Fe–Si intermetallics–Al2O3 composites were fabricated by thermite-assisted combustion synthesis. Combustion reactions were conducted with powder compacts composed of Fe2O3, Al, Fe, and Si. The starting stoichiometry of powder mixtures had an atomic Fe/Si proportion ranging from Fe-20% to Fe-70.5% Si to explore the variation of silicide phases formed with Si percentage. Combustion in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was achieved and the activation energy of the SHS reaction was deduced. It was found that the increase of Si content decreased the combustion temperature and combustion wave velocity. Three silicide compounds, Fe3Si, FeSi, and α-FeSi2, along with Al2O3 were identified by XRD in the final products. Fe3Si was formed as the single-phase silicide from the reactions with Si percentage from Fe-20% to Fe-30% Si. FeSi dominated the silicide compounds in the reactions with atomic Si content between Fe-45% and Fe-55% Si. As the Si percentage increased to Fe-66.7% Si and Fe-70.5% Si, α-FeSi2 became the major phase. The microstructure of the composite product showed that dispersed granular or nearly spherical iron silicides were embedded in Al2O3, which was dense and continuous. Most of the silicide grains were around 3–5 μm and the atomic ratio of silicide particles from the EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Fe3Si, FeSi, and FeSi2.


A combination of long-term aging studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has been successfully used to explain the time-dependent hierarchical assembly of ceria nanoparticles (CNPs). When the CNPs were aged in as-synthesized condition at room temperature in water, it was observed that the individual 3−5 nm CNPs result in octahedral superstructures through a fractal assembly. This hierarchical fractal self-assembly was observed despite the absence of any surfactant, at room temperature, and under atmospheric pressure. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis have been used to explore the assembly of the individual nanoparticles into fractal superoctahedra. Both experimental work and theoretical analysis showed that the initial octahedral and truncated octahedral seeds symmetrically assemble and result in the superoctahedra with intermediate transformation steps.


Good governance in the public sector can be interpreted as a way to manage government aairs relating to public authori- ties such as the use of economic, political and administra- tive order to manage the aairs of the country at all levels. Good governance also includes the mechanisms, processes and institutions in which citizens and community groups to express their interests, using legal rights, meet their obli- gations and to bridge dierences between them. The pur- pose of this study was to examine the relationship the ap- plication of principles of good governance are participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, and strategic vi- sion to performance as represented by the Vision and Mis- sion District Government Bekasi. In this study, the anal- ysis method used is descriptive analytical method and the method of inference. Data analysis was performed using Spearman Rank. The sampling technique used since the number of population clusters that grouped samples. From the analysis of the obtained conclusion that the application of principles of good governance principles showed a good relationship looks from the score of 72.09


Objective To observe the effects of anti depression therapy on post stroke and neurological rehabilitation in the elderly. Methods There were 178 post stroke depression (PSD) cases. They were divided into 3 groups: 64 cases taking Prozac once every morning about 20 80 mg daily; 58 cases taking amitriptyline twice everyday about 50 100 mg daily and 56 cases taking placebo as control group. All of them were on the regular treatment of cerebrovascular disease. All the cases were evaluated according to the HAMD score, neurological function impairment and ADL before treatment and 1 st , 2 nd , 4 th , 8 th week and 3 rd , 6 th , 12 th month after the treatment. Results At the 2 nd week, HAMD score dropped obviously from 27 7±6 9 to 17 3±5 9 in Prozac group, from 26 9± 6 9 to 15 7±4 2 in amitriptyline group, with significant difference vs pre treatment and the control groups ( P 0 05). At the 12 th week, the neurological function impairment score of the Prozac group dropped to 11 8±5 7, and that of amitriptyline group dropped to 11 9±6 1, both of them declined significantly ( P 0 01). After 3 months, the ADL index climbed to 69±5 1 in Prozac group, and 67 0± 6 2 in amitriptyline group, which showed much improvement than before ( P 0 05). And the treatment groups had fewer complications than the control group ( P 0 01). Both of the recurrence and death post stroke were lower ( P 0 01). Prozac and amitriptyline were similar on curative effect, but Prozac had lower side effects than amitriptyline. Conclusions Anti depression therapy may control the post stroke depression in the elderly effectively. Prozac is safe during the treatment period; anti depression therapy is in favor of not only rehabilitating neurological function but also improving the living ability and reducing the complications, recurrence and death of stroke.


We report on an all-optical method to determine the photo-elastic constants of optical materials. The two-laser technique is based on a combination of the acousto-optic effect and the laser generation of ultrasound. The laser generated ultrasonic wave produces a Raman-Nath type diffraction. The diffraction effciency is proportional to the photo-elastic constants of the material investigated. The constants are determined by careful analysis of the diffraction signals obtained from a stack comprising an unknown material and a reference material.


Political events are one of the factors that influence a country's economic conditions. The capital market as an economic instrument cannot be separated from various environmental influences, both economic and non economic environment. The aim of the research is to find out the difference of abnormal return and trading volume activity between 10 days before and 10 days after Simultaneous General Election 2019 on the stocks included in the Jakarta Islamic Index. The sampling method in this study was conducted using saturated samples of 30 companies. Statistical analysis method used is Paired Sample T-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The result of statistical test shows that variabel abnormal return and trading volume activity produce the conclution that there is no difference in abnormal return and trading volume activity between 10 days before and 10 days after Simultaneous General Election 2019 on the stocks included in the Jakarta Islamic Index. The implications of this study for issuers do not need to worry about Simultaneous General Election information because the event does not significantly influence on abnormal return and trading volume activity.


ABSTRACT The issues of the social-hygienic monitoring of sea water quality require the investigations related to the epidemiological and environmental safety. The necessity of the implementation of the methodological approaches listed in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008) is discussed. The experience of social-hygienic monitoring demonstrate strong evidence that microbial pollution of sea water in Odessa Harbor remains high during all recreational season.


Effects of hydrolysis-rate-control-additives (carbonyl compounds such as ethylacetoacetate and acetylacetone) on the hydrolysis behavior of aluminium secondary butoxide and condition for the formation of monodispersed alumina particles were investigated. The reactive enol form of the carbonyl compounds substituted butoxyl group of aluminium secondary butoxide and chelated the aluminium atom. The chelating ligand would not be easily removed upon hydrolysis reaction because the aluminium-ligand bond was sufficiently strong. As a consequence, the rate of hydrolysis and polycondensation of modified precursor decreased. By hydrolyzing this modified stable precursor, the monodispersed alumina particles were prepared in the wide range of water concentration; about 8 times that of non-modified precursor when 0.006mol/l ethylacetoacetate was added and about 4 times when 0.006mol/l acetylacetone was added. The average particle size of obtained monodispersed particles and the geometrical standard deviation were 0.2μm and 1.18, respectively. The morphology of particles changed with increasing water concentration as follows; agglomerates of coarse texture→monodispersed particles→agglomerates of fine texture.


Summary: For leaders to address global health challenges requires development of systems thinking skills. To better align how we think with how the world works, we will explore how "big picture" thinking allows leaders to identify meaningful trends from the mass of information around them to think strategically into the future. Content Outline: Objective 1: Examine the changing landscape of healthcare for the need to rethink leadership skills needed 1. Changing landscape of healthcare a. Goal of global healthcare quality b. New ways of thinking: systems approaches c. Describe binary, linear and categorical thinking compared with systems thinking 2. Thinking broadly to see whole picture a. Systems approach expands mental models b. Address global challenges in quality improvement Objective 2: Describe different ways of thinking to better understand the world around us to move purposefully into systems thinking 1. Aligning how we think with how the real world works to explore systems thinking a. Big Picture" thinking to identify relevant trends for futuristic applications b. Prerequisites for Systems thinking: mental models and complex adaptive systems 2. Characteristics of Systems thinking: distinctions, systems, relationship, perspectives a. Systems thinking as a reflective practice b. Understanding meaning making, thinking and knowledge development Objective 3: Examine the role of reflective practice in systems thinking for sense making 1. Exemplars from the case study (paper 1): what do system thinkers do to develop expertise? a. Language and terms to address complex problems illustrated in the case study b. Molding leadership strategies based on systems thinking c. Addressing complex problems that have defied solutions: global healthcare quality d. What is the role of leadership in improving quality? First Primary Presenting Author Primary Presenting Author Sara Horton-Deutsch, PhD, MS, BSN, RN, ANEF, FAAN University of Colorado-Denver College of Nursing Professor & Watson Caring Science Endowed Chair Aurora CO USA Author Summary: Sara Horton-Deutsch is a professor, Director of the Watson Caring Science Center and endowed chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado College of Nursing. She has been a nurse educator for over 20 years and was recognized as fellow in nursing education by the National League of Nursing in 2012.


The inherent feature of the highly efficient spectrum usage has made Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) preferable for Communication Standards. This study evaluated the performance of a Least Square (LS) estimator for a comb-type pilot insertion scheme over a fast fading Rayleigh channel. A High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is one of the major downsides of the OFDM. The effects of an increase in the number of subcarriers on PAPR and the performance of the LS Estimator were studied. Increasing the number of subcarriers while keeping the pilots overhead constant resulted in improved performance of the LS estimator but the PAPR increased with increasing number of subcarriers. Therefore some trade-off between the number of subcarriers and the performance of the OFDM system is needed. The Mean Square Error (MSE) expression was also derived for the LS estimator in the case of a comb-type pilot arrangement. The MSE expression clearly explains the effects of the number of subcarriers on the performance of the LS estimator.


