Gerard Noodt's address De religione ab imperio iure gentium libera was held in 1706, when the conscience europeenne, as Paul Hazard phrased it, was well into its crisis. Consequently it has been suggested that it might be worthwhile to determine whether the address, praised as 'the first principled defence of toleration based on natural law', marked a turning point in the Dutch toleration debates. The question, however, now seems unwarranted. It has become clear that if Noodt's address can be qualified as principled and even as radical, it was hardly unique: it had been preceded by texts that were in many respects more extreme. This professorial oration by a noteworthy scholar of law – Gerard Noodt (1647-1725) was doubtless one of the outstanding students of Roman law in early-modern Europe – did not, then, represent a turning point. But it certainly can be seen as a hallmark in the history of ideas. Surprisingly, the influence of Noodt's address in the eighteenth century has not been gauged. His contemporaries regarded Noodt's performance in Leiden as a memorable event, and throughout the eighteenth century writers hailed it as one of the major contributions to the debate on religious freedom and toleration. In 1734, for example, in an attempt to make the Dutch text of the address available to a broad public, it was reissued in a cheap octavo edition together with, among others, Dutch translations of John Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration, a commentary on the church Fathers by the law scholar Jean Barbeyrac, and a sermon by the Anglican divine Benjamin Hoadly. The publisher was Isaac Tirion, an Amsterdam Mennonite, who wrote a short preface to the book. Noodt, says Tirion in his preface, was the first to broach the issue of religious freedom in an academy. In some countries it would not have been safe for a professor to criticize accepted customs. But, claims Tirion, in his address Noodt had not, in fact, criticized the High Authorities. He had simply defended their policies. He had merely demonstrated that the toleration they exercised was actually based on the law of nations, and he had emphasized that this practice was a prime duty of every civil, Christian government. Noodt had been permitted to speak freely about this, and the composure with which he made his point deserves much praise. Tirion was surely right in stating that Noodt evinced courage in bringing these matters to the fore in public, in the midst of the Leiden academy. His account, however, poses a problem. If Noodt had simply been giving the actual policies of the Dutch civil authorities a theoretical finish, why reissue his text? In the


After completing this article, readers should be able to:

1. Describe key elements of the developmental anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract and how it relates to nutrition in low-birthweight infants.

2. Characterize key elements of the developmental physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastroesophageal sphincter function, gastric emptying, and intestinal motility, along with clinical implications.

3. Describe key elements of the development of digestive absorptive functions and how these relate to nutrition of the preterm and term neonate.

4. Explain minimal enteral and parenteral nutrition for very low-birthweight infants.

5. Describe potential areas for future investigation.

The past 20 years has witnessed a surge of interest in gastrointestinal (GI) development and neonatal nutrition. Application of basic knowledge of intestinal development and appropriate nutrition for critically ill and preterm infants can be used to ameliorate short-term morbidity in infants who would not have survived prior to 20 years ago. Long-term morbidity also may be affected by improved nutrition because these infants are undergoing critical periods of development during which poor nutrition may have life-long consequences.

The focus of previous research has been various aspects of morphology, basic biochemistry and physiology of the developing GI tract, and how this knowledge can be applied to nutrition of the neonate. More recently, the advent of molecular biology and other technological advances has initiated a new era of research into these areas, which are being termed "omics" and include genomics, proteomics, methylomics, and metabolomics (see Young et al in Suggested Reading). These emerging fields offer exciting opportunities to understand better the various aspects of development that will be subsequently applied to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

The intestine undergoes tremendous growth during fetal life. It elongates 1,000-fold from 5 to 40 weeks' gestation, with the length doubling in the last 15 weeks of gestation to a mean of 275 …


An apparatus has been developed to measure and record sudden acceleration (over .3 g), sudden deceleration (over .4 G) and sharp cornering (over .3 g) in order to evaluate driving fluency. The apparatus was installed on six taxicabs for the test. Driving behavior of drivers in each of the taxicabs was recorded for a distance of more than 10000 kilometers. From the test results it was found possible to grade the fluency of driving as well as to point out to individual drivers unsafe driving practices based on the data obtained. One particular driver to whom a feedback of his own unsafe driving habits was given showed a marked improvement in his driving performance. Discussion was made on the utilization of these data into daily management of drivers. /Author/TRRL/


This research work is aimed to know the type of physical and recreational activities to improve the quality of life in the Older Adult Center Changaimina, Canton Gonzanama. The appropriate methodology is very important as it will help correct the integral formation of Aging and the development of their capabilities. The research is qualitative and quantitative. The type of study was longitudinal and pre -experimental design. The objective is aimed at determining whether the Practice of Physical and Recreational Activities Center on Aging Changaimina, Canton Gonzanama, Province of Loja, improves quality of life. In research for the purposes of this thesis we have used some research methods such as scientific methods induction, deduction, -synthesis analysis, logical, empirical methods observation and survey, theoretical methods modeling, system approach, probabilistic, mathematical, analysis content cyber, empirical evidence is based on field work with the support of different instruments including the survey that allowed us the collection of data. It was found that seniors in the community in question do not practice physical and recreational activities. Concluding that there is no alternative directed to these people to improve their quality of life. So I recommend developing an alternative proposal to solve this problem, contributing to society to partly offset their needs.


Plants may be considered useful, or not, depending on the way they are characterized by humans. Some go from weed to food, cosmetic or medicinal, making economically interesting the cultivation. Bidens pilosa L. (hairy beggartick) is a specie in this context, which was submitted to an agronomic test to evaluate its productivity (fresh mass and dry mass) and flavonoid content. It was cultivated with different levels of organic fertilization (tanned bovine manure - 50 t ha-1) and shading. The experimental design was a randomized block with 3 replications, in a factorial scheme of 22, consisting of 4 treatments (1. With fertilization + shading 0%, 2. With fertilization + shading 50%, 3. Without fertilization + shading 50% and 4. Without fertilization + shading 0%). The results showed that the cultivation using organic fertilizer, in the full sun produced 63% more vegetal drug than the treatments without organic fertilization, using or not shading. In relation to the flavonoid content, statistical equality among all treatments was found, but the highest numerical result (0.096% m/m) for this parameter was obtained without fertilization and without light restriction and the lowest (0.058% m/m), with fertilization in the full sun.


Objective To observe the expression of matrix gla protein(MGP) mRNA in primary osteoblasts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat in vitro after treatment with anti-osteoporosis agents [vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate],and to investigate the potential role of MGP in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.Methods Primary osteoblasts(OBs) were derived from sequential trypsin/collagenase-digested calvaria isolated from newborn SD rat (postnastal day 1-3).OBs of the second generation were identified by Van Gieson collagen staining,alkaline phosphatase(ALP) staining and calcified nodules staining.OBs of the fourth generation were selected to interfere with vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate,then cultured for 24 h in mediums which contained various concentrations of vitamin K2 (10-7,10-6,and 10-5 mol/L),PTH (10-9,10-8,and 10-7 mol/L),1,25 (OH) 2D3(10-10,10-9,and 10-8mol/L),alendronate(10-6,10-5,and 10-4mol/L).After being cultured for 24 h,total RNA was extracted and examined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR.Results The primary cultured cells had typical morphological characters of osteoblast.van Gieson collagen staining,ALP staining,and calcified nodules staining were all positive.Vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate could modulate the expression of MGP mRNA in osteoblasts in a dose-dependent fashion.MGP mRNA expressions were 2.56-fold,2.12-fold,and 1.57-fold with 10-5,10-6,and 10-7 mol/L of vitamin K2 treatment,respectively.The expressions were 6.78-fold,5.31-fold,and 2.23-fold with 10-7,10-8,and 10-9mol/L of PTH(1-34) treatment,8.93-fold,6.95-fold,and 3.47-fold with 10-8 10-9,and 10-10mol/L of 1,25 (OH)2D3 treatment,and 3.47-fold,2.49-fold,and 1.98-fold with 10-4,10-5,and 10-6mol/L of alendronate treatment.Conclusion Vitamin K2,PTH,1,25 (OH)2D3,and alendronate all can regulate MGP mRNA expression in calvarial osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner.MGP seems to be a potent target of anti-osteoporosis agents,and involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Key words:
Osteoporosis drugs; Matrix gla protein; Rats,Sprague-Dawley; Osteoblasts


TPS7125 Background: Despite recent advances in chemo-immunotherapy combinations for the treatment (Tx) of CLL, most patients (pts) relapse and eventually die from the disease. Maintenance therapy h...


This study advances our understanding of mainstream US journalists' perceptions of their industry's ethical climate by extending first- and third-person perception to this domain. These journalists believe that colleagues in their same organization act unethically significantly less often and act ethically significantly more often than those at other organizations and in related industries. The first- and third-person perceptions are a linear function of social distance but are not the mirror image of each other in this domain. In addition to theoretical contributions, suggestions for ways these perceptions can be used to improve journalists' moral judgment are offered.


