phase, carrying the inhibitor in solution, can creep out to reprotect scratches and worn areas in the coating. Metal specimens and complete weapons were protected from damage during exposure to sea water for 3 days.


AutoCAD was used to draw three-dimension drawings.The methods and steps to draw three - dimension spirochaeta spring and screw thread were introduced in this article.Research has shown that,by using such methods to draw three- dimension drawings,the drawings clearer.


This study examines the relationship between knowledge management practices and firm innovation with the mediating effect of knowledge application. For the said purposes, data were collected from 140 firms that belong to the services sector. 600 questionnaires were distributed in the services sector by using the drop-off and pick up technique. The number of returned questionnaires was 545, but 45 questionnaires were rejected because they did not contain the required information. A simple random sampling technique is used for the data collection. The sampling technique followed the steps recommended for studies utilizing structural equational modeling (SEM). The data was entered into SPSS and AMOS for structural equation modeling. The empirical analysis shows that knowledge generation and knowledge diffusion have a significant positive effect on firm innovation while knowledge storage does not affect firm innovation. Moreover, knowledge application mediates the relationship between knowledge generation, knowledge storage, and firm innovation. While knowledge application does not play the mediation role between knowledge diffusion and innovation performance. Also, this study furnishes several future directions for academic scholars and participation. The limitations have also been discussed.


The coupled rotational-translational excitations in ${(\mathrm{KBr})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{(\mathrm{KCN})}_{x}$ were studied by inelastic neutron scattering for concentrations $0.008\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.20$. We followed the ${A}_{1g}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{2g}$ tunneling transition and the ${A}_{1g}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{g}$ librational excitation through the transition from the paraelastic to the structural glass state. We found that these two excitations and their coupling to the lattice strains exhibit a very different temperature dependence in the glass state. While the tunneling transition, which triggers reorientations of the ${\mathrm{CN}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions, shows a drastic reduction of the ${T}_{2g}$ rotation-translation coupling, the librational excitations conserving the CN alignment are less influenced. These results suggest that for $T\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{F}$ the CN system is gradually blocked in clusters, thereby reducing the density of free-ion tunneling states in favor of cluster-reorientation modes effectively decoupled from the lattice. This leads to a metastable low-temperature state with extremely long relaxation times.


Confucius is the first Chinese to open a private school.His educational thinking long influences the feudal China.He develops his own educational theory on basis of the four modalities of education.So his major idea is to cultivate with morality the gentle people who know to learn for the purpose of serving others.


In many centralized labor markets candidates interview with potential employers before matches are formed through a clearinghouse. One prominent example is the market for medical residencies and fellowships, which in recent years has had a large increase in the number of interviews. There have been numerous efforts to reduce the cost of interviewing in these markets using a variety of signalling mechanisms, however, the theoretical properties of these mechanisms have not been systematically studied in models with rich preferences. In this paper we give theoretical guarantees for a variety of mechanisms, finding that these mechanisms must properly balance competition in both sides of the market.


