This collection is made up of eight essays specially prepared for the volume. However, most of the writers have well-established positions, and it comes as little surprise to discover that James Rachels is sympathetic to euthanasia, Jan Narveson thinks pacifism is an incoherent doctrine, Hugo Bedau is against capital punishment, Peter Singer thinks animals should be better treated, Onora O'Neill favors famine relief, William Blackstone thinks we need an "environmental ethic," and Joel Feinberg regards abortion as a complicated question lending itself to a large number of delicate distinctions. The remaining essay is by Tom Beauchamp on suicide, and his conclusions follow fairly directly, as he says, from the principles of utility and autonomy that he espouses. The general quality is high, though a number of the essays appear to be written according to a formula of "on the one hand Bentham, and on the other hand Kant," which results in a lot of needless repetition of basic points in moral philosophy and also makes for rather mechanical treatment. Neither criticism has any application to the essay by Feinberg, which is an absolutely first-rate performance by a philosopher at the height of his powers. B. B.


Three new bisanthracenes (1–3) incorporating one or two nitrogen atoms in the linkage exibit low photoreactivity towards intramolecular dimerization which is assigned to an intramolecular electron-transfer from the amino group towards the excited anthracene, and to the poor flexibility of the chain tethering the chromophores.


The formation of R. venosa metapopulation in the Black Seaand its spreading dynamics on the benthal biocoenoses has been analyzed. The results show that the settling of R. venosa coincided in time with a period favorable for the development of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis – its main food object in the Black Sea. Further adverse change in the ecosystem has led to a change in diet and as a result the formation of dwarf R. venosa ecoforms and complexly structured local populations. The analysis of the Black Sea benthic ecosystem development suggests an increasing abundance of R. venosa in immediate prospects. Intrapopulational dynamics of R. venosa inhabiting near the shore of Crimea has also been examined. The changes of the test populations' main elements structure within the annual cycle were shown. The dynamics of changes in the population structure of the spawning period were presented in details. The populations' structural characteristics were compared with ones from different regions of the Black Sea.


This paper takes Leshan as an example, researches the situation of Leshan institutions to carry on the reform of endowment insurance system nearly 20 years of investigation, through the investigation and the analysis of the existing problems to put forward the relevant countermeasures to perfect the endowment insurance system of public institution.


This paper presents InSAR observations of postseismic afterslip occurring up to 30 yr after the Mw7.3 1978 Tabas-e-Golshan thrust-faulting earthquake in eastern Iran. Comparison of the surface motion from 1996 to 1999 with that from 2003 to 2010, along with information provided by the Quaternary-averaged slip rates of faults in the region, suggests that the imaged slip is transient and decaying through time. Models of the surface deformation field imply slip on faults dipping at 55 ± 10°, reaching from the surface to depths of 4–5 km, and slipping at 5 ± 1 mm yr-1. These faults outcrop on the margins of low anticlinal hills composed of actively uplifting Neogene deposits. When compared with the previously studied main shock focal parameters (slip on a plane dipping at 16 ± 5° with a centroid depth of \~9 km), and the aftershock distribution (a band at \~6–14 km), the InSAR results imply postseismic slip on a high-angle thrust ramp connecting the surface anticlines to the coseismic low-angle fault plane at depth. In one location, both a thrust ramp and also a backthrust are postseismically active. The InSAR observations demonstrate the role of postseismic afterslip in the growth of these commonly observed thrust belt geometries, and highlight that deformation throughout the seismic cycle can contribute to the geological evolution of regions of active faultin


Electro-optic modulators are one of the most critical components in optoelectronic integration, and decreasing their size may enable novel chip architectures not previously possible. Here, we discuss high-confinement resonators as modulators for achieving high performance in micrometer-size structures


It is generally difficult to identify surface and deep layer muscle activity. If we could identify surface and deep layer muscle activity, we can provide effective tools for rehabilitation. Therefore, in this study, we aim to identify surface and deep layer muscle activity using surface electrodes. We focused on the intersection of muscle fibers of surface layer muscle and deep layer muscle. On such a place, we found that we could measure independent muscle activity along each muscle fiber. In this result, we could confirm that we could measure surface layer muscle activity independently by comparing with the signal which is measured on extended line of surface muscle fiber and on outside of the deep layer muscle. Additionally, we identified propagation direction of EMG signal using electrode array. It was determined from delay time of EMG signal measured on each electrode. When we activated surface and deep layer muscle independently, each propagation direction of EMG signal corresponded to each muscle fiber direction. Thus, we indicated that identification of surface and deep layer muscle activity is possible.


