A common assertion is that refugees may cause civil war to spread from one state to another. Although often suggested, this claim has received little scrutiny. Hence, this study intends to statistically evaluate refugee flows as a cause of the contagion of conflict using a contagion process approach. This approach includes both the sending and receiving state by starting with a state with armed conflict – this conflict may generate refugee flows – and examining whether a neighboring state that receives these refugees are more prone to end up in armed conflict than a neighboring state that does not receive refugee flows. Adapting this approach enables an empirical distinction between some of the explanations proposed in previous literature. These explanations are very diverse; even so, they have not been separated systematically in previous empirical analyses. First, it is hypothesized that refugee flows from conflict areas are associated with spill-over effects that make receiving states more likely to experience conflict. Second, it is suggested that neighboring states with latent conflicts are more sensitive to the inflow of refugee flows and, consequently, more likely to escalate into militarized conflict. Third, it is argued that a significant change in the ethnic geography of the host state due to refugee flows makes ethnic conflict in the host state more likely. Such disruptions of the ethnic geography are more likely to generate conflict when the state is characterized by a precarious ethnic balance. The findings suggest that refugee flows are indeed associated with an increased risk of both internal conflict in general and ethnic conflict in particular. The conditional hypotheses, suggesting that the effect of refugees should be enhanced in the presence of latent conflict and a sensitive ethnic balance in the host state, are not supported. Indeed, evidence suggests the opposite, indicating that these factors, that normally are associated with an increased likelihood of conflict, dampen the risk of conflict in the presence of refugee flows.


The article is devoted to the mission of the Altai spiritual message of the Russian Orthodox Church in the south of Western Siberia and the Stinakers" catholic mission in Inner Mongolia of the Chinese Empire in the middle of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century. The description of the objects of Christianisation and of the environment is given in the article. The author compares the techniques of the missions and their influence on the objects of Christianisation.


We establish the Grobner–Shirshov bases theory for Lie differential Ω-algebras. As an application, we give a linear basis of a free Lie differential Rota–Baxter algebra on a set.


Have any of you ever been to one of these before?" asked a softspoken Etta C. Gravely. Of the 40 or so students in the room, not a soul raised a hand. As a teacher, Gravely might have been discouraged by such a response. Instead, she grinned. In this case, the response was positive. It indicated an opportunity to make a good first impression on those who are, in all senses, the future of the American Chemical Society. The students picked a good time to hit their first national meeting because the San Francisco meeting offered the most extensive undergraduate program to date. Gravely, a professor of chemistry at North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, and program chair for the Society Committee on Education (SOCED) Task Force on Undergraduate Programming at National Meetings, and her committee colleagues put together quite a mix of technical symposia, workshops on career development and public outreach, ...


Image recording is now ubiquitous in the fields of endangered-animal conservation and GIS. However, endangered animals are rarely seen, and, thus, only a few samples of images of them are available. In particular, the study of endangered-animal detection has a vital spatial component. We propose an adaptive, few-shot learning approach to endangered-animal detection through data augmentation by applying constraints on the mixture of foreground and background images based on species distributions. First, the pre-trained, salient network U2-Net segments the foregrounds and backgrounds of images of endangered animals. Then, the pre-trained image completion network CR-Fill is used to repair the incomplete environment. Furthermore, our approach identifies a foreground–background mixture of different images to produce multiple new image examples, using the relation network to permit a more realistic mixture of foreground and background images. It does not require further supervision, and it is easy to embed into existing networks, which learn to compensate for the uncertainties and nonstationarities of few-shot learning. Our experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions by different evaluation metrics, and they unveil the future potential of video surveillance to address endangered-animal detection in studies of their behavior and conservation.


In this section, we provide a detailed comparision between our proposed deformable attention and the direct adaptation from the deformable convolution [4], which is also known as the multiscale deformable attention in Deformable DETR [20]. First, our deformable attention serves as a feature extractor in the vision backbones while the one in Deformable DETR which replaces the vanilla attention in DETR [1] with a linear deformable attention, plays the role of the detection head. Second, the m-th head of query q in the attention in Deformable DETR with M heads in a single scale is formulated as


This study is conducted to analyze types of English sentences in reading texts of English course book used by the fifth Grade of Elementary Students. This study is intended to identify the type of English sentences of the reading textbook and the type of English sentence are mostly used in the reading textbook. The course book consists of 14 reading texts, and the researcher takes all the texts as data.

This study used descriptive qualitative method, because this study described and analyzed the type of English sentences in reading texts on the course book for Elementary School of the Fifth Grade. The subject of the study are texts on "Active English 5" course book for elementary school of the fifth grade.

The results of the study were: (1) there are three types of sentences as the base of categorizing the data of research, namely: simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, (2) type of English sentence mostly used in reading textbook on the course book for Elementary School of the Fifth Grade was simple sentences because the course book was designed for Fifth Grade of Elementary level and the use of simple sentences in the reading passage was appropriate for the students to comprehend the content easily. There were 198 sentences found that comprise of 189 simple sentences, 6 compound sentences, and 3 complex sentences. The compound-complex sentence is not found from the data.


School based-assessment of writing skills at primary and secondary levels usually adopts a holistic or impressionist approach. The valid assessment of the compositions is the examination of sample compositions as a whole. Albeit this trend is in accordance with international practice, the scoring scheme in use does not take into account communicative criteria to which Malay language teaching refers since it does not examine language cohesion and coherence. Writing competence assessment should be relevant to language teaching which puts emphasis on language system and use. Hence, learners can construct and use appropriate language structures in social context for educational, vocational, and daily purposes. This article presents research findings related to the construction of instruments to assess Malay compositions at secondary school by applying communicative and discourse models. In addition to the emphasis on test item construction, the article deals with an idea of the improvement of composition scoring scheme which can be adopted in school based assessment.


ABSTRACT Perching is important for broiler welfare, however, hampered by body weight. In a mixed flock, resting behaviour and location were compared between three broiler hybrids (Rowan Ranger, Hubbard CYJA57 & Ross 308; n = 100/hybrid), differing in growth. Rearing was in a large littered pen (1.84 birds/m2), with perches. Behaviour and position was observed in focal birds on daytime and as group scans on daytime (days 11, 45, 61 and 80) and night-time (days 63, 70 and 77). Birds were slaughtered at 84 days and accumulated mortality in fast-growing birds was 20% and 2% in slow-growing. Resting frequency did not differ though fast-growing broilers perched less and lower, at night (P < .01) and day (P < .01). On daytime, males disturbed birds resting on the floor more than females did (P < .05). Disrupted rest is a potential welfare issue in broilers, hence perches or other elevated structures would improve welfare.


The aim of this paper is to explore the innovation practices and communication chanels used by farmers in south Croatia. Namely, this area is characterised by a very sensitive karstic environment, and rural and agricultural abandonment. Given conditions call for introduction of agricultural practices which will reconcile requirements to protect this unique landscape and at the same time make local farmers living more attractive. In order to understand which are the factors that can reverse the trends, this paper studies farmer decision-making and behaviour with respect to innovations in agriculture with a particular emphasis on communication chanels that farmers use to obtain necessary information. Namely, innovations in agriculture may positively affect farmer competitiveness and in this way contribute to regeneration of rural areas. However, lack of relevant information and subsequent uncertainty about outcome of innovative behavior may discourage farmers to introduce new practices. In order to reduce mentioned information asymmetry further knowledge on communication chanels is needed. For this reason, this paper explores attributes and attitudes of local farmers with respect to their experience and decision-making about agricultural innovations, as well as communication chanels which are affecting their behavior. Results of a pilot survey conducted on convenient sample of farmers from Split-Dalmatia and Dubrovnik-Neretva counties are discussed. Insights about innovative behaviour obstacles and advantages provide further improvement directions for the competitiveness of local farmers in vulnerable rural areas.


An alternative numerical method to solve the Schrödinger equation independent of time was applied to study the ground state of different atoms exploring the q-exponential spacing of the radial wave functions with excellent performance.


T IME alone will tell whether Americans learned from war the grim necessity of knowing other languages besides their own. Military authorities soon discovered, for example, that people in this nation, who could speak Japanese, were at a premium; they were badly needed to communicate with the enemy in prison camps, in war maneuvers, and especially in the necessary espionage work. Certainly, the rather widespread knowledge of English as gained by Japanese students in our colleges gave the enemy a great advantage over us at the beginning of hostilities when things were going badly against this nation. In the earlier days of broadcasting, the radio was not so definitely the commercial business that it is today. In fact, for some time, education seriously competed with entertainment for the air waves. However, there were dollar-and-cent profits to be derived from entertainment while educational broadcasting required money to keep itself going... so the result was inevitable. Radio today is almost entirely a commercial adventure, with its educational features still important but distinctly secondary. Big-time business has gained almost a complete victory over cultural development. However, it is historically interesting to note those efforts that have been made to direct language instruction to the classroom.' Other colleges and universities have broadcast foreign-language programs such as church sermons and dramatic offerings, but the records show that only six institutions of higher education have prepared French lessons to be sent via radio into the classroom; six have also broadcast Spanish lessons; four have offered radio instruction in German, and Italian lessons were attempted but once.


Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis is a fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Naegleria fowleri, an ameboflagellate found in freshwater habitats throughout the world. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria have been isolated from the environment, but mechanisms of pathogenicity are not fully understood. Activation of complement in the CNS, induction of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as direct damage to brain tissue by the amebae may contribute to the pathogenesis of infection. We examined pathogenic N. fowleri in brain tissue from mice by scanning electron microscopy. Trophozoites with prominent food cups were abundant on lysed brain tissue. Ribonuclease protection assays of brain microglial cells cocultured with amebae revealed that pathogenic N. fowleri induced the production of proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs. Additionally, we have demonstrated that pathogenic N. fowleri activate the alternative pathway of complement but are resistant to complement-mediated lysis. Previous studies in our laboratory have determined that an 18–20 kDa protein on the surface of N. fowleri is cross-reactive with antibodies to mammalian CD59, a complement regulatory protein that prevents lysis of target cells. Also, cDNA encoding CD59 from human erythroleukemic cells was shown to hybridize with RNA and gDNA isolated from complement-resistant N. fowleri but not with nonpathogenic complement-sensitive N. gruberi in Northern and Southern blots. The amebae "CD59-like" protein may be a virulence factor and play a role in regulating complement and also serve to protect the ameba from cytolytic molecules.


Ficus carica L. or fig is the oldest fruit tree that being cultivated by man. Grouped under genus Ficus, this species is grown widely in Mediterranean region and now being cultivated in an area with temperate or sub-temperate climate. Fig planting in Malaysia is still new, which was brought by a man as a hobby at first. Fig is a unique fruit tree as some variety can produce fruits without pollination. Contain lots of carbohydrates, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals such potassium, fibre, calcium, iron compared to other fruits, fig have become an important source of diet to people especially in Mediterranean region since ancient time.


Summary
The spread of grey leaf spot caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis from infested maize residue on the soil surface and progress over time were studied under tropical conditions at two locations in central Uganda, Kabanyolo and Namulonge, using a susceptible local cultivar, LP16. Infested maize residue collected the previous season was used as the inoculum source in varying amounts; 80% coverage, 40% coverage and 0% soil coverage were used to simulate no tillage, minimum tillage and maximum tillage with complete burial of residues. In all the seasons, disease spread was adequately described by a power law model, whereas disease progress over time was equally well represented by both Gompertz and logistic models. The time factor was highly significant (P < 0.05) for disease development, indicating both increases in disease intensity over time and change in gradients with time. The amount of infested residue on the soil surface in the maize planting was highly significant (P < 0.05) for slope (b) and intercept (a) of the linearised disease gradient. The gradient parameter (b) based on the average for the four directions from the residue source ranged from −0.96 to −0.08 in the second cropping season of 1999, from −2.16 to −0.01 and from −0.87 to −0.03 in the first and second seasons of 2000, respectively. The distance from the infested residue significantly affected foliar disease, but the direction from the residue inoculum source did not, nor was the distance by direction interaction significant. However, interactions between amount of residue and distance were significant. Percentage leaf area affected by grey leaf spot, the areas under disease progress curves and disease intercepts decreased with distance at both locations, but rate of disease increase (r) was generally constant with distance from residue source at Kabanyolo, but not at Namulonge. The relationship between disease severity and amount of residue cover appeared to be affected by the level of background inoculum. At Kabanyolo, where little background inoculum was present, differences were detected in disease severity parameters between the no-residue plots and residue plots, whereas at Namulonge, where high background levels existed, there was no effect of residue on disease.


. Owing to the superiority of lamb waves in the field of Structural Health Monitoring, the Lamb wave-based damage detection and identification technology are widely used. To determine the degree of damage, two damage feature recognitions are proposed in this paper. One is extracted from the time domain, where the lamb wave signals are processed by Hilbert Transform (HT) with the time-domain analysis. According to the law of signal attenuation, the differential signal envelope amplitude procced by the Hilbert Transform is regarded as a damage feature parameter relating to the damage size. The other one is extracted by Fast Fourier transform (FFT) in frequency domain analysis. Two characteristic parameters, the amplitude and probability density in the time domain and the signal roughness parameters in the frequency domain, are defined to characterize the damage size.


Objective: To observe the early enteral nutrition on the efficacy of stroke patients.Methods: 122 stroke patients in our hospital were divided into enteral nutrition(EN) group(61 cases).Nutrition indicators were observed,gastrointestinal and other major complications,and nutritional support costs were analyzed.Results: The prealbumin(PA) and blood total lymphocyte count(TLC) were significantly higher and the average daily cost of nutritional support was significantly lower in EN group.Conclusion: For patients with stroke,EN can promote the recovery of the nutritional status and the cost is cheap.


An architecture is proposed which can provide formidable processing power for the implementation of signal processing applications based on difference equations while still retaining the advantages of programmability. The architecture is based on a 4-bit-wide signal processing element (SPE), which is simple enough to be fabricated on a single VLSI circuit. The wordlength is configurable by using the requisite number of SPEs to form a processor group, and the entire chip when configured will consist of a pipeline of such processor groups. Ripple carry is used within a single SPE, with synchronous carry between the SPEs of a processor group. Performance is only slightly degraded by using longer wordlengths; however, fewer processor groups will be configurable on each chip.<<ETX>>


The U.S. economy has been expanding slowly since the recession trough in 2009. Though unemployment has declined at about the same rate as in previous recoveries, output has grown much more slowly than in the past. We explore explanations for the shortfall in output growth, using a quantitative decomposition based on growth economics. Two components of the decomposition stand out: slow growth in productivity, and a growing shortfall of labor-force participation relative to its demographic determinants. The slow growth in both components predated the recession. Our analysis gives a full treatment to cyclical effects. Our conclusion is that powerful non-cyclical forces at least partially unrelated to the financial crisis of 2008 account for the poor record of output growth during the ongoing recovery from the crisis-induced recession. This combination of the adverse cyclical influence, and the noncyclical forces we study, resulted in a shortfall of capital formation that holds back output even today.


There is a problem of promptly obtaining sufficient information about the chemical situation in the workplace and the territories adjacent to it, necessary and sufficient for taking appropriate measures. A possible solution to this problem, capable of implementing effective and continuous control over the concentration of harmful substances in the air over the entire territory of industrial facilities and adjacent territories, is the creation of a system for monitoring extreme situations using unmanned aerial vehicles. This solution involves the installation of a portable multi-channel gas analyzer on one or more autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that move in the monitoring zone, controlling the level of pollution at given points and transmitting information to the decision-making center. Purpose of the study: development of algorithms for searching for the source of atmospheric pollution by the concentration of toxic gas measured by an onboard gas analyzer installed on a mobile instrument platform. An algorithm has been developed to control the autonomous movement of a mobile instrument platform to a source of toxic gas, taking into account the change in concentration and the choice of the type of a given trajectory of movement, which makes it possible to track the change in the dynamics of the concentration of toxic gases in the vicinity of the object of observation.


In this paper the capabilities of near-field and non-contact millimeter wave measurements for the purpose of accurately determining step and gap dimensions between two painted aircraft panels is demonstrated. Millimeter wave reflectometer with a single and a dual-differential open-ended rectangular waveguide probes were used in this investigation. It was shown that the dual-differential probe provides higher sensitivity than the single probe. A combination of a dual-differential and a single probe may be used to uniquely determine the step and gap dimensions from a combined set of output information.


Since decades, many researchers have argued that the dividend policy decisions of firms are very important mainly due to the signaling effect they have on the firm's future performance. The paper presents empirical findings on the signaling effect of dividends while taking into account the different theories on dividend policy.


Estimating the probability distribution of an image is the key issue in lossless image compression. Though image compression can benefit from both global and local information, few works have been proposed to utilize both in lossless image compression. In this work, we propose to use a neural network for multiscale feature learning, the learned features are used to estimate the distribution of the image in a chain rule. In a further step, we utilize a context model to learn local features from the image. Finally, we combine the multiscale features with local features for image distribution learning. Our work surpasses state-of-the-art learning algorithms and several traditional codecs in several challenging datasets.


The study is based on the bottom trawl catch data in Jiaozhou Bay from 2005 to 2006. The Sepiella maindroni abundance in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was assessed by using resource density area method. The ecological characteristics and seasonal distribution were surveyed; the catch composition of bottom trawl were compared;the species composition, seasonal variations and distribution were analyzed. The results showed obvious changes in Jiaozhou Bay Sepiella maindroni resources in different season;the resources in summer and autumn respectively reached 26.7 t, 21.5t (2006) and was significantly higher than that of the other seasons.The proportion of weight in summer and winter were 23.4% and 27.8%,respectively,and was obviously higher than that of the other seasons in 2006. In recent years,the cephalopod resources in which the Sepiella maindroni was a main catch species maintained almost stable and the average catch was about 14t, close to the level of mid-1990s.


