With the use of author's calculation method of durability of tooth gears with height engagement correction, it has been conducted the investigation of influence of wheels width and teeth slope angle on maximum contact pressures and dura-bility of cylindrical gears at changeable conditions of teeth contact in the result of their wear. It has been established that close in values the highest maximum contact pressures arise at teeth entrance into engagement and in the zone of its parity change both in spur and helical gears. In spur gears double – single – double tooth engagement would arise for the whole range of wheels width change. Instead, in helical gears with an increase of wheels width engagement parity changes from double – single – double into triple – double – triple. Respectively, these factors influence the decrease of initial maximum contact pressures level up to 1.5 times and the increase of durability of uncorrected helical gears up to 3.8 times in compari-son with spur gears. Engagement correction leads to decrease of maximum contact pressures, in the result of which gears du-rability increases. It has been established that optimum shift coefficients exist, at which gear durability would be the highest as compared with uncorrected engagement. The obtained results are given graphically, that better shows the regularities of wheels width, teeth slope angle and engagement conditions influence on the investigated tribotechnical characteristics.

Key words: involute cylindrical gear, tooth height correction, teeth width, teeth slope angle, maximum contact pressures, tooth wear, gear durability.


Reviews the book, School violence: Fears versus facts by Dewey G. Cornell. This book provides a unique focus on common misperceptions regarding school violence. One of the most notable misperceptions is that school violence is on the rise. This is just one of the misperceptions that Cornell's book addresses. Each chapter of the book begins with a case example and fundamental question about school violence, followed by the presentation of research to answer the question. The book concludes with recommendations for what our schools need to prevent violence. These recommendations follow directly from the content of the book and include specific suggestions about eliminating ineffective programs in favor of empirically based efforts, amending legislation that has led to the adoption of ineffective zero tolerance policies, avoiding sensational news coverage of school violence, and making universal prevention a public health mission. The reviewer notes the importance of making data-based decisions about how to prevent and respond to school violence. In order to do this, it is critical to have knowledge of the facts, and to also be aware of common misperceptions about school violence. This book provides educators, graduate students, and parents with that information.


AUTHOR'S NOTE: Revised version ofan article presented at a Competitive Enterprise Institute conference, Rethinking Antitrust Regulation: Reform, Repeal. or Retreat?, National Press Club, Washington, D.C., June 27, 1997. I would like to thank Donald Boudreaux for inviting me to participate, Joseph Gallo for granting me access to his unpublished data series, and Michael DeBow, Judge Douglas Ginsburg, Robert Tollison and Malcolm Coate for their helpful comments.


The inductor of technological rotating magnetic field must create the magnetic flux density equal to 0,1–0,2 T in the big air gap. The uniformity and intensity of created field strongly depend on the inductor poles geometry. The mean value of magnetic flux density can be increased about 45 % expending the poles in circumferential direction. The influence of pole magnetic resistance to the magnetic field distribution along axis can be evaluated, using the theory of distributed-parameter line. Elongating the poles along inductor axis the unit active zone can be extended, but the poles must be thickened and its relative permeability must be increased.


Based on preliminary observation at SDN Kedungane 02 Semarang, learning media in art, culture, and craft lesson subject in the lesson of making a mask was still limited. It was necessary to develop a learning media which supporting the practice of making a mask.The type of research was Research and Development. The steps consist of potential and problem, data collection, product designing, design validation, design revision, small group product testing, product revision, large group product testing, product revision, and final product making. The main subject of this research was the students of grade V SDN Kedungpane 02 consists of 39 students. Technical collecting data used both test and non-test techniques. Data analysis technique used percentage descriptive statistic, validity test, reliability test, and N-gain. The results of the research showed: (1) the mask mould product design which was being developed was a traditional mask from Java Island and being adjusted to the level of student development, (2) the result of product feasibility assessment from material expert was 96,4% (very feasible) and media expert was 94,2% (very feasible), (3) the effectiveness of the media was being seen from the responses of students and teachers with the result belong to very good criteria, and there was an moderated improvement in pre test and post test result. Showed by the result of gain test value which was 0,52 and the average of performance assessment value was 88,36. The conclusion of this research was the traditional mask-mould media in the lesson of making a mask at class V of elementary school was feasible to be used and effective in improving the result of student art work.


We present a new and more extensive interpretation of the vertical electronic spectrum of the thiirane molecule based on (i) analysis of observed two- and three-photon resonance enhancements in the wavelength-resolved multiphoton ionisation spectrum of jet-cooled thiirane and (ii) measurements of the kinetic energies of the photoelectrons accompanying the multiphoton ionisation process. Six Rydberg series are identified, including the four series identified in previous one-photon vacuum ultraviolet absorption studies of this molecule. Series assignments are offered based on the measured quantum defects, their relative two- and three-photon transition strengths and the dependence (if any) of the two-photon transition intensities upon changing from linearly to circularly polarised photoexcitation. Our analysis suggests that, as in H2S, many of the Rydberg orbitals have hybrid / character; it also points to the need for some revision of all previous interpretations of the electronic spectrum of the thiirane molecule.


Mu Us Desert is one the most sensitive and vulnerable areas in China.Based on spatial analysis tool of GIS,this study performs a dynamic ecological vulnerability assessment of Wushen Banner in 1960s,1978,1988,2000 and 2008 by using the ecological vulnerability evaluation model established though analytic hierarchy process.The conclusion is that the majority parts of Wushen Banner belongs to middle and low vulnerable area.The grassland ecological vulnerability experienced decrease,increase and decrease in recent 50 years,and the grassland ecological vulnerability of southern Wushen Banner is higher than the northern area.The changing process is caused by two reasons.One is that Wushen Banner ecosystem locates in the semiarid and heavy sand-wind area,another is the ecological interferences which include both natural and social aspects,especially by fluctuation of aridity,population growth and extensive ranching.Finally,the authors give suggestions about how to protect and utilize the grassland resource based on the evaluation result.


With special prepress and complicated finishing operations,label printing has a notable distinction with traditional publication printing in the process of production workflow.The things that should be noted in prepress of label printing are listed,including the selection of printing stock and ink,trapping operation,and the characteristic of imposition.Based on digital workflow,the article analyses the label printing from the perspective of JDF documents,which record a wide range of printing information.It shows the great significance of JDF in linking the prepress and finishing more closely.


Using pre-processor directives is an important step in writing programs in languages that include C++ and Java. We examine the use of pre-processor directives with the goal of making a beginning programming language pedagogically effective. We propose a set of compiler directives that can be used in teaching a programming language similar to C++ so that student's programming productivity increases by discouraging them from using irrelevant/confusing constructs and error-prone syntax. The proposed directives are structured into three groups: (i) error-checks, (ii) debugging-aids, and (iii) file-merging directives.


UNLABELLED
Tetanus is an infectious disease which, despite the small number of cases is a permanent risk to unvaccinated people. The severity of disease is associated with high mortality especially in older age groups.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aim of the paper is to present epidemiological surveillance data tetanus in 2013.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The source of the data are the individual case reports of tetanus sent to the Department of Epidemiology, NIPH-NIH and bulletin data "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2013.

RESULTS
In 2013 number of recorded cases of tetanus was 14. Four cases of disease occurred in men and 10 in women. Among cases 13 people were over 69 years of age and among them 7 people died.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Severity of tetanus, despite the small number of annual cases leads to several deaths each year, particularly in the older age groups. This deaths could be prevented by vaccination.


A Project Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment For The Award Of B.A (building Economics) Degree In The Department Of Building Economics And Management


Combined pollution caused by organic pollutant and heavy metal is one of the important environmental pollution forms. Study on this topic is of interest both in theory and practice. This paper discusses the interaction of organic pollutants and heavy metals in soils, which includes adsorption, chemical reaction and microbial processes.


The scientific interest in near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and the classification of some of those as potentially hazardous
asteroid for the Earth stipulated the interest in NEA exploration. Close-up observations of these objects will increase
drastically our knowledge about the overall NEA population. For this reason, a multiple NEA rendezvous mission through
solar sailing is investigated, taking advantage of the propellantless nature of this groundbreaking propulsion technology.
Considering a spacecraft based on the DLR/ESA Gossamer technology, this work focuses on the search of possible
sequences of NEA encounters. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a number of fully-optimized
trajectories. The results show that it is possible to visit five NEAs within 10 years with near-term solar-sail technology.
Moreover, a study on a reduced NEA database demonstrates the reliability of the approach used, showing that 58% of the
sequences found with an approximated trajectory model can be converted into real solar-sail trajectories. Lastly, this second
study shows the effectiveness of the proposed automatic optimization algorithm, which is able to find solutions for a large
number of mission scenarios without any input required from the user.


The invention relates to an air conditioner (1) for conditioning the air of a passenger compartment of a motor vehicle, comprising a refrigerant circuit (2) having a compressor (5), a heat exchanger (6) for heat transfer between the refrigerant and the environment as well as a heat exchanger (11) for supplying heat from the refrigerant to the air to be conditioned for the passenger compartment. The refrigerant circuit (2) has in the flow direction of the refrigerant after the compressor (5), a valve arrangement. The valve assembly comprises a branch (24), a between the branch (24) and the heat exchanger (6) arranged valve (14) and a between the branch (24) and the heat exchanger (11) arranged valve (13). The valve (13) is formed with a NO-valve characteristic and the valve (14) having an NC valve characteristic. The invention also relates to a method for operating the refrigerant circuit (2) comprising the steps of: - detection of an emergency using a vehicle surroundings sensor system and / or a vehicle communication, and - switching off of the compressor (5) includes.


