Abstract One of the basic stages of mining operations is development work. During them there can occur the events that affect the process of development work as well as the safety of workers. This article conducts a process risk assessment using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method to identify events that disrupt the development work process, along with the causes of the occurrence of these events. The study covered the process of development work i.e. the execution of the M-2 roadway in seam 502/1 realized at a depth of about 550 m with an assumed length of about 500 m. As a result of the study, those risks for which countermeasures should be applied were identified, and measures were proposed to minimize the risks involved. As part of the research, an FMEA evaluation form was created to assess process risks in the execution of similar work. The highest process risk was identified for the drivage of the excavation with a road header, and is related to the possibility of frequent failure of hydraulic systems. Similar process risk results were obtained for the risk associated with improper execution of mining with explosives and the need to perform additional blasting work in the excavated roadway. The results can contribute to reducing the time of coal face stoppage during development work, and thus improve the process of them and reduce the costs incurred during this process.


Food materials are complex biopolymers with heterogeneous microstructures and nonlinear large strain rheological behavior. There is a need to determine how these materials behave during both industrial processing such as extrusion, sheeting, cutting, as well as during the oral and gastric processes. Specifically, design tools are needed that can be used to optimize the mechanical performance of food products by considering the structure of the food at the various length scales and the mechanical responses of the constituent phases at the appropriate time scales. This chapter summarizes literature findings that focus on determining the link between the structure and bulk behavior of soft solid foods. It specifically studies foods that can be classed as particulate composites and gels, cellular solid foams, and short fiber-reinforced foods. It is evident that this topic is still a very active research field. Results so far look promising, enabled through recent advances in both experimental equipment and computational power. However, challenges still remain, such as the development and calibration of multiscale models of complex composite food structures that take into account the dynamic changes in the food's structure and its response to simultaneous mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli encountered during processing.


Past colonialism has shaped current policies and patterns relating to sugar trade. To examine the effects of historical colonial linkages on sugar trade, the gravity model is estimated for a panel of raw sugar imports into 25 OECD countries from the rest of the world over the 1961–2016 period. Colonial linkages in a North–South direction increase sugar trade, but colonial linkages in a North–North direction decrease it. Several distinct North–South colonial channels are identified. Sugar trade is enhanced by the major empire shipping routes, rail infrastructure, cultural proximity and preferential market access.


Objective To detect the expression and mutation of tumor suppressor PTEN in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),and to investigate the relationship of the PTEN gene to pathogenesis and development of NPC.Methods Expression levels of PTEN in 52 cases of NPC were determined by an immunohistochemistry method,and polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP), while silver staining and DNA sequencing were used to detect the mutation in exon 5 and 8 of the PTEN gene in NPC.Results Differences of the PTEN expression were significant between NPC and nasopharyngitis(P0.05).Expressions of PTEN were closely related to lymph node metastasis and clinical TNM stage(P0.05).None of 52 cases showed mutation in exon5 and 8 of the PTEN gene in NPC.Conclusion PTEN may have some effects on the pathogenesis and development of NPC,and mutation in exon 5 and 8 of PTEN may not play a main role in the genesis and development of NPC.


Objective To investigate the clinical value of changes of extravascular lung water(EVLW)and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)in diagnosis and differentiating diagnosis of acute cardiac dyspnea or noncardiac dyspnea.Methods Totally 130 patients with acute dyspnea,in our hospital from October 2006 to November 2008,were divided into two groups:cardiac dyspnea group(n=70)and noncardiac dyspnea group(n=60).At the same time,the heart function was classified according to NYHA.The extravascular lung water and central vein pressure(CVP)were measured by PiCCO.The serum NT-proBNP level was measured by an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassayan Roche Elecsys 2010.The results of EVLW and NT-proBNP were compared.Results The EVLW levels of the cardiac dyspnea and noncardiac dyspnea groups were(715±53)ml and(527±95)ml respectively,with a significant difference(P0.01).A positive correlation was found between plasma EVLW and CVP in cardiac dyspnea group(r=0.750,P0.01).The serum NT-proBNP levels of cardiac dyspnea and noncardiac dyspnea groups were(1 215±386)ng/L and(196±40)ng/L respectively(P0.01).The significant difference was also found among the subgroups with different NYHA grades(P0.05).A negative correlation was found between plasma NT-proBNP and left ventricle ejection fraction(LVEF)in the cardiac dyspnea group(r=-0.601,P0.01).Conclusion The levels of EVLW and NT-proBNP are of clinical value to diagnosis and differentiating diagnosis of acute cardiac and acute non-cardiac dyspnea.


2542 Background: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-associated Antigen 4 (CTLA4) is an activation-induced T lymphocyte negative costimulatory receptor which down-regulates cellular immune responses. CTLA4 blockade may break peripheral immunological tolerance, leading to an effective immune response to cancer. Tools for assessing the effects of such a blockade are limited, as CTLA4 is not constitutively expressed on circulating T cells, and because activated lymphocytes are difficult to access in vivo. Therefore, we have employed ex vivo blood stimulation assays to define pharmacodynamic properties of the anti-CTLA4 antibody, ticilimumab.

METHODS
Ex vivo blood stimulation assays employed staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to stimulate isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or whole blood. Stimulation was monitored by production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). This assay was used preclinically to predict in vivo responses in animal models and in samples from cancer patients, as a batch release assay for production runs of ticilimumab, and clinically as a pharmacodynamic measurement in clinical trials of ticilimumab.

RESULTS
Screening experiments using the SEA assay allowed us to identify the lead candidate mAb with optimal CTLA4 blockade activity, ticilimumab. Dose-dependent increases in IL-2 production were observed in PBMC and whole blood samples up to an in vitro concentration of 100 ug/mL of ticilimumab, with 10 ug/mL identified as the minimum predicted efficacious concentration (Ceff). This functional potency assay was adapted for qualification of production lots of ticilimumab. Whole blood taken from cynomolgus monkeys dosed with ticilimumab demonstrated significant enhancement of IL-2 production at the same magnitude observed in in vitro experiments. Additionally, longitudinal samples taken from healthy volunteers and cancer patients suggested that an enhancement of 2.8 fold would be indicative of a pharmacodynamic effect of ticilimumab.

CONCLUSIONS
The SEA assay provides a functional assessment of ticilimumab activity and can be used to guide the clinical development of this agent. Our data suggest that T cell reactivity is enhanced in the presence of ticilimumab in vitro, in primate models and in humans. [Table: see text].


During World War Ⅱ,the image of China in the United States primarily came from the descriptions in memories by some individuals and groups,which remained as skin-deep and resulted in the misunderstanding by American people.While the later study has pointed out the reasons for such a misunderstanding,which are the cultural estrangement,political and ideological difference and the unlikeness in the media work,the research of Chinese scholars in the same area seems to lag behind,not to mention any exploration on how the image has been constructed specifically.Therefore,a further study is expected to probe deeply into this topic.


The main teaching methods adopted in College English teaching and learning are analyzed,with emphasis on students' learning interest.Suggestions about interest teaching method are proposed,which demands teachers to create more teaching methods to stimulate students' interest and improve their English learning ability.


OBJECTIVE To learn KAP and influencing factors for HIV/AIDS among the floating population in Foshan,and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS among the floating population.METHODS Multiple stage random sampling was used to recruit floating populations in Foshan from builders,manufactural workers,restaurant workers and temporary wage labors.All the responders were surveyed anonymously by questionnaire about general characters of migrants,migration record,knowledge,attitude and behavior of HIV/STD,demand and influence factors of the HIV/AIDS prevention and control.The influence factors for HIV/AIDS knowledge acquirement were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.All the responders were tested for anti-HIV,syphilis antibody and anti-HCV.RESULTS 98.69% of the responders had heard about HIV/AIDS,and the awareness rate of HIV knowledge was 65.61%,The main sources were TV.40.84% of the floating population had temporary sexual experiences in the past year,1.20% and 31.78% of the floating population used condoms every time in the past year while they had sexes with their fixed and temporary partners.10.30% of the floating population had related symptom of STD in the past year.84.19% of them could visit regular hospitals after they had STD.The HIV infection rate of floating population was 0.12%.5.23% of the responders with un-martial sex behavior had accepted VCT service.Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that those who had lower HIV/AIDS knowledge had less education than primary school.CONCLUSION The level of knowledge for HIV/AIDS among the floating population in Foshan city is low.Most of the floating population are discriminate against AIDS patients or people infected with HIV.Some high-risk behaviors,such as non-marriage sexes and low using rate of condoms still existed in the floating population.Health education and intervention for HIV/AIDS are urgently needed for the floating population.