1 Introduction.- 2 A Description of Activity-rhythm Recordings and Their Implications.- 3 The Pacemaker and its Precision.- 4 A Class of Models for Mutual Entrainment of an Ensemble of Neurons.- 4.1 Structure and Dynamics of the Coupling.- 4.2 Intermittent Feedback.- 4.3 Discussion of the Coupling.- Appendix 4.A. Calculations Based on Conditional Probability.- Appendix 4.B. A FORTRAN Program for Computer Simulation.- 5 A "Type Model" and its Behavior: Partial and Loose-Knit Mutual Entrainment.- Appendix 5.A. Relative Coordination of Unentrained Pacers.- 6 Precision of Model Pacemakers.- 6.1 Precision, as Affected by Number of Pacers.- 6.2 Influence of Alpha and Beta on Precision.- 6.3 Precision as Affected by ?, x?b and ?.- 6.4 Threshold of the Discriminator.- 6.5 The Implications of Experimentally Observed Precision.- 6.6 Alternative Formulations of Parameters.- 6.7 The Relationship Between Pacer Input and Discriminator Output.- 6.8 Stochastic Variation in Threshold.- 6.9 Summary of Factors Influencing Precision.- Appendix 6.A. On the Influence of N upon Precision (by J. Thorson).- 7 Influences of Constant Light Intensity.- 7.1 Effects of Light upon Free-running Period.- 7.2 Effects of Light upon Duration and Intensity of Activity.- 7.3 Effects of Light Intensity upon Precision.- 7.4 Extremes of Constant Lighting Conditions.- 7.5 Ranges of Free-running Period Values.- 7.6 Summary.- Appendix 7.A. Aschoff's Rule: Models with Other Parameter Values.- 8 A Brief Detour: Further Thoughts About the Discriminator of the Models.- 8.1 The Magnitude of Feedback.- 8.2 Stochastic Variation in Amount of Feedback.- 8.3 Can the Discriminator be Eliminated?.- 8.4 Threshold and Feedback: an Extreme Case.- 8.5 Inhibition vs Excitation.- Appendix 8.A. Pacemaker Ensembles with a Threshold of One: A Revolving Dictatorship.- 9 General Features of Entrainment: the Type Model.- 9.1 Entrainment of Nocturnal Animals: Inhibition by Light.- 9.2 Phasic vs Tonic Effects of Light.- 9.3 Entrainment of Diurnal Animals: Stimulation by Light.- 9.4 The "Anomalous" Effects of Threshold on Pacemaker Period.- 9.5 Entrainment with Gradual Transitions in Light Intensity.- 10 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part I: Nocturnal Rodents.- 10.1 Phase Shifts of Coupled Stochastic Systems.- 10.2 Transients During Phase Advance: Their Origin and Significance.- 10.3 Interspecies Variations in Phase-response Curves.- 10.4 A Failure of the Elementary Class of Models.- Appendix 10.A. Transients Following Phase Shifts.- 11 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part II: Diurnal Birds.- 11.1 Simulation Results: Several Deficiencies and Their Remedy.- 11.2 Phase-response Curves: a Review.- Appendix 11.A Constraints on Parameter Values.- 12 Plasticity in Pacemaker Period: a Dynamic Memory.- 12.1 After-effects of Initial Phase Conditions.- 12.2 After-effects of Entrainment.- 12.3 After-effects of Constant Light Intensity.- 12.4 After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photo-period.- 12.5 Permanent vs Transitory Differences in Period.- 12.6 Bistability of a Pacemaker.- Appendix 12.A After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photoperiod.- 12.A.1 Single Shifts of Phase.- 12.A.2 After-effects of Photoperiod.- Appendix 12.B Alternative Steady States in a Coupled Stochastic System.- 13 Predictions from Coupled Stochastic Systems.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Predictions Related to Aschoff's Rule.- 13.3 Predictions Relating to Entrainment by Sinusoidal Light Cycles.- 13.4 Predictions About "Phasic" Effects of Light.- 13.5 Predictions About Transients.- 13.6 Predictions About After-effects.- 13.7 Predictions About Phase Shifting by "Dark Pulses".- 13.8 Quantitative Predictions.- 14 Further Predictions: a Modest Success and Two Problem Cases.- 14.1 "Clamped" Free-run Experiments.- 14.2 Two Problem Cases.- 14.2.1 The Relationship Between the Discharge Coefficient and Excitation.- 14.2.2 Splitting of an Activity Rhythm.- Appendix 14.A Reconciling Phase Advance with Aftereffects.- 15 Morphology of the Models: Where is the Pacemaker?.- 15.1 The Pacers.- 15.2 The Discriminator.- 15.3 The Translation of Formalism into Concrete Morphology.- 16 A Reprise and Synopsis: On the Advantages of Apparent Redundancy.- References.- Author Index.


This study aim is to examine the effect of stakeholder powers, strategic posture and special interest group on CSR disclosure. The research population is all public companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for period 2011-2015. Total 362 samples were determined by purposive sampling method. Data was analyzed by regression analysis technique. The research findings show that stakeholder power decreases CSR disclosure. Adversely, strategic posture studies, and special interest groups increase CSR disclosure.


We model a time-dependent nonthermal particle and photon spectra for young SNRs by assuming diffusive shock acceleration of the nonthermal particles and address a possible hadronic contribution of TeV γ-ray emission. In this model, the nonthermal electron and proton spectra, and then multiwavelength photon spectra that originated from both the electrons and the protons at different ages of the SNRs, are calculated respectively; the photon spectrum from radio to X-ray bands is dominated by synchrotron radiation of the relativistic electrons, and TeV γ-rays are produced by electron bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering, and the π0 decay due to the relativistic protons colliding with ambient medium. Our results indicate that the relative importance of the hadronic origin of TeV γ-rays depends on the ratio of accelerated electrons to protons at the source, and the hadronic origin of TeV γ-rays can dominate the bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton processes of the relativistic electrons for young SNRs when a reasonable value of the ratio of the electrons to the protons at the source is used. The model is applied to three young SNRs, RX J1713.7-3946, SN 1006, and RX J0852.0-4622; our model results can explain the multiwavelength photon spectra for the three SNRs and show that the high-energy γ-rays from RX J1713.7-3946 and RX J0852.0-4622 may have hadronic origins.


Stacks of quarter wave and non-quarter wave multilayer coatings are used for alter the optical properties of a substrate, like increasing or decreasing reflection. Anti-reflective coatings and highlyreflective coatings are two examples that are widely used. Thin film technology is also used to construct hot and cold Mirrors (Dichroic) High pass Filters and Low Pass filters, Beam Splitters, Interference Filters, Neutral Density Filters, Polarizing Beam Splitters, Transparent Conducting Coatings. In this study dielectric high reflective and antireflective mirrors are formed with reflectivity above 99% and transmission in antireflective mirrors also greater than 99% at 1064 nm in infra-red region with ZrO2 and SiO2 materials. Reflection and transmission is measured by spectrophotometer.


The experience some years ago of finding at operation on a paraplegic patient a circumscribed extradural spinal tumor, the narrowed pedicle of which proceeded through an enlarged intervertebral foramen to be continuous with a larger growth in the posterior mediastinum, has led to a continued interest in the so-called hour-glass or dumb-bell tumors involving the spinal cord. My first patient was seen and operated on in 1916, and only recently have two others come under my observation. To the comparatively few who have personally observed them at the operating or autopsy table, these tumors are well known; to the great majority of physicians and surgeons they are apparently quite unknown. They have a very general interest, for while they implicate the cord eventually and are therefore more often seen by the neurologist and neurosurgeon, their paravertebral portions may present in the neck or back to confuse the general surgeon just


The purpose of this paper is to show how a physical explanation of the Hammett relationship may be proposed in the framework of a frontier orbital method which has provided a basis for explaining several aspects of chemical reactivity.


Analyses are presented showing the gradual increase in concentration of dissolved constituents in a small rain-fed marsh on the coastal plain of Israel. Bicarbonate and calcium ions are the major components in the waters.

The composition of the freshwater reflects closely that of the rain falling on the catchment area. It is supplemented by some bicarbonate and calcium from the marsh environment. The sulfate concentration decreased with time, and about 50% of the soluble sulfur was lost within 5 months by bacterial reduction. Bromine was enriched in relation to chlorine during drying.

There is a small rate of percolation in the marsh, sufficient to prevent its salinization.


This paper studies the sensitivity of the thermal behavior of a high power density electric motor to some parameters. The machine is conceived for aeronautical application. It is of Permanent Magnet Synchronous type totally enclosed, configured with a double cooling system around the stator and in the shaft. A Lumped Parameter Thermal Model of the motor is primarily elaborated to explore hot spot points. Then, the thermal parameters, related to the heat evacuation from the critical zones, are investigated. Windings' thermal conductivity as well as laminations' one appear to influence the most the hottest regions of the machine.


Mental peculiarities of man of IT-civilization are being theoretically reconstructed in the article. The relevance of the topic is determined by the impact (which is apparently controversial and frequently even causing concern) of newest technologies on people's psyche and somatic features, their private and social life. In methodology the authors rely on non-idealistic dialectics that is correlated with the content of critical social theory. In the stated methodological paradigm, priority is given to a positive non-classical dialectics which is being distinguished from both a classical dialectics and a negative one. The paper is primarily focused on specificity of social consciousness which categorical status is mostly related to Marxist intellectual tradition. The latter is chosen as a paradigm in the given text. Along with that, Marxist problematization of consciousness and its neighboring realities – ontological, epistemological, social ones – is interpreted with historically actual objective and subjective circumstances in mind. In this regard, the role of socio-cultural templates of modernity, modernism and postmodernity is being highlighted. We specify the content of conceptually significant concepts: social consciousness, information, ideology, propaganda, and consumer society. Consumer society itself is identified as capitalism of new technological and mental mode. The negative character of information and computer technologies' influence on human psyche is being accentuated and elaborated. On the basis of adduced arguments, it is stated: consciousness of digital society's man is prone to destruction, eclecticism and is susceptible to being manipulated which is fraught with totalitarian outcome. The resistance strategy is being defined. Its important component is an ability to detect innovative forms of exploitation and control concealed behind technological novelties.


Territorial clustering within larger, continuous patches of seemingly appropriate habitat could indicate that a species has additional, finer scale habitat requirements. Studying fine-scale (e.g., territory-level) habitat selection using methods that elucidate individual preferences may allow us to identify resources that influence species distributions. We examined breeding territory selection in the sagebrush Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri Cassin, 1856) at the northern extent of its range to test for influences on fine-scale habitat selection. We used an information–theoretic approach to evaluate models relating a suite of vegetation characteristics to breeding habitat selection. We employed two methods: (1) assessment of patch occupancy at a territory scale and (2) examination of individual decisions relating to settlement and dispersal. We found that patch occupancy was most consistently predicted by models that included the cover of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) with the greatest lik...


