Engine control with feedback from engine combustion process diagnostics can help improve fuel efficiency and assist in meeting stricter emission regulations. The standard is to use in-cylinder pressure measurements with analysis including rate of heat release. The measurement is usually obtained with intrusive sensors that require a special mounting process and engine structure modification. The potential of the low-cost non-intrusive accelerometer as an alternative means to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressure has been demonstrated by previous investigations. In this work, start of injection (SOI) sweep test conditions at varied speed spanning both low load and high load were conducted on an inline 6-cylinder, 9 L diesel engine. The relationship between the in-cylinder pressure and the accelerometer signal was quantified with frequency response function (FRF). The robustness of the obtained FRF was evaluated by applying the single-test-based FRF to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressures for other test conditions. Two models, single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input single-output (MISO), were investigated and compared where the accelerometer signal was taken as the input and in-cylinder pressure as the output. The optimal channel used to acquire the input signal in the SISO model was selected on the basis of coherence analysis. Results show that the MISO model assisted by principal component analysis (PCA) and offset-compensation processes can result in better in-cylinder pressure estimation than the SISO model for conditions with 2200 rpm engine speed. With the purpose of minimizing the cost for accelerometer employment, the minimum number of inputs used to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressure in the MISO model was pursued. Thresholds were set based on three estimated in-cylinder pressure parameters to select the qualified input channels and two input channels were finally determined. Results showed that the two-input single-output FRF model coupled with the PCA and offset-compensation processes improves the FRF's robustness for the in-cylinder pressure estimation in comparison to the SISO FRF model based on all the tests conducted in this paper.


To the Editor: One of us and several colleagues previously reported in the Journal the survival, at 18 months of age, of a girl with extreme symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction; she had a birth weight of 280 g and a length of 25 cm at a gestational age of 26 weeks and 6 days.1 To our knowledge, her birth weight remains the lowest in the world literature. We now report her growth and development at 14 years of age, as she enters high school (Figure 1). At two years of age, our patient had a Mental Development Index score of . . .


Ultrathin Fe films grown on the Gd(0001) surface exhibit a magnetic in-plane to out-of-plane spin-reorientation transition with increasing temperature. We provide evidence that this reorientation transition is accomplished in two steps. The first step, at low temperature, is a continuous reorientation of the surface moment from in-plane to canted out-of-plane with a corresponding peak in the susceptibility. The second step is a thermally irreversible rotation from this canted direction to perpendicular to the film plane. These two steps therefore have the characteristic signatures of second- and first-order phase transitions, respectively.


Making a laboratory science course accessible to distance learners requires eliminating certain barriers. This paper describes one semester introductory chemistry courses for science and non-science majors that feature laboratory experiments that students can do at home, using materials readily available from local grocery and hardware stores. Courses using this approach have been offered successfully for several years at the University of Colorado at Denver, Cape Fear Community College and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and the laboratory experiences of the distance learners compares favorably with that of traditional students. This paper describes the important features of the distance learning courses, and provides assessment results that indicate the suitability of these experiments as replacement for traditional laboratories.


Effective control of power absorption in tokamaks and stellarators could be achieved by the frequency tuning of ECH&CD power delivered by high-power gyrotrons. In this report some results of the development of a frequency tunable gyrotron with fused-silica Brewster window are presented. Excitation of several modes at 1 MW power level in the range of frequencies from 131 to 146.5 GHz is achieved. produced


Complex dielectric constants as a function of elongational strain were measured over a frequency range of 102—3×105 Hz and a temperature range of −65—40°C in chlorinated polyethylene vulcanizate. The temperature and extension dependences of the static dielectric constants were obtained. It was found that the dependence of the static dielectric constants on extension was negative in the vicinity of the glass transition region both in the liquid and glassy state, but this dependence seemed to vanish in the regions far above and below the glass transition temperature. Two dispersion processes, the so-called α and β relaxation processes, were observed, and the temperature and extension dependences of those processes were obtained. Superpositions along temperature were possible both in the α and β process. For the α process, the master curve superposed along temperature changed its shape with extension ratio, and the superpositions could not be made along elongational strain. For the β process, the superposability along elongational strain could not be confirmed because of experimental uncertainties. Mobilities in molecular motions suggested by the apparent shift factors decreased with an increase in elongation in the α process, whereas they seemed to increase slightly in the β process. The extension dependence of the glass transition temperature in dielectric measurements was obtained and compared with the results from other methods.


Abstract.  1 To provide reliable tools for landscape management in tropical regions, it is important to recognise the emergent properties of landscape heterogeneity and to understand their influence on different components of biodiversity. 2 The effects of habitat type, patch size and shape, canopy cover, distance between habitats, and elevation were examined on the partitioned diversity (alpha, beta and gamma) of dung beetles in a transformed landscape in southern Mexico. 3 In total, 4109 individuals belonging to 28 species of dung beetle were recorded in the entire landscape. Alpha diversity was similar among habitats, although species composition was more similar between forest remnants and living fences than between living fences and pastures. Beta diversity was related to differences in elevation and distance between habitats. The distance between fragments was significantly correlated with the mean number of beetle captures and species richness per site. Gamma diversity depended more on species turnover (beta diversity) than on local species richness. 4 In general, living fences and pastures with trees, and small forest patches retain a significant proportion of the fauna typically associated with pristine forest habitats. The remaining tracts of forest, along with the contemporary landscape elements may offer suitable habitats for future recolonisation by other insect species in heavily disturbed landscapes in tropical Mexico.


In the Summer of 1902 I commenced an exploration of the chalk-pits on the eastern border of the Lincolnshire Wolds, starting at Louth and working northward. Mr. W. Hill had previously visited this locality, and had proved the existence of the zone of Holaster planus at Boswell, three miles north-west of Louth, and also at Kirmington, much farther north. Mr. Jukes - Browne suggested to me that I should try and obtain fossils from the intermediate pits, and thus extend the work commenced by Mr. Hill. As the result of visits to about thirty pits, ranging from near Louth to Barrow-on-Humber, I have obtained further evidence of the zone of Holnster planus, and also some indications of the zone of Mieraster enrtestudinarium.


The use of time, or timing, in war has always been of crucial importance—great commanders have understood the critical nature of time on the battlefield. It fits here by reflecting a major factor in war that has long been recognized but seldom achieved. The notion of how to telescope time was a quest for greater speed and of achieving physical and psychological surprise and shock. In modern terms, these were force multipliers. It also appears that conquering time is best suited to the rapidity, flexibility, and omniscience of air and space power, and therefore leads to the future of war. Given are several battles throughout history, both on land and in the air, that illustrate the critical nature of time.


Mitral regurgitation (MR) is commonly observed in patients with heart failure and associated with a poor prognosis.1–3 Mitral valve repair or replacement to restore valve competency is a well-established procedure when there are symptoms of heart failure and the primary disease is of the valve leaflets. However, recent interest has focused on functional or secondary mitral insufficiency in which the valve leaflets are anatomically normal but do not fully coapt because of annular dilatation and restricted leaflet motion secondary to increased ventricular size and sphericity. Such a remodeled ventricle is often associated with an ejection fraction of ≤40% and heart failure symptoms of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV. Surgery in this situation is controversial, as the MR is the consequence and not the cause of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and the prognosis, therefore, is more related to the underlying cardiomyopathic process. In addition, it has been thought in the past that elimination of a low pressure runoff might worsen the overload of the left ventricle and contribute to the high mortality seen with mitral valve surgery in heart failure patients.

Progressive LV remodeling characterized by progressive LV dilatation and change to a more spherical shape can result in functional MR as a result of annular dilatation, papillary muscle displacement, and chordal tethering. The functional MR leads to an increased preload, increased wall tension, and increased LV workload, all of which contribute in a positive feedback loop to progressive heart failure. The presence of MR itself is the independent risk factor of poor outcome, both in nonischemic and ischemic etiologies.1–3 Even uncorrected mild MR, as well as moderate to severe MR associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy, is associated with reduced long-term survival.4 In addition, it is a progressive disorder in which MR-related LV volume overload …


This paper proposes an adaptive integral backstepping hybrid terminal sliding-mode control for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The adaptive integral backstepping method based on the implicit Lyapunov function is utilized to design the position controller of a PMSM system, which can compensate the parameter uncertainties and the load disturbance of the system. The current controller of the PMSM system is designed using both techniques, i.e. nonsingular terminal sliding-mode (NTSM) and high-order sliding-mode (HOSM). The NTSM is used to improve the robustness and response speed of the system. Meanwhile, the HOSM is adopted to eliminate the chattering phenomenon and soften the control signal. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed method.


AbstractToday, more than ever before, economic pressures require that strip should be produced to a uniform and accurate gauge both along the length and across the width and, in the absence of applied forces, that it should lie flat on a flat surface. Unfortunately, none of the theories on the mechanics of rolling which predict roll force and torque in flat rolling, directly assist the mill designer or strip manufacturer to understand why, or how, such factors as roll bending, camber, friction, tension, and initial shape contribute to non-uniformity of gauge or bad shape. Consequently, following a briefreview of some recent publications on strip shape, a qualitative analysis of the causes of shape and gauge variation is presented based on fundamental principles ofplasticity and the mechanics of rolling, to assist mill designers and operating companies to arrive at a better understanding of the factors affecting gauge and shape so that each may be more able to take appropriate corrective action. It is clea...