Poly hydroxyl iron and aluminum was used as inorganic pillaring reagent to prepare inorganic montmorillonite(MMT).At the same time,organic clays pillared by HTDMA and SDS were prepared.These clays were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),infrared spectrum(IR),specific surface area analyzer(BET) and zeta potential instrument.We compared the adsorptive performance of salmon sperm DNA on MMT of different structure for the first time.The values of equilibrium adsorbance were in order of HTDM-MMTMMTSDS-MMTFe/Al-MMT.After organic modification,HTDMA promote DNA adsorption,with the adsorbance of 61.04μg/mg.However,as a result of being carpeted with SDS on external surface,the SDS-MMT adsorbed less DNA with the adsorbance of 26.88μg/mg.When pH values were 5.0-9.0,the amounts of DNA adsorption on organic modified MMT declined far less than original MMT with the increase of pH value.The kinetics of adsorption indicated that the main step which controlled DNA adsorption on modified MMT is chemical adsorption.The differences of desorption on organic and inorganic modified MMT are very significant while the DNA adsorbed was desorbed with NaOAc and NaH2PO4 solution.These results showed that the structure,the electronegativity and the characteristics of the surface were the key factors that affect DNA adsorption on differently modified MMT.


The placenta, as a unique and transient organ in humans, ensures the development and protection of the fetus, the expression of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and their receptors. The integrity of the fetoplacental endothelial barrier is critical for the development of fetal organs, especially the cardiovascular system. Placental growth factor (PLGF) regulates the morphologic and functional development of the uteroplacental vasculature and can vary with gestational age and in various pathologic conditions of the pregnant woman. Since there is a differential expression of PLGF and soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) at different gestational ages and their competitive interaction, it is advisable to study their level in the blood of a pregnant woman as indicators of regulation of the placental vascular system in pathological conditions of the woman and fetus. Purpose - to determine the levels of placental factors, namely PLGF and sFlt-1, in the serum of pregnant women with isolated congenital heart disease (CHD) in the fetus to increase the effectiveness of diagnostics and the ability to predict heart diseases. Materials and methods. The work was based on a prospective clinical study of a hospital sample, using the case-control study method, with the evaluation of some clinical and laboratory data in 30 pregnant women with isolated fetal CHD (study group) and 60 pregnant women with a healthy fetus (control group). In order to minimize the influence of various risk factors for fetal heart disease, the criteria for selecting pregnant women with non-syndromic forms of CHD and the control group were defined. Clinical, laboratory and statistical methods were used in the study. The level of angiogenesis indicators in blood serum of pregnant women of both groups was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in units of pg/ml in the third trimester of pregnancy. The statistical analysis was carried out using the R software package. ROC analysis and AUC (area under the ROC curve) were used for quantitative interpretation. Differences with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. According to the results of the study, the age of the women in the study group ranged from 17 to 39 years with a mean of 28.36±5.12, and the age of the women in the control group was 29.63±5.39 (p=0.239). The mean gestational age of women in the study group at enrollment was 28.26±8.45 weeks. The mean PLGF level was 93.73±77.32 pg/mL in the study group and 198.63±168.27 pg/mL in the control group (p=0.002). The average level of sFlt-1 in the blood serum of the women in the study group was 9779.44±5407.53 pg/ml, while in the pregnant women in the control group it was 3124.6±1624.53 (p<0.001). The sFlt/PlGF ratio was 180.9±151.1 in the study group and 15.76±14.7 in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions. The obtained results in the form of a decrease of the placental growth factor in the blood of pregnant women with congenital heart defects in the fetus and an increase of the antiangiogenic factor in this group in the III trimester compared to a healthy fetus indicate a violation of angiogenesis in the fetoplacental system. Analysis of data on the age of pregnant women of both groups did not reveal a statistically significant difference between them. Due to the usage of multifactor logistic regression model, was created the CHD "risk calculator" which, using the placental factors of the pregnant woman, calculates the probability of the occurrence of a heart defect in fetus. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The local ethics committee approved the study protocol for all participants. Informed consent was obtained from patients. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.


In order to adapt to the tide of knowledge economy, the enterprise should pay attention to the manpower knowledge capital.This paper discusses the connotation of manpower knowledge capital,explains its characteistics,and analyzes its influence on the enterprise .From such analysis,the paper put forward some suggestions on the management of manpower knowledge capital in the enterprise.


This special issue covers a wide range of topics on the protection and sustainable management of alpine rangelands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), including Indigenous knowledge of sustainable rangeland management, science-policy interface for alpine rangeland biodiversity conservation, adaptations of local people to social and environmental changes and policy design for managing coupled human-natural systems of alpine rangelands.


An all-fiber polarization maintaining (PM) laser tunable over 170 nm via Raman soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) delivering sub-100 fs pulses with a central wavelength ranging from 1880 to 2050 nm is presented. The 40 MHz laser emits power ranging from 15 to 34 mW with pulse duration as short as 80 fs. It is based on exclusively commercially available standard fibers and has been designed to produce sub-100 fs pulse durations over the whole spectral range without the need for adjusting neither nonlinearities nor dispersion. The laser is versatile and a robust potential alternative to Tm and Tm:Ho oscillators.


Abstract:The centerpiece of New York State's 150th anniversary of the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was a pageant, the "Pageant of Decision." Major General John Sullivan's Revolutionary War expedition was designed to eliminate the threat posed by Iroquois allied with the British. It was a genocidal operation that involved the destruction of over forty Indian villages. This article explores the motivations and tactics of state officials as they endeavored to engage the public in this past in pageant form. The pageant was widely popular, and served the state in fixing the expedition as the end point in settler-Indian relations in New York, removing from view decades of expropriations of Indian land that occurred well after Sullivan's troops left.


Menczer J, Geva D, Barchana M. Ovarian nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumors in childhood and adolescence in Israel: Comparison of survival between two periods. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8: 124–127.

During a 25 year period, 40 patients ≤19 years old with ovarian nondysgerminomatous germ cell malignancies were diagnosed throughout Israel—15 during the early (1970–1979) and 25 during the late (1980–1994) study period. No difference between the periods was found with regard to distribution of tumor type, age and stage at diagnosis, and type of initial operation. The five-year survival of patients diagnosed during the late period was significantly longer than during the early period (79.8% vs 53.3%, respectively; P = 0.05). This improved survival can most probably be attributed to the significantly higher percentage of patients who received platin-based combination chemotherapy during the late period. Most of the patients had fertility-sparing surgery and subsequently, among the 22 surviving patients older than 18 years, eight were married at the last date of follow-up, and six of those delivered 11 infants. None of the patients developed leukemia. The rarity of ovarian nondysgerminomatous malignancies should prompt centralization of management for obtaining optimal outcome.


Integer tagging is an optimization for virtual machines to improve performance and additionally reduce the memory footprint. Although used by many virtual machines, the effects of integer tagging have not been analysed in detail yet. In this thesis it is evaluated how integer tagging influences execution times of an existing Smalltalk interpreter. Therefore different versions have been created which were analysed in detail using benchmarks. The results indicate that if the interpreter offers fast allocations by using a modern garbage collector, nearly no speedups can be achieved. In some cases the performance using integer tagging even decreases.


Nowadays, in the era of technological revolution, and due to the growing trend of population agglomerations, many challenges emerge that must be answered to adapt to this new reality. Therefore, the management of large cities has become a complex and demanding mission for public managers of these cities, where ensuring the quality of life of people is increasingly challenging. To meet this major challenge in the management of cities, smart cities have emerged, i.e., cities with the use of technology, namely IoT, which assist in the management of cities to make them more efficient and effective. Before the implementation of this technology in a city, it is essential to understand how people will accept it to ensure that the change project will be more effective. This work intends to know the level of acceptance of IoT in the management of waste collection in Almada and Seixal, with this objective, questionnaires were carried out to the population of the two municipalities to assess their level of acceptance of IoT in the management of waste collection.


The Urban Water Service requires the adoption of a tariff system that recovers the costs of water resources and the establishment of individual national water-pricing policies that help to achieve sustainable water use. Also, water rates (tariffs) can be used as an auxiliary tool for consumption control, seeking efficiency and sustainable resource use. In this research, the study of Bolivar State (Venezuela) different regional, social, economic, political and climatic aspects is presented, analyzing the behavior of consumption of domestic water during the period September 2018 to March 2019, in order to check whether the current rates conform to the state of resources and the objectives of the Urban Water Service and Industry, and furthermore, develop the main objective of this investigation that is a Customized Sustainable Water Pricing Scheme, that includes financial criteria, economic criteria, and above all, environmental criteria, to create specific guidelines that can help to correspond the local contextual factors of water supply and demand. The main conclusion of this work is that Venezuela, invests in the water sector is very sporadic, reflecting the fluctuations in oil prices, also, water billing its subsidized by the government and cost recovery is not considered as a priority; the perception achieved through this study is worrisome because the system slightly covers the water service; altogether there has to be an urgent reformation of the water pricing schemes in order to make it industrial and environmentally sustainable. The critical conclusion and recommendation focus on the rearrangement of the current guidelines, by implementing new technologies, transparency in water measuring, transforming from a fixed rate to an Increasing Block Tarif, and including community reeducation.


The article represents the author's deep scientific analysis of the region in terms of social philosophy. Quite heavy on content the article contains original approaches to problems of regional policy of the Russian Federation.


between RI and temperature. We experimentally found that the sensor has RI sensitivity of up to 68.60 dB/RIU for a TCF length of 10 mm and a waist diameter of 50 µm. The temperature characteristics of the sensor in the range of 30 to 90 ℃ were also investigated, and a sensitivity of about 57 pm/℃ was obtained. Moreover, the compact size, easy fabrication, and low cost of the proposed fiber-optic RI sensor make it an attractive device.