Recently, considerable attention has been paid to some new materials due to the rapid evolution of materials technology. Bi-isotropic material is a very important and attractive one of all these new materials. Under intensive attention, several applications, such as absorption materials, chiro-microstrip antennas, chiro-waveguides and twisted polarizers, have been developed based on this newly emerged material. Although bi-isotropic material is recognized as one of the most promising new materials in electromagnetic community, there still are several challenges. One primary challenge comes with the presence of the bi-isotropic constitutive relationship, which couples the electric and magnetic fields with each other, and results a set of complicated Maxwell equations. Many works have been conducted to solve this challenge, develop a numerical solution and then obtain the ability to accurately predict the fields interactions associated with such material, especially for the case of bodies of revolution. The scattering problem of bodies of revolution plays an important role for its rotational symmetry could reduce the computer storage and time required dramatically. A numerical solution used to solve scattering from inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution was developed by A. A. Kucharski, but it can't be used to solve the case of inhomogeneous bi- isotropic bodies of revolution. Based on our previous work, a numerical solution using volume integral equation is developed in this paper for the scattering problem from inhomogeneous bi-isotropic bodies of revolution.


lHE original title of this paper was to have been Development and Promotion of New Drugs. This is a subject large enough to be discussed at a symposium for two or three days. Upon further thought, I decided to vary the title slightly to "Library Research and New Drug Development and Promotion." I am not an expert on any of these subjects, but over a period of years I have made my own observations and I can talk perhaps more freely on the subject because I do not have to defend a position or follow any specific orthodoxy. I have also learned to appreciate the interdependence of the library, the research department, and selling and advertising. There are some to whom a library is just a dead letter office with a lot of books, magazines, and records neatly stacked on the racks. I for one do not think so. To me a library is a living thing. Some of its life may be temporarily asleep, but the alert librarian can activate it at any instance. Seven years ago I made a statement in a book I wrote on product development: "The library should be regarded not merely as a recording instrument, but as a creative participant in research and product development." I still hold this opinion today, and it applies to both commercial and to medical libraries. The development and sale of new products can be inspiring and highly remunerative, but it can also be backbreaking labor and very costly. Why is it that industry is so keen on developing new products? Are those we have today so unsatisfactory, or is the word "new" a magic one and does it really mean progress in every respect? Recently one firm thought that the word "new" is not sufficient. It had to be "the newest" product, to be better than others, although the product in question was merely a duplicate of an already existing preparation! Among the 350 odd "new products" introduced yearly, how many are really new chemical entities? Only a little over ten per cent; and some of these are merely chemical variations of other existing basic products. In general it is true that the development and sale of new chemical entities


This thesis describes a broad range of experiments based on an aerosol flow-tube system to probe the interactions between atmospherically relevant aerosols with trace gases. This apparatus was used to obtain simultaneous optical and size distribution measurements using FTIR and SMPS measurements respectively as a function of relative humidity and aerosol chemical composition. Heterogeneous reactions between various ratios of ammonia gas and acidic aerosols were studied in aerosol form as opposed to bulk solutions. The apparatus is unique, in that it employed two aerosol generation methods to follow the size evolution of the aerosol while allowing detailed spectroscopic investigation of its chemical content. A novel chemiluminescence apparatus was also used to measure [NH4 ]. SO2.H2O is an important species as it represents the first intermediate in the overall atmospheric oxidation process of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. This complex was produced within gaseous, aqueous and aerosol SO2 systems. The addition of ammonia, gave mainly hydrogen sulfite tautomers and disulfite ions. These species were prevalent at high humidities enhancing the aqueous nature of sulfur (IV) species. Their weak acidity is evident due to the low [NH4 ] produced. An increasing recognition that dicarboxylic acids may contribute significantly to the total acid burden in polluted urban environments is evident in the literature. It was observed that speciation within the oxalic, malonic and succinic systems shifted towards the most ionised form as the relative humidity was increased due to complete protonisation. The addition of ammonia produced ammonium dicarboxylate ions. Less reaction for ammonia with the malonic and succinic species were observed in comparison to the oxalic acid system. This observation coincides with the decrease in acidity of these organic species. The interaction between dicarboxylic acids and 'sulfurous'/sulfuric acid has not been previously investigated. Therefore the results presented here are original to the field of tropospheric chemistry. SHO3 ; S2O5 ; HSO4 ; SO4 2and H1,3,5C2,3,4O4 ; C2,3,4O4 2were the main components found in the complex inorganic-organic systems investigated here. The introduction of ammonia produced ammonium dicarboxylate as well as ammonium disulfite/sulfate ions and increasing the acid concentrations increased the total amount of [NH4 ].


To realize hull form automatic optimization based on CFD,it needs a parametric hullform generation method.A ship modified method based on transformation function is improved in the article;this method can realize automatic generation of ship hull form only by varying several parameters.Research shows that,as long as suitable for transformation function by choice,and reasonable ranges of parameters,it can ensure the hull form still fairness and other characteristics.Take two different types of hull form transformation of 1300TEU container ships and DTMB5415 for example,it illustrates the process of hull form transformation based on the transformation functions.The results indicate that,the hull form transformation method based on the transformation functions can be applied to the hull form optimization based on the CFD.


Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated disease is known to be one of the major complication after transplantation. Early identification and diagnosis is crucial. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the incidence and to analyze the risk factors of EBV-associated disease. Twenty-five children with liver transplantation from Oct. 1994 to Oct. 1997 had been surveyed. Laboratory data of EBV infection such as anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM and IgG, EBV PCR, EBV encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization had been obtained at pre op, and post op 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 24 weeks, then annually or when EBV infection was suspected. We classified these cases as asymptomatic infection, EBV syndrome, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). And we analyzed the incidence of EBV infection according to age, type of immunosuppression, and CMV disease. Incidence of EBV infection in this study was 48% (12 out of 25), among them, 5 children were symptomatic and PTLD developed in 2 children. The significant risk factors were age at transplantation and CMV infection. One of PTLD cases resulting from EBV infection showed fatal outcome, the other was improved. We suggested that physicians especially in the care of the children after the liver transplantation should recognize the risk factors of the development of the EBV infection to avoid the progression into the potentially fatal PTLD.


The purpose of this paper is to infer a global (collective) model of time-varying responses of a set of nodes as a dynamic graph, where the individual time series are respectively observed at each of the nodes. The motivation of this work lies in the search for a connectome model which properly captures brain functionality upon observing activities in different regions of the brain and possibly of individual neurons. We formulate the problem as a quadratic objective functional of observed node signals over short time intervals, subjected to the proper regularization reflecting the graph smoothness and other dynamics involving the underlying graph's Laplacian, as well as the time evolution smoothness of the underlying graph. The resulting joint optimization is solved by a continuous relaxation and an introduced novel gradient-projection scheme. We apply our algorithm to a real-world dataset comprising recorded activities of individual brain cells. The resulting model is shown to not only be viable but also efficiently computable.


A hydrogenotrophic motile methanogen was isolated from flooded Japanese paddy field soil. Anaerobic incubation of the paddy soil on H2^CO2 at 20‡C led to the enrichment of symmetrically curved motile autofluorescent rods. The methanogenic strain TM20-1 isolated from the culture was halotolerant and utilized H2^CO2, 2-propanol-CO2, or formate as a sole methanogenic substrate. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (94.8%) with Methanospirillum hungateii, and on the physiological and phenotypic characteristics, TM20-1 was suggested to be a newly identified species belonging to the genus Methanospirillum. This is the first report of isolation of the genus Methanospirillum strain from a rice paddy field. ß 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


There has been considerable discussion about the extent of racist ideology in the Tea Party Movement (TPM). Although we consider this to be an important issue, we focus on how the ideological framings of the White Power Movement (WPM) and the TPM are similar, especially in respect to right-wing populism. We examine particularly the producerism, scapegoating, and conspiracism of populism. We analyze our own WP data collected in the 1990s and early 2000s and compare it with the social science findings on the TPM. Although there are certain differences, there are significant similarities that provide support not only for a race frame but for other populist bridging frames between the two movements which we suggest increases the likelihood they interact and recruit each other.


The postnatal development of Brunner's glands in the opossum has been traced, using 170 specimens divided into 21 groups according to snout-rump length. The newborn opossum has a well developed small intestine, possessing villi and a differentiated intestinal epithelium with concentrations of PAS-positive material in the apical cytoplasm. The ducts of the glands begin to develop within 24 hours after birth and, as they proliferate, two cell types appear. A tall, columnar cell type lines the excretory duct whereas the intralobular duct system is lined by pyramidal cells. Intralobular ducts undergo differentiation by the 50 mm stage and, after this event, secretory units appear as outgrowths from the intralobular duct system. Development continues into early adulthood.

Duodenal glands appear to evaginate simultaneously at localized foci, resulting in the formation of a duodenal sinus between glandular elements. The glands evaginate from the mucosa in the most proximal portion of the duodenum, involving both intestinal and gastric mucosal elements. That portion of mucosa lying between the forming glands is submerged and forms the floor of the duodenal sinus. Excretory duct epithelium often lines the sinus in part. The development of Brunner's glands in the opossum is completely independent both of pyloric and intestinal glands.


Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of tension-free hernia repair with Bard mesh plug and patch with that of traditional hernia repair for external abdominal hernias in elderly hernia.Methods 120 elderly patients with external abdominal hernia who had been hospitalized from January 2008 to January 2010 were randomly divided into a control group (60 patients) and a study group (60 patients).The control group received traditional hernia repair; while the study group received tension-free hernia repair.Surgical duration,time to ambulation,degree of wound pain,local discomforts,complications,and recurrence were compared.Results The study group was superior to the contro group in the efficacy.The patients who underwent tension-free hernia repair had fewer complications and had no recurrence in a 2-year follow-up.Conclusions The patients undergoing tension-free hernia repair have shorter surgical duration,less medical cost,less postoperative pain,faster recovery,fewer complications,and no recurrence.This procedure is worth popularizing clinically.