During a recent expedition to Ascension Island in the southern Atlantic Ocean, a polyplacophoran of the genus Acanthochitona was collected, corresponding to the first recorded species of this molluscan class from this remote island. A scanning electron microscope study reveals a close affinity to Acanthochitona subrubicunda, which was so far only known from the Cape Verde Archipelago. Due to the lack of comparable type material the new finding warrants a confirmed identification and is only tentatively attributed to Acanthochitona subrubicunda. It is hypothesized that the class Polyplacophora was either overlooked during earlier surveys or colonized the island in more recent time. If the latter scenario took place, a transport by ships is thinkable.


The development of a new crash cushion is described. This impact-attenuation device is composed of steel tubular members formed from straight plate sections, which are bolted together to form a cluster. This device is unique in that it will trap an errant vehicle under most impact conditions. The vehicle will be redirected back out into the roadway only when the impact location is so close to the rear of the system that it is impossible to obtain acceptable energy-dissipation and deceleration-trapping responses because of the proximity of the site hazard. No other attenuation system in use today possesses this capability. In addition, the Connecticut impact-attenuation system exhibits the following characteristics: (a) it satisfies the impact performance standards outlined in Transportation Research Circular 191 and NCHRP Report 230, (b) it is inexpensive to fabricate, (c) the energy-dissipating tubes can be refurbished after impact and reused, (d) there is no flying debris associated with the crash event, and (e) it is constructed of readily available materials.


In the economic crisis the need for traditional expansionary fiscal policies to stimulate effective demand has faced a serious obstacle - public deficits and the levels of public debt. We examine empirically whether workers are responsible for the public deficits and the accumulated debt in the Southern European countries. By subtracting labour taxes from labour benefits derived from public spending we estimate the net social wage for the period, 1995 to 2008. The net social wage ratio expresses the net social wage as a percentage of the gross domestic product and reveals the significance of the positive or negative net fiscal position of the working class for the system as a whole. Our results suggest that the net social wage is always and everywhere negative in these years indicating that the fiscal imbalances in Southern European countries have not been caused by the subsidisation of the income of labour.


A historical database management system (HDBMS) is a high-level facility which provides timing information and automatically maintains history (i.e., past) data. It also provides facilities for time-related queries. One such HDBMS is described in this paper. Our HDBMS uses an extended relational data model with state-oriented, instead of " cubic, " conceptualization. Two types of historical relations , called state and event relations, are provided for modeling real-world objects. The popular query langauge SQL has been extended for definition, retrieval, and update of historical relations. The extended SQL, called HSQL, is a superset of SQL. We define a few primitive algebra operations for historical relations, and use them as a basis for extensions to SQL. By doing so, HSQL retains the elegant structural and algebraic framework of SQL. HSQL contains a few new clauses, many operations and built-in functions on time domain, and facilities for retrospective updates and time-rollback.


In 1930 Keynes published an essay in The Nation and Athenaeum entitled 'Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren'1. In this essay Keynes asked himself what the shape of the world would be a hundred years hence—i.e. in the year 2030. The time has not yet come to check up on Keynes' predictions; in any case, Keynes made specific reservations for such unforeseen events as major wars: the 1939-45 World War may well have put back Keynes' predictions to 2050 or 2060. In India also, economists have given thought to the further future beyond the scope of the Five Year Plans, in the name of "perspective planning". Tarlok Singh, in a perceptive article on 'Some Suggestions for Re-orienting Planning for the Year 2000 AD'2 is one of them. The two projections are very different. Keynes' projection was intu a much more distant future than Tarlok Singh's; moreover, when Keynes talked about "our" grandchildren he meant the future generation in Great Britain, then still the leading and most prosperous industrial country in the world. Tarlok Singh speaks of the more immediate future in a country which, in spite of progress, still has a big share of the world's poverty. Keynes could afford the luxury of looking 100 years ahead; Tarlok Singh, even in applying a wider perspective, had to deal with the immediate problems of a poor country for the nearer future. Perhaps when Keynes talks about "our" grandchildren in, say, 2030 (or rather 2050 or 2060) we may perhaps hope that with very good luck his picture of a country in which all reasonable material needs are saturated might apply in India to the grandchildren of "our" grandchildren, or perhaps their grandchildren, say in the year 2130. Let us hope that the day will come earlier, but I imagine many Indians would be satisfied if they could be certain that it would come by that time. In some respects, however, Keynes' projections have not already come true for England, but seem to be relevant and far from Utopian


