Climate change mitigation policies have begun to be discussed in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries in recent years. However, the economic effects of such policies - i. e. , winners and losers - may vary significantly across countries. This paper attempts to shed light on some of these differences for a set of five LAC countries that may in the future adopt or be forced to accept some form of carbon mitigation policy. To this end a single-country CGE model is used to simulate a set of domestic carbon taxes that the countries could adopt or face. The results show that the costs of reducing 1 percent of emissions are in a range of 0. 18 to 0. 32 percent of GDP. Although in all instances the primary objective of reducing emissions is achieved, the sectors that win/lose vary, making this type of analysis relevant for countries to use before adopting a given policy. There is evidence, however, that those costs could become benefits when carbon taxes are compensated with reductions in general taxes.


The 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) report outlined the Administration's approach to promoting the agenda put forward by President Obama in Prague on April 5, 2009. The NPR calls for a national monitoring and verification RD verification challenges; gaps in monitoring and verification technologies and approaches; and the R&D required to address these gaps and other monitoring and verification challenges.« less


Mineralogical Magazine | www.minersoc.org 2254 Nucleation and growth of acicular rutile in garnet: a case of open system precipitation ALEXANDER PROYER, GERLINDE HABLER, RAINER ABART, RICHARD WIRTH, KURT KRENN, AND GEORG HOINKES University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz, Austria, email@example.com (* presenting author) University of Vienna, Department of Lithospheric Research, Vienna, Austria, GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, email@example.com


A switchable multibeam antenna array with a compact planar feeding network is presented. Operating within 1 GHz bandwidth at 28 GHz, this 4 × 4 antenna can generate onebeam, two-beam and four-beam patterns based on two phase states, which are controlled by the reconfigurable feeding network. The whole structure is validated by simulating in CST Studio. The antenna is a promising candidate in millimeterwave Massive MIMO for applications where multiple beams are required simultaneously.


Sayyidi 'strangers' and 'stranger-kings', borne on the eighteenth-century wave of Hadhrami migration to the Malay-Indonesian region, boosted indigenous traditions of charismatic leadership at a time of intense political challenge posed by Western expansion. The extemporary credentials and personal talents which made for sāda exceptionalism and lent continuity to Southeast Asian state-making traditions are discussed with particular reference to Perak, Siak and Pontianak. These case studies, representative of discrete sāda responses to specific circumstances, mark them out as lead actors in guiding the transition from 'the last stand of autonomies' to a new era of pragmatic collaboration with the West.


obliged to seek financial aid from the family funds. Whatever part of the law is under consideration, the joint family cannot be ignored or belittled. The typical Hindu is a coparcener, possibly a Icartd, and those who advocate the abolition of the joint family should not forget that the karta usually does competently a lot of welfare work, which, if he were relieved of his duties, would have to be done at no small expense by the state. The absence of any case law on the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, dealing with orders of maintenance of dependants, is evidence of good work by kartds. The provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, under which the interest in joint property of a coparcener, who dies intestate leaving a female heir, devolves as though it were separate property, like other new provisions intended to benefit females, add to the kartd's burdens. Having abandoned the sastric schemes of inheritance, why has the legislature not adopted the simple common principles that descendants exclude ascendants, ascendants collaterals, and the nearer the more remote ? Why were the rules of inheritance to a female so drafted that (for instance) the proposita's deceased husband's sister's son (in all probability an utter stranger) succeeds before her parents ? Though there are interesting comments on mahants' activities as money-lenders and tax evasion, the most interesting chapter deals with marriage and divorce. Apart from restitution of conjugal rights, there were no matrimonial causes before 1956, when the Hindu Marriage Act was passed, with the professed intention of righting wrongs which women had suffered for centuries. The provisions to meet the major difficulties in married life probably operate satisfactorily for the ' intelligentsia ', when each spouse is capable of earning a living, but the majority of Indians are agriculturists, great or jsmall, direct or indirect, and their number is increasing faster than the urban population. Among them a woman may still be a pawn in negotiations between families, marriage may still be essentially a dynastic link between families, and matrimonial remedies a new device for a family to put pressure on the other. Indian judges are inured to hard swearing and the Hindu Marriage Act has filled the ' armoury of inter-familial feuding' with allegations of activities on which the most successful writers of pornography could not improve. The judges don't believe them; possibly nobody does but the bandying of such charges in a court of law is certainly not in the public interest and the author has suggestions for dealing with this situation which deserve consideration.


The aim of the study is to define the problems arising from language use in history courses by analyzing the connection between history education and language in a spectrum from students and to establish the characteristics of the historical language used in history education from the perspective of students. Furthermore, the study offers a unique model regarding how the connection between history education and language should be analyzed.In the research, descriptive research model was adopted. The research data was obtained from literature reviews, observations and interviews. The collected data classified as quantitative and qualitative. A sample of four schools, nine teachers and three-hundred-sixty students is selected to establish the characteristics of historical language use of teachers, students and course books. By Permission of Cankiri Provincial Directorate for National Education, observations with three-hundred-sixty students and nine teachers from Anatolian High School, Anatolian Teachers' High School, Anatolian Vocational High School and Anatolian Technical High School were carried out. In addition to observation forms, cameras and audio recorders were used in order to record the observations. Data related to in class historical language use of both teachers and students are obtained from these observations. Moreover, interviews with students were carried out and recorded. Data related to the historical language use of students included in the sample by content analysis method.


This paper describes an approach of classifying the continuous mouth shapes,which are obtained from sequence images of Chainese pronunciation of vowel and consonant.Based on the audiovisual bimodal database,we present a classifying method called Two Step Classification.First,we located the lip and extract the features using adaptive chromatic filter model.Then,relying on the features chosen,we classify the sequence mouth shapes into 15 categories.The purpose of mouth shape classification is to confirm the mumber of states,shrink searching space and expedite convergence speed for lipreading recognition.


Linear and non-linear inertial stability of a Kolmogorov flow in a rotating viscous fluid of uniform density is investigated using the method of continued fractions and the low-order Galerkin approximations. A necessary condition for instability is the violation of the criterion of inviscid inertial stability, and the sufficient condition of instability is formulated in terms of the Reynolds criterion. The existence of stable secondary stationary regimes in the problem is shown, developing in a context of loss of stability of the main flow and having the form of rolls (cloud streets in the atmosphere) oriented along it. Stable density stratification is taken into account within the same low-order model framework when the direction of gravity coincides with the direction of rotation of the fluid. In this case, the necessary condition for the inertial instability of the main flow remains the same, but the critical Reynolds number for the instability depends on two additional dimensionless parameters that appear in the problem: the stratification parameter and the Prandtl number. The case of Prandtl numbers less than or equal to unity has been studied in greater detail, when there exists a secondary stationary regime, which may be unstable—in contrast to the case of a fluid that is uniform in density—and stable density stratification is a destabilizing factor.


Abstract D,L-Amino acid enantiomers are separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) as 5-dimethylamino- 1-naphthalene sulfonyl (dansyl) derivatives using a Cu2+-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame) complex as a chiral selector in the buffer. Only partial enantiomeric resolution is obtained for several dansyl-D,L-amino acids and for the most favorable cases resolution approaches about 1.4. Increasing Mg2+, Cd2+, or Zn2+ concentration in a 10 mM NH4OAc, 2.5 mM Cu2+, 5.0 mM aspartame, pH = 7.40 buffer increases dansyl-D,L-amino acid migration time, increases migration time difference between the D-enantiomer, which appears first in the electropherogram, and the L-enantiomer, and resolves the enantiomers of most dansyl-D,L-amino acids with resolution values in the range of 1.4 to > 5.0 depending on the derivative and buffer conditions. An increase in the buffer divalent cation concentration reduces the electroosmotic flow (EOF) while the electrophoretic mobilities of the dansyl-D,L-amino ...


This paper presents control applications to power control in optical communication networks. We consider transient power control across optical communication links, and spectral power control at composite optical amplifier sites. A decentralized network control strategy is proposed that ensures robust handling of dynamic network reconfiguration, with minimization of optical power transient excursions across network. We present control system design aspects as well as experimental results based on an actual implemented case.


Contrary to cultural dietary preferences, mothers in the Kyrgyz Republic maintained minimum diet diversity during winter through access to markets and by growing, preserving, and storing foods. Key Findings Mothers in the Kyrgyz Republic can consume a diverse diet in winter despite food accessibility challenges. Diet diversity was strongly associated with cultural practices of preserving and storing foods in the fall season. Key Implications Program managers should identify positive cultural practices that can be promoted to support improved diet diversity. Policy makers and program managers should engage food systems and market access as part of any intervention to improve diets. ABSTRACT Diet quality influences maternal health and nutrition from preconception through pregnancy and lactation, as well as infant health and nutrition. Women are vulnerable to poor nutrition given their increased nutrient requirements during the prenatal period through the first 2 years postpartum. Minimum diet diversity among women, a good predictor of adequate micronutrient intake, is often used as a proxy for diet quality. The Kyrgyz Republic is experiencing a triple burden of malnutrition—stunting in children, overweight and obesity in women, and micronutrient deficiencies and anemia in both women and children. In this study, we assessed factors associated with the quality of maternal diets in winter when micronutrient-rich foods may be more difficult to access due to scarcity and price. We conducted secondary data analysis from a survey conducted in the winter of 1,359 mothers of children aged younger than 2 years. Women were asked about the types of foods they stored and preserved in the fall and whether any remained in winter. After controlling for maternal characteristics, household size, main source of income, and region (including urban and rural), women with preserved food remaining at the time of the survey, who stored more than 4 different types of food in the fall, and who lived in Jalal-Abad oblast were more likely to have consumed a minimally diverse diet. Where seasonality affects food availability, promoting culturally appropriate home processing of a variety of foods in the fall and increased market access may improve diet diversity in winter.