Key words:
Hernia;  Elderly;  Tension-free hernia repair;  Traditional hernia repair;  Efficacy comparison


In light of increasing public pressure, retailers strive to remove plastic packaging as much as possible from fresh fruits and vegetables to reduce the environmental impacts along their supply chains. Plastic packaging, however, also has an important protective function, similar to the fruit's peel. For cucumbers transported from Spain and sold in Switzerland, our investigations in the form of a life cycle assessment study showed that the plastic wrapping has a rather low environmental impact (only about 1%) in comparison to the total environmental impacts of the fruit from grower to grocer. Hence, each cucumber that has to be thrown away has the equivalent environmental impact of 93 plastic cucumber wraps. We found that plastic wrapping protects the environment more by saving more cucumbers from spoilage than it harms the environment by the additional use of plastic. If, by using the plastic wrap, we reduce cucumber losses at retail only by 1.1%, its use already has a net environmental benefit. Currently, in the cucumber import supply chain from Spain to Switzerland, the use of plastic wrapping lowers the cucumber losses at retail by an estimated 4.8%; therefore, it makes sense to use it from an environmental perspective. The environmental benefit of food waste reduction due to plastic wrapping the cucumbers was found to be 4.9 times higher than the negative environmental impact due to the packaging itself. Alternative strategies to preserve fresh cucumbers without using plastic wrapping will have to compete with this challenging limit.


Designing information systems with the user in mind, generally referred to as 'user-centered design' has become an established goal of much of the work in information science. According to this approach, activities such as user studies, usability evaluations, and user analyses (amongst others) must be performed if we are to either advance our field or design better systems. However, despite the rhetoric, user-centered design methods are not uniform in nature, and the variability in application of the user-centered approach is leading some researchers to question its value. Negroponte (1996) argues that good design will attract its own users, while Heninbokel et al (1996) found that adopting user-centered approaches actually led to more problems in many designs. This panel explores the extent to which there is real substance behind the rhetoric of user-centeredness in our research and practice, explores ways in which we can improve the quality and applicability of data and inputs from users, and engages in debate and discussion with the audience on the real values of user-centered design for the field.


Length-weight relationships and condition factors of nonparasitized blue king crabs. Parnlithodes p/ntYPIl8, and golden king crabs, LithodfS .wquispino. in southeastern Alaska were compared with crabs parasi tized by the rhizocephalan, Briaroso,'CU8 coll,-.su8. Species. sex, and shell condition were considered in all analyses. Parasitized male blue king crabs and parasitized male golden king crabs weighed significant ly less than nonparasitized individuals. Golden king crabs may be more resistant to infection and the ef fects of B. col108l/8 parasitism than blue king crabs. They had a lower prevalence of infection. and the percent difference between the body mass of parasitized and nonparasitized crabs was considerably less. In both crab hosts the prevalence of infection was greater in samples where sublegalor smaller size classes of adults were included in analyses. suggesting that crab growth was reduced by the parasite.


In his report on the Buddhist remains near Kasia (Allahabad, 1896) Mr. V. A. Smith adduced various arguments to disprove Cunningham's identification of Kasia with Ksinārā, and in a paper subsequently contributed to this Journal (1902, p. 139) the same author came to the conclusion that the scene of Buddha's death is to be sought in Nepāl territory. The finds of last year's excavations at Kasia—a full account of which will be published in the Annual of the Archæological Survey—include documents directly bearing on this question.


The name crinanite was given in 1911 by Sir John Flett to a suite of N.W. analcite-dolerite dykes occurring in a fairly extensive district in Argyllshire of which Loch Crinan is the centre. A description of the type is accompanied by an analysis and a photomicrograph of a characteristic example from the island of Jura. Writing a few months later of similar dykes in Colonsay, the same author gives a concise definition of the type—"The crinanites, then, are dark coloured, fine-grained, basic rocks consisting mainly of olivine, augite, and plagioclase felspar, with a considerable amount of analoite and zeolites." A detailed description follows, in which the very perfect ophitic structure of the rocks is emphasized, and another excellent photomicrograph is shown of an example from Colonsay. In his original description Sir John Flett states that the crinanites "present some analogies to the teschenites in mineral composition; from the latter they are distinguished by their finer grain, their perfect ophitic structure, the scarcity of hornblende and biotite, and their occurrence as thin vertical parallel dykes".


ABSTRACT This study aimed at advancing the literature in the field of career indecision by enhancing the understanding of the association between career indecision and strategies for coping with career indecision. Based on an online survey given to 321 undergraduate students enrolled in hospitality courses, the results provided categories of difficulties and perceived effective strategies for coping with career indecision. Students had greater difficulty in the category Lack of readiness followed by Inconsistent information, and then Lack of information. Also, Productive coping strategies were perceived as most effective, followed by Support-seeking coping strategies and then Nonproductive coping strategies. Furthermore, some categories of difficulty and coping strategies were perceived differently by gender, decision status, perceived decisional difficulties, and decisional distress. Findings from this study have implications not only for future theoretical work on career indecision but also for career counseling regarding career indecision.


Serbian aspirations towards European structures. The situation of national minorities and ethnic minorities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina with particular emphasis on the educational system Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (APV) is an area in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia. This region is inhabited by over 26 national and ethnic minorities, making it the most diverse ethnically area throughout Serbia. On the basis of the Constitution and special statutes in APV the following languages have official status: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian and Ruthenian. In addition, this area is the most economically developed throughout the country. Vojvodina is an example of a well-functioning multi‑ethnic communities living in one territory, which in some regions of the Balkans remains an open problem. Therefore government in Belgrade tries to keep the European image of this autonomy to such an extent, that cyclically there appears information about the possibility of obtaining of the total independence of this territory and the separation from the Republic of Serbia. Paradoxically, such speculations can lead to the destabilization in other regions of Serbia. They did not obtain such a level of autonomy and mentioned speculations inspire some minorities into actions in order to get the certain independence (for example Boshniaks from Sandjak in western Serbia). The central authorities are aware of this fact and try to keep the control over all regions of the country that often can lead to ethnic conflicts. That raises the following question: to what extend wide autonomy of the Vojvodina is true and in corresponding to the constitutional policy, what fields of the life does this autonomy include.


Flow aggregation or time synchronization ensures low-rate denial of service (LDoS) attack flows form an ideal rectangular pulse at the victim to maximize attack efficiency. The differences of end-to-end delay between each host are critical for aggregation or synchronization. A new approach based on Euclidean distance is proposed to avoid the complexity of direct measuring internet end-to-end delay. Using NS2 experiments, the performances of such coordinated attack are shown and compared with uncoordinated attack. Test results prove that an aggregated or synchronous LDoS attack launched by the approach is even more detrimental.


Daily 24 hour (00:00 24:00) co-located PM10, PM25, and Black Smoke samples were collected for a period of 1 year (September 1999 to September 2000) at an urban background site in central Edinburgh, and monthly at a rural site 30 km SSW of Edinburgh. Sample mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically, and the daily water and acid (2.8:1 HCl / HNO3 v/v) extractable metal concentrations of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb, determined by ICP-MS. Median urban background PM7 5 water soluble metal concentrations ranged from 0.05 ng m 3 for Ti to 5.06 ng m 3 for Pb, and in PM10 from 0.18 ng m 3 for Ti to 11.74 ng m 3 for Fe. Median PM2.5 total (water + acid) extractable metal concentrations ranged from 0.30 ng m 3 for As to 27.60 ng m 3 for Fe, and in PM10 from 0.37 ng m 3 for As to 183.44 ng m 3 for Fe. Fe concentrations represented c. 80 % of the total (water + acid) metal exposure from metals analysed in the PM10 fraction, although Pb and Zn constituted over 50 % of the water soluble metal exposure in PM25. Significant seasonal differences (P <0.05) were observed in the metal concentrations, which varied with metal, coupled with an overall shift towards a higher proportion of acid extractable / lower proportion of water soluble metal in the winter months. Seasonal differences were also present in the urban: rural ratio, which ranged from -3 in the spring to up to 10 in winter. Urban background metal concentrations were also found in general to correlate more strongly with BS 'mass concentration equivalent' than with PM 10 or PM2.5 mass concentrations. Hierarchical clustering of 5 day air mass back trajectories demonstrated that there were significant differences (P <0.05) in metal concentrations (ng m 3) and metal 'enrichment factors' (EFs, ng ig1 particulate matter) depending on air mass source / direction. Water soluble metal concentrations associated with air masses from eastern / central Europe or centred on the UK were up to double the concentrations associated with air masses from other directions, while acid extractable metal concentrations were elevated when air masses were from the north or centred on the UK. Trajectory clustering was also used to extrapolate median metal EF values per cluster back over an 8 year period, to enable the retrospective estimation of daily metal concentrations from archive PM10 mass concentration data for use in epidemiological research. However, epidemiological statistical analysis of differing respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes using these metal concentration data resulted in no significant improvement in statistical power beyond that of PM10 mass concentrations alone. The analyses neither confirm nor rule out a hypothesised association between exposure to airborne particulate metal and the above acute health outcomes. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the inhabitants of Lab 272/3 over the past three years for keeping me continuously entertained and for the odd piece of useful advice (you know who you are). Thanks also go to Drs. Rhodri Thomas and Lorna Eades for their help in fixing the ICP / ICPMS / autosampler / control software over the years, Margret in KB House, and Folly and Trevor in the Medical School. I would also like to thank Cathy Houghton and Bee Jukes (MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester) and George McTurk (Leicester University Medical School) for the loan / use of various pieces of equipment. Finally I would like to thank Mat Heal, lain Beverland, Raymond Agius, and Rob Elton for their advice and comments over the course of this project. Abbreviations and Definitions Aerodynamic Diameter (Assuming a sphere) is dae = d (p/p*)Q.S where p* is a spherical particle with density 103 kg/rn3. Also defined as the diameter of a unit density sphere that has the same settling velocity as the particle in question. Aerosol Airborne particles or droplets. Aethalometer Measures black carbon by light attenuation with the particles on a quartz tape. Aqua Regia A mix of hydrochloric and nitric acid, normally as 3 parts hydrochloric to 1 part nitric acid by volume. Black Carbon Same as elemental carbon (EC). Black Smoke Non reflective particulate matter (as used by the smoke stain method). BS See Black Smoke above. Catalase Scavenges hydrogen peroxide and neutralises it. CEN/TC 264/WG 14 European working group looking at reference methods for the determination of metals in ambient air based on low volume samplers.