Published pAz (or pKB) values for ketanserin, trazodone and LY 53857 at the 5-HTzA receptor mediating contraction in rat jugular vein, caudal artery, femoral artery and uterus are generally higher than those in other rat tissues (portal vein and aorta) as well as those in rabbit, guinea-pig and dog smooth muscle preparations, whereas spiperone pAz values are consistently higher in the rat.' These differences raise the possibility of intraas well as interspecies 5-HTzA receptor heterogeneity; however, variations in experimental conditions and analysis in different laboratories could either mask genuine or reveal spurious differences in pA2 values. Antagonist activity has now been assessed using a standardized protocol2 in rat jugular vein, caudal artery, portal vein and aorta, and in rabbit aorta, common carotid artery and trachea. The data obtained for ketanserin, trazodone, spiperone and LY 53857 are summarized in TABLE 1. In some of these tissues, the available evidence indicates that pA2 values may be influenced by a cocaine-sensitive 5-HT uptake system, thus in the present investigation, pKB data have been obtained in the rat aorta in both the absence and presence of cocaine (30 pM). In the rabbit common carotid artery and trachea, competitive antagonism could not be obtained in the absence of cocaine; in the rat portal vein, however, cocaine enhanced the myogenic activity present in this tissue, resulting in non-surmountable antagonism. In the other tissues tested, cocaine did not influence antagonist pKB values, thus the pKB data in TABLE 1 are those obtained in the absence of cocaine. As shown in TABLE 1, trazodone pKB values were comparable in rat jugular vein, rat caudal artery and rat portal vein, as well as in rat aorta (provided that cocaine is present). Those for spiperone in these tissues were also comparable. These values were consistently higher than those in the rabbit tissues. Ketanserin pKB values were similar in rat jugular vein and rat aorta (provided that cocaine is present), but higher than in the rabbit aorta; it produced non-surmountable antagonism in the other rat tissues. LY 53857 was competitive in only the rat and rabbit aorta preparations, thus intraspecies comparisons are not possible. The higher pKB values within rat tissues, relative to those in rabbits, suggest that the apparent heterogeneity of 5-HT2* receptors is species-related.


We have experimentally demonstrated a square pulse in a passively mode-locked Yb-doped fiber ring laser operating in the dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) region based on the nonlinear polarization rotation technique. In our experiment, a 1.5-km long single-mode fiber (SMF) is inserted into the cavity to increase the cavity length. The total cavity is 1501.8 m. With increasing pump power, the pulse duration can be tuned from 209.8 ns to 812.4 ns without wave-breaking, and the maximum output single pulse energy is 42.34 nJ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest pulse in any Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser. Moreover, the relationship between pulse width and cavity length is investigated. When the total cavity length is decreased to 1001.8 m and 501.8 m, the tuning range of square pulse is 372.4 ns (from 58.6 ns to 431 ns) and 138 ns (from 26 ns to 164 ns), respectively, and the maximum output single pulse energy is 13.85 nJ and 8.75 nJ, respectively.


The importance of integration in health care has been emphasised and discussed not only in most western countries but also in Japan. Renkei (which means cooperation and integration in Japanese) between different health care sectors has been one of the major concerns in Japanese health care. Renkei also aims to remove the traditional professional boundaries for integration on the same level. A variety of measures such as the improvement of referral systems and the introduction of clinical pathways have been taken to improve efficiency and quality in health care. Renkei, however, has still been one of the most challenging themes. The Birth of Integration: Explorative Studies on the Development and Implementation of Transmural Care in the Netherlands 1994–2000 offers us the Dutch experience as a practical and valuable reference for the future health care.


This paper reports a systematic literature review of articles published over the past 35 years on cross-cultural issues in business ethics. A screening process resulted in a final sample of 306 papers in 26 double-blind reviewed journals with an impact factor score of at least 1.0 in the field. This study uses citation analysis, systematic literature review method, and knowledge-stock analysis. This study highlights the findings from prior studies, compares and contrasts salient characteristics and provides directions for future research. This study identifies important gaps between the literature and the challenges of cross-cultural issues in business ethics. These gaps include lack of conceptual articles, multi-countries level analysis, and deficiency of comparison analysis between developed and developing countries. This article proposes to apply virtue ethics and model of cultural sense-making as some analytical frameworks in the field of cross-cultural issues in business ethics. This review of the literature could provide managers with a longitudinal perspective on how the institutional environment and national culture affect business ethics perception of employees. This paper contributes to the cross-cultural literature on ethical attitudes, helps us better understand cross-cultural differences in business ethics, and provides directions for further research.


Through the empirical research of Yancheng urbanization,this article stressed the importance of industrial structure optimization which is the direct driving force of coastal urbanization,and put forward the study of Yancheng urbanization in order to adjust the industrial structure,development of tertiary industries,pillar industries and characteristics of economy,and the coordination between urban and regional development.


The evolution of Covid-19 in India has generated biomedical crises and various crises in teaching and learning processes. The lack of consistency in taking classes, the unsystematic methods of assessing the students, the mockery of the students as 'Covid batch', and the career insecurities of the students have transformed the knowledge scape of the students. During the virtual interaction sessions with the participants, the authors felt that the students' approach towards virtual learning had been infected with insecurities, insincerities, and the fear of bleak futures. These challenges invite us to critically re-investigate and re-address the unethical evaluation practices within a broader framework of the factors that contribute to the unequal systems of knowledge production within the higher educational institutions in India. Based on these arguments, the article discusses the various factors that provoke the students to indulge in such unethical practices during Covid-19; the consequences they encounter; and the possible methods to overcome such challenges. The discussions in this article are based on a case study conducted with six postgraduate students from different higher educational institutions in West Bengal and Assam.


Heat recovery from boiler exhaust gas with multi-stage water-fluidized-bed heat exchanger is analyzed in this study. The recovered energy here is not only sensible heat but also latent heat contained in the exhaust gas. In this system direct contact heat transfer occurs while exhaust gas passes through water bed and the thermal energy recovered this way is again delivered to the water circulating through heat exchanging pipes within the bed. Thus the thermal energy of exhaust gas can be recovered as a clean hot water. A computer program developed in this study can predict the heat transfer performance of the system. The results of experiments performed in this study agree well with the calculated ones. The heat and mass transfer coefficients can be fecund through these experiments. The performance increases as the number of stage increases. However at large number of stages the increasing rate becomes very low.


1. National Disaster Management Institute. India Disaster Report 2011. New Delhi: National Disaster Management Institute; 2012. 2. T h a k u r P . I n d i a T h i r d m o s t D i s a s t e r P r o n e i n 2015: UN Report'. The Times of India; 2016. Available f r o m : h t t p : / / t i m e s o f i n d i a . i n d i a t i m e s . c o m / i n d i a / India‐third‐most‐disaster‐prone‐in‐2015‐UN‐report/ articleshow/50964247.cms. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 13]. 3. Kamath R, Fernandes E, Narayan P. Medical relief during the Nepal earthquake: Observations and lessons to learn. South East Asia J Public Health 2015;5:77‐8. 4. Krol DM, Redlener M, Shapiro A, Wajnberg A. A mobile medical care approach targeting underserved populations in post‐hurricane Katrina Mississippi. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2007;18:331‐40. 5. Mokdad AH, Mensah GA, Posner SF, Reed E, Simoes EJ, Engelgau MM, et al. When chronic conditions become acute: Prevention and control of chronic diseases and adverse health outcomes during natural disasters. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2:A04. 6. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Link MW, Garvin WS, McGuire LC, Jiles RB, et al. Chronic disease in health emergencies: In the eye of the hurricane. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3:A46. 7. Ministry of Law and Justice. The Disaster Management Act 2005. New Delhi: The Gazette of India Extraordinary; 2005. 8. Bakshi PM. The Constitution of India. 12th ed. New Delhi, India: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd.; 2013. 9. Eric N. The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997. 10. Pinto S. Mangalurean Doctor Files PIL in SC for State Advisory Bodies on Disaster Management. Times News Network; 7 December, 2016. Available from: http:// t i m e s o f i n d i a . i n d i a t i m e s . c o m / c i t y / m a n g a l u r u / Mangalurean‐doctor‐files‐PIL‐in‐SC‐for‐state‐advisory ‐bodies‐on‐disaster‐management/articleshow/55851782.cms. [Last accessed on 2019 Apr 17].


A‐type orthogneisses of mid Neoproterozoic age (774 ± 6 Ma, U‐Pb SHRIMP zircon age), are reported for the first time from the Grenvillian basement of the Western Sierras Pampeanas in Argentina. These anorogenic meta‐igneous rocks represent the latest event of Rodinia break‐up so far recognized in Grenvillian basement exposures across Andean South America. Moreover, they compare well with A‐type granitoids and volcanic rocks along the Appalachian margin of Laurentia (Blue Ridge), thus adding to former evidence that the Western Sierras Pampeanas Grenvillian basement was left on the conjugate rifted margin of eastern Laurentia during Rodinia break‐up and the consequent opening of the Iapetus ocean.


Abstract Availability and accessibility of mental health services for the elderly is woefully inadequate, failing to recognize the diversity of needs in the older adult population. Stigma, confusing and exclusionary insurance regulations and restrictive mental health center policies have both limited and discouraged treatment interventions. Through innovative case finding, programming and funding arrangements, the Senior Outreach program of Park Ridge Mental Health in Rochester, New York, has proven effective in identifying and providing outreach mental health services to elderly individuals. The program utilizes a human services agency model, yet operates within a large heath care system as part of a continuum of psycho-geriatric services.