Favorable living conditions for children do not necessarily go hand in hand with material wealth. The following countries with less material means confirm this by their low infant mortality rate: Burma China Costa Rica Cuba Kenya Madagascar Sri Lanka Tanzania Thailand Vietnam and Zaire. UNICEF suggests a new magic word for a "revolution in favor of the children": GOBI-FFF suggests measuring the following to determine a childs living conditions: weight control is 1 of the best ways to detect malnutrition in its early stages; oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea requires dissolving of sugar and salt in 1 liter of clear water; the willingness to use breast feeding substitutes can be supported by information on its advantages and by realizing and abolishing obstacles which aggravate nursing or make it impossible; vaccination programs suggest protection against 6 of the most important contagious diseases of children; exercising more control over the time and frequency of pregnancy will help family planning; education of women indicates that children of educated women have better chances of living than those of uneducated women; and an advancement of supply of nutritious feed supplements can be approached by being informed of the bodys needs. The goal of the "revolution in favor of the children" is a decrease in infant mortality and the improved health of the children. This requires material investment plus rethinking.


Supply chain management (SCM) practices have become a key determinant of competitive advantage of business enterprises. Effectively carried out supply chain management prac-tices provide a strategic improvement to supply chain performance and thereby increases the performance of companies. The present study examines the dimensions of supply chain management components (practices, competences, and concerns) and their relationship to supply chain performance. Data was collected from 250 medium and small enterprises of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, between December 2016 and July 2017. The enterprises were selected using simple random sampling. The relationship between supply chain management components and supply chain performance was investigated using structural equation mod-eling. The resulting model indicated that supply chain management practices, competence, and concerns have a direct, positive impact on supply chain performance. Recommendations for improving operational capability are provided accordingly.


In online learning environments where automatic assessment is used, students often resort to harmful study practices such as procrastination and trial-and-error. In this paper, we study two teaching interventions that were designed to address these issues in a university-level computer science course. In the first intervention, we used achievement badges, a form of gamification, to reward students for submitting early, solving exercises with few iterations, and completing the exercises with full points. In the second intervention, we used heatmap visualizations that show a prediction of the student's success if he or she continues to behave in the same way, based on data from earlier courses. The results from a controlled experiment show that the heatmap visualizations had an impact on how early the students submitted their exercises and how many points they earned from them. We also observed that performance approach goal orientation correlated with an interest towards the achievement badges whereas performance avoidance correlated with an interest towards the visualizations. The results indicate that increasing students' awareness of their behavior can have a positive impact on their study practices and results. However, the same type of feedback may not suit all students because of individual differences.


Introduction: Nutrition has a substantial influence on physical performance. Among
dietary nutrients, protein is essential for intramuscular protein synthesis and
attenuation of proteolytic mechanisms, which occur during the post-exercise recovery
phases, acting as substrate and consequently causing muscle hypertrophy. In this
sense, protein requirements are slightly increased in active people, however, even if
the total daily recommendation is reached, regular consumption of this macronutrient
should be distributed at various times of the day. Objective: to analyze the protein
consumption of physical exercise practitioners. Methods: The study included exercise
practitioners seeking nutritional care in the Nutrition in Motion Extension Project from
November 2014 to August 2016. The nutritional composition of the diet and the postworkout meal were known using the 24-hour Reminder. Results: Twenty-four women
(50.0%) and 12 men (50.0%) were analyzed. The mean age of the sample was 22.4
± 5.2 years, with an average intake of 1.53 ± 0.6 g of protein per kilogram of weight
per day, with an irregular distribution throughout the day and a trend towards higher
protein intake In the lunch meal. At the post-training moment, an average intake of
22.27 ± 13.75 g was recorded, most of which presented low protein quality of
nutritional quality. Conclusions: the population studied presented adequate
quantitative protein consumption, but with irregular distribution per meal and
qualitative inadequacy, evidencing the need for nutritional education activities and
dietary adjustments in the diets of the individuals evaluated.


In this paper, we propose a summational projection algorithm with block length control. This algorithm has the convergence properties of high speed and high accuracy under high noise for adaptive Volterra filters. And this algorithm has a computational complexity of O(p·N2). The proposed algorithm realizes these convergence properties by controlling the block length in the updating algorithm. In addition, the algorithm can track the variation of the impulse response of an unknown system and the power variation of an additive noise. We show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by computer simulations in this paper.


Plants are exposed continuously to a multiple of potential pests and pathogens throughout their lifespan. During their evolution, plants like all multicellular organisms have developed a number of mechanisms to defend themselves against such assaults. There are two outcomes for a plant-pathogen interactionthe compatible (susceptible) or incompatible (resistant) interaction. In the compatible interaction, infection occurs. In contrast, in the incompatible interaction, sets of defense responses are elicited by plants that limit the spread and/or damage caused by pathogens. These responses include, an oxidative burst as a part of the hypersensitive response that leads to localized cell death, thus trapping the pathogen in layers of dead cells. The cell wall can also undergo restructuring and fortification in response to perception of signals either of self-origin or derived from the invading organism. Some of the changes that occur in the cell wall include the accumulation of structural proteins such as the extensins, the glycine-rich proteins, the proline-rich proteins, the solanaceous lectins and the arabinogalactan proteins.


There is substantial interest in exploiting to use both the charge and spin of electron in semiconductor devices. In order to study the spin transfer across herterostructures, Ga1-xMnxAs /ZnSe quantum well (QW) has been growth on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Previous study indicated that the structure defects play a critical role in the ferromagnetism of the materials. Also the concentration of manganese in GaAs is an important factor for the magnetic properties of the structure. Here, we report detail structure characterization and composition analysis on Ga1xMnxAs/ZnSe quantum well on GaAs substrate.


The subject of slow domain wall motion in thin films is reviewed. The thermal activation theory of this motion is sketched and criticized. In particular, that theory predicts a qualitatively wrong temperature dependence for the after‐effect field, Hn. An alternative theory, employing quantum‐mechanical tunneling of walls past pinning centers, is developed. This theory gives a qualitatively correct temperature dependence for Hn. Also, unlike the thermal activation theory, it predicts zero velocity in zero field. However, it predicts wall motion in any nonzero field. In other words, it says that there is no such thing as an absolute coercive force below which wall motion does not occur. However, for some samples, the wall velocity at half the high‐frequency coercive force is as small as 10−77 times a characteristic velocity, u0. By human standards this is zero. A sample's tunneling behavior is a very sensitive function of a parameter Z*≜Z/l0. Here Z is the characteristic range of the pinning centers, while ...


The invention relates to a metal melting furnace. The melted metal contained in the furnace body 1 is heated to a temperature by the flame of a burner 15 and its temperature is maintained by THE FLAME OF A BURNER 17. THIS LATEST FLAME IS OF A RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURE AND IT EMITS A LARGE QUANTITY OF INFRARED RAYS TO COMMUNICATE AN IMPORTANT CALORIFIC ENERGY TO THE MOLTEN METAL AND THUS TO INCREASE THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE OVEN. FIELD OF APPLICATION: FUSION OF METALS, IN PARTICULAR ALUMINUM.


Vehicle crashworthiness can be described as the capability of the vehicle to protect the occupant during a crash. The space containing the occupants should remain intact and should not allow any potential intrusion or crushing to injure the occupants. For rollover crash test of a bus, this safety space is well defined in a standard, that is, the United Nations Regulation No. 66 (UN R66), where it gives pass/fail criteria. However, the standard does not measure and quantify the bus structural deformation. The measurement of such deformation has been systematically quantified by the angular deformation index (DIα), in which the deformation of bus structure can be generalized for comparative study giving more descriptive assessment of the bus structure deformation level. DIα is suitable for rollover test that is done strictly in a controlled environment, where the deformation is typically not severe. In real crashes, impact load varies widely and can cause severe structural damages, especially among the aged buses with poor structural strength, which are still broadly used in less developed countries. If the deformed bus structures penetrate deeply into the residual space, DIα index becomes irrelevant because the angular values in the equation give exponential results. It is therefore suggested that a new deformation index, termed as the area deformation index (DIA), is used for real rollover crashes involving severe damages to the bus structure. This is to quantify the damages in two dimensions once the structures penetrate into the residual space, up to where the structure is totally collapsed. By having this new index, a suitable structural deformation severity rating for the bus with respect to real rollover crashes can be proposed. This severity rating can be correlated to the injury severity (e.g. number and level) of the bus occupants, and can be used to evaluate some specific parameters influencing crashworthiness performance (e.g. aging effects). Case studies are discussed to show the practicality of the proposed DIA concept. Volume deformation index (DIV) is also proposed to quantify the deformation in three dimensions.


Numerical calculations of the 3D viscous flow condition on two models respectively of the main hull and the submarine with full appendages of SUBOFF were carried out under different Reynolds' number.The reliability of computing method was validated by comparing the numerical results with the test data at low Reynolds.Some problems in the submarine design and experimentation were analyzed,such as the method of model-ship correlation for the total submerged resistance of the submarine and influence of Reynolds number to the uniformity of nominal wake of the submarine.