Introduction:
 Ellagitanins are highly abundant in various foods including fruits, nuts and wines, and particularly high in commercial muscadine grape-derived supplements. The microbiome metabolizes ellagitanins to urolithins. Urolithin A (UA), the final product of the microbiome processing pathway may contribute to the cardioprotective effects of ellagitanins; however, the cellular signaling mechanisms of UA are unclear. Since the TGFβ-PAI-1 pathway contributes to fibrosis, cellular senescence and progressive kidney injury, we evaluated the effects of UA on TGFβ-induced stimulation of PAI-1 in rat renal proximal tubule cells (rPTCs - NRK52E). We hypothesize that UA may be an endogenous anti-fibrotic compound that attenuates the TGFβ-PAI-1 response.

 Results:
 TGFβ (5 ng/ml) treatment markedly increased PAI-1 levels 10-fold [43.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.5 ± 0.3 ng/ml; P<0.001, n=3] in the rPTCs at 24 hrs. The TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) kinase (ALK5) inhibitor SB525334 or UA abolished the increase in PAI-1 to TGFβ [SB: 1.3 ± 0.3; UA: 2.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml; P<0.001, n=3]; UA exhibits an IC50 of 3.1 μM to abrogate the TGFβ-PAI-1 response. Since the TGFβ pathway may transactivate the EGFR, treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitors AG1478 (AG, 1 μM) and Lapatinib (LAP, 1 μM) also abrogated the PAI-1 response to TGFβ [AG: 3.3 ± 0.4; LAP: 6.2 ± 1.4 ng/ml; P<0.001, n=3]. Addition of EGF alone increased PAI-1 to a similar extent as TGFβ [46.6 ± 2.7 ng/ml; P<0.001, n=3], and treatment with UA or AG abolished the EGF-PAI-1 response [2.4 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml, respectively; P<0.001, n=3]. Given the dependence on EGFR signaling for PAI-1, we determined whether UA directly attenuates EGFR stimulation. Indeed, UA treatment inhibited peak EGFR phosphorylation to EGF at 5 mins [10 μM: 67 ± 4%; 50 μM: 71 ± 5%; P<0.05, n=3], and reduced total EGFR expression at 24 hrs [10 μM: 27 ± 11%; 50 μM: 66 ± 7%; P<0.05, n=6]. UA was devoid of cytotoxic effects (LDH release).

 Conclusion:
 The present study is the first to establish that UA abrogates the TGFβ-EGFR-PAI-1 pathway via the inhibition of EGFR stimulation and expression. Moreover, the potency of UA to attenuate PAI-1 is comparable to its physiological levels. The microbiome product UA may convey anti-fibrotic actions within the kidney by targeting the EGFR system.


An appeal to the personalistic component of the history of mathematics, stories about scientists who have contributed to its development, contribute to the implementation of the educational aspect in the teaching of mathematics. A question arises: how can a mathematics teacher shape the moral qualities of a child, including patriotic and international feelings; what pedagogical means he can use at the same time; how to prepare a teacher for this type of activity at a university. Based on the purpose of the study, the case study method was chosen as the main tool, which allowed us to carefully study the data (biographical materials) in a certain context (in terms of their educational potential). Biographies of outstanding mathematicians were analyzed and cases related to the manifestation of their qualities in various life situations were identified. The publications and experience of teachers were considered in terms of the possibility of including this material in the process of teaching mathematics. The empirical experience of implementing the process of training a teacher-educator in the framework of teaching methodological and mathematical disciplines and organizing extracurricular activities of a professional orientation was generalized. As a result, the main directions of work on the implementation of educational activities through the appeal to the patterns of behavior of the creators of mathematics were identified: the creation of biographical essays and the preparation of presentations that reveal personal experience and career trajectory; the inclusion in the discussion of the actions and facts from the life of outstanding mathematicians; the inclusion in the discussion of actions and facts from the life of these wonderful people; preparation of brief historical notes on the discoveries of Russian mathematicians of different historical periods and other near-mathematical events; making presentations, wall newspapers (traditional or interactive) or video clips, organizing mathematical holidays, etc. The practical significance of the materials of this article lies in the fact that the developed system of work, including getting to know the cases from the life of scientists in the framework of training sessions, setting practice-oriented tasks for organizing independent work of students and organizing extracurricular educational activities in the form of group projects, contributes to the formation of the future teacher's readiness to use the educational potential of cases from the life of scientists in educational work.


Reaction of 2,4,6-tris(2-pyrimidyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPymT) with Pb(NO3)2 in aqueous medium leads to the formation of a mixture of two pseudopolymorphs, {[Pb2(TPymT)(H2O)(NO3)4]·H2O}n, 1 and [Pb2(TPymT)(NO3)4]n, 2, where TPymT molecules are coordinated with two PbII ions in a bridging bis-terpyridine fashion. We demonstrate that fast evaporation of the solvent leads exclusively to the formation of 1, while 2 was formed upon slow evaporation. The two pseudopolymorphs can be interconverted by dissolving in water upon heating and controlling the evaporation rate.


The features of formation of the contract relations and process of their modeling between the main recipients groups of agents of the market are studied in the article. The contracting process is considered, which provides description of the configuration of groups of agents that are determinants, recipients and beneficiaries to the market. On the basis of this, the conflict of interests is described and the risks of opportunism are assessed from the individual groups of agents, from what the perfection/efficiency of the market depends objectively. The essence of the conflict can be presented through the matrix which provides a ratio of traditionally economic and social-and-ecological priorities. The conflict at the same time is associated with a set of alternative scenarios when more attention at the expense of others is paid to one group of priorities. The matrix of positioning the market development scenarios according to the ratio of priorities «economic efficiency – the social-and-ecological effectiveness» makes it possible to present a criterion of perfection of the representative market when the state of «imperfection» is associated with low economic and socio-ecological effects, while «perfection» – with high level where they are achieved not at the expense of each other, but due to the effect of the mutually agreed balance. In such ratio of matrix sectors desirable and undesirable scenarios of the development and then the market types are are distinguished clearly.

Risk analysis of opportunism of recipients of the market on the 3-dimensional scale for the main groups of agents (consumers, power, business, public institutes) is carried out that allowed to draw a conclusion that the opportunism is characteristic primarily for the regulator, to a lesser extent – for business, and to the least – for consumers and public institutes. The offered typing of contracts makes allows to model conditions of the market dynamics where the types of contracts are based on the basic theories of contracts. The study found that the most suitable for market relations and functioning of the market institution can be generally defined model of a conditionally perfect contract of favorable choice, the content of which, in all canonical constituents, corresponds to the principles of the ideology of economic liberalism, which means the obligation to have a set of certain functions in such a typical contract and norms.


The interesting [NH3Cl] cation could recently be prepared and characterized in the form of its [NH3Cl](BF4), [NH3Cl](AsF6) and [NH3Cl](SbF6) salts [1]. Similar salts the respective fluorine containing cation [NH3F] were described some years ago [2]. Therefore, in order to attain a wider insight into the vibrational and bonding properties of these two cations, we have performed the calculation of its mean amplitudes of vibration, using the known spectroscopic data [1, 2]. These calculations were made with the method of the characteristic vibrations of Müller et al. [3] (cf. also [4, 5]). The necessary molecular parameters for the [NH3Cl] cation [d(N-Cl) = 1.74 Å; d(N-H) = 1.02 Å; ∠H-N-H = 109.8◦; ∠H-N-Cl = 109.1◦], obtained by DF theoretical calculations, were taken from the paper of Schneider et al. [1]. For the [NH3F] cation the following values, also obtained by DF calculations [6], were used: d(N-F) = 1.37 Å; d(N-H) = 1.04 Å; all angles = 107.8 ◦. For comparative purposes we have also performed a similar calculation for the NH4 cation, using reported Raman data of crystalline NH4Cl [7] and a tetrahedral bond angle. The results of the calculations of [NH3X], in the temperature range between 0 and 1000 K are shown in


Background: In health care sector waste refers different kinds of used and unused materials by different organizations and in particular by the hospital administration. It is in the observation that the waste outcome is used by the hospitals, clinics and different types of diagnostic aids. It is understood that there has to be the process of improving the perception on biomedical waste management by the people responsible in the health care sector. This is the need of the hour concerned with environmental issue.
Objectives: It is essential before focusing some light on the biomedical waste management regarding the awareness among the people who are directly concern with the use of biomedical products to how to handle after use waste material in the hospitals and clinics.
Methods: One group pre test and post test quasi experimental design was used and lottery method of random sampling technique was adopted. The pretest was conducted using questionnaire. After the pretest structured teaching program was organized and post was conducted.
Results: The results showed that in pretest out of 30 samples the pretest knowledge scores in staff nurse (55.6%), auxiliary nurse midwife (54.3%) and ward boys (50.6%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge. In post test staff nurse (84.6%), auxiliary nurse midwife (83.7%) and ward boys (81.33%) of them had adequate knowledge after education.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that a well defined structure of inputs on the mode of delivery of information will create a base for the people who are directly concern with the waste management. .


