The West Han dynasty released imperial women and allowed them to remarry.This system was introduced and consummated gradually from the beginning of Han Dynasty to the time of Emperor Hanwu.During the three generations of Emperor Zhao、Xuan and Yuan,it deteriorated to the system of attending late emperors in imperial mausoleums,and began to revive at the beginning of Emperor Cheng-time.Emperor Wen released all of his imperial concubines except his wife.Lady was the highest rank of imperial concubines released.This act has a significant effect on the later generations.This system which began in the West Han dynasty continued the tendency of negating in the time of Chun Qiu and Zhan Guo the system of burying wife and concubines with the dead husband.Its social basement is the prevailing custom of women remarrying in the West Han dynasty.


We investigated systimatically the electrical properties of the barium metaborate crystal in low temperature phases and found a new type of pyroelectric crystal materials, the single crystal samples of which grew in our laboratory. According to experimental investigations on many of its physical propenties, such as the dicalectric constant, de-resistivity, loss angle, pyroelectric coefficient, Cp, as well as transparency, it may be expected that this material would be useful for application in high power infrared pyroelectric detectors.


i DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT v LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO Measuring zoo animal location and movement with GPS: methodological concerns .. 15 CHAPTER THREE Using GPS to determine factors affecting walking rate in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in zoos 52 CHAPTER FOUR Using accelerometers to determine factors affecting walking rate in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in zoos ....... 78


This paper discusses a novel topology and a new control method of unified power quality controller (UPQC), in which the conventional UPQC was divided into a voltage compensation section and a current compensation section respectively. The voltage compensation comprises a voltage source inverter connected to the power grid in series by a single-phase boost transformer. While the current compensation employs a three-phase switched capacitor connected to the power grid in parallel. In this topology, the volume and total costs of UPQC can be effectively reduced. The scheme has been proved to work by the simulation of Matlab and also have good control effect.


In this paper, we propose a new scheme of digital frequency modulation that jointly utilizes a Nyquist III filter and a Gaussian filter for a premodulation filter. In this scheme, the phase transition and the phase trajectory during the symbol interval are settled independently of each other by setting the parameters of the two filters, and it is thus possible to improve the transmission performance by controlling the parameters of these filters appropriately. Furthermore, this scheme has an additional merit of increasing the minimum signal-space distance d2min above 2.0, and it has the possibility of improving BER performance. When the bandwidth of the signal widens with the increase of d2min, it is possible to adjust the signal spectrum by utilizing the Gaussian filter. Thus, it is possible to obtain superior transmission performance by setting the parameters of the two filters appropriately and employing a suitable detection method. Furthermore, we show that the transmission performance of this scheme is as good as GMSK in an AWGN environment. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 80(9): 1–10, 1997


Token-level serialized output training (t-SOT) was recently proposed to address the challenge of streaming multi-talker automatic speech recognition (ASR). T-SOT effectively handles overlapped speech by representing multi-talker transcriptions as a single token stream with $\langle \text{cc}\rangle$ symbols interspersed. However, the use of a naive neural transducer architecture significantly constrained its applicability for text-only adaptation. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel t-SOT model structure that incorporates the idea of factorized neural transducers (FNT). The proposed method separates a language model (LM) from the transducer's predictor and handles the unnatural token order resulting from the use of $\langle \text{cc}\rangle$ symbols in t-SOT. We achieve this by maintaining multiple hidden states and introducing special handling of the $\langle \text{cc}\rangle$ tokens within the LM. The proposed t-SOT FNT model achieves comparable performance to the original t-SOT model while retaining the ability to reduce word error rate (WER) on both single and multi-talker datasets through text-only adaptation.


The utility model relates to a steel plastic composite dashboard structure in a transport tank. More specifically, the utility model is arranged in the transport tank and belongs to a key component of the transport tank. The utility model mainly adopts that a dashboard main body is composed of a steel plate framework and a P E layer, wherein the steel plate framework is coated with a plastic layer; a circular arc of the steel plate framework is provided with tooth-shaped weld legs; the dashboard main body is provided with a plurality of back flow holes. The utility model has the advantages of simple structure, reasonable and compact structure, convenient manufacture, firmness, high safety, bulk production, high production efficiency and long service life. Besides, the utility model and a lining plastic layer of the inner part of the tank can be melted into integration, the assembly and the welding are not required to be carried out and the strength and the reliability of the tank can be improved.


A new sprayable carbon nanotube coating for bolometric detectors aims to increase the absorptance compared to regular space qualified black paints. In collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we have characterized the optical properties and mechanical and thermal stability of the carbon nanotube coating inside conical shaped cavity detectors.


The views and opinions expressed or implied in this article are those of the author (or authors) and do not necessarily reflect the position of the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Abstract—Several rockfish stocks off the U.S. west coast are below target biomass and are managed under rebuilding plans that severely limit the allowable harvest. Limited harvest, however, reduces the opportunity to collect fishery-dependent data, which are the primary source of information on changes in abundance for species poorly sampled by fishery-independent methods. A simulation study was conducted by using an operating model to evaluate the effect of reduced data on estimation of spawning biomass and biological parameters during rebuilding of a stock. Decreased availability of data during rebuilding resulted in increased among-simulation variation in estimates of spawning biomass. Additionally, decreased data resulted in reduced average catches and increased interannual variation in catches during rebuilding compared with averages of and variation in catches when data collection was maintained at higher levels. The presence of time-varying parameters in the operating model that were not accounted for within the estimation method resulted in increased amongsimulation variability in spawning biomass than with the time-invariant case, and the largest increase in variability occurred during stock rebuilding when data were reduced or eliminated. Retaining data collections at historical levels allowed improved parameter estimation during rebuilding, resulting in reduced variability in estimated stock size, increased average catches during rebuilding, and in reduced frequency of stocks being prematurely estimated as rebuilt. In the United States, federally managed stocks that fall below a minimum stock size threshold (MSST) are declared overfished and are mandated to be rebuilt to target biomass levels in the shortest amount of time, accounting for present biological and environmental conditions (Sustainable...1996; National...2016). In the absence of an unexpected run of good recruitment, rebuilding overfished stocks requires a reduction in fishing mortality to a level that allows stock biomass to increase and therefore leads to substantial reductions in fishing effort in relation to historical levels. The severity of management restrictions during rebuilding can, for some stocks, lead to a situation where the ability to collect data becomes limited when the stock is under a rebuilding plan, a period when managers are likely most concerned about stock size and trends in biomass. Overfished rockfish species off the U.S. west coast have experienced large reductions in harvest during rebuilding. One example, yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus), was declared overfished in 2002 (Methot and Piner1). Similar to other rockfish species off the U.S. west coast, catches of yelloweye rockfish were unsustainable during the 1980s and early 1990s. Catches of yelloweye rockfish decreased dramatically in relation to historical catches after the overfished declaration, and the allowable catch during the first year of rebuilding fell to approximately 10% of the catch from 4 years earlier (Stewart et al.2). Yelloweye rockfish is one notable example of an overfished west coast rockfish species that has experienced similar large reductions in harvest during rebuilding. Other examples include the cowcod (Sebastes levis; Dick and MacCall3), canary


Open, distributed and multi-party systems provide an infrastructure on which electronic transactions between organizations can be performed, pervading social and political boundaries to facilitate the realization of novel organizational paradigms. Electronic transactions are, though, prone to uncertainty amongst organizations and which can lead to a perception of vulnerability to exploitative behavior. In the presence of such behavior, the economic viability of electronic transactions is endangered. Organizations may perceive a vulnerability to such opportunistic behavior, and therefore decide not to participate. In order to retain the economic viability of these transactions, organizations must perceive an alignment of interests with those of the other organization in the transaction. Institutions can define behavioral constraints over the organizations in the transaction to manipulate the interests of an organization to attain alignment, such that the behavior of each organization is cooperative, and in the mutual interest. In this paper, we investigate the utilization of institutions in electronic transactions to attain cooperation and trust in cooperation, and the realization of these institutions as distributed protocols. © 2009 University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Printed and published by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Claremont Tower, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England. Bibliographical details SMITH, C., VAN MOORSEL, A., PIENKOWSKI, D., LI, F. An Institutional Approach to Trust in Electronic Transactions [by] C Smith, A Van Moorsel, D Pienkowski, F Li Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2009. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-1161)


Radiative heat transfer in a multidimensional participating medium was predicted using the discrete-ordinates (DO) method. The even parity radiative transfer equation (RTE) is formulated for an absorbing, isotropically scattering, and re-emitting medium enclosed by gray walls. The even parity RTE is spatially discretized with the finite element method. The solution accuracy and convergence are discussed for several element types. Several test enclosures are modeled. Results are compared with the standard DO control volume formulation, exact solutions, and the P3 differential approximation. Solutions are found for enclosures with either absorbing or isotropically scattering media. Results compare well with published results. Also, the use of the method for complex geometries and unstructured grids is discussed. Nomenclature Eh = emissive power, 6T4, W/m2 G = incident energy, J47r / dft, W/m2 G* = nondimensional incident energy, G/Eb I = intensity, 7(r, ft), W/m2-sr L = characteristic length, m M = total number of discrete ordinate directions N = total number of global nodes NJ = basis function n = surface normal Q* = nondimensional net wall heat flux, qlEb q = heat flux, J2ir |rt-ft|7 dft, W/m2


Gold was in short supply on European markets, and this was nearly a generation before Columbus and Cortez were to open the treasures of the Americas to Europe. The Portuguese probably overestimated the amount of gold available in Ghana. What they saw consisted chiefly of ornaments which had been accumulated over generations by Africans who had little means for exporting them until the Portuguese arrived.