Reactions of Tl(SR)(SR–= pyridine-2-thiolate, pyrimidine-2-thiolate, or thiazoline-2-thiolate) with the bis(hexafluorobut-2-yne) complex [MoCl(CF3CCCF3)2(η-C5H5)] give products [[graphic omitted]}(CF3C-CCF3)(η-C5H5)] containing a novel η2-vinyl ligand resulting from nucleophilic attack of nitrogen on a co-ordinated alkyne. The same pyridine-2-thiolate complex is obtained from the reaction of [MoCl(CF3CCCF3)2(η-C5H5)] with the thallium(I) salt of 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide, in addition to [[graphic omitted]}(η-C5H5)]. The complex [WCl(CF3CCCF3)2(η-C5H5)] reacts with thallium(I) pyridine-2-thiolate to give the η2-vinyl complex [[graphic omitted]}(CF3CCCF3)(η-C5H5)], whereas with Tl(SC5H4NO) cyclopentadienyl-ligand displacement is also observed giving the co-ordinatively unsaturated bis(hexafluorobut-2-yne) complexes [W(SC5H4NO)2(CF3CCCF3)2] and [W(SC5H4N)(SC5H4NO)(CF3CCCF3)2]


Herein, nanocrystalline Hf6Ta2O17 ternary oxide powders have been newly synthesized from hafnium chloride and tantalum chloride as starting materials using the solvothermal method. As confirmed by powder x-ray diffraction analysis, single-phase Hf6Ta2O17 powders were prepared at a minimum temperature of 1200 °C for 1 h. The cell parameters of the Hf6Ta2O17 powders were calculated precisely by Cohen's method, confirming the superior phase stability of the samples. Moreover, as demonstrated by a combination of characterization techniques, the nanoparticles were highly crystalline and homogenously distributed with crystallite sizes of approximately 50 nm. The measured fringe spacing of the crystal lattice is in agreement with the theoretical value, and the selected area electron diffraction pattern revealed the single-crystalline nature. Finally, the synthesized powder was densified into monolithic Hf6Ta2O17 ceramics with high relative density (97.9%) by pressureless sintering.


To compare the surface roughness of sandblasted, large grit, acid‐etched (SLA) surfaced titanium discs, after implantoplasty (IP) with different combinations of rotating instruments without or with the subsequent use of a silicone polisher.


This article is a rejoinder to the Partlow Committee's Common Sense in the Habilitation of Mentally Retarded Persons: A Reply to Menolascino and McGee. (Mental Retardation 1981, Vol. 19, pp. 221-225) In the rejoinder the authors argue that the proposed Partlow program of enriched living is a return to custodial care for severely mentally retarded persons and that the Partlow Committee's understanding of the nature, function, and capabilities of community based alternatives is strongly contradicted by professionals and successful community based service systems across the nation. If we could first know where we are and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do and how to do it. (Abraham Lincoln, A House Divided, 1858). Our view of where we are in the field of mental retardation in providing modern services to our mentally retarded citizens and "whither we are tending" remains quite different from the reply of the Partlow Committee. At the outset, we sharply disagree with the Partlow Committee as to their first paragraph: rather than assuming the national consensus on the developmental model and normalization, we would emphasize that these concepts have been incorporated into national accreditation procedures, i.e., the AC MRDD Standards (AC MRDD, 1980), and thus they are hardly an unwarranted assumption on our part. As to the best interest of mentally retarded persons, we do believe that the first and second sections of the Motion-to-Modify in Wyatt v. Hardin (1978), strongly imply what Roos (1979) terms Custodial Care for the 'Subtrainable'—Revisiting an Old Myth. The Partlow Committee's program of enriched living is exactly what in the past (pre-1960) was called custodial care. This is clearly evident from its program description of "medical care, physical therapy where needed, physical exercise, stimulating recreation activities, leisure time, high-quality basic necessities and dignity." This recommended return to what amounts to custodial institutional programs is defended by the assertion that the severely mentally retarded are "resistant and intractable to treatment/training methods." Surely, the Partlow Committee members are aware of (1) the clear-cut studies concerning our continuing poor prognostic ability regarding mentally retarded citizens' future responses to treatment (i.e., Hayden & Haring, 1976); (2) the dangers of classifying persons as unable to benefit from training (e.g., see Rosenthal & Jacobsen, Pygmalion in the Classroom, 1968) and the fact that such grouping grossly violates the individualized approaches that are embodied in the AC MRDD Standards (1980) and Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, U.S., 1975); and (3) the dangers of such institutional regimentation on individual development, clearly noted by Goffman (1966) and Vail (1966). In his formal response to the petitioners' Motion-to-Modify, Judge Johnson (1979) clearly rejected this enriched environment approach: "The evidence does not persuade the Court—that the minimum constitutional standards should be modified to allow defendants to cease providing habilitation programming and to provide instead an "enriched environment". The constitutional right of each resident to a habilitation program which will maximize his human abilities and enhance his ability to cope with his environment would be threatened by this modification proposed by the defendants" (Wyatt v. Ireland, 1979). Similarly, the Board of Directors of the National Association for Retarded Citizens, after thorough review of this issue, passed a formal resolution (NARC, 1979), which also rejected this proposed model. The statement by the Partlow Committee that ". . . only a minority of current Partlow residents acquire even basic self-help skills" is not supported by any data provided to the reader. Our studies showed that 43.6% of Nebraska's institutionalized residents had most or all of their self-care skills and those who did not were in active developmental programs. Likewise, the failure to master self-help skills need not preclude a mentally retarded person from participation in community-based programs. For example, in the Eastern Nebraska Community Of f ice on Retardat ion, a comprehens ive community-based system, there are 115 nonambulatory clients, 142 clients learning self-help skills, 221 clients learning dressing skills, and 176 clients learning toileting skills (ENCOR, 1979). Enough about our views concerning the danger of the Partlow Committee's recommendations for program enrichment. As to their third major issue (i.e., the possibility for community living is a "serious injustice for most Partlow residents"), we refer the Partlow Committee to a large body of data that has directly addressed the ideological, programmatic, legal, and ethical aspects of this national movement towards integration of mentally retarded citizens into community-based service systems. Specifically, the issue of whether severely mentally retarded citizens can (or cannot) be adequately served in community-based settings was directly studied in the Haldeman v. Pennhurst case (1977) wherein matched pairs of severely mentally retarded citizens (one who lived in the institution and one who lived in a community-based setting) were comparatively studied. The members of the pairs who lived in community-based settings were shown to be consistently superior in adjustment, regardless of the severity of their mental retardation or the presence of allied handicaps. A recent study on this Pennhurst population sample (Conroy, Lemanowicz, Sokol, & Pollack, 1980) exemplified research that validates the benefits of community alternatives to the institutionalization of severely or profoundly mentally retarded persons. This study concluded that most mentally retarded persons would exhibit considerably increased growth if moved from the institution to a community-based program. As to our six specific objections to the Motionto-Modify, we have already commented on numbers one and two. In regard to training failures, the Partlow Committee persists in pointing to deficiencies in the mentally retarded citizen. Rather than blaming them or their training personnel, we would suggest the program which fails should be reassessed, modified, or replaced by more effective programs. However, assigning those mentally retarded citizens with great deficiencies to enriched environments is not viewed by us as an effective programmatic alternative; in brief, it is a professional copout! They state that their fourth point (on poor prognostication) was an opinion and perhaps "presumptuous" on their part. For them to proceed to buttress this presumption by an all-or-none posture toward research findings in the area is hardly warranted. Their answer to point five has already been addressed. With regards to point six (restrictiveness), the Partlow Committee appears to have little insight into the practical innovations that have developed for serving severely mentally retarded persons in community-based alternatives during the past two decades. In The New Institutions . . . we cite the profile of Nebraska's institutionalized population—a profile that sharply contradicts the C o m m i t t e e ' s imp l i ca t ions that most institutionalized persons might not profit from training. The Partlow Committee bases its main argument on the assumption that most institutionalized residents should receive enriched programs rather than active developmental programs. Is it not more enriching to place such persons into community programs permitting community modeling, physical integration, social integration, and ongoing familial contacts? From our studies and extensive experience, institutional populations are not as developmentally delayed as the Partlow Committee would have us believe; it is also a misconception that those without self-help skills are unable to benefit from developmental services in these programs. More importantly, we cited community programs that serve the most severely mentally retarded and multi-handicapped citizens in dignifying, developmental, common sense programs. Indeed, Nebraska is an excellent example of a state which has made the development of community alternatives a major public policy based on the modern right to treatment principle and the emerging research that validates this public posture. In fact, the Nebraska institutionalized population has decreased from more than 2,300 persons in 1968 to 873 persons during the time of our study in 1978, and to less than 590 persons in early 1981. This population decrease should continue throughout the 1980s. (Nebraska Mental Retardation Panel, 1978). In conclusion, the Partlow Committee persists in recommending a leap backwards—to custodial care for the severely and profoundly mentally retarded. They call this common sense. The studies and experiences of others and ourselves strongly contradict their professional presumptions. Perhaps common sense is the least common of all senses. During the past two decades most professionals in the field of mental retardation and parent-citizen advocates have actively supported the provision of developmental alternatives, including institutional settings which embody same. While divergent current research has not incontrovertibly proven the superiority of the community-based approach, the findings in no way buttress or justify the Partlow Committee's arguments for a return to the congregate care model of institutionalization of severely handicapped mentally retarded citizens. Indeed, to assume that research efforts will resolve this issue is to grossly misread the relationships between social policy and research efforts (Baumeister, 1981). As the research evolves, and the majority of professionaladvocate support of current policy continues, we should not be misled by the Partlow Committee members who want to return to the enriched environments of the pre-sixties era. We hold


&NA; ▪ Patients and families are told by advocates of managed care that they must accept 'tough choices' if the system is to work. No one tells them how tough those choices really are.