The invention provides a mechanical through hole forming method of a printed circuit board. The method comprises a hole drilling step, a metal nail hammering step, a circuit laminating step, and a welding step. In addition, the invention also provides a printed circuit board with mechanical through holes. The printed circuit board includes a substrate; through holes are drilled in interjunctions needing lead connection at all layers of the substrate; and metal nails are hammered into the through holes; and a conductive line layer is arranged on the substrate by a press-fit way. Welding processing is carried out on the welding regions at the two ends of the hammered metal nails in all through holes and the conductive line layer, thereby guaranteeing reliable conduction. According to the invention, the copper nails are hammered into the through holes of the substrate by a mechanical way; and compared with the existing chemical copper deposition method, the provided method enables copper plating to be carried out on hole walls uniformly, so that the circuit connection of the printed circuit board becomes stable and reliable. Compared with the existing chemical copper deposition method, the mechanical through hole forming method has simple process procedures and is environment friendly because of no chemical agent utilization.


Five rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) were prepared by surgical placement of a stainless steel implant in the parietal area of the skull. The implant was designed to firmly hold a Teflon coated membrane of a medical mass spectrometer in an intracerebral position. Animals were consecutively exposed to varying ambient oxygen concentrations from 11% to 21%. Intracerebral PO2 and PCO2 and arterial PO2 were all stimultaneously recorded for computer analysis. Results indicate an almost linear relationship between cerebral PO2 and ambient PO2 as well as between cerebral PO2 and arterial PO2. With an ambient oxygen concentration of 21%, the cerebral Po2 and Pco2 were 13.5 +/- 3.5 mm Hg and 50.4 +/- 7.9 mm Hg, respectively. With an ambient oxygen concentration of 10.7%, these values decreased to 2.5 +/- 2.7 mm Hg and 38.0 +/- 5.6 mm Hg.


It is well known (Lee 1960), especially to communications and control systems engineers, that the weighting function (unit impulse function) of a linear causal system may be obtained by cross correlating its output with its input. In general a Wiener-Hopf integral equation must be solved for the weighting function; but if the input were "white noise" of unit spectral density then, as shown by Lee (1950), the weighting function would be equal to this cross correlation function for positive values of its argument. Although a perfectly "white" input cannot be obtained in practice, a number of modifications of this technique have been used; Anderson, Buland and Cooper (1959), for example, describe the use of specially selected samples of "discrete-interval binary noise" in a problem in adaptive control.


To evaluate the degree of corrosion, reinforcements of 14-year-old and 17-year-old concrete members were completely exposed. These 3 m long beams were stored in three-point flexion in an aggressive...


Aiming at the problem that lack of mathematical models to calculate the austenite grain size of welding seam in low-alloy steel,and according to the analysis of the austenite grain growth mechanism.It established that a mathematical model of(welding seam)based upon the diffusivity of carbon(austenite grain in low-alloy steel)grows during continuous cooling condition.Based on the actual thermal cycling of welding,the effects of many alloy elements on austenite grain growth have been taken into account in this model,so it could be much more accurate to encounter with the real condition of austenite grain growth.The calculation results are in concord with reported experimental observations,which shows the effectiveness of the present model.


By 2050, Asia will have to face the challenge of feeding 1.5 billion extra populations. Similarly, the population of Nepal, 26 million in 2011, will also be double by 2050. Food demand will be increasing corresponding to the increase of the population. Nepal's irrigation sector must first be revitalized to unlock its potential by introducing innovative practices and changing the ways it is governed and managed. Irrigated agriculture holds great potentiality to meet the development challenges and key to increased agriculture production to feed the growing population of Nepal. Besides, increasing the agriculture production, irrigation helps promote Green Revolution, contributes for poverty alleviation, and helps promote rural growth, and food security among people. Dilapidated irrigation systems affects on all these fronts of development issues. It is, therefore, necessary to revitalize the irrigation sector to feed growing population, to ensure livelihood and poverty alleviation and maximize the benefit of available natural resources like water to get more production from limited land availability. Hence, the revitalizing irrigation systems to meet the food demands of the future are to be considered in an integrated manner consisting infrastructure rehabilitation, investment to raise yield productivity from irrigated land and promotion of appropriate institutions and innovative management modes. There are different agencies that influence the policy and implementation of irrigation sector of Nepal. The central agency is necessary for planning, investment, monitoring, and evaluation of the sector in the larger context. At present, one feels the absence of such central agency which overlooks the overall irrigation sector in compassing all sizes and types and technologies as the national resources. Pigs are neglected domestic animal species reared under poor care and management. Chwanche, Hurra and Bampudke are major native pigs of Nepal whereas Landrace, Yarkshire, Pakhribash Black, Tamworth and Durock are the introduced pigs. A survey was conducted in selected districts of Nepal in order to understand feeding system of indigenous pigs and also collect feed samples for chemical analysis. In all surveyed sites, the pig herd size was relatively small (2-4/farm). Kitchen waste from home or hotel, local seasonal vegetable or fruit i.e. non-consumable for human being, local sweet potato and their vines (in few areas), roots and tubers and their leaves such as- Pindalu ( Clocasea sps), Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatus L ), Turnip ( Brassia rape ) and Radish ( Raphnes sativa L ), rice bran and maize fl our were the major feed ingredients. Sweet potato had high energy content as compared to other roots and tubers and was comparable to rice bran and maize which are the major sources of energy in livestock feeds. Findings thus indicated that roots and tubers in rural areas could be an alternative as of energy rich feed ingredients which could be utilized if maize and rice bran are expensive and unavailable. Further research on level of feeding, conservation technique and varietals improvement is needed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7202 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.42-43


Glaucoma is a progressive disease due to damage in the optic nerve with associated functional losses. Although the relationship between structural and functional progression in glaucoma is well established, there is disagreement on how this association evolves over time. In addressing this issue, we propose a new class of non‐Gaussian linear‐mixed models to estimate the correlations among subject‐specific effects in multivariate longitudinal studies with a skewed distribution of random effects, to be used in a study of glaucoma. This class provides an efficient estimation of subject‐specific effects by modeling the skewed random effects through the log‐gamma distribution. It also provides more reliable estimates of the correlations between the random effects. To validate the log‐gamma assumption against the usual normality assumption of the random effects, we propose a lack‐of‐fit test using the profile likelihood function of the shape parameter. We apply this method to data from a prospective observation study, the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, to present a statistically significant association between structural and functional change rates that leads to a better understanding of the progression of glaucoma over time.


The research efforts involving supply chains have not been investigating systematically the existent interrelations between interorganizacional trust, control and risks. Hence, this work aims to answer the following research question: How do interorganizacional trust, controls and risks affect each other in the context of supply chains? We perform it by employing the Das and Teng's (2001) research framework into one of the largest Brazilian supply chains. Eight key propositions emerged from fifteen interviews and documental investigation. Altogether, such propositions allow to observe that (a) the joint analysis of interorganizacional trust, controls and risk provides a higher level of understanding of such elements in comparison with their individual analysis; (b) the various relationships between interorganizacional trust, controls and risks are complex, so linear research approaches are not adequate to comprehend their reality. The managerial implications of this study are the analytic capacity offered by the research framework for defining the types and extension of controls to be negotiated and for systemizing the largest risks to the business.


The plasma volume of worm-free crossbred wether lambs was found to vary from 33 to 56 ml/kg during normal growth from 8 to 12 months of age. An inverse relationship was found to exist between plasma volume relative to body weight and body weight for lambs of this age. Infection of lambs with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, even when fatal, did not produce any alteration of plasma volume except that due to change in body weight. For all determinations made on all 26 sheep used, the mean plasma volumes were: 13–25 kg body weight, 46.83 ± 3.7 ml/kg; 26–30 kg body weight, 43.2 ± 3.2 ml/ kg; 31–38 kg body weight, 41.2 ± 3.8 ml/kg. The differences in plasma volume between the three body weight ranges were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The clinical syndrome in these experimental cases of trichostrongylosis was characterized by unthriftiness with failure to grow normally, loss of weight, and emaciation. None of the sheep showed diarrhoea. All infected sheep developed a moderate to severe degree of anaemia due to decreased numbers of erythrocytes. It is concluded that diarrhoea is an incidental clinical sign in trichostrongylosis, and is not essential for the disease to terminate fatally. The data presented suggest that water loss is not an important component of the syndrome.


Lye extraction was investigated for regenerating a spent bleaching earth (SBE) generated after the discoloration of crude edible oils. Bivariate regression and response surface methodology were applied to find the optimal ratio of the liquid caustic soda to SBE and the retention time at the boiling temperature. Experimental results showed that the oil content in SBE could be reduced to less than 1% by boiling SBE in an aqueous solution of 1% caustic soda for more than 20 min. The deoiled SBE could be mixed in the soy meal for animal feed. A preliminary financial analysis showed that the investment for a hypothetical 10-ton/day processing unit and an additional 50-ton/day acidulation and a 100-ton/day wastewater treatment unit would be paid back in 24 months. The contour lines of the payback period between 18 and 36 months for the investment between $400,000 and $1,200,000 and the meal price between $200 and $300/ton are also shown. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006


A defect occurring in cable joints is much more severe than a defect on cables due to its high incidence and an intensive electrical stress. In conventional reflectometry, it is hard to distinguish between a reflected signal from normal cable joints and that from faulty cable joints. This article proposes a novel time–frequency domain reflectometry (TFDR) method based on an unsupervised neural network model combining long short-term memory (LSTM) and variational autoencoder (VAE) that can detect joint defects as well as cable defects. To verify the proposed method, a test bed is constructed with two failure scenarios: 1) defects on cables and 2) defects in cable joints. In both scenarios, the proposed method successfully detects the failure using an anomaly score that conventional TFDR does not have. The proposed anomaly detection technique is expected to become the cornerstone of systems that can detect anomalies of earlier stage of defects.