Object Through survey statistical analysis,clinical application of ingredient blood in Xi'an area was studied to well guide the reasonable usage of blood in clinical departments and ensure the safety and effectiveness usage.Methods Analyze the pro- portion of blood ingredients and chnical application of ingredient blood.Results The use of whole blood decreased,however,ingredi- ent blood and blood plasma increased year by year in Xi'an area.The use of red cell preparation kept stable,and the use of other ingre- diem blood was in low stage.The use of ingredient blood in different grade hospitals was unbalance.Conclusion the propaganda and training must be strengthened in some third grade hospitals,especially in second grade hospitals.The concept of safety and effectiveness usage of blood should be cultivated to save blood resources and ensure the reasonable use of blood in clinical.


The development of many new towns has resulted in fonning big cities. When it was constructed,
there was no clear view how to connect the new town with the surrounding rud areas. One of the
biggest defects is that there was no well balanced and harmony planning method for making
urban-rural linkage.
This paper tries to understand that the fundamental of promoting rural development equality are
not only to form individual rural settlement but it is very important to construct a symbiotic
generator of urban-rural linkage where rural community mutually connects. Thus, it proposes a
rural vision of agropolitan which makes the most effective of symbiotic linkage generator. Ln the
agropolitan sphere, the objective is to syrnbiose resources development with environment
conservation, to develop industries in balance with agriculture, to achieve stable income for
inhabitants and to secure their living.
Furthermore, by expanding the linkage into archipelagic network context between the rural areas
and the secondary cities, the agropolitan can maintain balanced land use of terrestrial (land)
habitation and aquatic habitation, distribute population properly, use regional resources in a cycle,
keep balance between industry and living and conserve and form environment rich in nature and
culture, in which rural development equality is promoted and whole national environment
conservation is squire.
This agropolitan construction includes kinds of plan unit in four categories i.e. relating to
agricultural activities, relating to living and business activities (settlement), relating to foreshy
and recreation activities (green space) and relating to public services such as traffics and water
utilization. To consolidate the contents of entire system it is important to link the common in each
category born macro aspects (archipelagic network) to the micro aspects (urban-rural linkage) and
vice versa
Keywords: urban-rural linkage, symbiotic generator, agropolitan, archipelagic network context,
terrestrial habitation-aquatic habitation.


Defining a system in distinction from its environment is a fundamental but elusive problem in artificial life as well as in real-world complex systems. While many notions of closure gives a qualitative and absolute criteria for the system–environment distinction, the concept of "informational closure" proposed by Bertschinger et al. (Bertschinger et al., 2006, Proc. GWAL-7, p.9, IOS Press) gives gradual and relative evaluation of closure (or closedness). There, a system is tentatively defined in distinction to its environment, and the validity of the definition is judged according to how causally closed the system is, being quantified by information flow (transfer entropy) from the environment into the system. This quantitative approach for the characterization of closedness is expected to bring rich description of "relative" systems on a wide range of dynamical models. In this study we proceed one step further in the direction of relativizing closure: for the evaluation of closedness we also utilize information-theoretic measures, such as the transfer entropy and difference of Boltzmann-type and KS-type entropies, but instead of evaluating closedness of a system with its elements fixed in time, we evaluate the closedness for the system's specific states which are dissociated from the history of interaction with the environment. This dissociation excludes from the system–environment correlation the components which are realized by the system modeling or controlling the environment. Therefore, the measures evaluate solely how a state can prevent the invasion of uncertainty from the environment. This setting can be effective in describing partial closures which appear transiently and fluctuate in uniformly structured degrees of freedom or in a directed flow of information processing, while the original setting of informational closure would be more efficient when the meanings of a system and its environment are clear, their boundary is fixed, and advanced notions such as cognition, learning, self-reference, etc. are of immediate interest. We apply the method to discrete dynamical networks and a cellular automata model which simulates physico-chemical self-organization (molecular aggregation). The spectrum of closedness is shown to depend on the dynamical properties of each model. (The investigation of the spectra has some similarity with the exploration of characteristic structures in the phase spaces of chaotic systems.) We will also discuss how reversibility of the models and introducing dissipative irreversibility, that is, disregarding information flow into the environment as a heat-bath, can influence the evaluation of the closedness.