One research question guided the autoethnographic inquiry: "What is the experience of intuition and immersion in the Holotropic Breathwork community?" The experience of intuition and Holotropic Breathwork are subjective. An autoethnography is proposed to allow focus on personal and evocative narratives of the author. Specifically, Jones, Adams, and Ellis method for autoethnographic data analysis was followed to bring the reader into the experience while being vulnerable. Data analysis revealed (1) appropriate set and setting, (2) mutual support, and (3) self-trust as salient themes. Future considerations to inform possible alternatives and integrative methods for coping with anxiety, depression, and enhancing quality decision making given the experience of intuition and immersions in the Holotropic Breathwork community are discussed.


practice, Goldner describes two possible errors. In addition to the socalled &dquo;right error&dquo; of therapeutic neutrality, which avoids issues of power and exploitation, there is the &dquo;left error,&dquo; which reduces therapy to political education. However, in her discussion of her clinical practice, she defines family therapy as a &dquo;rhetorical strategy that helps elucidate the dilemmas of love and power between men and women living in a patriarchal society&dquo; (pp. 57-58). This perspective does not seem to include the need for and possibilities of changes in women's and men's relationships. The final chapter &dquo;Rituals of Stabilization and Change in Women's Lives,&dquo; by Imber-Black, emphasizes the other purpose of rituals in addition to the traditional purposes of ceremonializing life transitions and confirming the everyday aspects of life: the promotion of personal and social transformation. In examining women's place in rituals, she asks, &dquo;Does a given ritual maintain traditional social structure in which women


This invention relates to a personal mobile communication device supporting multi-user identification module and multi-standby with single set RF and baseband hardware systems including a microprocessor, a memory, a user identification card base, a RF module, a LCD, a keyboard, a horn, a microphone, a telephone receiver and an antenna and applying a mode of time division occupation system of multiple user identification modules to realize multiple numbers with one set and multiple standby function in the set of GMS, CDMA, PHS, TDMA or WCDMA mobile communication system to realize low cost and convenient use brought with the standby of one set multiple user identification module.


Objective To investigate the effects of telmisartan on oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic rats.Methods Type 1 diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in adult male Wistar rats.Sixteen diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups (8 each):diabetic mellitus group (DM) and telmisartan group (T).Eight normal rats were employed as the control group (Con group).After 12 weeks,body weight (BW) and heart weight (HW) were measured to calculate HW/BW.Glutathione (GSH),malondialdehyde (MDA),the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated by spectrophotometer.Ultrastructure of myocardial cells was observed by transmission electron microscope.Results There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels between DM group and T group at the 7th day and 12th week after STZ injection,but the blood glucose levels in the both groups were significantly higher than that in Con group (P0.01).Compared with Con group,the MDA level was significantly elevated,GSH level and the activity of SOD significantly lowered in DM group (P0.01),while no significant difference in serum GSH level was found between T group and Con group (P0.05).The MDA level was higher (P0.05) and the activity of SOD was significantly lower in T group than that in Con group (P0.01).Compared with DM group,the GSH level and the activity of SOD were remarkably higher in T group (P0.01),meanwhile,the MDA level in T group was lower than that in DM group (P0.01).Ultrastructure observation of myocardial cell showed that myocardial fibers arranged regularly,mitochondrial membrane was integral,and no swelling or degeneration was observed in Con group.Myocardial cell of DM group was characterized by swollen mitochondria with irregularly arranged or broken and even dissolved mitochondrial crista.In addition,vacuolar degeneration was observed remarkably in myocardial mitochondria.The ultrastructural injury to myocardial cells was obviously alleviated in T group compared with DM group.Conclusion Telmisartan may inhibit oxidative stress,and improve the ultrastructure of myocardial cells in type 1 diabetic rats.


This paper presents a high speed binary floating point multiplier based on Dadda Algorithm. To improve speed multiplication of mantissa is done using Dadda multiplier replacing Carry Save Multiplier. The design achieves high speed with maximum frequency of 526 MHz compared to existing floating point multipliers. The floating point multiplier is developed to handle the underflow and overflow cases. To give more precision, rounding is not implemented for mantissa multiplication. The multiplier is implemented using Verilog HDL and it is targeted for Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA. The multiplier is compared with Xilinx floating point multiplier core.


AbstractThe application of pharmacokinetic principles can maximize the goals of drug administration from the time a drug is first administered to man during the initial phases of development, to well beyond the approval of the NDA. Population pharmacokinetics is playing an increasing role in this regard. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the principles and methods of population pharmacokinetics. Finally, examples of how population pharmacokinetics may be applied to optimize drug administration are presented.


The risk of a hemolytic reaction during the transfusion of ABO non‐identical PC is determined by the presence of natural anti‐A IgM antibodies, the titer of which may increase after infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the titer of anti‐A isohemagglutinins in platelet concentrate (PC) obtained by apheresis from group O donors who experienced SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and to compare the titer before and after infection. A retrospective single‐center analysis of 21 PC donors with a previous COVID‐19 history was performed. The results showed neither a statistically important increase in the anti‐A IgM antibody titers nor a significant correlation between the anti‐A IgM antibody level and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2S1 antibody titer in the donors with an asymptomatic or mild COVID‐19. Further population‐based studies on anti‐A titers are necessary for a comprehensive assessment of this phenomenon.


This study examined the personality characteristics of 180 boys and girls of ages 8, 9, and 10 with learning disabilities (LD) in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade in urban and rural primary schools of Andhrapradesh, India. The subjects were identified based on their scholastic achievement on a spelling dictation test, an oral reading test, a reading comprehension test and an arithmetic test developed specifically for the purpose, along with mental ability tests - Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Draw-A-Man. An adapted version of the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ) was administered to the subjects with LD and a comparison group of children without learning disabilities (NLD). Examination of scores obtained by LD and NLD subjects on the CPQ portrays the LD child as having problems in social and emotional adjustment. Further, the older LD children tended to show a more maladaptive behavioral disposition than the younger, and there was a significant gender effect among LD children.


Advanced prostate cancer (PC), including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) represents the lethal form of PC, yet remains largely dependent on androgen signaling (1). Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a steroid 17-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitor targeting testicular, adrenal and intratumoral androgen production.


Range and group dynamics of collared peccaries ( Tayassu tajacu ) and feral hogs ( Sus scrofa ) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge near Sinton, Texas, were studied during June 1991– November 1992. Eleven females (six peccaries, five hogs) representing distinct herds were outfitted with radiotransmitters. Crude densities of peccaries and hogs were estimated at 2.0 and 9.5 animals/km2, respectively. Peccary herds were highly cohesive units, in contrast to hogs, which exhibited a flexible grouping pattern. Ecological density of peccaries appeared to be negatively related to the density of observations of hogs within individual territories of peccaries. The distribution of group sizes also differed for peccaries in areas of low abundance of hogs (two herds) and in areas of high abundance of hogs (four herds). Size of home ranges did not differ between species. Home ranges of both species were larger during summer than spring. Overlap occurred between ranges of peccaries and hogs, but was diminished at the level of 75 and 50% core areas. Peccaries have declined on the study area for nearly 30 years, and feral hogs may have been involved in reducing herd and group size of peccaries.


Based on a coordinate measuring machine,a laser triangulation probe and a probe head,a method for non contact measuring free form surfaces is proposed.The readings of the laser probe may be influenced by properties of the surface,such as roughness,curvature and colors.It is hard to measure the high reflecting surface because of specular light.The reading errors increase with the increase of the curvature for average effect,it is also true with the darkening of the colors as the diffused light is too weak.


In the past decade, literature has increasingly pointed to a
proximal intestinal barrier dysfunction and inappropriate
paracellular permeability increase that precedes and correlates
with inflammat


The digital image processing technics is used in analysing the spatial relationships between geologic factors, Six geometric models are defined in order to solve different geologic problems. A software "POLYHISTO" is realized by the auther in the image processing system PERICOLOR 1000 at B. R. G. M., in which some mathematic analysis methods are applied and several models are offered to answer different geologic questions. This software is applied for studying the spatial relationships between distribution of polymetallic mineralizations and different directions of lineament at the Massif Central in France.


The new Ag(I) complexes (2–4) with proligand 1 were prepared and characterized as prospective antibacterial drug candidates. These compounds consist of a Ag(I) center linearly coordinated to two identical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Crystal structures were solved for complexes 3 and 4, the resulting structural data being in good agreement with expectations. We wondered whether the presence of different counter ions in these compounds might lead to modulation of their biological properties. Notably, in spite of their similar structural pattern, Ag(I)–NHC complex 2 with Br− manifested better antibacterial actions than complexes 3 and 4 with and , respectively. Stability study over time in bacterial solutions revealed that these complexes have better stability than AgNO3. Their interaction with DNA and RNA was explored, cleavage activity indicates that all Ag(I)–NHC complexes exhibited interesting nuclease activity via non-oxidative pathway. Graphical Abstract


We describe theoretical backgrounds for a computer program that recognizes all closed orientable 3-manifolds up to complexity 8. The program can treat also not necessarily closed 3-manifolds of bigger complexities, but here some unrecognizable (by the program) 3-manifolds may occur.