It is often needed for template matching to eliminate some irrelevant areas of the matching window with mask in object detection. The computing process of template matching with correlation algorithm is very time consuming,few of the fast algorithm can be used to solve this problem as the areas of mask is often irregular. The extended integral image with mask is proposed,and a fast template matching algorithm is realized with it. This algorithm only need to ransack all pixels in the matching window one time,and the calculating process is simplified with no change to the matching accuracy. Experiment of face detection proves that this algorithm can remarkably improve the computing efficiency of template matching with mask,and it is very suitable for application when several times full or local matching should be done between the object and the template.


This article has no founding source. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. This content has not been published, nor has submitted for publication elsewhere. On behalf of all the contributors I will act and guarantor and will correspond with the journal from this point onward. We hereby transfer, assign, or otherwise convey all copyright ownership, including any and all rights incidental thereto, exclusively to the journal, in the event that such work is published by the journal.


Effects of a new type of nosteroidal ecdysone agonist W200013 on the fourth instar larvae of the cotton bollworm( Helicoverpa armigera ) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. These observations revealed that W200013 initiated a precocious and lethal larval moult. At 6 h post treatment (pt), the deposition of additional layers of endocuticle, a dramatic increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in glycogen particles were noted in the epidermis. At 12?h pt, the ecdysial space had formed and epidermal cytoplasts appeared "frozen". At 24?h pt, a double cuticle separated by the ecdysial space had formed and the epidermis was highly vacuolated. At 36?h pt, new epicuticle coated an incomplete new procuticle containing only a small number of lamellae, and the epidermis showed increasing signs of degeneration. As a result, the treated larvae died without normal ecdysis. At the same time, comparison with RH 5992 revealed that the two insect growth regulators produced similar toxic symptoms, bioassay results and ultrastructural changes of the integument.


Cloud computing is a set of IT services that are provided to a customer over a network on a leased basis and with the ability to scale up or down their service requirement. Normally cloud computing services are delivered by a third party provider who owns the infrastructure. The advantages to mention but some of them include resilience, scalability, efficiency, flexibility and outsourcing non-core activities. Cloud computing offers an innovative method for business model for organizations to adopt IT services without upfront investments. Despite the potential gains which are achieved from the cloud computing, the organizations around are too slow in accepting or adjusting to it because of the security issues and challenges associated with it. Security is one of the crucial issues which hamper the growth of cloud. The idea of providing/handing important data to another company is worrisome; such that the consumers need to be vigilant in understanding the risks of data breaches in this new environment. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is the combination of mobile computing, wireless networks and cloud computing to bring rich computational resources to network operators, mobile users and even cloud computing providers. In this paper we discussed Cloud Computing, Mobile Cloud Computing, Security Risks and Solution of Cloud Computing, Research Issues in MCC, Security Issues and Solutions in MCC, Advantages of MCC.


Background Autophagic dysfunctions are referred as a pathologic mechanism for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Some studies indicated that beclin-1 a protein with a key role in autophagy was decreased in the brain of AD patients. Moreover inhibition of ErbB2 not only upregulated expression of beclin-1 but also attenuated amyloid-b production suggesting that ErbB2 is a novel target for AD. Methods In this study a type of new quinazoline derivatives as ErbB2 inhibitors was synthesized based on the modification of the lead CL-387785 for improving selectivity and potency. Modulation of Ab autophagy by measuring the g-secretase activity and the change of amount of Ab through ErbB2 inhibition in cell-based assays was carried out to explore the potential therapies for AD. The synthetic compounds modified with biarylamino groups at 4-position gave detrimental effects on the autophagic clearance of Ab and AICD. Additional methoxy group at 7-position but keeping halogenated anilinyl moiety at 4-position furnished selective Inhibition of ErbB2 significantly and alleviated the production of C99 and AICD in HEK293 Cells. Whether inhibition of ErbB2 alleviates the production of Ab and renders cognitive improvement will be carried out in transgenic mice in due course. Based on the mechanism of actions of certain tyrosine kinase inhibitory activities on the autophagic modulation Ab we came up with some new derivatives that significantly and selectively decreased the production of g-secretase mediated Ab.


The dynamic processes of solids mixing were obtained from the CFD-DEM simulations for two cases at different fluidizing velocities.The mechanisms of solids mixing in view of the particle and bubble scales were examined,and it was established that bubble movement through the bed,bubble burst at the bed surface and emulsion flowing downward induced by bubble rise played crucial roles in solids mixing.The kinetic theory based two-fluid model was used to simulate 2-dimensional fluidized beds with the width of 0.2 m,0.4 m and 0.8 m,respectively,covering regimes from bubbling to turbulent fluidization.Based on the simulation results from the two-fluid model,ideal tracing particles were used to track the solids phase movement,then according to these trajectories the average solids dispersion coefficients were computed.The results indicated that the lateral dispersion coefficient(Dx)increased with the increase of gas velocity,but it was greatly limited by the bed size.The axial dispersion coefficient also increased with the increase of gas velocity,yet was weakly limited by the bed size.The computational results agreed in the same order of magnitude with the values of Dx reported by different authors in the range of 10-4—10-1 m2·s-1 orders.The prediction established that the values of Dx in larger fluidized beds at a higher fluidizing velocity was much larger than that in small bubbling beds,which explained the discrepancy between the experimental values of Dx in the literature and the methodology for scaling-up solids dispersion rate in industrial fluidized beds.


Over the past several years, large highintensity fires, or "megafires," have set records for the greatest burn area and most costly fires in several U.S. states. In a short period of time, very large wildfires (VLFs) can release many tons of fine particles and other pollutants that are hazardous to human health. Observed increases in VLF occurrence have heightened concerns about widespread air quality impacts. In addition, VLF occurrence is expected to increase in many regions of the United States as the future climate in those regions is likely to be warmer and drier. The danger of smoke exposure from future VLFs depends on several spatial factors, including the likelihood of VLF occurrence, fuel loading and consumption, emission rates, air transport patterns, and population density.


AbstractUntil recently, it has usually been assumed that British welfare legislation and industrial welfare reforms were, with exceptions in certain special circumstances, essentially the products of labour pressure, or at least of employers' attempts to contain working-class pressure and unrest. Unlike America or Germany where, since the 1960s, it has been demonstrated that corporate leaders played a dynamic role in constructing a new social order, in Britain it was commonly assumed that business and welfare were mutually incompatible. Even when British employers were the subject of study, moreover, research was usually restricted to the 'industrial paternalism' of the early Industrial Revolution's entrepreneurs, and such welfare measures were seen as businessmen's responses to the special circumstances of the creation of an industrial society, and as products of their desire for efficiency and labour contro1. Most later nineteenth-century entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were assumed to have been unint...


Abstract. Eriksen BO, Kristiansen IS, Pape JFr (University Hospital of Tromsø and University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway). Prediction of five‐year survival for patients admitted to a department of internal medicine. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 435–440.


In this work development's issues of Credit Transfer and Accumulation System of knowledge, abilities and skills of students for educational discipline Outdoor games was viewed. This discipline is studying on specialty Physical Education. Structure of knowledge, abilities and skills checking was offered for this discipline. The offered criteria of a sizing up of success and the complex control of knowledge, skills of students on modular rating system assist integration of domestic system of higher education in the European educational space.


Is contemporary international criminal law (icl) compatible with sovereignty and traditional international law (il) as it is comprehended by the doctrine of Dualism, as understood by the great majority of international jurists, scholars, government representatives and those working at the tribunals? What the literature has entirely missed is that three most important figures in the initial creation and institutionalization of ilc for the Yugoslavia Tribunal in 1994 – Antonio Cassese, Cherif Bassiouni and Theodor Meron – all shared a commitment to a monistic view based on expansive and radical interpretation of icl in which international criminal jurisdiction (iicj) – because it makes individuals its sole legal subject – as radically legally, politically and even ontologically incompatible with – and inherently to superior – sovereignty, as well as all those institutions based on traditional sovereign il (e.g., international humanitarian law, the un Charter system, and human rights). Normatively, they call for "the humanization" or individualization of international law marked by direct and unmediated relationships between iicj institutions and the individual. Practically, they acknowledge icl's basis in modern statist domestic criminal law and Security Council power means that it is necessarily a unitary, top-down and subjecting power, incompatible with the claims of both dualists and pluralists. If the monists are correct, the African Union (au) must be very careful not to presume that what one likes about international courts (African, treaty- or sovereignty based tribunals) can be easily separated from what one does not like (unsc power, icc), because it was icl itself, not the tribunals, which is fundamentally anti-sovereign. As a result, this article concludes that icl itself is now too closely ground in iicj to think that it could be separated in an African court.


The article is devoted to inquiry of a deputy as a control function of the legislativebranch, and to its regulation in the Russian legislation. The author looks at deputy inquiryas at a form of deputy activities in the State Duma and as of guarantee of activity of theState Duma itself. He studies a correlation between inquiry of individual deputy and a parliamentary one, content of inquiry, legal regulation of answering such inquiries.


Objective:The influencing factors on polystyrene(PS) microsphere diameter and size distribution were investigated for the preparation of the submicron monodisperse PS microspheres.Methods:PS microspheres were prepared rapidly by soap-free emulsion polymerization in aqueous solution through varying the polymerization temperature,initiator concentration,and ionic strength,separately.Results:The morphologies,diameter and size distribution of PS microspheres were investigated with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).Conclusion:Polymerization temperature was a very important factor which intensively affected the PS particle size.Monodisperse PS microspheres could be well prepared by EFEP at the polymerization temperature from 55℃ to 80℃.When the concentration of initiator increased,the diameter of PS microspheres decreased at first and then increased with a broad size distribution.The diameter of PS microspheres increased with increasing ionic strength,but the increase of ionic strength could lead to broadening on size distribution.