Taking place between North Anatolian and East Anatolian mega shear zones, neotectonics of seismically less active Central Anatolia is often regarded as tectonic escape or extrusion tectonics. Although previous published GPS studies dating back to early 1990's report coherent rotation, they were mostly focused on seismically more active and more populated Western Anatolia and lack spatial resolution in quantifying second-order tectonic structures within the central area, such as Tuz Golu Fault Zone, Central Anatolia Fault Zone comprising Ecemis Fault and Erciyes Fault, Ezinepazari Fault, related basins and associated processes. However, new dense GPS velocity field of Central Anatolia exhibits systematic local patterns of internal deformation inconsistent with either coherent rotation or translation. Velocity gradients computed along rotation profiles of Central Anatolia show nearly smooth westward increments which can not be explained through a simple rotation/translation of Central Anatolia Basin. Moreover, estimating and removing a rigid-body rotation represented by an Euler Pole computed from sites lying in the middle absorbs the velocity discrepancies between the Eastern and Western part of Central Anatolia down to a few millimetres leaving out systematic residuals. Upon completion of Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TNFGN) in 2002, further observations were carried out in Central Anatolia which result in a velocity field of unprecedented spatial density with average inter-station distance of 30-50 km. Also, the data from particular stations of Turkish National Permanent GPS Network (TNPGN) contributed to the analyses. We computed horizontal velocity field with respect to ITRF2000, to Eurasia, and to a computed Anatolia Euler Pole as well. Two distinct models of Anatolia neotectonics, microplate and continuum deformation were tested through rigid-body Euler rotations and strain analysis, respectively. Results show that decomposition of the Eurasia-fixed velocity field into rigid rotations and residuals reveals systematic residuals up to 5 mm/yr with respect to a computed best-fit Euler Pole located at 31.6820N±0.05, 31.6130E±0.02 with 1.3800/Myr ±0.01 rate. Relative velocities computed along rotation paths exhibit westward increasing linear gradients of 0.7 mm to 1.3 mm per 100 km depending on the latitude which is mechanically inconsistent with the assumptions of a coherent transport or rotation due to an extrusion in the east. Moreover, strain analysis results show that up to 100 nanostrain/yr E-W extension rates are observed along approximately N-S striking faults within the region from west of Karliova to Isparta Angle which is another indication of partitioned extensional strain across the Central Anatolia. On the other hand, compressional strains were obtained near eastern branch of Isparta Angle, Tuz Golu and southern Anatolia. In this study, we provide new quantitative results about the fact that deformation in Central Anatolia is not uniform and possible driven by extension through slab pull and/or suction in west-southwest and compression in the south rather than coherent rotation and/or translation/transport of Anatolia driven by an extrusion process in the east.


Partners often assume the role of caregiver when cancer is brought into the home. The support caregivers provide to cancer patients has immeasurable value. However, care giving can take a significant toll on loved ones from both a psychological and physiological perspective; sometimes to the point of producing caregiver burden. One of the diseases most prevalent in caregivers is depression. Signs and symptoms of depression amongst caregivers vary from mild to severe and people respond quite differently to the life stressors they face. While, the exact cause of depression is not known, proven research correlates it with an internal chemical and/or neurotransmitter imbalance that can be triggered by stress, chronic stress in particular. As a mood disorder, depression affects how you feel, think, and function in the performance of your daily activities. It is critically important to identify caregivers exhibiting depressive symptoms and first, to provide them with both emotional and psychological support, and second, so as to ensure the individual battling cancer receives optimal support from their loved ones. This review article serves to promote health awareness and the unmet needs of cancer patient caregivers, the presence of caregiver burden, and the impact that stress can have on one's neurophysiological processes to precipitate the development of mental illness such as depression.


Humanities education has gone through a long period and tortuous road, cultivated various scholars, formed different styles at different time. The difference of humanism between Chinese and Western lies in different definitions on nature, personality and humanity, finally formes the different culture and thinking between Chinese and Western. 


Summary. The zone of the thoracolumbar junction is the most susceptible to traumatic injuries due to anatomical and physiological features. Accordingly, the stabilization of this section of the spine requires high reliability.
Objective: to study the stress-strain state of the model of the thoracolumbar spine after resection of Th12-L1 vertebrae with different types of transpedicular fixation under lateroflexion.
Materials and Methods. Mathematical finite element model of a fragment of the human thoracolumbar spine (Тh9-L5) was developed. We modeled the result of decompressive-stabilizing surgery with total removal of Th12-L1 vertebrae including installation of vertebral body replacing implant and fixation with a transpedicular system using 4 pairs of screws. Lateroflexion was modeled by applying a load of 350 N.
Results. When evaluating the model without crosslinks and using monocortical pedicle screws, it was found that the maximum loading values in Th10, Th11, L2, and L3 vertebral bodies were 3.4, 2.0, 3.5, and 8.6 MPa, respectively; loading on pedicle screws installed in the indicated vertebrae was 48.4, 48.3, 23.3 and 43.5 MPa. When using bicortical screws without crosslinks in the vertebral bodies, the values were 3.1, 2.5, 3.8, 9.6 MPa and 49.9, 51.9, 25.8, 44.8 MPa, respectively; when using a combination of short screws and crosslinks in the vertebral bodies, the values were 3.2, 2.0, 2.6, 7.5 MPa and 47.6, 47.5, 22.6, 41.2 MPa, respectively; when using crosslinks and bicortical screws, the values were 3.0, 2.2, 2.7, 8.8 MPa and 48.3, 49.6, 24.3, 42.5 MPa, respectively.
Conclusions. In lateroflexion, monocortical pedicle screws cause lower critical loading rates compared to long screws at all control points of the model. Crosslinks help to reduce stress levels. The use of monocortical pedicle screws in combination with transverse ties seems to be the most biomechanically effective in lateroflexion.


A new palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic project in the subalpine Abisko area, N Scandes, founded upon the pollen zone system defined by Sonesson is described. This model of vegetation history has been confirmed, although the chronology is partly revised. Sonesson's pollen diagrams are combined with new results from a lake sediment sequence at the tree-limit, which include sedimentologic, mineral magnetic, oxygen isotope and plant macrofossil studies. Since the deglaciation at c9000-8500 14C yr BP the vegetation of the Abisko area has generally been dominated by a subalpine birch Betula woodland tundra. The cliamte has generally been subarctic-oceanic since the deglaciation except for the period c.5500-3500 BP when temperate-continental conditions prevailed. This climatic development differs from the situation in the central Scandes. (Less)


The project ART proposes to enhance passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags with cryptographically secure authentication. Starting with a short introduction into common RFID systems with passive tags, we present a motivation why secure authentication with standardized symmetric crypto algorithms for RFID tags is necessary for many applications. We demonstrate vulnerabilities of current RFID systems and explain how application of an authentication mechanism can solve them. Furthermore we explain how authentication protocols work and how they can be included in the RFID protocol standard ISO 18000. By presenting the interim results of ART, we will show that the proposed enhancement is feasible with current RIFD infrastructure and silicon technology used for RFID tags.


In this specification, γ- glue to maintain the food material in the presence of water and sugar, and in the absence of yeast extract, yeast cells, such as containing at least 1% by weight of the solid content in Tamil cysteine occupation ratio at pH 1 to 7 and 50 to 120 ℃ or, here the process of the food material containing cysteine which is characterized by the action of Sikkim γ- glutamyl peptide hydrolase to the high content is disclosed at pH 3 to 9 and 15 to 70 ℃ on. Also, γ- glue by applying a reducing sugar again after the action of the Tamil peptide hydrolase, which is pressed burnt odor enhancing the flavor, such as beef flavors or bonito flavors in foods to solve the problems such as a strong point, the food the production method for enhancing the flavor material is disclosed. Flavor enhancers of γ- -glutamylcysteine, yeast extract, yeast cells, γ- glutamyl peptide hydrolase, food


It has become evident through studies both computational and otherwise, that the characteristics of blood flow through a mechanical heart valve is closely tied to its thrombogenic profile and clinical performance. Despite progress in the field, there remains an unmet clinical need for a heart valve that is both durable and free from the need for anticoagulation therapy. We designed a prototype for a novel mechanical heart valve with the aim of improving hemodynamic performance and obviating the need for anticoagulant therapy. In this paper we present the results of a computational study that compared our prototype mechanical heart valve with a popular commercially available valve, the Medtronic ATS valve. Our results show that the unique design features of our prototype leads to a reduction turbulent flow, along with a reduction in velocity jets by up to 28%, pressure gradient across the valve by 36.7%, and increases in the effective orifice area of the valve by 25.7%.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


A stepped model for calculating smooth inhomogeneities is constructed on the basis of data describing the position of an equivalent reflecting plane for a rectangular echelette. A substantial improvement in the calculation accuracy is proved for structures of different classes.