IntroductionNowadays humor research in psychology becomes more and more popular. Humor is a kind of universal phenomenon and is connected with all spheres of human being and social functioning (Ivanova, Enikolopov, 2006; Martin, 2007). Many clinicians suggest sense of humor disorder to be an important diagnostic criterion. Thus Arieti (1950, as cited in Forabosco, 2007) called schizotypal intellectual disorder "paleological thinking" and supposed it to be connected with humor impairment. The similar idea was declared by Levin (1957, as cited in Forabosco, 2007). That's why sense of humor study in psychiatric patients is of present interest. Sense of humor is such a unique psychic phenomenon that reveals the unit of intellect and affect. So, some clinicians suppose its disorder to appear even earlier than more severe intellectual or emotional disorders (Luk, 1977). If to confirm this, the possibility of early diagnostics would exist. Despite of its practical meaning, there is quite a few empirical data on humor in clinical context. So, this study becomes one of the first steps on the way to overcome this gap.The existing studies on sense of humor disorders may be combined into two main approaches: quantitative and qualitative (Ivanova, Enikolopov, 2009; Forabosco, 2007). The quantitative one supposes sense of humor "decrease" in psychiatric patients (e.g., Levine, Abelson, 1969; Levine, Redlich, 1955). The approach doesn't give convincing explanation of such kind of deficit and doesn't allow to distinguish patients with different diagnoses. Moreover, sense of humor is a complex multidimensional phenomenon (see Martin, 2007; Ruch, 2007) and includes a list of parameters: intellectual understanding of punch line, emotional involvement, disposition to laughter etc. Evidently, sense of humor disorder also includes different components.The second, qualitative approach is connected with analysis of sense of humor peculiarities in patients with different psychiatric syndromes (Polimeni, Reiss, 2006; Polimeni et al., 2010; Werth, Perkins, Boucher, 2001). Forabosco (2007) supposes that psychopathology doesn't simply decrease humor but rather various diagnostic categories may be accompanied by a specific picture of humor alteration. This approach gives much more possibilities for conceptualizing, but it hasn't gone further than description of the specifics yet. This study is made mostly in the flow of qualitative approach but at the same time includes the analysis of sense of humor components that may decrease.The main hypothesis is that sense of humor disorders have nosological specifics in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders. For affective disorders we suggest to reveal the decrease of emotional and behavioral response (laughter) while intact intellectual understanding of punch line. As for schizophrenic patients the stress was done more to a cognitive deficit in humor recognition and revealing specific "schizotypal" humor preferences. So, the two mental deceases were taken as characterized with the opposite sense of humor disorders.MethodResearch participantsThe four groups of subjects took part in the study. All of them were young males from 17 to 32 years old (mean age of 22), totally 101 subjects. The first group contains patients with affective disorders such as manic-depressive syndrome and cyclothymia -- F-31, F-33, F-34 according to ICD-10 (18 subjects). It includes both depressive and manic ones. The second group is composed of patients with schizotypal disorder -- F-21.0 (23 subjects). These subjects are characterized by schizotypal intellectual disorders without psychotic symptoms. The third group includes patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders which are characterized by such psychotic symptoms as delusions and hallucinations -- F-20, F-25 (30 subjects). And the fourth is control group of healthy people (30 subjects).InstrumentsSeveral levels of analysis were distinguished for sense of humor disorder: 1) humor recognition, 2) subjective assessment of jokes -- humor preferences and 3) the degree of behavioral response (laughter). …


Investigation on the changes of flow patterns in a blood vessel with a fixed fusiform aneurysm resulting from placement of a different size of aneurysm. The velocity profile and pressure distribution had been analysis from different size of aneurysm. Three different modeling of aneurysm had been analysis which is small, large, and giant. The diameter of small aneurysm is less 12mm. For the large aneurysm is between 12mm to 25mm of diameter. The giant sizes are about more 25mm in diametr. To identify the changes in local hemodynamics due to stent implantation, a stented and non stented aneurysm model was taken into considerations. The simulation of the model was studied under incompressible, Non-Newtonian, viscous, non pulsatile condition in which we investigated computationally in a three-dimensional configuration using a fluid dynamics program. Hence, the different size of aneurysm produces the different results of flow field in aneurysm. The velocity gets with different analysis from different size of diameter aneurysm. Different pressure distribution is feature from aneurysm that have different diameter. Aneurism that have big diameter will show changes in the pressure distribution graph. However, aneurysm that have small diameter can be detected using special device. Research and analysis parameter or other factor that influence flow in the aneurysm must be consider in future research.


The strength reduction method based on the generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion is studied.Two basic standards judging the rationality of the strength reduction method are proposed as follows: it coincides with strength reduction method based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and represents the real failure characteristics of jointed rock.Based on the two standards,three kinds of strength reduction methods are contrasted by reducing σci and mi,σci and GSI,and mi and GSI with the same factor.Analysis results indicate that the method of reducing mi and GSI with the same factor is more reasonable.Through comparative study of one engineering case,the method of reducing mi and GSI with the same factor can represent real failure characteristic of fractured rock is proved;and then more reliable safety factor during the stability analysis of rock slope is obtained.


Iron is critical for many processes including oxygen transport and erythropoiesis. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that HIF-2α regulates over 90% of all transcripts induced following iron deficiency in the intestine. However, beyond divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) and duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb), no other genes/pathways have been critically assessed with respects to their importance in intestinal iron absorption. Ferritinophagy is associated with cargo specific autophagic breakdown of ferritin and subsequent release of iron. We show here that nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated intestinal ferritinophagy is integrated to systemic iron demand via HIF-2α. Duodenal NCOA4 expression is regulated by HIF-2α during high systemic iron demands. Moreover, overexpression of intestinal HIF-2α is sufficient to activate NCOA4 and promote lysosomal degradation of ferritin. Promoter analysis revealed NCOA4 as a direct HIF-2α target. To demonstrate the importance of intestinal HIF-2α/ferritinophagy axis in systemic iron homeostasis, whole body and intestine-specific NCOA4-null mouse lines were assessed. These analyses demonstrate an iron sequestration in the enterocytes, and significantly high tissue ferritin levels in the dietary iron deficiency and acute hemolytic anemia models. Together, our data suggests efficient ferritinophagy is critical for intestinal iron absorption and systemic iron homeostasis.


Tire holding device, when viewed in a plan view of a pair of conveyors (27a, 27b) with maryeondoem between, any of the upper rim (26A) and the lower rim (26B) in a tire transport direction of the one rim upstream and downstream side of the at least a guide (50) provided on either the guide 50, in which one rim of the tire (T) is the upper side rim by the lifting device (29) (26A) and the lower rim (26B) as the approach, to guide the tire (T) to the center of the tire (T) in a tire transport direction coincides with the center of any one of the rims of the upper rim (26A) and the lower rim (26B).


The strong time-varying disturbances from sea waves such as wind, wave and current probably lead to large roll motion of marine surface vessels, which makes the roll angle out of the safety range. The roll motion severely affects the performance and stability of path following control system. A novel robust model predictive control (RMPC) method with roll constraints is proposed based on mixed H2 / H∞ control approach. The polyhedral model with coupled surge, sway, roll and yaw is constructed in different working ranges of the rudder angle. Then, RMPC method is proposed based on mixed H2 / H∞ control approach. The roll angle constraint, input constraints and performance index are transformed into the convex optimization of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The tight constraints of the invariant ellipsoid ensure the close loop system uniformly bounded. The simulation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The roll angle is in the constrained range and the control system has the robustness to reject time-varying disturbances.


This paper presents an epistemological review of fieldwork undertaken in Chinchero (Cuzco) in the summers of 1969 to 1971. It raises questions regarding linguistic problems posed by communication between anthropologist and Indian people through bilingual informants. Furthermore, it highlights the fact that seasonal fieldwork gives rise to certain personal cognitive limitations, because in the absence of personal observation, information has to be obtained from bilingual informants through the conducting of intensive oral questionnaires.


Description $20 million grant program by ARPA-E aims to jump-start work on climate-friendly fuel $20 million grant program by ARPA-E aims to jump-start work on climate-friendly fuel


We study commutativity of rings R with the property that for each non periodic element x of R there exists a positive integer K = K(x) such that xk is central for all k~K. Throughout this paper, R is an associative ring; and N, C, C(R), and N(R) denote respectively the set of nilpotent elements, the center, the commutator ideal, and the nil radical. An element x E R is called periodic if there exist distinct positive integers m = m( x) and n :;::: n(x) such that xm = xn. We denote by P the set of all periodic elements of R, and we call R a periodic ring if P = R. An element x of P is called potent if there exists an integer n = n(x) > 1 such that xn = x, and the set of all potent elements is denoted by Po. The ring R is called reduced if N = {O}. Definition. A ring R is said to be a coring if R has at most finitely many noncentral elements. Note that if R is a noncommutative coring and x E R \ C, then x + C ~ R \ C; hence x + C is finite, C is finite, and R is finite. Thus a necessary and sufficient condition for R to be a coring is that R is either finite or commutative. Suppose now that R is a coring and x is a nonperiodic element. Then {xnln = 1,2,···} is infinite, so there must exist a positive integer K such that xk E C for all k ~ K. This observation suggests the following definition. Definition. A ring R is said to be a c*-ring if for each x E R, either x is periodic or there exists a positive integer K = K(x) such that xk E C for all k ~ K. It is clear that every coring is a c*-ring ; moreover, the class of c*-rings is a much larger class, containing all periodic rings, all commutative rings, and all rings radical over a central ideal. Our purpose is to study commutativity and near-commutativity in c*-rings. We shall require several lemmas, most of which are rather straightforward. ·Supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant No. 3961 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16U80


Introduction: Due to its known and many virtues, breastfeeding is recommended by WHO and UNICEF as irreplaceable food in the first six months of life. However, the results in terms of use are not always as expected. Objectives: Evaluate the relationship between ages of pregnant women, marital status, ontogeny of families, and their knowledge about breastfeeding. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 192 pregnant women in their third trimester was conducted from March 2010 to March 2011 at the polyclinics "Turcios Lima" and "Martyrs of the April 9" in San Jose de las Lajas the municipalities. A 22 questioninterview was applied and a point system was established to assess the level of knowledge. Results: Pregnant women aging 19-35 years prevailed. They had a consensual union and lived in extended families. They wished to breastfeed and considered themselves to have the knowledge to do it, although that knowledge was not sufficient to proceed. Patients with major deficiencies were adolescents and unmarried, which lived in extended families and who had previously acknowledged that they did not have the proper knowledge about breastfeeding. Conclusions: Although most pregnant women saw the skills needed for breastfeeding, they did not demonstrate the necessary to successfully do it.