Intelligent completions are expected to play a growing role in major subsea fields. Currently, single-point pressure sensors are used for subsea control pods. These sensors have no dedicated software at the topside for any computation more complicated than applying polynomial equations. Generally, the communication protocols across umbilicals are proprietary to each pod vendor, which requires a new interface card for each application. A networking approach is proposed for intelligent subsea completions by use of common practices of the process control and information technology industries.


ALTHOUGH a work as complex as Handlyng Synne is obviously not a product of any single tradition, it is possible, I believe, to isolate in the general background of Mannyng's book a single literary type which to a large extent determined not only the general character of the materials whichMannyng used, but also his peculiar disposition of those materials. In other words, it may be shown that neither the principles of selection employed by the author nor his system of organization were fortuitous; rather, they resulted from adherence to a well established convention which had been developed to implement certain definite aims of the medieval Church. One's attitude toward the problem of where such a convention should be sought is necessarily determined by the conception of the purpose and general character of Handlyng Synne which he obtains from an examination of the text itself. Perhaps the most widely accepted conception of this kind is that which appears in Professor J. E. Wells' Manual of the Writings in Middle English. There Handlyng Synne is included amongworks of religious instruction described as'comprehensive," so that one is led to regard the book as an encyclopedia of religious instruction. Certainly Mannyng's work is more comprehensive in character than are the shorter vernacular works dealing with the sins alone or with the commandments alone, but the inference for which, incidentally, Dr Wells should not be held altogether responsible that it is therefore an encyclopedia will not bear close examination. An encyclopedia should certainly include some account of all of the basic elements of the faith with which a laymAn was expected to be acquainted, but Handlyng Synne does not elaborate the two most fundamental elements: the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer. Nor does it contain the Ave, which was also of primary importance in lay education during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.2 Moreover, the conception of Hfandlyng Synne as a comprehensive work does not lead to fruitful investigation. Comparison with other works similarly regarded, like the Cursor Mundi or the A3enbite of Inwit, only emphasizes the fact that these works are all actually very unlike both in content and technique. Another commonly adopted attitude is that Handlyng Synne is essentially a 'collection of stories.'3 Although it is undoubtedly true that Mannyng was deeply interested in the 'talys' with which he attracted his audience, it is also true that his stories are always used to illustrate a point of doctrine. They are exempla in function as well as in tradition; that is, the stories are not told simply as entertaining narratives, but are subordinate to the doctrine which they illustrate. Mannyng himself tells us in his prologue that he is writing for 'lewde men' who like to hear 'talys and rymys,' but he also says that his purpose is didactic.4 The con-


Abstract In the absence of a fringing reef the Pacific Harbour coast of southern Viti Levu has evolved primarily under the influence of waves generated by the prevailing southeasterly trade winds. By c. 3800 yr B.P., a coastal embayment had been partially enclosed by the formation of a gravel storm beach ridge. Subsequent barrier progradation followed only when longshore sediment was transported into the area from the developing Navua/Deuba Delta to the east, resulting in the accretion of a sandy beach ridge sequence. The estuary/lagoon system enclosed by the barrier was converted into a freshwater swamp in which up to 4 m of peat accumulated. Evidence indicates that Holocene sea levels in the area are unlikely to have exceeded c. 0.6 m above the present level, which is consistent with most evidence from elsewhere in Viti Levu. However, hydro-isostatic processes may explain the apparent inconsistency between the attainment of modern sea level at c. 4000 yr B.P. in the Pacific Harbour and Labau areas of so...


In this paper, we use differential inequality principles and the initial value prob- lems theory of impulsive differential equations to study n types boundary value problems for nth order impulsive differential equations. Some of new results for existence and existence-u- niqueness of boundary value problems are obtained.


Lower-than-expected deuterium–tritium fuel areal densities have been experimentally inferred across a variety of high-convergence, nominally low-adiabat implosion campaigns at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using cylinder-shaped Hohlraums [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 052704 (2019)]. A leading candidate explanation is the presence of atomic mix between the fuel and ablator from hydrodynamic instability growth [Clark et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 050601 (2019)], leading to reduced fuel compressibility and an effectively higher (in-flight) fuel adiabat α. Tolerating a high-α implosion can be obtained with significantly higher capsule absorbed energy E cap according to the one-dimensional (1-D) ignition-threshold-factor analytic scaling [S. Atzeni and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, Nucl. Fusion 41, 465 (2001)], ITF ∼ E cap · α − 1.8. Recent experiments with large Al shells in rugby-shaped Hohlraums have established high laser-capsule coupling efficiencies of ≽ 30% [Ping et al., Nat. Phys. 15, 138 (2019)], enabling a path to E cap ≽ 0.5 MJ at the NIF and increased performance margin M ≡ ITF − 1. The ability to operate at high adiabat with large capsules using nonstandard Hohlraums leads to the predicted onset of a volume-ignition mode, defined as when both the entire fuel is the "hot spot" and inertial confinement is principally provided by the ablator compared with the compressed fuel. Such an ignition mode, normally reserved for high-Z targets, e.g., double shells [Amendt et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 056312 (2007)], is predicted to lead to lower fuel convergence and less exposure to mix due to the intended high adiabat—but at the expense of ∼3–4 × reduced (1-D) yield compared with conventional central hot-spot ignition designs.


We present a noise generator capable of generating different distributions based on the Box-Muller algorithm. The Gauss noise generators in the literature are modified in order to ge-


This book, written by a lawyer, is most welcome to this psychoanalyst reviewer. Publication No. 869 of the American Lecture Series, it is described by editor Ralph Slovenko as &dquo;a pioneer effort to synthesize psychoanalysis and the law ... an attempt to apply the discoveries of Sigmund Freud and his followers to the law and to gain new insights regarding it, facilitate improvements in it, and help to resolve some of its basic problems.&dquo; The first of the two major parts of the book, &dquo;Basic Psychoanalytic Tenets and the Law,&dquo; covers the superego, aggression, unconscious motives, symbols, and mental mechanisms. The second part, &dquo;Psychoanalysis and Constitutional Law,&dquo; has chapters on &dquo;four basic perennial problems&dquo; of U.S. Constitutional law : (1) judicial review of laws enacted by Congress, (2) judicial activism and judicial self-restraint, (3) the literal approach to constitutional interpretation, and (4) balancing federal and state governmental powers. The author is well aware of the size


Lothar Gotz has transformed Towner
into a large-scale, geometric mural encompassing the entire gallery exterior. Gotz, a German artist based in the UK, was chosen from over 60 artists through an open call for the Brewers Towner Commission, a painted commission
to mark Towner's 10th anniversary in the current building.
Drawing on the gallery's architecture, angles, curves and recesses, Gotz has created his largest painting to date, a colourful piece which also marks the first time that an artist has been commissioned to create an artwork for Towner's exterior at scale.


Light-cured orthodontic adhesives for bracket bonding have been used for many years (Tavas and Watts, 1979) and are reported to have a number of advantages over chemicallycured materials. These include: single paste application, consistent handling characteristics, easy removal of excess material following bracket placement, and a relaxed bonding procedure, leading to more accurate bracket positioning (Read, 1984). However, the possible disadvantages include not only the expense of buying the light source, but also the necessity to shine the light for 10–20 seconds at each inter-dental space during curing (Pearson, 1995; Sunna and Rock, 1998).Attempts have been made to speed up this curing process (Frost et al. (1997) by employing a larger light guide. Despite almost doubling the size of the guide, there appears to be little effect on ex vivo measured force to debond or in vivo bond failure rates. Increasing guide size does, however, significantly reduce the total time of the bonding procedure.Lasers have also been tested as a means of curing orthodontic bonding agents, although 10 seconds per tooth is still required in order to be as effective as 20–40 seconds with the halogen lamp (Kurchak et al., 1997; Weinberger et al., 1997). In recent years, the plasma arc lamp has been introduced for use in restorative dentistry, whereas the conventional halogen lamp emits white light, which is subsequently filtered to produce blue light with a wavelength of 400–500 nm and an energy level of approximately 300 mW, the plasma arc lamp (Apollo 95E, Dental Medical Diagnostics, Woodland Hills, CA.) has a much higher peak energy level of 900 mW and a narrower spectrum around 430–490 nm. In restorative dentistry, composite filling material curing times of 30–40 seconds have been reduced to 1–3 seconds by the use of the plasma arc lamp.The plasma arc lamp has preset curing times of 1, 2, and 3 seconds, as well as a 6-second step-cure mode. There is, however, a recharge period of 2 seconds between exposures.Thus, a two-arch bond up from the distal of a second premolar to the contra-lateral second premolar in both arches, with a conventional halogen An Ex Vivo Investigation into the Use of a Plasma Arc Lamp When Using a Visible Light-cured Composite and a Resin-modified Glass Poly(Alkenoate) Cement in Orthodontic Bonding


A simple method for determining the linear birefringence of the thin layers based on the determination of the orientation of the polarization ellipse of totally polarized light is proposed and it is applied to PVA thin foils. Theoretical notions and the experimental procedure are described. The linear birefringence of polymer thin foils with different degrees of stretching is determined and the applicability of the method is discussed.