While many studies on social media from users' perspectives have been conducted, less attention has been paid to the effect of social media on organizations' performance, particularly among hotels. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of social media on hotels' business performance in the Lebanese hotel sector. In this study, a structural equation modelling method has been used for data analysis. The survey data was gathered from a sample of 146 hotels in Lebanon. Data analysis results demonstrate the positive and significant relationship between social media characteristics (visibility and association but not editability) on hotels' business performance. The findings present valuable implications for hotel managers to direct their social media strategy and to capitalize on the possible benefits of social media to increase the business performance of hotels. In addition, the findings could also provide useful insights into other business sectors that have an intention to invest in social media.


The thermo-mechanical performance of fingers in a crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell is often discussed in the domain of solder layer degradation due to their close proximity, and vulnerability under transient temperature variations. This paper discusses thermo-mechanical damage at common interfaces of the solder layer. It was established that the finger-solder interface is most prone to breakages. Further, effect of variable solder geometrical parameters on damage accumulation at the finger-solder interface was investigated. Solder thickness was found to be a crucial parameter. The variable width simulation demonstrated increased damage accumulation due to the case of over-soldering.


Experimental tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using neat sea lemon oil and its blends of 25%, 50%, & 75% and standard diesel fuel separately. The common problems posed when using vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine are poor atomization, carbon deposits, ring sticking etc. This is because of the high viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oil. When blended with diesel, sea lemon oil presented lower viscosity, improved volatility, better combustion and less carbon deposit. It was found that there was reduction in NO for neat sea lemon oil and its diesel blends along with marginal increase in smoke, HC and CO emissions compared to that of standard diesel. Brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower for neat sea lemon oil and its diesel blends. From the combustion analysis, it was found that sea lemon oil-diesel blends performed better than neat sea lemon oil. Keywords: sea lemon oil, blends, performance, emission and combustion characteristics DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.2009.03.069-075 Citation: V. S. Hariharan, K. Vijayakumar Reddy, K. Rajagopal. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of sea lemon oil and its diesel blends in a diesel engine. Int. J Agric & Biol Eng, 2009; 2(3): 69


Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution has been much studied because of the important role it plays in theories of unimolecular reactions and in dictating the feasibility of bond-selective chemistry. In this review we survey some of the more recent experimental studies and hope to provide a general introduction along with some present day conclusions.


The cultivation of basketball referee ability for university student is an important component in basketball teaching.On the basis of observing students seeking knowledge and their inclination,it expounded the fact how to train the basketball referee ability for university student in seven aspects: perception stage,preliminary experience stage,improving stage,skilled stage,mastered stage,fitness training and psychological quality,etc.


Abstract A significant component of psychiatric practice relates to the management of patients with behavioural disturbance whose aetiology lies in the subtle alteration of brain biochemistry. The major handicap in assessing such patients, both from a clinical and a research point of view has been a lack of suitably sophisticated technology for studying brain function. Despite significant improvements in imaging technique and the development of positron emission tomography we are still lacking tools which assess brain receptor functioning. The neuroendocrine axis provides us with the means of assessing specific neurotransmitters in a safe and relatively inexpensive way. Such an approach is now widely used in research and has considerable potential within a clinical setting. The fact that classic monoamine neurotransmitters are implicated both in affective disorders and schizophrenia and at the same time control hypothalmic-anterior pituitary function provides the basis for many psychoneuroendocrine investigations. The stimulation of certain central neurotransmitter systems results in the elevation of anterior pituitary hormones. If a pharmacologically selective drug is used, the rise in the anterior pituitary hormone gives some index of the integrity of the neurotransmitter pathway and the sensitivity of its receptor system. This approach is heavily dependent on the development of selective drugs for challenging specific receptor systems. As there are a myriad of potential confounding variables it is essential that there be rigorous control over such factors as gender, age, psychotropic drug exposure, weight loss etc. The release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary is under the control of 2 peptides, namely growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS). Noradrenaline acting via the GHRH containing neurones stimulates the release of GH (1,2). We now know that the stimulated release of GH through this mechanism is significantly blunted in patients with major depression (3,4,5). When sone suppression and noradrenergic mediated GH release are both investigated in depressed patients, those subjects who show dexamethasone non-suppression are more likely to demonstrate blunted GH release than those with normal dexamethasone responses (5). Acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates growth hormone release via the SS method (6). It is now clear that depressed patients show enhanced release when their cholinergic system is challenged with pyridostigmine (7). Overall therefore, depressed patients seem to have a downregulation or under activity of their NA receptors and an up-regulation or over-activity of their ACh receptors. GH release is also under GABAergic control. In a study of patients with major depression baclofen the GABA-B agonist was used to induce GH release. Baclofen (20 mg) significantly elevated GH levels in all healthy subjects but a blunting of response was seen in those patients with major depressive illness. The finding indicates diminished responsivity of the GABA-B receptor system in depression (7a). The release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary is under the inhibitory control of dopamine (DA) which acts directly on the lactotrophs of the pituitary. The release of prolactin is stimulated by serotonin (8,9). There is now unequivocal evidence to indicate that 5-HT mediated prolactin release is blunted in major depression (10,11). Such blunting has been demonstrated with a wide variety of probe drugs including 1-tryptophan and fenfluramine. The abnormality is however not entirely specific to depression as patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and sociopathic personality disorder also demonstrate such blunting even in the absence of mood disturbance (12,13). The first evidence to emerge that central DA receptors might in some way control GH release was demonstrated by the administration of 1-dopa which led to an increase in GH levels (14). GH responses to the DA agonist apomorphine have been reported to be greater in patients with first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, but to be blunted in those patients with significant egative symptoms such as emotional flattening and social withdrawal (15,16). The very complex neurotransmitter control of such hormones as GH and prolactin provides a window to the biology of neuro-behavioural disturbance. As a tool psychoneuroendocrinology is of relevance not just to the researcher but to the practicing psychiatrist as well.


The article studies the formation of the Latvian national identity as depicted in the cultural and historical novel Riga by the writer Augusts Deglavs. The plot is set in the second half of the 19th century when more and more Latvians from the country started to move to Riga. By applying the context-oriented approach and practices of cultural studies, the New historicism, post-colonialism, separate aspects of the dynamics and context of the relationship between Latvians and Baltic Germans in multicultural Riga have been analysed. In addition, the points where social and national identities contact and cross under the conditions of hermetic and hegemonic German culture, like relations with the German language, acquisition of social practices, emergence of the sense of Latvianness, have also been examined. The article also performs a concise evaluation of the historical importance of the Young Latvians' movement depicted in the novel as the awakener of the national identity. Based on John Austin's concept of performative language, in studying the emancipation of national identity, attention was paid to the ability of language "to do things", which proves that words expressed in certain situations can possibly affect and change the run of historical processes.


Background: Prematurity is a leading cause of death in Indian scenario. There are lack of studies done on early physiotherapy interventions in neonates. Early care interventions in premature newborns show positive effect. Growth retardation and demineralisation of bones in newborn are thought to be caused by prolong immobilisation or lack of physical activities. In this study we are going to give combination of massage, passive movements, facilitatory techniques, joint compression and kangaroo mother care, which has not been done before. Indeed this made us to study the effectiveness of early physiotherapy intervention on weight gain in low birth weight neonates. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of early physiotherapy intervention on weight gain in moderate premature neonates (32–37 weeks), very premature (28–32 weeks) and extremely premature neonates (less than 28 weeks). Methods: Individuals fulfilling the inclusive criteria were selected. Written consent was taken from parents and care taker of neonates. Total 20 low birth weight neonates were taken. They were differentiated into moderate premature, very premature and extremely premature neonates. The weight was measured and breast feeding frequency was noted before treatment. Then the neonates were given massage, passive movements, proprioception stimulation by individual joint compression, oral stimulation and kangaroo mother care. This was given for 25-30 minutes each session for two times per day for 7 days. After that again weight and breast feeding frequency was checked to see progression. Later evaluation and interpretation was done using statistical analysis. Results: The early physiotherapy intervention is effective in low birth weight baby for improving weight in pre mature neonates. Conclusion: On the basis of result it can be concluded that the early physiotherapy is effective in improving weight, breast feeding frequency in low birth weight neonates. Hence, early physiotherapy interventions should be considered to decrease the morbidity and mortality rate of LBW neonates.


The purpose of this research is to improve mathematics learning outcomes through the STAD type cooperative learning model for fifth grade students at SD Negeri 36 Palembang. This research was conducted by the author at SD Negeri 36 Palembang. In accordance with this research, the authors conducted for 3 months, starting from August to November 2019. The subjects of the research were fifth grade students at SD Negeri 36 Palembang which consisted of 23 students plus a collaborator as an observer in learning activities. Through the results of this research, it is shown that the learning process with the STAD type cooperative learning model can improve the learning outcomes of fifth grade Mathematics at SD Negeri 36 Palembang. This can be seen from the higher mathematics learning outcomes of students on the material that has been conveyed by the teacher so far. Mastery learning increased from pre-cycle, cycle I to cycle II, respectively 26.09%, 65.22% and 91.30%. In cycle II, students' learning mastery classically has been achieved and has experienced a very good increase.