Over the past 40 years, our understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of a number of common chronic diseases has been markedly enhanced by serial, nationally representative, cross-sectional surveys such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)2 (1), longitudinal cohorts such as the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (2), and more disease-specific cohorts including the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) (3) and the Assessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in Acute Kidney Injury (ASSESS-AKI) study (4). Many of these studies have banked biospecimens, which allow tracking of laboratory markers of disease over time. Such stored samples are invaluable resources that can lend insight not only on secular trends in population prevalence of disease but also on how disease appears and evolves over time within a study participant. Both of these require repeated measurements of the same analyte over an extended period of time (years to decades).

This seemingly simple concept—repeated measurement of the same analyte over time—can be challenging to implement well. To begin with, the assay method itself may change. For instance, serum creatinine, the most common test to assess kidney function, can be measured using alkaline picrate ("Jaffe method") or enzymatic assays (5). Even the Jaffe method has been refined over time to better handle interfering substances (6). In addition, there may be drift in the standards used to calibrate the assay, leading to systematic differences. In the case of serum creatinine, the National Kidney Disease Education Program has led efforts over the last decade to standardize testing, including adoption of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable references (7).

Thus, calibration of assays performed in different eras may be necessary. Laboratory recalibration via repeat measurement of stored specimens at a later (uniform) point in time assumes stability of the analyte and its concentration …


Limn 1.5 Ni 0.46 Rh 0.04 O 4 cathode material was synthesized by the sol-gel method and used in Li-ion coin cells. The structural and electrochemical studies were carried out using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the cathode material and charge-discharge characteristics of the assembled battery. The lattice parameter before and after charge-discharge cycles were found to be about 8.217 and 8.202 A, respectively. The initial discharge capacity was found to be about 153 mAh/g and the capacity retention was about 93.5% after 50 charge-discharge cycles.


Overvoltage spike will be coursed by stray inductance while ultra speed IGBT cutting off.But by normal way of overvoltage control,IGBT switching loss or dissipation power of peripheral devices will be increased.So a new method of overvoltage control in IGBT cutting off is introduced in this article.


ZNF750 controls epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting progenitor genes while inducing differentiation genes. Here, Boxer et al. characterized ZNF750 as a transcription factor that binds both the progenitor and differentiation genes that it controls at a CCNNAGGC DNA motif. ZNF750 controls differentiation in concert with RCOR1 and CTBP1/2 by acting with either KDM1A to repress progenitor genes or KLF4 to induce differentiation genes.


Feng Zhi's Early Poems can be divided into two periods: "yesterday" and "travel to north".Poems of "yesterday" period show the idea of love,beauty,and tragical connotation that is closely connected with Feng Zhi's thinking development in early youth;and from the period of "yesterday" to "travel to north",the style of Feng Zhi's poem is changing,which shows the inner course of FengZhi's acceptance of "Adult Rite".


Titania nanowire arrays were fabricated by interactions of Ti substrates with hydrogen peroxide solutions containing melamine and nitric acid at a low temperature of 353 K for 72 h, followed by a subsequent thermal treatment at 723 K for 1 h. The titania nanowire was anatase with a mean diameter of 25 nm and an aspect ratio of ca. 40. The film possessed high activity to assist the photodegradation of rhodamine B in water under the illumination of simulated solar light.


We examine the effect of a Congressionally mandated multidisciplinary center program on the careers of affiliated scientists. Important to the research evaluation design, we incorporate a control group of researchers who are not affiliated with these centers. We collect curricula vitae from both groups, a data source that has been demonstrated to provide valid and reliable longitudinal data about academic productivity. We evaluate the impact of center affiliation on publication productivity, collaboration, and grants activity. We find that center affiliation tends to promote lower grant velocity, but greater levels of collaboration. These higher levels of collaboration increase publication productivity, but gains may be offset by the lower grants velocity. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.


The theological framework of radical orthodoxy has yet to be realized as useful in examining the religious significance of sport and athlete hero-icons in contemporary American popular culture. This paper addresses four assumptions of radical orthodoxy scholarship to demonstrate why many claim to have religious and spiritual experiences through sport today. This paper argues the radical orthodoxy framework is useful for examining sport in popular culture as it may reflect elements of postmodern theology. Using these four assumptions this case study explores the religious and spiritual impact American cyclist Lance Armstrong's image and philanthropic activities, between 1999 and 2010, had in contemporary American popular culture.


Development of starting system for synchronous motors of high-power mechanisms in mining and smelting industry, which enables proper starting characteristics and reasonable compensation of impact loads by means of synchronous drive. Mathematical modelling was applied for the determination of parameters of field winding with direct and indirect split and capacitors, as well as for substantiation of function of purpose choice and limiting the factors of influence for solving the problem of determination of field system parameters and springy mechanic components of synchronous drive. As based on the definite motor evidence, it was proved that it is possible to operate synchronous motors with split field winding and capacitors, which enable obtaining proper starting characteristic for the mechanism requirements. The needed installations for starting system and values of spring linkages rigidity for reasonable impact loads damping were also determined. The methods used enable determining parameters of field winding with indirect split and active-reactive resistance, as well as calculating the reasonable level of voltage forcing, time for field voltage reducing and order of elastic clutch rigidity under the conditions of design load increase. The use of new field windings enables start of high-power mechanisms and thus, prevents equipment from unplanned idle operation. It also makes it possible to improve productivity of operating mechanism by means of motor load increase in the stable operating mode, as well as improves drive energy characteristics. The peculiarity of electric circuit design for winding with direct split enables use of traditional technological process of pole coils production and does not require new production equipment. The use of field system with innovative control procedure and elastic clutch with the proper rigidity significantly decreases amortization of field windings and prevents emergency states of synchronous drive caused by dynamic impact overloads. Introduction. It is obvious that economic performance of any production activity depends on high competitiveness of the output product. Traditionally, the goal is achieved by means of enterprise productivity increase, innovative technology implementation into the output product, involving energy saving and resource saving. Considering the fact that nowadays the price for new production equipment is near 20% of its annual power supply costs, we can state that the energy saving is the priority for industrial sphere. The possible way of problem solving is the use of modern electrical equipment with high performance index. The synchronous electric drive of controlled driving belongs to this type of equipment. If compared to other electric drives, the synchronous one has the following advantages: better power characteristic; high reliability resulting from significant air gap; high rigidity of speed-torque characteristic; low rate of rotation of driving shaft, which allows elimination of intermediate gears; low costs for drive control converters rather than frequency converters for total power motors. But the drives also have some disadvantages. They are as follows: the problem of secure triggering and decrease of the influence of impact loads in case of their alternate application. That is the reason for the urgency of the development of synchronous drive as based on the reasons mentioned above. Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2017 – ISSN 2412-5954 MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz It is known that the mining mechanisms of disintegrating cycle have the starting static moment of variable rate from 1,2 to 2,5 of the rating moment. As a rule, in such cases the problem of complicated start is solved either by the application of additional accelerating engine, which operate only during the starting period, or by choosing the motors of 15 – 50% power reserve. Both methods have significant capital and power disadvantages. So, developers tend to use synchronous motors, as possessing significant advantages, in drives of high-power mining machines of disintegrating cycle. However, the problems of their start have not been solved yet. Direct asynchronous start at a full grid voltage is the simplest and the most widespread method of asynchronous stock engines start. The main peculiarity of the method is that the starting moment is mainly created by damper winding; the resistance rate of the last one is determined by the type of cross-section and resistivity of its rods. Thus, the changes of geometric parameters and rods material enable variation of total resistance of damper winding. The resistance provides the significant starting moment and decreased input torque for increased active resistance, and vice versa, for the opposite circuit settings. The rational circuit design for the requirements of the definite mechanism with high starting and input torque, is also possible. However, the main disadvantage of the method is significant starting current limiting the number of sequential starts and decreasing the reliability of motor windings. As based on the data of the traditional method of synchronous motor start, we can state that the general starting moment is created by rotor windings, where the main part is related to damper winding. In this case, the ratio of moment of field coil work, which is connected in an ordinary way, is not sufficient. Nevertheless, it is also known that it is possible to improve the startability of synchronous drive and redistribute voltage between rotor windings by means of drive circuit. As a result, the proposed methods allow reliability increase of the completely electromechanical system, as well as improvement of starting characteristic. As the methods of starting characteristic improvement for synchronous electric drives with overvoltage decrease, the windings split with concentrated and allocated connection of capacitors are applied [1]. The ways of reactance decrease of rotor windings enable forming of starting mechanic characteristic with respect to requirements of working mechanism, but trouble the traditional technological process of pole coils production under the industrial conditions. The analysis of existing methods has shown that the synchronous electric drives with improved starting characteristic have a range of advantages and disadvantages. The latter method can be pointed out as the most suitable for reconstruction of high power motors with explicit rotor poles. However, the disadvantage of complications of pole coils production for field coils limits their practical application. That is the reason for the need in designing of split windings with capacitors from both theoretical and practical points of view. It is known that the synchronous motors in high power technological facilities may have more than 20 ports. That is why the direct split of each pole coil can be substituted by indirect way of split [2]. The mentioned circuit design describes the drive circuit, which is shown at the Fig. 1. In such a case the motor drive circuit (Fig. 1 a) includes undivided pole coils 2, with series sequence and creation of separate groups of coils, which are closed-in through the every other pole, where RC-circuits are created between adjacent poles consisting of capacitor C and resistor R (Fig. 1, b). The external terminals according to the working principle, new construction [2] 5, 6 connected to the first and the last pole coils, are also connected to discharge variable resistor R 3, which can be switched by the communicator 4, does not differ from the previous one [1]. However, as for this case, the poles assembly and the process of parameters determination for the circuit of rotor windings substitution are simplified. This is explained by the availability of the coil on the pole, which does not differ from the classical one, and the magnetic conditions are equal for both cases. Owing to the fact, the parameters of reactance of the definite pole coil can be determined as based on the published data provided by the producer. Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2017 – ISSN 2412-5954 MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz p X X X fs ad fi 2   , p R R fs fi 2  , (1) where ad X is reactance of armature reaction; fs X is reactance of dispersion of classical field coil; fs R is field active resistance; р 2 is the number of ports. a) b) Fig. 1. Field coil of indirect split. The conditions mentioned above do not require the destruction of magnetic couples of pole coils. The influence of magnetic cohesion of damper and inductor windings with each field bobbin is mentioned as EMF component and, thus, is calculated for the first quadripole according to the compensation theorem. So, the analytical drive circuit is in the form of (Fig. 2). The complex impedances in its structure are calculated in the following way: i i i f f f R X Z   is the impedance of pole coil; C Z m Z m r Z б б zf б zf ci      2 s j  is the impedance of traversal circuit, where r is additional active resistance; zf m convergence ratio of field resistance; б б Z ;  are basic cyclic frequency and resistance; C s; are slip and capacitance. Fig. 2. Analytical circuit for field coil. The presence of various reactive resistances in the circuit (Fig. 2) makes it dependent on the rate of slip value. As a result, the current field impedance value for the process of starting can be calculated by means of power balance. R Rf Lf Rf Lf Rf Lf Rf Lf Rf Lf Rf Lf Rf Lf