Thruster solar glider, as a fuel-saving spacecraft, in the form of a flat disc with a solar sail, which is clamped in an outer ring and with several arranged on the outer ring drive units, characterized in that a) the outer ring is a rigid tube outer ring (1), b) the tube outer ring (1) is composed of tube segments with plug-in connections which can be plugged into each other, c) the connectors are secured with cotter pins (1.9.3) and locknuts (1.9.1). d) the solar sail (2) with several retaining straps (2.1) in the tube outer ring (1), which serves as an outer skeleton, is clamped, e) the tethers (2.1) can be connected by transverse edge (2.2) and loading straps (2.3), f) the straps (2.1, 2.2, 2.3) are designed to receive payloads, g) the tube outer ring serves to accommodate a plurality of thruster drive units, wherein the thruster drive units are low-thrust actuators, h) for thrust generation in the longitudinal and axial direction in each case several thruster drive units with switchable / reversible thrust direction available ...


Corporate Social Responsibility remains an ambiguous and evasive concept: differentiated ethical perspectives, varying stakeholder power across countries and institutional fields, and fragmented regulatory frameworks, all open up spaces for negotiation and social construction of local/contingent understandings of what it means to be 'socially responsible'.
In this study, we explore the processes of construction of social responsibility in the Australian Energy Industry. In relation to CSR, the Australian regulatory framework is biased towards environmental consequences and the preservation of the natural environment. In addition, public firms are also subject to corporate governance rules (CLERP9) aligned with international standards (UK, USA). There are also legal requirements in relation to aboriginal minorities on traditionally-owned land. Together, these elements define the spaces and themes around which social responsibility is constructed.
Our research investigates what CSR practices are considered to be legitimate in this context. Using mixed methods –content analysis of secondary sources, corporate documents, and media reports, complemented by interviews with a range of actors from the field, including industry managers, government officials, and social/community activists- we construct an understanding of legitimate CSR practices.
The research provides three contributions:
- an understanding of CSR in the context of the Australian energy industry which may be used a reference case for international comparison
- the identification of legitimate practices, which would contribute to inform corporate policy decisions in relation to CSR
- a study of how legitimacy is constructed in a field where competing logics operate


How does "playing school," an ordinary childhood pastime, shape children's reading abilities, classroom identities, and relative social positioning? In an ethnographic study of literacy play in one kindergarten classroom, I discovered that young children regularly combined reading and play practices to make the meanings of texts more accessible and to take up empowered identity positions in child-ruled spaces. An introductory example, excerpted from the data, illustrates how reading a book while playing the teacher transformed a classroom meeting area into a pretend school space where children could assume identities as readers and leaders.


With the rapid development of virtual reality technology, the field of physical education in colleges and universities has gradually focused on the development of the organic integration of virtual reality technology and sports skills. Aiming at the limitations of this field and the practical needs of college sports technology difficulty, this paper investigates the basic situation of the application of virtual reality technology in sports skills teaching in 7 colleges and universities in Shaanxi, China by means of questionnaire survey and statistical analysis. The actual demand of virtual reality technology in college sports skills, college sports students' motivation to participate in virtual reality technology, use experience and demand sports items are statistically analyzed. Finally, in view of the challenges of using virtual reality technology in college sports skills, reasonable strategies are put forward, aiming to provide more effective and interesting auxiliary teaching methods for college sports technology teaching.


Purpose: The purpose of our research is to show the point of view of the members of the Board concerning advantages, disadvantages and effectiveness of open ended questions used as a complement to closed response questionnaires.Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, we will describe a pilot experience carried out at a Spanish public university where a short questionnaire with open ended questions was launched, and students were invited to comment on their perception of the teaching received.Findings: The response return rate (about 35%) was relatively high compared to other online closed response questionnaires delivered. Moreover, the students' comments provided valuable information which made the members of the Board of the Engineering Degree chosen reflect. Their reflection was evidence based and led to initiatives and actions to improve the quality of teaching, as well as to get an extensive view of the Degree.Practical implications: Findings reveal that the information retrieved can also be used in multiple ways such as formative feedback or even for improvement of courses and instruction. Originality/value: Student evaluation of teaching is a powerful tool for continuous teaching improvement but the information provided by conventional closed response questionnaires may not be sufficient.


The present invention provides an improved synchronization performance by means of their own servo gearbox with synchronization device, with a simple configuration while avoiding an increase synchronizing state synchronization is not performed between the drag friction ring and the transmission gear. Force hub gap (20) (20f) is formed with an axial end portion of the four corners can rotational direction of the axial force is converted into a ramp (20h, 20i, 20j, 20k); provided forming a bevel (28c at the four corners, 28d) of the thrust pieces (28), the thrust pieces (28) inserted in the notch (20f) formed in the sleeve (24) the inner periphery of the recessed portion (24g); by the synchronizer ring (16) of the thrust pieces torque (28) the torque conversion between the inclined surface of the hub (20) and thrust pieces (28) into an axial thrust, pushing the synchronizer ring (16), when the sleeve (24) at the neutral position, the hub (20 no contact between the slopes) and the thrust pieces (28).


In 1984, widespread discussion continues among teachers concerning students who find it difficult to attain writing competency. The remainder of the decade may find, however, a decline in the amount of public attention given to this subject because of the increased number of government writing projects available for teachers and the flood of print and non-print media. To date, educators have explored various factors which may contribute to success or lack of success in writing. For example, on campuses with a large number of minority students, it is often concluded that widespread inefficiency in writing results because these students come from homes and environments where language versatility has not been practiced. In. addition, it is assumed that students in these universities and others have attended elementary and secondary schools where teachers have not provided enough opportunities for individuals to learn the art of composing. This study was designed to explore still another factor-attitude-which, until recent times, was seldom mentioned as an issue in writing success but which is probably of far greater significance than many persons have surmised. Based on the premise that many students have apprehensions about writing which hinder their success in composition courses, Daly and Miller constructed an instrument to measure writing apprehension.1 The instrument is composed of twenty-six items (13 positive and 13 negative). Scores range from a low of 26 to a high of 130. After revising, scoring, and testing the instrument in several


In this research, we develop a hybrid recommendation system for healthy living programs to patients with chronic diseases. Our experiments indicate that our model compared favorably against other real-world recommendation applications in terms of accuracy. We also demonstrated that the proposed hybrid algorithm performed better than traditional CF in terms of error rate, precision and recall.


mast cells can promote the migration of Langerhans cells to local lymph nodes (Fig. 1) (17). A recent study has documented the important role of TNF secreted from mast cells in promoting this Langerhans cell migration (18). IgE has been shown to contribute to the sensitization phase of contact sensitivity through its effects on mast cells, in a fashion that seems to involve the promotion of dendritic cell migration (19). It is to be noted that IgE does so in an antigen-independent manner. An intriguing possibility thus exists that under normal physiological conditions, the first cue for dendritic cell migration away from the skin (and towards the lymph nodes) comes from mast cells, rather than from the antigen uptake. Importantly, mast cells are capable of substituting for the functions of T cells and dendritic cells. They have been shown to directly promote B-cell growth and differentiation (20) as well as to stimulate IgE synthesis by B cells (Fig. 1), like T cells do, through expression of CD40 ligand, which interacts with CD40 on B cells (21,22). Like dendritic cells, mast cells are able to present antigens to T cells and activate them in a major histocompatibility (MHC) class Ior class II-restricted and costimulatory molecule-dependent fashion (Fig. 1) (23–27). Interestingly, skin mast cells can even migrate to the draining lymph nodes, when the skin is exposed to a hapten (28), where they can mediate T-lymphocyte recruitment. The antigenpresenting function of mast cells may be particularly important for the activation of memory T cells residing in the skin. Thus, mast cells function as the sentinel cells in the skin. They are capable of sensing the environment through the blood and lymphatic streams. Once activated, they produce plethora of mediators and lead to differentiation and activation of lymphocytes. They can also activate dendritic cells and in fact replace the function of the latter by serving as antigen-presenting cells. In addition, they activate keratinocytes and the latter can then participate in the amplification of the immune response. They are both effector cells and regulatory cells of the immune system and truly MASTerful cells (29).


It is shown that the forces acting on the points of the mechanical system may depend on their accelerations. The differential equations of a mechanical system motion prove to be implicit. It is not allowed with respect to higher derivatives. There are fundamental mathematical problems related to the possibility and the only solution of these equations with respect to higher derivatives. Implicit equations of motion are typical for mechanical systems with dry friction sliding and rolling. In the dynamics of material point such problems do not arise. But in more complex mechanical systems, including the study of the motion of a solid whole mass is concentrated at one point, as well as in systems with one degree of freedom, such a situation is very characteristic. The paper discusses four fairly simple examples of mechanical systems movement, which is described by implicit differential equations of motion.


For better understanding the cause which leads to the shrinking and deformation of bamboo viscose fibers,the properties of bamboo viscose fibers and their yarns were tested with two-step method.Firstly,slack alkali treatment of bamboo viscose fiber hank was performed under the conditions: mass concentration of alkali 150 g/L,treating at 30 ℃ for 2 min,followed by neutralization treatment with mass concentration of 2% H2SO4(Zn2 +,Mg2 +),treating for 5 min,thus preliminary shrink resistant effect was obtained.Secondly,resin finishing of bamboo viscose fiber fabric was carried out.The effect of the dosage of finishing agent on the crease recovery angle,shrinkage,formaldehyde content,whiteness,bursting strength,and hand feeling of knitted sweaters made of the finished bamboo viscose fiber fabric was investigated.Through analyzing experimental data and charts,the optimal finishing process was determined as follows: glutaraldehyde resin(low-temperature self-crosslinking easy-care finish) 60 g/L,catalysts 20 g/L,strong protective auxiliary 50 g/L,softener SAPAMINE HS 10 g/L。


In this paper, a discriminative autoencoding framework is proposed for semi-supervised anomaly detection using reconstruction errors. The framework only consists of a generator and a discriminative encoder, and the output of the latter is a vector. In the training process, the framework is trained as a generative adversarial network based on quadratic potential divergence. An extra loss added in the objective function enforces the discriminative encoder to use the mean value of the output vector for discrimination, which also empowers it with encoding ability. In the testing process, the trained framework can be used as an autoencoder to reconstruct test samples, where the trained discriminative encoder works as an encoder, and samples with reconstruction errors above a predefined threshold are determined as anomalies. The properties of quadratic potential divergence ensure a simple training process with comparable performance, meanwhile the discriminative encoder with two functions makes full use of training resources and reduces required network structures. Comparisons on benchmark datasets also show the efficiency and superiorities of the proposed methods.


