Perforator flaps represent the latest in the evolution of soft tissue flaps. They allow the transfer of the patient's own skin and fat in a reliable manner with minimal donor-site morbidity. The powerful perforator flap concept allows transfer of tissue from numerous, well-described donor sites to almost any distant site with suitable recipient vessels. The inferior gluteal artery perforator (I-GAP) flap is one option that allows a large volume of tissue to be used for breast reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity. The ideal tissue for breast reconstruction is fat with or without skin, not implants or muscle. Absolute contraindications specific to perforator flaps in our practice include history of previous liposuction of the donor site, some previous donor site surgery, or active smoking (within 1 month prior to surgery). Perforator flaps are supplied by blood vessels that arise from named, axial vessels and perforate through or around overlying muscles and septa to vascularize the overlying skin and fat. The I-GAP flap is based on one or more perforators from the inferior gluteal artery. During flap harvest, these perforators are meticulously dissected free from the surrounding muscle, which is spread in the direction of the muscle fibers and preserved intact. The vascular pedicle is anastomosed to recipient vessels in the chest and the donor site is closed directly. The I-GAP flap provides an excellent option for the safe, reliable tissue transfer from the buttock for breast reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity.


This study extends research on humor reception by exploring how values, political orientation, and media use predict various senses of humor. Four distinct humor types are considered in this investigation—superiority/disparagement, incongruity, arousal/dark humor, and social currency. An online survey (n = 288) assessed preferences for these senses of humor based on human values (from Schwartz, 1992), political orientation (ranging from strongly conservative to strongly liberal), and media use (including traditional, interactive, and news media). Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses are discussed with attention toward the development of a multiple senses of humor scale for use in communication research spanning the levels of the discipline.


Background: Although Expanded Program on Immunization was established in Iraq, still rubella acute infection reported in Iraq. Objective: To determine rubella seroprevalence in women with childbearing age. Patients and methods: A retrospective and a case control study were conducted in Kirkuk, Iraq, which included 1315 women in a retrospective study and 300 women in a case control study. A structured questionnaires were used to gather sociodemographic data and ELISA was used to detect rubella infection using IgG and IgM kits. Results: In the retrospective study rubella seropositivity 69.6%, While acute rubella infection rate was 7.3%. In the prospective study rubella IgG seroprevalence was 88%, however, IgM was positive in 0.33 of cases. The IgG seropositivity was significantly higher in prospective (88%) as compared to retrospective (67.6%) study design. In contrast, acute infection was significantly higher in retrospective (7.3%) compared to prospective (0.33%) cohorts. In addition, the overall seropositivity for rubella in Kirkuk city was 71.4%, while the acute infection was 6% during the period from January 2014 to the end of June 2015. Rubella seropositivity was with significant association with abortion number and pregnancy duration. Conclusion: There is a high rate of susceptibility to rubella infection in women with childbearing age in Kirkuk City.


Introduction: For the patient's dissatisfaction with the prosthesis, dentist must realize that a patient's judgment of the treatment outcome is what defines prosthodontic success. All patient's need is to have a denture which is firm and stable during function. An ill-fitting denture not only brings frustration to the patients but to the dentists as well. So all probable reasons for the looseness of complete denture should be evaluated by the dentist and hence every possible attempt should be made by the dentist to correct it.
Aims and Obectives: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of looseness of newly fabricated complete denture and its management among dental students of third year, final year and internship, studying in an undergraduate dental college, in the Imphal city of Manipur. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the complete knowledge of complete denture fabrication and their practical implementation in the complete denture fabricational procedure.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire involving the dental students of 3rd, 4th year and the students doing internship in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge at RIMS, Dental college. Total of 150 students participated in the study. Participants were distributed in three groups having 50 students each from 3rd year, 4th year, and students doing internship. All the  participants signed an informed consent before filling the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics included computation of frequencies and percentages. Nonparametric test, namely, chi-square test, was used for further data analysis; p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant and vice versa.
Results:. Among all 150 participants who were subjected to self-administered questionnaire, seventy eight (78) subjects (52%) reported that looseness was because of improper secondary impression. Eight (08) subjects (05.33% ) reported that looseness was because of under extension of the green stick compound for peripheral tracing. Three (03) subjects (02%) reported that looseness was because of the overextension of the flanges in peripheral tracing or border moulding. Fifty eight (58) subjects (38.66%) reported that looseness of the newly fabricated complete denture was because of improper posterior palatal seal area record. Three (03) subject (2%) reported that they were unaware of the reasons for the looseness of newly fabricated complete denture.
Conclusion: The majority of the students of dental college have limited knowledge of the exact reason for the looseness of newly fabricated complete denture on the day of denture delivery. Students faced problem in its management in dental clinics. The looseness of a newly fabricated complete denture was because of the overextensions of the denture flanges as evaluated by Prosthodontist. Students of dental college should be made aware for the all the probable reasons for looseness of a newly fabricated complete denture. In 90% of the cases it is seen that overextension of the flanges is the most probable reason for an ill fitting, newly fabricated complete denture.
Keywords: Complete Denture, Ill fitting denture, Peripheral tracing, Denture Flanges, Secondary Impression, Posterior Palatal Seal.


In this paper we prove uniqueness for an inverse boundary value problem for the magnetic Schr\"odinger equation in a half space, with partial data. We prove that the curl of the magnetic potential $A$, when $A\in W_{comp}^{1,\infty}(\ov{\R^3_{-}},\R^3)$, and the electric pontetial $q \in L_{comp}^{\infty}(\ov{\R^3_{-}},\C)$ are uniquely determined by the knowledge of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on parts of the boundary of the half space.


Objective To investigate the effect of interventional treatment with p53 on the invasion and metastasis of VX2 liver tumor in experimental rabbits.Methods VX2 carcinoma cells were surgically implanted into the left hepatic lobe in 48 New Zealand white rabbits,and the rabbit hepatic carcinoma models were thus established.The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 rabbits in each group.After hepatic arterial catheterization was completed physiological saline(control group),Lipiodol(Group A),Ad-p53(Group B) and Lipiodol+Ad-p53(Group C) were respectively infused into the rabbits of four groups via common hepatic artery.One week after the procedure the rabbits were sacrificed and the livers were removed for the determination of matrix metalloprotein-2(MMP-2),proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) of the tumor with immunohistochemistry technique.Results The tumor growth in study groups(group A,B and C) was markedly suppressed,which was significantly different in comparison with that in control group(P 0.05).In group A the positive rates of MMP-2,PCNA were slightly lower,while the positive rate of VEGF was slightly higher,than that in control group although the difference was of no significance(P 0.05).The positive rates of MMP-2,PCNA and VEGF in group B and C were significantly lower than those in control group(P 0.05).The positive rates of MMP-2,PCNA and VEGF of the rabbits with metastasis were markedly higher than those without metastasis(P 0.05).MMP-2 bore a certain relationship with VEGF and PCNA(P 0.05).Conclusion The increase of the positive rates of MMP-2,PCNA and VEGF indicates that the tumor possesses higher possibility for developing metastasis,proliferation and vascular formation.The interventional treatment with Adp53 or Lipiodol+Ad-p53 can inhibit the growth,metastasis and vascular formation of VX2 liver tumor in experimental rabbits.(J Intervent Radiol,2010,19:800-804)


Abstract I provide a synchronic account of the variation between the marked and unmarked forms of the 1SG.INDEF of Hungarian (-ik) verbs; verbs that end in (-ik) in the 3SG.INDEF. I use a generalis...


Based on the characteristic bands of benzene,toluene,o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene in Raman spectroscopy,the quantitative analysis of Raman to rapidly and accurately measure the crude benzol in chemical products is established. The working curves are drawn by selecting the wave numbers at 991 cm- 1,1 052 cm- 1,785 cm- 1, 827 cm- 1,536 cm- 1,respectively,as quantitative peaks. The linear equation of the correlation coefficient R is 0. 999 1, 0. 991 9,0. 993 5,0. 993 7,0. 987 3,respectively. The data show good linearity and precision. The accuracy of the method is investigated with t-test,and the confidence intervals are within 95%. Recovery of the sample is 94. 6%- 94. 6%.


THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN undertook research, late in 1955, in the analysis of language structure for mechanical translation. Emphasis was placed on the use of the contextual structure of the sentence as a means of reducing ambiguity and on the formulation of a set of operative rules which an electronic computer could use for automatically translating Russian texts into English. This is a preliminary report on the latter phase of the problem, stating the results and suggesting a practical method for handling idioms and the problem of multiple meanings. It was decided that the first work would be done on Russian texts in physics, both because of the interest in this field and because of the general availability of texts. Some work has already been done in this field. If this work proves successful, it will form a basis for work in other scientific, technical, and military fields. A text was selected from a Russian journal on experimental and theoretical physics. It was chosen to present most of the expected difficulties; i.e., stylistic, orthographical, grammatical, etc. On the basis of this text a vocabulary was set up and fifteen rules were established. (Subsequent work has altered the rules slightly to remove such obvious faults as the occurrence of "the" before proper names.) It should be realized, of course, that neither the vocabulary nor the rules were in generally applicable form. The vocabulary was simplified by applying a "one form, one meaning" rule whenever possible. Thus, inflectional endings were stripped from most word stems although in some cases a word was listed with two or three specific endings. Most words were given their scientific meaning only. Some words, however, occurred in more than one sense, or


Retailing per se has been with us since the beginning of time. Over the years retailing methods and techniques have been adapted and changed in order to meet the demands of the market. In the same way the in store activities aimed at the consumer has been evolving and changing. At first the focus was on merchandising per se, but even merchandising has become more focussed and professional and specialised. This has led to this study focussing on visual merchandising and its effect – or not - on consumer spending. Much has been said about visual merchandising displays and the effect it has on consumer perceptions. Consumers' perceptions towards visual merchandising displays are investigated and evaluated in this study. The primary research question that was posed in this study was to determine the effect of visual merchandising displays on consumer perceptions. Explorative research was performed and qualitative data were collected by means of focus groups and naive sketches. The data was analysed by means of a thematic analysis process. The main conclusions that can be drawn from this research is that the perceptions of visual merchandising displays are subliminal in creating an interest and desire to further peruse the merchandise and aesthetically to beautify the store.