Light is an important source of energy for most forms of life on Earth. Ancient Greeks and Romans already knew that solar light helped cure several illnesses. Ancient Egyptians even used phototherapy to treat some skin diseases. However, they did not know how it actually worked. Laser therapy started empirically in the 1960s and since then it has gained credibility and followers throughout the world. In the last two decades, thousands of studies have been published in scientific journals, enabling clinical use based on scientific evidence. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery is itself the result of the growing use of phototherapy in all medical areas. Laser phototherapy (LPT) is a modality of clinical treatment that results in nonthermal effects on tissues and whose biological effects promote a slight increase in temperature (not higher than 18C). The magnitude of its effects depends on the cells' physiological status and=or the clinical stage of the condition prior to irradiation. Scientific studies have shown that the primary mechanisms of LPT are related to the interaction between photons and molecules in the tissue, while the secondary mechanisms are related to the effect of the chemical changes induced by the former. This set of reactions has an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effect on tissues. Several authors have experienced excellent results using LPT in dentistry. Its main clinical indications are alveolitis, temporomandibular dysfunction, apthae and thrush, gingivitis, herpetic gingivostomatitis (herpes simplex), benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), buccal burning syndrome, dentinal hypersensitivity, implantology, mucositis, trigeminal neuralgia, odontalgia, idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), paresthesia, pericementitis, pericoronaritis, periodontitis, angular cheilitis, tissue healing (post-operatory), and traumatic ulcer. Therapeutic lasers should never be used without a precise diagnosis of the pathology to be treated. This demands profound knowledge of dental specialties and laser properties such as the laser's irradiation parameters, wavelength (nm), power (W) input and output, power density or irradiance (W=cm), energy density or fluence ( J=cm), duration of each session (seconds), frequency of treatment (weekly) and number of sessions, energy per point ( J) and total energy ( J), continuous wave or pulse laser, and spot size (cm). In addition the operator should by all means comply with the safety rules. It has been observed that LPT effects are dose dependent. The irradiation dose or energy density is one of the most important parameters in laser therapy. If the dose is too low, results may not be accomplished and if it is too high, the desired effect may be inhibited. However, dosimetry is not limited to dose calculation expressed by DE ( J=cm)1⁄4P (W) t (sec)=A (cm). A patient's age and fitness, pathology diagnosis, size of lesion, tissue, stage of illness, and laser parameters are decisive factors when calculating dose. Nonetheless, there is no consensus as to how to calculate the dose in laser therapy, because photobiomodulation obtained by LPT is not limited to the area that receives the light beam but also occurs in the nearby surrounding area. There are different kinds of applications in dentistry. Laser is applied directly on hard tissues, such as teeth. On the other hand, soft tissues require scattered light and dose is calculated using SAEF (spatial average energy fluence) ( J=cm)1⁄4P (W) t (s) n=A (cm). The World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT) offers guidelines and recommendations to promote dosimetry accuracy and appropriate conduct of clinical research (see www.walt.nu).17 Although many questions still remain unanswered, the clinical results obtained by using LPT in the dental clinic should encourage professionals to keep using this powerful tool in order to further develop its potential. LPT is currently and will forever be a part of modern medicine and dentistry.


The aims of image super-resolution are to get high-resolution images from poor-resolution ones by software technologies. Inspired by the remarkable performance of deep neural networks for nonlinear relationships, densely connected convolutional neural network with multiscale was proposed and applied to achieve image super-resolution. A parallel module with multiscale convolutional layer has been designed to collect diverse features of the low-resolution images. Additionally, twodense blocks are added to another branch of the convolutional neural network. As a result, the closely connected convolutional neural network can avoid the vanishing-gradient problem during model training. Not only the quantitative assessment results, but also the visual assessment enable to verify that the designed network yielded high-resolution images, which are finer to the ones in comparison with the state-of-the-art approaches.


Pneumatic servo positioning systems have been in use for long time and subject to wide spectrum of studies due to their numerous advantages: inexpensive, clean, safe and high ratio of power to weight. However, the compressibility of air and the inherent non-linearity of these systems continue to make achieving accurate position control a real challenge. Conventional pneumatic servo systems are based on cylinder actuators that are difficult to control precisely due to the aforementioned nonlinearities as well as the nonlinear behavior of the air flow through the valve, the friction between the cylinder and the piston, and the stick slip effect at the low velocity of the system. In this paper, a position servo control system using a pneumatic muscle actuator is studied. Pneumatic muscle actuator is a novel type of actuator which has even higher force to weight ratio than the cylinder. In addition, muscle actuator introduces a stick slip free operation giving an interesting option for positioning systems. However, significant hysteresis and position dependant force result in a highly nonlinear system, a real challenge for good control performance. In this paper, pneumatic muscle actuator is controlled by a low-cost on/off valve with PWM-strategy instead of costly servo or proportional valve. The main processes of the system, including flow dynamics, pressure dynamics, force dynamics and load dynamics are derived to provide a full nonlinear model that captures all the major nonlinearities of the system. This model is used for analyzing and tuning the controller performances by simulations before implementing in the real system. In addition, a recently introduced method of using bipolynomial functions to model the valve flow rate is utilized to provide a continuous and invertible description of flow for controller designs. A proportional plus velocity plus acceleration controller with feed-forward component (PVA+FF) is designed based on the linearized system model. For a comparison, a sliding mode controller (SMC) based on linear as well as non-linear system model are designed. The performance of the designed controllers is studied by simulations. The stability and performance analysis includes the effects of friction modeling error and valve modeling error. The robustness of the controllers is tested by varying the payload mass of the system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


This study shows that it may be feasible using state‐of‐the‐art pulsed lasers, coupled with a novel technique for maintaining laser line stability, to design, construct, and operate an airborne laser system to remotely measure sound velocity in water. This system should be capable of yielding range‐resolved (3‐m bins) sound velocity in water to depths of 75 m to an accuracy of 1 m/s. Flying at aircraft speeds of 300 mi/h and operating at a laser repetition pulse rate of 10 pps, vertical sound profiles would be obtained every 44 ft. Such upper‐ocean high‐vertical‐resolution profiles of sound speed would be useful to various Naval applications. They could serve as stand‐alone data sets or combined with other real time and/or historical data sets to yield improved acoustic and oceanographic prediction models. [Work supported by NOARL.]


Since centuries petitions have been used to tell the government what they think about
a certain object and demand change (Kilman & Costello, 2002). Nowadays, there are
online petitions to achieve this goal. For this different resources can be used. This
paper looks at the influence of resources on the likelihood of succeeding of online
petitions. There are many resources, but this paper focuses on three resources; time,
financial resources and social network. For this 16 petitioners have been interviewed,
either by phone or by mail. Half of them were individuals, and the other half were
from organisations. Therefore, this paper also looks at the differences between
individuals and organisations and online petitions. In this research, no relation
between the resources time, financial resources and social network and the likely
outcome of a petition has been found. A difference has been found between
organisations and individuals. It appears that most organisations have a better
network established than individuals. Besides, most organisations have more money
available. In most cases, this results in the fact that they spent more money on
promotion of the petition compared to individuals. As there is no relation found in this
research, this does not mean that organisations have a higher chance of reaching the
goal of their petition. The sample of this paper exists out of petitioners from
petities.nl. Therefore, the results might not be internationally applicable. It also has to
be taken into account that the sample is relatively small.


IT WAS with great regret that the RCN Emergency Care Association decided to postpone its annual conference last month. I know this event is a great motivator for emergency care staff, and if ever nurses deserve a morale boost and inspiration it is now, after what has possibly been, and for many continues to be, the most stressful winter many staff will remember. With less than two weeks to the original date of the event, the committee was in the position of having too few people registered so that those attending would not have had the experience we wanted to provide. I have been left wondering whether this is a sign of the times, further evidence of nurses struggling to get through their shifts with too little time and money to invest in their development. Perhaps conferences are a luxury of a bygone era, but I don't think so. Face-to-face networking and engaging in educational events enhance individual and team competence to care. Best practice can be shared and support for common problems can be found. In a year when professional revalidation is being piloted, the need to evidence continued professional development is essential. This year will see a new government elected and a financial situation that is likely to be tighter for the NHS than ever. It is vital for us, as emergency nurses, to have a unified voice to influence service planning, and ensure appropriate development of our workforce. Where better to have such discussions than at an event dedicated to this specialist group? For this reason, we have endeavoured to ensure that the conference content reflects what nurses want. If there is something else that you would like to be included, however, let me know before the end of the month and I will do my upmost to secure it. Emergency nurses need to put forward cases for their receiving extra funding to their managers so they can attend, or to be innovative about securing funds from elsewhere. Charitable funds or university bursaries are good places to start, and some departments combine fund raising with social events, for example by raffling a conference place. Also, if three or more people register together, they receive a 10% discount. If this event is to be as successful as it could be, and we are to be the strong and united professional group our patients deserve, I urge you to register as soon as you can: put it on the 'must do' list. The conference has now been rescheduled for July 15-16 in Manchester. See also diary, page 18


Heavy winter rainfall produces double‐peak hydrographs at the Slapton Wood catchment, Devon, UK. The first peak is saturation‐excess overland flow in the hillslope hollows and the second (i.e. the delayed peak) is subsurface stormflow. The physically‐based spatially‐distributed model SHETRAN is used to try to improve the understanding of the processes that cause the double peaks. A three‐stage (multi‐scale) approach to calibration is used: (1) water balance validation for vertical one‐dimensional flow at arable, grassland and woodland plots; (2) two‐dimensional flow for cross‐sections cutting across the stream valley; and (3) three‐dimensional flow in the full catchment. The main data are for rainfall, stream discharge, evaporation, soil water potential and phreatic surface level. At each scale there was successful comparison with measured responses, using as far as possible parameter values from measurements. There was some calibration but all calibrated values at one scale were used at a larger scale.