Through a series of case studies, this long essay seeks to demonstrate the fruitfulness of using film as evidence for studying history and culture. Taking under consideration films as diverse as the chart-toppers The Wicked Lady (1945) and A Hard Day's Night (1964), the documentary Drifters (1929), imperial adventures like The Four Feathers (1939), and 'auteur' films like Pressure (1975), High Hopes (1988) and Riff-Raff (1991), this work aims to establish their relation to the society and culture in which they were produced and to extrapolate the meanings and identities, in short the ideology they put forward. From a cultural studies perspective, via the medium of film, the present essay therefore elucidates cultural discourses current in the six decades considered – from the 1930s to the 1980s – and means to be as much a historical mini-survey as a contribution to the hitherto neglected study of British film in Italian universities.


This study aims at comparing the effects of order of acquisition (L1 vs. L2) and language of contact instruction on third language acquisition (L3), exploring whether the context of acquisition affects learners' knowledge of the L3. To this end, four groups of L3 English learners were selected: The first and the second groups had Persian as their first language (L1) and Arabic as their second language (L2). The participants of the first group were students of Persian language and literature, while the participants of the second group were students of Arabic and literature. The third and fourth groups had Arabic as their first language and Persian as their second language. The participants of the third group were students of Persian language and literature, while the participants of the fourth group were students of Arabic language and literature. The Knowledge of English plural marking was elicited via a grammaticality judgment correction task and a picture description task, aimed at examining how these groups learn number agreement between the noun and its adjective modifier in English as their L3. Results revealed that Persian and Arabic A groups (those with Persian as their language of instruction) outperformed the other groups in both tasks, suggesting that they transferred plural marking facilitatively from Persian.


Schizophrenia affects up to 1% of the world's population. Fortunately, the era in which deficiencies in mothering behavior were blamed is over. However, obstetrical factors remain a concern. Case-control studies have implicated birth complications as a risk factor, particularly for schizophrenia that manifests in …


The several design methods for the granular compaction piles have been proposed by many researchers. However, no one has been properly considering stiffness of the foundation when designing the granular compaction piles. Actually, in case of the piled raft foundation, it has been known that the magnitude and shape of the contact pressure vary in different stiffness of the loading plate and ground. Although the fact stated has been considered, in case of the granular compaction piles applied to the design for improvement of the soft ground, the design considering the variation of the contact pressure has not been properly performed. In this study, the full-scale tests were performed using the concrete foundation and sand mat as the rigid foundation and flexible foundation, and the various analyses were carried out to expect the influences on the behaviors of the granular compaction piles by the difference of the upper foundation.


The future of live performing arts, particularly the 'high' arts such as orchestral chamber music, choirs, opera, ballet and theatre could depend on childhood education and experience of these art forms. A behavioural approach to performing arts marketing suggests that positive early experiences of performing arts will lead to adult consumption of performing arts events. This paper explores this idea using Gainer's (1993, 1993a, 1997) findings to explain the results of a recent study on performing arts in Wellington, New Zealand. The result of the Wellington survey found that more women than men attend performing arts, supporting previous research. This "gendered" aspect of performing arts can be explained by the dominance of girls participating in performing arts education at school. This participation is reinforced by parent's attitudes that arts are "feminine" and therefore boys are not encouraged to participate. It is argued that if the behaviour of parents and boys towards childhood arts education were changed this would ensure a wider and more balanced performing arts audience in the future. A behaviourist approach to marketing is suggested and future research to test this idea further is outlined.


The Umwelt concept of Jakob von Uexkull considers animals as subjects that inhabit their own subjective universe which is determined by the animal's sensory perception and cognitive abilities. Dolphins present an interesting species to investigate its Umwelt because cetaceans underwent a drastic change in lifestyle in the course of evolution because these mammals returned from a terrestrial life back into the water. Although bottlenose dolphins are intensively studied there are still many knowledge gaps. Here we studied some aspects of the dolphins' Umwelt by asking: (1) how their nocturnal acoustic Umwelt is arranged; (2) what the production of vocal copies can tell us about the dolphins' perception of their environment; (3) whether they are able to perceive tastes (4) or odours; (5) whether they are sensitive to magnetic stimuli. We found that the dolphins' nocturnal Umwelt was characterized by a temporally patterned vocal activity that also included vocal copies of sounds that the dolphins had heard during the day. This is a striking separation between auditory memory formation and vocal copy production and the copies might be a vocally expressed nocturnal rehearsal of day events. Thus, vocalizations can serve as possible indicators of events or objects that are meaningful to the dolphins. Regarding dolphins' perceptive abilities, we found that they were sensitive to both gustatory and olfactory food-related stimuli. They might use this ability to locate and/or evaluate prey. Further, dolphins responded to a magnetic stimulus, suggesting that they are magnetosensitive, what could be useful for navigation. So far, chemo- and magnetoreception have not been considered seriously as potentially functional in dolphins. The results obtained during this thesis fill some of the gaps that still exist in the knowledge of the dolphin's Umwelt and therefore contribute to a better understanding of this species. Moreover, they illustrate that even already intensively studied species may still hold important facets of their biology to reveal and that research should broaden the view and remain unbiased when studying a topic.


This article proposes and experimentally demonstrates the first bandwidth-reconfigurable all-to-all optical interconnects using a multi-Free-Spectral-Ranges (FSR) integrated 8 × 8 SiPh Flex-LIONS module. The multi-FSR operation utilizes the first FSR (FSR1) to steer the bandwidth between selected node pairs and the zeroth FSR (FSR0) to guarantee a minimum diameter all-to-all topology among the interconnected nodes after reconfiguration. Successful Flex-LIONS design, fabrication, packaging, and system testing demonstrate error-free all-to-all interconnects for both FSR0 and FSR1 with a 5.3-dB power penalty induced by AWGR intra-band crosstalk under the worst-case polarization scenario. After reconfiguration in FSR1, the bandwidth between the selected pair of nodes is increased from 50 to 125 Gb/s while maintaining a 25 Gb/s/λ all-to-all interconnectivity in FSR0.


H professions are differentiated from other occupations on the basis of exclusive authority over specialist knowledge. While individuals tend to operate in uni-professional silos, there is evidence that bridging professional divides in multidisciplinary teams facilitates innovation. Indeed, such teams have been found to significantly enhance patient and organizational outcomes through the development of innovative solutions to complex clinical, service and policy problems. However, some studies provide evidence that multidisciplinary healthcare teams can be characterized by conflict, hostility and poor team outcomes. In an effort to resolve these ambiguous findings, this study investigates the role of leader inclusiveness in enhancing innovation within multidisciplinary healthcare teams. In particular, we argue that leader inclusiveness has the potential to increase team innovation by strengthening professional identification. We further argue a novel role for perceived threat in this mediated pathway by suggesting that the beneficial impact of strengthened identification only exists when team members feel that their professional distinctiveness is under threat. Data from our survey of 75 healthcare teams suggests that strengthened professional identification and distinctiveness threat interact to enhance multidisciplinary team innovation.


A small scale ducted-prop aerial vehicle has been developed in this study. The configuration design and aerodynamic analysis for ducts shrouding propeller have been conducted using axisymmetric and three-dimensional flow calculations. The ground test for the isolated prop and ducted-prop were carried out and the aerodynamic effects due to duct were investigated. For the attitude control of ducted-prop vehicle, various concepts of control in rotary and airplane mode have been proposed and implemented to the concept vehicle which is composed of ducted-prop and center fuselage. The small scale ducted-prop vehicle based on the conceptual design was fabricated and flight tests in rotary and partial conversion mode have been conducted with the aid of manual control.


Economic activities are the basis that stimulates the productive sectors and strengthens the interdependence between them and then supports the gross domestic product. All economic policies seek to stimulate macroeconomic changes towards national income, which in turn stimulates its components towards supporting the gross domestic product. After taking the environmental dimension, the national income was adjusted to include the environmental impact on the population. The sample included taking the added value of the economic sectors (agriculture, industry, and services) and the environmentally adjusted national income for the period (2004-2018) has been converted into quarterly data to support the standard model used, which is the (ARDL) model in Iraq. The hypothesis of the research is that the impact of the activities of the economic sectors is significant on the adjusted national income of the oil countries in general, Iraq in particular, for the damages resulting from the process of extracting crude oil. The problem of the research is that Iraq needs to take into account the environmental dimension to maintain the populations standard of life, in connection with their daily production activity, which in turn is linked to sustainable development that supports the green environment. The importance of the research the follow-up to the environmental impacts in todays world in light of the high indicators of environmental pollution is one of the most important components and indicators of economic studies, so the economic activities must interact with each other to support the environmentally adjusted national income. The research concluded that the macroeconomic sectors exert a clear and good influence on the adjusted national income, so the research recommended that the decision maker pay attention to these economic sectors to increase the amount of the adjusted national income, which would support sustainable economic development plans in the long term and protect the Iraqi environment from pollution.