1. The problems of studying pollen transport and the relation of transport to the evaluation of pollen analyses of sedimentary cores are reviewed. 2. A series of eight pollen-collecting stations was established across the San Augustin Plains of New Mexico and the pollen rain examined for the 1956 pollinating season from slides exposed for 24-hour and 7-day periods. 3. Examinations were also made of moss polsters and surface silt to correlate the pollen content accumulated and preserved for the past several years with the present vegetation. 4. Arboreal pollen comprised 71-99% of the pollen rain at the eight stations, with an average of 93%, even though all stations except one were in open areas. 5. The average composition of arboreal pollen from all stations was: Juniperus, 61%; Pinus, 26%; Quercus, 9%; and other species, 4%. 6. The pollen rain at all stations was most closely correlated with relative basal area of tree species, which for the forested areas was: Juniperus, 40%; Pinus, 50%; Quercus, 9%; and others, 1%. At all stations, however, there was an overrepresentation of Juniperus and an underrepresentation of Pinus and Quercus in relation to all phytosociological measures-relative density, relative coverage, and relative basal area. 7. At Station 4, located at the site of the drill cores obtained for pollen analysis in 1953 and 1958, the entire season's pollen rain in 1956 was composed of: Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, 55%; Juniperus, 17%; Pinus, 13%; Quercus, 5%; and others, 10%. The distribution between arboreal and nonarboreal pollen for the entire season was 38% and 62%, respectively. The 38% arboreal pollen occurred in spite of an 11-mi. distance to any woodland areas to the southwest, the direction of prevailing winds. 8. On the basis of this study it is concluded that, if shrubby vegetation is involved at the site of sampling, a percentage of arboreal pollen exceeding 40-50% of the total collected must indicate a forest border within a few miles. In grassland areas, however, as at Station 2, arboreal pollen percentages may exceed 90% even when forested areas are farther away. 9. Pollen dispersal of Juniperus reached a maximum the last week in March; of Quercus the first week in May (low in concentration); and of Pinus in mid-June, with no evidence of peaks resulting from P. edulis and P. ponderosa. Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae showed several peaks from mid-July to mid-August, probably because of the importance of several species, such as Sarcobatus, Atriplex, Salsola, and Suaeda. Pollen of Gramineae composed only 21/2% of the total pollen rain and was received principally in August and September. 10. Slides exposed for an entire week instead of for a single day did not have a pollen count seven times, but only three to four times, greater than that of the single-day exposures. 11. The general composition of the pollen rain was about equal for 1-day-a-week and for weekly slides. During the season at Station 4 the ratio of arboreal to non-arboreal pollen for 1-day and for weekly slides was 33:67 and 38:62, respectively. The principal genera are also equally well represented on the two sets of slides. 12. The 1-day-a-week slides do not provide as complete a record of pollen grains of rare species or of long-distance transport. For example, fifteen genera or families were tallied on the weekly slides which were absent on the 1-day-a-week slides. This omission would be important in detailed studies of long-distance transport or in the use of pollen collections as aids in detailed phytogeographical studies. By chance, two genera represented on the 1-day slides were absent on the weekly ones. 13. Unusual pollen records of species not present in the area of the San Augustin Plains and likely to have blown in from desert areas approximately 100 mi. to the southwest included: Acacia, Cercidium, Fouquieria, Larrea, and Prosopis. 14. Pollen of Abies and Pseudotsuga was low in number; the latter is recognized to be of short transport distance. Pollen of Populus and Typha was rare and could be associated with local stands. 15. Picea pollen was represented by only two grains in all samples. No spruce occurs in the San Augustin Plains drainage, but a large stand exists about 14 mi. to the southwest. The almost complete absence of Picea pollen falling into the San Augustin Plains basin, when it is so near at hand, would mean that, when Picea pollen is found in the pollen composition of sedimentary material, spruce forests must have been very near to the site of deposition. Picea is present in Clisby's pollen analyses of the San Augustin cores, where maximum concentrations of 35% are recorded. A lowering of life zones by about 1000 ft. would have enabled spruce to cross a passageway into the San Augustin Plains drainage. According to present reconstructions of post-Pleistocene shifts in zonation, this migration would easily have been possible. 16. The analysis of moss and lichen polsters revealed a good correlation with surrounding arboreal species composition. Where brush and herbaceous species were characteristic of an area, they were also found to appear in the pollen of the polsters of that area. 17. The analysis of surface-silt samples with a pH of 9+ surprisingly yielded pollen. Samples collected in July and November varied in the proportion of arboreal to non-arboreal pollen, presumably in response to the extra amount of current-season nonarboreal pollen commonly produced after July. When the pollen analysis of the silt is compared to the current pollen rain, it is apparent that Juniperus pollen is not well preserved. Pollen of the Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae group and of Gramineae seems to be preserved in proportions typical of their concentration in the atmospheric pollen rain.