"Action for children. Backing the future",  a project developed in United Kingdom, identified six key service pathways to child well-being (Aked, J. ; Steuer, N. ; Lawlor, E . ; Spratt, S., 2009). These pathways help create the conditions for improving children's psychological and social well-being, and influencing positive outcomes over the longer term. They were found to have applicability in universal and targeted service settings and they are in line with results of previous studies (Gardner, 2005 ; Goleman, 2004) . These pathways includes building relationships based on stability and trust and link children into their wider community, promoting of positive emotions and experiences to help ensure happy childhoods and drive longer term positive outcomes, encouraging to use their strengths in a practical way. This approach combines consideration of the structural factors affecting the circumstances of children's lives, together with the psychological and social aspects of their well-being. The combined approach is important due to the dynamic nature of well-being, where positive experiences ('feeling good') and outcomes ('doing well') arise through the interplay between children's external circumstances, their inner resources, and their capabilities and interactions with the world around them. In order to illustrate the importance of this combined approach, we developed a long-term partnership with several museums from Brașov. Students from the first grade of primary education learned about history, local traditions and cultural identity in formal or non-formal context and transferred their acquisitions in everyday life.  They could also teach their parents about the history of houses or costumes and they built together memories for a lifetime.


Hybrid memories are one of the emerging memory technologies for future data storage. These memories are structured by integrating non-CMOS nanodevices (e.g., carbon nanotubes, single electron junction, organic molecules) with CMOS devices. Non-CMOS nanodevices build up crossbar-based memory cells, whereas CMOS devices form peripheral circuits. CMOS/Molecular (CMOL) memory is an example of hybrid memories. In spite of providing a huge data capacity and low power consumption, such memories suffer from high degree of cluster faults impacting their reliability. This thesis investigates the use of error correction codes (ECCs) to tolerate faults in hybrid memories. The ECCs considered in this work are Hamming, Reed Solomon (RS), and Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) codes. The error correction capability and the cost incurred (in terms of area and time overhead of encoder and decoder) for each ECC and for different input data width are analyzed. The experimental results show that RS and RRNS codes are able to correct cluster faults, yet requires higher cost as compared to Hamming code, which can only correct single fault at lower cost. Moreover, the area cost of RS and RRNS encoder/decoder tend to increase linearly and exponentially, respectively, as the input data width becomes bigger. Meanwhile, the time overhead of RS remains steady and while that of increases linearly, as the input data width increase. Overall, RS is the best ECC to tolerate cluster faults in hybrid memories.


At a time when the Association of American Colleges has established a new publication called The Forum for Liberal Education' and when National Project IV: Liberal Education Varieties and Their Assessment is funded and underway,2 it may be especially interesting for two reasons to examine Japanese liberal education. First is the fact that we put it there. That is to say, liberal or general education in Japan is closely patterned on the model in the United States because the present 6-3-3-4 structure of Japanese education, with its four-year undergraduate component comprising two years in general liberal education and a two-year specialization, was instituted largely through the guidance, recommendations, and insistence of the American-dominated General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) during the postwar Occupation.3 Second is the apparently universal disapprobation of the Japanese toward liberal or general education as it now exists in the undergraduate curriculum. Indeed, "general education courses which have been greatly expanded in the years since World War II are in the worst condition and on the verge of collapse. . . . It is generally known that these courses have become purely nominal," writes a former minister of education,4 and the Japan Cultural Society (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai*) annotated bibliography on higher education states that "the 25-year postwar experience indicates that one of the weakest or most troublesome aspects of the new university is the curriculum of general education."5 Taken together, these two factors make an analysis of Japanese liberal education of more than anecdotal interest to American educators. In the following, I shall briefly describe the historical setting for liberal education and then examine the program of Tenri University, where I witnessed Japanese liberal education during a nine-month visit as a Luce Scholar. Last, I shall consider the weaknesses and complaints as I came to understand them, both at Tenri and through discussions with perhaps fifty academicians in a score of higher education institutions throughout the country.


To preserve important biological structures and obtain satisfying images,it is important to select an appropriate method for the drying of biological samples.The drying method can be selected according to the characteristics of biological samples,the requirements of scanning electron microscopic observation and the equipment condition.To acquire the general principles for the selection of drying methods,the related Chinese literature in the VIP Chinese journal database,the China Knowledge Network and other well-known Chinese core periodical databases were search.A total of 122 related papers since 2001 were classified according to the types of biological samples and the drying methods.Five of the most commonly used drying methods are the natural drying method,the bake-drying method,the critical point drying method,the tert-butyl alcohol vacuum-drying method and the freeze-drying method.The applications,effects,advantages and disadvantages of these drying methods in biological sample preparation process for scanning electron microscopic observation were analyzed and the appropriate drying methods for samples of different microorganisms,plants and animals were summarized.


This study aims to analyze the significant influence of: (1) the performance of formal education; (2) motivation on performance; and (3) educational training on the performance of the environmental control officers Central River Region Solo. The analysis showed: (1) There is a significant relationship between formal education on performance; (2) There is a significant effect of motivation on performance; (3) There is a significant relationship between education training supervisors on employee performance environment Central River Region Solo; (4) educational training the dominant influence on the environmental performance of officers Central River Region Solo. Conclusion of the study: (1) the hypothesis that there is a significant effect of educational level on the performance of the environmental control officers Central River Region Bengawan Solo verified; (2) the hypothesis that there is a significant effect of motivation on the performance of the environmental control officers Bengawan Central River Region Solo verified; (3) the hypothesis that there is a significant effect of training on the performance of the environmental control officers Central River Region Solo. Education training is a dominant variable influence on the environmental performance of supervisors Central River Region proven true. Keywords : Formal Education, Motivation, Education Training, Performance


Following the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of the Sudan, British unwillingness either to annex the territory or to allow its reincorporation with Egypt was given expression in the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of 1899, under the terms of which Britain and Egypt were to rule jointly. But the ' Condominium Agreement' was in reality a device by which Britain managed and Egypt paid for the Sudan's administration. The central figure in that administration was the Governor-General, who, although formally appointed by the ruler of Egypt, was the nominee of the British government. The development of the Governor-Generalship from its inception until the resignation of Sir John Maffey in 1934 owed less to the formal arrangements set down in the Condominium Agreement than it did to relations between the Sudan Government and successive British representatives in Cairo, and to changes in the Governor-General's own position within the Sudan Government. He remained pre-eminent throughout the period under review, but by 1934 his relative independence of Cairo was balanced by the power, within the Sudan Government, of a Council of senior officials.


Abstract Bridging the Gap: Raising a Child With Nonverbal Learning Disorder. Rondalyn Varney Whitney. New York: Perigee, 2002. 304 pp. $13.95 Reviewed by Margaret Elaine Johnson Argleben Choosing Excellence. John Merrow. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001. 207 pp. $15.95. Reviewed by Jim Tanksley Schools That Heal: Real Life Solutions. Lesley Koplow. New York: Teachers College Press, 2002. 231 pp. $17.95 paper. Reviewed by Joy Varnell Using Literature Activities to Teach Content Areas to Emergent Readers. Mildred R. Donoghue. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2001. 150 pp. Reviewed by Dawn W. Dubbs Is that Right? Critical Thinking and the Social World of the Young Learner. Ian Wright. Toronto, Ontario: Pippin, 2002. Reviewed by Meredith E. Kiger


One of the objectives of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is to promote scientific and research collaboration in order to raise the level of competitiveness in Southeast Asia. Bibliometrics can play an important role in informing science and scholarship policy evaluation and recommendations in this region. Bibliometric researchers have been observing scholarly activities in this region since the 1980s. However, the number of scholarly publications in this region has been relatively low compared to the rest of the world. Most of these bibliometric studies focus on benchmarking research performance between these countries, although they vary in many regards, for instance, in the countries/regions of interest, data sources, and analytical techniques. Evaluation studies of collaboration within this region are evidently rare and mostly focus on collaborations with non-ASEAN countries. By connecting the results of these studies through different periods and methodological perspectives, this chapter discusses the challenges and knowledge gaps in this research area in order to identify potential research topics and approaches for future studies.