The peculiarities of production and circulation of controlling financial information are analyzed, its essence is defined, peculiarities of functioning of information space of joint activity are substantiated and measures of improvement of circulation of management data between participants of joint activity and their separate centers within the operating economic structure are developed. The essence and the content of the category «information space of controlling information» are considered, which made it possible to define the main centers of its production (primary structural units, analytical services of enterprises, external entities of information creation for management) and to distinguish specific features of different types of controlling information (external, internal, horizontal, vertical) and their role in the enterprise management process. It is proposed to consider the information space of controlling information as a single environment for the circulation of data on different components of development of an individual entity, in which separate centers of production of such data carry out activities and operate technical and relevant information systems for their analysis and transfer to management for decision-making. Much attention is accentuated to defining the essence of controlling financial information and its role in the development of economic entities, and it is proposed to consider this type of information as a set of different data on the financial activity of an enterprise, the results of its activity, which are produced by different structural units of such an entity that study , are summarized for the purpose of preparing analytical information for making managerial decisions in the field of financial activity, ensuring the financial stability of financial institutions, enterprises', improving its efficiency. The importance of development and use of scientific provisions of the mechanism of development of financial controlling in carrying out joint activity in the sphere of business is developed and substantiated.


"Everything is what is not." --G. W. F. Hegel I Throughout human history, we find a continuous struggle to define the other, the foreigner, the unknown, the opposite of we or I. And, as the above quote from Hegel indicates, what they are, that we are not, helps define the frontiers of personal and group identity. In the earliest written accounts, in ancient civilizations like Sumer, Akkad, Egypt, China, India, Mexico, we find stories of battles, of fighting "other" people, as well as accounts of commerce and marriage with people from "other lands." Through this interaction with the other, with the stranger, humans have gradually defined themselves, assigning to both themselves and others distinguishing and unique racial, cultural, and socio-political characteristics They are further distinguished from one another by language, art and religion. Over time, such concepts as race, ethnicity, community, nationalism--among many others--emerged to explain certain aspects of our obsessive concern with the other. These concepts have been used to explain the "sense of belonging" we see in groups, in neighborhoods, in institutions, in primitive tribes, in nations. Sometimes these concepts have also been utilized to explain or foster legitimacy and identity among individuals and/or groups, and sometimes to create divisions and conflict. Christianity inherited the structure of classical antiquity of defining other peoples by a rank of valuation based on its geographical proximity to a center of civilization such as Rome, Athens, Constantinople or Alexandria. For the "civilized" groups of the ancient Roman world, the closer or contiguous "others" were considered "barbarians," because they spoke a language that sounded like "bar-bar" to the Romans. But while not considered quite human, these barbarians were still identifiable through their engagement in such social exchanges as commerce and war. Beyond the land of the barbarians, lived the unknown "monstrous races." As we can see in drawings from the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, they were depicted as people with their faces in their belly, with many arms or legs, with only one eye on the forehead, or, in general, with features very close to those of animals. With the triumph of Constantine as sole emperor of Rome in the fourth century A.D., Christianity became the official religion of the late Roman Empire, and the Roman trichotomy of civilized, barbarians, and monstrous humans was transformed gradually to the religious trichotomy of the faithful (that is, the Christians), the unredeemed, and the unredeemable. Muslims--many Islamic societies until the 17th and 18th centuries were as developed or more than European nations--Slavs, Vikings, Franks, and Germans, were considered heretic but redeemable. That is, their acceptance of the word of God would upgrade their category to faithful or Christian, because members of the unredeemed category had a soul and thus could be transformed. This was not the case for the category of monsters, now the unredeemable. Members of this category of religious otherness were not fully human simply because they lacked a soul and could not be converted into Christianity. It was applied to the horseback people that invaded Christendom from the east, such as Mongols, Huns, and Tartars. In fact, the conquests and raids dating from late antiquity up to the time of Gengis Khan and his descendants, were considered by the Christians of the Middle Ages as attacks on the faithful by evil forces. Interpretation of events at that time was based solely on biblical grounds. Thus, these evil strangers were associated with the descendants of Cain, or of Noah's son Ham who had sinned against his father and against God. Within this unredeemable, monster-like category were also inserted black Africans. The medieval belief that they had no soul constituted one of the key reasons why there was little resistance to black slavery until much later. …


A combined x-ray visible-dye-laser double-pulse technique is used to determine the photodetachment (action) spectra of the anions of biphenyl, trans-stilbene, pyrene, perylene, benzperylene, coronene, and nitrobenzene in nonpolar solvents. Quantum yields of electrons (phi/sub e/) are reported for the visible transitions, and photodetachment is shown to be a major process for visible light. For pyrene and trans-stilbene anions the quantum yields are 0.47 and 0.31 independent of solvent. For perylene and benzperylene anions phi/sub e/ is solvent dependent. The results are interpreted in terms of autoionizing excited states which can also internally convert to ground state anions. The mechanism of autoionization and the lifetime of the excited states in solution are discussed.


In the Hailuogou valley the river surging at the tongue of Mt. Gongga largest glacier transports important loads of sediments during the melting season and after monsoon rains. The Hailuogou Glacier is retreating at varying rates and since the 19 century its position is marked along the river valley. The local climate is mainly influenced by the Asian summer monsoon with annual precipitation range from 1000mm (1600m) to 1900mm (3000m). Latest available information report an annual runoff yield increase of c.a. 13% per year from 1994 to 2005 paralleling a temperature increase in the area. Due to glacier thawing and precipitation intensification the area suffers large floods and debris flows hazards that have increased in frequency up to one event each 1-2 years after year 2000.


The agglomeration of RD investment is in favor of getting knowledge spillover,sharing their knowledge and information,saving costs and reducing the RD risk.In this article,the method of the spatal econometrics,such as Moran index and spatial model were used to analyze the spatial linkage and location factors of the RD investment by transnational corporations in China.The results showed that the actions of RD investment had closed spatial association and exhibited obvious spatial agglomeration on the province's scale.Endogentic factor also had a significant and positive impact on the formation of spatial agglomeration besides the factors of market scale,demand and supply factors of human resources.