In order to determine the relationship between the stylar end rot disease and on fruit part with the physical and chemical characteristics of guava fruits, an essay was established. Guava fruits cv. 'Criolla Roja' were random sampled in an experimental field. Disease incidence, fresh mass, polar and equatorial diameter were measured. The distal portion was separated from the rest of each fruit, and oBrix, pH and titrable acidity was determined. Results indicate no differences between healthy and damaged fruits, but the distal portion showed higher oBrix, probably due to higher concentration of solids as a consequence of


It is often claimed that corporate and board networks display a scale-free nature, but there is no robust support for this nature. Based on data concerning the corporate board and director networks from companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange Market, we applied a rigorous approach to determine whether quantities of these networks, such as degree, board size, and directorship number, exhibit power-law distribution.


This research was based on the effects of Corporate brand image and Service quality on Customer loyalty through Customer satisfaction at 3 local cafes in Jakarta. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyze the effect of Corporate brand image on Customer satisfaction, 2) to analyze of the effect of Customer satisfaction on Customer loyalty, 3) to analyze the direct effect of Corporate brand image on Customer loyalty, 4) to analyze of effect of Service quality on Customer satisfaction, 5) to know the direct effect of Service quality on Customer loyalty. This research involved 200 respondents within three specific criterias who have graduated minimum from junior high school, under 17 years old, and have visited 3 selected cafes for more than two times. Data analysis that was used for this research contains the complete sample of respondents, and purposive sampling method was applied. All the hyphotesis are analyzed by AMOS, prosessed by SPSS and tested by Structural Equation Model(SEM). The results of this research are: 1) Corporate brand image does not have any influence on Customer satisfaction and Customer loyalty at Jakarta local cafes, 2) Customer Satisfaction has a positive effect on Customer loyalty at Jakarta local cafes, 3) Service quality does not affect Customer satisfaction at Jakarta local cafes, and 4) Service quality is positively and significantly affecting Customer loyalty at Jakarta local cafes.


For company executives and risk managers, the opening decade of the 21st century may well be defined by the emphasis given to corporate governance and, more specifically, to the issue of compliance.


Aim: This paper tries to apply Raskin's (1985) script-based semantic theory to regional anecdotes in Zakani's (1999) Risala-ye Delgosha (Joyous Treaties). Theoretical Framework In his theory, Raskin tries to examine the mechanisms of both generating as well as receiving by the audiences those verbally expressed humor he calls a jokecarrying-text. In this sense, a text is humors if three of the following conditions are satisfied: 1) The text has at least two different scripts; 2) The two scripts are compatible with each other; 3) The two scripts are opposite. A text is non-bona fide/humorous if these conditions are followed; bonafide/non-humorous, if not followed. Question: Is there any meaningful compatibility between SSTH and Zakani's regional anecdotes? Hypothesis: Zakani's regional anecdotes are in compatible with the conditions as proposed by Raskin (1985). Methodology: As for the corpus, 16 regional anecdotes and or Qazvini-related anecdotes were chosen out of the total 256 anecdotes of the whole version edited by Mahjoob (1999). Then the five anecdotes were discussed in detail, and the rest was generally taken into consideration. Having followed Propp (1928) and Bremond (1973), the Qazvini's behaviors were mapped onto the three functions resulting in a model to show that the Qazvini's foolish action defines his role as the fool and his role as the fool generates his foolish action. Findings and Results: Some results show that the regional humor get high frequency in the book thereby they emphasis on the Qazvin's functions. Totally, the application of the SSTH shows that all the kinds of humor are in compatible with the conditions as proposed by Raskin (1985).


Experimental investigation of nonlinear amplification of high-intensity light pulses in a neodymium glass active medium is reported. The shift of pulse maximum as a function of gain is measured and the energy of gain saturation of neodymium glass :is estimated. Conditions are obtained for pulse shortening in nonlinear amplification. The oscillator and multistage amplifier generating light pulses with the energy of 100 J and a length of 5 nsec are described.