Background: As the most common functional disability in stroke patients with hemiplegia, poststroke cavovarus foot (PCF) seriously affects the life quality of patients and causes mental and emotional disorders. Some studies have suggested that the traditional Chinese medicine fumigation therapy could be an effective intervention method for PCF patients. This study aims to investigate the biomechanical effect of the classic prescription Peony and licorice decoction (PLD) fumigation in the treatment of PCF. Methods/Design: This study is a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial. A total of 190 patients with PCF according to the inclusion criteria will be recruited in three centers and randomized and distributed to either the intervention group or the control group at a 1:1 ratio. All patients will receive standardized modern rehabilitation treatment according to the "Chinese Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation" (2011 version). Patients will stick to the treatments they used to take, and will be given present general treatment when acute exacerbation of stroke occurs during the trial. The intervention group will receive PLD fumigation treatment, while the control group will receive placebo fumigation treatment. The primary outcome measure is medial plantar area (M1+M2+HM) generating from the RSSCAN gait system. The secondary outcome measures contain the scores of clinical scales including Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Modified Ashworth Scale, Barthel Index, and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. All assessments will be implemented at baseline, 4 weeks after intervention and at the end of 3 month' follow-up. Intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis will be applied in this trial. Discussion: The results of this study are expected to provide detailed interpretations of clinical effects and biomechanical mechanisms of PLD fumigation in the treatment of PCF. If PLD fumigation treatment is confirmed as an effective option, this study may additionally set up the new treatment method for patients with PCF and provide foundations for further clinical studies on a larger scale. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000032433. Registered on 28 April 2020.


I propose a theoretical model of Universal Gravitation based upon hypothetical mass/energy resonance waves, the intensities of which I propose to be casually analogous with those of electromagnetic waves. Using said model, I derive the Newtonian gravitational expression, from which the Newtonian gravitational constant G factors as a combination of other physical constants, resulting in an apparent value of 6.662936 x 10-11m3/kg s2. A second resultant of the theory is a demonstration that the quantum energy states of the hydrogen atom appear related to the length of these waves, shown equal to twice the ground state orbital radius in a Bohr hydrogen atom. Additionally, I have determined apparent values for the Planck mass, length, and time independently of any determination of G.


Let one face of a cube be dissected into rectangles, no 4 of which meet at a single point. The dual graph of this configuration is a 4-connected triangulated plane graph. This paper shows that any 4-connected plane triangulation with at least 6 vertices and at least one vertex of degree 4 is dual to a cube with one face dissected into rectangles. The proof of this result contains an implicit algorithm for obtaining such a dissection. The paper also discusses a related problem: Given a graph G with all faces triangular except the outer face, does there exist a dissection of a rectangle into rectangles for which G describes the adjacency relations among the rectangles?


Here we will provide the proofs of the results stated in the Infinite Horizon LQG Control section of [1] by focusing on the control law and the related MARE. The analysis of the observation case can be achieved in a dual way and it is partially covered by [2].


Science & Technology(S&T) is the most important thing to attain competitiveness in the 21st century. Our traditional S&T policies have been forcused on hardware infra structure. We should consider software of S&T to enhance effectiveness. S&T Should be had a correct understanding method of the creation for S&T culture. It implies that S&T policy should consider nonmaterial factors which include social, environmental and culture. Under this background, The purpose of this paper is to seek new S&T policy. Therefor this paper deals with how we can prepare for the future S&T policy and classify the change of S&T policy of korea. In addition, Recent construction sector integration and fusion technologies in various areas of research and planning system is being maintained by the system. Past experience of conservative management in this emerging technology-driven technology commercialization in management of technology through the convergence of various technologies and to find synergies to secure the future of construction technology because it is a need.


The yttrium oxide emission produced in the photoablation of Y2O3, YCl3, and YBa2Cu3O7−X in oxygen is investigated. Chemiluminescence from the B 2Σ‐X2Σ and the A 2Π‐X 2Σ YO electronic states, produced by the reaction Y+O2, is measured. The intensity of the A 2Π3/2 band is monitored as a function of pressure, distance from the target, and laser fluence. Hydrodynamic effects have a significant influence on the spatial and temporal evolution of the YO emission in the plume, which is governed by the dynamics of the shock wave generated in the excimer ablation. This shock wave compresses the ambient oxygen and leaves a trough of rarefied oxygen in its wake.


A novel 2-D AgI neutral infinite framework of a large delocalised system diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (L), [Ag2.5L(NO3)2.5]∞ (1), has been synthesised and structurally determined, in which three kinds of different coordination modes are found for the AgI centers.


Meigs' syndrome is a benign ovarian tumor associated with ascites and pleural effusion. Elevated CA 125 in Meigs' syndrome is unusual clinical condition reported in few cases. We report here, a 49-year-old postmenopausal woman with right ovarian fibrothecoma with ascites, right pleural effusion and high serum levels of CA 125. Although postmenopausal women with ovarian tumor, ascites, pleural effusion, and elevation of CA 125 levels probably have malignant ovarian tumors, Meigs' syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis.


To the Editor: —InThe Journal, Nov. 22, 1930, page 1582, Beckman again proposes that allergy is a potential alkalosis, and suggests the acid treatment, particularly in hay-fever. He bases his hypothesis on the following considerations: "Allergic" phenomena cannot all be explained by allergy. The theory of alkalosis can be supported by the fact that in conditions in which acidosis is increased allergic manifestations are benefited. The conditions he enumerates are diabetes mellitus, starvation, pregnancy, acute infectious diseases, sea voyage, sojourning at high altitude, asthma in the young, increasing the gastric acidity, calcium therapy, and the use of whisky and acetylsalicylic acid. The successful use of mineral acid therapy in hay-fever. The following facts do not support Dr. Beckman's thesis: 1. Although "allergic" phenomena cannot all be explained by allergy, it is still more difficult to explain them on the basis of alkalosis. It is still more confusing to find


Path generation is to guide a point tracing a prescribed path. Compliant mechanisms (CMs) have been synthesized for path generation mechanisms. In this paper, each connection in a synthesized CM is represented as a variable width spline curve and the entire synthesized CM is modeled as a set of variable width spline curves. The synthesis of a path generation CM is systemized as the optimization of control parameters of a set of variable width spline curves. A variable width spline curve is a center spline curve with variable perpendicular width. The center spline curve is for the shape description of its represented connection while variable width is for the size of the connection. The shape and size of a variable width spline curve is defined by its interpolation circles. The locations of interpolation circles are utilized as interpolation nodes of the center spline curve for connection shape and the diameters of interpolations circles are interpolated for connection size. The centers of all interpolation circles in a synthesized CM form a network of nodes. The network of nodes decides the topology of the synthesized CM and can be classified based on degree of genus (DOG). The presented synthesis approach is demonstrated by synthesizing CMs with different DOGs to generate curved paths.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Background Our previous publication on Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) revealed that half of the pts had flares in adulthood, despite previous administration of several anti-TNFs. Objectives a. To describe the long-term outcome of adults with JIA or non-infectious uveitis (NIU), exposed to Adalimumab (ADA) as the single or last biologic during the transition period. b. To evaluate our model of transition in a subgroup of refractory to conventional DMARDs JIA or NIU pts, in the 1st Greek Transition Clinic for Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of Greek adults with JIA or NIU between 2004 and 2018. The JIA activity state was assessed by 2 quantitative tools: the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score-10 (JADAS-10, Clinical Remission [CR], Low, Moderate and High Disease Activity [LDA, MDA, HDA], respectively) and Wallace criteria (CR on/off ADA). Baseline was defined as the 1st ADA dose Results 28 pts were enrolled: 24 JIA pts (female 18), aged 20.6±3.1 yrs, for a f/u of 6.5±3 years (Group-A) and 4 female pts with active uveitis (2 with JIA-associated and 2 with NIU, mean aged: 18.9 yrs, f/u: 2.3 yrs) (Group-B). The age at baseline was 14.1±3.2 yrs in Group-A and 16.7 yrs in Group-B. The lag time from JIA onset to baseline was 6.3±3.8 yrs and the JIA subtypes were: 37.5% polyarthritis RF neg, 33.3% extended oligoarthritis, 20.8% enthesitis-related arthritis, 4.2% persistent oligoarthritis, 4.2% psoriatic arthritis. 11/24 (45.8%) pts (Group-A) and 3/4 pts (Group-B) were ANA positive, 5/24 JIA-pts had a history of uveitis (20.8%). Naïve to anti-TNF drugs were 18 pts (75%) of Group-A and 4/4 from Group-B. The baseline JADAS-10 was 13.9±5.9. The ADA yr-administration was 5.3±2.3 in Group-A and 2 in Group-B. Compliance to ADA had 17/24 (70.8%) pts in Group-A and all from Group-B. Regarding safety, 4/28 patients (14.3%) experienced Events of Special Interest (1/33.6 patient-years), herpes zoster (n=1), anorexia nervosa (n=1), breast fibroadenoma (n=1) and uveitis (n=1). Among the Group-A pts: 4/24 (16.7%) discontinued ADA due to inefficacy and 1/24 due to pregnancy planning. 6/24 pts (25%) achieved CR and discontinued ADA after 5.3±1.6 yrs. CR off ADA lasted 15.5±9.8 mo. The rest 13/24 continued ADA at the last f/u. In Group-B, 3/4 were still on ADA and 1 pt discontinued ADA due to NIU remission after 4.2 yrs and sustained CR 16 mo off ADA. The median% of CR remission on ADA total administration period was 75% in Group-A and 100% in Group-B. Among the ongoing receivers: a) the JIA activity state at the last assessment was: CR 84.6%, LDA 7.7% MDA 7.7% (median JADAS: 0, Group-A), b) 100% were in remission in Group-B. Conclusion 86% of adult pts with JIA or NIU tolerate ADA well. Pts exposed to ADA achieved CR on/off medication in 75% and 25%, respectively. References [1] Dimopoulou D, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017 *: Despoina Dimopoulou and Maria Trachana contributed equally Disclosure of Interests None declared


Frictional force is an unavoidable problem in transportation in pipeline which will cause a great pressure drop in the pipeline. Currently, industries use pumps to maintain the pressure in the pipeline for transportation. In order to solve this problem, researchers were developing drag reduction technique using different types of materials to get an alternative for pumps. Drag reduction is a technique where a minute of amountof drag reduction additives, usually parts per million (ppm), is added into liquid which reduce the frictional drag greatly. However, researches are mostly done in macroscale where there will be a waste in reagent. In this experimental study, investigation the effect of variable concentration of nanopowders with different size of microchannels and different flow rate on drag reduction is carried out. The nanopowder (Bismuth (III) oxide, Iron (II,III) oxide, Silica and Titanium (IV) oxide) is dissolved in DI water and the fluid is pumped into microchannels with the width and depth of 50μm, 100μm and 200μm respectively which is connected to pressure transmitter through syringe pump. Nanopowder is an effective drag reduction additive with the drag reduction up to more than 64%. It is believed that Iron (II, III) oxide is the most effective DRA


Quality education is an education aiming at training and improving people's basic quality.As a basic discipline,mathematics has a peculiar function to develop mind and train ability.This paper discusses the important effect of maths teaching,and suggests the maths teaching is the main way of the quality education.