Carbohydrate recognition by lectins governs critical host-microbe interactions. MpPA14 lectin is a domain of a 1.5-MDa adhesin responsible for a symbiotic bacterium-diatom interaction in Antarctica. Here we show MpPA14 binds various monosaccharides, with L-fucose and N-acetyl glucosamine being the strongest ligands (Kd ~ 150 μM). High-resolution structures of MpPA14 with 15 different sugars bound elucidated the molecular basis for the lectin's apparent binding promiscuity but underlying selectivity. MpPA14 mediates strong Ca2+-dependent interactions with the 3, 4 diols of L-fucopyranose and glucopyranoses, and binds other sugars via their specific minor isomers. Thus, MpPA14 only binds polysaccharides like branched glucans and fucoidans with these free end-groups. Consistent with our findings, adhesion of MpPA14 to diatom cells was selectively blocked by L-fucose, but not by N-acetyl galactosamine. With MpPA14 lectin homologs present in adhesins of several pathogens, our work gives insight into an anti-adhesion strategy to block infection via ligand-based antagonists.


We present a novel design of tunable terahertz metamaterials. The design numerically shows that the amplitude transmission reaches 86.4%, the intensity modulation depth reaches 96.4%, the response time reaches 1360 ps, and the bandwidth exceeds 760 GHz. The metamaterial consists of a semiconductor layer and a metal layer separated by air. Under optical excitation condition, the electromagnetic properties of the semiconductor change from semi-insulating to metallic and then the amplitude transmission is mainly affected by Fabry–Perot interference and spoof surface plasmon polaritons (spoof SPPs). Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the amplitude transmission peak determined by spoof SPPs and the design geometries using the mode expansion method. A tunable terahertz metamaterial, as a functional device, is a basic element in terahertz high-volume, wireless communication systems, which are of vital importance.


Adsorption is a unique process for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater since the process is cost effective, easily adoptable and environmentally compatible. Removal of Chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions was studied using abundantly available Calcined Brick Powder (CBP), a popular construction material as a sorbent media under various experimental conditions. The removal of Cr (VI) ions on CBP was studied under various sorption parameters such as contact time, effect of pH, initial concentration of metal ions and amount of sorbent on the adsorption capacity. The maximum removal efficiency of 81% was achieved at pH 2.0 for Cr (VI) at equilibrium conditions. Adsorption characteristics exhibited by CBP were satisfactory and the isotherms were in conformity with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.


In this paper we explore the stability of an inverted pendulum under generalized parametric excitation described by a superposition of $N$ sines under different frequencies and phases. We show that the amplitude must be scaled with frequency to make a real inverted pendulum, i.e., with $g\approx 9.8$ m/s$^{2}$ to be stable under high frequencies. By randomly sorting frequencies, we obtain a critical amplitude which is numerically tested. We also analyze the effects when different values of $N$ as well as the pendulum sizes $l$ are taken into account.


In recent years there has been growing debate over whether or not the changes in Federal Reserve's operating procedures (in the United States) have influenced the behavior of mone tary target variables. One such much publicized policy change occurred on October 1979 when Federal Reserve replaced the federal funds rate (FFR) operating procedure with the nonbor rowed reserves. Fed changed its operating procedure again in October 1982 by replacing nonborrowed reserves procedure with a bor rowed reserves one. Another recent policy change took place in February 1984 under which borrowed reserve procedure was retained but the lagged reserve requirements (LRR) system was replaced with current reserve requirements (CRR). So far, there have been three major policy changes (regimes): periods before Septem ber 1979, October 1979 to September 1982, October 1982 to January 1984 and February 1984 through present. According to Roley, under the first regime, the nonborrowed reserves path is maintained and the FFR fluctuates especially in upward direction because of the higher assessment of the demand for reserve which is not accommodated through Fed's open market operations. During the second phase, borrowed reserve procedure (Oct 1982 to Jan 1984), Federal Reserve attempts to set a certain level of discount window borrowing. During this regime Fed accommodates the fluctuations in demand for reserve by changing nonborrowed reserves, which causes FFR to fall. During the third regime, where the operating procedures remain the same but the lagged reserve require ments system was replaced with the current reserve requirements, the FFR does not respond to Fed's policy announcements. For example, according to Roley: . . . money announcement surprises since February 1984 may reflect both money demand shocks and the disturbances in the reserves market. These latter distur


According to an embodiment of the invention, a method of operating a control node for communication with at least one receiving node is provided. The communication is structured in frames comprising several subframes (1) which may be divided into subbands in the frequency domain. The method comprises transmitting a control channel in a search area (8) of one of the subframes (1). The search area (8) comprises a configurable time span and may span one or more of the subbands.


A field testing program was recently completed at the Kenilworth and Ox on Cove landfills in the District of Columbia to determine if they contain enough methane to warrant recovery and use as a fuel source. Probes and wells were installed, gas samples were analyzed during static and pumping conditions, and pressures and temperatures were monitored. The results indicate favorable conditions for the recovery and use of the landfill gas.


Male sexual dysfunction (MSD) could be caused by various factors which include psychological disorders, androgen deficiencies, chronic medical conditions, vascular insufficiency, penile disease, pelvic surgery, neurological disorders, drugs, life style, aging and systemic diseases. This study sought to assess the antioxidant properties of the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Black plum (Vitex doniana) and bark of Kola nut (Cola nitida),evaluate their effect on pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat's testes; and investigate the effect on arginase which is one of the key enzymes linked to Erectile dysfunction. The results of the total phenol, total flavonoid of aqueous extracts of Cola nitida and Vitex doniana revealed that Cola nitida (10.64 mgGAE/g) had significantly (P


The limited field of view available with conventional endoscopes has restricted the extent to which a full assessment of an abnormality and its anatomical relationship to surrounding structures may be made. The purpose of this research is to design a prototype system of a new endoscope that allows for an increased field of view to be obtained when compared to traditional endoscopes. The design of the system utilizes a panoramic annular lens (PAL) to obtain an image of the 360 degrees surrounding the optical axis of the lens. PALs have been characterized and evaluated on a larger scale in previous work performed in our laboratory. In the development of a prototype panoramic endoscope, research has been performed in the design of an optical train utilizing a miniaturized PAL and in its integration with fiber optics to obtain a panoramic view of the interior of a cylindrical pipe. The annular image obtained with this system has been linearized using customized software routines to obtain a more conventional view.


(57) Abstract: A compound or a manufacturing method of a pharmaceutically acceptable salts of formula (I), 1) the compound (R 1-4 carbon atoms in the formula of Formula (III) forming a straight or branched chain alkyl) alkali metal hydroxide, the reaction product was a period reacting about 20-100 hours at a temperature of about 80-120 ° C. in an aqueous medium having; 2 ) the reaction product of step 1) is cyclized with formic acid and formaldehyde to form a formate compound; and 3) how the formate compound of step 2) comprises neutralization with aqueous base.


ABSTRACT The initiation and growth of gullies within dambos were examined by means of sequential aerial photography for the period 1951 to 1986 and field monitoring during the 1986/87 and 1987/88 rainy seasons. Gullies were generally not present in the 1950's, many were initiated in the early 1960's, most grew rapidly in the 1970's, and typically displayed irregular growth during the 1980's associated, in particular, with variations in rainfall. Growing pressures from rapidly increasing human and livestock populations, especially the latter after 1962 when destocking ceased, contributed towards the erosion of dambos, while the progressive extension of dryland cultivation reduced the area available for grazing so confining livestock to dambo areas for much of the year. Estimates of runoff indicate that about half of the runoff entering gullies is likely to come from the dambos themselves, although these comprise, on average, only about one third of the land area. Peak flow estimates, based on 1: 2 year flo...


Rock socketed drilled shafts transfer significant portion of structural loads at the socketed part. Therefore, a proper design of side and base resistances of a shaft at the socket is a major concern for the geotechnical engineers. In this study, we modified the Hoek-Brown criterion to estimate side resistance of rock socketed drilled shafts. Earlier method to compute side resistance of a shaft is linear or power functions of intact rock masses. However, side resistance is mobilized like shearing which influenced by the mechanical properties of concrete and rock masses, adhesion of rock/concrete interface, roughness of rock socket. Therefore, a single coefficient or power of uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock cannot provide accurate values of side resistance in a wide range of the uniaxial compressive strength. A new approach proposed in this study can consider in situ rock mass condition (frequency or discontinuities, weathering condition), and rock types thus, it has a wider applicability than the earlier models.


The Kazakhs daily necessities,such as carpets,clothes,furniture,containers,instruments and orna-ments in horse,are painted different patterns and designs on them.The essence of the patterns and designs is a kind of materialized human being's spirits and wishes.The patterns and designs' formation of aesthetic psycho-logical structure and patterns form in the ancient Kazakhs group depends on historic deposit and generation,and the main elements in the Kazakhs patterns and designs arts mainly consist of seal,decoration,characters,religion and lifestyle etc.