The surface roughness of a dielectric is precisely tuned, allowing a fine control solely over the interfacial microstructure in a semicrystalline semiconductor polymer film without affecting the morphology in the upper layers. The interfacial microstructure is found to have only a minor impact on the transport originating from bypassing of interfacial defects by the charge carriers.


Usually economists in their surveys concerning, as a rule, advanced European countries interpret answers to subjective wellbeing questions as comparable across individuals. It seems that such an assumption is too strong for Russian case, however, since people's opinion about what happiness is changes from region to region and from one social group to another, and thus such termin as "mono-culture" hardly can be applied towards Russian society. Assuming only intertemporal comparability of wellbeing answers for each individual, we analyze positive changes in real (latent) wellbeing with the help of fixed effect binary logit model. Two types of subjective wellbeing (economic and overall) are compared. Results suggest that financial factors (change in income, financial crisis) affect economic wellbeing, while non-financial factors (change in marital status, employment status, self-evaluation of health) are more important for overall wellbeing.


Forwarding the finest traditions of a calling, and upholding core components of the Hippocratic Oath, requires forwarding seeing each patient as a unique and autonomous person to future generations of physicians. Whilst clinical teaching is paramount in fostering this ethical perspective in applied contexts, limited empirical research has addressed how and why clinical teachers forward seeing the patient as a person in teaching. The present study endeavored to address this gap.

 Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 randomly sampled clinical teachers, from two major university hospitals in Sweden. Data was analyzed through the phenomenological method.

 Two themes emerged: (1) Forwarding seeing the patient as a person by conveying the perspective, including the categories highlighting practical benefits in context, displaying humility and rendering the abstract salient, awareness of clinical teachers' impact on pathway development, and protecting core Hippocratic values in medical education; and (2) the need for active engagement in fostering the perspective, including the categories observing own development on a continuum, requiring constant reminders in applied contexts, finding inspiration through interaction, and the need for dedication and resolve.

 Emblematic of the Latin proverb docendo discimus [by teaching, we learn], exemplifying the Hippocratic Oath in applied contexts further fueled and fostered the clinical teacher's own ethical perspective. This observed process accents how focus in teaching is contingent on, and promoting of, clinical teachers' own development and further engagement with the human dimensions of care. Cumulatively, past and present exemplars shape clinical teachers' professional identity and ability to engage with seeing the patient as a person, in turn enhancing the dedication needed to lead by example and revive the core components of the Hippocratic Oath in clinical teaching.

 Forwarding seeing the patient as a person in teaching is contingent on, and promoting of, clinical teachers' own development and further engagement with the human dimensions of care. "Docendo discimus [By teaching, we learn]" – The reciprocal effect of fostering the ethical perspective in teaching requires seeking exemplars, to serve both as reminders and sources of inspiration.


A novel method for the direct, amine-catalyzed, highly enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes is described that is founded upon the use of electrondeficient allylic halides as alkylating agents and DABCO or DMAP as coadyuvant. Both experimental observations and DFT calculations, in support of a SN2′-type addition-elimination pathway involving ammonium salt intermediates, are provided.


This paper analyzes the causes and countermeasures of traffic congestion in Beijing from the perspective of market economy. Firstly, it analyzes the influence of the price system on travel mode structure and the social cost of traffic jam. The policy recommendations to legitimately plan urban functions and adjust the transportation price system according to the social cost of traffic jam from the point of demand management view, and other policy recommendations to break the yard area, improve the microcirculation and investment efficiency, as well as develop transportation industry by market-oriented means from supply point of view are put forward.


1. Field stimulation of desheathed preparations of guinea‐pig vas deferens, treated with a ganglion‐blocking agent, has revealed the presence of two tetrodotoxin‐susceptible components in the motor response, suggesting the existence of two sets of post‐ganglionic motor nerve fibres of different excitability: one set responding maximally to pulses of 0·1–0·4 msec; the other, to pulses of 2 msec. No distinction could be made pharmacologically between the two components.


There is considerable interest within mathematics teacher education in mapping the career development of teachers. Although there is agreement that professional learning is embedded in workplace practice, there has been little attention to the effect of variations within the teaching profile. This paper focuses on pre-university mathematics and its contribution to teacher development in the early career stage. Our longitudinal multiple-case study mapped induction for A-level teaching in England, and identified opportunities and demands that led to professional learning. We found a common understanding of such teaching as a privilege. Teachers experienced rapidly reducing formal support, with little mentoring directed at reflective development of A-level teaching, and claimed this limited their growth as teachers. However, A-level teaching offered professional learning opportunities complementary to those offered by teaching of earlier mathematics: teachers came to better appreciate connections within mathematics, and the need for development of rigour and deep conceptual foundations, as well as deepening their own mathematical knowledge.


It is reported that the exocrine section of subgastric gland in marals under the conditions of body adaptation to the new environment realises its adaptive abilities on the cellular and tissue levels. As result of structural manifestation of this adaptation there is an increase of cellular metabolism in spring, summer and autumn. The availability of a great number of nucleoproteins and total protein indicates that the exocrine section of the subgastric gland in marals actively produces protein secretion.


PurposeThe development and maintenance of a long-term relationship with customers are essential for banks to bolster their profits and thrive in a competitive environment. This study aims to explore the key factors that influence individuals' bank-switching behavior in the Malaysian retail banking industry to provide insights to bank managers to develop effective customer retention strategies.Design/methodology/approachA convenient sampling technique was used to distribute questionnaires to bank customers in Malaysia. A total of 312 utilizable questionnaires were obtained for further analysis. For the data analysis, the authors used explanatory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and logit and probit models to identify the determinants of bank-switching behavior of bank customers in Malaysia.FindingsThis study revealed that switching costs, effective advertising from competitors, inconvenience, price factor and service failures significantly influence customers' retail bank-switching behavior in the Malaysian context. The findings bring some significant policy implications for bank management decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThe non-probability, convenience online sampling method may not be generalized to the population. However, the descriptive demographic statistics show that the findings provide a reasonable representation of the Malaysian population.Originality/valueThis study empirically investigates the determinants of individual customers' retail bank-switching behavior in the Malaysian context. This study is the first of its kind to observe the unique feature of price factor as a determinant of individual customers' switching behavior in the Malaysian retail banking industry, contrasting previous similar studies in different countries.


Abstract The conceptualisation of 'land' and 'landscape' is not only intellectually, but also politically and ethically, contested and subject to many of the debates one finds about related concepts of 'nature' and the 'natural'. How 'we' define and understand the 'land' and 'landscape' is not politically neutral and has implications for who 'we' are and the values and practices we have in relation to the land. This paper will offer an overview of the ways in which the land and landscape have been conceptualised within (green) political theory and environmental ethics, ranging from Wendell Berry's revenant agrarian stewardship to the ethics and politics of 'ecological restoration', to bioregional distinctions between 'ecosphere' and 'biosphere' human–nature relations, to more urban-based forms of 'collective ecological management' in relation to sustainable land use, landscape management and preservation and wider issues of sustainable development. A key theme to be explored is the ways in which particular conceptualisations of landscape (and land-use) are often related to constructions of collective identities in terms of the way in which such identity-constitutive aspects of landscape are as much about who 'we' are (particularly if the landscape is/or has been one worked on by humans) in expressing how we transform 'space' into 'place' with all the complex cultural, ethical, political and socio-economic issues that the latter term entails.


Abstract The author is dealing with the tile-stamps found in the Roman auxiliary fort at Porolissum attempting to establish which of the many units recorded on tile-stamps stayed in garrison at Porolissum. The author of the present article is arguing his own hypothesis on the subject, based on his own excavations at Porolissum and on all the data gathered from the scientific literature. He finally proposes two tables and a graph that correlate all the information on the troops known from the tile-stamps and stone inscriptions, establishing which of them were in garrison at Porolissum and which were only temporarily attached for building activity. At the same time he sets in chronological order the tile-stamps, demonstrating that the three units which built the headquarters building and the gates of the fort (coh III, L VII GF, L III G) were brought to the Porolissum area late in Hadrian's reign, to build in stone the fort and other military facilities in the limes area of Porolissum. The permanent garrison of the fort was composed during the 2nd century AD of two infantry auxiliary units, cohors I Brittonum and cohors V Lingonum, while a third one, numerus Palmyrenorum was probably lodged in a smaller fort situated 500 m away, on the Citera Hill. In the third century, cohors V Lingonum was still there, cohors I Brittonum also for Caracalla's time (even not recorded by any later inscription, but, at the same time, not attested in another fort), while the smaller Citera Hill fort was out of use and the numerus Palmyrenorum Porolissensium was moved inside the big fort from Pomet Hill. The author is concluding that the garrison of the military site Porolissum was not changed during the Roman rule in Dacia, all the other tile-stamps found belonging to units brought mainly during the 2nd century to built the military facilities of this strengthened sector of the frontier.