Abstract In this paper the notion of minimality is extended to relative semi-dynamical systems. We consider transitivity from the point of view of an observer which is a fuzzy set. Relative topological entropy of a relative semi-dynamical system as an invariant object of relative conjugate relations is studied. Finally illustrated example in polynomial functions is given to explain the idea of the paper.


Electric submersible pumps (ESPs) are widely used for high volumetric oil and gas recovery from downhole wells. ESPs in oil fields can be equipped with multiple ac motors in tandem. To assist a motor start-up, a solid-state soft-starter can be deployed in such ESP wells. ESP shafts have a long axial length, and thus experience significant dynamic torsion when started from reduced voltage soft-starters. Premature shaft breakdowns had occurred in the field during the motor start-up for soft-starter fed ESPs. This paper investigates the shaft breakdown phenomenon in a 750-HP ESP system using a real-world case scenario. A lumped parameter electro-mechanical model for the ESP system is developed to observe its dynamics. The effects of static as well as fluctuating torsional stress on the interconnected pump shafts are analyzed to determine the root cause of the shaft breakdown. Criteria for successful start-up for soft-starter driven ESP systems are also presented to increase the equipment's operational life.


The effects of 10 mg norethynodrel with .15 mg ethinyl estradiol 3-methyl ether in a single tablet administered to 4 groups of West Indian women have been analyzed. Data revealed that pregnancies occurring during medication were directly related to failure to follow the prescribed pill-taking regimen; when regular tablet-taking was practiced as prescribed cycles of normal length occurred; breakthrough bleeding occurred despite regular pill use but the incidence usually declined within 5 cycles. The occurrence of vomiting nausea dizziness headache and gastralgia were reported by 17% of the subjects in a significant proportion of medication cycles. Analysis of the incidence of these effects and of a study using placebos suggested a large psychogenic element in the occurrence of these reactions. The majority of subjects questioned reported weight gains during therapy. Increased well-being was reported in about 1/3 and decreased well-being in less than 10%. Data collected on periodic physical examination indic ated in one group some increase in the frequency of cervical erosions i n both groups a mild growth stimulus to undersized uteri and in the other group an occasional improvement in vaginal tone and inconsistent effect on cervical erosions. Follow-up on 86 subjects showed that in a mean exposure period of 6.1 months pregnancy occurred in 83% of those failing to regularly employ other contraceptive methods and in a mean exposure of 52 months pregnancy occurred in 15% of those regularly using other methods. Data suggest that subsequent fertility is unaffected by the medication when used for up to 20 cycles. Side effects and lack of interest account for 32%-50% of withdrawals while subject relocation accounts for 15-25%. Maximum withdrawals have occurred in the first cycle of therapy but have declined therafter. Decreased dosages have thus far maintained pregnancy-free states and have sustained adequate menstrual cyclicity with the 5 mg dose. The tendancy for breakthrough is exhibited by some patients on the 2.5 mg dose. This oral contraceptive has been shown to be highly effective as a contraceptive safe over prolonged usage safe on the reproductive tract and on general health.


Waste heat recovery from high temperature slags represents the latest potential way to remarkably reduce the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of the steel industry. The molten slags, in the temperature range of 1723–1923 K, carry large amounts of high quality energy. However, the heat recovery from slags faces several fundamental challenges, including their low thermal conductivity, inside crystallization, and discontinuous availability. During past decades, various chemical methods have been exploited and performed including methane reforming, coal and biomass gasification, and direct compositional modification and utilization of slags. These methods effectively meet the challenges mentioned before and help integrate the steel industry with other industrial sectors. During the heat recovery using chemical methods, slags can act as not only heat carriers but also as catalysts and reactants, which expands the field of utilization of slags. Fuel gas production using the waste heat accounts for the main R&D trend, through which the thermal heat in the slag could be transformed into high quality chemical energy in the fuel gas. Moreover, these chemical methods should be extended to an industrial scale to realize their commercial application, which is the only way by which the substantial energy in the slags could be extracted, i.e. , amounting to 16 million tons of standard coal in China.


There is provided a fuel supply system. The fuel supply system includes a water heating arrangement (34) configured to heat a water stream by utilizing thermal increasingly higher temperature of a multi-stage heat exchanger assembly, a fuel inlet flow path that is configured to receive a fuel stream and a fuel heater (38) a first flow path (214) which is coupled in flow communication with the fuel inlet flow path, wherein the fuel heater contains a second flow path (232) coupled in flow communication with the water heating arrangement, wherein the fuel heater is configured to heat from the water flow to to transfer the fuel stream.


An embodiment of the invention discloses a key processing method, device and system. The method includes setting mapping relations between a key code and a rapid code value event as well as a normal code value event; determining a key state of a user according to the key code and a preset time window if an operating object corresponding to the key code is a multi-screen selection application when the key code is received; mapping the key code into the rapid code value event according to the mapping relations if the determined key state is a rapid key state; processing the multi-screen selection application according to the rapid code value event to complete response to inter-screen mobile selection. By the key processing method, device and system, on the premise that hardware cost is not increased, one key for two codes can be realized, in other words, one key code corresponds to two code value events and executes two response events; simplicity and convenience in user operation are realized, misoperation is avoided, and mobile selection for intra-screen programs and inter-screen programs during processing of multiple screens can be easily realized.


Relative displacements used to assess stress and drift conditions of structures are difficult to measure directly. Accelerometers are the most common instruments used to monitor structural systems during earthquakes or strong winds, but to arrive at displacements requires processing including double integration. In most cases, such processing does not take place in real-time or near real-time because of requisite steps including choice of filters for signal processing. These choices could introduce errors at periods relevant to structural response. However, recently advances in Global Positioning System (GPS) technology allows reliable monitoring of tall buildings. This paper takes one instance of GPS dynamic monitoring in tall buildings to study the method, function and operating process of deformation analysis based on wavelet transform. The results demonstrate structure vibration can be completely determined by GPS dynamic monitoring technology. Wavelet transform can efficiently extract weak but useful signals from original signals disturbed by strong noises, which is superior to those traditional methods.


For the past four years, the Air Quality Monitor (AQM) has been the operational instrument for measuring trace volatile organic compounds on the International Space Station (ISS). The key components of the AQM are the inlet preconcentrator, the gas chromatograph (GC), and the differential mobility spectrometer. Most importantly, the AQM operates at atmospheric pressure and uses air as the GC carrier gas, which translates into a small reliable instrument. Onboard ISS there are two AQMs, with different GC columns that detect and quantify 22 compounds. The AQM data contributes valuable information to the assessment of air quality aboard ISS for each crew increment. The U.S. Navy is looking to update its submarine air monitoring suite of instruments, and the success of the AQM on ISS has led to a jointly planned submarine sea trial of a NASA AQM. In addition to the AQM, the Navy is also interested in the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM), which was successfully flown on ISS as a technology demonstration to measure major constituent gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ammonia). A separate paper will present the MGM sea trial results. A prototype AQM, which is virtually identical to the operational AQM, has been readied for the sea trial. Only one AQM will be deployed during the sea trial, but it is sufficient to detect the compounds of interest to the Navy for the purposes of this trial. A significant benefit of the AQM is that runs can be scripted for pre-determined intervals and no crew intervention is required. The data from the sea trial will be compared to archival samples collected prior to and during the trial period. This paper will give a brief overview of the AQM technology and protocols for the submarine trial. After a quick review of the AQM preparation, the main focus of the paper will be on the results of the submarine trial. Of particular interest will be the comparison of the contaminants found in the ISS and submarine atmospheres, as both represent closed environments. In U.K. submarine trials in the early 2000s, the submarine and ISS atmospheres were found to be remarkably similar.


In order to study enzymes change of different soybean varieties under drought stress and provide indexes for evaluation drought tolerance capacity of different soybean varieties, the changes of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase activity and malondialdehyde content in the root of six soybean varieties under drought stress were determined in this experiment. Results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase increased obviously, which indicated they are important components of the protective enzyme system. Malondialdehyde content increasing markedly could be used as the important index of hurt degree to judge whether the soybean was suffered drought or not. Polyphenol oxidase activity did not change markedly,therefore it may be not the essential component of the protective enzyme system in soybean plants.