Based on a Wold decomposition for families of partial isometries and projections of Cuntz-Krieger-Toeplitz-type, we extend several fundamental theorems from the case of single vertex graphs to the general case of countable directed graphs with no sinks. We prove a Szego-type factorization theorem for CKT families, which leads to information on the structure of the unit ball in free semigroupoid algebras, and show that joint similarity implies joint unitary equivalence for such families. For each graph we prove a generalization of von Neumann's inequality which applies to row contractions of operators on Hilbert space which are related to the graph in a natural way. This yields a functional calculus determined by quiver algebras and free semigroupoid algebras. We establish a generalization of Coburn's theorem for the C*-algebra of a CKT family, and prove a universality theorem for C*-algebras generated by these families. In both cases, the C*-algebras generated by quiver algebras play the universal role.


Wire‐supercapacitors have drawn extensive attentions as a promising candidate for future wearable electronic devices. However, the relative lower energy densities and imperfect physical properties (e.g., length, tenacity, flexibility, and stability) seriously hinder their real applications as energy storage devices in wearable electronics. Herein, the fabrication of wire‐supercapacitors is reported with the length of longer than 1 m, based on CoNiO2‐nanowires@carbon‐fibers electrodes with a high capacity of 1.68 mF cm−1 and a high energy density of 0.95 mWh cm−3, respectively. The device shows no obvious performance degradation when suffering cycling, bending, pulling, tying, and weaving. After weaving as Chinese knot, watchband, belt, and clothes textile, the wire‐supercapacitors work well as the wearable energy‐storage units to power the personal electronics.


This research investigated the thermal conductivity of Adobe mixed with Quartz in view of their availability usage as building materials. The thermal conductivities of disc made from Adobe-Quartz chippings were determined. The values of the thermal conductivities obtained were between 0.6Wm-1k-1and 0.9Wm-1k-1, these values could be used to identify Adobe/Quartz as one of the engineering materials used in building construction. Adobe/Quartz was prepared in discs form of the same diameters and thicknesses and was also compressed under the same pressure of 15 atmospheres (100: 0, 95: 5and 80: 20). The average values of the thermal conductivities were between 0.07Wm-1Ҡ-1 and 0.93Wm-1Ҡ-1, for sample contained the proportion of (80:20) and the sample of ratio (95:5). MATLAB 7.0 and EXCEL software were used in the various computations, especially in determining dT/dt, Root mean square error (RMSE), Curve fittings parameter and the correlation coefficient, R2. An average correlation coefficient of 0.78 was existed between Adobe-Quartz ratio and thermal conductivity. The equation, y = -0.11x2 + 0.01x + 1.03 is the general equation that can be used for the prediction of average thermal conductivity at various ratios. Where y is the average thermal conductivity and x here signifies the ratios. This also indicates that compacted Adobe-Quartz of low density will be a suitable thermal insulator when used as aggregates in walls.


Currently available to LINGO language and O-1 integer programming model to solve logistics distribution center location with the theory of more,but not perfect,Mainly manifested in the modeling of the cost considerations are not compre-hensive,the variables used in programming and solving non-uniform use of the example,the data authenticity is not high.To solve the above problems,this paper on the LINGO language and 0-1 mixed integer programming model for re-location combination.First of all the logistics and distribution-related activities into purchasing,warehousing and delivery logistics links the three,thus the distribution center location to the costs involved in transport costs into purchasing,warehousing,distribution costs and delivery costs;Secondly,modeling of the variables involved in a scientific norms and the successful establishment of O-1 integer programming model;The end,the Group Handan transportation logistics and distribution center location as an example,using established by 0-1 mixed integer programming model,write the corresponding LINGO solver,obtained by running the Han Wan Group in Shijiazhuang,Beijing and Handan to establish distribution centers in this When the least expensive and ultimately reach the LINGO language and 0-1 mixed integer programming model was the perfect combination of location.


Sequence dependent setup times (SDSTs) flow shop scheduling problems with due date related performance measures have been increasing attention from managers and researchers. Most of flow shop scheduling problems is NP hard and various heuristics and metaheuristics have been developed for finding solutions in a very reasonable time. In this work, the authors have proposed hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) for SDST flow shop scheduling problems using strong computational power of matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and robustness of metaheuristics. Four modified NEH-based HGA have been developed and their performance has been compared with the help of a defined index for medium to large size problems. The objective function considered is minimisation of total weighted squared tardiness with due dates and weighting coefficient attached to each job. Comparison shows that the modified NEH4-based HGA performs better for medium to large size problems. The work has been supported by the computational results and application to the cold rolling division of a steel industry.


Abstract Since 2000, Gramscian concepts have been undergoing an unprecedented process of dissemination, and this process has occurred along two specific axes: The geographic axis and the disciplinary axis. This process, which is also a hybridization resulting in political innovation, often has been interpreted in terms of fidelity/infidelity to Gramsci's ideas, and as a result has been interpreted as somewhat of a degenerative process. In contrast, my analysis focuses on the transit of Gramscian theory, that is, on what ideas transit, on how they transit, and why they transit rather than starting with a presupposed 'original' theory or the arrival points of 'corrupted' or 'translated' theory. By looking beyond an essentialist notion of his theory, this inquiry into Gramscian concepts ends up discussing the problems of contemporary history and politics rather than simply the revival of interest in a Sardinian Marxist.


This article tests and evaluates existing and new models that seek to explain variations in postwar public employment in the countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The basic assumption is that the existing models are rather incomplete and should be extended by including institutional variables. The results on the basis of pooled time-series analysis (using Beck and Katz' "panel-corrected standard errors") seem to confirm this assumption. The empirical findings that are based on neo-institutional modeling do indeed outperform the older models. Yet, no model is able to account for changes in public employment in the 1990s.


In this article, the approximate solution of nonlinear heat diffusion and heat transfer equation are developed via homotopy analysis method (HAM). This method is a strong and easy‐to‐use analytic tool for investigating nonlinear problems, which does not need small parameters. HAM contains the auxiliary parameter ħ, which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region of solution series.


Despite various theories on the mechanism of the appearance of DOCA escape, the nature of this phenomenon still remains unknown. In this study the influence of a high or low potassium diet on the sodium retaining effect of DOCA was investigated in dogs. A low potassium diet facilitated the appearance of DOCA escape, while a high potassium diet delayed its appearance. The rise of blood pH was facilitated by a low potassium diet and inhibited by a high potassium one. Based on these results, the change in blood pH appears to be one of the factors contributing to the development of DOCA escape.


This case spotlights continuing prejudice in organizational life and makes suggestions for how to reduce or eliminate it. It defines prejudice, discrimination, and institutional prejudice. The dynamics of prejudice formation are outlined. Suggestions for managing personal and institutional prejudice are given. The case is intended as a springboard for class discussion on prejudice and discrimination in organizations. The approach is more value-laden than descriptive of the legal definitions. This case and its teaching note can be used with "John Franklin" (UVA-OB-0382) and "Cheryl Young" (UVA-OB-0383).


The ongoing fourth industrial revolution, characterised by the technological singularity, has introduced significant changes in the development scenarios of the global and Russian economy. The changes caused by the new technological mode occur with exponential acceleration, which inevitably transforms the way of life, culture, education model and forms a new system of values, which implies replacing the existing model of human capital with a standard set of highly specialised skills with a new model that promotes the development of flexible skills and abilities on the basis of interdisciplinary approach to learning. In this regard, the article is devoted to the study of transformational forms of employment, its standard and non-standard forms, as well as to the identification of adaptive capabilities of human capital to new forms of employment in the conditions of digital and structural transformation. The methodological basis of the study was the provisions of economic theory and macroeconomic analysis. Based on a comparative analysis, the adaptive capacity of human capital to new forms of employment was evaluated. The research allowed us to classify transformational - new forms and types of employment, identify the main features of new forms of employment, identify the main professional skills in demand in the conditions of digitalisation, and propose possible options for the adaptation of human capital in the era of digitalisation.


Food selection by 2 dominant calanoid copepods, Acartia sp. and Temora longicornis, was studied during mass occurrence of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria in June/July 1993 and 1994 in the Gotland Sea (Baltic Proper). The aim of this study was to assess the importance of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria in the diet of calanoid copepods. Two different methods were used: firstly the analysis of marker carotenoids by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), and secondly the analysis of δ 15 N signals of copepods by mass spectrometry. The first method provides a 'snapshot' of autotrophic material ingested; the second method summarises a longer period, and gives evidence that a certain food source is not only ingested but also assimilated. In 1994, mass occurrence of cyanobacteria showed a higher concentration in the euphotic layer than 1993 (97 μg C l -1 in 1994, 57 μg C l -1 in 1993), which was reflected in higher food uptake of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria in 1994. The average relative amount of myxoxanthophyll, the specific carotenoid of N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria, in the copepod guts showed high values in 1994 (Acartia sp. 37 %, T. longicornis 41%) and low values in 1993 (1% for both copepods). The low δ 15 N values of both Acartia sp. and T longicornis in 1994 (9‰) compared to those in 1993 (10.5‰) support the results of HPLC analyses, because N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria have a lower δ 15 N (average 0.7‰) than eukaryotic phytoplankton (average 12‰). The low δ 15 N values in 1994 indicate that N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria were not only ingested but also assimilated by the copepods to a higher extent in 1994 than 1993.