Abstract This study presents single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) results from pottery and sediments from the archaeological site "The burials in Khutag Uul Mountains (Mongolia)". A global fitting procedure was used on a selection of single grains from pottery, D0 values obtained were between 16 to 40 Gy and 25 to 82 Gy and the equivalent doses De ranged from ∼8 to 12 Gy and from 4.2 ± 0.4 Gy to 37.3 ± 2.5 Gy for pottery and sedimentary quartz, correspondingly. For pottery, the relative spread in CAM De values increases as higher precision constraints are applied and lead to significant increases in the relative standard error from 2.7% to ∼7.5%. The number of accepted grains which passed acceptance criteria reduced from 180 to 65. For sedimentary quartz, there is a trend observed that both MAM De and FMM De values increase as higher precision in De is applied, and the number of accepted grains reduces from 146 to 53. The detailed study of the OSL decay curves identified an ultrafast OSL component with the decay rates of 53 ± 1 s−1 in addition to the fast and medium components and its effect on De was examined.


A process for the assembly of electrical terminals (1) provided with components (2), in particular integrated circuits (2) having so-called flip-chip technique on the lead-provided substrates (6), wherein at each port (1) of the component (2 ) the end of a metallic wire is bonded, so that in each case a ball bond (11) is formed, the wires are separated from the bonding balls, such that a remainder of the wire used remains, and wherein the bonding balls (11) using conductive adhesive ( 14) provided with the (for electrical connection to the component 2) surfaces (15) of the conductor tracks are connected, wherein the bond balls (11) are provided with conductive adhesive (14), that the surfaces (15) of the interconnects (with conductive adhesive 17) are provided, and bonding balls that prior to the drying or curing of the conductive adhesive (14) provided with the component (2) with the conductive glue (14) (11) provided on the conductive glue (17) surfaces (15) is placed.


Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency where in spontaneous or treatment-induced cell death leads to a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that can result in potentially life threatening complications. It is characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Etiopathogenesis is related to spontaneous cell death of rapidly growing tumor or more commonly to administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with hematologic malignancies and less so with solid malignancies. The precise incidence of TLS is not known, and neither racial nor gender predilection exists. Approximately 18% of the patients who develop TLS die of its complications [1]. The cornerstone of the management of TLS includes knowledge of its causes, recognition of high-risk patients, vigilant monitoring and prompt initiation of appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures when indicated.


The Ionospheric Continuous‐wave E‐region Bistatic Experimental Auroral Radar (ICEBEAR) is a VHF coherent scatter radar that operates with a field‐of‐view centered on 58°N, 106°W and measures characteristics of ionospheric E‐region plasma density irregularities. The initial operations of ICEBEAR utilized a wavelength‐spaced linear receiving array to determine the angle of arrival of the ionospheric scatter at the receiver site. Initially only the shortest baselines were used to determine the angle of arrival of the scatter. This publication uses this linear antenna array configuration and expands on the initial angle of arrival determination by including all the cross‐spectra available from the antenna array to determine both the azimuthal angle of arrival and the azimuthal extent of the incoming ionospheric scatter. This is accomplished by fitting Gaussian distributions to the complex coherence of the signal between different antennas and deriving the azimuthal angle and extent based on the best fit. Fourteen hours of data during an active ionospheric period (March 10, 2018, 0–14 UT) were analyzed to investigate the Gaussian fitting procedure and determine its feasibility for implementation with ICEBEAR. A comparison between mapped scatter, both neglecting azimuthal extent and including azimuthal extent is presented. It demonstrates that the azimuthal extent of the ionospheric E‐region scatter is very important for accurately portraying and analyzing the ICEBEAR measurements.


The invention provides a copper-clad aluminum composite guide wire high in yield strength. The guide wire comprises a wire body, the wire body comprises a plurality of copper-clad aluminum conductor wire core sets and an aluminum copper guide wire core, the center of the aluminum copper guide wire core is an aluminum conductor, and the external layer of the aluminum conductor is a copper conductor. A tin coating is covered on an external layer of the aluminum copper guide wire core, the tin coating is combined to an outer surface of the aluminum copper guide wire core through metal composite technology, the aluminum copper guide wire core and the wire body are arranged coaxially, copper aluminum guide wire core sets are peripherally and uniformly distributed along the aluminum copper guide wire core, a cooling channel soft copper pipe is arranged in each copper aluminum guide wire core set, and the cooling channel soft copper pipe is a soft copper pipe with an insulating film taped covering and a length same with the copper-clad aluminum conductor wire core sets. A technical scheme provides a method for improving the yield strength of the copper-clad aluminum composite guide wire, and the method includes following processes:hot-rolling forming->cooling->extruding->cold rolling->stretching->annealing->stretching.


A control redesign problem of the Hubble Space Telescope for reducing the effects of solar array vibrations on telescope pointing jitter is investigated. Both classical and H, control design methodologies are employed for such a control problem with a non-colocated actuator and sensor pair. This paper successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of a dipole concept for precision line-ofsight pointing control in the presence of significant structural vibrations. Proposed controllers with two dipoles effectively reduce the effects of the solar array induced disturbances at 0.12 Hz and 0.66 Hz on pointing jitter.


The memoir article describes Boris Fedorovich Egorov's lectures on
the theory of literature, which the author of the memoirs listened to and took notes
of as a student at Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute in 1977–1978. The paper
tackles the discussion in these lectures of Kierkegaard, Jaspers, Heidegger, M. Kagan
(names that had been largely unknown to the students), as well as features of Boris
Egorov's outlook on the contemporary Russian literature studies. Episodes of
the later professional and personal communication between Boris Egorov and
the author are outlined, Boris Egorov's letters are quoted (from the author's archive).


The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Louisville District) conducted a number of full-scale tests to determine the behavior of continuous steel sheet pile flood walls when subjected to hydrostatic loads simulating actual flood conditions. Among these tests, Test Series III (sheet piling with concrete jacket) was conducted at the Tell City site in Indiana. The results of these full-scale load tests provide valuable data that could help verify geotechnical design procedures. In addition, numerical analyses simulating these tests could be useful in interpreting the foundation and structure behavior and in predicting the performance of similar I-wall-type levee systems subjected to flood loading conditions. The full-scale load test was conducted on a portion (42 feet long) of the completed flood wall. Three-dimensional (3D) numerical finite difference (FLAC 3D) models for an I-wall that simulate full-scale load test conditions were developed to compute wall deflections and compare with the measured deflections from the full-scale test. This approach was used because it was recognized that using 2D analyses for the 3D load test conditions did not accurately simulate actual conditions. The analyses performed in this study provided quantitative estimates of wall displacements that reasonably simulate the 3D effects of the load tests on the levee wall.


MANY discussions on partial gastrectomy have been held in the past few years, and i t is a fair criticism of most of them to say that the interest of surgeons has centred chiefly on questions of opcrative technique and immediate operative mortality, while too little attention has been paid to the more remote effects of gastrectomy upon the patients' general health. The impetus towards the vogue of partial gastrectomy for simple ulcer of the stomach was undoubtedly provided by extravagant statements as to the frequency with which cancer supervened on simple gastric ulcer. Many surgeons conceived i t their duty to perform extensive resection of the stomach for chronic ulcers that they believed to be precancerous lesions. Others of us, while unwilling to accept pathological views of the relation of ulcer arid cancer that seemed to be in direct conflict with our clinical experience,l yet were so impressed by the smooth and easy convalescence from a POlya gastrectomy, the immediate relief from pain, and the rapid gain in weight that often follows, that we were irwlined to regard it as the operation of choice, and the stomach as an organ that could be sacrificed without serious inconvenience to our patients. For onc must insist a t the outset that a P d y a gastrcctomy does as a rule abolish gastric digestion completely. The food, with such little gastric juice as continues to be secreted, drops straight through into the jejunum without elen a transient hold-up in the stomach, and all that the gastric tube withdraws is a little alkaline and bilious jejunal content. My purpose in the remarks that follow is, in the first place, to plead for a niorc critical attitude towards the POlya operation as applied to simple ulcer. I have for some years been inipressed by the fact that a certain proportion of patients after a POlya gastrectomy, though relieved of their old pain and vomiting, and perhaps expressing themselves as satisfied with the result, yet showed a marked tendency to anzmia. This tendency was most noticeable in those who were anzmic a t the time of operation as a result of repeated pre-operative ht-ematemeses. Such cases seemed to be under some


Density forecasting is increasingly more important and commonplace, for example in financial risk management, yet little attention has been given to the evaluation of density forecasts. The authors develop a simple and operational framework for density forecast evaluation. They illustrate the framework with a detailed application to density forecasting of asset returns in environments with time-varying volatility. Finally, the authors discuss several extensions. Copyright 1998 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.


Here, we prepared hydrophobic cryogel particles with monolithic supermacropores based on poly-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (pTrim) by combining the inverse Leidenfrost effect and cryo-polymerization technique. The hydrophobic cryogel particles prepared by adopting this method demonstrated the separation of the stabilized O/W emulsion with surfactant. The prepared cryogel particles were characterized in terms of macroscopic shape and porous structure. It was found that the cryogel particles had a narrow size distribution and a monolithic supermacroporous structure. The hydrophobicity of the cryogel particles was confirmed by placing aqueous and organic droplets on the particles. Where the organic droplet was immediately adsorbed into the particles, the aqueous droplet remained on the surface of the particle due to repelling force. In addition, after it adsorbed the organic droplet the particle was observed, and the organic solvent was diffused into the entire particle. It was indicated that monolithic pores were distributed from the surface to the interior. Regarding the application of the hydrophobic cryogel particles, we demonstrated the separation of a stabilized oil-in-water emulsion, resulting in the successful removal of the organic solvent from the emulsion.