To investigate the effect of a normal layer in close contact with an anisotropic superconductor on the observable anisotropy a simplified description of gap anisotropy in terms of a two‐band model is used. Within McMillan's tunneling model of the proximity effect, tunneling into the normal layer provides a mechanosm for interband scattering, which serves to smear the gap structure. It is suggested that this mechanism is responsible for the failure to observe gap anisotropy in tunneling experiments on single crystal Nb.


Paper Hypothesis Planet motion depends on light motion A Proof I-Data (A) 17.4 degrees (inner planets orbital inclinations total) x 0.99 = 17.2 degrees (Pluto orbital inclination) (B) 23.6 degrees (outer planets orbital inclinations total) x 0.99 = 23.4 degrees (Earth Axial Tilt) (C) (180 degrees /π) x 0.99 = 28.3 degrees (Neptune Axial Tilt) (D) Earth Moon Distance At Perigee 0.363 mkm = 0.99 x0.366 mkm (Outer Planets Diameters Total) (and the moon diameter = 1% of Outer Planets Diameters Total) II-Discussion The previous data is an example of many similar where the rate 0.99 is used frequently as a rate between different planets data – and the question is that Why This Rate 0.99 Is Used So Frequently In Different Data (axial tilts – orbital inclinations…etc)? The answer is told by Einstein himself – let's read it: Book / Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Einstein book) Section 13 (in Fizu experiment which is repeated frequently by others) "According to recent and most excellent measurements by Zeeman, the influence of the velocity of flow v on the propagation of light is represented by formula(B)(x'=wt') to within one percent (1%) I claim the difference 1% is found in the solar planets data by light motion as in Fizu experiment measurements- someone will refuse, claiming that we have no Fizu experiment here – no light beam –no tube and no liquid- I don't know how that's happened – but it's a property of light motion – and as in Fizu experiment there was a reason to find this percentages 1% and 99%- this same geometrical reason can be found in the solar planets data and motions to use frequently the rates 99% or 1% which we have seen before– simply we need to analyze and discover how the matter is crated and how the distance is formed and based on such analysis we should find that it's the light motion which creates the using of the rates 99% and 1% in the solar planets data.


This study presents findings from questionnaire and interview data investigating replication efforts of Commercial Building Partnerships (CBP) partners that worked directly with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL partnered with 12 organizations on new and retrofit construction projects as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) CBP program. PNNL and other national laboratories collaborate with industry leaders that own large portfolios of buildings to develop high performance projects for new construction and renovation. This project accelerates market adoption of commercially available energy saving technologies into the design process for new and upgraded commercial buildings. The labs provide assistance to the partners' design teams and make a business case for energy investments. From the owner's perspective, a sound investment results in energy savings based on corporate objectives and design. Through a feedback questionnaire, along with personal interviews, PNNL gathered qualitative and quantitative information relating to replication efforts by each organization. Data gathered through this process were analyzed to provide insight into two primary research areas: 1) CBP partners' replication efforts of technologies and approaches used in the CBP project to the rest of the organization's building portfolio (including replication verification), and 2) the market potential for technology diffusion into the total U.S. commercial building stock, as a direct result of the entire CBP program. Conclusions of this study indicate by 2030, a range of 2,957 to 97,101 buildings will be impacted by the CBP program through partner replication efforts, representing over 22% of all buildings in partner portfolios, and an energy savings potential between 2.3 and 77 trillion Btus annually.


The regulation of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxlase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and Rubisco activase was followed for 3 months in an experiment studying the effects of ozone and water stress on Aleppo pine. Rubisco activity was shown to be reduced by 30% in the presence of ozone, whereas no significant effect of water stress was noticed. The effect of combined stresses on Rubisco activity was similar to the effect of ozone. The changes in protein quantity of Rubisco large subunit (LSU) and Rubisco activase (RCA), compared with control plants, were similar to that of the Rubisco activity. Using homologous probes obtained by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rbcL and rca transcript quantities were quantified during the course of the experiment. RbcL and rca mRNA quantities decreased in ozone and after drought. Changes in rbcL transcript quantity in needles subjected to the combination of ozone and drought were similar to the ones detected when drought was applied alone. On the contrary, the pattern of rca changes under the combination of the two stresses was similar to that of ozone applied alone. A positive correlation existed between the effects of ozone on Rubisco activase and Rubisco LSU protein quantities, which was not so obvious by comparing transcript quantities. This could suggest a potential post-transcriptional coordinated regulation of the two proteins under stress-imposed conditions.


(2004). Levofloxacin: a Suitable Option for the Infectious Disease Consultant. Journal of Chemotherapy: Vol. 16, Levofloxacin: Update on Microbiological and Clinical Experiences in Europe, pp. 22-24.


ABSTRACT We investigated the impact of a cereal rye mulch, either alone or interseeded with red clover, on weeds, insects and diseases of snap beans. Yield loss and poor growth in plots with rye mulch and red clover was attributed to poor kill of rye, herbicide application, and soil compaction during mowing. Initial weed suppression by rye mulch was similar to conventional tillage, although supplemental manual weed control was necessary in the rye plots later in the season. Early dandelion infestation from wind-blown seeds was a problem in rye mulch in 1995. Rye mulch had a variable impact on insect populations. The reductions in populations of potato leafhoppers and thrips feeding on snap beans in the rye plots were related to the smaller size of the plants. Although leaf-feeding insects such as bean leaf beetles and southern corn rootworm were not affected by management system, there was more leaf damage in the rye plots than in the control treatments. Levels of white mold were lower in the rye mulched ...


Objective To Monitor the distribution and drug resistance of Gram-negative rods in Surgery Intensive Care Unit(SICU). Method Retrospective anplysis was performed to the Gram-negative rods isolated in Surgery Intensive Care Unit from 1 st January 2007 to 31 st December 2008. Result A total of 297 strains of Gram-negative rods were isolated.The main pathogenic germs were Escherichia coil(21.9%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(20.8%),Acinetobacter baumannii(15.8%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(11.8%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(11.5%),respectively.There was no resistant strains of enterobacteriaceae to carbapenem antibiotics.Non-fermenting bacteria showed high-level resistance to all common antibiotics except amikacin. Conclusion The drug resistance of the Gram-negative rods in SICU tends to rise.It is necessary to strengthen the resistance monitoring and rational use of antibiotics to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains.


Solution processed ultraviolet photodetectors with conventional and inverted architectures with active layers composed of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-yleneethynylene) (PFE) and zincoxide (ZnO) nanoparticle hybrid are introduced. Under 1 mW/cm2 illumination intensity at 365 nm wavelength and for -4 V bias and room temperature, the conventional device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PFE:ZnO/Al and the inverted device structure of ITO/PFE:ZnO/Au are yielded photoresponsivity values of 311 and 244 mA/W, detectivity values of 1.4 × 1014 and 5.1 × 1013 cmHz1/2W-1, and external quantum efficiency values of 105.6% and 82.7%, respectively. By annealing the active layer at polymer's glass transition temperature (Tg; 60 °C) for 15 min, these values are increased to 375 and 280 mA/W, 1.6 × 1014 and 5.3 × 1013 cmHz1/2W-1, 127% and 95%, as in the above order. Performance, stability, and detectivity value differences between conventional and inverted architectures are explained electrically by impedance spectroscopy.


The article deals with the analysis of the components of future foreign language teacher professional competence. Special attention is spared to professionally oriented education in foreign languages teacher training, to methodic and sociocultural competences formation and also to analysis of self-instruction of foreign languages.


Service quality is a measure of how well the level of service performance provided by a company compare to customer expectations. Service quality determines whether the perceived service delivery meets, exceeds, or fails to meet customer expectations. Service quality is very important for the sustainability of the bank, because service is a factor that is felt directly by customers, whether the service provided is good or bad. This study aims to determine the effect of services including tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy on customer retention. The method used in this research is quantitative research with associative approach. Data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive test, validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test and hypothesis testing through ttest and Ftest as well as coefficient of determination test. Testing is done by using SPSS. The results showed that the variables in this study are valid and reliable. The classical assumption test, the data is normally distributed, there is no heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity. The results of the hypothesis test (t test) found that tangible and reliability do not have a significant effect to customer retention. While responsiveness, assurance and empathy have a positive and significant effect to customer retention. So it can be concluded that the variable tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy simultaneously have a significant effect to customer retention. It also can be seen from the results of the coefficient of determination test (r2), it shows that the magnitude of variable tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy is 70.4% on customer retention, the remaining 29.6% is influenced by other variable outside the research that are not examined in this study such as product quality, trust, commitment, promotion and others.


II. I have now concluded all that appears to me necessary to be said about condyloma, as regards its primary form, and the secondary appearances that are occasionally presented, and I propose, in the second place, to enter upon a consideration of the various views that have been entertained as to its ultimate origin?a subject almost inextricably plunged in much obscurity, and yet, from the important principles which it involves, most certainly deserving of an attempt


This research involves the analysis of the faunal remains from three Huron village sites and two Huron hamlets in order to reconstruct the subsistence strategies practiced by the Huron of the Upper Trent River Valley, south central Ontario, throughout the 16th century. Examination of the faunal remains allows for the shifting exploitation patterns of the period to be addressed in relation to increased contact with the St. Lawrence Iroquois and increased exposure to European goods acquired through trade. The most important economic shift seen in the faunal remains is the increasing relative importance of beaver and dog exploitation to the determent of deer exploitation. This increased beaver specialization is interpreted in relation to the early onset of a European motivated fur trade, and the arrival of St. Lawrence Iroquois peoples at Huron habitation sites in the Upper Trent River Valley.