Femoral fractures are among the most common major injuries that an orthopedic surgeon will be required to treat. During fracture treatment of femur bone the biomaterials are used for fracture healing. Evaluation of femur fractures using clinical data is confounded by multiple patient and fracture specific factors making it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions, despite the inclusion of large number of patient data. Therefore the biomechanical testing of the femur bone plays a vital role in the evaluation the femoral fractures. The main mechanical characteristics which will influence on the fracture damage of the femur are impact resistance, fracture toughness and bending strength. The experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate these damage characterizing parameters in femur. In order to evaluate the influence of the loading type on the pre cracked femur, the notched femur bone has been tested under impact and bending loads. Also the effect of these loads on the femur with implant has been determined. The results have shown the femur strength is extremely variable with respect to the different regions. Each damage characterizing parameter has shown maximum dependency on the matrix of the femur and its hardness. The macroscopic observations of the fractured specimens have shown that, the chipping of the bone, longitudinal cracks and the multiple cracks in femur are most dangerous.


The development of automotive electronics is accelerating year after year. Currently, the percentage of cars equipped with anti-skid brake systems (ABS) and air bags, which were very highly priced several years ago, is rising at an increasing rate. Manufacturers' and users' concern for safe and environment-friendly automobiles has grown so high that the inclusion and superiority of these electronics systems is regarded as adding value to automobiles, and has become a sales point. At present, technical developments in advanced vehicle control technology to ensure safety and advanced combustion technology to reduce exhaust gas and improve fuel consumption are progressing year by year. It is expected that in the future, as promoted by the Ministry of Transportation, the technical trends represented by advanced safety vehicles (ASV: advanced safety vehicles integrally controlled by electronics technologies for safety prevention and accident avoidance during normal driving and safety in case of collision) and "automated travel" to minimize manual operation will create a greater incentive to develop and increase the scale of car control electronics, and automobile manufacturers will desire to reduce the size and cost of these increasing systems. Intelligent power MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semicon-


The invention relates to a double flying robot-based method and a double flying robot-based system for positioning a radiant source target. The method comprises: adopting vehicle-mounted master control systems of two unmanned flying robots, measuring signal direction by acquiring a target signal, using the measurement result for the communication between the two unmanned flying vehicles through radio communication, positioning the target by using a triangulation positioning method, correcting the positioning, correcting course, repeatedly and constantly positioning the target, and, at the same time, performing flyby to realize accurate positioning of the target. In the system, GPS positioners, radio-communication equipment, flying control equipment, master control units and signal direction detectors are arranged on the two unmanned flying robots and a central control unit and radio-communication equipment and antennae are arranged on a base station so as to realize the radio communication between the two unmanned flying robots and the base station. The method and the system can search and position the radiant source target quickly and accurately.


Model identification of Boolean control networks requires not only a vast amount of data but also renders the problem of high computational complexity. The introduced data-driven design method of a stabilizing feedback controller reduces the requirements on the data set compared to the traditional two step procedure, first model identification then controller design. The idea is that for output stabilization it is not necessary to know all the internal dynamics. To widen the applicability, the method is extended to design a high order feedback controller. All the introduced algorithms are illustrated with examples.


India's financial markets went from a situation (as of 3 Nov 1994) with one dominant market which used open outcry, to a situation with two competing electronic exchanges (as of 2 June 1995). In this article, we explore the impact of automation and competition upon performance. We examine two measures of liquidity - aggregate trading volume and trading frequency at the security level - and both have improved strongly. The improvement in BSE trading frequency seems to be composed of a strongly positive effect of BOLT and a negative effect caused by competition with the NSE. Clear gains in market efficiency are observed - the short-term correlations of returns are diminished, as is the skewness of returns. We offer circumstantial evidence about an improvement in transparency of the exchange. There is some evidence that volatility has increased under BOLT, and that competition from the NSE has a negative impact upon volatility. We have some evidence that the time-dependance of volatility has increased across the transition.