Address for Correspondence: Dr. Deepak Arvind Patil, Assistant Professor, Department Of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Miraj, Pandharpur Road, Miraj Dist. – Sangli, Maharashtra, India. E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Background : The axillary artery is a direct continuation of the subclavian artery. The axillary artery is usually described as giving off six branches. Variation in the branching pattern of axillary artery is not uncommon. The knowledge of these variations is of anatomical, radiological and surgical interest to explain unexpected clinical signs and symptoms. Materials and Methods: Bilateral dissection of axilla was conducted on 10 embalmed cadavers during routine dissection and the branching patterns of the axillary artery was studied. Observations and Results: Unilateral variations were observed in three cadavers. In the first case, we observed a unique variation of a common trunk coming from the first part of the axillary artery which gave origin to subscapular, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral and profunda brachii arteries . In the remaining two cases, we observed a common subscapularthoracoacromial trunk from the second part of axillary artery. Conclusion: The detailed knowledge about anatomy of normal as well as variant axillary artery is very helpful for the surgeons and radiologists performing interventional or diagnostic procedures in cardiovascular diseases.


Experience in several European countries show that Electric and Gas distribution or supply (retail) companies can reach their customers through energy efficiency programmes more easily than other actors (energy agency, municipalities, regional or national governments, market regulators). Without an appropriate supportive framework the distribution and supply companies are unwilling to collaborate to energy efficiency programmes since their profit would decrease and they would incur direct and opportunity costs. This paper presents different national supportive schemes and successful experiences of energy efficiency programmes. The results of the analysis demonstrate that different successful policies are possible, adapted to the national framework. However only integrated mechanisms that give the appropriate signals to all the market actors can positively induce them to collaborate and to fully exploit the economic, social and environmental benefits of energy efficiency on the demand side. These integrated mechanisms include: dedicated funds, obligation or negotiated agreements to perform energy efficiency activities on the demand-side, ratemaking to remove pressure to increase sales and to promote energy efficiency programmes, legal and technical support.


Aging is becoming one of the biggest burdens to the developed world, mainly due to it being linked to a variety of diseases from neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease to cancer. It involves the dysregulation of virtually every biological process known, affecting every organ and tissue by distinct mechanisms, the nature of which is only now beginning to be truly understood. This is also true for memory loss, which is considered one of the most typical signs of old age. This is not surprising, given the still limited knowledge regarding how memories and thoughts are stored and utilised by the Central Nervous System (CNS). A potential hint, however, is the recent discovery that the complement system plays a role in synaptic pruning, which is essential for erasing unneeded memories. This is particularly intriguing given that the complement system is a branch of the innate immune system which has been documented as being overactive with aging. This review will thus cover what is currently known about the relationship between the immune system and aging and how the changes in the immune system with age affect the brain in an effort to direct further research. This topic has not been reviewed as a whole, which is why this paper aims to summarise the information on this topic whilst also elaborating on the gaps in research in order to develop potential therapies for neurodegeneration and immunosenescence.


Abstract In 1976, the Frankfurt book fair set its focus on Latin America. On that occasion, the Suhrkamp Verlag presented its Latin America-Program to a massive audience for the first time. Through the analysis of the title of a promotional leaflet prepared by Suhrkamp Verlag for this book fair, this essay identifies and discusses some mediation strategies, as well as some of the misunderstandings and stereotypes set into motion by this publishing house for translating and introducing the Latin American literature into the German book market.


TWENTY-TWO fragments of glass from the glass-factory in Agora South Centre at Corinth were studied in the following manner. A powdered portion of each sample was subjected to a borax bead test in order to determine which elements, such as iron, copper and manganese, caused the colors. The borax bead reactions indicate the presence or absence of these and other elements, but do not show in what amounts they occur. Each glass was also tested for the presence of lead by etching with hydrofluoric acid and then applying potassium iodide in acetic acid to the hydrofluoric acid washed from the surface of the glass. When lead was present, a yellow to orange precipitate appeared. The index of refraction of each glass was determined by the powder method to an accuracy of0.003. The values of the refractive index liquids used were checked on an Abbe refractometer.1 The results of the above tests are summarized in the Table on page 327. The information is qualitative in nature, but where possible a rough indication of the relative amounts of the minerals present in the glasses is shown by the use of double and triple stars. As will be seen from a study of the Table, most of the glasses contain iron and manganese. When iron occurs in glass that is prepared in a furnace in which an excess of oxygen is present, producing a well oxidized batch, the color is usually yellow as in P. When there is insufficient oxygen, the iron will cause green or blue colors to develop. Manganese will produce a violet or amethyst shade when it is present in sufficient amounts, if the glass batch is well oxidized. Q and R are examples of this type. Published chemical analyses of ancient glasses 2 show that a small amount of manganese occurs in most of them. Only four glasses contain copper which characteristically produces blue and blue-green colors. There is no evidence that cobalt is the coloring agent in any of the blue glasses. The sealing-wax red fragment, U, contains copper, iron and manganese. This agrees with the four analyses of this color of glass published by Neuman.3 The copper is probably in suspension in the glass in a metallic state, thus producing the opaque red color. The opacity of glasses H, O and V, is doubtless due to tin. This was not determined experimentally, but the chemical analyses of Neuman, Lucas and others have shown that tin was the opacifying agent used in antiquity, as well as today. When only a small amount of iron and manganese is present, the glass may be almost colorless, as S and T. The opaque white fragment, V, did not contain a coloring agent in an amount that could be detected with a borax bead. Lead occurs in the Corinth glasses only in small quantities. Its presence is shown by the potassium iodide test, and some indication of the relative amount in the glass


This study presents a model involving four distinct elements of entrepreneurial capability: passion and self-achievement, integrity and commitment, leadership and management, and active learning and analysis. By conducting studies across several cities in China, this study develops and validates a 30-item entrepreneurial capability scale to capture the four dimensions, then uses the new scale to examine the antecedent and consequence of entrepreneurial capability. Results show the positive relationship between prior experience and entrepreneurial capability, and between entrepreneurial capability and new venture performance. Entrepreneurship education in university moderates the positive effect of entrepreneurial capability on new venture's management performance. The resultant instrument provides researchers with a useful measurement tool for evaluating entrepreneurial capability. 1 About the Authors: a Rebecca Wenjing Lv is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy of the School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Her research focus on technology entrepreneurship, venture capital investment in entrepreneurship, and technology innovation. b Changqing Lai is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy of the School of Economics and Management at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He is interested in entrepreneurship education, social network and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial motivation and national strategy. Changqing Lai holds a Bachelor's degree (2014) in software engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology. His paper about entrepreneurship education is accepted by international journal and his paper about water strategy is published on journal of information and computational science which is indexed by EI complex. c Jin Liu is an Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Education at Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. Professor Liu is the Deputy Director of Center for Faculty Development of Beijing Institute of Technology. His research, teaching, and social service support college student entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, autonomous enrolment, and faculty mobility and innovation. 1 This research was funded by the 2011 Key Project of National Social Science Foundation of China ("Study on Training Mode of Knowledge Entrepreneurial Capability of College Students", 11AGL003). The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NSSFC. Introduction Entrepreneurship has been an emerging issue both in research and practice in China, especially in these years. Chinese government has brought out the policy of "Mass Entrepreneurship" as the new economic engine of Chinese economy. However, the failure rate of new venture cannot be ignored [1]. Even if new venture could survive, they can hardly perform well [2]. In examining influencing factors of new venture performance, several researchers have discussed the effect of entrepreneurial capability [3-5]. However, there has not reached a widely acceptable agreement on the concept of entrepreneurial capability (EC). Some researchers focus on firm's capacity, introducing the concept of entrepreneurial capacity as a firm's capacity to sense, select, and shape opportunities, and synchronize their strategic moves and resources in pursuit of these opportunities [5]. This firm-level definition of entrepreneurial capacity has some overlap with dynamic capabilities [6]. Furthermore, where does this "firm's entrepreneurial capability" come from? As most of new venture formed mainly by the entrepreneurs themselves, the influence of entrepreneurs' characteristics on new venture performance cannot be ignored. The central role of the entrepreneur in determining firm performance has been studied by several researchers [7, 8]. Several researches has noticed the important role of entrepreneurs' characteristics in new venture, by proposing the concept of entrepreneurial passion [9], or the concept of entrepreneurial alertness [10] and examined the prior knowledge as its antecedents, and firm's innovations as its consequences. However, these two concepts about entrepreneur's characteristics cannot capture the whole view of entrepreneurs' characteristics. As the role of entrepreneurs in new venture is not only having passion towards the firm, or having alertness to acquiring new opportunities, but also, seizing business opportunities, and exploiting and configuring existing resources to maximize firm performance [11]. Previous researches on entrepreneurial capability (EC) attempts to take the whole process view of entrepreneurs' characteristics in new venture, including from the aspect of entrepreneur characteristics [12], the aspect of entrepreneurial opportunity [3], the aspect of learning [13], the aspect of contextual factors [14], and the aspect of network relationships [15]. This study aims at developing a theoretical reasonable measurement of entrepreneurial capability, by first reviewing existing literatures in this area, and then summarizing and defining the concept of entrepreneurial capability. From this foundation, we propose that entrepreneurial capability consisting of four distinct elements: passion and self-achievement, integrity and commitment, leadership and management, and active learning and analysis. We then develop a scale with solid psychometric properties on individual entrepreneur-level, which is different from previous firm-level scales developed by other researchers. Our research reports two studies to develop and validity a scale for entrepreneurial capability. In Study 1, we first use expert interviews to generate 41 items, and then employs exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis to assess reliability and factor structure. The revised scale is then be used in Study 2 to test nomological validity of entrepreneurial capability, by examining prior knowledge acting as its antecedents, and new venture performance acting as its outcomes. After that, we further test the moderating role of entrepreneurship education in the relation between entrepreneurial capability and new venture performance, and propose that to entrepreneurs who have received entrepreneurship education during in universities, the positive effect of their entrepreneurial capability on their new venture's performance would be stronger than those have not received entrepreneurship education. Our study makes several contributions to entrepreneurial capability research. First, we offer a specific scale which could help researchers to grasp the dimensions of entrepreneurial capability and its implications. Second, we also discusses the antecedents and consequences of entrepreneurial capability. Third, we propose the moderating role of university entrepreneurship education in the relation between entrepreneurial capability and new venture performance, which indicates the importance and meaning of entrepreneurship education in universities. State-of-the-Art Entrepreneurial Capability. We argue that the concept of "competitiveness" or "competencies" is too broad for studying entrepreneurial capabilities. "Competitiveness" could also be used at various levels of study, such as the firm level, the industry level, and even the national level [7, 16]. As for entrepreneurial capabilities include several subtle human characteristics which could hardly been seen as one type of competency [17]. Meanwhile, as competitiveness is always ultimately concerned with the long-term performance [7], which is not a quite perfect measurement for new venture as few of new venture could survive to have long-term performance. Thus, to measure new venture performance, without solid external data source or annual reports, using entrepreneurs' own perceptions might be more appropriate. We summarize existing literature related to entrepreneurial capability. The results reports in Table 1. As Table 1 shows, most researches on entrepreneurial capability take the firm-level research, meanwhile, major amounts of researches are theoretical research or case study, without solid empirical test. Thus, this paper aims to focus on individual entrepreneur-level capability, and take conductive studies to test reliability and validity using empirical research. Table 1 Summary of researches related to entrepreneurial capability Construct Definition Dimensions Researchers Research type Entrepreneurial capability firm's capacity to sense, select, and shape opportunities, and synchronize their strategic moves and resources in pursuit of these opportunities Sensing, Selecting, Shaping, and Synchronizing Abdelgawad et al. (2013); Zahra, Abdelgawad, & Tsang (2011) Theoretical research Entrepreneurial competency a higher-level characteristic encompassing personality traits, skills and knowledge, can be seen as the total ability of the entrepreneur to perform a job role successfully. Entrepreneurial, Opportunity, Relationship Conceptual, Organizing, Strategic, and Commitment competencies Man, Lau, & Chan (2002) Theoretical research International entrepreneurial capability Firm-level ability to leverage resources via a combinations of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking activities to discover, enact, evaluate, and exploit business opportunities across borders. International experience, international marketing capability, international learning capability, networking capability, and innovative and risk-taking capability Zhang et al. (2009) Empirical research with survey Entrepreneurial capability A micro-foundation for dynamic capability and includes creative search Opportunity identification and enacting, Woldesenbet, Ran, & Jones (2012) Case study Entrepreneurial orientation A managerial attitude that will guide the entire strategy-making process following an nine-item, seven-point scale proposed by Covin and Slevin (1989) Alegre & Chiva