In Western countries about one of 11 women will develop a breast carcinoma in their lifetime. Despite considerable progress in tumor detection as well as in radio-, chemo-, and hormone therapy, more than one third of patients still succumb to the disease. In most cases death results from the dissemination of cancer cells and their proliferation at secondary sites. To ensure a better characterization and treatment of the extensively heterogeneous breast tumors, new approaches are needed to complement the classical clinicopathological analysis. In particular, tools that exploit the most recent molecular biology knowledge and technological advances would be required. They should mainly help the clinician to predict, at the highest level of precision, the evolution of tumors, including their sites of metastasis, as well as the response of these tumors to different therapies. Moreover, they could accelerate the development of novel therapeutic agents, since this process increasingly requires the understanding of the molecular bases of breast cell transformation and tumor development. One major objection raised against the generalized use of new technologies in the oncological routine is their cost. In this paper we examine how this problem might be solved in the peculiar case of the DNA microarray. We suggest the design of a breast cancer-oriented microarray carrying a limited number of oligonucleotide sequences specific to recognized or potential markers in breast oncology. By screening the medical literature, we have identified and listed about 250 of these markers.


Consumers often see various "free-of" statements on labels that imply that the product is safer and more sustainable than others without such a label. The problem with these types of labels is that they say nothing about the ingredients a product is made with. Hazard assessment tools such as GreenScreen provide a way to determine whether potential product ingredients have sufficient data and low hazard to support their long-term use. Third party certifications and "positive" lists such as EPA SaferChoice and CleanGredients also may be useful in selecting the right materials. Use of these types of tools and methodologies allow formulators and processors, as well as retailers and consumer product makers, to make informed and responsible substitution decisions and to reduce the risk of future regulatory or customer restrictions. Examples of the use of GreenScreen and CleanGredients to evaluate plasticizers that are alternatives to widely used ortho-phthalates are presented. Some alternative plasticizers have...


A low-voltage signal conditioning circuit for a capacitive sensor was designed with 0.35 mum CMOS technology. A charge balanced capacitance detection circuit and summing amplifier were designed with inverter amplifier, feedback resistance and capacitance which determines the gain and frequency response of the circuit. The oscillator and hold capacitance were also integrated in the chip size of 1 mm by 0.5 mm. The chip was packaged with a fluid-based inclination switch on a ceramic substrate, and the characteristics were evaluated. A PDMS container of 4.0 mmtimes4.0 mmtimes2.0 mm was used for the inclination switch. The output voltage was changed at angles of 0, 90, 180 and 270 deg with propylene carbonate used as an electrolyte.


Cell cultures of Goniothalamus umbrosus represent an alternative to whole plant extraction as a source of styrylpyrone derivatives (SPD). The aim of this study was to optimize the cell growth and production of SPD in callus culture of G. umbrosus. Growth was measured by fresh and dry weights of the calli and the content of SPD produced was determined by HPLC. The callus cultures of G. umbrosus were established on MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose with the combination of hormone, 2.4-D (3.0 mg/litre) and BAP (0.5 mg/litre). The cultures were incubated at 25 ± 2 °C and under white light condition. Maximum growth of callus culture was 31.75 ± 2.25 g fw/culture and 4.73 ± 0.18 g dw/culture at 6 weeks of incubation. The SPD accumulation in callus varied from 0.041‐1.96 µg/g dw sample.


Volume visualization is a valuable tool for preview, analysis and interpretation of 3-D seismic data. Volume rendering is particularly useful for understanding structural and stratigraphic features presented in seismic data in a more natural way than using a set of 2-D slices. Using volume rendering, the interpreter can highlight specific sub-volumes of the data volume in order to better understand their spatial distribution and superimpose or combine two or more volumes of different seismic attributes as well. The application of visualization methods in the medical field to seismic data must be done carefully. Seismic data have their own particularities that must be taken into account for the visualization to be successful. The basic requisites of 3-D seismic data volume visualization are given in the paper, too.


It is difficult for membrane proteins to get into 2-D gel because of their hydrophobic properties and the contaminations of carbohydrates in protein samples also affect the results of 2-D gel. The modified 2-D electrophoresis technique described in this paper overcomes these two difficulties, and have successfully separated proteins from sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and got membrane proteins into 2-D gel. Pro teomic analysis was then performed on proteins from prevacuolar compartment. Around 200 protein spots were separated on the 2-D gel,23 protein spots were cut out form the gel and subjected to MS/MS analysis. After database searching, 13 proteins did not hit matching proteins, with the 10 proteins that hit matching proteins, 4 of them have known protein function, 6 of which turned out to be unknown or unnamed proteins.


The efficiency of fractional derivative and hereditary combined approach in modeling viscoelastic behavior of soft foams was successfully addressed in Elfarhani et al. (2016a). Since predictions obtained on flexible polyurethane foam (FPF) type A (density 28 kg m−3) were found very promoting, the purpose of this paper is to apply the approach basing on two other types of foams. Both soft polyurethane foams type B of density 42 kg m−3 and type C of density 50 kg m−3 were subjected to multi-cycles compressive tests.,The total foam response is assumed to be the sum of a non-linear elastic component and viscoelastic component. The elastic force is modeled by a seven-order polynomial function of displacement. The hereditary approach was applied during the loading half-cycles to simulate the short memory effects while the fractional derivative approach was applied during unloading cycles to simulate the long memory effects. An identification methodology based on the separation of the measurements of each component force was developed to avoid parameter admixture problems.,The proposed model reveals good reliability in predicting the responses of the two considered flexible foams. Predictions as measurements establish that residual responses were negligible compared to elastic and viscoelastic damping responses.,The development of a new combined model reveals good reliability in predicting the responses of the two polyurethane foams type A and B.


Our protocol adapts the error-control code and spreading factor on the links of a direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum packet radio network. The radios employ half-duplex transmission, and they operate with fixed power and bandwidth. There are no base stations, access points, or other infrastructure, and the protocol requires no power measurements or channel estimates. We compare the protocol with hypothetical ideal protocols that have perfect channel state information and maximize the throughput for each packet transmission.


In this paper, we introduced the notion of generalized expansive mappings in dislocated cone metric spaces with Banach algebras. Furthermore, we prove some fixed point theorems for generalized expansive mappings in dislocated cone metric spaces with Banach algebras without the assumption of normality of cones. Moreover, we give an example to elucidate our result. Our results are significant extension and generalizations of many recent results in the literature. AMS Subject Classification: 47H10, 54H25.


Semiconductor nanostructures exhibit many remarkable electronic and optical properties. The key to designing and utilising semiconductor quantum structures is a physical understanding of the detailed excitation, transport and energy relaxation processes. Thus the nonequilibrium dynamics of semiconductor quantum structures have attracted extensive attention in recent years. Ultrafast spectroscopy has proven to be a versatile and powerful tool for investigating transient phenomena related to the relaxation and transport dynamics in semiconductors. In this thesis, we report investigations into the electronic and optical properties of various semiconductor quantum systems using a variety of ultrafast techniques, including up-conversion photoluminescence, pump-probe, photon echoes and four-wave mixing. The semiconductor quantum systems studied include ZnO/ZnMgO multiple quantum wells with oxygen ion implantation, InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots with different doping, InGaAs/InP quantum wells with proton implantation, and silicon quantum dots. The spectra of these semiconductor nanostructures range from the ultraviolet region, through the visible, to the infrared. In the UV region we investigate excitons, biexcitons and oxygen implantation effects in ZnO/ZnMgO multi-quantum wells using four-wave mixing, pump-probe and photoluminescence techniques. Using time-resolved up-conversion photoluminescence, we investigate the relaxation dynamics and state filling effect in InGaAs self-assembled quantum dots with different doping, and the implantation effect in InGaAs/InP quantum wells. Finally, we study the optical properties of silicon quantum dots using time-resolved photoluminescence and photon echo spectroscopy on various time scales, ranging from microseconds to femtoseconds.


The effect of electrostatic fields on the bioelectrochemical removal of ammonium and nitrite from nitrogen-rich wastewater was investigated at strengths ranging from 0.2 to 0.67 V/cm in bioelectrochemical anaerobic batch reactors. The electrostatic field enriched the bulk solution with electroactive bacteria, including ammonium oxidizing exoelectrogens (AOE) and denitritating electrotrophs (DNE). The electroactive bacteria removed ammonium and nitrite simultaneously with alkalinity consumption through biological direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in the bulk solution. However, the total nitrogen (ammonium and nitrite) removal rate increased from 106.1 to 166.3 mg N/g volatile suspended solids (VSS).d as the electrostatic field strength increased from 0.2 to 0.67 V/cm. In the cyclic voltammogram, the redox peaks corresponding to the activities of AOE and DNE increased as the strength of the electrostatic field increased. Based on the microbial taxonomic profiling, the dominant genera involved in the bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal were identified as Pseudomonas, Petrimonas, DQ677001_g, Thiopseudomonas, Lentimicrobium, and Porphyromonadaceae_uc. This suggests that the electrostatic field of 0.67 V/cm significantly improves the bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal by enriching the bulk solution with AOE and DNE and promoting the biological DIET between them.