This paper approaches Genetic algorithm for multi objective optimization of the multi item multi period procurement lot sizing problem. A mathematical model is developed to simulate raw material procurement lot sizing analysis for a real time valve manufacturing company. Model takes into account the constraints imposed by the budget, maximum order quantity and limited warehouse space. The analysis is aimed at arriving at optimum order quantities for the different periods so that the total cost is minimized. Since the developed mathematical model is NP hard due to the mixed binary integer programming nature, GA is used to for the analysis. A hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is applied for multi objective optimization. Pareto fronts obtained from GA are compared with solutions obtained from commercial software like LINGO to establish that GA are more reliable and give better optimality.


Trimethoprim, a broad spectrum antimicrobial medication, is a designated first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Being a common presentation to primary care, this article will review the drug from a pharmacological perspective, considering both it's pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. It will also discuss the nursing considerations in safely prescribing trimethoprim in clinical practice and include the thought processes involved in prescribing for renal patients, hepatic impairment, pregnancy and breastfeeding mothers. Finally, alternative therapies will be addressed, looking at both drug and non-drug options.


Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is ideal for high performance of mechanical properties. However, during the manufacturing process of CFRP, defects or flaws can easily be introduced into the material, among which void is the most common one. Many factors contribute to the formation of void including the curing pressure, resin system, environmental conditions and so on, some of which are almost unavoidable. The presence of voids results in a reduction of the mechanical properties of CFRP, which has been the subject of many researchers for several decades. The aim of this paper is to summarize state-of-the-art studies on void formation and its effects on the mechanical properties of CFRP.


A novel Ultra-wideband quarter wavelength folded half E patch antenna is presented in this paper. By combining half structure technique and folded patch technique, a Ultra-wide impedance broadband patch antenna with small geometric size is created. The impedance bandwidth of this patch antenna is about 55.7%. The antenna size is about the quarter wavelength corresponding to lowest operating frequency. The simulated impedance bandwidths, radiation patterns, radiation efficiencies and gains of this antenna are shown and discussed in the paper. Index Terms small size; Ultra-wideband; patch antenna.


Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) produces highly pure hydrogen with simple and less expensive configuration. Conventional anode is Ni based material, and it is stable in steady electrolysis; however it deteriorates in some cases with the fluctuation of electric power supply, for example where renewable energy such as wind or solar power. To improve durability under potential fluctuation, we have investigated the catalytic activity and durability of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for three types of Ni based electrodes with and without pre-oxidation under potential cycling. Surface oxidized nickel anode was more stable than nickel anode, but it is less active than nickel in high current density region because of electronic resistance of surface oxide. Lithium doped surface oxide improved electronic conductivity, and it had the better activity and durability than those of both nickel and surface oxidized nickel.


Writers commenting on tax policy sometimes have invoked the words of William Shakespeare to support their views. For example, earlier this year IRS attorneys mentioned Shakespeare in a field advice memorandum regarding the application of section 845 to offshore reinsurance transactions.1 The use of Shakespeare has become so frequent that in 2006 Tax Notes editor Robert Manning wrote an article explaining some of the Shakespeare lines most commonly misused in writings about tax policy.2 This led me to ask whether we can derive specific lessons about tax policy from Shakespeare's writing. After all, Shakespeare is, as Samuel Johnson wrote, ''above all writers, at least above all modern writers . . . the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life,''3 and many of Shakespeare's plays are about how a king or other leader asserts, justifies, and maintains political power. Moreover, Shakespeare's writing has been an important influence on American political thinking, relied on by, among others, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. It is worth exploring the extent to which Shakespeare addresses the use of political power to impose taxes. To be sure, Shakespeare did not make tax policy the centerpiece of any of his plays. This is understandable. To most people (readers of Tax Notes excepted), tax policy does not pack the same dramatic punch as, say, murder, civil war, or tragically doomed romance. A play about valuation issues arising under the parliamentary subsidy of 1523 was as unlikely to pack the Globe Theater in Shakespeare's time as a movie about the treatment of passive losses under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 would be to pack the local multiplex today. Moreover, it was very dangerous for a late 16th century English playwright to express opinions about political matters. An official censor reviewed the text of every play proposed to be performed in London, enforcing a law prohibiting the performance of plays in which ''either matters of religion or of the governance of the estate of the commonwealth shall be handled or treated.''4 If Shakespeare violated this law, he could lose his freedom or even his head. As a result, as historian Alvin Kernan wrote, ''Shakespeare took his politics . . . to his grave with him,''5 and the plays tell us little about his personal views regarding the political issues of his time. That said, in two plays tax policy has a significant role, contributing to the downfall of one king in Richard II and to the rise of another in Henry VIII.


Summary In this study, we build a database specialized for astronomical education. The database consists of the information that planetarium curators have about astronomy and the stars. We suggest that the database should have a structure based on constellations, mirroring the basic way in which humans perceive the night sky. Furthermore, we develop a web system for astronomy education using Ajax. The web system's interface is based on the planisphere, which is the most basic tool for finding stars.


: In recent years, the continuous development of blockchain has not only spawned many emerging industries, but also changed the development mode of many original industries, but also had a certain impact on the audit work. This paper attempts to collide the unique characteristics of blockchain with the traditional online audit work. Based on the existing online audit mode of Zhiyuan technology company, this paper puts forward the idea of building a new blockchain online audit platform, which is based on four modules: blockchain technical support module, auditee basic data module, blockchain audit application service module and audit access module, Complete the four steps of audit information operation process: data collection, data preprocessing, collection of audit data and formation of audit report. Finally, it puts forward optimization suggestions for the existing blockchain online audit mode, such as improving the audit early warning mechanism, establishing a comprehensive and high-quality blockchain online audit talent training system, and improving relevant systems and laws, in order to provide reference for subsequent development and application.


The extended Kalman filter (EKF) has been widely used as a nonlinear filtering method for radar tracking problems. However, it has been found that in case cross-range measurement errors of the target position are large, the performance of the conventional EKF degrades considerably due to non-negligible nonlinear effects. In this paper, a new filtering algorithm for improving the radar tracking performance is developed based on the fact that the correct evaluation of the measurement error covariance can be made possible by doing it with respect to the Cartesian state vector. The resulting filter may be viewed as a modification of the EKF in which the variance of the range measurement errors is re-evaluated at each time step and the measurements are sequentially processed in the order of azimuth and range. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method achieves superior performance than other existing filters while requiring a relatively small computational load.


Heat treatment of p‐type CdTe:P single‐crystal wafers in hydrogen at temperatures between 310 and 475 °C decreases the hole density near the CdTe surface by as much as a factor of 25, and produces an approximately exponential acceptor density profile. Deposition of CdS during the heat treatment prevents most of the decrease in hole density, presumably by acting as a diffusion barrier against diffusing impurities. CdS/CdTe solar cells prepared by chemical vapor deposition of CdS on CdTe single crystals show efficiencies in the 8 to 10% range. Junction capacitance analysis suggests that the bands are bent strongly toward the Fermi level at the surface, with diffusion potential approximately equal to those expected from a simple junction model.


The production of single cell protein by mixed yeast and lactobacillus solid state fermentation of potato residue was studied.Four yeast strains and two lactobacillus strains were used in the experiment.The contents of crude protein and true protein of the fermented products were measured to choose the appropriate strains.The results showed that the most efficient mixture of yeast and lactobacillus were saccharomyces cerevisiae + Geotr ichum candidum + Candida tropicalis + Lactobacillus plantarum.The crude protein and true protein yields of the microoganism after fermentation by the four strains were 35.63% and 14.05% respectively.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from email@example.com. Copyright c © 2015 ACM Abstract Sustainability is a major concern to humanity as a result of the consequences of the rapid consumption of the planets finite natural resources, combined with exponential economic and population growth. Principally associated with the field of ecology, sustainability has emerged as an important area of research in a number of sub-fields within the domain of computing including human-computer interaction. While these communities have attempted to address the challenges of sustainability from their different perspectives, there is a severe lack of common understanding of the fundamental concepts of sustainability and how they relate to software systems. As a result, there is a need for a common ground and consistent terminology to reduce the replication of effort. This paper presents the Karlskrona Manifesto for Sustainabilty Design as a mechanism for initiating a conversation between the different communities in addressing the challenges of developing sustainable software systems.


Relationship between activity and structure of flotation reagent molecules have ho discussed and studiedusing electronegativity of function groups and principle of SHBA. Formula of designing group affinity tominerals for flotation reagent molecule was proposal in this paper. The results of research indicated thatelectronegativity of function groups for flotation of sulfide should not exceed 3.5, moreover the interaction offunction groups and mineral surface is stringer with decreasing of function groups. On the other hand,electronegativity of function groups for flotation of oxide minerals should exceed 3.5. The interation of function groups and mineral mineral is stronger with increasing group eletronegativity.