The death rate of susceptible Japanese black pine was 91.1% after 3 months inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.The death rate of second generation resistance Japanese red pine inoculated with different concentration was only 4.46%,no death for second generation resistance Japanese black pine. The results showed that resistance pine had high resistance to pine wood nematode,and resistance had no positive relevance with the inoculation number of pine wood nematode.The occurrence of cavitation had been seen in the pulp of the second generation resistance Japanese red pine inoculated,the cambia and the outer xylem had unaffected.The second generation resistance Japanese black pine had similarity with the second generation resistance Japanese red pine except that 2 tested pines had serious cavitation.There was the greatest number of pine wood nematode isolated from the second generation resistance pine after 1 week and the pine wood nematode could be isolated in the middle of pine stem.


Law schools have an obligation to provide academic support to international students in LL.M. programs. Even students who are attorneys with practice experience abroad are likely to be novices in the study of American law. Like their first-year J.D. counterparts, they can benefit from instruction in the basics of the American legal system, assistance with communication in written and spoken English, and frank discussion of the best practices for success in the classroom. This article provides four suggestions for assisting international students studying in US LL.M. programs.


On Baltic amber inclusions treated in an autoclave Inclusions from Baltic amber processed in an autoclave are described, illustrated, and the various degrees of artificial modifications are commented upon. To inform entomologists and palaeontologists with less experience in amber and inclusions, general information on improved inclusions is given.


The class E power amplifier is a prominent switched-mode power amplifier. It is well known as being a high efficiency amplifier that provides a long operation time for mobile and nomadic devices powered by batteries. Moreover, it reduces the power dissipation of power transistor and cooling system requirement. The switching device that is used in the design is an important factor to provide maximum efficiency of the power amplifier. This paper introduces the design steps of a 140–170 MHz class E power amplifier with parallel load circuit using Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT). The design methodology and simulation result are also provided. To match the output impedance of the load network with the output port with 50 Ohms reference impedance, the load-pull technique was utilized. The proposed design methodology provides a peak Power-Added Efficiency (PAE) of 81% with a power gain of 15 dB at an output power of 34.4 dBm. Considering the broadband performance, the power gain of 14 dB and PAE of 77.6% can be achieved.


THE gentlemen who are opposed to the recognition of the Soviet regime have indicated clearly enough the grounds of their opposition. I believe I do not mistake their views when I say that they would withhold recognition of the present Russian government until it has changed its internal policies and abandoned its external designs. As for the internal policies of the Russan government we must acknowledge that that is a matter of concern to the Russian people themselves. I think it is almost an insult


AZP2006/EZEPROGIND is a disease‐modifying small molecule that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP). Here we investigated its neuroprotective effect on in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We showed that AZP2006/EZEPROGIND neuroprotective action is mediated by Progranulin (PGRN) and correlated with a reduction of neuroinflammation.


In order to respond to all the fast changes that are happening, it is necessary to act quickly and to be adaptable, both from the point of view of organizations and individuals, having necessary knowledge and skill and continually developing human potentials. The year 2020 with the COVID-19 pandemic has shown how those changes can happen overnight and create a need for the companies' transformation. That is the new clear reason for the big interest in researching start-ups. Start ups are innovative and fast-developing companies, bringing new solutions and new products, and working under extreme uncertainty, therefore, they require specific skills, knowledge, and other competencies of their founders. Competencies, on the other side, are predispositions, knowledge and skills needed to respond and adapt to changes. The aim of the paper is to propose a theoretical model of relationships between start-up founders' competence potential and outcomes of their ventures. The theoretical model is based on the Upper Echelons Theory presented by Hambrick and Mason (1984) and the scale measuring competence potential of employees in innovative enterprises proposed by Rakowska and Sitko-Lutek (2015). Competence potential of start-up founders is still not researched in depth, so the proposed theoretical method could be used as the practical research methodology.


The fast and convenient demultiplex of optical vortex (OV) mode is crucial for its further application. In this study, we propose a novel approach that combines the classic Young's doublet with OV source to effectively identify the OV mode through the analysis of interference patterns. The interference patterns of the OV source incident on the double slits can be perfectly illustrated from both classical double-slit interference method and Huygen's secondary waves theory. The interference fringes will twist along the negative or positive direction of x axis when topological charge (TC) l > 0 or l < 0, and the degree of the movement varies with the TC, allowing for a quantitative display of the OV characteristics through the interference patterns. Additionally, we deduce analytically that the 0-th order interference fringe has a linear relationship with the TC and the vertical position. These findings highlight the ability to identify the OV mode by analyzing the interference patterns produced by Young's doublet.


Permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind turbine is a multivariable nonlinear system with strong coupling.Considering the influence of the volatile parameters of the generator on the performance of vector control,the torque dynamic sliding-mode control strategy is further studied.The proposed first order dynamic sliding-mode control strategy reduces the chattering by using a new switch function constituted with derivative element.With the dynamic sliding-mode controller in the power outer loop,the PMSG vector control system shows excellent robustness and insensitivity to the parameters and disturbance,which is confirmed by simulation.


A test that takes less than one hour as opposed to the conventional one day test is proposed for measuring the relaxation shrinkage and hygral expansion of fabrics. There is no need for a controlled environment, the only equipment required being a household microwave oven and a scaled ruler. The test's simplicity makes it suitable for use in a commercial environment, especially for quality control during fabric finishing and garment making.


Understanding people with disabilities and their parents is a compulsory step in accepting God's Will for disability ministry. Jesus showed us how to minister the Gospel to people through those with disabilities. He healed the blind, not only to evangelize to them, but also to affect the people around them. During this evangelizing process, Christian education takes an important role. Christian education is defined here as "educating people about disabilities exclusively based on the philosophy and attitudes found in Bible." Disability ministry can be carried out at different levels and at each level, Christian education plays a significant role. This paper will showcase a few examples of disability ministry based on Christian education at different levels, from the individual to the international level.