In a pilot project, very low frequency (VLF) measurements were performed using a prototype unmanned airborne system (UAS) at a test area near Neuchâtel, Switzerland. The VLF system operates over an extended frequency range of 1–250 kHz and consists of a three-component magnetic field sensor and a data logger, both deployed on an unmanned helicopter. Various developments had to be done prior to the first flight. The devices went through a weight reduction process, the noise influence of the aircraft on the devices had to be investigated, and an appropriate suspension had to be developed. This first experiment was conducted on a test site with anomalies due to man-made objects: a buried pipeline and a power cable with known orientation and location. The performance of the system in comparison with ground-based VLF data was investigated. First results demonstrate the feasibility of airborne VLF measurements with a UAS to detect buried pipelines and power cables.


Background: Although the use of a patient-held record (PHR) for cancer patients has been introduced in many settings, little is known about the role of the PHR in palliative care settings and use in Asian cultures. Aim: This study investigated the patient-perceived usefulness and practical obstacles of using the PHR specifically designed for palliative care patients. Design: This study adopted a qualitative design based on semi-structured interviews and content analysis. Setting/participants: Fifty cancer patients were recruited from two regions in Japan. They used the PHR for more than three months, and then were asked to participate in a face-to-face interview. Results: The content analysis revealed the following patient-perceived usefulness of the PHR: (1) increase in patient–staff communication; (2) increase in patient–family communication; (3) increase in patient–patient communication; (4) increase in understanding of medical conditions and treatments; and (5) facilitating end-of-life care discussion. The practical obstacles to using the PHR were also indicated: (1) the lack of adequate instruction about the role of the PHR; (2) undervaluing the role of the PHR and sharing information by medical professionals; (3) patients' unwillingness to participate in decision making; (4) concerns about privacy; (5) burdensome nature of self-reporting; and (6) patients' preference for their own ways of recording. Conclusions: The PHR can be helpful in facilitating communication, understanding medical conditions and treatments, and facilitating end-of-life care discussion; however, for wide-spread implementation, resolving the obstacles related to both patients and health-care professionals is required.


The behavior of limestone which is utilized for slagging instead of lime during converter steelmaking process was discussed with the data collected from laboratorial and industrial experiments.The result can be concluded that: limestone which is directly charged into converter as slag-forming material during early period of steelmaking process can be quickly decomposed and involved in making slag and in addition it has more advantages over lime in several respects;the anticipant result can be achieved using limestone to make slag,and limestone is completely decomposed during 5~6 minutes in converter steelmaking process;high temperature is propitious to calcium carbonate decomposing,just as the result of laboratorial experiments shows that the decomposition rate of CaCO3 at 1 400 ℃ is 3~4 times greater than that at 1 100 ℃ in spite of only 300 ℃ difference,therefore,the early period temperature has a great effect on the decomposition and slagging processes.


This paper presents a progress report on a joint project by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), in collaboration with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), to develop a dielectric-loaded accelerator (DLA) test facility powered by a high-power 11.424-GHz magnicon amplifier. The magnicon can presently produce 25 MW of output power in a 200-ns pulse at 10 Hz, and efforts are in progress to increase this to 50 MW. The facility will include a 5-MeV electron injector that was developed by the Accelerator Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. The DLA test structures are being developed by ANL, and some have undergone testing at NRL at gradients up to ∼ 8 MV/m. SLAC is developing a means to combine the two magnicon output arms, and to drive an injector and accelerator with separate control of the power ratio and relative phase. The installation and testing of the first dielectric-loaded test accelerator, including injector, DLA structure, and spectrometer, should take place within the next year. The initial goal is to produce a compact 20-MeV dielectric-loaded test accelerator.


Liquid crystal electro-polymerization Chiral conjugated polymers were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of achiral monomers in a chiral liquid crystal (CLC) electrolyte solution [1,2]. The polymer films prepared in liquid crystal shows electrochromism (Fig 1), and circular dichroism. This method can be called "liquid crystal chiral electrochemical polymerization". In this report, electrochemical polymerization of thiophene derivatives by using cholesteric liquid crystal electrolyte solution was performed. The surface morphology of the polymers was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) polarizing optical microscopy (POM) observations. The polymers thus synthesized show so-called "optically active electrochromism". Optical rotation degree of the film is comparable with Faraday rotation of inorganic materials. The ellipticity of this polymer is also found to exhibit hysteresis with redox cycle. The optical rotation and circular dichroism of the optically active polymer can be precisely controlled through electric field by electrochemical method.


A 55-year-old woman was admitted with a 10-day history of colicky, left lower-quadrant abdominal pain and intermittent vomiting. She also reported a 2-month history of alternating diarrhea and constipation, with a 20-pound weight loss. She denied malena or hematemesis. She had a 40-pack year history of smoking.

On admission, she was normotensive, tachycardic and appeared dehydrated. Generalized abdominal tenderness was noted on palpation, with hyperactive bowel sounds and no guarding or rigidity. There was no palpable lymphadenopathy. The remainder physical examination was unremarkable.

Laboratory examination including a complete blood count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver and renal profile were normal. Stool was positive for occult blood with negative cultures. Multiple air fluid levels were noted on an upright abdominal radiograph. A computerized tomogram (CT) of the abdomen (Figure 1) demonstrated irregular thickened loops of small bowel with a mesenteric mass, suggestive of a primary mesenteric or small bowel tumor. The diagnosis of mechanical small bowel obstruction prompted an explorative laparotomy, which revealed multiple nodular masses in mesentery and small bowel causing luminal …


In analogy with the recently proposed lepton mixing sum rules, we derive quark mixing sum rules for the case of hierarchical quark mass matrices with 1-3 texture zeros, in which the separate up and down-type 1-3 mixing angles are approximately zero, and ${V}_{ub}$ is generated from ${V}_{cb}$ as a result of 1-2 up-type quark mixing. Using the sum rules, we discuss the phenomenological viability of such textures, including up to four texture zeros, and show how the right-angled unitarity triangle, i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, can be accounted for by a remarkably simple scheme involving real mass matrices apart from a single element being purely imaginary. In the framework of grand unified theories, we show how the quark and lepton mixing sum rules may combine to yield an accurate prediction for the reactor angle.


Previously it was characterized that the excess of corporal weight can constitute a limitante factor of the cardiovascular capacity of obsess children, however, in Brazilian children this little was studied. In this perspective, this study it evaluated if the obesity can limit the physical capacity of children in pertaining to school age (the 09 10 years), of two schools of Sao Paulo. The children had been randomized in two groups: children with corporal weight inside of the band of normality predicted for the age and children above of the weight predicted for the age (obesity). Later, the subjects had been categorized by the respective gender (male and female). In both the groups had been proceeded with analyze anthropometric and were applied the test of aerobic capacity 20 m Shuttle-run test for determination of the values of maximum consumption of oxygen (VO 2max ). Our results demonstrate that significant when pertaining to school obese with pertaining to school with normal weight are compared. This I not only argued what he is obvious, but the importance if knowing a method's that can be used by teacher of physical education to determine that the obesity children has small maximum consumption of oxygen (VO 2max ). One concludes that the obese children when she practices any that is activity the transport of volume of oxygen always lesser will be compared with the children who are inside of normality.


SUMMARY 1. The interactions between ragweed pollen and the saliva from ragweed-sensitive and non-sensitive humans have been examined. A number of morphological changes of the pollen grains take place under the conditions of the incubation. Of these changes, two occur only with incubation in allergic saliva and one occurs with the use of 'inflammatory' saliva, allergic or non-allergic. 2. The two changes that are associated only with incubation in saliva from an individual who is ragweed-sensitive appear to be related. They consist of a clearing of the background material surrounding the pollen grain and the formation of a halo of white, mat-like material around the grain. 3. The incubation of pollen with 'congestive' or 'inflammatory' saliva resulted in the exudation of granular material, encased in a membrane, from the pollen grain. 4. Kinetic studies give the development time of particular changes and their duration. The portals of entry of ragweed pollen are the eyes, the nose and the mouth, where contact is made with the secretions and mucous membranes of these areas. There is no knowledge concerning the manner of treatment of the pollen after it has made contact with these fluids and tissues and whether or not this treatment differs between individuals who are ragweed-sensitive and individuals who are ragweed-insensitive. To answer these questions, we have initiated a study of the interactions between ragweed pollen and these tissues and fluids. Because of the ease of obtaining large quantities of saliva as compared with nasal and eye secretions, saliva was used as the host material. In the present study ragweed pollen incubated with the saliva from allergic individuals (SAI) developed characteristic morphological changes distinct from those observed when the pollen was incubated with the saliva from non-allergic individuals (SNI). Bronchial or nasal conges


Dozens of reproductions highlight the work of Parisian avant-garde artists of the late 1880s and early 1890s, including Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Emile Bernard, and Georges Seurat, providing a fresh look at this influential generation of artists and the impact of the


According to domestic and foreign literatures, around the smart grid researching in related fields, this paper summarized the new technological achievements of domestic and foreign technologies on two aspects of smart grid scheduling modeling and smart grid control center. It includes: distributed integration modeling is one of core technologies of intelligent dispatching, the paper analysis of the verification of power grid model, maintenance of model boundary and so on, which occur during the application of distributed integration modeling, and solutions for these issue are given. And make a summary on smart Grid control center configuration, state estimation, dynamic security assessment, smart restoration control and recovery strategies, and other new technologies.