Since the early establishment of the academic nursing programs in Palestine, they were always connected to a model program in one of the Western countries. For some programs, it was one of the American programs, and for others it was a British program. Regardless of the model used, Palestinian academic nursing professionals tried to keep contact with the international community to keep the nursing programs up to date. For the Palestinian Nursing and Midwifery Association (PNMA), the linkage with the international community began with its establishment. In May 2013 the PNMA was recognized as a full member of the International Council of Nurses (ICN; 2013). This membership represents a strategic achievement for the nurses in Palestine. It represents great opportunities to enhance the development of the nursing profession, as well as responsibilities toward nursing nationally and globally (Adler-Collins, 2013). Palestinian nurses are hoping that ICN membership will help them improve nursing practice as well as nursing scholarship. Nursing scholarship is one of the challenges facing the development and advancement of the nursing profession in Palestine. There are several factors preventing nursing scholarship from making a faster advancement. First, the scientific research as well as publishing is limited within the local universities. This can be due to the limited number of nurses holding a doctoral degree and the absence of doctoral programs at the local universities. Palestine has 13 associate diploma programs in nursing (5 in Gaza), 11 nursing bachelor programs (3 in Gaza), and 6 master's in nursing science programs (1 in Gaza). Most of the faculty members of those programs have master's degrees as their highest degree. They are heavily loaded with teaching assignments, thus having difficulty seeking higher degrees or undertaking research. If we use the quantity, quality, and relevance framework (www.whoeducationguidelines.org) to evaluate nursing research in Palestine, we will find that the three components of the framework need foundational work. On the one hand, the quantity of the nursing research produced is limited; and on the other hand, the quality of our research needs transformative development. Furthermore, the relevance of the research done needs evaluation to make sure it is relevant to the health needs of our population both nationally and beyond our borders. Being able to publish is another challenge faced by nursing scholarship. Palestinian nurses study nursing in English and they also perform their research in English. Nevertheless, when they intend to publish, they need academic writing competence for which their basic academic education does not adequately prepare them. Moreover, Palestinian nurses have limited connections with publishers and journal editors who are willing to facilitate their writings, and they lack supportive mentors who can motivate research and publishing. Since 2009, publishing for health professionals has increased after the collaboration between Palestinian public health scientists, The Lancet, and international scientists, resulting in series of articles about health and health services in the occupied Palestinian territory (Horton, 2009). Nurses need similar initiative with nursing journals to enhance their publishing and motivate them to document their achievements. From a professional perspective, there are many challenges facing practicing nurses in Palestine. They suffer from the lack of basic structural elements that can facilitate their work and ensure safety and quality in the services they are providing. One of these structural barriers is the lack of clear job descriptions that are concordant with the level of education and training that nurses received. This is further complicated by the high percentage of practicing nurses with only 2-year diploma degrees in the work settings. Many initiatives have addressed this issue, including the offer of upgrading programs from 2-year diplomas to 4-year bachelor of science (BS) programs, and adopting job descriptions. Alas, the adopted job descriptions are not fully implemented to show the distinction of roles in the practice settings. Following global guidelines, Palestinian nurses have focused on quality and safety in their practices and emphasized these competencies within the academic nursing programs. In addition, academic facilities continue working on updating nursing curricula to meet the population needs. This was done through the integration of new practice competencies and national practice protocols within the academic programs. Consequently, the attributes of graduates from the nursing programs in Palestine can be compared to their colleagues worldwide, and they are able to pass licensure examinations in many Western countries, such as the United States,


Spontaneous emission of light in semiconductor LEDs produces light that lack fixed-phase dependence; it is a question of incoherent light. However, it was proved that spontaneous emission depends not only on intrinsic property of material but also on the surrounding environment. Association between Quantum Dots (QD) and Photonic Crystals (CP) can have this role and modify characteristics of spontaneous emission and obtain wished results. In this paper we present another way to produce spontaneous emission with new interesting performances to arrive in produce a single photon source which produce indiscernible unique photons. Such sources are useful in quantum cryptography and quantum computing.


Tolerance is an important part of living in a multicultural and multireligious society, such as Indonesia. The month of Ramadan is one of the holy months for Muslims, where this month is also one of the months that has the opportunity to strengthen inter-religious tolerance. This form of tolerance can be done through communication which is symbolized in certain forms. This research will be carried out with the aim of seeing how symbolism in communication can promote inter-religious tolerance in the month of Ramadan. This research will be carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach. the data obtained in this study came from the results of previous research or studies which still have relevance to the research discussion. The results of this study then found that there are several forms of symbolism in communication in the month of Ramadan which aims to strengthen inter-religious tolerance. An example of this is the holding of joint iftars carried out by people with different religions. Then the presence of social media also becomes an intermediary in spreading communication to promote this tolerance, both in the form of videos or writing such as hashtags.


This paper, based on the theory of foreign language learning, analyzes the categories and causes of fossilization of interlanguage at certain stage of language learning, and explores the revelation of interlanguage studies to the foreign language learning and teaching.


Multi-objective generation dispatching model for energy-saving and emission-reduction with consideration of coordination operation was formulated.Minimizing the fuel cost,active power loss and enhancing the coordination operation index were selected as objective functions.The coordination operation index was defined as the standard deviation of transmission line ratings.The improved differential evolution for multi-objective optimization was employed to obtain the Pareto front,the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution was adopted to help the decision maker to extract the best compromise solution.The proposed generation dispatch approach was tested on IEEE 30-bus system.the results show that the power dispatching model considering coordination operation can enhance the security level of power systems.


Compliance, the extent to which patients follow a medication regimen, has been recognized as one of the most serious problems facing medical practice today. Recent developments in assessing compliance include electronic compliance monitors (ECM), devices that record the date and time of the release of medication from its original container. This allows utilizing ECM compliance data in statistical analyses related to clinical trials. This thesis proposes ways of dealing with the time-varying nature of compliance. We examine the compliance behaviour from real ECM data through statistical analysis of compliance rate, followed by a time-to-event analysis with respect to first noncompliance event. Then, using discrete event simulation and proportional hazards models we compare analyses using a fixed treatment covariate and time-varying compliance covariate based on pharmacokinetic principles in estimating treatment effect. We observe a reduction of up to 40% in EMSE in favour of the latter model for treatment effect estimation.


an institutional leader in shaping the character of mass education as is now practiced worldwide. The former means that while higher education is very much a global institution, many unique American features— undergraduates and colleges, large research universities, privatization, two-year institutions, and etc.—have received more attention than they might otherwise have in a more globalized sociology of higher education, but the latter means that many of the topics that once were only American are emerging as part of the global system of higher education, since for better or worse, the world is rapidly following the American model. So, thirty years of essentially American sociology of higher education reviewed here is more widely relevant now than perhaps when it began. The first four chapters center on traditional research topics, starting with a well-organized review of over one hundred empirical studies by Patricia McDonough and Amy Fann, covering the contours of sociological research on inequality in college access, concluding that even as mass higher education pushes up the proportion of all American youth attending college, there remains a consistent gap in attendance between the middle and the working classes. Sylvia Hurtado thoroughly reviews the effects of college education on American students in terms of retention in the institution, psychological adjustment to higher education, and student socialization. This is followed by Gary Rhoades's informative overview on developments in the professoriate, which integrates specific studies within the wider research on the sociology of work and professions. As universities increase their capacity to undertake knowledge production evermore, the growth in managerial professionals and support staff has meant that the relative proportion of faculty as a total of all employees has declined. Next, in a thoughtful chapter, Marvin Peterson reviews research on the organizational nature of higher education, and concludes that most of this work argues that the organizational model of the university changes as a function of pressure from outside the institution. In the first of the next four chapters on provocative new ideas for inquiry, John Meyer, Francisco Ramirez, David Frank, and Evan Schofer convincingly argue that neoinstitutional theory applied to the effect of higher education on society hypothesizes much the opposite from Peterson's conclusion—they see the university as a powerful primary institution that has generated the cultural logic behind the educational revolution. James Hearn's chapter on academic departments challenges the field to move beyond more traditional research on this organizational feature and apply findings and perspectives from the sociology of professions and organizational analysis. In an interesting essay on diversity (beyond social class) in expanding American higher education, Anthony Lising Antonio and Marcela Muniz envision a theoretical framework beyond the more traditional studies of access inequality to one where social diversity of all kinds has an institutional transforming impact on higher education. Most general research on higher education is not sociological or theoretical, it is managerial and policy oriented; in a twist on this, Michael Bastedo's essay is a compelling sociological analysis of this and what it means for the field in the future. A note by Clark looking back and a concluding essay by Gumport looking forward appropriately complete the book. In the past, the sociology of higher education has often been seen as somewhat peripheral to mainstream sociology of education with its traditional focus on primary and secondary education, but this book's collection of well-written and accessible review essays point to a mainstream and vibrant intellectual project that will reach well into the future.