Protons in the solar corona and heliosphere exhibit anisotropic velocity distributions, violation of magnetic moment conservation, and a general lack of thermal equilibrium with the other particle species. There is no agreement about the identity of the physical processes that energize non-Maxwellian protons in the solar wind, but a traditional favorite has been the dissipation of ion cyclotron resonant Alfvén waves. This paper presents kinetic models of how ion cyclotron waves heat protons on their journey from the corona to interplanetary space. It also derives a wide range of new solutions for the relevant dispersion relations, marginal stability boundaries, and nonresonant velocity-space diffusion rates. A phenomenological model containing both cyclotron damping and turbulent cascade is constructed to explain the suppression of proton heating at low alpha–proton differential flow speeds. These effects are implemented in a large-scale model of proton thermal evolution from the corona to 1 AU. A Monte Carlo ensemble of realistic wind speeds, densities, magnetic field strengths, and heating rates produces a filled region of parameter space (in a plane described by the parallel plasma beta and the proton temperature anisotropy ratio) similar to what is measured. The high-beta edges of this filled region are governed by plasma instabilities and strong heating rates. The low-beta edges correspond to weaker proton heating and a range of relative contributions from cyclotron resonance. On balance, the models are consistent with other studies that find only a small fraction of the turbulent power spectrum needs to consist of ion cyclotron waves.


Abstract This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the development of, and public responses to, celebrity-fronted philanthropy in the People's Republic of China. It explores the extent and nature of celebrity philanthropy with reference to a sample of mainland Chinese celebrities in entertainment and sports. It then draws on interviews conducted with employees of large charities to examine the kinds of links that are being forged between China's not-for-profit sector and commercial organizations managing the work of celebrities. Finally, it analyses the responses to a national survey on celebrity and philanthropy. We conclude that the relationship between China's government, not-for-profit and celebrity sectors is becoming more professionalized and organized. This development reveals how the roles and capacities of government are being reconfigured and expanded, even as it also enhances the scope for action and the influence of new social actors and organizations to address government-led national development issues. 摘要 本文首次对中国名人慈善的公众响应进行了系统分析。论文以大陆文体明星为样本,探讨了名人慈善的发展和属性。随后,基于对大型慈善机构员工的访谈,论文对中国的非营利部门和管理名人慈善工作的商业机构之间的联系进行了分类。最后,对一项关于名人和慈善的全国调查的结果进行了分析。结论认为,中国政府、非营利部门和名人之间的关系越来越专业化和组织化。这一发展揭示了政府的角色和能力是如何被再塑造和扩大的,同时它也增强了新的社会行动者和组织在解决政府主导的国家发展问题方面的活动范围及影响。


Economic globalization has brought about great influence on our higher education as well as the challenge to it in the aspects of management mode, personnel training, curricula system, content of courses and so on. It is of great importance that higher education should grasp opportunities to update educational concepts. It's also significant to accept the idea of making higher education industrialized, multi\|divisional, socialized, internationalized, humane and networking. Furthermore, the system reform should be strengthened in the ways of macro\|control and micro\|vigorousness, to establish multi\|sponsor educational system by taking measures of deepening education reform, designing international standard curricula, implementing methodology reform, emphasizing interaction between teachers and students, and adopting modern teaching methods.


This paper introduces a low power smart energy extraction interface for electrostatic vibrational energy harvester. The harvesting of energy is achieved through a variable MEMS capacitor transducer accompanied with a conditioning circuit, while the energy extraction is achieved through a mix of high voltage interface and low power control. The energy extraction interface insures maximum energy extraction from the conditioning circuit. The proposed system switching thresholds can be adjusted externally as needed.


The rate that earth-orbiting debris is removed from the environment is dependent on a number of factors which include orbital altitude and solar activity. It is generally believed that at lower altitudes and especially during periods of high solar activity, debris generated in the past will be eliminated from the environment. While some debris is eliminated, most is replaced by old debris from higher altitudes or new debris from recent launches. Some low altitude debris, which would reenter if the debris were in circular orbits, does not reenter because the debris is in higher-energy elliptical orbits.


Card games have become a common object that is used not only for playing but also to inform and teach several things through its gameplay. 'The Art of Batik' was a card game designed by Adhit WP, illustrated by M. Bahroen and published by Hompimpa! Games. The card game wanted to teach its players about a simplified process and steps of producing Batik with its gameplay. Unfortunately, the game is considered hard to understand and it fails to inform the intended messages to its players. The author tries to study more about the issue and the game's element and rules, the author also examines the visuals and interface of the game. The author concludes that the main issue is found on the visual of 'The Art of Batik' card game. The cards have poor information arrangement and hierarchy, which can be properly addressed by reconsidering the layout of the pieces of information. From this conclusion, the author suggests that a redesign of 'The Art of Batik' can be executed based on the author's foundings so that the game can be more effectively played and easier to understand.


The application of computers to magnetic fusion energy research is essential. In the last several years the use of computers in the numerical modeling of fusion systems has increased substantially. There are several categories of computer models used to study the physics of magnetically confined plasmas. A comparable number of types of models for engineering studies are also in use. To meet the needs of the fusion program, the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center has been established at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A large central computing facility is linked to smaller computer centers at each of the major MFE laboratories by a communication network. In addition to providing cost effective computing services, the NMFECC environment stimulates collaboration and the sharing of computer codes among the various fusion research groups.


Spectrum sensing is the primary essentiality to monitor the presence of primary user in cognitive radios. Among all the spectrum sensing techniques energy detection is preferable because it is simple and prior knowledge of primary user is not required, but conventional energy detection is not preferable in low SNR regions. In the confusion region we use a Weighted Sequential Energy Detection (WSED) method which considers a fixed number of past observations. Where the cognitive radios users uses previously received energy values until it detects a change in primary users activity. The probability of false alarm and probability of detection for the Weighted SED. The Weighted SED shows the better detection performance over the conventional co-operative energy detection


Colour stability of surface finishes on thermally modified beech wood. The paper deals with the influence of the type of transparent surface finish on the change of colour of the surfaces of native beech wood and thermally modified wood. At the same time, the colour stability of three surface finishes on the surfaces of native and thermally modified beech wood was monitored. Beech wood was thermally modified at temperature of 125 °C for 6 hours. The thermal treatment was performed in a pressure autoclave APDZ 240, by the company Sundermann s.r.o in Banská Štiavnica. Three various types of surface finishes (synthetic, wax-oil, water-based) were applied onto the wood surfaces. The colour of the surfaces of native wood and thermally modified wood was measured in the system CIELab before and after surface finishing; the coordinates L*, a*, b*, C*ab and h*ab were measured. From the coordinates measured before and after surface finishing, the differences were calculated and then the colour difference ∆E* was calculated. Subsequently, the test specimens with the surface finishes were exposed to natural sunlight, behind glass in the interior for 60 days. The surface colour was measured at specified time of the exposure (10, 20, 30, 60 days). The results showed that the colour of the wood surfaces changed after application of the individual surface finishes; and the colour difference reached a change visible with a medium quality filter up to a high colour difference. The wax-oil surface finish caused a high colour difference on native wood and on thermally modified wood as well. On native beech wood, the lowest colour difference after exposure to sunlight was noticeable on the synthetic surface finish. On the surface of wood thermally modified, after exposure to sunlight, the lowest colour difference was noticeable on the surface with no surface finish.


Gastroent Question: An 88year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of upper abdominal and back pain. She had a history of hypertension. On admission, she was febrile with a temperature of 38.4 C, blood pressure was 122/54 mmHg, and her pulse rate was 84 beats per minute. Her abdomen was soft, nondistended, and nontender. Admission blood work revealed a white blood cell count of 7,800/mm. Her liver panel showed a total bilirubin of 1.1 mg/dL (normal, 0.1-1.1); alanine aminotransferase, 62 IU/L (normal, 3-49); aspartate aminotransferase, 47 IU/L, (normal, 9-37); alkaline phosphatase, 438 IU/L, (normal, 104-338); and g-glutamyl transpeptidase, 168 IU/L (normal, 671). Tumor markers were normal: carcinoembryonic antigen, 2.4 ng/mL (normal, <5.0) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 17 U/mL (normal, <37). To evaluate further the abnormal liver enzymes, abdominal ultrasound followed by a contrastenhanced CT of the abdomen was performed (Figure A). Side-viewing endoscope showed duodenal papilla (Figure B). What are the findings of the abdominal CT and side-viewing endoscope and what is the diagnosis? See the Gastroenterology web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.


This paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an unde...


3′-ethynyladenosine (EAdo) was an adenosine analog with potent antitumor activity against various human tumor cells in vitro. However, EAdo was enzymatically inactivated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we synthesized two ADA-resistant EAdo derivatives (2-F-EAdo and EAdo-5′-monophosphate, EAMP) and examined their antitumor activities.