The study examined and compared the effect of school physical environment on psychosocial wellbeing between pupils in public and private primary schools. The target population was 260,459 comprising of head teachers, teachers and pupils in Kiambu County in Kenya. CausalComparative research design was employed. A sample size of 384 participants was drawn from the population using stratified, simple random and purposive sampling procedures. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used to establish differences between public and private schools in terms of availability of adequate and quality physical facilities and the resultant psychosocial wellbeing of pupils. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between private and public primary schools in terms of physical environment. Public schools had better school physical environment than private schools that positively impacted on psychosocial wellbeing of pupils. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education, parents and proprietors of primary schools need to invest in quality physical facilities for both public and private schools. This would foster appropriate socialization of pupils and create conducive emotional environment for psychosocial wellbeing of the pupils.


This paper investigates the robust H ∞ performance of time-invariant linear uncertain systems where the uncertainty is in polytopic domains. Robust H ∞ is checked by constructing a quadratic parameter-dependent Lyapunov function. The matrix associated with this quadratic Lyapunov function is a polynomial function of the uncertain parameters, expressed as a particular polynomial matrix involving κ powers of the dynamic matrix of the system and one symmetric matrix to be determined. The degree of this polynomial matrix function is arbitrary. Finsler's Lemma is used to lift the obtained stability conditions into a larger space in which sufficient stability tests can be developed in the form of linear matrix inequalities. As κ increases, less conservative H ∞ evaluations are obtained. Both continuous and discrete-time systems are investigated. Numerical examples illustrate the method and compare the present results with similar works in the literature.


Object selection is an important technical problem in the process of map generalization. Considering creative-thinking characteristic of map generalization process, the paper bring the Rough Set theory from spatial data mine field to map generalization field, put forward a new thought for map generalization based on classification idea of Rough Set. The method of Rough Set which has the benefit on enormous data with the imperfection and non-precision character has become a new tool to make research on spatial data mining. The paper analyzes the imperfection characters of geo-spatial data processing based on Rough Set and the selection problem in the processing of map generalization with classification thought; presents the thought that map generalization is a kind of classification for map objects. The method mentioned in this paper use different spatial and attribute information as different point of view to observe the map objects. The result of the classification is ordered by the weightiness of all kinds of factors. In the end, a river objects selection test validates the rough set map generalization method mentioned in this paper.


Active interrogation, a measurement technique which uses a radiation source to probe materials and generate unique signatures useful for characterizing those materials, is a powerful tool for assaying special nuclear material. Work at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in the area of active interrogation, using neutron and photon sources, has been under way for many years to develop methods for detecting and quantifying nuclear material for national and homeland security research areas. This research knowledge base is now being extended to address nuclear safeguards and process monitoring issues related to the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP). As a first step in this area preliminary scoping studies have been performed to investigate the usefulness of using active neutron interrogation, with a low-power electronic neutron generator, to assay Department of Transportation 6M shipping drums containing uranium oxide fuel rodlets from INL's zero power physics reactor. Using the paired-counting technique during the die-away time period of interrogation, a lower detection limit of approximately 4.2 grams of enriched uranium (40% 235U) was calculated for a 40 minute measurement using a field portable 2.5 MeV neutron source and an array of 16 moderated helium-3 neutron tubes. Future work in this area, including the use of amore » more powerful neutron source and a better tailored detector array, would likely improve this limit to a much lower level. Further development work at INL will explore the applicability of active interrogation in association with the nuclear safeguards and process monitoring needs of the advanced GNEP facilities under consideration. This work, which will include both analyses and field demonstrations, will be performed in collaboration with colleagues at INL and elsewhere that have expertise in nuclear fuel reprocessing as well as active interrogation and its use for nuclear material analyses.« less


The most famous definition of economics among modern academicians and economists is a branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants or desires. Under the shadow of this definition, there are different types of conventional economic systems included relativism, utilitarianism, and universalism, etc. This study has been introduced in the economic world through an evolution process. There is a dominant feeling within the Muslim elites that either Islam is unable to respond to complex contemporary challenges in the fields of trade and economics or its economic concepts are old and outdated. Both of these perceptions are incorrect. The real philosophy, concept, and definition of Islamic economics are based on limiting desires and unlimited resources which are supported by Quran and Hadith. The beauty of Islamic economics is based on limited desires and unlimited resources. This concept of Islamic economics can share the risk of profit and loss in their business. Islamic banks with this revolutionary approach will feel at ease in implementing Shari'ah-based finance and offer risk-sharing products and services.


Modern science and technology,combined with productive force,is the most significant revolutionary force and has exerted tremendous influence on modern society.The spreading and development of modern science and technology in China has dominated the historical process,changing China from a soluble social structure into a dissoluble one,bringing a most significant social effect and providing a realistic historical and cultural background.The development of science and scientific spirit enriches the connotation of scientific outlook on development,which is significant in understanding the scientific outlook on development.Unfortunately,such an important aspect is neglected in the political teaching of higher education,therefore it is advisable that this part of content be added in the textbook revision in the future.


Despite extensive structure‐function analyses, the molecular mechanisms of normal and pathological tau action remain poorly understood. How does the C‐terminal microtubule‐binding region regulate microtubule dynamics and bundling? In what biophysical form does tau transfer trans‐synaptically from one neuron to another, promoting neurodegeneration and dementia? Previous biochemical/biophysical work led to the hypothesis that tau can dimerize via electrostatic interactions between two N‐terminal 'projection domains' aligned in an anti‐parallel fashion, generating a multivalent complex capable of interacting with multiple tubulin subunits. We sought to test this dimerization model directly. Native gel analyses of full‐length tau and deletion constructs demonstrate that the N‐terminal region leads to multiple bands, consistent with oligomerization. Ferguson analyses of native gels indicate that an N‐terminal fragment (tau45–230) assembles into heptamers/octamers. Ferguson analyses of denaturing gels demonstrates that tau45–230 can dimerize even in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Atomic force microscopy reveals multiple levels of oligomerization by both full‐length tau and tau45–230. Finally, ion mobility–mass spectrometric analyses of tau106–144, a small peptide containing the core of the hypothesized dimerization region, also demonstrate oligomerization. Thus, multiple independent strategies demonstrate that the N‐terminal region of tau can mediate higher order oligomerization, which may have important implications for both normal and pathological tau action.


Abstract This paper presents a modified cascaded multi-level structure for high voltage application. The topology proposed optimizes switch count per voltage level along with the reduction in voltage stress across the switches. Optimization based on different criteria has been discussed and a comparison of the proposed structure with existing topology has been carried out. This paper also shows a level shift PWM control scheme and a closed loop multi-band hysteresis control scheme. The topology is simulated for the above two control schemes on MATLAB and also verified experimentally for single phase seven-level inverter. The experimental verification was done with DSP F28337D TI Launchpad on series resistance and inductance (RL) load.


On the basis of the study about the conditions and process of formation of mire soils in Xianghai mire wetland, this paper classifies the soil into four soil subtypes, and describes their main characters such as distribution laws, profile features etc. respectively. In addition, it also puts forward such ways of sustainable exploitation and utilization to solve such problems as salinization, desertification and catagenesis etc..


This paper designed an UHF RFID reader based on the ISO/IEC 18000-6B standard, it describes the hardware design and software design of RFID reader, The hardware includes the RF sending circuit and the RF receiving circuit. Especially in the receiving system, it uses integrated circuit and the direct demodulation signal reception programme to achieve hardware optimized receiver circuit design. Using the sensitive amplification filter technology, the system can effectively detect and receive weak signal modulation, effectively improve the recognition from the readers. The software includes the Main control programme and anti-collision algorithm.


Hospitals throughout the U.S. are facing increasing demand and employee shortages. This capacity issue has led to understaffing in some hospital areas. The current study examines the impact of understaffing in hospital-unit respiratory care and the impact to missed treatment rates. The moderating effect of teamwork is also considered.