Purpose: Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are an alternative treatment for patients with heart failure. The purposes of this study were to describe patients immediately post-LVAD surgery, determine differences between functional outcome measures and discharge location, and the potential for initial Functional Status Score of the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) to assist in discharge recommendations. Methods: A retrospective study (n = 100) was conducted with the following data obtained: general demographics, FSS-ICU, ICU Mobility Scale (IMS), maximal ambulation distance, and discharge location. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on discharge location (home vs facility). Results: The mean age was 52.8 years, with 64% male. A significant improvement in all functional outcomes was observed from evaluation to discharge. Patients discharged home (76%) exhibited significantly higher FSS-ICU and IMS scores and tolerated out-of-bed activity and ambulation earlier. A score of 14 or higher on the initial FSS-ICU was predictive for discharge to home recommendation. Conclusion: Patients post-LVAD implantation exhibited low levels of functional mobility initially, yet were able to tolerate early activity. Patients discharged home had higher functional scores during the initial evaluation. Using the results of the FSS-ICU may assist in discharge recommendations; further research is needed.


This study was conducted to identify and screen native Bacillus strains from hot spring samples for alpha amylase activity. Positive strains for the enzyme activities were Bacillus, SP.B1 and Bacillus, SP.B2.The isolated cultures screened by solid state fermentation using wheat bran as its substrate. A crude extract enzyme applied to amylase assay to determine the enzyme's activity against standard curve of maltose. As a result, wheat bran was shown to be the normal solid organic substrate for the highest alpha amylase production with 244.10 and 187.15 U/ml/min with pH 5 and 5.5in Bacillus.Sp.B2 and Bacillus.Sp.B1, respectively in 48 h. The incubation temperature 50°C was found to be optimum for the production of alpha amylase. The enzymes were stable for 30 min between 65°C-70°C.


CITUATION: Principal takes Johnny, a low achieving fifth grader, to the classroom teacher who babysits the collection of in termediate "flunkies". Principal: (calling Miss Jones to the door) Good Morning, Miss Jones, this is Johnny who is trans ferring in from Mr. Black's room. (To Miss Jones in less than hushed tones): I assure you Jack is an other blank cheque for your col lection. Don't worry about him? just keep him in line. He has al ready made more than enough trouble in Mr. Black's class. Miss Jones: But, sir, I already have seventeen children in my class. I don't see how I can manage an other one. Principal: Now, now, Miss Jones I have told the superintendent many times, "if there is anyone who can keep our school zoo in order, that is our Miss Jones." Miss Jones: (pleased) You're very kind. I'm sure I can manage. Principal: And remember, Johnny hasn't learned a thing in the seven years he's warmed our school seats. We don't expect academic miracles from his type. Remember, he is just another blank cheque. This nonfictional dialogue por trays one episode in a prolonged school drama in which Johnny too often assumes the role of a de fenseless marionette. This particu lar Johnny came to school with a typical constellation of feelings about his identity as a social being. His assets included an insatiably curious mind, exceptional lan guage skills, and a wild imagina tion. His kindergarten year was characterized by total boredom


BIOMECHANICSPHOENIX, ARIZONA-- The melding of materials and movement to better understand locomotion gets a boost from physicists studying the properties of granular materials. ([Read more][1].)