A study investigated whether 10-grade English students would write more descriptively when their thinking was stimulated through viewing images, or hearing music, or both. Subjects, 49 students in 2 intact classrooms in a middle-class, suburban high school in the Jurupa School District, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups that administered visual stimuli in the form of color slides, auditory stimuli in the form of classical music, both visual and auditory stimuli, or no stimuli. All groups listened to an oral reading of a short story and then wrote a description of the story setting. Experimental groups were administered treatments during the prewriting stage while the control group began prewriting with no auditory or visual stimuli. Essays were scored and compared to results of a pre-treatment measure of writing ability. Results indicated that the use of auditory stimuli, when administered simultaneously with visual stimuli, was effective in improving students' descriptive writing in comparison to the control group. However, results did not show that access to visual stimuli alone or to auditory stimuli alone was any more effective than receiving no sensory stimuli at all during prewriting. In addition, results showed no significant difference between the effects of auditory stimuli used alone and visual stimuli used alone. (Two tables of data are included; 30 references are attached.) (RS) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** The Effects of Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Tenth Graders' Descriptive Writing oe ao INEOARMIENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educaboiel Rematch and Imixovernenf EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 44 )(Tem document hes been reproduced as received Iron, the WS°. Or orpanaation ooginating it 0 Minor changes nave 06111. made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or op ru on a stated mine clot u sent do not neCesseribi represent offic,s1 OE RI poedon or policy Janet Black University of California, Riverside Oc-t.o6e/993 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." This research study emanated from a desire to find possible significance in improved writing ability through the use of visual images or auditory stimulus or a combination of the two. A specific interest in connections between musical composition, visual composition (a grouping of pictures, photos or slides which suggests a unified theme), and written composition led the researcher to this study. Literature Review Imagery has long been recognized as one of the ways humans think. A resurgence of interest in imagery during the 1960's and 1970's, after it had been largely disregarded during the period when behavioral views dominated the field of psychology, produced a large body of research to support the importance of imagery in the thinking process. Paivio, (1971) supports studies showing a relationship between imagery and verbal processes. He sees imagery and verbal language as alternative coding systems, both capable of concreteness and abstractness, and complementary to each other in their distinct symbolic functions. Eisner (1966) supports this: ''Cognitive and visual perception


The embodiment of the utility model discloses air pipe deashing robot contains body frame subassembly, clearance subassembly and collects the subassembly, the front end of body frame subassembly is connected to the clearance subassembly, it establishes at body frame subassembly middle section and rear portion to collect the subassembly, the body frame subassembly contains first supporting disk, second supporting disk, a supporting cylinder, the 2nd supporting cylinder and advances the jar, the clearance subassembly contains pendulum actuating cylinder, swing flexible axle, spring and brush, it includes centrifugal fan and laying dust bag to collect the subassembly, after air pipe deashing robot puts into air pipe, supply with its compressed air after, its each cylinder moves respectively according to the gas circuit control sequence, can realize steadily walking in air pipe, the subassembly of drive clearance simultaneously cleans the pipeline dust, thereby the dust is inhaleed the clearance that is realized the pipeline dust by the laying dust bag of being impressed in the back by the centrifugal fan import. The utility model discloses a device simple structure, the walking is steady, applicablely cleans the dust operation in air pipe is automatic.


Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent cause of cases of blindness among adults aged 20–74 years. Since the presence of microaneurysms (MAs) is usually the first sign of DR and occurs due to damage in the retina as a result of long term illness of diabetic mellitus. Early microaneurysm detection can help reduce the incidence of blindness and Microaneurysm detection is the first step in automated screening of diabetic retinopathy. A reliable screening system for the detection of MAs on digital fundus images can provide great assistance to ophthalmologists in difficult diagnoses. This paper presents various pre-processing and candidate extraction techniques to condition or enhance the input image in order to make it suitable for further processing and improve the visibility of Microaneyrysm in color fundus images. Each candidate is then classified based on colour and standard morphological features. Using neural network architecture like Back propagation algorithm, the candidates extracted can be classified as MA's or non MA's. Depending upon number of Microaneurysm(MA) counts obtained by the candidate extraction , average area of MAs spreading & depending upon the progression of the disease, the grading is done which helps to analyse the exact stage of the disease.


As our curriculum expands to include world cultures, gender studies, geriatric and gerontological studies, our existing literary canons must be examined with new eyes. Modern educators must be sensitive to the perceptions presented by our canons, and the discovery of a "geriatric canon"; a canon which examines our views of aging in both past and present literary works, is particularly relevant to studies of the elderly. Perceptions of the aged in Western literature have changed through the centuries, as have our perceptions of the aged in Western society. It is important to look at identifiable trends concerning the aged, for such a study can do more than show us the changes in our literary portrayal of the elderly. Examination of trends in literature can give us long-term insights into our own humanity and mortality; not only as we are but as we were.


ABSTRACT This essay creates a conversation between diaspora theory, the New Jewish Cultural Studies, post-Zionism, and colonialism. In this conversation, I focus on Jonathan Boyarin and Daniel Boyarin's Powers of Diaspora (2002), new thinking about Josephus, the myth of Masada, and rabbinic Judaism in antiquity, and on Ephraim Nimni's collection The Challenge of Post-Zionism (2003). The essay discusses the question of gender in Zionist mythology. It also probes the question of what internal powers diaspora communities, in multicultural societies, should ideally possess; for example, should Jewish diaspora communities around the world possess internal legal powers?


The current analysis explores the results of non-linear radiation on an unsteady stretching mixed Micropolar fluid. Issue modelling leads to a framework of PDE, reworked by transformations into non-linear ODEs. The Homotopy analysis methodology is applied to resolve the matter. The diagrams address the impact of the Magnetic parameter, unsteadiness parameter, Eckert number, Micropolar parameters, buoyancy parameters, Radiation parameter, Temperature ratio and Schmidt number on velocity, temperature, and concentration gradients. Amount of Nusselt number will increase in massive Prandtl number values, within the case of the high values of the unsteadiness parameter skin friction, wall couple stress and Sherwood decrease.


We use the quasilikelihood concept to propose an estimating equation for spatial data with correlation across the study region in a multi-dimensional space. With appropriate mixing conditions, we develop a central limit theorem for a random field under various L p metrics. The consistency and asymptotic normality of quasilikelihood estimators can then be derived. We also conduct simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimating equation, and a dataset from East Lansing Woods is used to illustrate the method. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.


Person-evidence investigative mode sets about the investigation around the criminal suspect, obtaining evidence by way of the criminal suspect,interrogating the criminal suspect as the prime way to increase clues and evidence,whose cognition path,based upon the ideology of the confessional creed and guiltiness deduction, is characteristic of unilateralism,simplism and subjectivity.Evidence-person investigative mode,by right of various investigations to obtain evidence,finds and ascertains the criminal suspect according to various witnesses,and finally approves the guiltiness and whether the criminality is misdemeanor or felony by various witnesses.Based upon the ideology of innocence deduction,evidence judgment and subjectivity,it protests that the criminal suspect is only the content instead of the means to know the case,and it takes various detective measures with high scientific and rational factors.The task to reconstruct the technological detective mode is to reduce the factors of the person- evidence mode of our country as much as possible and fashion the technological detective mode of our country into the evidence-person investigative mode.


The article deals with the questions of transformation of education in journalism and in the occupation of a journalist in a changing society. The experience of the Chair of Journalism of The N.I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod University in their cooperation with employers has been analysed in the context of modern tendencies in the mass media market.


Abstract: Mentally retarded children have obstacles in the activity of the name of the child who still needs proper education in the learning process. SLB Shanti Yoga is one of the best schools that provides educational facilities for children with special needs for people with mental disabilities. The number of criteria determining the level of mentally retarded students makes SLB Shanti Yoga have difficulty in dividing the class according to the results of observations made. So from that research was made to classify data on students with mental retardation to determine the class occupied so that the school can prepare it. The K-Medoids algorithm of clustering techniques can help in grouping students who will occupy classes including light, medium, and heavy classes. The class that has the highest number of students is the heavy mental retardation class while the class that has the lowest number of students is the moderate mental retardation class, with known data grouping results, SLB Shanti Yoga can prepare the class to be used for teaching and learning activities.

Keywords: Mentally retarded, data mining, clustering, K-Medoids


Village halls [Romanian: cămine culturale] appeared in many European countries and elsewhere as early as the nineteenth century and multiplied in the twentieth. The presence of these institutions in the rural world, despite obvious differences in their goals and activities, demonstrates a general interest in the cultural development of villages, as well as the emergence and growth of leisure practices amongst peasants. This essay is not a study of the history of village halls; rather, it focuses on the changes that this institution underwent in the early years of the communist regime in Romania. It analyses how communists transformed the village hall into a place of propaganda under the guise of "cultural work". The study starts from the premise that communist propaganda deliberately did not distinguish between "political work" and "cultural work". At the end of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s, the village hall became the communist regime's central venue for disseminating political and cultural propaganda.