A comprehensive pesticidal schedule consisting of butachlor application @ 1.0 and 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1 at transplanting, quinalphos @ 1.0 and 2.0 kg a.i. ha−1 at nursery raising and triazophos @ 0.25 and 0.5 kg a.i. ha−1, 45 d after transplanting, was tested on paddy in 1993 from point of view of harvest time residues. Quinalphos was not detectable in measurable amounts in rice grain, straw or husk whereas butachlor and triazophos were present in traces. In another experiment endosulfan (0.1% and 0.2%) applied separately in two sets of experiments @ 450 1 ha−1 on 15 d old maize plants followed by second spray at 20 d interval, did not leave any measurable amount of endosulfan in maize grains at harvest. However in maize straw total endosulfan residues to the tune of 0.016 μg g−1 in lower dose and 0.034 μg g−1 1inigher rose were present. The tested schedules on paddy and maize can be considered safe from point of view of harvest time residues.


We present a novel smart camera - the FlexSight C1 - designed to enable an industrial robot to detect and localize several types of objects and parts in an accurate and reliable way. The C1 integrates all the sensors and a powerful mini computer with a complete Operating System running robust 3D reconstruction and object localization algorithms on-board, so it can be directly connected to the robot that is guided directly by the device during the production cycle without any external computers in the loop.In this paper, we describe the FlexSight C1 hardware configuration along with the algorithms designed to face the model based localization problem of textureless objects, namely: (1) an improved version of the PatchMatch Stereo matching algorithm for depth estimation; (2) an object detection pipeline based on deep transfer learning with synthetic data. All the presented algorithms have been tested on publicly available datasets, showing effective results and improved runtime performance.


The purpose of this study is to suggest alternatives on partnership and governance to promote marine tourism. Specially focus on sustainable tourism...


We often read comments in the literature about being fit for purpose. Consider this key question: are we fit for purpose? Many of you will be aware that the Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence (CHRE) has provided its final report on the strategic review of the NMC (CHRE, 2012). The NMC was criticised for its failure to improve and the leaders have been censured for the repeated failure of achieving their key purpose, i.e. regulatory control. Failures in leadership, strategy, decision-making, finance and culture were also identified. We have a responsibility in tissue viability, both as leaders and providers of care, to demonstrate leadership, use clear, supported strategies, make appropriate decisions, maintain finance, maintain a positive culture and achieve a key purpose. The provision of tissue viability is diverse and care is challenging, owing to an increasingly elderly population and the need for complex care. The current population of people over 100 years old is increasing annually with a predicted 110 000 by 2035 (Office for National Statistics, 2012). An important consideration is whether, like the NMC, we are able to achieve our key purposes, i.e. wound prevention. Managing preventable diseases is costly, and so resources become increasingly scare for unavoidable tissue viability needs. Is one of our key purposes to prevent pressure ulceration? I think it is and, if through leadership, decisionmaking, strategic planning and delivery of fundamental care, we can achieve a significant reduction in pressure ulceration, we will be more strongly placed to fund other aspects of care. The Midlands and East Strategic Health Authority has implemented the 'Ambition 1' agenda to prevent all avoidable pressure ulcers by December 2012. In the last 6 months, it has become apparent that using the SKIN (Surface, Keep moving, Incontinence, Nutrition) bundle and completing the fundamental elements of pressure ulcer prevention really does make a difference. To be fit for purpose, tissue viability services must not receive censure for repeated failure but focus on the key purpose of preventing avoidable wounds. Achieving zero tolerance of avoidable pressure ulcers is a UK initiative that has the potential to influence care all over the world...and then we can truly say we are fit for purpose! BJCN


Traditional signature-based intrusion detection systems inspect packet headers and payloads to report any malicious or abnormal traffic behavior that is observed in the network. With the advent and rapid adoption of network encryption mechanisms, typical deep packet inspection systems that focus only on the processing of network packet payload contents are gradually becoming obsolete. Advancing intrusion detection tools to be also effective in encrypted networks is crucial. In this work, we propose a signature language indicating packet sequences. Signatures detect events of possible intrusions and malicious actions in encrypted networks using packet metadata. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology using different tools for penetrating vulnerable web servers and a public dataset with traffic that originates from IoT malware. We implement the signature language and we integrate it into an intrusion detection system. Using our proposed methodology, the generated signatures can effectively and efficiently report intrusion attempts.


The diesel active vibration isolation was achieved via the lattice filter. The reflection coefficients and tap coefficients in the lattice configuration were updated by the gradient adaptive lattice algorithm. A simulation for single or multiple frequencies vibration was actualized based on the two-stage vibration isolating system. The second path was applied off-line identification. Simulation results show that the algorithm can control the diesel vibration effective.


The present invention discloses a method for its production Portland cement road, belongs to technical field of building materials. The Portland cement clinker containing feedstock road, gypsum, and granulated blast furnace slag, its technical characteristics are in parts by weight, Portland clinker press road: gypsum co = 93-97:3-7 grinding to produce cement powder, then micronized cement: = granulated blast furnace slag powder preparation obtained by mixing 90-100:0-10; Portland clinker the percentage of the road by the following composition by weight of raw material: limestone 78-82%, 11-15% high silica sand, 5-8% sulfuric acid residue, the raw material grinding, dehydrating the slurry, drying the filter cake was crushed, the step of preparing clinker obtained. The present invention is strictly optional raw fuel, clinker scientific formula, the "dry wet grinding", "grinding classification" of the production process, the resulting cement better than the national standard.


The mainstay of nonpharmacological therapy of chronic heart failure patients is low sodium diet. This paper introduced the modified and unmodified influencing factors of patient compliance to low-sodium diet in chronic heart failure patients in order to provide new clues for the development of patient compliance.

Key words:
Heart failure; Patient compliance; Sodium-restricted diet


The condensation of 3-(5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-5-pyridin-3-yl-1,2,4-triazole-4-yl-amines(1a~1n) with salicyladehyde gave the corresponding title schiff bases(2a~2n),and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR,MS and elemental analysis.The in vitro antibacterial activity was primarily evaluated by the method of cup-plate diffusion solution.The results demonstrated that most of compound prepared displayed potential antibacterial activity.


As the first step of a multiwavelength investigation into the relationship between young stellar clusters and their environment, we present fully sampled maps in the J = 1–0 lines of 13CO and C18O and the J = 2–1 line of C18O for a selected group of 30 young stellar groups and clusters within 1 kpc of the Sun. This is the first systematic survey of these regions to date. The clusters range in size from several stars to a few hundred stars. Thirty fields ranging in size from 8′ × 8′ to 30′ × 60′ were mapped with 47″ resolution simultaneously in the two J = 1–0 lines at the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory. Seventeen sources were mapped over fields ranging in size from 3′ × 3′ to 13′ × 13′ in the J = 2–1 line with 35″ resolution at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory. We compare the cloud properties derived from each of the three tracers in order to better understand systematic uncertainties in determining masses and line widths. Cloud masses are determined independently using the 13CO and C18O transitions; these masses range from 30 to 4000 M⊙. Finally, we present a simple morphological classification scheme, which may serve as a rough indicator of cloud evolution.


This paper proposes a new approach based on knowledge structures for building simulation models. The target are products to be redesigned integrating new technologies. The main idea of the approach is to limit the development of an analysis model to that of the new technology and merge it into the existing prototype using the connection parameters determined at the hand of the knowledge models. This approach was implemented for the design of a next-generation system iron. The approach enabled easy collection of data and automatic model verification, demonstrating its capability to reduce complexity in product development. © 2012 Published by Elsevier BV. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Dr. Ir. Wessel W. Wits


Administrative evil is sinister—It lurks in the shadows and under the surface of organizational action. The Khmer Rouge genocide stands as one of the most terrible instances of human injustice in modern memory. The methods of Pol Pot and his contemporaries, and the outcomes of their approaches to make their control of the population absolute, are examined as a study in systematic imposition of evil on a society. The article is an assessment of the Khmer Rouge regime through the lens of administrative evil, drawing from literature on hatred, paranoia, and belief as organizing and motivating forces, the legitimation of bureaucratic malevolence, and the teleology of historical agency. The article proposes that bureaucracy, by virtue of its lack of discretion against political forces, is not merely a potential tool of good or evil, but a force of administrative evil in and of itself that we may be unable to control.


The effect of different initial densities on the population expansion of Ophraella communa beetles under a half-natural condition was studied in this article.The results indicated that the development and expansion of O.communa population were affected by initial densities.The population of the beetle was rapidly increased and reached a higher level in a short period under the high-initial density(20 pairs /plot).The increasing population of the beetle was slower under the mid-initial density(5-10 pairs /plot)than under the high-initial density,but a higher population level was also observed within 30 days.The beetle's population was increased slowly and did not reach an optimum level in a long time under the low initial density(3 pairs/plot).Based on the results of this experiment,we suggest that the optimum initial density range of the beetle adults is 0.4-0.7 adults /plant when mass rearing is conducted in greenhouse,which can obtain a higher population level in 30 days.