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5810/325


We derive two Gordan-Capelli series for the supersymmetric algebra of the tensor product of two Z2-grad- ed K-vector spaces U and V, being 06 a field of characteristic zero. These expansions yield complete decompositions of the supersymmetric algebra regarded as a pl(U)- and a pl(V)- module, where pl(U) and p1(V) are the general linear Lie su- peralgebras of U and V, respectively. The straightening algorithms of refs. 1 and 2 have recently been extended by Rota and Stein (3) to supersymmetric alge- bras Super(LIP) generated by pairs of signed sets L and P. Writing U and V for the Z2-graded 06-vector spaces generat- ed by L and P, Super(LJP) becomes a pl(U)- and a pl(V)- module, naturally extending the techniques previously de- veloped by Balentekin and Bars (4-7), Dondi and Jarvis (8), and Berele and Regev (9, 10) in the context of tensor repre- sentations; the straightening law and the concomitant stan- dard basis theorem of refs. (3 and 11) give the universal form-up to a filtration-of the complete decomposition of Super(LIP). If K is a field of characteristic zero, Super(LIP) is a semi- simple module; actually, in addition to the standard basis of Rota and Stein (3), Super(LJP) has two bases that give ana- logs of the Gordan-Capelli expansion (12). These bases give rise to two series of irreducible submodules that generalize the classical constructions of Schur (13) and Weyl (14). Our approach is based on the embedding of the superalge- bra Super(LIP) in a "virtual" superalgebra Super(XI Y), where X and Y are obtained from L and P by adjoining suffi- ciently large supplies of positive and negative symbols. To each Young shape X, we associate a pair of virtual monomi- als (Coder+(X)fDer_(X)) and (Der+(X)iCoder_(X))* that give the patterns for the symmetry class parametrized by X. The typical generators of the irreducible submodules of Su- per(LjP) are actually obtained as the images of these mono- mials under products of suitable superderivations of Su-


PURPOSE: A television set having a viewing restriction function and a method of notifying the viewing restriction function are provided to notify a user to set a value of viewing allowable grade when the television set having a violence-chip does not execute the viewing restriction function. CONSTITUTION: A television set includes a judgement unit(130) for judging the grade of a broadcasting program based on a program grade signal included in a received broadcasting signal, and a set value storage(170) for storing a value of viewing allowable grade set by a user. The television set further includes a display unit(190) for displaying the grade judged by the judgement unit, and a controller(160) for controlling the display to display the grade judged by the judgement unit when there is no set value in the set value storage.


The article is devoted to the analysis of the key reasons for the slowdown in the global economy. According to the analysis, the slowdown in the global economy is caused by the following seven key reasons: trade wars and the aggravation of trade relations in the international economic market; global instability and technological uncertainty; risks of increased financial uncertainty; the impossibility on the part of some countries to overcome the consequences of the global crisis and the sanctions policy of the West; reformatting of economic activity in a political manner; wave of debt accumulation in developing countries; slowdown in labor productivity growth. The authors conclude that the global economic slowdown trend has a long-term perspective.


To understand serial killing, we must move beyond the individual and consider background structural and cultural factors. Elliot Leyton's structural approach is seductive but problematic. In analysing serial killing as a cultural phenomenon, Mark Seltzer points to the United States as an information society characterised by 'wound culture'. However, theorists have largely neglected the area of gender. Serial killing illustrates the nature of gender relations within our culture. Nevertheless, feminist theories and texts tend to focus solely on men murdering women, but such approaches need to be extended to cover the whole spectrum of serial killing, whether it involves heterosexual or homosexual relations, male or female killers. To understand why one individual becomes a serial killer while another will not there is a need to combine sociological and individual approaches. Using Tony Jefferson's concept of subjectivity, which combines social and psychoanalytical influences on human behaviour, is one way forward in trying to explain the phenomenon of serial killing.


In the assignment game framework, we try to identify those assignment matrices in which no entry can be increased without changing the core of the game. These games will be called buyer–seller exact games and satisfy the condition that each mixed–pair coalition attains the corresponding matrix entry in the core of the game. For a given assignment game, a unique buyer– seller exact assignment game with the same core is proved to exist. In order to identify this matrix and to provide a characterization of those assignment games which are buyer–seller exact in terms of the assignment matrix, attainable upper and lower core bounds for the mixed–pair coalitions are found. As a consequence, an open question posed in Quint (1991) regarding a canonical representation of a "45o–lattice" by means of the core of an assignment game can now be answered.