In 2012, a Nobel Prize in Economics was given in part for the solution to the following problem: Say we have 100 boys and 100 girls and we want to make them into couples. Everyone makes a list of their ideal partners from 1 to 100 in order of most favorite to least favorite. The question now is whether there is a way to match everyone up so that the matching is "stable": This means that there is no couple (A,B) in our matching where girl A prefers some other boy to B and boy B prefers some other girl to A. In this Math Hour, you will learn about an efficient algorithm for solving this problem and the fascinating properties of stable matchings. May 15, 2016 Sunday, 1-2pm


December 1899, emotionally if not legally the end of the old century, was the month in which two compositions were completed that would point the direction for much of the dawning century's music: Claude Debussy's Nocturnes, almost ten years in the process of composition, and Arnold Schoenberg's Verkldrte Nacht, composed during that autumn of 1899. Each of these compositions has been said to be indebted to Wagner, the headiest musical force of the nineteenth century: Nocturnes to Parsifal, Verkldrte Nacht to Tristan und Isolde. Even


The article shows that the combination of biochemical parameters of saliva and the results of psychodiagnostic testing makes it possible to predict the academic performance of students. The innovative approach will make it possible to form risk groups and timely carry out a set of adaptation measures aimed at improving academic performance and preserving the contingent of students.


Each year about half a million people around the world with dreams of becoming graduate students take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test. Many graduate schools require the standardized test, which assesses skills in critical thinking, analytical writing, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning, as part of their application process. Some schools also require a subject GRE, which tests knowledge in a particular field. But in the past few years, a number of graduate programs, particularly in the biomedical sciences, have decided to drop the GRE as a criterion. The trend, known on social media as #GRExit, is starting to catch on in chemistry graduate programs. Last year, at least six chemistry departments jettisoned the GRE requirement for students applying for the 2019–20 academic year. These departments point to the exam's high cost, as well as results from recent studies that suggest GRE scores are poor predictors of grad school


This paper introduces the present situation of marble-melt technology for producing glass fibers in China and proposes technical measures for its development.


writing and the rhetoric of scientific and technological texts. She is completing a book-length theoretical study of written scientific and technological discourses.


These Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 892 (1990) Reference doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-892Print copy in library catalog Record created on 2005-03-16, modified on 2016-08-08


A spin-singlet ground state with a spin gap has been discovered in antiferromagnetic spin chain substances when the spin value is 1/2, 1, or 2. To find spin-gap (singlet-triplet) excitations in spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ chain substances, we performed inelastic neutron scattering and magnetization measurements on $R\mathrm{CrGeO}{}_{5}$ ($R=\text{Y}$ or Sm) powders. As expected, we observed spin-gap excitations and the dispersion relation of the lowest magnetic excitations. We proved that the spin system of $\mathrm{Cr}{}^{3+}$ was an antiferromagnetic alternating spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ chain. We describe the influence of frustration between nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interactions in the chain.


The introduction of the African giant snail Achatina fulica in Brazil and in the world presents a serious risk to human health, the environment and agriculture. Considered a socioenvironmental pest, because it adapts easily to anthropic environments, it can be an intermediate host of parasitic worms that affect several mammals, as it can cause problems to plantations and gardens due to its voracity and easy proliferation. The present work has the objective of evaluating the socioenvironmental impact caused by the snail in the municipality of Alto Paraiso de Goias, and, in addition, perform an analysis of the knowledge regarding the identification of the animal and its handling forms. Thus allowing to guide an action of environmental education and combat the invading mollusc, without putting in risk the native snails of the region.


There is little disagreement that the EU budget should be refocused. Redistributive agricultural and structural spending should be reduced in favor of more public good spending as the Boege and Sapir reports demand. We use a public choice analysis to show how the actual budgetary rules led to deadlock, which makes a refocusing of the budget very unlikely. We demonstrate how Member States became net payers and net receivers, and why the underlying coalitions were fairly stable and will remain so under the Treaty of Lisbon. We propose an additional budget voted by veto to overcome the deadlock. JEL-Classification: H 39, D 78, H 87 1 Humboldt-University Berlin. Faculty of economics. Spandauer Strasse 1. D-10178 Berlin. Germany. email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com


Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is generally considered to be uncommon in older female carriers of premutation alleles (55–200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene; however, neither prevalence, nor the nature of the clinical phenotype, has been well characterized in female carriers. In this study, we evaluated 146 female carriers (mean, 42.3 years; range, 20–75 years) with and without core features of FXTAS (tremor; gait ataxia), and 69 age‐matched controls (mean, 45.8 years; range, 21–78 years). Compared with controls, carriers with definite or probable FXTAS had greater medical co‐morbidity, with increased prevalence of thyroid disease (P = 0.0096), hypertension (P = 0.0020), seizures (P = 0.0077), peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.0040), and fibromyalgia (P = 0.0097), in addition to the typical symptoms of FXTAS–tremor (P < 0.0001) and ataxia (P < 0.0001). The non‐FXTAS premutation group had more complaints of chronic muscle pain (P = 0.0097), persistent paraesthesias in extremities (P < 0.0001), and history of tremor (P < 0.0123) than controls. The spectrum of clinical involvement in female carriers with FXTAS is quite broad, encompassing a number of medical co‐morbidities as well as the core movement disorder. The remarkable degree of thyroid dysfunction (17% in the non‐FXTAS group and 50% in the FXTAS group) warrants consideration of thyroid function studies in all female premutation carriers, particularly those with core features of FXTAS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Objective To evaluate the effect of an 18-month intervention designed to reduce the incidence of falls in community-living older adults.Methods This study was a population-based community trial.The elderly adults aged over 60 yrs were selected from four residential communities and randomized into the intervention group(giving comprehensive intervention) or to a control group(no measures given).Baseline information was collected from all of elderly adults in each community.A annual fall rate was calculated after an 18-month comprehensive intervention.Results After intervention,the falls rate in the intervention group(7.19%) was significantly lower than that in the control(17.86%)(P0.000).The annual fall rate was decreased by 10.52% in intervention group.Conclusion Multifactor interventions in community settings may be useful in preventing falls among the elderly.


Transperineal ultrasound is a simple and highly repeatable method that has been used increasingly in the quantification of pelvic organ prolapse, but abnormal uterine descent on ultrasound in Chinese women is still poorly defined. We aimed to determine the optimal cut‐off to define abnormal uterine descent on transperineal ultrasound in Chinese women.


Stably supported quantales generalize pseudogroups and provide an algebraic context in which to study the correspondences between inverse semigroups and étale groupoids. Here we study a further generalization where a non-unital version of supported quantale carries the algebraic content of such correspondences to the setting of open groupoids. A notion of principal quantale is introduced which, in the case of groupoid quantales, corresponds precisely to effective equivalence relations.


This study examines how brands can be managed to influence the degree of their resistance to negative information and the extent to which this immunity to negative information predicts the purchase intention of consumers. In particular, the study investigated the difference between brand commitment and brand immunity on negative information in terms of the concept and the power of influence. A total of 410 usable questionnaires were obtained through an internet survey. A structural equation model using a correlation matrix with maximum likelihood was estimated using AMOS 18.0 to examine the relationship among a brand`s social responsibility, quality orientation, brand innovativeness, easy purchase intention, and difficult purchase intention. The results showed that brand`s social responsibility had significant effects on brand immunity to negative information while quality orientation and brand innovativeness had significant effects on brand commitment. In addition, brand immunity had significant effects on brand commitment and then brand commitment had a significant effect on easy and difficult purchase intentions. The key implications for research and management are discussed.


This paper gives a present of general learning of deep methodology and its applications to a variety of signal and data processing schedules. It is discussed about Machine learning vs. Deep Learning a brief and which is best suited in the market, Dissimilarities, Problem handling, Interpretability, Comparative and different options between cubic centimeter and metric capacity unit and concluded by justifying deep learning is a part of Machine learning and Machine learning is a part of Artificial intelligence.


Electrolytic deposition is a new technique in ceramic processing, the full potential of which is only beginning to be recognized. Among the new developments is cathodic electrolytic deposition.


This paper present an automated approach for al ow-level vision edge detector. The approach we have taken is to formulate the problem in terms of Bayesian inferencing. This provides meaningful performance functionals. The focus of this work is on the use of Markov Random Fields for specifying the a prior probability for an object or a scene. Local moles for regions and edges in the image are generated and by suing local map estimation approach, we find the edge configuration and the region intensity for each site in the image. The local results for regions and edges are combined by using Markov Random Field. The clique coefficient of the Markov Random Field which describes our model is estimated by using the 'coding method' presented Besag; a practical method to estimate the Gibbs distribution parameters is to use the histogram method presented by Derin and Elliot. Our approach is unsupervised and the solution to the problems of interest is presented along with experimental result. In addition there is comparative in the result of the Canny edge detector.


Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. Martha Menchaca. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. xi. 375 pp., maps, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.


Based on the principle of synchro, the methods of decreasing the aero-barbette servo system's errors and eliminating the false correspondence by making use of the current synchro are discussed, so that the aero-barbette servo system can meet with the technological and the tactic indexes.


indicates that intestinal permeability may regulate the secretion of 5-HT independent from the CNS, but, like 5-HT, it may not affect psoriasis when mental comorbidity was not present. A mediation effect model was then established and it was found that 5-HT significantly mediated (β = 8.82, p = 0.022) the correlation between LPS and PASI in patients with anxiety or depression.