We introduce an optical quantum state that can fundamentally mimic a single photon state not only with respect to the number of photons but also in terms of an indeterminate phase. It becomes close to a perfect single photon state with almost unit fidelity as well as exhibits fundamental features of single photons such as antibunching and Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. The emergence and vanishing of single photon characteristics can be directly observed by changing two variables, i.e., mean photon number and number of phases. Moreover, we propose a feasible scheme to generate such a state at room temperature by using atomic vapor in hollow-core optical fiber, which is suitable for integration in fiber-optic quantum network. Finally, we demonstrate that quantum key distribution (QKD) with these states outperforms the typical approach using weak coherent states.


Religious and spiritual development continues throughout the lifespan, with life transitions, trajectories, and stages affecting that development. One important catalyst for these changes is family relationships. This article examines transactions between grandmothers and adult-granddaughters that influence both parties' spiritual and religious values. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight grandmother/adult-granddaughter dyads. Data indicate that grandmothers and adult-granddaughters learn one another's values through multiple transactions including role-modeling, indirect communication, and "just knowing." Yet, co-learning did not occur in every situation within these dynamic transactions. Implications are given for family interventionists on understanding and developing grandmother/granddaughter relationships and spiritual growth.


Here we report on ultrabroadband optical parametric amplification (OPA) in the relatively new nonlinear crystal bismuth triborate, BiB306 (BIBO), pumped by the fundamental of a 1 kHz Ti:sapphire laser system (lambdap=800 nm).


Coastal lagoons take up about 13% of the coasts worldwide. They are shallow, highly productive environments, submitted to continental and marine influences. The multiple uses of their waters and anthropic activities performed in their hydrographic basins have caused major changes in the quality of their water resources. The purpose of using data from Mãe-Bá lagoon, located on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo is to contribute to increasing knowledge about the influence of natural and anthropic aspects on water quality parameters of coastal lagoons, and the interactions between the different environmental variables, besides characterizing the degree of productivity of these environments. For this water quality monitoring data from the lagoon, during the period from September 1993 to December 2002, were used for the following parameters: water temperature, real and apparent colors, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, dissolved solids, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogenated series, total phosphorous, orthophosphates, soluble iron, total iron, fecal coliforms, total coliforms, chlorophyll a, chlorides, conductivity and salinity. Monitoring data on potential industrial effluents and meteorological variables were also surveyed. Statistical tests were performed using the data, at a 5% level of significance. The results were compared with the limits established by current legislation. Mãe-Bá lagoon presented characteristics common to coastal lagoons in general. Seasonality strongly influenced the temperature of the lagoon water, which did not present thermal stratification and showed a dissolved oxygen profile of the orthograde type, mainly due to the small depths and wind action. The lagoon presents slightly brackish water and lower conductivity values than those of coastal lagoons strongly influenced by the sea. The results of the trophic classifications indicated by the Modified Index of Trophic State and by the methodology for a probability distribution of a trophic state based on total phosphorous concentrations determined eutrophic conditions in the lagoon at points located close to sites where domestic effluents are discharged. Systematic increase of pH through the years, supersaturation of disRBRH – Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos Volume 11 n.1 Jan/Mar 2006, 63-77 77 solved oxygen, high values of total phosphorous, differences between the parameters apparent and real color, raw and filtered COD and growth of phytoplankton density, constituted typically by cyanobacteria, indicate the existence of an eutrophication process in Mãe-Bá lagoon.


The invention relates to an intelligent wheelchair control system, which comprises a central processing unit, and a left wheel motor, a right wheel motor and a multifunction interface which are respectively connected with the central processing unit, and also comprises an electrode sensor which is connected with the central processing unit, wherein a human body current signal is collected by the sensor collects, converted into a voltage potential signal, and then transmitted to the central processing unit. Compared with the prior art, the original single handle control way can be substituted by multiple control ways such as arm muscle current signal, brain wave, head movement position and the like, so the application range of the intelligent wheelchair is greatly enlarged, and convenience is provided to the life of more mobility-handicapped people.


Abstract In present work, CFD simulation and experimental study of turbulent flow in new gas-particle helical separator to obtain the hydrodynamic behavior and its pressure drop has been studied. The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) has been used as an optimize turbulent model for its accuracy also, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach. Furthermore, QUICK method has been used for discretizing of convective momentum terms. In order to coupling the momentum and continuity equation PISO method has been implemented. To validate the results of simulation, appropriate experimental setup has been designed and built. Comparison between simulation and experimental efficiency and pressure drop results have been shown good and acceptable agreement. Finally influence of inlet velocity, inlet particle loads and particle sizes on cyclone performance and its pressure drop has been studied. Keywords: Helical Separator, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), multiphase flow


The LPRng software is an enhanced, extended, and portable version of the Berkeley LPR software. While providing the same general functionality, the implementation is completely new and provides support for the following features: lightweight (no databases needed) lpr, lpc, and lprm programs; dynamic redirection of print queues; automatic job holding; highly verbose diagnostics; multiple printers serving a single queue; client programs do not need to run SUID root; greatly enhanced security checks; and a greatly improved permission and authorization mechanism.


With today's emphasis on crossfunctional teams, natural work groups, and continuous improvement task forces, companies must learn to formally plan and review the activities of these emerging horizontal organizations. The traditional command-and-control structures had their teams, but they were vertical. Employees belonged to the sales team or the internal audit team, and the boss was responsible for managing the team. Now, with the growing evolution of networking across departmental boundaries, team meeting skills are vital to the success of the teams and their organizations. This article outlines the self-discipline required for teams when they've been granted decision-making authority.


The utility model relates to an apparatus for the preparation of carbon and oxygen stable isotope microsample of carbonate, comprising a reaction bottle, a sample arranging pipe, a piston valve, a water removing cold well, an evacuating device, sample collecting cold fingers, etc. which are assembled. The outside of the reaction bottle is provided with constant temperature circulating water sleeve, and a built-in thermometer arranging pipe is communicated with the reaction bottle. The two sample collecting cold fingers are connected by a hose. The utility model has the advantages of small size, direct connection with a mass spectrometer, few factors of causing gas leakage, high speed and convenient operation, and the gas leakage or fractionation because of transferring the sample for a plurality of times can be avoided. The flexible connector is used to prevent the damage because of vibration.


Angular leaf spot otherwise known as blackarm of cotton is a major disense of cotton and occurs in many cotton growing countries. In India, this disease occupies the primary importance in view of the loss it causes to the yield of cotton especially in certain States like Andhra Pradesh, Madras, Mysore and Kerala. This disease is a limiting factor in the cultivation of Sen Island cotton along the west coast areas and in places of heavy rainfall. Attempts are being made to exploit the source of resistance to this disease from a number of species and varieties of cotton. In evaluating the genetic stocks for their resistance to this disease, n suitable technique to create epiphytotics of this disease is essential as in the absence of such a technique the grading of a particular variety varies from year to year or from place to place according to seasonal variations. In the past, various methods have been described by different authors which have been briefly enumerated by Sundaram (1961). However, these techniques were found to be inadequate to create epiphytotics of the disease under field conditions. Sundaram (1961) described a technique to create the disease in an epiphytotic form under laboratory conditions based on which further studies were conducted to evolve a method to create the disease under field conditions and the results are briefly reported in this paper.


"An entrepreneur knows that setting up in business is a risk. They need a robust business plan (..) and competitor analysis and a good knowledge of the market." [1] I knew none of this, when I was a Ph.D. student or more precisely, a student on a maternity leave. When my studies on electromagnetic modelling methods [2] began to contradict the then-established dogmata, and journal submissions were hindered by never-ending reviews, my supervisor suggested proving our concepts on the market. The delayed paper [3] was published when a beta-version of QuickWave was already being tested at four universities, and in 1997 we founded QWED to supervise its futher commercial developments. This talk will present selected (non-confidential) examples of how QuickWave modelling has impacted: 1. QWED (www.qwed.eu) grown first on licence sales, and then also on software-based consulting and measurements; now a company of 10 persons successfully competing with corporations of 10 thousand in the field of EM simulations and material test fixtures; 2. our projects, from Eureka E!2602 [4] to the on-going H2020 MMAMA [5]; 2. our partners in material research, from improving the safety of reheated frozen foods [4] to reducing the energy consumption in mineral rock comminution [6]; 3. our first users in US space labs, who became our great marketing force by publishing their QuickWave results in such famous project as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array [7]; 4. our industrial customers, e.g. a leading supplier of domestic microwave ovens, who found QuickWave "not only as the best but also very significantly better than the contenders" and reported "a drastic improvement in our possibilities to model the whole microwave system". I focus on bilaterally coupled EM-thermal modelling of materials [8], which distinguishes QuickWave from its competitors on the EM simulations market. QWED seeks collaborations to develop new materials models for QuickWave, enhancing its industrial relevance.


ABSTRACT I study the effect of coeducation on academic performance and science course enrollment using student-level data from a South Korean high school that, at the beginning of each academic year, quasi-randomly assigned students to either single-sex or coeducation classrooms. This paper presents two main findings. First, among girls with high achievements in Korean, coeducation increases the Korean exam scores by 0.11 standard deviations. Second, coeducation increases a girl's probability of enrolling in Physics, a math-intensive and boy-dominated science subject, by 71%, and increases a boy's probability of taking Biology by 34%.