Background: Ponatinib is a third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that has demonstrated efficacy in patients (pts) with CML who have failed multiple therapies and those with a T315I mutation or other BCR-ABL mutations. In this study, we have assessed the efficacy and safety of ponatinib as a frontline therapy in pts with CML-CP. Methods: Fifty one pts with CML-CP were treated with ponatinib as initial therapy for CML in a single-arm, single-institution clinical trial. The starting dose of ponatinib was 45 mg orally daily in 43 pts and, after an amendment, 30 mg in 8 pts. Other eligibility criteria included age ≥18 yrs, ECOG PS 0-2, normal organ function, and absence of significant cardiac history or prior pancreatitis. Pts with clonal evolution at time of diagnosis were eligible without other evidence of accelerated phase. Dose reductions to 30mg/d, 15 mg/d, or 15 mg every other day were indicated for adverse events. Pts were followed with cytogenetic analysis and PCR every 3 months for the first 12 months, then every 6 months. Cytogenetic and molecular (by International Scale) response criteria were standard. Results: From May 2012 to June 2014, 51 pts were treated. The median age was 48 yrs (range, 21-75), 1 patient had clonal evolution, and 3 started therapy while in CHR. Sokal risk score was low in 69%, intermediate in 22% and high in 10%. The median follow-up was 15.6 months (range 5.6-23.7 months). Complete hematologic response (CHR) was achieved in 95% of pts, complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) in 95%, major molecular response (MMR) in 80%, molecular response 4.5-log (MR4.5) in 55% and undetectable BCR-ABL in 38%. At 3 months, 90% of 50 evaluable pts achieved CCyR, and at 6 months 93% of 45 evaluable pts had CCyR. The median transcript levels at 3 months was 0.096 and at 6 months 0.005. Rates of MMR at 3 and 6 months were 50% and 80%, and rates of undetectable BCR-ABL1 were 0% and 22%, respectively. None of the pts progressed, including no transformations to accelerated or blast phase and all pts were alive. Forty three (85%) pts required treatment interruptions. The median duration of treatment interruptions was 9 days (range, 1-48). The median dose for all pts was 30 mg/d. As of June 2014, all pts were taken off study – 38 per FDA recommendation for concerns of risk of thrombotic events and 13 due to adverse events. Of these 13 pts – 3 had vasoocclusive disease grade 3 (peripheral arterial disease, femoral artery thrombosis, gastrointestinal ischemia), 2 with acute coronary syndrome (grade 3), 2 had cerebrovascular events grade 3 (1 transient ischemic attack and 1 Moya Moya disease), 2 multiple toxicities, 1 grade 3 hypertension, 1 with resistance and grade 2 arthralgia, 1 grade 3 skin xerosis, 1 grade 4 myelosuppression. Cardiovascular events were observed in 24 (47%) pts, of which 11 had >1 cardiovascular event. Hypertension in 14 pts (7 were grade 3), chest pain in 8 (one pericarditis grade 2), acute coronary syndrome in 2 (grade 3), vasoocclusive disease in 3 (one suspected gastrointestinal ischemia; all grade 3), stroke in 3 (one TIA and one carotid arterial disease both grade 3), Raynaud's phenomenon in 2 (grade 1-2), one each had toe cramps with tingling, palpitations, prolonged QTc. Non-cardiovascular adverse events included - skin rash in 35 (2 pts with grade 3/4), dry skin in 22 (all grade 1/2), lipase elevation in 32 (23 with grade 3/4), symptomatic grade 3 pancreatitis in 10 pts, constipation in 26 pts (all grade 1/2), and memory loss in 6 pts (all grade 1/2). Grade 3-4 myelosuppression occurred in 14 pts. Conclusion: Ponatinib therapy leads to fast and deep cytogenetic and molecular responses in pts with CML-CP. Cardiovascular toxicities, skin toxicity and lipase elevation were observed in several patients. Dose adjustment, regular monitoring and counselling of the pts for thromboembolic events can be used to manage pts on ponatinib. However, considering the risk of vascular thrombotic events and the availability of alternative options for these patients, the study has been terminated at the recommendation of the FDA. Disclosures Borthakur: Tetralogic Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Ravandi: Cellerant Therapeutics: Research Funding. O9Brien: Amgen, Celgene, GSK: Consultancy; CLL Global Research Foundation: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Emergent, Genentech, Gilead, Infinity, Pharmacyclics, Spectrum: Consultancy, Research Funding; MorphoSys, Acerta, TG Therapeutics: Research Funding.


We first present a brief review of the essentials fuzzy system models: Namely (1) Zadeh's rule base model, (2) Takagi and Surgeon's model which is partly a rule base and partly a regression function and (3) Turksen fuzzy regression functions where fuzzy regression functions correspond to each fuzzy rule. Next we review the well-known FCM algorithm which lets one to extract Type 1 membership values from a given data set for the development of Type 1 fuzzy system models as a foundation for the development of Full Type 2 fuzzy system models. For this purpose, we provide an algorithm which lets one to generate Full Type 2 membership value distributions for a development of second order fuzzy system models with our proposed second order data analysis. If required one can generate Full Type 3. Full Type n fuzzy system models with an iterative execution of our algorithm. We present our application results graphically for TD_Stockprice data with respect to two validity indeces, namely: 1) Celikyilmaz-Turksen and 2) Bezdek indeces.


In the colloquial language, turbulence and confusion are assumed to be the signs of disorder and disorganisation whose negative implications are revealed in mind. New attitudes and changes in the scientific and theoretical aspects do not account turbulence as disorganisation, deficiency and confusion, instead it is considered as the unpredictable aspect of dynamic events. The complexity theory states to the managers that the managing era has vanished through the hierarchical goals or through predetermined logic as well as subtle controls. In order to manage the changes in complex and turbulent systems, traditional ways are not responsive and the managers should learn the changing logic in these systems. They should pave way for all the managers and staff so that they would be able to make decision individually or in groups and run their decisions, whose requirement is the phenomena called turbulence theory. This study has been carried out with the aim to survey the contribution of turbulence creative role to complex management problems and decision making in an organisation (the case study: West Azarbaijan Tax Organisation). The study population includes all the managers and experts of the West Azarbaijan Tax Affairs who have been chosen randomly and among whom 68 individuals were chosen as the sample. The data collecting tool is a questionnaire based on the Likert spectrum. In this paper, we have attempted to approach appropriate results through employing the role of turbulence and disorder in complex management problems.


1. Dogs were anaesthetized with thiopentone sodium and alpha‐chloralose and artificially ventilated. The carotid sinus regions were vascularly isolated and perfused with arterial or venous blood to stimulate the chemoreceptors. Left atrial receptors were stimulated by distending four balloons, three in the left pulmonary vein‐atrial junctions and one in the left atrial appendage. Mean aortic pressure was held constant by means of a pressure control device. Atenolol and atropine (2.0 and 0.5 mg kg‐1, respectively), and gallamine triethiodide (3.0 mg kg‐1 h‐1) were given I.V. Renal blood flow was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter, glomerular filtration rate by creatinine clearance, urinary sodium by flame photometry and solute excretion by osmometry. 2. In fifteen tests in eight dogs (in one dog responses of both left and right kidneys were determined), at a constant aortic pressure (AoP) of 92.0 +/‐ 3.2 mmHg, and carotid sinus pressure (CSP) of 95.0 +/‐ 2.0 mmHg, stimulation of left atrial receptors with balloon inflation resulted in significant increases in renal blood flow (RBF) by 8.3 +/‐ 0.9 from 255.0 +/‐ 14.6 ml min‐1 (100 g kidney weight)‐1 (n = 9), in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 4.1 +/‐ 0.6 from 21.2 +/‐ 1.9 ml min‐1 (100 g)‐1, in filtration fraction (FF) by 0.04 +/‐ 0.003 from 0.20 +/‐ 0.01, in urine flow rate (V) by 0.08 +/‐ 0.02 from 0.33 +/‐ 0.05 ml min‐1 (100 g)‐1, in sodium excretion (UNaV) by 4.4 +/‐ 0.9 from 27.7 +/‐ 4.2 mumol min‐1 (100 g)‐1, in osmolar excretion (UosmV) by 62.0 +/‐ 5.6 from 303.0 +/‐ 28.3 mu osmol min‐1 (100 g)‐1, and in a decrease in free water clearance (CH2O) by 0.13 +/‐ 0.03 from ‐0.63 +/‐ 0.04 ml min‐1 (100 g)‐1. Left atrial pressure (LAP) and heart rate (HR) did not change significantly from 6.9 +/‐ 0.3 cmH2O, and 133.0 +/‐ 3.4 beats min‐1 respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Experiments were conducted to study the effect of natural and factitious hosts on the predatory and oviposition potentials of the mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Results indicated that early instars and adults preferred brown plant hopper (BPH) eggs to green leaf hopper (GLH)/Corcyra eggs, whereas later instars and adults preferred Corcyra eggs. In general mirids had a lesser preference to GLH eggs and also laid more number of eggs when they were fed with natural hosts.


The existing "advanced programming language"teaching model can not meet the requirements of application- oriented universities,universities of applied high- quality applied to train personnel for the purpose of more importance in teaching practice teaching; based on application- oriented Colleges applied talents training requirements,the inadequacy of existing "advanced programming language"teaching were analyzed; and distribution from the class,teaching methods,four Hands,assessment program started on the "high- level language program design"made the corresponding teaching reform measures.


In England, appraisals of the financial viability of development schemes have become an integral part of planning policy-making, initially in determining the amount of planning obligations that might be obtained via legal agreements (known as Section 106 agreements) and latterly as a basis for establishing charging schedules for the Community Infrastructure Levy. Local planning authorities set these policies on an area-wide basis but ultimately development proposals require consent on a site-by-site basis. It is at this site-specific level that issues of viability are hotly contested. This paper examines case documents, proofs of evidence and decisions from a sample of planning disputes in order to address two research issues within development viability; the veracity and extent of the knowledge base underpinning development appraisal modelling and the distribution of the development gain between the developer, landowner and community. The paper finds that development viability appraisal is being practiced within a poorly specified and misunderstood modelling framework that compromises the equitable distribution of development land value. It also finds that the use of either market value or price paid as a basis for determining the allocation of development gain to landowners within the modelling framework allows them to maximise their return at the expense of the community by introducing an element of circularity into viability appraisal.


The study of Weyl semimetals (WSMs) lies at the forefront of the nontrivial topological phenomena in condensed-matter physics. In this work, we study the effect of on-site repulsive Hubbard interaction on the WSM system with a nonzero tilt at half filling. Within the Hartree-Fock mean-field approximation, we treat the Hubbard interaction self-consistently and find that the Fock exchange field vanishes, while the Hartree field can renormalize the topological mass, the tilt, and the Fermi velocity of the Weyl cones. When the renormalized tilt is larger than the renormalized Fermi velocity, the Hubbard interaction will induce the quantum phase transition from a type-I WSM to a type-II WSM. We then provide the interaction-induced phase diagrams of WSMs in different parametric spaces, in which the antiferromagnetic order at strong interaction is also considered. In addition, we analyze another model hosting two pairs of Weyl nodes, and similar results are obtained. The implications of these results are discussed.