The adsorption of liquid aromatic/alkane mixtures on NaY (Si/Al 2.43) has been investigated using a batch technique. The adsorption of aromatics (benzene and toluene) from hexane, heptanes and octane was measured at room temperature. Already at low concentrations, the aromatics were selectively adsorbed on NaY from their binary mixture with an alkane. In NaY zeolite, benzene and toluene are preferentially adsorbed over C6, C7 and C8 n-alkanes (benzene/n-C6 and toluene/C6 selectivity as high as 1000), because benzene and toluene have a higher heat of adsorption and pack more efficiently in the NaY super cages. Results for aromatics are consistent with specific interaction of its π electrons with Na atoms on the zeolite surface. These interactions increase the heat of adsorption for aromatics with NaY zeolite. Also, the interaction of n-alkanes with active sites on the surface indicates the heat of adsorption is lower than that for aromatics.


The primary purpose of the visit was to make use of this opportunity to put my theoretical knowledge into practice while gaining experience in a scientific working environment. Specifically to understand the working and to get experience of the full field FFT approach CraFT modelling software, and to use this knowledge to model the deformation behaviour of polycrystalline ice to estimate the strain and stress heterogeneities at a granular scale. The modelling was to be carried out on artificial texture microstructures created with the help of same modelling software using different Tessellation techniques and different degrees of Texture Anisotropy, and then model them using the same conditions that were used while performing the test on real microstructures, to get model results. The purpose was to quantify the differences in the response of different tessellation microstructures with different degrees of texture anisotropy on deformation by characterizing their strain and stress field with various ways which will be specified later.


STBC can provide the diversity and coding gains.However,the conventional ML decoding algorithm has expensive computational complexity,which the need of high-velocity and real-time communication systems can not be satified.In order to reduce effectively decoding complexity,a new detection algorithm is proposed.The new algorithm uses the QR decomposition of the equivalent channel matrix to decode via transforming the system model.An exhaustive search over the signal modulation constellation for decoding can be avoided and greatly decoding complexity are reduced,moreover,the error code ratio performance of the new algorithm is almost absolute sameness with ML decoding algorithm.Finally,the results with simulation validate the validity and practicability of the proposed algorithm.


Homogeneous samples of freeze dried human feces and urine were prepared to assure comparability of results among various CELSS waste treatment research groups. A model of food processing wastes within a PCELSS was developed, and an initial batch of waste was prepared. An automated gas chromatographic system to analyze oxidizer effluents was designed and is operational. A state of the art quantitative elemental analysis capability, built around inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy using electrothermal atomization, was demonstrated. A continuous flow wet oxidation system was constructed and is now operational. Potentially useful salt separation phenomena was observed.


The article briefly describes the importance of multimedia learning tools biology, types of educational electronic editions on biology. Shows the mechanisms of working with mass media in the classroom and in extracurricular activities, the teacher of biology. Summarized results of the pedagogical experiment on the use of means of multimedia in teaching biology.


Repetitive DNA, including transposable elements (TEs), is found throughout eukaryotic genomes. Annotating and assembling the "repeatome" during genomewide analysis often poses a challenge. To address this problem, we present dnaPipeTEa new bioinformatics pipeline that uses a sample of raw genomic reads. It produces precise estimates of repeated DNA content and TE consensus sequences, as well as the relative ages of TE families. We shows that dnaPipeTE performs well using very low coverage sequencing in different genomes, losing accuracy only with old TE families. We applied this pipeline to the genome of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, an invasive species of human health interest, for which the genome size is estimated to be over 1 Gbp. Using dnaPipeTE, we showed that this species harbours a large (50% of the genome) and potentially active repeatome © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact


The increased pressure for enrolment forces more and more colleges to be selective in their admissions procedures. This selection is customarily achieved through the use of aptitude tests combined with a student's high school record. Students are therefore selected on two bases: intelligence and academic motivation, for high school record is one index of the latter. As a result, admission is denied to


Blog post for Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment blog.

Kieran McCartan discusses the ways in which perpetrators of sexual harm are similar to each other as well as to other offender groups at a baseline level.


Currently, there is a (re-)emergence of theoretical work on glitch in art and culture. With its 'aesthetics of failure' and Deleuzian theoretical orientation, glitch music seems to stand for an alternative approach to sound technology and music that does not conform to hegemonic masculinity. However, closer inspection reveals that many aspects of glitch are conventionally gendered as masculine: mostly male protagonists; a narrow focus on technology, tools and innovation; a tendency towards abstraction and minimalist (quasi-)modernist aesthetics. 'Failure' features in glitch music as a heuristic device and serves as the basis for the development of a new style or movement, new 'territories', new techniques, new software tools and new sound material. Through recording, processing, editing and sequencing, the glitches are domesticated. The masculinity of glitch music is one of men creating new practices and opportunities in a male environment. While the alternative conception of sound technology displayed by the work of female artists such as Huba de Graaff and Cathy van Eck is broad and hybrid and takes the situatedness of its practices into account, glitch music displays a narrow notion of both technology and music.


Background: The main aim of the present study is to investigate the differences in clinical, microbiological, characteristics of Urinary tract infection between diabetic and non-diabetic patients and influence of diabetes on the spectrum of URO pathogens and the antimicrobial resistance in patients with urinary tract infections.Methods: The present study is conducted from February 2018-April 2019 in Narayana general hospital. A total of 181 diabetics and 124 non-diabetics are included. A thorough history examination investigations done. The final data was analysed using statistical package SPSS. The percentages in different categories were compared using chi square test and means were compared using student 't' test.Results: The mean age among diabetic and non-diabetic patients was 60.2+/-13.79 years and 53.47+/-18.56 years. Fever is the most common presenting symptom. BPH was the most common predisposing factor in both diabetes and non-diabetes followed by indwelling catherization but there was no statistically significant difference. Diabetics with UTI majority (87.14%) had glyco HBA1C >6.5% with p<0.001. The prevalence of recurrent UTI is higher in diabetics compared to non-diabetics however difference was not statistically significant. Recurrent UTI is higher in females in both diabetics and non-diabetics. The presence of E coli is significantly higher in diabetics compared to non- diabetics. The antimicrobial resistance pattern was similar in both diabetic and no-diabetic subjects in E coli with maximum sensitivity to meropenem and least to ampicillin and there is no statistically significant difference.Conclusion: The host factors found to be associated with UTI are female sex, presence of diabetes, poor glycemic control, presence of fever. No correlation was noted with age, duration of diabetes and type of treatment for diabetes. An elevated HBA1C correlates with occurrence of UTI. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most frequent uropathogen. The resistance of uropathogens to antibiotics are similar in patients with and without diabetes and non-diabetes.


In remote sensing image classification, it is usually to introduce a spectral feature vector by transferring the digital number of a pixel from each band into an array. However, this kind of vector represents only one pixel of a remote sensing image, considers the spectral information but ignores the spatial relationship of neighboring pixels. In this paper, we propose a multiway support tensor machine for remote sensing image classification. The training samples are represented as 3-order tensors with local neighbor information, then, the mathematical model and solution of multiway support tensor machine are discussed in detail. Experiments on the classification of HYDICE hyperspectral data set suggest that this scheme can deliver a high classification rate with a small number of training samples.


The drama called "Sütçü İmam" by Cahit Zarifoğlu reflects the occupation of Maraş first by the English and then the French and the battle against them under the leadership of Sütçü İmam. The events in the drama are chronologically ordered. Although the character "Sütçü İmam" shows up at the very last part of the play, it is felt that his personality traits seem to have been determined in previous sections. Sütçü İmam represents independence spirit rather than a human being. The idea of presenting such a story arc in İslamic Geography in 1920s has an aim of inspiring the national consciousness. Zarifoğlu puts forward Sütçü İmam as a role model to Afghani considering the occupation of Afghanistan by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1980S. The present play is purposefully written as a good representative of target message to be given.


of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of Degree of Master of Applied Science. AN INVESTIGATION INTO MANAGEMENT OPTIONS TOWARDS REDUCING SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CHRISTCHURCH AIR SHED


Cardiac hemangiomas are extremely rare forms of tumor and account for only 2.8–5% of all benign cardiac tumors [1,2]. It is a rare benign primary cardiac tumor, with less than 100 cases described in current cardiac literature.[3] We present a 30-year-old woman presented with feature of palpitation, dyspnoea on exertion and occasional chest pain for last 3 years.


At increasing levels of confidence, Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) is challenged by tension in the Hubble parameter H0 with respect to the local distance ladder. We introduce a new approach to alleviating H0 tension by accelerated expansion leading up to an unstable de Sitter state (UdS) in the distant future. It shares the same parameters H0 and ΩM, 0 of late-time ΛCDM, wherein dS is assumed to be stable. For the matter density ΩM, 0, we test this by estimates over running inner intervals [0, zmax ] in the Pantheon data of 1048 supernovae supported by simulations over a common distribution of redshift data. We zoom in to the intermediate redshift interval [0.1, 0.4] well covered by data. For UdS, uncertainties in matter density in UdS are about one-half of those in ΛCDM and constancy exceeds that in ΛCDM by a factor greater than 2 as their estimates gradually diverge with z up to a significance of 2.5σ. UdS points to ΩM, 0 ≃ 0.3707 ± 0.015 that may be tested by future high-z observations on H(z).