Introduction: cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is widely used in treatment of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Aim: evaluation of exercise tolerance and quality of life and their correlation in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Materials and methods: 23 patients (16 men, mean age 63.0 ± 9.0 years) with CHF were included in the study. Cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-minute corridor test were performed before CRT and after 6 months. All patients were examined by means of NHP QoL questionnaire. Results: statistically signi- fi cant correlations between peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) and sleep disorders (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) and physical exercise limitations before CRT (r = -0.54, p < 0.05) were observed. After CRT peak VO 2 correlated negatively with pain (r = -0.82, p < 0.02) and social alienation (r = -0.90, p < 0.005). 6-minute walking test distance correlated signifi cantly with energy level (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) before CRT and with pain after CRT (r = -0.87, p < 0.05). Conclusions: 1. CRT in CHF patients improves effort tolerance and some QoL aspects. 2. Patients with better physical exercise tolerance assessed some aspects of their QoL as better before CRT (energy level, physical limitations), and better after CRT (pain, social alienation).


This paper posits some objections against the deliberative conception of democracy developed by Carlos Nino. According to Nino, the value of democratic delib...


ABSTRACT This article presents an alternative participatory pedagogy in Early Years as a contribution to the promotion of equity and social justice for children, particularly those from ethnic minorities and low income families, enhancing their chances of educational success. The development of mass education was implemented in many countries by centralised educational systems through curricular uniformity that assumed cultural homogeneity. The increase of cultural diversity in current societies and schools make this bureaucratic assumption grossly inadequate for educating children in a school for all. To counteract this strategy, the Childhood Association, supported by the Aga Khan Foundation, has been developing a participatory pedagogy in Early Years alternative contexts, entitled Pedagogy-in-Participation. This article presents the development of participatory professional teams within this pedagogical perspective as a means to promoting equity and social justice. The initiative requires substantial investment in building up the capacity of the entire workforce to work with all type of diversities, including ethnic and socioeconomic diversity.


The present paper establishes sufficient conditions for the uniformly bounded of any solution of (1.1) and which tend to zero as t→∞.


The advent of Industry 4.0 has given rise to the introduction of new industrial automation architectures that emphasize the use of digital technologies. In this paper, we present a novel, standards-based Reference Architecture for industrial automation, which combines the benefits of edge computing and blockchain technologies for flexible and reliable orchestration of automation workflows and distributed data analytics. Accordingly, we illustrate a practical implementation of the Reference Architecture for scalable and programmable data analytics, along with its deployment in an Industry 4.0 pilot plant. Keywords-component; Factory automation; edge computing; blockchain; RAMI4.0; IIRA; Industry4.0; distributed data analytics; programmability; distributed ledger


The utility model relates to a straight-column six-cylinder internal combustion engine crankshaft with a differentiated counter balance, comprising a crankshaft (1), wherein the crankshaft (1) is sequentially provided with a first cylinder crankshaft (4), a third cylinder crankshaft (5), a fourth cylinder crankshaft (6) and a sixth cylinder crankshaft (7) which are respectively provided with a large counter balance (2) and a small counter balance (3). Therefore, differentiation arrangement is carried out on the counter balances of the different crankshafts according to differences of balance crankshaft inner bending moment effects of the counter balances at different positions so that the integral weight of the crankshafts is reduced, force moment generated by each counter balance is increased, the utilization efficiency of the counter balances is facilitated, the self-vibration frequency of an engine shaft system is improved, and torsion vibration levels and the strength reliability of the crankshafts are improved.


The vapor pressures of n-heptane have been measured using comparative ebulliometry with water as the reference substance. The measurements cover the temperature and pressure range (372 K and 102 kPa) to (537 K and 2621 kPa) and were correlated by a Wagner-type equation with a standard deviation of 16 Pa in the vapor pressure. The critical pressure was treated as an adjustable parameter, and the value p c = 2734 kPa was obtained using a selected critical temperature, T c = 540.13 K. The calculated normal boiling temperature is T b = 371.552 K, and an extrapolation to the triple point pressure at T tp = 182.59 K predicts a pressure, p tp = 0.178 Pa.


Keywords: Cultures et diversite ; Understanding modern Switzerland ; Section STI Reference EPFL-STUDENT-168339 Record created on 2011-08-29, modified on 2017-05-12


Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for senile COPD patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Methods 80cases of senile AECOPD patients whose pulmonary arterial systolic pressure were50mmHg in ultrasonic cardiograms were admitted into the respiratory wards of Gongli hospital from January 2012to June 2013.The subjects consisted of 46males and 34females and were randomly divided into group A that was given with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and group B that was given with nikethamide,with 40each and the median age of 70.2years.The arterial blood gas analysis,blood routine and serum hypersensitive C-reactive were detected at the admission and 10days thereafter.The pulmonary arterial systolic pressure,arterial blood pH,PaO2,PaCO2,oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2),total number of white blood cells and serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein before and after the treatment were compared.Results There was no statistical difference about the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure,arterial blood pH,PaO2,PaCO2,oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2),white blood cells and serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein before the treatment between group A and group B.The average pulmonary arterial systolic pressure of Group A(36.4±6.1)mmHg was significantly lower than that of group B(46.8±8.5)mmHg(P0.05).The arterial blood pH(7.40±0.05),PaO2(86.3±12.1)mmHg and PaO2/FiO2(408.3±58.2)of group A were respectively and significantly higher than those of group B of(7.37±0.09),(64.3±7.4)mmHg and(316.5±43.4),respectively(P0.05).The arterial blood PaCO2of group A(46.3±9.5)mmHg was significantly lower than that of group B(66.4±13.1)mmHg after the treatment(P0.05).There was no statistical difference in the total number of white blood cells and serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein between group A and group B after the treatment(P0.05).The pulmonary arterial systolic pressure was negatively correlated with the arterial blood pH value,PaO2and PaO2/FiO2but positively correlated with the arterial blood PaCO2,the total number of white blood cells and serum hypersensitive C-reactive protein in both groups.Conclusion Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation can effectively lower the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure by means of correcting and alleviating hypoxemia,respiratory acidosis and carbon dioxide retention in senile patients with AECOPD.


This paper will present an experimental platform developed on LULI2000 to measure x-ray emission of non-LTE plasmas in well-defined hydrodynamic conditions thanks to implementation of a whole set of diagnostics, including time-resolved electronic and ionic Thomson scattering and self-optical pyrometry. K-, L- and M-shell spectra will be presented and the methodology, that has been developed to analyze them, discussed.


In this paper, the design and optimization of skid landing gear for landing performance and gear strength. The composite skid landing gear is designed to replace usual aluminium 7075 skid landing gear using Kelvar49 epoxy, High modulus (HM) carbon/epoxy and AS4/8552 epoxy composites. A formulation and solution technique using a particle swarm algorithm (PSA) for design optimization of composite skid landing gear is obtainable. The reason of using PSA is to optimize and weight minimization of skid landing gear by considering the constraints such as angle of orientation, ply stacking sequence and ply thickness, taking aluminium alloy 7075 as base metal. The weight savings of the both composite skid landing gear have been calculated.


As a new member of the Virginia Tech community, Frank Shushok encourages us to recognize that tragedy, albeit incredibly unfortunate and difficult, provides a temporary openness to the bigger questions of life and living.


Building on work by Tsirelson, we present a family of protocols that detect the nonclassicality of suitable states of a single quantum system, under the sole assumption that the measured dynamical observable undergoes a uniform precession. The case of the harmonic oscillator was anticipated in the work by Tsirelson, which we extend. We then apply the protocols to finite-dimensional spins that undergo uniform precession in real space and find a gap between the classical and the quantum expectations for every $j\geq \frac{3}{2}$ (excluding $j=2$).


Unlike many industries that have their equipment in one location with consistent usage patterns, armies move their vehicles between different geographic locations with varying environmental, and usage conditions. This creates interesting conditions for study, as those geographic changes can be studied to detect their effect on system reliability. Unfortunately, this is not being fully exploited, due in part to the poor capture and storage of information, a problem faced by many operators of maintenance databases. This thesis develops a method to characterize failure data contained in a maintenance database using a standardized naming system, and applies a proportional hazards model for each geographic location using covariates to represent the conditions. In addition to understanding how a system has performed, the proportional hazards model will allow geographic location factors to be used in predicting system reliability and spares parts requirements in a new location.


Abstract This essay is about geopolitical frameworks for analysis in U.S. foreign policy. The geopolitical frameworks of Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman have undergone a resurgence over the last decade and have evoked an equal measure of criticism as well. Both critics and supporters, however, share certain assumptions about Spykman that have become part of the conventional wisdom defining his relationship to Mackinder and U.S. containment policy. The first assumption sees Spykman as only modifying Mackinder's basic framework, while remaining compatible with its basic logic. The second, which builds on the first, is that Spykman's geopolitics (as understood) layed the foundations for U. S. containment policy through the writings of Kennan, containment documents, and later policymakers. Arguing from these assumptions, critics see the rimland concept as responsible for problems of containment. Supporters, upholding the same assumptions, see the rimland as a passive contact zone around the littorals o...