We discuss a new method of obtaining parametric information in measurements with tunable diode laser spectroscopy utilizing spectral lineshape analysis and quantitative metrics of signal structure of wavelength modulation spectroscopy signals.


This article is reporting the effect of annealing and hydrogen on electrical properties of bilayer Mg/Co thin films. The thin films were prepared using thermal evaporation method at pressure 10-5 torr and Annealing of bilayer structure had been performed in vacuum at different constant temperatures for 1 hour and hydrogenated at pressure ( 40 psi ) to see the effect of hydrogen. The I–V characteristics of pristine Mg-Co bilayer structure had been found to be ohmic behavior and current decreased with hydrogenation, where as the I–V characteristics of annealed samples show semiconductor behavior and the conductivity had been found to be increased with annealing temperature and decreased with hydrogenation. The Raman Spectroscopy data show that intensity of Raman peaks is decrease with hydrogen pressure. Keywords— Annealing, bilayer, hydrogenation, I–V characteristics, raman spectra, surface morphology.


a planned and orderly manner, which would require the skills of the radiologist, of the cytopathologist and histopathologist and of the surgeon. Automatic surgical intervention in all cases where abnormal results were obtained would not be desirable. The number of investigations that would be performed on the basis of falsely-positive results would affect adversely not only the cost of the programme, but also the women who became patients unnecessarilyas a result of the screening procedure. The individual woman's view would have to be respected. Once a mammographic abnormality had been identified, even if the possibility of a malignancy were remote, the woman might wish to have the lesion removed surgically unless she could be reassured and persuaded to adopt an alternative management plan. Considerable medicolegal pressures would exist to perform a biopsy every time an abnormal result was obtained; possibly, the pressure could be reduced by adopting a team approach, although a successful multimillion dollar law suit against an American surgeon who failed to perform a biopsy on a patient who turned out to have breast cancer may make those directly involved justifiably anxious."


In this article the optimum structure receiver was made for the signal from the control passive scattering with the amplitude modulation. The receiver structure was made for the impute signal consisted of the scattering signal from the other subjects, noise and useful signal. The method of the maximum likelihood was using for the creation structure of the receiver and the method of the regularization was using for the estimation unknown parameters of the signal


The rust fungus Puccinia substriata var. indica established a compatible relationship with host cells, characterized by large numbers of haustoria and an extensive system of intercellular hyphae, in seedling leaves of the susceptible pearl millet cultivar Tift 23DB. At some infection sites, however, necrotic host cells and papillae formed by plant cells adjacent to infection hyphae or haustorial mother cells were noted. In seedling leaves of the moderately resistant cultivar 86-8770, the initial interaction between host cells and the pathogen was quite variable and included successful haustorium formation as well as papilla deposition. Necrosis of host cells apparently developed as a gradual disorganization of the cytoplasm of invaded and surrounding host cells and occurred at all infection sites by 2 days postinoculation. In seedling leaves of the highly resistant cultivar Tift 85DB, haustoria were established at early stages of development, followed by a rapid necrosis response at 1 day postinoculation....


In the present work, experimental microwave welding of Al6061-6%Gr-SiC hybrid metal matrix composites (MMC) in bulk form has been carried out. The principle of microwave hybrid heating was applied with domestic microwave having the frequency of 2.45GHz and 900W power. The interface powder Al6061 and susceptor as charcoal powder were used for the welding process. The stir casting process was used to prepare Al6061-6%Gr-SiC hybrid MMCs by varying SiC content by 3%, 6% and 9% and keeping 6% graphite constant by wt%. The composite weld joints were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and mechanically through tensile test, Rockwell hardness test and impact test. The microstructure study showed the good metallurgical bonding between the interface and base composites without any visible cracks. The SEM-EDS study revealed the formation of various carbides and inter metallics at the weld interface. The average ultimate tensile strength of the joint was found to be 135MPa with 4.3% elongation. The average Rockwell hardness at the weld joint observed was 61.5HRB. The average impact strength of welded composite was 1.62J/mm2.


For the construction of an energy drag chain a design of a metal bracket is proposed, in which the bracket incorporates a first end-region and a second end-region, the first end-region having at least two cut-outs (2, 4). The second end-region of the metal bracket incorporates a number of elements (5, 6) corresponding to the number of cut-outs (2, 4), which elements when forming an energy drag chain at least partially extend into the respective cut-out of another bracket, whereby the elements (5, 6), shaped by a reforming process, in particular collar forming, protrude from the plane of the bracket. ® KIPO & WIPO 2009


A simple, homogeneous and generic method for detecting protein tyrosine (Tyr) kinase activity is developed based on a tyrosinase-assisted fluorescence turn-on strategy. The tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of the Tyr residue in a fluorescently-labeled peptide may lead to efficient fluorescence quenching, while the tyrosine kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of the peptide can prevent the Tyr oxidation and thus maintain strong fluorescence.


Changes in pressure of magma or intrusion into new passages causes the surface of the earth to deform. Vertical and horizontal displacements measured at Kilauea volcano in Hawaii are characteristic of those produced by a change in pressure of magma in a vertical column extending upward from depth to a point about 1.5 km below the center of uplift. Theoretical solutions for a line source of dilatation in a half-space show that surface displacements are not sensitive to small changes in the angle of dip. Also, several radially symmetric sources produce similar surface deformation fields, and so careful measurement of the complete field is necessary in order to make reliable estimates of the configuration of the source.


The objective of this research is to determine if the junior high school English textbook "When English Rings a Bell" is still relevant in light of the 2013 curriculum. The study's findings are anticipated to assist publishers and teachers in learning more about a textbook's content and in determining whether any necessary content has to be added in order to meet national textbook standards. 11 chapters make up the population of the English textbook "when English Rings a Bell," and the author used 6 chapters as examples. The author employs the qualitative method, specifically document analysis. The writer is the research instrument, and the data is gathered from the English textbook "When English Rings a Bell" for junior high school grade VII and a curricular document from 2013. According to the findings of this study, 87.5% of the components in the English textbook "When English Rings a Bell" meet the viability of content requirements. 42 of the 48 categories receive a score of 4, while only six receive a score of 1.


The low-temperature behaviors of the specific-heat coefficients of the Ce Kondo lattice compounds and alloys, i.e., the existence of a peak γmax in the former and a monotonous increase in the latter with decrease in temperature, are shown to arise from the different positions of the heavy quasiparticle density-of-states peaks below and just on the Fermi energy, respectively. The relation between the γmax-temperature Tmax and the coherence temperature T0 is also discussed.


Remote sensing scene classification remains challenging due to the complexity and variety of scenes. With the development of attention-based methods, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved competitive performance in remote sensing scene classification tasks. As an important method of the attention-based model, the Transformer has achieved great success in the field of natural language processing. Recently, the Transformer has been used for computer vision tasks. However, most existing methods divide the original image into multiple patches and encode the patches as the input of the Transformer, which limits the model's ability to learn the overall features of the image. In this paper, we propose a new remote sensing scene classification method, Remote Sensing Transformer (TRS), a powerful "pure CNNs→Convolution + Transformer → pure Transformers" structure. First, we integrate self-attention into ResNet in a novel way, using our proposed Multi-Head Self-Attention layer instead of 3 × 3 spatial revolutions in the bottleneck. Then we connect multiple pure Transformer encoders to further improve the representation learning performance completely depending on attention. Finally, we use a linear classifier for classification. We train our model on four public remote sensing scene datasets: UC-Merced, AID, NWPU-RESISC45, and OPTIMAL-31. The experimental results show that TRS exceeds the state-of-the-art methods and achieves higher accuracy.


For past several years, economic institutions like banks have played a quiet significant role in development decisions. What has impelled them to start thinking green? There are numerous environmental organisations around the sphere which have put pressure on institutions that bankroll destructive projects. But recently banks have started to identify the factual costs of the consequences of disregarding environmentalists' warnings. In a globalised economy, the industries and firms that previously establish nothing erroneous with financing millions of dollars for sectors like mining, illegal logging and other industrial operations that quickly deplete the ozone layer, deplete water resources, or contaminate the rivers, have now become very vigilant and careful. Along with institutions like civil society, and business organizations, banks and financial institutions realized that protecting the environment should also be their main business mainly because of severe law suits or consumer boycotts, credit and liability risk'. Environmental impacts are very important as it might affect the quality of assets and rate of return in the long run. This paper explores the importance of Green Banking in India, locating the international experiences and highlights imperative lessons for sustainable banking and development in India. However, we find that there has not been much initiative in this regard by the banks and other financial institutions in India though they play an active role in India's emerging economy. Some possible policy measures and suggestions are given to promote green banking in India.


Soil deformation and unsaturated transient water flow in a soil can be predicted using Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions. This paper describes some aspects of evaluating a numerical model based on the Lagrangian description (LD) with the experimental data obtained from the framework of Eulerian description (ED). Governing equation in the model is derived from Richards' equation by including an overburden potential and transforming into a material coordinate. Computation was performed using Eulerian descriptive hydraulic conductivity (EDHC) and Lagrangian descriptive hydraulic conductivity (LDHC). Results showed that use of EDHC approximates the experimental data slightly better than LDHC. Good agreement was found between computed and measured results on volumetric moisture content of the soil profiled. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 881647.