Hydrogenase is the key terminal enzyme in electron delivery within hydrogen metabolism in bacteria, which has been attracted many attentions. In the present study, crude enzyme was firstly prepared by cell broken. Then a kind of hydrogenase from Ethanoligenens harbinense YUAN-3 was purified by chromatography methods on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE 52 columns. The enzyme was purified 169-fold with 7.8% recovery of activity, resulting in a specific activity for hydrogen evolution of 41.6 μmol/min/mg of protein, using reduced methyl viologen as an electron donor. The purity of the enzyme was judged by native PAGE. The molecular weight was estimated to be 60 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The purification procedures and parameters was the first report on hydrogenase from YUAN-3.


This paper presents Feedback Memory Network (\textttFMN) which models user interactions with the search engine for query suggestion. Besides modeling the queries issued by the user, \textttFMN also considers user feedback on the search results. It converts user browsing and click actions to the attention over the top-ranked documents and combines them into the feedback memories of the query, thus better models the underlying information needs. The feedback memories and the query sequence are then combined to suggest queries by the sequence-to-sequence neural network. Modeling user feedback makes it possible to suggest diverse queries for the same query sequence, if users have preferred different search results that indicate different information needs. Our experiments on the search log from a Chinese commercial search engine showed the stable and robust advantages of \textttFMN. Especially when the feedback is richer or more informative, \textttFMN provides more diverse and accurate suggestions, which is exceptionally helpful for ambiguous sessions where more information is required to infer the search intents.


The general theme of this paper is that the primary role of prices is guidance of efficient resource allocation. The major thesis advanced here is that failure to facilitate pricing in this role is at the root of many contemporary transport problems. In many cases corrective action can be fairly easily adopted. In other cases improved pricing may require substantial modification and reorientation of institutional arrangements. /Author/TRRL/


The multimedia presentation Queer Ads: Gay Male Imagery in American Advertising chronicles the history of gay male images in American print and video advertising. It does this within the context of the history of the gay rights movement and with a focus on advertisements for a variety of product and service categories. It concludes that, although very rare, gay images appeared in subtle but non‐judgmental portrayals early in the twentieth century. Starting at the end of the 1920s, imagery, equally rare, tended to depict gay men pejoratively as objects of ridicule or scorn. This approach changed in the 1970s when more positive and edgy images began appearing. Today, a broad range of gay male images—both positive and negative—appear in print and video advertisements. This document provides information intended to supplement the presentation. It includes (1) dimensions of what comprises a gay male image; (2) the method used to locate the images; (3) the narration script of the presentation annotated with references; (4) links to images for which copyright reprint permission was denied; and (5) a list of references.


In this work, we are interested in the study of regularity for the three‐dimensional magneto‐micropolar fluid equations in Orlicz–Morrey spaces. If the velocity field satisfies u∈L21−r0,T;ML2logPL3rR3 with r∈(0,1) and P>1 or the gradient field of velocity satisfies ∇u∈L22−r0,T;ML2logPL3rR3 with r∈(0,2) and P>1, then we show that the solution remains smooth on [0,T]. In view of the embedding L3r⊂Mp3r⊂ML2logPL3r with 2 < p < 3 ∕ r and P > 1, we see that our result extends the result of Yuan and that of Gala. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The safety of people walking in urban areas has now to be considered in many European countries in the context of policies for encouraging people to travel on foot, by cycle or by public transport rather than by car in order to reduce environmental damage, improve public health, and enhance the quality of life in towns and cities. The core of this paper is to set out the challenge that providing for safer walking presents to policymakers and professionals concerned with the many relevant aspects of urban planning and design of the road transport system and its use. (a)


As a typical extension of fuzzy c-means, horizontal collaborative fuzzy clustering implements the clustering on a data set of some patterns with the collaboration of some knowledge which is obtained from other data set(s) about the same patterns but described in different feature space(s). For the sake of safety and personal privacy, the knowledge is usually provided by partition matrixes. This paper presents a new approach to implementing horizontal collaborative fuzzy clustering with the knowledge provided by the prototypes instead of partition matrixes. This prototypes-based horizontal collaborative fuzzy clustering algorithm exhibits good performance which is showed in our experiments.


ObjectiveTo study the methods of identification and assay in Radix Berberidis.MethodsUsing TLC to identify and HPLC to determine the content of berberine hydrochloride in Radix Berberidis.The HPLC system consisted of Vp-ODSC_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),acetonitrile:0.02 mol/L KH_2PO_4(24∶76) mixture as mobile phase,detection wavelength at 346 nm,flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,column temperature:30℃.ResultsThe spots in the TLC were clear and distinguishable,the linear range of berberine hydrochloride was from 2.04 to 20.4 μg/ml.The average recovery was 99.30%,RSD was 0.53%.ConclusionThe methods are simple and accurate,can be used for the quality control of Radix Berberidis.


Objectives: Obesity causes morbidity and mortality and also impairs the quality of life in humans. Clinical practice guidelines are well established to treat the obese population with or without comorbidities in all the age groups. Obesity in adults is a risk factor for metabolic disorders including Type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, etc. Hence, this review has compared the various international clinical practice guidelines for the management of obesity in adults.
Methods: Four articles were included in the qualitative synthesis after the systematic review of the literature obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Sciences. Diagnosis and various interventions including lifestyle, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery are compared for the management of obesity in adults.
Results: The diagnosis is crucial since the criteria to determine overweight/obesity is still under debate due to inconclusive evidence. Various interventions including diet, exercise, behavior, drug therapy, and surgery are being recommended currently for the management of obesity. However, ethnicity and culture play a major role in diagnosis and also interventions. Moreover, personalizing the interventions according to the subject will make sense and offers success in the management of obesity.
Conclusion: Diagnosis and the intervention should be subject oriented based on ethnicity, culture and patient characteristics. In this connection, many longitudinal studies warranted to specify the diagnostic and management criteria for adults among the various ethnic populations across the world.


Shells or shell structures were being used many modern mechanical structures with main load transfer elements, for example, it generally used in aircraft, nuclear energy structures, submarines, building, constructions and so on. To analyze structural design characteristics of stiffened cylindrical shells were more efficient the structural design by automatic design with design parameters. In this study, the automatic design method of stiffened cylinder shells was studies by ANSYS design variables.


The present invention discloses a method for driving a display panel and a driver circuit, the driving method for driving a display panel, the display panel comprising: gate lines, data lines and the pixel unit, a data line comprising: a first and a second data line data line, a first predetermined number of columns in a first data line and a second predetermined number of columns of the second data lines are alternately arranged, the driving method comprising: while scanning the gate lines in a row, the first data line or the second data line loading the data voltage signal. In the display panel is an OLED panel as an example, the present invention provides a method of driving the pixel unit may be such that the spacing OLED display panel, since the relative area of each pixel unit of the entire area of the OLED panel is smaller, and therefore using this kind of way interval display does not affect the display quality of the OLED panel. Meanwhile, the driving method of the present invention provides a driving method as compared with the prior art, while achieving the same brightness of the display, the driving method of the present embodiment may be provided so that lower power consumption of the OLED panel.


Cirrus clouds normally exist in the upper troposphere and sometimes extend into the stratosphere. Unlike low altitude clouds that have a cooling effect on solar radiation through scattering, cirrus clouds scatter only a small amount of solar radiation and prevent a large quantity of long-wave radiation from leaving the earth-atmosphere system. Cirrus clouds are globally distributed and are composed almost exclusively of non-spherical ice crystals. Tropopause cirrus tends to occur over regions of intense convective activity like equatorial Africa and South America, which are sites for vigorous continental convection, and the western Pacific, which is a site of significant oceanic convection. Few instruments can deduce the global presence of cirrus clouds. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite mission provides comprehensive observations of cloud vertical structure on a near-global scale.


An instrument for data collection needs to be analyzed before it is used in conducting research. The most pivotal characteristic of the instrument analysis exposes that researchers require to examine the validity and reliability. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) constitutes an academic construction that depicts an idea for stimulating individuals to learn. This present study aims to construct a PCK analysis-based research instrument for the natural science teachers of Islamic junior high schools, which is integrated with Islamic contents. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed in this study to explain the procedures for constructing the instrument. The procedures involved determining indicators, constructing a questionnaire as the research instrument, and measuring the validity, reliability, usability, and meaningfulness of the well-designed instrument. The research findings reveal that the development of the PCK analysis-based instrument dealt with three indicators, namely: knowledge of learners, knowledge of planning and designing, and knowledge of classroom instruction. Furthermore, the validity of the instrument demonstrated a positive result with minor revision, whereas the reliability with the Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that it was reliable. Meanwhile, considering the results of the usability and meaningfulness tests, it was attained that the PCK analysis-based instrument integrated with Islamic contents was commented at a very positive level.