We have analyzed the ability of a recombinant replication‐defective adenovirus to transfer the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV‐tk) into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to confer sensitivity to ganciclovir. Three HCC cell lines (Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5, and HepG2) were efficiently infected in vitro by a recombinant adenovirus carrying lacZ reporter gene (Ad‐CMVlacZ). Expression of HSV‐tk in HCC cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus carrying HSV‐tk gene (AdCMVtk) induced sensitivity to ganciclovir in a dosedependent manner. A bystander killing effect was observed when 90% of uninfected tumor cells were mixed with only 10% of AdCMVtk‐infected cells. These data show that recombinant adenoviruses are efficient vectors for transduction of drug‐sensitizing genes to HCC cells in vitro. We suggest that a gene therapy approach to hepatocellular carcinoma can be established using adenoviral transfer of HSV‐tk to tumor cells and subsequent administration of ganciclovir. (HEPATOLOGY 1995; 22:118‐123.)


s for some of the articles cited here have been abbreviated to conform to the FAST Bib format The ED numbers for sources included in Resources in Education have been included to enable the user to go directly to microfiche collections, to order from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS), or to go to RIE for the full abstract on those sources not available through EDRS. The citations to journals are from the Current Index to Journals in Education, and these articles can be acquired most economically from library collections or through interlibrary loans. Reprint services are also available from University Microfilms International (UMI) and from the Original Article Tearsheet Service (OATS) of the Institute for Scientific Information. Contact ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS), 3900 Wheeler Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22304; (703) 823-0500 or (800) 227-3742, to order and to obtain current prices of hard copies or microfiche of documents available through EDRS. Teaching Techniques and Strategies Bell, George R. &dquo;Listen and You Shall Hear,&dquo; Secretary, v47 n9 p8-9 Nov-Dec 1987. [Available from Professional Secretaries Internadonal, 301 East Armour Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64111-1299] Reviews the relative importartce oflistening, speaking, rœdi1!g, and writing, and argues that the average adult does not listen e ciently. Presents the AIM (Attentirnt, Interest, Motivation) Techniclue for improving listening skills. Brownell, Judi. &dquo;A Model for Listening Instruction: Management Applications,&dquo; Bulletin of the Association for Business Communication, v48 n3 p39-44 Sep 1985. Summarizes several representative lisferting texts and current approaches to listening. Suggests a definition of listening that provides educators witfi acomprehensive frmnework for organizing listening instruction. Burgenbauch, Susan; Cooney, Joe. Regional Occupational rogram (ROP) Qgce Occupations Entry Standards Assessment. San ateo County Office of Education, Redwood City, CA,1979.15 p. [ED 237 817] Provides a skills assessment instnmzent to determine if a student has the basic mathematics, reading, writing, and listening skills that are prererluisites for training for office occupations. Business English. Vocational Education Curriculum Guide. Bulletin 1721. Louisiana State Department of Education, Division of Vocational Education, Baton Rouge, LA,1984. 310 p. [ED 248 351] Consists of materials for use in teaching a course in business English for high school students. Addresses the following topics in i dividual units: the ftmdllmentals of communication, listening skills, oral commwzicati01zs, telephorte communications, infoml1ltion resources, reading and vocabulary, the mechanics of writing, grammar and usage, business reports, busirtess letters and memos, and employment procedures. Communication. Listen, Speak, Write, Use. School of Business, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA. 1986. 204 p. [ED 278 870J An insiructional unit intended to help secondary and postseaJ1zdiJry business students develop their commzmications skills. Communications Skills I. Reading Skills, Writing Skills, Using a Newspaper. Ohio State ISept. of Education, Div. of Vocational Education, Columbus, OH,1984. 79 p. [ED 274 873] This student workbook contains instructional units dealing with developing reading, zvritin~ and listening skills and using a newspaper. The unit on listerting skills deals with learning to listens and evaluating listening skills. Eads, Freeman D.; and others. Technical Communications 1. Instructor Edition. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 1983. 314 p. [ED 250 452; microfiche copy available from EDRS; aper copy not available] C01zsists of materials for use in 1ú:lping students enrolled in postsecondary vocational or technical ediw-ation programs to master technical cmnmunicatimzs skills. Listening skills (communication obstacles and oral presentations) are addressed in orte of the 13 individual units of theguide. Each unit contains some or all of the followingeomponents: a unit objective, specific perfonnnnceobjectives, suggested activities for the instructor, a list of references, infonnn-


With the exponential increase of transistor counts, scan design encounters several problems such as large test data volume, long test application time and high test power. In this paper, we propose a new method to reduce test data volume, test application time and also average and peak power during test. The proposed method is based on a scan chain disabling technique where only one internal sub scan chain is active at a time. Though our method makes a sacrifice of test generation time, instead, we can achieve reduction of test data volume, test application time and test power together. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


A crucial task in many recommender problems like computational advertising, content optimization, and others is to retrieve a small set of items by scoring a large item inventory through some elaborate statistical/machine-learned model. This is challenging since the retrieval has to be fast (few milliseconds) to load the page quickly. Fast retrieval is well studied in the information retrieval (IR) literature, especially in the context of document retrieval for queries. When queries and documents have sparse representation and relevance is measured through cosine similarity (or some variant thereof), one could build highly efficient retrieval algorithms that scale gracefully to increasing item inventory. The key components exploited by such algorithms is sparse query-document representation and the special form of the relevance function. Many machine-learned models used in modern recommender problems do not satisfy these properties and since brute force evaluation is not an option with large item inventory, heuristics that filter out some items are often employed to reduce model computations at runtime.
 In this paper, we take a two-stage approach where the first stage retrieves top-K items using our approximate procedures and the second stage selects the desired top-k using brute force model evaluation on the K retrieved items. The main idea of our approach is to reduce the first stage to a standard IR problem, where each item is represented by a sparse feature vector (a.k.a. the vector-space representation) and the query-item relevance score is given by vector dot product. The sparse item representation is learnt to closely approximate the original machine-learned score by using retrospective data. Such a reduction allows leveraging extensive work in IR that resulted in highly efficient retrieval systems. Our approach is model-agnostic, relying only on data generated from the machine-learned model. We obtain significant improvements in the computational cost vs. accuracy tradeoff compared to several baselines in our empirical evaluation on both synthetic models and on a click-through (CTR) model used in online advertising.


Oxidation of olefins to yield unsaturated aldehydes and acids is one of the most important industrial processes, and supported oxides of transition metal cations have proved to be very useful for these purposes. Among the systems active in these reactions, supported molybdena has been widely studied. In these catalysts, the nature and surface distribution of the molybdenum-containing species depend, among other factors, on the preparation method, molybdenum loading, calcination temperature, nature of the support, presence of doping agents, etc., as they all control the physicochemical and catalytic properties of these solids. As oxidation of olefins leads to formation of ketones and aldehydes, in the present paper the authors report a study by FTIR absorption spectroscopy on the chemisorption of acrolein and acetone in TiO[sub 2] and MoO[sub 3]/TiO[sub 2] only or doped with potassium or lithium, in order to analyze how the surface nucleophilic properties of titania are modified by the presence of molybdenum and alkali cations. 19 refs., 2 figs.


The application of radar sensors for driver assistance systems and autonomous driving leads to an increasing probability of radar interferences. Those interferences degrade the detection capabilities and can cause sensor blindness. This paper uses a realistic road scenario to address the problems of a common countermeasure that simply removes interference-affected parts of time domain radar signals and thereby introduces a gap. The paper solves the problem with the application of a sparse sampling signal recovery algorithm that is also used for compressed sensing problems. It is shown that the signal recovery can clearly overcome the shortcomings of just removing interfered signal parts. In the end of the paper, the applicability of the used algorithm is verified with measured radar data.


Permalloy (Py) thin films were evaporated from nanocrystalline soft Ni75Fe25 powder onto glass and Al2O3 substrates. The thicknesses of these films range from 16 nm to 250 nm. The as deposited films were characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). From the GIXRD spectra, we have shown that the films are amorphous for the thinner films. However, for the thicker films, a polycrystalline FCC structure is present. For the intermediate thicknesses, the nature of substrate determines the texture of the films. The SEM micrographs indicate that the nature of substrate influences on the morphology and grains size of Py films. From AFM observations, the nanocrystalline nature of the grains is evidenced. Hysteresis loops reveals the ferromagnetic character of Py films. We have shown that the values of coercive field, Hc, generally, decrease with increasing thickness. Moreover, the Hc values are higher for films deposited onto a Al2O3 substrate than those on the glass substrate. The nature of substrate and thickness seems to influence the magnetic properties of Py films. A correlation between these physical properties will be established and discussed.


We studied the behavior of a one-year old gray whale calf (Eschrichtius robustus) during its rehabilitation at SeaWorld of San Diego. Several behaviors in this whale were grouped into 3 stages: (1) active wakefulness (mean 37.9&1.7% of 24 hr during 6 consecutive days) included episodes of swimming in the main pool and in the shallow channel; (2) transitional stage (mean 17.4&1.4%) was composed of quiescent at the surface or near the bottom and episodes of submerging and emerging to the surface; (3) rest on the bottom of the pool (mean 13.2&1.7%) or at the surface (mean 28.0&1.7%) during which the whale was almost completely immobile. Most apneas in this calf were <3 min. The mean respiratory pauses were 29.1&0.5 s (n=1615) in active wakefulness; 21.8&0.5 s (n=407) during series of submergings and emergings; 26.9&1.4 s (n=136) during quiescence at the surface, 92.5&2.5 s (n=236) near the bottom, 63.2&0.9 s (n=1030) during rest at the surface, and 147.4&5.0 s (n=377) on the bottom. In the rest stage, one eye could be open, tightly closed, or partially open. Characteristic muscle jerks and eyelid movements were documented in this whale during the rest stage. Most jerks were single, but in several cases jerks and eyelid movements followed each other resembling twitches characteristic of paradoxical sleep in terrestrial mammals. Our data suggested that large whales might have unihemispheric, slow-wave sleep and a low amount of paradoxical sleep, which occurs without muscle hypotonia, intensive jerks, and twitches.