Store the multiple cylinder pressurize air for hitting POSRV set pressure test of the present invention, the air tank part for compressing; Above is connected to the air tank portion being securely fixed and connected to the air cylinder and the air cylinder to transfer the compressed air from the air tank part is securely fixed compression in the air cylinder converts the feed air in the high pressure air cylinder is provided with a loading cylinder for; It characterized in that it comprises a; and a second connecting portion which is fixed to the installation are connected to the cylinder unit, the transfer of the high-pressure air from the cylinder portion, is detected. In this way, by using the cross-sectional area is connected to the other cylinders in a multi-, by variously modifying the cross-sectional area of the cylinder piston in a narrow place without connected to the double of the size of the storage of compressed air the air tank to a high pressure to a low pressure can make it is possible to provide the desired set pressure at the set pressure POSRV test requires a high-pressure multi-cylinder in the pressure device.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transurethral cystolithotripsy(TUC) and percutaneous cystolithotripsy(PCC) in prepubertal patients with 10-20 mm bladder stones.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The files of patients the age of 12 and under who were admitted our clinic for bladder stones from January 2007 to January 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were patients who were 12 years of age and under with 10-20 mm bladder stones, and who underwent endoscopic surgery(TUC or PCC). None of the patients had prior bladder or stone surgery. The patients were divided into two groups(Group 1:PCC group, and Group 2:TUC group) and collected data(preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics) were compared between the groups.

RESULTS
This present study was enrolled 51 patients(21 patients in Group 1 and 30 patients in Group 2).The mean ages of the groups were similar (Group 1:4.7±3.6; Group 2:4.6±3.2; p:0.936). The mean stone size was 15.8±3.5 in Group 1, and 12.1±2.4 mm in Group 2. It was higher in the PCC group than TUC group(p<0.001). The operative time was lower in Group 1 than Group 2(36.4±12.9 min vs. 42.7±16.3 min, respectively), but there was no statistically significance difference between the groups (p:0.117).We achieved SFR for all the patients in both groups. Complications were observed in four (7.7%) cases. One female patient was in Group 1 and three male patients were in Group 2. There was no difference for complication rates between the groups(p:0.634).

CONCLUSIONS
Endoscopic surgeries have almost become a routine method in the treatment of bladder stones. Despite larger stone size, PCC provides similar SFR compared with TUC along with a tendency of shorter operative time. However, the use of the TUC method in toddler males could increase the risk of postoperative urinary retention. Hence, stone size and patient age should be considered in the selection of a surgical approach.


A surgical biopsy apparatus for cutting tissue (10), a housing (12) having a longitudinal axis (2), the first member and movable to an extended position from a retracted position with respect to said housing a second member (50), and slidably disposed and stretchable third member (60) with respect to said first member, slidably disposed with respect to said second member and extendable as the fourth member (60), cutting the tissue surrounding the tissue region located between the third member and the fourth member, the third member and the fourth member (60 ) and a slidable electrocautery cutting wire (86) with respect to. .The 2A


Background The abductor pollicis longus (APL) is classically described as inserting on the base of the first metacarpal. This study analyzed APL insertional anatomy and quantified the size of various elements of the extensor side of the thumb to determine associations with size and function. Methods Twenty-four formalin-preserved upper limbs were dissected. The insertional anatomy of the APL, extensor pollicis brevis, and extensor pollicis longus were characterized, and the capacity of APL tendon slips to perform palmar abduction of the first digit was quantified based on slip size and insertion. Results The mean number of APL tendon slips observed was 2.3. Abductor pollicis longus insertion sites included the base of the first metacarpal, trapezium, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis. Only 4 specimens had a solitary metacarpal slip, while 83% of specimens had insertions onto at least 1 thenar muscle. A total of 62.5% of APL tendons exhibited some form of branching that we categorized into "Y" and "Z" patterns. In assessing palmar abduction capacity, we found that APL tendon slips inserting into the base of the first metacarpal were larger in cross-sectional area than nonmetacarpal slips and reproduced complete palmar abduction of the digit in the absence of nonmetacarpal slips. The abduction capacity of APL tendon slips was not correlated to the cross-sectional area. Conclusions There is significant variability in APL tendon slips, branching patterns, and insertional anatomy. These findings provide further understanding of the function of the APL and its surgical implications.


The concerns about the availability of freshwater to meet the demands of a growing population while sustaining a healthy natural environment are based on several factors: uncertainties as to the availability of supplies; the high costs of developing additional water supplies; the vulnerability of the resource and the problems of restoring and protecting valued surface and groundwater resources; the importance of reliable supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental health and economic development; and the shortcomings of our institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing supply and demand conditions. Therefore water management authorities around the world are challenged with ensuring the quantity, quality, and allocation among the various uses of water are sustainable. This paper is based on the household survey of the irrigators using recycled water from the scheme to irrigate their crops in Virginia. The paper elicits their point of view on various issues related to wastewater usage and the rules-in-use governing wastewater management related to the scheme. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v13i0.7207 Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.13 & 14 2011, pp.34-50


The study investigates the moisture absorption behavior of polyurethane foam in distilled water at 22°C using a constant temperature water bath. Polyurethane foam panel was fabricated from a two-part liquid foam precursor consisting of part-A (Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate polymer) and part-B (Polyol mixed with blowing and curing agents) using a high speed mechanical reversible mixture. Samples in the form of rectangular block were prepared and dried in an oven for several hours to remove any residual moisture. The edges around the crosssection of the dry sample were sealed with Tacky tape to simulate one-dimensional moisture diffusion through the thickness (flow direction). Samples with three different thicknesses, namely 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm were investigated to understand the effect of thickness on moisture absorption behavior. The rates of diffusion for the three thicknesses were found to be the same order of magnitude suggesting that any of the thicknesses could be used. This also meant that anisotropic effects in the structure of the foam will have to be taken into account prior to testing. The second part of this research involved the study of effect of moisture absorption on the flexural properties of foam. Post moisture flexure tests were carried out to on samples over time periods of two days, one week and two weeks of absorption. The results show that almost 17% increase in modulus and 12% increase in flexure strength compared to the dry foam samples.


Software Engineering (SE) is a well-known education discipline which focuses on the study of analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. There are various approaches in teaching SE courses at university level, however all approaches stress on blending the theoretical concepts with the practical knowledge. In 21st century, students can no longer be restricted to the traditional teaching methods like the lecturer lecturing and the student listening in a typical classroom environment. Software engineering field requires even more integration of technological aspects keeping in view the demanding job market. Cloud computing is one of the latest trends in IT. Its value has been proven effectively in various sectors including the education sector which motivated the authors to explore the study mechanisms of software engineering programme and look at the possible improvements using cloud-based solutions. In a strive to accomplish this, various data collection techniques were applied to get the questions answered and to achieve the aim of this research which is to utilize cloud for better software engineering education environment.


In this article, we describe a representation for the processes of multiple sequences alignment (MSA) and used it to solve the problem of MSA. By this representation, we took every possible aligning result into account by defining the representation of gap insertion, the value of heuristic information in every optional path and scoring rule. On the basis of the proposed multidimensional graph, we used the ant colony algorithm to find the better path that denotes a better aligning result. In our article, we proposed the instance of three‐dimensional graph and four‐dimensional graph and advanced a special ichnographic representation to analyze MSA. It is yet only an experimental software, and we gave an example for finding the best aligning result by three‐dimensional graph and ant colony algorithm. Experimental results show that our method can improve the solution quality on MSA benchmarks. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009


The African Association for Rhetoric has some attachment to South Africa as a country. The reason is dual fold: first, that the Association was founded in South Africa, and secondly, that AAR has, in the same country, received significant support from some institutions and well-meaning individuals who believe in the project. The project also has been an object of suspicion from certain individuals, who, for whatever reason concocted by their imagination, believe that the African Rhetoric Project is a nationalist project. Suffice to say that the African Rhetoric Project is established to cater for discourses around Africa as she struggles with the forces that aid or impede her transition and transformational agenda. This would also include those relating to Africa in the diaspora. When discussing these forces, more blame is projected on exogenous forces over endogenous ones. The latter for the most part are more responsible in formulating policies required to move respective countries on the continent forward into a more developmental state. By implication, they have greater responsibility in ensuring the smooth running of the state. However, for the most part, the dream of a developmental state has been rather elusive to the majority of countries on the continent who terminated the dominance of Western imperialism by securing independence in the respective states. Perhaps the most protracted and most popularised struggle for independence in Africa is that of South Africa that had Nelson Rohihlala Mandela as one of its frontline struggle icons.


![Figure][1]

Compared with controls (left), fewer stressed-out kidney cells commit suicide (red) in the absence of NADPH oxidase (right).

Cells have to cope with different sources of stress.

[Li et al.][2] show how two potentially lethal kinds of cellular stress amplify each other.