In this study, the temperature and relative humidity profiles retrieved from five ground-based microwave radiometers in Beijing were assimilated into the rapid-refresh multi-scale analysis and prediction system-short term (RMAPS-ST). The precipitation bifurcation prediction that occurred in Beijing on 4 May 2019 was selected as a case to evaluate the impact of their assimilation. For this purpose, two experiments were set. The Control experiment only assimilated conventional observations and radar data, while the microwave radiometers profilers (MWRPS) experiment assimilated conventional observations, the ground-based microwave radiometer profiles and radar data into the RMAPS-ST model. The results show that in comparison with the Control test, the MWRPS test made reasonable adjustments for the thermal conditions in time, better reproducing the weak heat island phenomenon in the observation prior to the rainfall. Thus, assimilating MWRPS improved the skills of the precipitation forecast in both the distribution and the intensity of rainfall precipitation, capable of predicting the process of belt-shaped radar echo splitting and the precipitation bifurcation in the urban area of Beijing. The assimilation of the ground-based microwave radiometer profiles improved the skills of the quantitative precipitation forecast to a certain extent. Among multiple cycle experiments, the onset of 0600 UTC cycle closest to the beginning of rainfall performed best by assimilating the ground-based microwave radiometer profiles.


Lower limits on the half-life of neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay are usually interpreted as an upper limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass. However, from a theoretical point of view 0νββ decay is an effective dimension-9 (ΔL = 2) operator, 𝒪0νββ, for which the mass mechanism is only one possible realization. Any new physics model, which allows for lepton number violation (LNV), will contribute to the 0νββ decay amplitude. Here, after some preliminaries, I will discuss the general decomposition of 𝒪0νββ. Most "exotic" contributions to 0νββ decay are of the so-called "short-range" type, i.e. involve heavy, electrically charged (and/or coloured) particles. Thus, current and future LHC data will put these exotic contributions to the test and either discover signals for LNV or rule out most cases as possible explanations of a hypothetical future signal of 0νββ decay.


As a result of screening of microorganisms, Mucor ambiguus IFO 6742 was found to reduce methyl 2-chloro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionate (2) to give methyl (2S,3R)-2-chloro-3-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propionate [(2S,3R)-3] in good yield with high enantioselectivity. The resulting (2S, 3R)-3 was converted into methyl (2S,3R)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate [(2S,3R)-4] by treatment with sodium methoxide. On the other hand, its enantiomer, (2R,3S)-4 was obtained by the Mitsunobu esterification of (2S,3R)-3 and subsequent treatment with sodium methoxide. Also (2R,3S)-4 was obtained by the treatment of (2RS,3S)-3, which was obtained from 2 by Trichoderma viride OUT 4642, with sodium methoxide.


Based on the data of temperature and precipitation from 1951 to 1995 in North of China, indices for the first soaking rain in spring and its distribution, mainly depended on precipitation and temperature, were determined in Northeastern China, Northern China and the eastern parts of Northwestern China. The characteristics and probabilities of the first soaking rain in spring at each region were discussed and analyzed. It showed that the results would provide good instructions for monitoring and predicting to occurring of the spring drought.