With the development of the nuclear power, the performance of the pump, which is used in the nuclear power plant, is becoming more and more important. The condensate pump cavitation becomes the prime performance. The impeller of the first stage must have sufficient cavitation resistance. Jointed with Tsinghua University, KSB Shanghai Company designed and developed a new impeller with good cavitation performance. Based on the RANS and SST k-ω turbulence model, CFD technology was used to simulate the internal flow within the impeller, the impeller performance and cavitation were predicted. Model pump was made and experiments were carried out on different test bed to test the model pump performance and cavitation. Both the numerical simulation results and model tests show that, the efficiency is high and the cavitation is good, the developed pump reaches the design requirements.


Police units, rescue and fire fighting services use flashing lights and sirens to indicate fast arrival needs at emergency situations. The drivers are stressed during these actions due to enhanced dangerous situations caused by the own aberrant behaviour and by the resulting unpredictable behaviour of the surrounding traffic. These emergency drives have an increased accident rate. The skills for vehicle mastery may be trained (partially) on real roads, the extra dangers by human interactions, either the own driver behaviour or the behaviour of other vehicles can be trained in simulators only to avoid high personal risks. All public authorities like police, bus & tram services tend to train in their own environments, means their native city. This poses a high workload on database generation as expensive geospecific solutions are preferred in opposite to multi-usable geotypical or generic solutions. The second part of the paper introduces a new standard to improve the source data situation for the generation of geospecific city areas, CityGML. 1 Presented at the 2007 IMAGE Conference Scottsdale, Arizona 10-12 July 2007 Introduction Driving simulators are used for long time for training of car, truck, tram & train drivers. Besides the basic training just for learning low level skills for i.e. acquisition of driver licenses there are higher level simulators i.e. to avoid accidents for heavy trucks with hazardous loads, interaction with dangerous behaviours of people around trams or streetcars in addition to other traffic or emergency drives of police and rescue teams with very irregular traffic situations. In some simulator applications like i.e. ATC, air traffic control, foreign traffic was often done by other trainees which "play" the role of (multiple) other a/c to stress the ATC candidates sitting in the tower mockup. In driving simulation this is done w/o human help and typically the task of a vehicle simulation module (the military community calls this CGF – computer generated forces). The foreign traffic acts like a traffic cloud around the own vehicle position to induce stress to the trainee. The foreign traffic rules are set by the overall law-driven situation with more or less degrees of freedom to "bend the rules". Critical situations most often occur because other road users do not notice the rapidly approaching emergency vehicle early enough and then they start panicking with unpredictable reactions. The crew of the emergency vehicle is challenged time and again especially when communication with the control centre is required. The development of geospecific databases especially for inner cities is an expensive process. There are numerous solutions available in the meantime which supply automated support for dense cities with a high degree of details. Mostly these solutions tend to be used for overviews like tourist aspects (city visualisation info), city planning aspects or low flying viewing applications with distance to ground. If it comes to ground driving distances, most of these visualisations show up with a lot of visual artefacts which "throw the trainee out of the simulation" and make him aware that he is sitting in a simulator. Typical source data provided by public authorities are vector data and of course elevation data. 3D is not on the source data list by most public suppliers. In Germany the Special Interest Group 3D (SIG3D), a mix of geo-related institutes of universities, public authorities and industry participation formed a data exchange model for inner city elements in 3D, so called CityGML. This approach is adopted by numerous land-registry offices in Germany and a proposed standard at the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). An introduction to the main components of CityGML is presented including their usage possibilities for efficient generation of driving simulator databases. The emergency situation problem An emergency assignment involves more than just "driving". Driver safety training can only be the basis. A realistic, extensive preparation of crews for emergency missions is difficult and expensive. For safety, economical and ecological reasons, it is hardly possible to train emergency assignments in public road traffic. Difficult situations may be illustrated by training videos and pictures, but these do not help to gain real experience. Traffic accidents in connection with emergency assignments – are bad for the image of the emergency services – result in serious material damage and violation of people (on "both sides") – are a considerable posttraumatic burden for the affected drivers and codrivers Fig. 1. Emergency drive at intersection Simulation based approach for emergency training In cooperation with driving instructors and several European police organisations for the qualified training of drivers a simulator providing a realistic presentation of emergency traffic events was developed which permits the driver to train in the most important difficult situations without any risk. The degree of difficulty of the relevant training unit is defined by the instructor who can choose among numerous possibilities for the creation of exercise scenarios. Amount of road users and behaviour can be specified as well as the desired mistakes of individual road users. All road users are interacting with regard to the behaviour of the driver trainee. Urban as well as country roads and motorways are available at various seasons and weather conditions. At the end of a simulated emergency assignment, specific critical situations can be replayed by the instructor and shown from various perspectives. This valuable help is very impressive and results in a faster and sustaining learning success. A further training goal can be achieved, by co-trainees monitoring the training mission in the simulator and participating actively during the debriefing. New driving exercises are simply prepared by menu-control at the instructor's control station. The traffic, which basically concurs with the rules, can be influenced by the instructor by setting specific events. The prepared exercises can be checked by means of the preview function. Existing exercises can be modified and stored. Additional executable exercises with different scenarios or degrees of difficulty can therefore be created without much effort. The simulated traffic adheres to the special rights of the emergency vehicle not earlier than the flashing lights and the siren are switched on by the driver in the simulator. During an assignment, the simulated road users do not only comply with the general traffic regulations, but also with a number of additional rules of conduct specifically implemented for such emergency assignments. Examples of rules of conduct: formation of passage ways on a specific lane formation of passage ways between two lanes other vehicles are rushed by the emergency vehicle no reaction of other road users, the emergency vehicle is ignored by other vehicles deliberate disregard of special rights in the area of crossroads from a hidden position Fig. 2. Bird's eye view of highway emergency


Preliminary interpretation of pH and sodium concentration data for marine rains collected during February and July, 1981 at American Samoa (14°15′S, 170°34′W) as part of the Sea/Air Exchange (SEAREX) Program indicate that rain is usually slightly more acidic than would be expected on the basis of atmospheric CO2-pure water equilibrium, in this remote region of the tropical South Pacific Ocean. The data are consistent with calculations of pH using the alkalinity equation for "model" solutions containing only sea-salt and traces of strong acids in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. Alkalinity due to sea-salt appears to affect pH significantly only when the salinity of the rain is greater than 0.01 ‰ or 3000 µg Na/kg. The observed range of pH values is much smaller than has been observed recently at subtropical marine sites: this, along with the relatively high average pH value, suggests that climatic factors influence levels of acidity in rain over remote ocean areas.


The incorporation of the socio-communitarian productive element in the alternative education that the Law Avelino Siñani-Elizardo Pérez demands opens up a new space for the active participation and the protagonism of the community in the education process, in this case in support of the National Post-Literacy Program, "Yo, si puedo seguir" ("Yes, I can continue"). During the development of the National Literacy Program, "Yo, si puedo" ("Yes, I can"; 2006-2008), the functioning of the Literacy Commissions (both on the national and regional level) was one of the first priorities of the work, with the understanding that they (and through them the society) where in charge of the organization and execution of the program. At the present time, this reality has not varied in the post-literacy program "Yes, I can continue". Based on the experience of the author as integral municipal advisor to the National Literacy Program in the departments of La Paz, Pando and Beni between 2006 and 2009, the present article suggests the creation of Local Post-Literacy Commissions in order to support the strategic objectives of the program and to fulfill the mandate of the new Education Law.


ABSTRACT With much attention being concentrated on containing North Korean nuclear and ballistic missile programs, the North Korean space program also faces objections from the international community. This article claims that identifying North Korea's space program developments with its ballistic missile program is unjustified and even undermines the space program's potential for hastening a successful Korean unification. The goal of the article is to suggest a departure from a current hostile attitude toward the North Korean space program and to make alternative policy recommendations. The first part of the article focuses on a literature review of sources devoted to the North Korean space program, emphasizing the existence of alternative views of it other than the common view of it being a threat to international security. The second part describes efforts made by North Korea on the international and domestic scenes to confirm its space program's legitimacy and make it more transparent, amidst continuing condemnations and sanctions by the United Nations, concluding with the positive dynamics of North Korean space efforts. The final part is dedicated to possible alternatives to current international policy towards the North Korean space program, underscoring a potentially mutually beneficial cooperation between North Korea and Southeast Asian prospective spacefaring nations. It is claimed that such cooperation might raise the technological level of the North Korean economy and narrow the gap between the two Korean states, offering more possibilities for eventual unification.


The article studies the influence of different fertilizing products on vigor and germinating ability of Scots pine and common spruce seeds. The research involved the following products: Humate+7, Potassium humate "Sufler", Biohumus, Agrostimul VE, Emistim-R, Gibberellin, Etamon. The soaking of seeds in products leads to an increase in vigor, on average, between 31 and 37.0 % for Scots pine and between 5 and 13.0 % for common spruce. The germinating ability of Scots pine and common spruce seeds increases, on average, by 16.0 and 17.0 % correspondingly. Among all the products the least effective was "Etamon". In its case, the germinating ability of seeds in laboratory conditions was 53.0 % which is 10.0 % lower than in control. The treatment by stimulators significantly influenced the development of a root system. The intensive root growth happens in the cases of "Gibberellin" and "Humate+7" – 4.4 and 5 cm corresponding to the variants of the experiment. The pre-sowing treatment positively increases the length of germs. In this case, the best results were achieved with "Gibberellin" and "Biohumus" products that gave the increase of 1.7 and 1.5 cm respectively.