Background : Nutritional status of children is an important in dicator for child health and overall wellbeing. Acute malnutrition also known as wasting, it is cha racterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period. Ethiopia has a high prevalence of acu te malnutrition, and one in ten children wasted. Objective: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of was ting and related factors among preschool children in Gubo Sayo, East Wollega, and West Ethiopia Methods : A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Gubo Sayo Woreda, East Wollega, Ethiopia. Weight and height of the study children w ere measured and the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects were collected using a questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression anal ysis methods have been used to identify factors of nutritional s tatus preschool children. Result: Finally, these study result shows 12.5% of prescho ol children were wasted. Among the socio-economic variables included in the study family income, fami ly size, and family education were significantly as sociated with acute malnutrition. Conclusion: The Acute malnutritional status of preschool childr en particularly in the study area is affected by family income, family size and family education. To intervene and improve this problem, community based nutrition program and Nutrition education should be established.


The pace and scale of the digitalization of today's global information society open up new opportunities for business. At the same time, they set new challenges for business owners and managers in the field of marketing. Given this fact, the purpose of the study was to present the impact of digitalization on the marketing activity of the enterprise in the field of services by promoting the use of online sales via electronic distribution channels, social networks, and mobile applications. A comparative system of estimating the parameters of the influence of digitalization on the marketing activity of the enterprise was proposed as a confirmation of this impact. Based on the developed "tree of goals," the dynamics of the digitalization of services were projected and the prospects of development of this sphere of activity were outlined. For testing the proposed methodology, the railway passenger transportation company (JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia") was chosen as the object of the research. Research methods used in the study include: (1) statistical; (2) SWOT analysis; (3) systematization, comparative, and structural-dynamic analysis; and (4) an expert survey. As a result of revealing the impact of individual elements of digitalization on the level of marketing activity, the number of recommendations regarding the development of digitalization of electronic ticket sales services and their accounting for enterprises dealing with railway passenger transportation were proposed.


Data on life expectancy in the regions of Russia show that needed improvements in survival rates are being hampered by the existing quality of health-care programs, due to cost-cutting policies, and by continuing environmental problems.


We propose that the Universe created from "nothing" with relatively small particles number and quickly relaxed to quasiequilibrium state at the Planck parameters. The classic cosmological solution for this Universe with Λ-term has two branches divided by the gap. The quantum process of tunneling between the cosmological solution branches and kinetic of the second order relativistic phase transition in supersymmet-ric SU(5) model on the GUT scale are investigated by numerical methods. Einstein equations was solved together with the equations of relaxation kinetics. Other quantum geometrodynamics process (the bounce from singularity) and the Wheeler- De Witt equation are investigated also. For the formation of observable particles number the model of the slowly swelling Universe in the result of the multiple reproduction of cosmological cycles is arised naturally. The model and its basic modifications 1 is very attractive and explains many cosmological problems. Today it is the cosmological paradigm 2 . The standard conception of first order cosmological relativistic phase transitions (RPT) from strong overcooled high symmetric (HS) phase develops well 3 . For the realization of conception


An aluminum-coated grating (ACG) is a core component of laser systems and spectrometers. Understanding damage to the ACG induced by nanosecond lasers is critical for future high-power laser applications. In this study, we applied finite element simulation and practical experimentation to investigate the characteristics of ACG damage. Based on a coupling model using fluid heat transfer with the level-set method, we simulated the damage caused to an ACG by a 1064 nm nanosecond single pulse laser. The theoretical modeling showed that the ridge and bottom corners of the grid will be preferentially damaged, and the simulated damage threshold will range from 0.63 J/cm2 to 0.95 J/cm2. We performed a one-on-one damage test according to the ISO21254 standard to investigate the failure condition of 1800 l/mm ACGs; the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) was 0.63 J/cm2 (1064 nm, 6.5 ns). Microscopy images showed that the damaged area decreased with decreasing laser fluence, and scanning electron microscopy measurements showed that the main damage mechanism was thermodynamic damage, and that damage to the grid occurred first. The results of the experiments and simulations were in good agreement.


Potential of surface water and ground water resource evaluated and demand on resource figured out at sub catchment level. HEC-HMS software was used for hydrologic modeling taking dynamic canopy for evapotranspiration, SCS curve number for surface loss, constant monthly for base flow and storage-discharge for reservoir consideration. Basin model and curve numbers were generated using ArcGIS (GeoHMS tools). Ground water fluctuation study on 10 years water level data carried out.  Remote sensing imagery was used to ground water prospect zones delineation. Resource potential maps were generated using ArcGIS. Nonagricultural water demand was figured out using projected population of 2030 to generate nonagricultural demand. For finding agricultural demand three zones identified considering area equipped for irrigation for no/one/two times a year. Annual demand using standard delta for those zones considering different cropping pattern was figured out. Demand maps generated for agricultural and nonagricultural demands. Integrated demand-potential analysis was carried out to figure out deficit at sub catchment level and deficit maps were generated. Scenario analysis by upgrading or down grading cropping pattern (i.e. changing current cropping pattern) was also carried out to analyze deficit/surplus of sub catchments and consequently basins. Deficit maps for all case scenarios were generated. Keywords: ArcGIS, HMS, Scenario analysis, Potential-Demand, Deficit Cite this article Bhore Sagar M., Patil LG, , Water resource analysis and potential evaluation of Bhima basin in Maharashtra (GIS approach), Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management. 2015; 2(2): 33–47p.


This article focuses on pay-for-performance, a major component of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. It examines the experience of one of the first federal agencies to implement pay-for- performance (Region X of the Environmental Protection Agency) and considers the implications of the experience for the efficacy of this technique.


In previous papers, we proposed finite element schemes based on the Petrov-Galerkin weak formulation using exponential weighting functions for solving accurately, and in a stable manner, the flow field of an incompressible viscous fluid. In this paper, we present the Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme for turbulent flow fields based on large eddy simulation using the standard Smagorinsky model with the Van Driest damping function. The filtered incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are numerically integrated in time by using a fractional step strategy with second-order accurate Adams-Bashforth explicit differencing for both convection an diffusion terms. In order to evaluate more accurately a mass matrix, the well-known multi-pass algorithm was also adopted in this study. Numerical results obtained are compared through flow around a rectangular cylinder at Re = 22,000 with the experimental data and other existing numerical data.


The morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties of a model crystalline thermoplastic (PP), its rubber toughened versions, and their corresponding continuous fiber composites were investigated. Adding a rubbery phase in a PP matrix results in a less regular spherulite texture with less sharp spherulite boundaries. The average spherulite dimensions have not been reduced appreciably. The rubber particles are found to be uni formly dispersed in the PP matrix and their sizes increase with an increased weight frac tion of rubber. "Transcrystalline" regions can be found with those thin PP specimens con taining a low fraction of glass fibers. Delamination is the dominant failure mode in PP-fiber composite subjected to low-velocity impact. The maximum load tolerated by the laminates just prior to delamination appears to be controlled by the resin yield strength and the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. The magnitudes of the residual thermal stresses have been estimated and are found to decrease with increasing end-use (or test) tempera ture. No evidence of crazing can be found in fiber-PP composites. A much lesser degree of stress whitening phenomenon was observed in glass fiber reinforced rubber-modified PP than in their unreinforced counterparts. A toughness increase of PP matrix using the technique of rubber modifications did not necessarily lead to an improvement in impact re sistance of fiber composite. In general, the matrix toughness and composite impact prop erties cannot be definitively correlated for this model group of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics.


The aim of present investigation was to develop press coated tablets for Floating pulsatile drug delivery of Telmisartan used for is a medication used for high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. The drug delivery system was designed to deliver the drug such a time when it could be needful of patient conditions. The press coated tablets containing Telmisartan in the inner core were formulated by direct compression method with an outer coating of different amount of Chitosan.  The release profile of press coated tablet exhibited a lag time. The optimized batch F9 gave good drug release of 99.58 %


The design is based on embedded ARM hardware platform,and its OS is the ARM-Linux QT/Qtopia.By calling OpenCV (Intel open source computer vision library) and QT library,we design the program of the camera which can display the data of the video stream collected by the camera on Qtopia graphical user interface.In addition,the paper also describes basic principle of QT programming,and normal working mechanisms of OpenCV.


To ensure the quality, easy to handle and can bulk softness of the substrate electrode and the semiconductor chip is a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method, a circuit substrate and the flexible substrate is bonded. Holding member 16 is provided on the surface portion 24 engages the gap 14 between the electrodes of the semiconductor chip 12 and flexible substrate 10 is disposed, and has a state mediation gap holding member 16, the configuration of the semiconductor chip 10 and the flexible substrate 12 engaging portions that are provided on the flexible substrate 12 is bonded to the electrode 24 14 of the semiconductor chip 10, the molding material injected into a stress absorbing layer 26.