Improved system efficiencies and reduced capital costs are identified as goals in the operation of solar energy industrial projects. An analysis by the Solar Energy Research Institute and DOE of the field performance of six industrial systems using the computer code SOLIPH showed that for well-designed and constructed steam systems a range of thermal efficiencies of 30 to 35 percent can be expected. The Modular Industrial Solar Retrofit program of Sandia National Laboratories is examined. The economics of industrial solar systems is considered with emphasis on technology costs and major economic parameters. It was found that the solar industrial process heat system was potentially competitive, both in the present and through 1998, only under the most favorable conditions. Local energy rates, solar conditions, land availability and tax incentives are shown to impact strongly on the feasibility of individual projects. 7 references.


DESPITE a substantial decrease in birth and fertility rates, the number of Michigan residents has been increasing 1 percent annually because of an excess of births over deaths. Inmigration and outmigration have been virtually in balance. Michigan, as well as the United States, currently has nearly twice as many births as deaths. This growth in population, if unchecked, would lead to a doubling of the State's population in 60 years. In a number of foreign countries and among some segments of the U.S. population, the annual growth rate has been 3.5 percent, which produces a doubling of the population every 20 years. Awareness of the dangers inherent in uncontrolled growth has led to a number of proposals for checking or reducing this expansion. One of the most widely rec-


The purpose of the work is to describe and highlight the artistic and creative activities of the Meiningen Theatre and the professional skill and creativity of Ludwig Kroneck's directing mechanisms. The research methodology is to apply the art historical method for a comprehensive study and understanding of all components of the nature of stage creativity and directorial activity of the Meiningen theatre of the corresponding period, its artistic and aesthetic value. The structural method and a systematic approach in combination with the historical method are used for a thorough study of the creative experience of the Meiningen theatre and its directing, analysis of the characteristic differences in artistic activity. The functional method helped to analyse the essentially practical component of the imaginative and creative process, pragmatic characteristics of the theatre ensemble and director's explications of the German Meiningen Theatre of the second half of the nineteenth century. The analytical method was applied for considering the essence of the techniques and means of practical implementation of an artistic work, its transformation into a stage reality with the help of special professional methods and means of ideological and emotional expression. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of Ludwig Kroneck's creative skills, the creativity of his theatre directing mechanisms and the significance of the master's professional experience for the stage professional process of contemporary theatre. Conclusions. The PR experience of L. Kronek, director and manager of the Meiningen Theatre in the second half of the nineteenth century, impresses today with its expediency in the theatrical process of stage creativity, namely: the master's innovations in solving mass scenes of productions, performing role material by each performer with the help of all means and skills of high artistry The integrity of all methods of building a synthetic artistic and figurative stage canvas was achieved by the artist due to the complex skills of the director's ideas – light, scenery, mise-en-scene and performance of the acting ensemble. Modern theatre directing, as always, is in a constant process of inventing the latest original solutions for creating a stage form, figurative, and associative disclosure of a dramatic work as an artistic form of theatre. In their aspirations, the artists of the Melpomene stage should not forget the fruitful experience of their predecessors, who stood at the origins of the profession of directing as the main creator of visual and entertainment performance.
Key words: directing activity, Ludwig Kroneck, Meiningen Theatre, director, actor, theatre.


This study aims to determine the effect of Talent Management, Knowledge Management, Performance Assessment, Personality, and Creativity on the Career Development of the Ministry of Religion's Office employees, Padang Pariaman Regency. The population in this study were all employees the Ministry of Religion, Padang Pariaman Regency, with as many as 62 people. By using the Multiple Linear Regression method. The results of this study indicate that talent management has a positive influence on employee career development at the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Padang Pariaman Regency, Knowledge management has a positive influence on the career development of employees of the Ministry of Religion Office of Padang Pariaman Regency, Performance appraisal has a positive influence on employee career development. Office of the Ministry of Religion of Padang Pariaman Regency, Personality has a positive influence on the career development of employees of the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Padang Pariaman Regency, Creativity has a positive influence on the career development of employees of the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Padang Pariaman Regency.


We report a case of urethral cystic lymphangioma. Hematuria is the revealing symptom. Im our knowledge, is the third case described in literature.


Viewing political representation in less structured, corrupt and poorly governed societies exclusively through the Burkean trustee lens, it is easy to miss why and how politics works in such polities. During the one party politics in Cameroon, and particularly in Douala and Yaoundé, the political order crafted and imposed a so called 'consensus' consisting for the symbolic political domination of the 'first comers'. The political liberalization which is the process of rights allocation to citizens which started during the early 1990 s reopened and amplified the problem of representation, offering the exogenous communities the opportunity to challenge the political domination of the original inhabitants. In the dynamics of liberalization, in order to square the complexity, the government initiated a pro diversity policy consisting in a positive discrimination of the 'first comers' while selecting the representatives. Many scholars have addressed the most controversial aspect of this policy, that is, its incompatibility with the neo liberal color blind citizenship theory. This article assesses an evaluation of its implementation twenty years after.


Leather buffing dust is a fine powder of collagen fibril waste from milling and buffing operations and constitutes an important part of solid wastes generated from chrome tanned leather production processes. It is one of the difficult tannery wastes to manage and current practice of its disposal includes its incineration and disposal in landfill. The scientific literature reports numerous studies on its utilization in composites formulations. Chrome tanned buffing dust has been used as filler for various polymeric matrices with the aim of producing leather-like composites for potential applications such as hand bags, wallets, key chain holder and purses and footwear products such as shoe soles, insole, heels etc. This paper compiles different research works done by researchers regarding composites made from leather industry buffing dust. The characteristics of composites are also presented by making use of previously published studies carried out with different polymer matrices. Reviewed studies reveal that fiber-reinforced composites utilizing buffing dust provide landfill avoidance, energy conservation, decrease depletion of virgin raw material, enable production of low cost composites with improved mechanical properties that can be used for multifunctional applications and moreover they provide solution to the environmental problems associated with the waste management of the leather industry.


Shows a view of fields and groups of houses and farm sheds, with snowy hills in the background. There are sheep in the field at the right.
Other Titles - September
Quantity: 1 watercolour(s).
Physical Description: Pencil and watercolour on double page spread 168 x 494 mm.
Provenance: Donated by Mrs Mary Watt, Wellington, through the family of the artist, in 2004.


Harm reduction, which was initially developed as a public health response to illicit drug use, has relevance to the prescription of psychotropic medication. Indeed, focusing on the agency of people who use drugs—licit or illicit—facilitates a more authentic engagement with treatment. In this paper, we show how the framework of harm reduction is congruent with the guiding principles of both humanistic psychology and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Moreover, applying a harm reduction model to psychotropic drug use raises awareness that there are risks to taking these medications, risks which are frequently glossed over because of the emphasis on medication adherence and compliance. We provide case examples of organizations that take a person-centered (vs. medication-centered) approach to people experiencing mental health crises. In their unique ways, these organizations embody the principles of harm reduction and the humanistic impulse that informs the CRPD.


A constant challenge in Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check (QC-LDPC) codes lies on flexible code lengths and rates, conditioned by good error performance. This paper presents an optimal construction method of QC-LDPC Codes on the basis of graphical model and search algorithm. Utilizing the proposed scheme, we can construct adaptable QC-LDPC codes whose girths are no less than 12, and column weights are 3. Comparing to any other QC-LDPC code construction approach, this method is much more flexible in block length and block rate. Furthermore, when construction parameters are selected, regular QC-LDPC codes can be constructed easily. Simulation results indicate that LDPC codes proposed in the method perform similarly to the classic Progressive Edge-Growth (PEG) based LDPC codes but outweigh in convenience of implementation and applications.


About the virtual package that is composed of a plurality of media, each of storing the content, to prevent the play back content together with associated separately, the content in the form forming an aggregate of the virtual package according to the author's intention, the copyright to provide a content playback apparatus for playing while protecting. Image reproducing apparatus, first the key acquisition unit for a device for reproducing the decoding, to acquire the encrypted content using the first key, the art using the key management information recorded in the recording medium obtains the second key, the encrypted contents and the second information obtaining means for obtaining, without the key information generated in the first key generating passing through the recording medium, and the key generation means for using the first the key generation information obtained with the second key to generate the first key, , it consists of a decryption unit for decrypting the encrypted content using the first key. Encrypted content key management information, and second key obtaining, key generating information, information acquisition, and the second key generation


The quantitative risk assessment of earthquake disaster is based on integrated procedures to quantify seismic, attenuation, sites, buildings and economical losses. Accordingly, seismic risk analysis has to be integrated in order to obtain reliable results. In this paper, the research progresses of the seismic risk assessment are reviewed, some considerations regarding the intensity and probability of occurrence of earthquakes and the vulnerability of constructions subjected to seismic actions are given. A soft risk map of earthquake, which is more informative than conventional ones, is aimed at the visualization of risk levels of Seismic disasters defined by the fuzzy probabilities, having the potential to be used for the adoption of risk mitigation measures, the assessment of the seismic losses and estimation of earthquake insurance rates.