The widespread use of heavy equipment during timber harvesting and site preparation can lead to reduced soil productivity and warrants development of new methods to assess compaction. We evaluated the effects of soil particle density, organic matter, particle size distribution, extractable oxides, and plastic and liquid limits on the maximum bulk density (MBD) of forest soils in British Columbia. Soil samples were collected from 33 sites throughout British Columbia, covering the major forest and soil types of the province. The standard Proctor test was used to determine MBD and related parameters, including the gravimetric water content (W MBD ) and porosity (f MBD ) at which MBD was achieved. The signifi cance levels of single soil properties in predicting MBD were in the order plastic and liquid limits, organic matter, oxalate-extractable oxides, and particle size distribution. For all samples, liquid limit and clay were most closely related to MBD (R 2 = 0.83). Addition of organic matter to the model increased the regression coeffi cients, and oxidizable organic matter caused a greater increase than did total C. Stratifi cation of the sample set into groups based on plasticity led to higher R 2 values in multiple regressions, and different soil properties were important for nonplastic soils than for those with high, moderate, and low plasticity. Prediction with multiple regression explained the most variation in MBD for nonplastic soils, while properties of highly plastic soils explained the least variation in MBD and moderately plastic soils were intermediate. Based on our fi ndings, we propose an approach for using MBD to help better interpret bulk density data in forest soil compaction studies. Abbreviations: BWBS, Boreal White and Black Spruce biogeoclimatic zone; CDF, Coastal Douglas-fi r biogeoclimatic zone; CWH, Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone; f, porosity; f MBD , porosity at MBD; ICH, Interior Cedar‐Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone; IDF, Interior Douglas-fi r biogeoclimatic zone; LTSP, Long-Term Soil Productivity Study; MBD, maximum bulk density; PCA, principal component analysis; SBS, Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zone; gravimetric water content at which MBD was achieved.


Nimbe Adedipe library is the main library of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The University is located in Ogun State Nigeria. The University library is a complex of libraries compr...


The rectifying and photovoltaic properties of Pb/trans‐polyacetylene/graphite sandwich cells have been examined. The dependence of the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) on light intensity have been determined. Some data on a Pb/AsF5 lightly doped polyacetylene graphite cell are also reported. Copyright © 1984 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The main goal of this study is to characterize the effects of lossy image compression procedures on the spatial patterns of remotely sensed images, as well as to test the performance of job distribution tools specifically designed for obtaining geostatistical parameters (variogram) in a High Performance Computing (HPC) environment. To this purpose, radiometrically and geometrically corrected Landsat-5 TM images from April, July, August and September 2006 were compressed using two different methods: Band-Independent Fixed-Rate (BIFR) and three-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform (3d-DWT) applied to the JPEG 2000 standard. For both methods, a wide range of compression ratios (2.5:1, 5:1, 10:1, 50:1, 100:1, 200:1 and 400:1, from soft to hard compression) were compared. Variogram analyses conclude that all compression ratios maintain the variogram shapes and that the higher ratios (more than 100:1) reduce variance in the sill parameter of about 5%. Moreover, the parallel solution in a distributed environment demonstrates that HPC offers a suitable scientific test bed for time demanding execution processes, as in geostatistical analyses of remote sensing images.


Based on the analysis of current situation according to Changchun automobile industrial logistics characteristics, this paper analyze the existing problems of urban logistics spatial development in Changchun and the reasons which trigger these issues, in order to put forward Changchun automobile industry logistics development strategies.


Hydatid Cyst of the Liver.-JULIAN TAYrLOR, M.S. Patient, male, aged 22, admitted to University College Hospital on March 13, 1930, complaining that he had observed a swelling of the upper abdomen for the past three months. He has lived in London all his life, and never been abroad, but has always kept a dog that lives in his house during the day and sleeps in his kitchen at night. The swelling, when first noticed, was smaller than it is now, but he thinks it has been larger, and has lately diminished. He has no pain and no symptoms other than the presence of the swelling. He is a well-nourished muscular young man. There is in his epigastrium a rounded swelling about the size of a coconut. It moves freely with respiration and can be moved from side to side and up and down. It is tense and fluctuant but not pulsatile. The lower miargin of the liver can be felt under the right costal margin and can be followed indefinitely to the swelling, which is, I think, in the left lobe of the liver. A skiagram of a barium meal shows that the stomach is pushed to the left and downwards, its shadow partially encircling the swelling. To the right is a faint shadow suggesting the presence of calcification. Two blood-counts were made at different times; the first showed an eosinophilia of 4 5%, the second showed no eosinophil cells. I think the tumour is a hydatid cyst of the left lobe of the liver. Other possible diagnoses are malignant tumour and angioma, but the absence of pulsation is against both these suggestions. Discuss8on.-Dr. H. S. STANNUS said it would be wise to have a serum test made, using a hydatid antigen.


Accurate usage of tablet etc. devices in growth period is essential in terms of development performance. Tablet usage for education and teaching supports audio-visual memory; however, an examination of the consequences of continued usage reveals serious problems. Technology is essential in terms of communication and reaching information in the life of every individual regardless of their age and period. However, especially for small children, tablet and other technological devices should be used under the surveillance of parents. In terms of development, tablets are used in education in areas such as linguistic, social, cognitive and academic development. However, it is known that using them for long hours has negative impacts on the development of children. In this paper, interviews were held with 10 mothers whose children are going to pre-school institutions. The research used face-to-face interview technique. The purpose of the study is to examine the attitude of mothers as regards usage of tablets by their children. During the interviews with mothers, the "interview form prepared for tablet usage" was used which was prepared by the researcher this form was prepared by the researcher. It consisted of question and answer technique mothers who constituted the study group were interviewed in person and analysis were made according to the obtained answers. Sub-theme was created and analysis were concluded based on these data. Obtained findings show that mothers have both negative and positive attitude as regards tablet usage. They think that tablets are effective in teaching their children important concepts, but are also worried that it can lead to addiction and problems in their relations with peers.


The inflorescence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is heterogamous with zygomorphic ray flowers located in the outermost whorl of the head and actinomorphic disk flowers arrayed in arcs radiating from the center of the head. The ray flowers are sterile with large flat ovaries with no ovules; disk flowers are hermaphrodite, carrying both male and female organs. Two mutants with altered corolla symmetry are known in sunflower: the first, named Chrysanthemoides (Chry) is characterized by a shift from the polysymmetric corolla of disk flowers into a monosymmetric-like corolla; the second, named tubular ray flower (turf), shows a shift from the zygomorphic corolla of ray flowers into a nearly actinomorphic tubular-like corolla. We report in detail the morphological floral features of Chry and turf, demonstrating that both mutations also affect the development of stamens and carpels. Most disk flowers found in the peripheral whorls of Chry heads showed drastic reduction in stamen length, as well as the absence of ovules, and developed an unbranched style. In contrast, tubular-like ray flowers of turf achieved the ability to differentiate both fertile stamens and ovules. Homeotic transformations were also identified in the tubular-like ray flowers of turf, affecting both filaments and anthers that displayed petaloid-like traits. Notably, the turf mutation was not completely stable, occasionally reverting to nearly "wild-type" phenotype. Our results point to a primary role for TURF and CHRY in the programming of the corolla symmetry and suggest a key interaction of both genes with floral organ identity genes.


This article discusses what outside contractors can offer that in-house staff cannot - focus, expertise and system upgrades. It outlines the elements of a successful outsourcing program and the financial considerations of outsourcing. A case study compares the cost of in-house operation vs. outsourcing. Although the examples focuses on VOC emission control using an oxidizer, the concepts are applicable to water or wastewater treatment, solid waste disposal, and other non-core systems, as well as to other types of equipment.


This paper investigates the theory of sum-rank-metric codes for which the individual matrix blocks may have different sizes. Various bounds on the cardinality of a code are derived, along with their asymptotic extensions. The duality theory of sum-rank-metric codes is also explored, showing that MSRD codes (the sum-rank analogue of MDS codes) dualize to MSRD codes only if all matrix blocks have the same number of columns. In the latter case, duality considerations lead to an upper bound on the number of blocks for MSRD codes. The paper also contains various constructions of sum-rank-metric codes for variable block sizes, illustrating the possible behaviours of these objects with respect to bounds, existence, and duality properties.


We present a concise introduction to quantum entanglement. Concentrating on bipartite systems we review the separability criteria and measures of entanglement. We focus our attention on geometry of the sets of separable and maximally entangled states. We treat in detail the two-qubit system and emphasise in what respect this case is a special one.


Translating achievement tests and questionnaires prepared in one language and culture for use in other languages and cultures has been a longstanding practice. Unfortunately, there ia considerable technical evidence which suggests that the quality of test translations vary considerably and too often the translations are not very good, thus reducing the validity of any results produced with the translated tests and questionnaires. The specific purposes of this paper are (1) to address four important problems that arise when translating tests and how these problems might be resolved, (2) to identify and review judgmental and statistical methods for establishing the equivalence of scores from the same test presented in different languages, and (3) to provide some preliminary guidelines for persons doing test translations and equivalence studies. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office 01 Educattonal Research and Improvement EOUCI.TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Thts doct:ment has been reproduced as received from the person or organIzatton originating Msnor changes have been made to improve reproductrOn quality Points of view or opnionS stated ,n this docu. mast do not necessarily represent official OE RI position or poky 2 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Ravt94.2, ghltiziLEToAi TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Translating Achievement Tests for Use in Cross-National Studies"3 Ronald K. Hambleton University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA Translating achievement tests and questionnaires prepared in one language and culture for use in other languages and cultures has had a long history in educational and psychological testing. One of the earliest examples was the translation of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale for Children from the French language into the English language in 1911. By 1916 the Binet-Simon intelligence test had been translated into seven languages. Today, the practice of translating tests and questionnaires from one language and culture to others is widespread (Oakland & Hu, 1992). Tests of intellectual ability such as the Wechsler Intelli ence Scale for Children and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and measures of personality such as the Thematic Apperception Test and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory are among the instruments that have been most frequently translated (Oakland & Hu, 1992). There appear to be at least two reasons for translating tests. First, the practice is economical: For those who want to assess a particular construct, it may be far less expensive and considerably faster to translate a test or questionnaire than to construct a new instrument to measure the construct of interest in a second language. Sometimes, too, the technical 'Support for the preparation of this paper was provided by the Internatitinal Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) and the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) of the United States Department of Education. The opinions here, however, are those of the author and not necessarily these of IEA or NCES. 2Laboratory of Psychometric and Evaluative Research Report No. 241. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, School of Education. 3To appear in the European Journal of Psychological Assessment.