Students are better able to experience scientific practices through inquiry-based investigations. Furthermore, using a variety of good books related to science topics or issues allows teachers to make adaptations to meet the individual needs of all learners, which can in turn reduce frustration and increase engagement. In this project, we identified high-quality science books for use in inquiry-based classrooms for students aged 11-15. We focused on aligning high-quality literature with strands frequently aligned with science for this age group: Earth/space, life, and physical science content. Specifically, our focus was on integrating books within the 5-E inquiry model of instruction.


Objective:To establish an HPLC-DAD-MS-MS method for determination of anthocyanins from red grape skin.Methods:The major anthocyanins of grape skin was determined by HPLC-DAD-MS-MS method.AichromBond C18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) was used in HPLC assay.Mobile phase A and B were 2% formic acid and acetonitrile,respectively.0 min:10% B;10 min:25% B;15 min:30% B;35 min:50% B.The flow rate was 0.6 mL·min-1.The detective wavelength was 530 nm.The PDA detector and negative ion mode of MS were adopted.Results:15 anthocyanins were determined from the red grape skin of Mountain Daze.Conclusion:It is sensitive and selective to determine anthocyanins of grape skin with HPLC-MS method.The method is also accurate and reliable.


1. Hendrik Spruyt, The World Imagined: Collective Beliefs and Political Order in the Sinocentric, Islamic and Southeast Asian International Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020). 2. On the distinction between 'vanguardist' and 'syncretist' interpretations of modern international society's expansion, see Barry Buzan, 'Culture and International Society', International Affairs 86, no. 1 (2010): 2. Culture, Collective Imaginaries and the Contested Constitution of International Societies


INTRODUCTION1 The term 'virtual team' is becoming increasingly more visible in the news media, due to recent trends of corporate mergers, global markets, and interdisciplinary teamwork. A number of different technologies are currently being tried out in the workplace to support both real-time and asynchronous communication and interaction. These technologies include more wellknown support such as e-mail and audio-conferencing, as well as newer technologies such as desktop conferencing, media spaces, and chat. The goal of this chapter is to describe certain challenges for teams who engage in virtually collocated work. Numerous challenges face these teams who are expected to perform as physically collocated teams: to provide deliverables, meet project schedules, and to generate feasible and even innovative problem solutions. And yet all this must be done at a distance. Team members stem from different departments, organizations, countries, and sometimes even competitor companies. Sometimes teams meet face-toface on a regular basis, sometimes rarely, often not at all. How can team members be expected to be motivated to attend meetings, to develop trust, or even to adopt the technology when social pressures from a distance are weak?


Among the Main Objectives of the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) are targeted at eradicating extreme hunger and poverty in the 189 member countries of the United Nations (UN). Nigeria as a member of the United Nations keyed into the implementation of the framework of the goals, by formulating the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). NEEDS as a policy, is targeted at eradicating poverty and bringing about sustainable development. This is done through the establishment of agencies like the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP). However, the scourge of poverty is still been felt by the majority of the citizens of the country who do not have access to primary health care, water and food. This paper analyses the achievements, the constraints and prognosis of achieving the goal of MDG, of eradicating poverty and hunger in the economy and concludes that government at various levels must come up with genuine poverty reduction programmes if the challenges of poverty must be tackled. The study recommends that long term strategic plans that address unemployment taking into consideration the educational curriculum and the needs of the labour market as well as strengthening the human and financial capacity of poverty alleviation institutions in the country, should be welcomed.


The preliminary results of melt rate modeling based on thermodynamic equilibrium are presented. The underlying premise used is that melt rate would increase as the total free energy of formation of the final melt becomes more negative or as the rate of calcine gas generation decreases was proved to be valid in 8 test cases with varying frit, sludge washing, redox and acid addition feeds. A semi-empirical melt rate indicator was derived from the output of the existing 4-stage cold cap model and the resulting predictions also compared favorably against measured melt rates both normalized to the same baseline. In particular, predicted melt rate trends under varying waste loading and sodium partitioning between frit and sludge showed an excellent agreement with the measured profiles, which suggests that the modeling approach taken in this work has a potential for yielding a viable tool for the frit development and selection process while lessening the dependency on the experimental program.


tion of the feathers in the different tracts clearly shows the importance of position in feather tract characterization at the stage of operation. This is further emphasized by the fact that the skin ectoderm implant came in all cases from the head where in the normal the down feathers are quite different in form (short) and arrangement (number of small tracts). It is evident, therefore, that the skin ectoderm at the time of grafting is dependent upon the mesodermal substratum or position in the body for the development of feather form and arrangement. On the contrary, the color of the feather is autonomous in its development, viz., in accordance with the genic constitution of the skin ectoderm cells themselves.