Many researches have been performed to increase energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks. One of primary research topics is about clustering protocols, which are adopted to configure sensor networks in the form of hierarchical structures by grouping sensor nodes into a cluster. However, legacy clustering protocols do not propose detailed methods from the perspective of implementation to determine a cluster's boundary and configure a cluster, and to communicate among clusters. Moreover, many of them involve assumptions inappropriate to apply those to a sensor field. In this paper, we have designed and implemented a new T-Clustering (Top-down Clustering) protocol, which takes into considerations a node's density, a distance between cluster heads, and remained energy of a node all together. Our proposal is a sink-node oriented top-down clustering protocol, and can form uniform clusters throughout the network. Further, it provides re-clustering functions according to the state of a network. In order to verify our protocol's feasibility, we have implemented and experimented T-Clustering protocol on Crossbow's MICAz nodes which are executed on TinyOS 2.0.2.


Sensitized patients, who constitute a considerable proportion of kidney-transplant recipients, often have poor allograft outcomes. Only cell-based complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assays are typically used to quantify donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in patients in developing nations, owing to financial restraints. We report the clinical outcomes of ten sensitized patients who were stratified and managed based on Luminex single-antigen beads (SAB) method for the DSA detection in a cost-limited set-up. Sensitization events included a history of blood transfusion, multiple pregnancies, and previous allograft loss. Anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies, measured by SAB and reported as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), were considered positive if the value was > 1000 MFI for single antigen. Three best approaches, (1) cadaveric transplants using virtual cross-match for kidney allocation in five patients, (2) desensitization before living donor transplants for four donor–recipient pairs with immunological incompatibility (high DSAs but cross-match compatible), and (3) combined kidney paired exchange with desensitization for one donor–recipient pair with cross-match incompatibility (positive CDC cross-match), resulted in successful allograft outcomes in all the 10 patients during follow-up (range: 3–55 months). DSA by SAB to assess pretransplant immunological risk (in a sensitized recipient) is useful even in cost-limited settings, largely due to reduction of posttransplant rejection rates and avoidance of mortality while on the waitlist.


This study attempts to examine the interactions between the tourist experience quality, perceived price reasonableness, and regenerative tourism involvement variables and tourist satisfaction by taking into account the moderating effects of tourist destination loyalty and destination image. The survey was circulated among international tourists visiting the Ha'il region of Saudi Arabia. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data collected. The results showed significant and positive effects of enjoyment, tourist destination loyalty, and destination image on tourist satisfaction. However, the findings show that escapism, relaxation, involvement, perceived price reasonableness, and regenerative tourism involvement did not have a direct impact on tourist satisfaction. Further, it was found that the destination image moderates the relationship between regenerative tourism involvement and tourist satisfaction. The results also reveal that tourist destination loyalty significantly moderates the relationship between perceived price reasonableness and tourist satisfaction. The influence of regenerative tourism involvement on tourist satisfaction has not been addressed in prior research, to the best of authors' knowledge, and is, therefore, the unique contribution of this study.


In South America, we live in a time that calls for changes of the most fundamental aspects of our societies. It is clear that the established political and economic systems, and the decision-makers, do not address current needs such as those related to social justice, equal opportunity and, more generally, a decent life for everyone. Energy is crucial for any society, and it seems paradoxical that this commodity is not readily at hand in countries where the potential for solar energy is very high. There are many challenges in the quest for affordable energy and there are obstacles to overcome but the goal - a world wherein energy comes preponderantly from renewable sources - must stay firm. We at the Universities must strive to provide excellent energy-related research and innovation and to give first-class training of people so that they can enter the energy sector and offer benign solutions to energy-related issues. Many questions and challenges lie in front of us but some things are certain: that communication and exchange of knowledge are essential in order to generate the synergies that are needed to build better societies. JOPES 2019 takes us a humble, but hopefully still important, step towards a world with affordable energy and operating in harmony with Nature. Mónica Gómez Chair, JOPES 2019 Faculty of Sciences Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru email@example.com December 2019


and external financial complications are the primary causes for war, and people want these causes removed in order to prevent war. In order properly to do this, however, it is necessary to examine carefully these financial causes for war in order to see where, under the existing economic system, it is possible to remove them without wrecking the system. The economic causes for war appear to arise from the necessity for increased markets for the goods that are produced within a country. The internal difficulties consequent upon the inability of a nation to market all its


The effect of conductivity on the spin‐wave spectrum of thin Permalloy ferromagnetic films has been investigated. If conductivity effects are included and a simple surface anisotropy is assumed, it is known that the calculated mode locations and amplitudes for Permalloy films are in excellent agreement with some experimental data in the range 800–2700 A in thickness. If conductivity effects are omitted, a much simpler calculation is possible, but the error in mode location and amplitude has been unknown. For both perpendicular and parallel resonance geometries, detailed calculations reported here have shown that mode locations are not significantly affected over the above thickness range, and that the main mode amplitude is in error by only 20% at 800 A thickness. However, for 2000 A thickness, the main mode amplitude is in error by a factor of 2.5.


China's dairy industry has seen rapid development over the last three decades, but at the same time some problems have emerged. Since the melamine incident in 2008, the country has accelerated its efforts to formulate and revise food safety laws and regulations. It should be especially mentioned that dairy management practices are being gradually improved. This article elucidates the current situation of quality supervision of exported and imported dairy products in China with respect to its supervisory system and legal framework. However, there are still many problems under the current supervision mechanism regarding the supervision of milk sources. The governmental departments and social organizations should play a greater role in this regard, providing relevant suggestions for facilitating the healthy development of the dairy industry. In this article, we also point out that the supervisory work still faces a great challenge in the current complex and volatile situation of food safety. In addition, gradually establishing a multiple supervisory system that is dominated by the government and complemented by the participation of social forces may be an important idea for reform of our food safety system.


Annotation Classes of simple polynomial and simple trigonometric splines given by Fourier series are considered. It is shown that the class of simple trigonometric splines includes the class of simple polynomial splines. For some parameter values, the polynomial splines coincide with the trigonometric ones; this allows to transfer to such trigonometric splines all the results obtained for polynomial splines. Thus, it was possible to combine two powerful theories the theory of trigonometric Fourier series and the theory of simple polynomial splines. The above material is illustrated by numerous examples.


All companies strive to eliminate work accidents. But still a lot of professions are exposed to different hazardous conditions and many work injuries and even deaths occur everyday. Monitoring of working conditions is a very important part of labor protection. Combining wireless sensor networks with wearable technology is possible to significantly improve safety delivery capability of such systems and add new functionality to them. In this work we present the design results of the uniforms inbuilt wireless sensor node for working conditions monitoring. The node is able to signalize about employee presence in relation to working facilities, and to monitor the atmosphere for temperature and combustible gases concentration. It consists of light-weighted distributed pieces which are built in to clothes and has low power consumption. The average power consumption of the node is low enough for several weeks autonomous lifetime.


In 1927, Artin and Schreier investigated the theory of ordered fields and introduced the notion of real closed fields (see [A-S]). The class of real closed fields is defined by a set of natural axioms, true in the field M of real numbers. Among the class of ordered fields, the real closed fields are existentially closed. This means that every existential sentence (in the language of ordered fields) with parameters from a real closed field K, which holds in some ordered field extension of R, already holds in R. Artin used this fact in [A] in order to prove that every positive semidefinite polynomial fe Q [XL ... , Xn~\ can be written s a sum of squares of rational functions in Xl9 ... , Xn with coefficients from Q.


Adults aged 65 years and older are the fastest-growing age group. An estimated 15 – 20% of the world's population will consist of older adults in 2050, compared to only 5 – 10% in 2019 (United Nations, 2019). Age-related changes in perceptual, cognitive, and physical abilities may make performing instrumental activities of daily living, such as driving, difficult (e.g., Anstey et al., 2005). Autonomous vehicles have the potential to mitigate mobility concerns for older adults who experience such declines. However, current partial or conditional autonomous vehicles (i.e., SAE Level 2-3 automation) (SAE International, 2018) still require drivers to occasionally resume control. To take over, drivers first need to perceive and process takeover alerts sent by vehicles (in visual, auditory, and/or tactile format), then (re)gain environment/situation awareness, and, finally, execute the action (McDonald et al., 2019). While completing this complex process could be more challenging for many older adults, research on individual differences reveals that chronological age alone may not be the best predictor of task performance (Czaja, Boot, Charness, & Rogers, 2019). Specifically, factors such as physical (aerobic) exercise may slow down the rate of age-related decline (such as perceptual and processing speed) (Muiños & Ballesteros, 2018). However, there is limited empirical data on whether engagement in physical activity can benefit the performance of older drivers for complex tasks, such as vehicle takeover. Given the complexity of the takeover process, in this study, we focus on, the first, the perception of takeover requests. Researchers have proposed designing such alerts using a multimodal display approach, i.e., the combination of visual (V), auditory (A), and/or tactile (T) signals. For example, previous studies have found that for younger drivers, triand bimodal signals (VA, VT, AT, and VAT) led to faster response times to takeover requests compared to single modal stimuli (V, A, or T) (e.g., Huang, Steele, Zhang, & Pitts, 2019). However, the extent to which these results hold true for older drivers who regularly perform aerobic exercises is unknown. This study aimed to measure the effects that engagement in physical exercise, a non-chronological age factor, and takeover request modality have on the perception of alerts in the takeover process during SAE Level 3 autonomous driving. A human-subject experiment was conducted using a medium fidelity driving simulator. Forty-eight participants took part in this study, with 12 participants in each of 4 groups (that is, younger exercise, younger non-exercise, older exercise, and older nonexercise), based on participants' age and their frequency of engagement in aerobic exercises. Takeover requests were presented as V, A, T, VA, VT, AT, and VAT. Participants were asked to drive a Level 3 autonomous vehicle while being presented randomly with the seven types of signals. Participants would step on the brake as soon as they received any alert. Additionally, they were randomly asked to make time-to-collision (TTC) estimates throughout the scenario. Overall, older adults had longer brake response time to takeover alerts and lower accuracy on the TTC estimation task, compared to younger adults. Aerobic exercise did not result in a significant main effect on brake response time. Both age groups responded faster to multimodal signals compared to single signals. Additionally, for signals that contained a tactile cue, no age-related differences were found. The benefits of physical exercise may be observed in later takeover stages, such as the post-takeover phase that requires decision making and action execution. Nonetheless, this study generated empirical data on the effects of physical exercise and multimodal signal type on the perception of takeover alerts in the perception and processing phase. Findings may help with framework development, as well as inform the design of autonomous vehicle warning systems.