The invention relates to a filmed plate production line which comprises an uncoiling machine, a sewing machine, a flattening machine, a tightening machine I, a front storage rack, a tightening machine II, a front processor, a thermal flashing machine, a coating machine, a moisture drying machine, a cold flashing machine, a tightening machine III, a centering machine, a primary coating machine, a primary coating curing furnace, a PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) filming guide machine, a PVC filming machine, a fine coating compulsive cooling machine, a wiping centering machine, a tightening machine IV, a protecting film coating machine, a rear storage rack, a tightening machine V and a coiling machine which are densely arranged in sequence. The filmed plate production line is characterized by further comprising a film trimming machine, wherein the film trimming machine is arranged between the protecting film coating machine and the rear storage rack. The filmed plate production line has the advantages that redundant films on two sides of a filmed metal plate in the production line can be cut off, the time and the labor are saved, and the use reliability is high.


Beginning with Piaget, literature has accumulated indicating that children's moral judgments pass through a series of stages culminating in the application of high order general principles to practical judgments. Principled moral reasoning, therefore, has come to be seen as similar in principle to other abstract sciences where less formal, narrative forms of thinking are seen to be less abstract and more immature. Kohlberg's research as inspired by the work of Piaget who had tried to connect the development of a child's moral judgment to its overall cognitive development. Kohlberg believed that as the whole human personality matures, our thinking about right and wrong starts at a preconventional level, then progresses to a conventional level, then finally arrives at postconventional thinking. Each of these three levels has two specific stages. Kohlberg's research included subjects from many cultures, and therefore, he believed that he was uncovering a universal innate developmental structure of the human personality. Carol Gilligan has posed a serious threat to this general scheme by suggesting that a more narrative contextual approach to moral reasoning, what she calls an "ethic of care", which far from applying abstract moral rules to particular cases, treats each case in terms of a host of considerations any or all of which may have some role in arriving at a judgment or an action. She argues that such moral reasoning is as valid an orientation of moral thinking as that based on the application of general, abstract rules, and furthermore, that the bias towards this orientation is, at base, a gender based. A rich body of data has now been collected congruent with these claims. In order to explore the relationship between this alternate proposal and Gilligan's "justice" and "care" orientations, this study was designed to examine the moral orientation with a group of adolescents, fifteen boys and fifteen girls, at two high schools in Durban. The participants live in a working class, housing estate that has high levels of crime and violence. The adolescences were requested to reflect upon two scenarios depicting real life dilemmas, and then engage in moral judgments and decision-making in response to probing questions put to them in an interview situation. Results have shown


Isocyanide chromium(0) complexes coordinated by dimethyl fumarate, fumaronitrile and maleic anhydride were prepared photochemically by the irradiation of hexakis(aryl isocyanide)chromium(0) with the corresponding olefin. Tetracyanoethylene reacts with hexakis(aryl isocyanide)chromium(0) thermally without illumination, while acrylonitrile and dimethyl maleate do not react even with irradiation.


The present invention relates to an apparatus for determining the impedance of transcellular cultured on a permeable membrane cells, comprising one or more measuring cells, each measuring cell a) a first container (6) into which a second container (3), comprising the permeable membrane may be used as a cell culture substrate, and b) a cover (1) for the first container (1) comprising an electrode (2), wherein the electrode (2) as to the cover (1) is arranged such that when the second container (3) in the first container (6) is inserted, the second container (3) is at least partially filled with a conductive liquid and the first container (6) to the cover (1) is covered, the conductive liquid in the second container (3) in contact with the electrode (2) can pass, includes, characterized in that at least 50% of the internal space of the first container (6) facing surface of the first container (6) are formed of an electrically conductive material. The present invention also relates to a method for determining the impedance of transcellular on a permeable membrane cultured cells as well as the use of an apparatus for determining the impedance of transcellular cultured on a permeable membrane cells.


The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) of Northeastern Illinois entered into a contract with Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc., in association with Cambridge Systematics and Beata Welsh to develop the analytical techniques and provide the software and training for analysis of a range of transit related transportation control measures (TCMs). The purpose of the project was to develop transferable and "technically defensible" estimation techniques (models) for assessing the emissions and VMT reductions of a variety of transit related TCMs. These microcomputer based estimation techniques will be used to analyze proposed TCM projects for inclusion in the mobile source component of the State Implementation Plan (SIP). These modeling techniques were also seen as a means to evaluate projects for funding under the Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality program of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. This project was undertaken to provide a means to assess the air quality impacts of transit projects. Many of the project types identified in the U.S. EPA TCM guidance are not amenable to analysis by regional air quality and travel demand models. There was a need to develop an analytical tool that could address transit projects that were short-range or operational in nature. The RTA, as the agency charged with providing comprehensive planning for the region's transit system, is taking a lead role in developing the transit related TCMs for the Chicago region's mobile source component of the SIP. A Transit TCM Technical Committee was established to identify projects for analysis, coordinate data collection and review the consultant's products. The committee was composed of staff from the RTA, its Service Boards: The Chicago Transit Authority, Metra, the commuter rail division, and Pace, the suburban bus division; the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency; the Illinois Department of Transportation; and the Chicago Area Transportation Study, the region's metropolitan planning organization. This interagency approach was important to developing a methodology that would be useful to the region's transit, air quality and transportation planning agencies. One of the goals of the project was to share results, methodology and software with the Service Boards.


Using the data collected by the RRL in 1967 for eight English cities, average speeds on major roads have been calculated as a function of distance from the city center. Two rather simple types of function have been fitted to this empirical data, namely v = k · r 1/3 and v = 60 - a · e - r / R , and the values of their parameters have been found to be related to the city size and to whether the observations were made in the peak or the off-peak periods. Data from other studies, in London and Goteborg (Sweden), are adduced to support the conclusions drawn.


This research examines the moderating effect of conflict avoidance on the relationship between interpersonal conflict and psychological adjustment among 56 expatriate couples at two points in time. We propose a model based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model - which assumes both individual and "cross-party" effects - to address simultaneously the effects of own and other's avoidance behavior. We found substantial support for our model, in that both parties' conflict perceptions were detrimental to their own psychological adjustment. Additionally, regarding avoidance, three factors were essential: I) role (expatriate versus expatriate partner), II) level of conflict, and III) time. First, direct and moderating effects of avoidance were only significant for expatriate partners, suggesting that expatriate partners are more sensitive to reaction to conflict than expatriates. Second, high conflict resulted in higher adjustment when avoidance was high, whereas low conflict resulted in higher adjustment when avoidance was low. Presumably, severe threats to the intimate relationship, that is, high conflict is better avoided, whereas smaller threats should be faced. Third, the findings were significant at Time 2, but not at Time 1. Implications of the findings for our understanding of expatriation are discussed.


This thesis examines students' work with mathematics textbooks in Year 1 (students aged 7–8 years) of Swedish elementary school. The aim of this thesis was to contribute knowledge about and an unde ...


To counter the inefficient profit of small cement enterprises, disposing municipal solid wastes in middle or small-sized cement plants is proposed by the author. The advantage and feasibility on changing small cement plant into refuse handling plant, as well as the current challenge and difficulties is set forth by the author.


First,the structure of source codes and the ralationship of referred files about the Framebuffer in Linux 2.4 are analyzed,we also provide the process of the functions in the way of graphics.Then you would like to see the program designing a Framebuffer device drivers.The relationship of user interface and system call is also analyzed.Finally,based on the platform of S3C44B0X and SHARP STN LCD,we have designed our own Framebuffer device driver while these source codes are analyzed in detail.


Heavy quarks, such as charm and bottom, bind with their anti-quarks to form quarkonium. Recent theoretical developments in lattice guage theory have made it possible to study these systems from first principles in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Numerical lattice calculations entail some systematic errors. However, using non-relativistic potential models, which previously provided a useful empirical description, it is easier to estimate them for quarkonium than for light hadrons. Results are presented for several properties of charmonium, including the application to determining the strong coupling constant.


Systematic research on diurnal butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea): present knowledge and future perspectives. This chapter is a review of the state of art of the diurnal butterfl ies. The initial contributions of the XVIII and XIX centuries are commented as well as the new information including in data bases and catalogs available through Internet. The problem of the real number of Lepidoptera species is discussed, Co nt rib uc ion es ta xo nó mi ca s e n ór de ne s d e i ns ect os hip erd ive rso s. Ll or en te -B ou sq ue ts, J. & A . L an te ri (e ds .). La s P re ns as d e Ci en cia s, U N A M . M éx ico D . F . pp . 5 770 .


The objective of this article is to outline approaches taken by civil society organizations (CSOs) in order to advance their work in social development given the changes in the aid architecture. It focuses on the Latin American region, particularly Andean countries, but many of the challenges and opportunities in a "post‐aid world" are insights that might prove helpful to other regions as well. The article provides a comprehensive outline of approaches that CSOs are taking given the changes in aid grouped into three categories: aid models, organizational considerations and revenue sources and modes of fundraising. Many of these have been in practice for sometime but might need to be more strategically used as CSOs manage the changing contexts. CSOs in Latin America and the Andes are considering a multitude of options, and while the approaches considered in the article are not an exhaustive list, they provide an overview of viable directions, which might positively influence CSOs' sustainability and continued provision and promotion of a myriad of public goods and services. The article ends with observations about aid shifts and its implications for CSOs and social development more broadly. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.