The psychotherapy or the counselling that we are practising today do es differ from theestablished practise of the last century, and also from that practised 25 years ago.Obviously, as any other human affair psychotherapy and counselling have followed anatural evolution. From my point of view, a cultural perspective gives us some usefulhints to understand part of this evolution. Relating psychotherapy and culture gives us abackground for understanding the past, explaining the present, and perhaps, predictingthe future. The present and the future will be our main concem here.I wrote about the state-of-the-art of psychotherapy and made some predictions ina paper published some years ago (Caro, 1996). In this paper, 2694 books and bookchapters (from 1990 to 1994) taken from PsycUT were analysed. Although partial,results showed some interesting paths. In this respect I emphasized several themes andmade several predictions. Providing that I only analysed books and book chapters thescope, the great variety of themes, of populations treated and approaches defended wasstriking.This wide scope framed several predictions. Although I made six predictions I willemphasize here only two ofthem relevant for my present discussion (Caro, 1996, p. 416):1. Values of any kind and ethical issues will be increasingly important. In this respect,minorities and specific population problems will be of great concem and will receive aconsiderable amount of publications.2. There is and will be an important recognition of multiple ways of addressingproblems and treatment the same kind of disorders, either from an integrative/eclecticperspective, or assuming a combined one.Then,


Dear Editor, In our article [1], we demonstrated that hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen nitrate are found to be significantly elevated in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Kodama et al. have described that increased levels of nitrate are found in the blood of H. pylori -infected patients [2]. Neither we nor Kodama et al. could explain why these compounds are found to be increased in the blood or in the exhaled air of these patients. In order to determine if H. pylori produces these compounds itself in vitro and if therefore a production of these compounds by H. pylori in vivo is conceivable, we analyzed the volatile compounds (mass spectrum of 21–229 atomic mass units, including hydrogen cyanide at m/z 28 and hydrogen nitrate at m/z 64) emitted by the H. pylori reference strain NCTC 11637 [3] in vitro, as described in a previous study using routine samples of various bacterial strains [4]. In the headspace of the cultured strain NCTC 11637, hydrogen cyanide (HCN, m/z 28) could be detected at average levels of 42.79 p.p.b.v. (average levels of HCN in the exhaled air of H. pylori -positive patients: 0.93 p.p.b.v.) and hydrogen nitrate at average levels of 0.26 p.p.b.v. (average levels of hydrogen nitrate in the exhaled air of H. pylori -positive patients: 0.54 p.p.b.v.). This suggests that H. pylori produces large amounts of hydrogen cyanide itself, as many other Gram-negative bacteria [5], and that the increased levels of HCN found in the exhaled air of patients suffering from H. pylori infection might be a result of this production. However, only little amounts of nitrate were found in the headspace in vitro. Thus, it seems that it is more likely that nitrate is generated in the course of chronic inflammation and is not synthesized by H. pylori itself, as suggested by Vermeer et al. [6]. Furthermore, the described approach might represent a novel tool to diagnose H. pylori faster and earlier by realtime analyzing the spectrum of volatile compounds (Fig. 1) in the headspace of H. pylori cultures in vitro.


Receding Horizon Controllers are one of the mostly used advanced control solutions in the industry. By utilizing their possibilities we are able to predict the possible future behavior of our system; moreover, we are able to intervene in its operation as well. In this paper we have investigated the possibilities of the design of a Receding Horizon Controller by using Nonlinear Programming. We have applied the developed solution in order to control Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The nonlinear optimization task was solved by the Generalized Reduced Gradient method. In order to investigate the performance of our solution two scenarios were examined. In the first scenario, we applied "soft" disturbance—namely, smaller amount of external carbohydrate—in order to be sure that the proposed method operates well and the solution that appeared through optimization is acceptable. In the second scenario, we have used "unfavorable" disturbance signal—a highly oscillating external excitation with cyclic peaks. We have found that the performance of the realized controller was satisfactory and it was able to keep the blood glucose level in the desired healthy range—by considering the restrictions for the usable control action.


Two aromatic hydrazide haptamers have been prepared, with both consisting of two hydrogen bonded folded segments. Compared to their fully hydrogen bonded analogues, the flexibility of their backbones increases due to lack of one or two intramolecular hydrogen bonds at the middle aromatic unit. (2D) H-1 NMR, circular dichroism and fluorescent studies revealed that both oligomers moderately complex n-octyl-alpha-L-glucopyranoside in chloroform.


In Jiujiang city,the primary urban waste landfill is approaching the service time and will be closed.Therefore,it is urgent to select the new site of urban waste landfill outside planned city area.With analytic hierarchy process,this paper evaluates the weights of factors influencing the evaluation and gives the synthetically estimate scores of five backup sites of hygienic landfill by applying linear weighted mathematics mode of multi-objectives.The result shows that the No.5 site is the most feasible site through calculating and comparing the scores of five sites which are in order for No.5 site(80.85)No.1 site(64.99)No.2 site(60.03)No.3 site(58.82)No.4 site(57.93).As a result,it can improve the shortages of overfull qualitative analysis and subjective factors to a certain extent,and can lay more scientific and reasonable foundation to rebuild urban waste landfill in Jiujiang city.


Together with several partners, IGRAC (International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre) has started an initiative to improve groundwater monitoring in Africa. Among others, the initiative includes support of collaboration among groundwater specialists, improved access to relevant monitoring information and an interactive, on-line monitoring database. The simplicity of the web-based database (only a browser required) and its ownership structure (data provider retains a full control over data) will hopefully encourage groundwater specialists to join the network. Besides terrestrial monitoring, remote sensing observations and global hydrological modelling will also be used to provide estimation of groundwater recharge on regular basis. The estimation will be compared with terrestrial observations and made available via the common groundwater monitoring portal. Integration of the Groundwater Monitoring Network with remote sensing and regional hydrological modelling provides a multiple-scale approach for assessing the impact of climate change and socio-economic developments on groundwater resources in Africa. maps covering aquifers, regions and whole countries. There is, however, no systematic monitoring and assessment of groundwater change on global scale. IGRAC (advised and supported by Global Groundwater Monitoring Group) is establishing a sustainable Global Groundwater Monitoring Network (GGMN), aiming to use monitored data for a periodic assessment of the global groundwater resources (Kukuric & Vermooten 2007). It should be noted that intention is not to create a new, separate global network of monitoring wells. Likewise, no redesign of existing groundwater monitoring networks should be expected. The GGMN is a "network of networks", that uses information from existing networks in order to represent a change of groundwater resources at the scale relevant for the regional and global assessment. Accordingly to the scale of the assessment, GGMN uses aggregated values rather than point observations, latter having a limited areal representativity and the limited accessibility. A sound regional aggregation of the point groundwater measurements is much more than a numerical interpolation and averaging procedure. It needs to be carried out by regional experts, making use of their knowledge of hydrogeological conditions, measurement practice, historical records, socio-economical setup, and other factors relevant for derivation of reliable figures. Therefore, establishing of a sustainable GGMN People Network composed of skilled regional and/or country representatives is the main challenge of this initiative. IGRAC is developing a web-based application to assist the aggregation procedure, as well as the gathering and dissemination of information (see Figure 1). The GGMN application enables the user to periodically produce on-line maps showing a regional change of groundwater variables in time. Figure 1. A web-application for Global Groundwater Monitor-


PurposeAn experiential retailing strategy is considered cardiotonic for consumers and brands. When such a stimulus is used, what cognition and behaviors are generated is an issue worthy of study. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the factors and mechanisms that affect consumer response and relationship quality through empirical research.Design/methodology/approachBased on theoretical deduction, this paper proposes a conceptual model that includes four antecedents: experiential scene atmosphere (ESA), highlight design, interaction approach and value fit. These affect consumer–brand relationship quality (CRQ) through consumer identification (CI), brand identity (BI) and experiential immersion degree. In two rounds of predictive tests, 624 and 481 valid data were collected, respectively, and the feasibility of the scale was verified scrupulously. Furthermore, 427 participants reported the participants' tendencies in a formal empirical study.FindingsThe results show that the direct effects of antecedents, mediators and dependent variables are significant. Although the mediating effect of BI in experiential highlighting design on CRQ is not supported, other consumer response variables have a full or partial mediating effect.Originality/valueThis study not only functions as an innovation of research perspective enriching the theoretical framework of the influence mechanism of experiential retailing, but also strengthens the discussion on the role of value fit, especially emotional value fit, in experiential retailing.


Abstract : At various ordnance installations, 3 number of accidents with carbon-bridge electric initiators have been noted. A study of these accidents plus experimentation at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory demonstrate that this type of electric Initiator is extremely susceptible to initiation by the electrostatic discharges. Initiations have been caused under the following conditions of application of potential differences to the initiator structure, lead-to lead, lead-to-case, leads-to-case, and to center of leads with lead ends and case electrically shorted.


This paper expounds the features and development trend of modern university library,and puts forward some countermeasures for the reader work of modern university library from aspects of transforming the service concept,reinforcing the construction of information resources,innovating the work model,developing the individualized and diversified service,and improving the quality of the librarian team,etc.


This purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using multiphoton microscopy in ophthalmologic imaging. Without the introduction of extrinsic fluorescence molecules, multiphoton induced autofluorescence and second harmonic generation signals can be used to obtain useful structural information of normal and diseased corneas. Our work can potentially lead to the in vivo application of multiphoton microscopy in investigating corneal physiology and pathologies.


The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a distributed paradigm that leverages smart networks and distributed system technologies to enable decentralized energy systems. In contrast to the traditional centralized energy systems, distributed Energy Internet systems comprise multiple components and communication requirements that demand innovative technologies for decentralization, reliability, efficiency, and security. Recent advances in blockchain architectures, smart contracts, and distributed federated learning technologies have opened up new opportunities for realizing decentralized Energy Internet services. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis and classification of state-of-the-art solutions that employ blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning for the IoE domains. Specifically, we identify four representative system models and discuss their key aspects. These models demonstrate the diverse ways in which blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning can be integrated to support the main domains of IoE, namely distributed energy trading and sharing, smart microgrid energy networks, and electric and connected vehicle management. Furthermore, we provide a detailed comparison of the different levels of decentralization, the advantages of federated learning, and the benefits of using blockchain for the IoE systems. Additionally, we identify open issues and areas for future research for integrating federated learning and blockchain in the Internet of Energy domains.