The Jialingjiang Formation of Lower Triassic in Sichuan basin is composed of carbonate platform sedimentary system and carbonate-terrigenous clastic sedimentary system,and including four major sedimentary facies such as carbonate-terrigenous clastic tidal,restricted platform,open platform and evaporite platform.In the end of Feixianguan stage of Early Triassic,there was a large-scale regression and regional exposure and erosion in the Upper Yangtze maritime space,and until early Jialingjiang stage the Upper Yangtze maritime space undergoed extensive transgression and accepted the deposition again.Therefore,at the bottom of Jialingjiang Formation of Lower Triassic devel-oped partial exposure unconformity surface and inner of the Jialingjiang Formation mainly developed lithology-lithofacies transformational sequence interface.According to the tracing and recognition of sequence interface and through the sequence stratigraphy division of typical single-well and the sequence stratigraphy comparison of well tie,the Jialingjiang Formation of Lower Triassic in Sichuan basin can be devided into 3 third-order sequences.The sequence 1 which is located in the lower part of Jialingjiang Formation belongs to the type Ⅰ sequence,the sequence 2 and 3 in the middle and supreme part belongs to the type Ⅱ sequence.Based on the sequence stratigraphy division and sedimentary facies analysis,we first systematic compiled the sequence-lithofacies paleographic map of each system tract with the system tract as unit and analysed the characteristic of sequence-lithofacies paleographic of Jialingjiang Formation in the study area.It shows that from west to east in Sichuan Basin with a clear differentiation in the plane,in the vertical facies belt with a clear evolution.Open platform facies are dominated and oolitic shoal reservoirs are the most developed ones in the east and middle part of Sichuan basin during the trassgrassive system tracts,restricted and evaporite platform facies are dominated and dolomite reservoirs are the most developed ones in the north and north-east part of Sichuan basin during the highstand system tracts.It can be divided into three types oil prospect zone in Sichuan basin Primarily based on reservoir distribution,united of generating rock,reservoir-capping rock composition and forming conditions.The most favorable oil prospect zone is located in northeast Sichuan basin,because granule shoal reservoirs and dolomite reservoirs are the most favorable developed and it is also the karst slope distributed area.The more favorable oil prospect zone is from Hechuan in central of Sichuan to Gaoxun in south of Sichuan.This district developed the granule shoal reservoirs and dolomite reservoirs and we have found several accumulation of gas in Jialingjiang Formation,so it's the more favorable oil and gas prospect zone in Sichuan Basin.


It is a important way to explore the undrilled formations by recording the drill-bit vibration signal while drilling,namely SWD.SWD is helpful to eliminate the geological uncertainty and potential hazard.By analyzing the signal characteristic of the drill-bit vibration and performance difference of traditional multi-channel geophones instrument and the portable digital seismometers,we proposed a new way to detect the seismic signal while drilling.In it the advanced portable seismometers are used as transducers in a array.Seismometers with high sensitivity will record the vibration signal continuously while drilling.The preliminary field experiment shows this SWD scenario is feasible.The signal to noise ratio(S/N) obtained by seismometers is higher than geophones.This new approach can be operated easily by drilling engineers and opens a new way to the SWD technique.


While the IT industry is moving forward with the advent of recent technologies, IT assets management is semi automated and unmanaged. Though lots of research is carried on and existing asset management softwares have become intelligent by integrating it with mining and Artificial Intelligence but as manual operation is required to manage the system it leads to poor efficiency and security. Selfmanagement of resources can make the system up and running at full pace most of time. Autonomic computing provides such an approach by enabling the design and development of Systems that can adapt themselves to meet the requirements without manual intervention. In this paper we address technical challenges by making the asset management software self-protecting, self-configuration, self-healing and self-optimization. We have proposed design and implementation of a system that manages assets of an organization without the human intervention with the use of middleware Alchemi. Agent environment of Alchemi is responsible for resources location and allocation, authentication, unified information access, communication, task assignment, agent library and others thereby providing intelligence to Alchemi middleware thus helping it to exhibit autonomic behavior which is becoming necessity of assest management systems day by day. Keywords— Alchemi; asset management; autonomic computing; security


Bicultural conditions raise crucial questions and problems concerning identity formation. In Greece, where monocultural education and mentality are dominant, the goal of a balanced bicultural identity seems difficult to achieve. In order to examine the way bicultural identities are negotiated, the paper focuses on students with an immigrant background, specifically, on four Greek university students originating from Albania. Based on qualitative data the paper gives emphasis on the sociocultural and the familial factors effecting biculturality. The aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the struggle for self-determination under bicultural conditions 1 . Key-words: Language Biographies, Bicultural Identity, Acculturation, Language Shift, Albanians -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 31-08-2018 Date of acceptance: 15-09-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Teicher then stated the purpose of his comment is 'to challenge that interpretation of SECV working parties'. In fact, nowhere in my paper was this definition of working parties proposed. The definition adopted throughout the paper was that the working party concept was a scheme of worker participation which 'involves the establishment of joint management-union working parties to make policy recommendations aimed at the resolution of administrative and industrial problems'.' To order this discussion I will reply to Teicher's criticisms under the headings of conceptual issues, development and acceptance of working parties, the Shift Work Working Party and some concluding comments.


TPS208 Background: Postop platinum-based CT improves outcomes in completely resected NSCLC with nodal involvement, (St II-IIIA). Standard adjuvant CT is still insufficient to provide optimal survival . Improvement could be obtained through better risk selection or customized therapy. mRNA BRCA1 levels are prognostic in early NSCLC (Rosell et al 2007) and could be a predictive marker for CT activity. BRCA1 expression level could acts as a differential modulator of CT. In advanced disease p with low BRCA1 benefit from cisplatin-doublets meanwhile p with high levels BRCA1 attained longer survival when were treated with taxanes (Rosell et al 2008). Pharmacogenomic customization is feasible in adjuvant setting due to tissue availability and timelines after surgery. Previous pilot trial p with high-expression levels treated with postoperative CT singel agent taxane do not showed inferior outcomes compared to the groups treated with cisplatin-doublets (Massutí et al 2009 WLCC).

METHODS
Phase III prospective randomized trial of 4 cycles selected vs non-selected adjuvant CT. Eligibility criteria: NSCLC, complete R0 resection, pN1 or pN2, KI > 70, recovered from surgery, ANC > 1,500/µL, Hb > 10 g/dL, platelets > 100,000/µL, bilirrubin < 1.0 mg/dL, GOT & GPT < 1.5 x UNL, creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min, no prior RT or CT, age > 18 y, signed informed consent. Stratification factors: N1 vs N2; Histology (squamous vs non-squamous), extent of resection (lobectomy vs pneumonectomy). Central lab for measurement of mRNA BRCA1 levels and quartile distribution. Primary end-point: Disease free survival. Secondary end-points: Survival, Toxicity profiles, Recurrence pattern. Tissue and serum samples collected for Translational research. Statistical hypothesis: Randomization: 1:3 (control/experimental arms); Accrual: 432 patients; 5-year survival rate 45% control group; Absolute improvement of 20% in experimental group; 80% powered; 2-sided type I error of 5%; Anticipated loss of 10% cases. Trial design is shown in the table. [Table: see text].


INTRODUCTION In the present world of technology, the reduction in power is the major issue. In high performance digital systems, such as microprocessors, digital signal processor (DSPs) and other applications, the low power designs are of great importance. In this paper an attempt is made to achieve a power and area efficient 2-to-4 line decoder using the GDI technique. Decoders are basically combinational circuits, which convert n-bit information into a maximum of 2 n output lines. They are used where, on the occurrence of specific combinations of input levels an output or a group of outputs are to be activated. These input levels are often provided by the outputs of a counter or register. When the decoder inputs come from a counter that is being continually pulsed, the decoder outputs will be activated sequentially, and they can be used as timing or sequencing the signals to turn devices ON or OFF at specific times. A wide use of decoders is made in the memory systems of computers. In the memory systems the decoders, respond to the address code input from the central processor to turn on the memory storage location specified by the address code[1]. A. DECODER A Decoder is a combinational circuit that converts an n-bit binary information into 2 n output lines such that only one output line is activated for each one of the possible combinations of inputs. The n inputs are a In the modern age, there is an immense need of applications which consume less power and are small in area. In this paper, an effort is made to come up with one such application called the 2-to-4 line decoder using the AND gate. Some logic styles like CMOS, TG, PTL and GDI are used for the comparison analysis. It is observed that the GDI technique consumes both less power and area when compared to CMOS, TG and PTL logics. The proposed GDI 2-to-4 line decoder is designed and simulated using DSCH 3.1 and Microwind 3.1 on 120nm. The proposed circuit comprises of 6 NMOS and 6 PMOS. Power comparison analysis is done on two MOS models called the Empirical Level-3 And BSIM-4. The analysis show that the area consumed by the proposed circuit is 226.8μm 2 and at 1.2V power supply the proposed 2-to-4 line decoder consumes 13.249μW power on Empirical Level-3 and 13.175μW on BSIM-4. Therefore, after comparison with the other three logics i.e. CMOS, TG and PTL it is found that the proposed circuit proves to be more area and power efficient.


Sealing unit is provided with at least two sheets of transparent or translucent material to be separated from one another by a spacer. An example of a spacer for a hermetically sealed unit has a first extension and a filler disposed in the strip, the second elongated strip, and in between. The first and second elongated strips have a small waveform, according to some embodiments. The mechanism used in the manufacture of the spacer and the assembly method of manufacture as well as the spacers and the window assembly are disclosed, including a jig for making the spool storage rack. The spool rack storage stores a plurality of spool configured to store a spacer material on top of it.