Software engineering lecturers are faced with the teaching of concepts which sometimes are not easy for inexperienced students to understand.  Therefore, it can be useful to consider and use non-traditional teaching methods which can improve students' learning.  In this paper, we discuss problem-based learning and how its use can improve students' understanding of concepts.   We present factors which should exist in 'pure' problem-based learning.  We then describe how one of the authors used problem-based learning in a class who were required to understand information flows through software engineering diagramming techniques, with the ultimate view to being able to analyze and design computerized information systems.  This problem-based learning class was observed and analyzed by the second author.  The analysis presented focuses on the problem-based learning factors, how they were implemented in class, and the strengths and weaknesses of the use of problem-based learning in this way.  In conclusion, the authors discuss how the teaching could be improved through modifying the teaching method for a future class in which problem-based learning will be used.  This modification is expected to enhance the students' learning and their experience.


Generalization ability of a classifier is an important issue for any classification task. This paper proposes a new evolutionary system, i.e., EDARIC, based on the Pittsburgh approach for evolutionary machine learning and classification. The new system uses a destructive approach that starts with large-sized rules and gradually decreases the sizes as evolution progresses. Unlike most previous works, EDARIC adopts an intelligent deletion mechanism, evolves a separate population for each class of a given problem and uses an ensemble system to classify unknown instances. These features help in avoiding over-fitting and class-imbalance problems, which are beneficial for improving generalization ability of a classification system. EDARIC also applies a rule post-processing step to exempt the evolution phase from the burden of tuning a large number of parameters. Experimental results on various benchmark classification problems reveal that EDARIC has better generalization ability in case of both standard and imbalanced datasets compared to many existing algorithms in the literature.


Voltage stability refers to maintaining the value of the voltage in all busses of the electric network at a steady level (initial operating point) during any sudden disturbance. Voltage instability may happen due to an increase in the demand of the load or in case of any change in the reactive power, thus, the system will go into uncontrollable and unstoppable decline in the voltage level. The effect of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on voltage stability is discussed in the paper, as well as the improvement of the voltage profile. Usually, SVC and FACTS devices were used for enhancing the voltage level profile and so the stability. Choosing the optimal location for the FACTS devices is essential due to its expensive costs. This paper used sensitivity factor to helpful to determine the most correct placement of FACTS devices in the system. Simulations are performed on Kurdistan Region 30-bus Power System using MATLAB-PSAT tool. As a result, the voltage of all 30 buses calculated. Based on the "voltage sensitivity factor", the nominated weak buses has been marked which are suitable for placing the FACTS devices in order to improve the limits of the voltage stability of the system. Moreover, depending on the obtained optimal locations, a full analysis of the voltage and powers for the system has applied in two cases, before and after placing SVC respectively which is result in notable stability improvement and losses reduction.


Aim The rapid and fully automated Idylla EGFR Mutation Assay has been specifically designed to process formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections without requiring preliminary DNA extraction. This study evaluates whether this approach can also process archival smears from patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by scraping the stained cellular material directly into the cartridge. Methods The study was divided into two parts. In the first part, we carried out Idylla EGFR Mutation Assay on archival stained smears from 39 patients with NSCLC. Among these, 14 cases harboured a mutation in either exon 19 (n=11) or exon 21 (n=3), previously detected on DNA extracts by fragment length and TaqMan assays. In the second part, we evaluated whether de-staining of the smears could reduce background fluorescence. Results The Idylla EGFR Mutation Assay confirmed the presence of EGFR mutation in 11 instances (78.6%). However, concordance was higher for exon 19 deletions (10/11) than for exon 21 p.L858R assessments. Raw data showed a high background fluorescence in channel 2, where the EGFR exon 21 p.L858R mutation was detected. This interference, due to dye residues from the original staining, was partially reduced by de-staining the cytological material. Conclusions Our data, although preliminary, show that the Idylla EGFR Mutation Assay can reliably process most archival smears without requiring preliminary DNA extraction. Results may be further improved by de-staining the cellular material before insertion into the cartridge.


In 51 cases of acute complete acromioclavicular separation that occurred during the period 1959-1963 at a US Naval Hospital, a relatively simple surgical procedure was the preferred method of repair. The technique places threaded Kirschner wires across the acromioclavicular joint, along with a careful repair of the fascia and ligamentous tissues superior to the joint. The coracoclavicular ligaments are not exposed. The results of this technique have not been previously reported in a significant clinical series for evaluation. This procedure is believed to represent an adequate method of managing complete acromioclavicular separations.


The Monte Carlo method is rapidly becoming the model of choice for simulating light transport in tissue. This paper provides all the details necessary for implementation of a Monte Carlo program. Variance reduction schemes that improve the effiency of the Monte Carlo method are discussed. Analytic expressions facilitating convolution calculations for flat and Gaussian beams are included. Useful validation benchmarks are presented.


This paper describes a class of dynamic stochastic linear quadratic equilibrium models. A model is specified by naming lists of matrices that determine preferences, technology, and the information structure. Aggregate equilibrium allocations and prices are computed by solving a social planning problem in the form of an optimal linear regulator. Heterogeneity among agents is permitted. Several examples are computed.


ous articles, appearing in such publications as the University of Michigan Business Review , Personnel Journal , Group Process ,The Akron Business and Economic Review , Personnel Administrator and the Training and Development Journal . STEVEN H. APPLEBAUM The most important necessity of organizational life is not better communications, human relations, or employee participation, but power, which is the capacity to modify the conduct of other employees in a desired manner, together with the capacity to avoid having one's


Dry deciduous forest multipurpose trees result of particular interest because of their potential contribution to solve socioenvironmental problems. This is the case of guamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce), a multipurpose tree that is used as live fence in cultivated lands. This work was made in Xochitepec, Morelos, located in Cuernavaca's metropolitan area, especially in cultivated lands which have resisted the advance of urbanization. The work was conducted in order to find out what is the knowledge of the countryside people about guamuchil. Traditional knowledge systematization about guamuchil was made as a way to preserve this tree and the culture related in an area of urban growth. The information was gathered by ethnobotanica l interviews to the countryside people. Moreover, ecological parameters were calculated in the arboreal community of the live fence. Six utilitarian values were registered, medicinal and wood being the most important. Almost all the guamuchil's vegetal structures are used. Guamuchil was the species with the most important ecological value in the live fences, followed by colorin. Ecological and use values of guamuchil have resulted of the relation between society and nature.


Iridates having pentavalent Ir${}^{5+}$ ions have emerged in the last years as an exciting playground to tune the atomic magnetic ground state from nonmagnetic $J=$0 to magnetic $J\ensuremath{\ne}$0 by either distortions of the IrO${}_{6}$ octahedra or increased orbital overlap. Here, the authors analyze the origin of the magnetic response observed in Sr${}_{2}$YIrO${}_{6}$ and reveal that in this case neither volume contraction nor structural distortions are sufficient to cause any change in the magnetic state of the Ir${}^{5+}$ ions.


In this paper the Cramer-Rao information bound for ARMAX (Auto-Regression-Moving-Average-Models-with-Exogenuos-inputs) under non-Gaussian noise is derived. It is shown that the direct application of the Least Squares Method (LSM) leads to incorrect (shifted) parameter estimates. This inconsistency can be corrected by the implementation of the parallel usage of the MLMW (Maximum Likelihood Method with Whitening) procedure, applied to all measurable variables of the model, and a nonlinear residual transformation using the information on the distribution density of a non-Gaussian noise, participating in Moving Average structure. The design of the corresponding parameter-estimator, realizing the suggested MLMW-procedure is discussed in details. It is shown that this method is asymptotically optimal, that is, reaches this information bound. If the noise distribution belongs to some given class, then the Huber approach (min-max version of MLM) may be effectively applied. A numerical example illustrates the suggested approach.


Background: Entrepreneurial marketing concentrates on the marketing for small and micro enterprises. It provides the tool to compete on the market with limited resources and thus innovative marketi ...


This paper explores a generic approach to predict the output accuracy of an algorithm without running it by a careful examination of the local context Such a performance prediction will allow to qualify the appropriateness of an algorithm to treat images with given properties contrast reso lution noise richness in details contours or textures etc resulting either from experimental acquisition conditions or from a speci c type of scene We have to answer the following question a context c being given at any site what will be the performance In our experiments c is described by three contextual variables Gabor components entropy and signal noise ratio Two di erent approaches have been explo red In the rst one the prediction function is determined from training using a logistic regression model In the second one which is more dedicated to the performance of a chain of algorithms the performance is determined from an analytical computation These techniques are illustrated on aerial infra red images for two types of algorithm edge detection and edge linking