The current work focuses on manifold magnification of tripodal rotational barrier of Cr(CO)3 which is haptotropically bound to the arene ring with variety of hetero substitution (boron/phosphorus). The study shows that the differential electronegativities of boron and phosphorus can be harnessed to manipulate the torsional barrier, enabling hundred 200-fold enhancement of barrier to nearly free tripodal rotation of Cr(CO)3 in arene moiety. Insights obtained by density functional studies are supported by natural bond orbital analysis.


In this paper, we investigate the scalability of CCNx, an open-source CCN (Content-Centric Networking) implementation, in terms of the number of nodes. As performance metrics, we measure the total throughput of content delivery, the packet loss rate in the network, and the average content delivery time. We also examine the performance bottleneck of CCNx through system-wide profiling, which quantitatively shows that per-packet digest-based authentication is the performance bottleneck in CCNx. We therefore investigate how the scalability of CCNx in terms of the number of nodes can be improved by hardware offloading of Data-chunk digest computation.


In the general relativity theory, we discover new solution in gravity field by Einstein's gravity field equation with cosmological constant term. We treats curvature tensor in new solution.


This study explored how social representations of food and health fit into the development of masculinities. In what ways does the transition into Higher Education impact on students' eating and drinking behaviours? And where do representations of food and health fit into the development of masculinities? A total of thirty-five students from two separate higher education establishments in Ireland took part. Fourteen semi-structured individual interviews (7 males, 7 females) and four focus groups (6 males in one, 5 males in two and 6 females in another) were conducted. A thematic analysis indicated that increasing unhealthy behaviour among young people is not just about their disinclination to engage with an active comprehension of the implications of their behaviour for their future. Rather, their choice of food and drink, and the quantity of alcohol they consume has more to do with attaining and maintaining their gendered identities within a community of students.


Silk is an only naturally produced animal fiber. Till today, no other fabrics can match it in luster and elegance. The best-known type of silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Silkworm totally depends on mulberry leaves for survival. Nowadays sericulture faces problem due to labour and land crisis. To recover this problem, many scientists are trying to establish a good artificial diet based rearing system in sericulture. They use different essential food ingredients as artificial diet. On the other hand herbivores insects face oxidative stress due to allelochemical reactions with their host plant. So, to reduce oxidative stress we in this study, have tried to prepare high antioxidant rich food for silkworm larvae. We have estimated antioxidant activity of different essential food used as ingredients in artificial diet. In our experiment we pasted cooked wheat, cornflower, soybean, rice, Aloe vera gel, potato starch, and complete artificial diet separately on the mulberry leaf surface. Antioxidant activity was measured from all extracted sample separately. On the other hand silkworm larvae have been fed with pasted leaves also. The present day study suggests that the artificial diet components contain a highly potential antioxidant property. The results indicate that soybean has maximum impact on improving cocoon shell weight when compared with control. Our results indicate that the mulberry leaves when applied with specific diet component may improve the quantity of silk as revealed from enhancement of cocoon shell weight. This knowledge may have a serious impact on sericulture industry specially silk worm rearing system providing scope for improving silk quality in a more efficient way.


Developers of communication software face many challenges. Communication software contains both inherent complexities, such as fault detection and recovery, and accidental complexities, such as the continuous re-rediscovery and re-invention of key concepts and components. Meeting these challenges requires a thorough understanding of object-oriented application frameworks and patterns. This paper illustrates how we have applied frameworks and patterns for communication software to develop a high-performance Web server called JAWS. JAWS is an object-oriented framework that supports the configuration of various Web server strategies, such as a Thread Pool concurrency model with asynchronous I/O and LRU caching vs.. a Thread-per-Request concurrency model with synchronous I/O and LFU caching. Because JAWS is a framework, these strategies can be customized systematically and measured both independently and collaboratively to determine the best strategy profiles. Using these profiles, JAWS can statically and dynamically adapt its behavior to deploy the most effective strategies for a given software/hardware platform and workload. JAWS' adaptive software features make it a powerful application framework for constructing highperformance Web servers.


The main objective of this paper is to jointly estimate three parameters, power, frequency and location of primary users in cognitive radio communications based on cooperative compressed sensing. First, in addition to representing the fundamentals of compressive sensing and system model, three sub-Nyquist reconstruction methods (OMP, CoSaMP and IHT) are described which are based on compressive sensing. Using integrated and separate reconstructions on final decision-making, it is shown that OMP offers higher performance with respect to two other ones in noisy channels. Moreover, a new method for separate reconstruction is proposed which is based on majority decision manner. The new method shows higher performance for estimating three above-mentioned parameters compared to separate method with averaging and integrated one for noisy channels with shadowing. Furthermore, it is shown that it needs lower computational complexity compared to integrated decision-making and approximately the same complexity with respect to separate decision-making with averaging.


This study aims to identify the implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility of Sharia Labeled Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The sample of this study is a sharia-labeled company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, using a purposive sampling method. The results showed that the implementation of a sharia-labeled Corporate Social Responsibility company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2012 fulfilled all CSR disclosure indicators based on the Global Initiative Reporting. Companies labeled sharia express 6 aspects of CSR disclosure that cover economic, environmental, labor, human rights, social and product aspects.


Systems theory defines trust in the functioning of societal subsystems as a necessary mechanism for reducing societal complexity. However, is trust as an attitude stable even when being massively disappointed? The article presented looks at specific types of crime and offences said to be challenges to the criminal justice system's task of crime reduction and containment, and at the consequences for the citizen's trust (a) in democracy and (b) in the state monopoly on the use of coercive force. In a nationwide telephone survey restaurateurs, a group said to be under special threat of crime, were interviewed in Germany in the winter of 1995/1996 (n = 2,378). The main focus of the interviews was on extortion and corruption, both hypothesized as being precarious for trust in the systems responsible for crime containment. Embedded into the framework of a structural-constructionist theoretical perspective, the findings point to a relatively greater influence exerted by frames of interpretation (i.e. perceived victimization rates) rather than structures (i.e. direct or indirect experiences of the offences). However, the overall absolute stability of trust is interpreted to mean that a normative mode of coping with disappointment is dominant, following conceptual suggestions made by systems theory.


Reuse of documents has been prominently appeared during the course of digitalization of information contents owing to the widespread of internet and smartphones in various complex forms such as inserting words, omitting and substituting, changing word order, and etc. Especially, when a word in document is substituted with a similar word, it would be an issue not to consider it as a subject of measurement for the existing morphological similarity measurement method. In order to resolve this kind of problem, various researches have been conducted on the similarity measurement considering semantic information. This study is to propose a measurement method on semantic similarity being characterized as semantic role information in sentences acquired by semantic role labeling. To assess the performance of this proposed method, it was compared with the method of substring similarity being utilized for similarity measurement for existing documents. As a result, we could identify that the proposed method performed similar with the conventional method for the plagiarized documents which were rarely modified whereas it had improved results for paraphrasing sentences which were changed in structure.


A pre-warning model of freight rate based on support vector machine is established and its algorithm is given to analyze indexes BCI(Baltic Capesige Index),BPI(Baltic Panamax Index),BSI(Baltic Supramax Index),BHSI(Baltic Handsige Index) and forecast the freight rate fluctuation in dry bulk shipping market. Combined with experts' knowledge and experiences,the actual alarming degrees of freight rate of dry bulk in shipping market within the sample interval can be determined.The classification super planes and forecasting intervals of freight rate alarming degree are obtained by using the learning function of the support vector machine and MATLAB software,based on training sample data.And the examination of interpolation and extrapolation is also carried out.Examination results show that this methodology has a very good serviceability for pre-warning of freight rate of dry bulk shipping market.


ABSTRACT In this article, I share the voices of diverse Jewish-Israeli immigrants who cross racial, cultural, and political boundaries as they discuss their cultural diasporic identities and belongings in Israel, in Toronto, and elsewhere along their personal and familial journeys of migration. Participants' narratives illustrate that the geographies of Jewish diaspora are not simple locations in time and space that can be mapped based on the mobility from one nation state to another. Some migrants understand their Jewish diasporic identities in de-nationalized, cosmopolitan term, while others understand their Jewish diasporic identities as being inherently multiple, fluid, and hybrid. However, what is common among the participants is that they require scholars to stretch and re-form ethno-national Zionist geographies of social care, kinship, and belonging that are emphasized in the existing literature on the Israeli diaspora.


In information age,A basic characteristic is knowledge explosion and fast-fade.It is necessary for a modern learner to possess the good sensitivity and developed processing ability to knowledge and information.How to make the complex knowledge and information to simplified,uniform and perfect to adapt the demand of knowledge economy of information society is a major issue which the learner should face.But in real life,lots of learners have confusion and bewilderment,contradiction and conflict in the process of dealing with knowledge and information,which results in some deviation in their study practice and subsequently appears some formalization one-sidedly,extreme procedure.This kind of phenomenon is called learning dissimilation.The author analyses this dissimilation from surface to essence in order to arouse the interest of professionals in this field.


Intercultural learning has many meanings in the digital age of the 21st Century. The expansion of international and global education has impacted on collaborative knowledge production between stude ...