Minutes from the thirty-seventh semi-annual meeting of the Texas Surgical Society, held in Dallas, Texas. Included is a list of members present, papers that were read and discussed, and other events during the meeting.


Dissertation of Mastership Post-graduation in Animal Science Program Universidade Federal de Santa Maria GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FINISHED FEEDLOT TEXEL LAMBS AUTHOR: LUANA CORTES ZAGO ADVISOR: SÉRGIO CARVALHO Date and Defense's Place: Santa Maria, February 28, 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of post-weaning feedlot Texel lambs. Were used a total of 30 non castrated male lambs, born of simple birth. The lambs were weaned at approximately 50 days of age, individually confined and distributed to five treatments with six replications, which each treatment had a predetermined slaughter weight (T23 initial slaughter, T25, T30, T35 and T40). The diet consisted of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) and concentrate mixing ground corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and minerals. In the period preceding slaughter the lambs were weighed and performed the measurements in vivo. After bleeding, each non-carcass component was weighed individually. Subsequently, the carcasses were placed in cold storage at 2°C for 24 h and after this period, was performed an evaluation of these and each cut at right half carcass was weighed and individually frozen to perform dissection of tissues. The average daily weight gain was not affected by the increase in live weight at slaughter, yielding an average of 0.252 kg/day. There was a linear increase to conformation, to body condition score, to biometric measurements performed in vivo and also to all measurements of the animals' carcass. The hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight increased linearly as a consequence of the increased slaughter weight of lambs. However, the hot carcass yield, cold carcass yield and cooling loss index were not influenced by slaughter weight, with mean values of 46.12%, 44.83% and 2.79%, respectively. Higher slaughter weight of lambs led to increase linearly the weights of neck, shoulder, ribs and leg, regarding the regional composition of the carcass. When expressed in percentage terms, only the percentage of leg was influenced by slaughter weight, with a linear decrease. The results for the relative growth or allometric indicate that the shoulder and leg show early development, while the neck and ribs have delayed development. The weights of tissues bone, muscle and adipose increased linearly in the halfcarcass and its regions. However, the percentage of bone in the neck remained constant and decreased linearly in other cuts, the muscle decreased only in ribs and remained constant in other cuts and fat increased linearly in all of them, indicating that the heavier is the animal, greater is the proportion of fat in the carcass. The allometric coefficients indicate that bone tissue and muscle are early growth, while the fat is delayed in both commercial cuts and the carcass as a whole. The relation muscle/fat decreased in all cuts and muscle/bone relation increased linearly in all of them except the neck which remained constant. The results for non-carcass components indicate that most of animals got an increment of weight as the increase of live weight. Observing their percentages, most were not influenced by live weight, only the constituents lungs + trachea, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, head and feet


Intrinsic gettering is usually used to improve wafer quality which is an important factor for reliable ultralarge scale integration devices. The two-step annealing method was adopted to investigate the oxygen precipitates and secondary defects in the aspect of various nucleations and growths for 1.5 MeV, 1×1015 As/cm2 implanted wafers. After two-step annealing, the wafers were cleaved and etched with Wright etchant. Oxygen precipitation density observed by optical microscope in lightly boron doped samples was very low. However, in heavily boron doped samples, the density of oxygen precipitation was the largest at 600 °C in the first annealing, and decreased abruptly until 800 °C. But it increased slightly from 800 to 1000 °C and was independent with the implantation. The location and type of secondary defects were inspected by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The aligned dislocation was located in the vicinity of the amorphous/crystalline interface in the case of the first annealing tempe...


After Hours with Helmy Yahya is a talk show program produced by Inews TV, under the auspices of the MNC Group. But unfortunately, the program was terminated after airing for no more than 2 months. Convergence as a strategy for media companies to survive in the digital era has been applied to the program, but apparently, this does not affect the success of the program. Therefore, the author wants to know the application of media convergence in the "After Hours with Helmy Yahya" program and also to know the extent to which convergence contributes to the success of the program, especially in terms of the political economy of the media. The results of the study indicate that most of the program's income comes from After Hours with Helmy Yahya which is broadcasted via analog TV. It can be concluded that the convergence strategy has not contributed significantly to the success of the program, especially in terms of income for the company


One of the horticultural commodities that are rapidly damaged is red chili. Red chili is one type of vegetable that has fairly high water content. As a result of the high water content, red chilies are easily wilted and rotted. One alternative is through the drying process of fresh red chilies into chili powder using the foam-mat drying method. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality of red chili powder with a combination of variations in drying temperature and developer dosage. The results of this study showed that at a drying temperature of 80°C and a 5% developer dose, the fastest drying time was 7-8 hours with the lowest moisture content being 8.44%. The highest yield value (9.08%) was at a drying temperature of 60°C; the value of the degree of fineness (FM) is 0.601; the value of the brightness level (L) is 51.95; the value of yellowness level (b) is 24.26; and the bulk density value is 0.495 g/ml. The highest value of grain size (D) at a drying temperature of 80°C is 0.00512 mm; the value of the level of redness (a) is 30.91; the value of water absorption (DSA) is 2.73 g/ml; and oil absorption (DSM) is 1.23 g/ml


A discussion of the lack of uniformity of state mining laws which have hampered operations of interstate coal-mining companies. This situation has been aggravated by the trend toward wider use of a-c mining equipment against which some state laws are particularly restrictive.


This article intends to explain the law KONTRAG (law of the 27th April 1998 reforming the German system of controlling the accounts) and to propose a critical analysis; it shows that the German legislator has choosen a relatively conservative reform also marked by a certain ambiguity.


As a royal tomb, the East Tomb in the Qing Dynasty was very closed to the rise and decline of palace in the Qing Dynasty. Two hundreds ago, so many whirling events , which were covered up by the governors in the Qing Dynasty for a variety of reasons, became cases of pendency. But in the architecture of Emperors'tomb beds appeared more or less doubtful places, from which we can find some clues and uncover the historic cases of pendency.


There were found albumin, glucose and cholesterol transport change on the surface of erythrocytes in acute period of brain injury depends on the severety of brain injury. The lessening of albumin amount was found in the plasma with increasing the share adsorbed on the erythrocytes albumins and cholesterol's at sick people with severe CT (cranial trauma) and CT with fatality. It is supposed that the deterioration of increasing of adsorbed glucose is connected with its utilization in damaged brain.


Photosynthetic rate is an indicator of vegetation performance as a carbon sequestration element on earth. At the same time, primary productivity is also function of photosynthetic rate and canopy cover. The photosynthetic capacity of an ecosystem is limited by the foliage pigment content due to the active participation of pigmentation in photon capture. Hence, the quantitative assessment of foliage pigment content is of high importance in order to monitor forest primary productivity and ecosystem performance in carbon sequestration. Pigment content estimation over large areas can be assessed using remote sensing data using empirical algorithms or by inverting radiative transfer models. Both techniques need accurate leaf pigment measurement for parameterisation and validation. Leaf sampling field protocols are then needed in order to collect and store leaf tissue without altering leaf pigment composition before its analysis in the laboratory. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) is a platform for researchers and land managers in Australia to work together on terrestrial ecosystem inventory and monitoring. Leaf sampling for pigment content estimation in Australian forests is then part of TERN field sites activities. This paper presents a leaf sampling field protocol used for TERN field activities during 2012. Two set of leaf samples were collected from sun exposed branches from each individual stand. The first set of samples was frozen immediately in dry ice and kept at -70 degrees Celsius for subsequent pigment quantification in the laboratory. The second set of leaves was kept under 10 degrees Celsius in humid conditions.


Symmetry lies at the heart of todays theoretical study of particle physics. Our manuscript is a tutorial introducing foundational mathematics for understanding physical symmetries. We start from basic group theory and representation theory. We then introduce Lie Groups and Lie Algebra and their properties. We next discuss with detail two important Lie Groups in physics Special Unitary and Lorentz Group, with an emphasis on their applications to particle physics. Finally, we introduce field theory and its version of the Noether Theorem. We believe that the materials cover here will prepare undergraduates for future studies in mathematical physics.


Accreted stellar populations are comprised of the remnants of destroyed galaxies, and often dominate the `stellar haloes' of galaxies such as the Milky Way (MW). This ensemble of external contributors is a key indicator of the past assembly history of a galaxy. We introduce a novel statistical method that uses the unbinned metallicity distribution function (MDF) of a stellar population to estimate the mass spectrum of its progenitors. Our model makes use of the well-known mass-metallicity relation of galaxies and assumes Gaussian MDF distributions for individual progenitors: the overall MDF is thus a mixture of MDFs from smaller galaxies. We apply the method to the stellar halo of the MW, as well as the classical MW satellite galaxies. The stellar components of the satellite galaxies have relatively small sample sizes, but we do not find any evidence for accreted populations with L>L_host/100. We find that the MW stellar halo has N~1-3 massive progenitors (L>10^8 L_Sun) within 10 kpc, and likely several hundred progenitors in total. We also test our method on simulations of MW-mass haloes, and find that our method is able to recover the true accreted population within a factor of two. Future datasets will provide MDFs with orders of magnitude more stars, and this method could be a powerful technique to quantify the accreted populations down to the ultra-faint dwarf mass-scale for both the MW and its satellites.