Presented is an easy-to-use method for finding the optimum thermal conductance, or heat loss rate, of homes in Seattle, whose climate is representative of most of western Oregon and Washington. The method is given in both graphical form and in an analytic form suitable for use with a pocket calculator. The paper also shows how to balance the conservation investments for each building element so that all elements are equally cost-effective. Recent conservation costs for the Pacific Northwest are used to optimize a typical 1500 square foot home. A twenty year life-cycle cost analysis assuming electric heat at $.02 and $.04 per kilowatt hour results in optimum homes with R-19 to R-25 walls, R-35, to R-47 roof and floor, double to triple glazing, and tight construction with an air-to air heat exchanger. Extra conservation costs over a home meeting ASHRAE Standard 90 to 75 are $2200 to $3500. Fuel consumption is reduced by 75 to 90 per cent. Passive solar contributions are shown to have little economic effect.


In 6th-5th century B. C. the ancient Thracians borrowed the Greek alphabet and language under the influence of the contacts with the colonies along the Aegean and Pontic coasts. During that period the Greek script began to be used by the Thracian aristocracy in the religious and political practice. However, it should be pointed out that owing to the specificity of their mythological thinking, the Thracians did not create a literature of their own. The application of the Greek alphabet in the different rituals also remained relatively limited, due to the esoteric mystic character of the Thracian royal doctrine. This is why, almost all royal inscriptions from Thrace, appearing predominantly on various metal vessels, are in ancient Greek, and although most of the texts explained and completed certain ritual situations, they very seldom included mystic phrases. If we exclude some Thracian words inscribed on a fragmentary inscription and sherds from Samothrace, as well as the mystic words written on some ceramic vessels from mainland Thrace and in the royal tomb at Sveshtari, the only two relatively longer inscriptions which contain


This paper discusses on the importance of the information literacy education in university, combining the practical cases of foreign information literacy education, advances the suggestion on that Chinese university should implement the information literacy education engineering, and probes into some problems that should pay attention to in the construction of information literacy education engineering.


A few years ago, while on sabbatical in Paris to do research for a book on Diderot, I lived in an apartment on the rue de Richelieu, a few blocks from the Comedie Francaise on one side, and the Bibliotheque Nationale on the other. In the evening, I liked to go out on the balcony to look down the length of the rue Therese, with its seventeenthand eighteenth-century buildings, now bulging and sagging with age. At these times, my eye was invariably drawn to a house on the corner of the rue Therese and the rue de Richelieu bearing the name, in large letters, of the locksmith Bricard. From my vantage point, I could see through the windows of the upper stories and observe workers in smocks sitting at long benches, intently constructing the locks found on so many doors throughout France, a scene that evoked for me the interiors of workshops as they are portrayed in the plates of the Encyclopedie. But I could never have imagined what I was soon to learn. Leafing through Arthur Wilson's biography of Diderot one day, I found a photograph of the very house I'd been admiring. Number 39, rue de Richelieu was none other than the house in which Diderot had spent his final months, and had died.1 Around this time I was reading the Lettres t Sophie Volland. As a result, when I stood on the balcony now to gaze at Number 39, I began to pic-


The paper analyzes the materials implemented in the Kuzbass scientific project «Kuzbass philosophical readings». The history of emergence of professional philosophy in Kuzbass is discussed, so is the role of Departments of Philosophy at higher educational institutions in this process. The paper focuses mainly on the emergence and implementation of the scientific project «Kuzbass Philosophical Readings». The reasons of its emergence are shown. A chronological analysis of all the past seven Readings is provided. The social and scientific context for definingthe topic of each of the Readings is shown. The author analyses the contingent of the participants, its quantitative and qualitative changes. The contribution of the project's participants to the analysis and resolution of the social problems facing the modern Russian society is defined.


Design and fabrication of a novel X-band capacitve RF MEMS switch is reported. The switch consists of a suspended metallic membrane supported by a like-coil structure over the coplanar waveguide. The equivalent inductance of the like-coil structure is 134 pH, which greatly decrease the off-state resonance frequency of the switch. The design is optimized based on a series of simulations, which is realized with commercial EDA tools. The simulations show that the proposed switch structure present better isolation than traditional switch in relative low RF frequency(X band). This switch is made using silicon surface micromachining process. On wafer measurement results have been carried out. The threshold voltage is less than 9 V, the insertion loss is 0.69 dB at 11.6 GHz, and the isolation is 27.7 dB at 11.6 GHz.


The general properties of optical systems consisting of a set of concentric refracting or reflecting surfaces are introduced. It is shown that if an incident collimated beam emerged as exactly collimated, the system would give geometrically perfect imaging of any point in space. The condition of a real image of a real object for concentric systems and the annular field of Offner system are discussed. The calculating expressions of Offner optical system are given.


This report discusses the policy climate surrounding gun control in the wake of the attack in an Orlando, Florida nightclub. On June 12, 2016, an armed assailant killed 49 people and wounded over 50 others in the club.


Background: Prehypertension increases risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but effective interventions have not been defined. Disturbed central control of cardiovascular regulation due to trauma, stress, anxiety or other causes can lead to prehypertension and impaired heart rate variability (HRV). High-resolution, relational, resonance-based, electroencephalic mirroring (HIRREM®) is a noninvasive, closed-loop, allostatic, acoustic stimulation neurotechnology using software algorithms to identify specific brain frequencies, and translate them in real time into audible tones, to support self-optimization of brain rhythms. Objective: To evaluate the benefits of this nontraditional therapy on BP and autonomic function, subjects with untreated systolic BP of 120 to 139 or diastolic BP of 80 to 90 mmHg at baseline, who had enrolled in an IRB-approved open label feasibility study evaluating HIRREM for diverse neuropsychological disorders. Results: 66 participants (40 female), mean (SD) age 43.3 (16.5), received 16 (5.7) HIRREM sessions over 22.4 (19.2) days, (9.5 (4.2) days with sessions). Data were collected before, and 14.4 (16.6) days after HIRREM completion. Use of HIRREM was associated with significantly reduced systolic (from 127.5 (8.0) to 122.9 (14.0) mmHg, p=0.011), and diastolic (from 82.0 (8.0) to 78.0 (9.0) mmHg, p= 0.014) arterial pressure, with no change in heart rate. HRV measured as SDNN increased (from 42.0 (17.0) to 50.0 (28.0) ms, p=0.002). Baroreflex sensitivity measured by sequence method improved (from 13.2 (8.0) to 17.2 (12.0) ms/mmHg, p=0.0001), with a trend for reduced sympathovagal tone measured by LF/HF ratio (from 2.5 (2.2) to 2.0 (1.8), p=0.068). There were no adverse events. Conclusion: These data provide the first report of significant cardiovascular benefits of a closed-loop allostatic therapy for prehypertension. Blood pressure reduction and HRV improvement may prevent progression to more serious cardiovascular symptoms and diseases. Further studies are indicated to investigate the mechanism of the benefits associated with this promising intervention.


This special issue of the Cato Journal explores the nature of a competitive education industry (CEI) by examining the key ingredients of and minimal requirements for a true education market. Most of the articles were first presented at the Cato Institute's conference on "Creating a True Marketplace in Education" held in Washington in September 2004. The articles are intended to serve as a starting point for an increasingly informed discussion of the CEI concept. We also want to highlight the differences between a CEI and the traditional school system governance and funding processes that prevail--and disappoint--virtually everywhere. In our article, we describe the CEI concept and the reasons for devoting more attention to studying it. Understanding the critical elements of a competitive education market is essential. Unless we know what the key ingredients are, we cannot design policies or programs that will lead to establishing such a system. In our article, we point out eight critical ingredients for a CEI and describe why each ingredient must be present for a true CEI to emerge. Australian economist Mark Harrison looks at the problems with government provision of education in general. The major problems he points to are the lack of normal market incentives, the lack of innovation, and the inability to encourage good teaching. Also, because the unsatisfactory performance of the government school system affects those from impoverished backgrounds the most, government provision of schooling has the unintended consequence of harming the poor. Harrison then describes how a market approach would solve each of these problems. John Wenders shows how U.S. public schools today operate much like the U.S. airline industry did before the 1980s, when the now-defunct Civil Aeronautics Board exercised monopoly power over most aspects of airline operations. As in the pre-CAB airline industry, the results of this regulated monopoly are waste, rent dissipation, entrenched parasitic constituencies, and organizational sclerosis, making public schools impervious to change. Consumers, faced with a monopoly, cannot escape by voting with their feet. Thus, producers eater to political pressures, not to consumers. By comparing U.S. public and private school costs, Wenders identifies the primary sources, and causes, of waste in the public system. Wenders calculates the amount of waste to be nearly $160 billion annually, about 1.58 percent of U.S. gross domestic product, or about $560 per capita for the year 2000. Myron Lieberman compares the educational research produced by the current system with research produced by some large industries driven by free enterprise. He explains how government support has politicized research, and that there are few incentives for teachers to utilize best practices. For this reason, research on more effective or efficient educational methods has had little impact on schools. Lieberman contrasts this situation with how research is utilized in competitive industries. His analysis suggests that a competitive education industry would prompt the diligent pursuit and rapid adoption of effective education practices. Charter schools, which often operate under heavy regulation and in close contact with the status quo, are generally viewed as lacking most of the needed competitive features for a CEI. Yet Lisa Snell shows that, to date, charter schools have generated the most growth in the crucial for-profit education sector and substantial growth in brand name nonprofit schools. Because charter options tend to have more political support than reforms like vouchers and tax credits, Snell argues for a course of action that involves increasing competition for charter school authorizers, abolishing caps on the number of charter schools, and legalizing for-profit charter schools in states where they are currently prohibited. Such a course can push education reform in a more market-oriented direction. …