Reviews the experience of Argentina, Chile, Indonesia, Korea and the Philippines in liberalising their financial systems and summarises the factors that contribute to successful financial liberalisations. Considers reforms of the interest rate regime, the development of money markets and market-based monetary control procedures, reforms of prudential regulations and supervisory systems, recapitalization and restructuring of weak financial institutions, measures to strengthen competition among banks, reform of selective credit regulations, the development of long-term capital markets, and legislative reforms


Tax can be considered as one major source of a country's revenue, which it's used for funding the development of the country and funding the state budget. Self-assessment is the tax system that been used in Indonesia, in which the tax collection was done by determining the amount of tax payable themselves by considering the rights and duties that fully given to the tax payer while concerning the honesty and transparency within the society, however, the level of obedience within the tax payer is very low. There are problems arose during the past years, as Indonesia has recently experience slower economic growth rate which impact to the decreasing of tax revenue and decreasing the availability of liquidity inside the country that it's really important to stimulate Indonesia's growth rate. Therefore, the government come out with their new policy called "Tax amnesty" which intended to fulfill the needs of tax revenue that always increase by doing the repatriation of fund which reside outside the country and bring it back to be re-invested. Practically, the `win-win' solution' of tax amnesty was made not only for the interests of the country, but also for the benefits for society. The application of tax amnesty can be considered as effective only if there is a legal certainty and justice for the taxpayer that has been doing the repatriation. Also a concrete law enforcement post tax amnesty must be enacted. Therefore, by joining tax amnesty program, is for the growth of our country and tax compliance will be more obidient in the future.


This article describes the Sierra Railroad's efforts to use special locomotives that run on soybean oil to act as portable generators capable of turning out 8.4 megawatts, enough for a town of 20,000, in the event of power cuts or breaks in the power grid.


The National Park of Donana (PND) is the most important one in Spain and one of the principal National Parks in Europe because of its large surface (730 km 2 ) and its relevant ecosystems. It is located on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer system. This aquifer system has a surface of about 3,400 km 2 at the lower valIey of the Guadalquivir river. The characteristics of the three main PND ecosystems (stabilized sands, moving dunes and marshlands) and of their respective ecotones (contact zone between two ecosystems) depend to a great extent on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer groundwater flow system. Important agricultural and turistic developments have been performed at the neaby zone during the last two decades. They have implied a groundwater withdrawal of sorne 60 miIlion m 3 /year. The authors' opinion is that such withdrawal might cause relevant impacts on fundamental parts of the Park at short term. It might occur something similar to the recent ecological deterioration on the National Park of Las Tablas de Daimiel. This study is focused mainly on the El Rocio zone because it is probably the most significant one in relation to the ecological impact caused by the groundwater extraction. The water table evolution forecast by the models run by the Agencies in charge of the PND are analyzed. The authors conclude that such forecasts are too optimistic and significant impacts will occur before the time foretold.


The rapid emergence of online daily fantasy sports has raised questions as to why the contests are allowed, while other forms of gambling are restricted. Historically, "bucket shops" were banned enterprises where businesses would effectively accept wagers on whether companies' stock prices would go up or down. There was never an underlying investment in companies themselves, only a deposit into a "bucket." While bucket shops have largely faded, we examine whether they have disappeared in name only. Our analysis opens up another avenue for regulators beyond the antiquated skill-versus-chance evaluation typically applied to gambling activities and suggests that certain fantasy contests may run counter to Commodity Futures Trading Commission regulations. Applying this existing regulatory framework would likely enhance consumer protection and market integrity.


Objective. To determine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in environmental samples from Colombian dairy herds. Materials and methods. Environmental samples from 25 IS900-qPCR MAP-positive dairy herds were cultured by duplicate in Herrold ́s egg yolk medium with mycobactin J to obtain isolates. Suspicious colonies were confirmed by MAPIS900-qPCR. Positive DNA was sub-typed using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and multilocus short sequence repeats (MLSSR) techniques to analyze the genetic differences between the isolates. Results. Sub-typing revealed two different genotypes by MIRU-VNTR (INMV 2 and INMV 36). MLSSR technique was carried out to increase the


The residual stresses in injection molding process are developed due to the restriction of thermal contraction during the cooling, coupled with the frozen layer growth with the varying pressure history. The stress relaxation behavior of plastic materials also complicates the stress field. A thermo-viscoelastic model is a natural choice for predicting the residual stress in the injection molding process, but it is computationally very expensive and requires materials' relaxation spectrum data which are not readily available in most of material databases. This study used a simplified anisotropic thermo-viscous-elastic model to calculate the residual stress development in threedimensional simulation of injection molding process. The validation cases showed that the proposed model is able to predict the final shrinkage, warpage and molded-in residual stresses reasonably well.


A semiconductor memory device comprising: first and second wirings arranged in a matrix; and a memory cell being provided at an intersecting point of the first and second wirings and including a resistance change element and an ion conductor element connected to each other in a cascade arrangement between the first and second wirings.


A planar-type electrically tunable phase shifter is demonstrated in the microwave region by using liquid crystal (LC) materials. A novel planar waveguide structure based on the microstrip line, which can convert the normal microstrip line to the inverted one, is designed. The new conversion circuit enables us to introduce LC materials on the microstrip line as easily as in the case of using the coplanar waveguide type of liquid crystal phase shifters. Larger phase shifting properties are confirmed empirically up to approximately 10 GHz with the application of a driving voltage of less than 10 V.


This case study details how perceptual and cultural differences lead to a conflict between a corporate house and the Kannada film industry. It also shows how the choice of mediator who can empathise with both sides can resolve conflicts.


Sleep analysis and its categories in sleep scoring system is considered to be helpful in an area of sleep research and sleep medicine. The scheduled study employs novel approach for computer assisted automated sleep scoring system using physiological signals and Artificial neural network. The data collected were recorded for seven hour, 30 second epoch for each subject. The data procured from the physiological signal was controlled and prepared to expel degenerated signals in order to extract essential data or features used for the study. As, it is known human body distributes its own electrical signals which is needed to be eliminated and these are known as artifacts and they are needed to be filtered out. In this study, signal filtering is achieved by using Butterworth Low-Pass filter. The features extracted were trained and classified using an Artificial Neural Network classifier. Even though, it is a highly complicated concept, using same in biomedical field when engaged with electrical signals which is obtained from body is novel. The accuracy estimated for the system was found to be good and thus the procedure can be very helpful in clinics, particularly useful for neurologist for diagnosing the sleep disorders.


A bacterial strain isolated from waste sludge was identified as Pesudomonas putida according to morphological,physiological experiment.It can use toluene as sole carbon and energy sources.Under experimental conditions,the strain degraded 80%~100%of the added toluene at temperature 20~40℃ and pH for 7.The toluene concentrations under 316mg/L can not significantly affect its removal efficiency.The biodegradation pathway of toluene has formed cis-toluene dihydrodiol by toluene dioxygenase.


Multicellular systems, from bacterial biofilms to human organs, form spatial patterns and interfaces to achieve complex functionality, promising applications like programmable biomaterials, artificial tissues


was always a source of concern for Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty. This is an interesting and important proposal, yet, as it stands, it seems as unpersuasive as any conventionalist claim that we actually dedde on what geometry to use-a point for which Heelan himself criticizes Poincar6. Nevertheless, Heelan is susceptible to this line of reasoning because unlike analytic philosophers, for whom a 'possible world' is merely a linguistic construct without any existential import of its own, phenomenologists declare something possible once they have made it an object of introspection-that is, an object that exists for consciousness under certain specified conditions. However, the conditions under which


The article deals with the relationship between Laguerre geometry and Minkowski sum. This relationship is used to create new geometry based generally on fundamental objects different to closed balls that formed Laguerre geometry. In the end of the article, there is defined also generalization of medial axis transform to the newly defined spaces and proved its uniqueness. The article continues the same called article from Proceedings of 25th Conference on Geometry and Computer Graphics, 2005


Abstract The oxidation of rubber by sodium chlorite can be accomplished either with rubber in the solid form or with rubber in aqueous suspension. The first process gives highly oxidized and very sticky rubbers. By the second process, the oxidation can be controlled so that all the sodium chlorite is decomposed in the latex, i.e., before coagulation and drying. The decomposition reaction is carried out either in neutral medium in the presence of an activator of decomposition of the sodium chlorite, e.g., formaldehyde, or in an acid medium with pH between 3 and 4. The oxidation process, which requires only small percentages of sodium chlorite, can be adapted to the manufacture of adhesive from latex and the preparation of rubbers plasticized directly without mastication. These degraded latexes react easily with various reactive agents of normal rubber, in particular with halogens.


The main purpose of the study is to reconcile the inconsistent results of prior research on the relationship between knowledge diversity and team innovation. This study suggests a new conceptual approach to separating differentiate dimensions of knowledge diversity, namely intrapersonal knowledge diversity and shared knowledge diversity. The results support knowledge diversity as a two-dimensional concept, and show that intrapersonal knowledge diversity is positively related to team innovation performance, and shared knowledge diversity is not related to team innovation performance. Also, as team duration increase, the efficiency of team innovation decreases, as well as the variances of team innovation performance increases. The present study contributes to literatures by presenting an agent-based model examined different conceptualization of knowledge diversity yield different effects on team processes and outcomes, and simulated how team members transfer their knowledge based on a set of simplistic rules to generate innovative outcome.


Objective To investigate the influence to corneal morphology by the asymmetrical damage to the limbal epithelium of the upper and the lower cornea. Methods The limbal epithelia of position angle from 11 o'clock to 1 o'clock were kept intact, and the limbal epithelia from 1 o'clock to 11o'clock only 0.2 mm width intact, the rest of epithelia were all scraped. Results In the experimental group, the refractions of the cornea were (52.36±1.93)D before operation, and (57.67±2.89)D four weeks after operation. The difference was obvious (P0.01). Histopathologic study showed that there were compensatory epithelial hyperplasia in the place of protrusion of cornea. Conclusion Compensatory proliferation of central corneal epithelium, usually caused by abnormality of limbal stem cell distribution, can change the curvature of cornea magnificantly.