A refractometer capable of giving refractive indices and dispersions to one unit in the fifth decimal place is described. The samples are smooth ground, but not polished, and require little care in preparation. A complete determination (Na D, C and F lines) can be made in 1-2 hr. This compares very favourably with the Pulfrich refractometer, both for accuracy and for speed, particularly if the time of preparation of a specimen is taken into account.


This essay explores the ways in which the definition of Indian culture has become a site of contest, and how this contest played out in the controversy that erupted over the release and screening of Deepa Mehta's diasporic film, Fire, in India. I locate this controversy within the broader controversies that are taking place over culture, particularly when issues of sex and sexuality are involved. The continuous targeting of representations of sex and sexuality, betrays an underlying fear that sex is something that is threatening to Indian cultural values, to the Indian way of life, to the very existence of the Indian nation. I discuss the responses to the release of the film by the forces of the Hindu Right as well as feminist and lesbian groups and critique the uncomplicated understandings of culture that informed these positions. Contingent upon these responses rests the story in Fire and the way in which the lesbian subject, a sexual subaltern, is constructed in the cultural space represented in the film. I challenge the positions that suggest that the women are represented as victims in the film, and draw attention to the cultural, sexual and familial ruptures brought about by the main protagonists through their desire for one another. I explore the complicated understandings of agency and desire that are represented through the assertion of this relationship.


The junction temperature of InGaN/GaN MQW high-brightness light-emitting diodes is measured using an electrical method based on the dependence of diode forward voltage, Vf, on the junction temperature Tj. Electroluminescence (EL) data collected during this measurement are presented and used to compare the efficacy of this method for measuring Tj to the electrical technique. In devices based on polar III-nitride materials, the temperature dependence of the EL peak energy is obscured by carrier screening and bandfilling; the contributions of these effects are explored and presented. Additionally, the experimental method presented offers an application for extrapolating a thermal relaxation time during the junction temperature measurement. The results from this thermal time constant study are presented and discussed.


Automatic emergency braking systems (AEBS) significantly improve the active safety performance of commercial vehicles, but their effectiveness is affected by the vehicle's driving conditions, which mainly include the vehicle load and road conditions. In order to improve the adaptability of the AEBS, an AEBS control strategy with adaptive driving conditions was proposed and validated using a simulation and experimentation. This AEBS control strategy was designed based on an estimation of the vehicle mass, the center of gravity position, road grade, and the tire-road friction coefficient. In the simulation and experimental verification, the braking deceleration and braking distance under different driving conditions were compared. The results show that the AEBS control strategy proposed in this paper can avoid collisions in all test scenarios and maintain a parking spacing of approximately 5 m. In an extreme test scenario with a full load and low tire–road friction, as compared with the fixed threshold control strategy, the warning can be issued 0.2 s earlier and the maximum intensity braking can be carried out 0.5 s earlier.


After the foundation of socialism in China,generations of Chinese communists have been exploring hard about how to build socialism,forming a series of theoretical achievements.The Chinese communists led by Chairman Mao,made the primary exploration of building socialism in China and developed a series of theoretical achievements represented by On Ten Kinds of Relationship,which offers us beneficial enlightenments for our reform and opening up and the exploration of building socialism.After the Third Plenary Session,the Chinese communists represented by Deng Xiao-ping,Jing Ze-min and Hu Jin-tao have been exploring building the Chinese socialism and formed theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics including many important strategic thoughts such as the Theory of Deng Xiao-ping,the important ideas of Three Representatives and Scientific Outlook of Development,etc.The socialist road with Chinese characteristics and its theory system is the foundation of our Party to achieve the well-off living level and open up a new prospect of socialism with the united understanding and action.