CD45‐AP is a recently identified CD45‐associated protein. The two proteins interact specifically through their respective transmembrane segments. Northern hybridization analysis of CD45+ T lymphocytes and their CD45− variants demonstrated that the production of CD45‐AP and CD45 mRNA is regulated independently. On the other hand, Western blotting analysis indicated that the CD45‐AP protein has a shorter half‐life in the absence of CD45 in three out of four variants. Similar analysis of various types of leukocytes demonstrated that CD45‐AP is expressed in T, B, and pre‐B cells, but not in plasma cells or cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Two forms of CD45‐AP mRNA exist in all types of CD45‐AP‐expressing lymphocytes analyzed. One form corresponds to the previously reported CD45‐AP cDNA and the other form encodes an additional 12 amino acids at the N terminus. The two CD45‐AP proteins are identical in their capacity for specific binding to CD45, but employ different mechanisms for endoplasmic reticulum membrane translocation.


Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-treatening disease with an uncontrolled expansion of immature blasts in the bone marrow. Current forms of therapy are conventional chemotherapy and in some cases allogeneic stem cell transplantation. New techniques have recently promoted new insights into the complex genetic background of the disease. Around 60% of the genetic aberrations found in leukemia patients involve signaling pathways. The aim of this thesis has been to investigate the altered singnaling properties of two receptor tyrosine kinases, KIT and FLT3, which are frequently mutated in AML. In our first study, we demonstrated that the ligand-independent activation of the KIT/V560D mutation is totally dependent on the binding to PI3-kinase, and like the KIT/D816V mutation, the contribution of PI3-kinase to ligand-independent activation of KIT/V560D is independent of its lipid kinase activity. Next, we investigated how BEX1 and the FLT3/ITD mutation interact. By using gene expression data of primary AML patient samples, we found that loss of BEX1 expression reduced the median survival by around 50% (HR 1.697, p = 0.0452) in FLT3/ITD-positive patients. Furthermore we found that expression of BEX1 significantly reduced FLT3/ITD-dependent cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis and reduced the number of colonies in semi-solid medium of both Ba/F3 and 32D cells. Moreover, BEX1 expression significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight in Ba/F3 as well as in 32D cells in xenografted mice. In the third study we examined the role of HOX proteins in AML. We found that HOXB2 and HOXB3 were upregulated in FLT3/ITD positive patients and the expression levels of HOXB2 and HOXB3 correlated to prognosis in AML. Lower expression levels correlated to enrichment of oncogenic pathways and induced overexpression of HOXB2 or HOXB3 inhibited FLT3/ITD downstream signaling as well as FLT3/ITD-induced biological events. In the last study we showed that secondary resistance to sorafenib in FLT3/ITD-positive AML may be caused by up-regulation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway even though the FLT3 receptor stays responsive to inhibition. Furthermore, the highly selective dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor gedatolisib can override this resistance and block colony formation, decrease cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and block tumor growth in vivo. To conclude, our studies have gained new insights into the role of mutated receptor tyrosine kinases in AML and suggested some new ways to counteract their oncogenic properties.


The Future of Advertising. Joe Cappo. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 260 pp. $24.95 hbk. In a 1994 Journal of Advertising article, Roland T. Rust and Richard W. Oliver noted that "Never had advertising appeared so pale and lifeless." These authors went on to identify contributing factors in the decline of advertising, citing such forces as consumer empowerment and the growth and influence of new media. Rust and Oliver concluded that the industry and advertising academia needed to reinvent themselves in the twenty-first century. Many of these same sentiments are echoed in The Future of Advertising. Written by Joe Cappo, senior vice president for Grain Communications, Inc., and a former publisher of Advertising Age, this book looks at new media and changes in the marketplace and their influence on the field of advertising. Accompanying this analysis is a comprehensive discussion of the changes in agency and client structures and agency compensation, and the importance of coordination of integrated marketing efforts. Also included is a brief overview of demographic and psychographic consumer trends. This book might be more aptly titled The State of Advertising in that it does a better job of giving an overview of the current marketplace than in predicting its future. In fact, nearly all of the first 150 pages of the book can be viewed as background material for the author's main observation, which is that advertising agencies must assume a new role in the marketplace, that of strategic marketing planners. While this is an observation that has been articulated by others and is not news to anyone who follows the industry closely, Cappo does an admirable job of summarizing existing information to build a case for his argument. This is one of the strengths of the book: the ability to synthesize existing material in a single source. To support his claims, issues such as changes in agency compensation and alterations in the way agencies do business, advertising clutter, and transformations in the way consumers interact with media are dissected. For example, Cappo asserts that the traditional form of agency compensation-in which agencies were awarded based on how much media they placeddoes little to facilitate the integration of campaigns since sales promotion and public relations are often not tied to media billings. As such, in the current marketing landscape where a few holding companies (with properties ranging from traditional agencies to public relations and sales promotion firms) account for over half of all global advertising and marketing expenditures, traditional compensation structures have little value. …


The authors performed a retrospective study to determine and describe the incidence of spontaneous pigment overload in the liver of control Han Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Data was collected from 1170 control animals (550 Han-Wistar and 620 Sprague-Dawley) from control dose groups from long term regulatory studies (104-week carcinogenicity studies). Further 628 control animals (300 Han-Wistar and 328 Sprague-Dawley) from control dose groups from short term regulatory studies (13-week and 4 weeks studies) evaluated at the authors' laboratory between 2009 and 2011. Livers from Han Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were re-evaluated using special stains to identify the nature of the pigments. In the periportal hepatocytes and in scattered sinusoidal Kupffer cells, the predominant pigment was identified as haemosiderin and a diagnosis of spontaneous iron overload was made. A comparison between the two strains revealed higher incidences of iron overload in Han Wistar rats than Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant sex difference was observed in both strains but was greater in Han Wistar rats. An age-related increase in the incidence and severity of pigment deposition was also apparent. Since there is little compiled data on spontaneous pigment overload in the liver the aim of this report was to summarize and discuss the incidence, distribution and factors affecting the occurrence of this background finding in control rats on toxicity studies.


The multilevel model of change and the latent growth model are flexible means to describe all sorts of population heterogeneity with respect to growth and development, including the presence of sub-populations. The growth mixture model is a natural extension of these models. It comes at hand when information about sub-populations is missing and researchers nevertheless want to retrieve developmental trajectories from sub-populations. We argue that researchers have to make rather strong assumptions about the sub-populations or latent trajectory classes in order to retrieve existing population differences. A simulated example is discussed, showing that a sample of repeated measures drawn from two sub-populations easily leads to the mistaken inference of three sub-populations, when assumptions are not met. The merits of methodological advises on this issue are discussed. It is concluded that growth mixture models should be used with understanding, and offer no free way to growth patterns in unknown sub-populations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Drought tolerance characteristics of Populus euphratica broadleaf and narrowleaf have been studied in seedlings,young trees and mature trees measured with the pressure chamber technique,PV curve is drawn,and combined with the relevant formulas,water parameters of Populus euphratica broadleaf and narrowleaf at different tree ages have been calculated.The results show: the tolerance of Populus euphratica broadleaf can put up with more drought than narrowleaf.There are differences ways for drought tolerance.Broadleaf osmotic material content is high and is able to tolerate low osmotic potential.Narrowleaf cell wall is highly flexible turgor and is able to tolerate low osmotic potential less than broadleaf.Broadleaf and narrowleaf evaporate mainly by stomatal transpiration and water balance inside trees can be adjusted by stomata opened or closed in mature Populus euphratica.


The Opportunity rover9s first distant look at the bare cliffs of Endurance crater indicate that Mars had a varied history before the time of the sea it had previously explored at Eagle crater.


An easily implemented, student-feedback technique, which indexes the influence of a lesson by evaluating students' recall of key topics and relevant comments made during class, is assessed by analyzing feedback collected after two types of lessons. Seven instructors requested feedback from 259 students in ten sections of introduction to psychology. Data indicate that this student-feedback process is sensitive to instructional approaches. Specifically, when comparing lecture presentations with student-centered activities in introductory psychology classes, feedback varied in terms of (a) the way students phrased the key idea, (b) the percent of comments attributed to instructors versus peers, (c) the relevance of those comments, and (d) students' agreement on the main idea of the lesson.


Glacial, periglacial, and palynologic evidence from a small valley in the Lemhi Mountains of eastern Idaho indicates that an early Holocene cold climatic episode occurred there approximately 8,000 years ago. A small glacial moraine marks the farthest downvalley point of advance during a previously unrecognized glacial stade in the area. Periglacial ice wedges and involutions are preserved in buried sediments deposited during this same time. Pollen data extracted from these sediments suggest that an alpine steppe/tundra characterized the vegetational response to this period of early Holocene cold conditions. Other evidence from studies on the eastern Snake River Plain of Idaho corroborates these interpretations, suggesting a climatic reversal of regional importance.


Immediate memory for visually presented verbal material is disrupted by concurrent speech, even when the speech is unattended and in a foreign language. Unattended noise does not produce a reliable decrement. These results have been interpreted in terms of a phonological short-term store that excludes non-speechlike sounds. The characteristics of this exclusion process were explored by studying the effects of music on the serial recall of sequences of nine digits presented visually. Experiment 1 compared the effects of unattended vocal or instrumental music with quiet and showed that both types of music disrupted STM performance, with vocal music being more disruptive than instrumental music. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate this result using more highly trained subjects. Vocal music caused significantly more disruption than instrumental music, which was not significantly worse than the silent control condition. Experiment 3 compared instrumental music with unattended speech and with noise modulated in amplitude, the degree of modulation being the same as in speech. The results showed that the noise condition did not differ from silence; both of these proved less disruptive than instrumental music, which was in turn less disruptive than the unattended speech condition. Theoretical interpretation of these results and their potential practical implications for the disruption of cognitive performance by background music are discussed.