High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) is a chemical sensor that separates ions in the gaseous phase based on their mobility in high electric fields. A threefold approach was developed for both chemical type classification and concentration classification of water contaminants for FAIMS signals. The three steps in this approach are calibration, feature extraction, and classification. Calibration was carried out to remove baseline fluctation and other variations in FAIMS data sets. Four feature extraction algorithms were used to extract subsets of the signal that had high separation potential between two classes of signals. Finally, support vector machines were used for binary classification. The success of classification was measured both by using separability metrics to evaluate the separability of extracted features, and by the percent of correct classification (Pcc) in each task. Thesis Supervisor: Nirmal Keshava Title: Head of Technical Staff Thesis Supervisor: Dennis Freeman Title: Associate Professor


A general analytical model for one‐dimensional transient vertical infiltration is presented. The model is based on a combination of the Brooks and Corey soil water retention function and a generalized hydraulic conductivity function. This leads to power law diffusivity and convective term for which the exponents are functions of the inverse of the pore size distribution index. Accordingly, the proposed analytical solution covers many existing realistic models in the literature. The general form of the analytical solution is simple and it expresses implicitly the depth as function of water content and time. It can be used to model infiltration through semi‐infinite dry soils with prescribed water content or flux boundary conditions. Some mathematical expressions of practical importance are also derived. The general form solution is useful for comparison between models, validation of numerical solutions and for better understanding the effect of some hydraulic parameters. Based on the analytical expression, a complete inverse procedure which allows the estimation of the hydraulic parameters from water content measurements is presented.


We investigate the emergence of the charge order in PrNiO$_3$ below the metal-insulator transition using high resolution neutron powder diffraction data analyzed in terms of symmetry-adapted distortion modes. Our analysis allows to identify the contribution of the different modes to the global distortion in a broad temperature range (10-300K), and reveals an abrupt increase of all mode amplitudes at $T_{MIT}$ = $T_{N}$ =130K. It also uncovers a previously unnoticed anomalous temperature dependence of all mode amplitudes in the insulating phase which persists down to $T = 0.6 \times \, T_{MIT}$ $\sim$ 80K. This unexpected behaviour suggests that the symmetry of the insulating phase could be actually lower, in line with the theoretically predicted appearance of additional ferroelectric distortions below $T_N$.


This paper is concerned with the existence of mild solutions for fractional stochastic impulsive  functional infinite delay integrodifferential systems with nonlocal initial conditions in Hilbert spaces. Using fractional calculations, fixed point technique, stochastic analysis theory and methods adopted directly from deterministic fractional equations, new set of sufficient conditions are formulated and proved for the existence of mild solutions for the fractional impulsive stochastic differential equation with nonlocal conditions and  infinite delay.


To introduce the characteristic of sisal,sisal rope core structure of wire rope for lift,the quality requirement of sisal sliver and lay quality control main point.The sisal rope core for lift wire rope has 3 strands and 4 strands structure,common diameter is from 4.9 to 12 mm,the lay pitch is 3~3.3 time of normal rope core diameter,oil content in rope core is from 10% to 15%,the yam should be treated with cropping,and ensure the strand sliver in rope core is above 3 pieces,the difference between mean twist and demand twist can't surpass ±5%.The grease for rope core is as the same as that for wire rope,and had better choose import high quality one.Selecting advanced rope core production equipment with stranding and closing at the same time,and controlling production process strictly,can improve rope core quality effectively.


Besides some necessary reviewing of conventional diffusion theory, this paper deals with the modification of the mass and charge transport equations originating from the occurence of internal defect-chemical reactions (especially valence changes of the defects) which can be considered to be in local equilibrium. It is shown how the phenomenological transport coefficients for chemical diffusion, tracer diffusion and ionic conduction depend on the individual defect diffusivities under such general conditions. Moreover, the evaluation formulae of well-known electrochemical techniques such as Wagner-Hebb polarization and concentration cell experiments have to be modified. Application is made to the influence of trapping effects in doped SrTi0 3 , to the valence changes in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x as well as to the mixed conduction in orthorhombic PbO.


Increased numbers of macrophages (MΦs) is an early hallmark of active arthritis. Expression of IL-23R has been identified on myeloid cells. We determined if IL-23 can regulate the pathogenesis of collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) by directly modulating development of MΦs. AdIL-17 was injected to Il23p19-/- and Il23p19+/+ mice to induce equal levels of IL-17 yet Il23p19-/-mice were more resistant to CIA compared to Il23p19+/+ mice. Dramatic expansion of IL-23R+ MΦs, which are the major producers of IL-6 and TNFα in the draining LN of mice with CIA, occurred only in Il23p19+/+ but not Il23p19-/- mice. IL-23 suppressed the expression of anti-inflammatory TGFβ and IL-10 produced by M2 MΦs and promoted expression of inflammatory IL-6 and TNFα produced by M1 MΦs in vitro. IL-23 prevents the ability of M-CSF to promote development of anti-inflammatory M2 MΦs by inducing the expression of Irf5, an M1 specific transcription factor. Using GFP-Foxp3 reporter mice, accumulation of Foxp3+ Tregs were only observed in Il23p19-/- but not Il23p19+/+ mice with CIA. Coculture of IL-23 stimulated MΦs with naïve CD4 T cells prevented the development and function of Treg cells, which could be reversed in the presence of anti-IL-6. Our results suggest that IL-23 induces the expression of IRF5 and promotes M1 MΦs that perpetuate the development of CIA. One important function of IL-23-activated MΦs was to prevent the development of Treg cells via an IL-6 dependent mechanism.


Part 1 Part I: Theoretical and Diagnostic Considerations Chapter 2 1 Conceptualizing Attachment Pathology Chapter 3 2 The Attachment Disordered Self Chapter 4 3 Borderline Organization, Trauma, and Attachment Part 5 Part II: Treatment Perspectives Chapter 6 4 Beginning the Treatment Chapter 7 5 The Fragile Nature of Therapeutic Alliance Chapter 8 6 Managing Primitive Defenses Chapter 9 7 Embracing Countertransference Chapter 10 8 Reaching the Affect Part 11 Part III: Extended Case Studies Chapter 12 Engaging Alexithymia in a Depressed, Eating Disordered, Body Dysmorphic Adolescent Female Chapter 13 Feeling Closeted: Der Todestrieb, Guilt, and Self-Punishment in a Bipolar Gay Man Chapter 14 Homo Homini Lupus: Treating a Case of Systemic Ritualistic Abuse Chapter 15 Postscript from the Unconscious


The ELLiE research project is a large transcontextual longitudinal study of early foreign language (FL) learning in Europe. The four-year study analysed the progress of about 1.200 primary school children (aged 7-11) learning foreign languages in seven countries: England (regarding French and Spanish), Croatia, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain and Sweden (countries with English as first foreign language). Research themes included national language policies, effective factors for early language learning success, and children's linguistic and non-linguistic outcomes. The study mainly investigated what is realistically achievable in state school classes where only a limited amount of curriculum time is available for second/foreign language learning. The use of digital media and the teacher's role in early language learning were also investigated. A research region was selected in each country in order to collect data throughout the study. A sample of 6-8 schools (150-180 learners per country) was selected to reflect urban, suburban and rural areas, including a spread of socio-economic groupings in each region. In each school, one/two classes in their first year of FL learning were selected for monitoring over their four years of FL learning. The ELLiE team presented the key indicators emerging from this study: policy implementation aspects in the seven countries; children's attitudes to FL learning and their motivational changes over time; the role of socio-economic factors, schools and children's parents in sustaining the FL process; the teacher's use of the foreign language in the classroom; the correlation between children's informal contact and FL exposure.


Key-words: regional migration; Multinomial Logit model. The main goal of this paper is to identify, from a microeconomic point of view, who are migrating to poor regions in Brazil. A multinomial logit model is used for the econometric analyses and the data are extracted from the Population Census for the year 2000. The results indicate the migrant, regardless of the region of destination, tends to be young, presents high level of education, is single and is currently at work force (he/she is not retired). We also found that the remigrant is young, unemployed or holds an informal job. For the poor regions this results is even worse, given that the migrants who returns home hold lower degree of education.


Abstract Accessory structures on the brachial loops of certain brachiopods are considered to be initiated as supplementary calcification, and when persisting to the adult stage, to become part of the loop.