This paper focuses on the challenges presented by demographic changes to the future planning and development of Canberra. The trends—declining fertility, changing household composition, an ageing population, slowing labour-force growth, population decline in older parts of the city—are common to most Australian cities. These trends have major implications for service and facility provision, especially for housing, schools, local shops and physical infrastructure. This case study focuses primarily on housing and social infrastructure issues and will be of interest to planners facing similar challenges.


Over the past several decades with significant technological advances there has been continuous increase in plastic manufacturing in China, which has contributed to the production of a great deal of plastics worldwide every year, and at the same time it has resulted in a large amount of plastic solid waste (PSW). It has great potential values for waste plastics to reuse as secondary materials, which may lessen pressure on resource and environment. The paper studies the status of waste plastics in recycling, reusing and reducing on management countering on the increase in the flow of waste plastics in Shanghai. In light of the methodology of life cycle, the study analyzes the environmental impacts associating with the alternatives in a 'cradle to grave' approve to PSW technological recycling systems. We will choose regenerating and energy recovery processes based on site investigation and literatures data in Shanghai to analyze recycling options and how various processes affect the environment. Life-cycle methodology was very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences, and could be used for making decisions and planning strategies with the rapid increase of plastic solid waste generation for Shanghai.


AIM OF THE STUDY:
To evaluate the push-out bond strength of two different fiber-reinforced composite post systems using two different luting cements- in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Eighty samples of extracted human upper central incisors were used for the study, which were randomly divided into four groups consisting of 20 samples each. In Group I, samples were luted using Variolink II, for Group II FRP posts were luted using Multilink N, in samples of Group III Clear posts were luted using Multilink N and Group IV consisted of samples in which FRP posts were luted using Variolink II. Clear posts which is made of glass fibers is radiopaque and is a translucent type of fiber post which enhances the polymerization reaction of resin cements used for cementation of the post to the dentin. FRP posts used were also translucent and radiopaque and their surface is extremely rough and retentive which enhances the adhesion of resin cement. Variolink II and Multilink N which were used, are dual cure resin cements. Variolink II uses a total- etch adhesive approach which requires a separate adhesive system involving acid etching of dentin followed by application of adhesive before cementation of post. This enhances the removal of thick smear layer from the surface of root dentin, thus enhancing the penetration of the resin cement to the dentin substrate. Multilink N is a self –etch adhesive which does not require a separate step of etching and application of adhesive prior to cementation. After preparation of the root samples, posts were luted inside the prepared canals using the different adhesive cements. After cementation, two millimeter thick sections of the samples were obtained and was tested using an universal testing machine with a push out pin of diameter 1 millimeter. The sections were placed over a custom made jig and were tested by application of force under a cross head speed of 1mm per minute from the apico coronal direction and the value at which bond failure occurred was recorded. The values obtained were tabulated and the mean push out bond strength of all the four groups was calculated.
CONCLUSION:
From the inferences, we can conclude that in Group I and Group III where Variolink II was used for cementation of posts to the root canals, showed higher mean bond strength values when compared to Group II and Group III in which Multilink N was used as adhesive. This discrepancy in mean values could be attributed to the difference in the adhesive approach among the luting cements used, which had an impact because of the removal of the smear layer from the radicular dentin. Considering the mode of bond failure, Type B (adhesive failure between dentin and luting cement) was found to be predominant followed by Type A (adhesive failure between post and luting cement). In few samples, Type E failure (Combination of adhesive failures) was observed. None of the samples showed cohesive failures (Type C, Type D). From this it could be concluded that the cementation procedure plays a role in bonding between post-cement-dentin interface.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
The success of endodontic treatment depends not only on elimination of pulpal / peri radicular pathology but also on post-endodontic management involving the maintenance of extensively damaged tooth in a functional state. In an attempt to prevent the occurrence of catastrophic events like vertical root fracture associated with metal posts, fiber-reinforced glass posts were introduced, which have an elastic modulus similar to that of dentin. In addition to this, improvements made in adhesive techniques further led to the popularity of these fiber posts.