This work's main objective was to evaluate the effect of certain strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on acid phosphatase activity during growth. The treatments applied were, control, Glomus intraradices, Acaulospora tuberculata, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus sp., and the mixture of these four AMF strains. Their effect on the growth of vitroplants was evaluated on days 60, 120, and 180 after inoculation. Mycorrhizal status following treatments and acid phosphatase activity were assessed. The minitubers obtained were subjected to a preservation and germination test. The results showed that the maximum growth peak of X. sagittifolium plants was obtained on day 120 for all treatments. The mixture of the four strains of AMF had more influence on the growth parameters with values of 18.40±0.54 Cm and 42.34±16.67 Cm2, respectively for the average number of roots and leaf area. Mycorrhization did not significantly influence the mean number of leaves and mean plant height. Mycorrhizal structures were observed in all mycorrhizal treatments applied. The frequency of mycorrhization was very high in plants inoculated with Glomus sp. The evaluation of the phosphatase activity shows a significant activity at the level of the leaves with a peak of activity in the plants inoculated with Glomus sp. (47.72±0.07 µM/min/g of FW). Compared to the control, the number of minitubers produced was two to three times higher. The best tuberization percentage (80%) was obtained in plants inoculated with a mixture of AMF strains. The temperature of 7~10°C allowed the preservation of 50% of the germination capacity of the minitubers after two months. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that fertilization with AMF is beneficial for the stimulation of minitubers production.


Objectives: To elicit stated preferences of patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) for primary healthcare (PHC) facilities and to explore the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for facility attributes. Methods: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted through face to face interviews. The DCE survey was constructed by five attributes: type of service, treatment measures, cost, travel time, and care provider. Patients' preferences and willingness to pay for facility attributes were analyzed using a mixed logit model, and interaction terms were used to assess preference heterogeneity among patients with different sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Patients placed different weights on attributes, depending on whether they perceived their health condition as minor or severe. For conditions perceived as minor, patients valued treatment measures (56.60%), travel time (32.34%) and care provider (8.51%) most. For conditions perceived as severe, they valued treatment measures (52.19%), care provider (38.69%), and type of service (7.30%) most. The WTP related to the change from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) service to Modern Medicine (MM) service was the largest for both severity scenarios. For conditions perceived as minor, patients would be willing to pay 102.84 CNY (15.43 USD) for a reduction in travel time to below 30 min. For conditions perceived as severe, WTP related to the change from general service to specialized service and from junior medical practitioner to senior medical practitioner, were highly valued by respondents, worth 107.3 CNY (16.10 USD) and 565.8 CNY (84.87 USD), respectively. Conclusions: Factors related to the provision of PHC, such as treatment measures, care provider and type of service were highly valued. The findings could contribute to the design of better PHC delivery, improve the participation of patients in PHC, and provide some evidence to promote shared decision-making.


This dissertation is a study in computer architecture and implementation. The driving problem is the need to implement both nondeterministic functional languages and procedural languages on a single conventional architecture. The choice of the problem was determined by the increasing importance of suitable languages for parallel symbolic computation, and the search for efficient parallel architectures for such languages. This search is currently manifested in the many proposals and implementations of "fifth generation" architectures, which are targeted primarily at functional and logic programming languages. However, in spite of much work that has been done in these areas, functional languages are still not very widely used and much work remains to be done in implementing them.
The implementation of such languages on conventional machines has been rejected in many places, and many of the architectures mentioned above represent radical departures from the well-developed von Neumann style, which has served so well for so long. Such departures are frequently justified either on the grounds that the bases of the von Neumann architecture inherently impose limitations on the implementations (and hence on the attainable efficiency and performance), or on the grounds that essential aspects of these languages call for architecture and implementation features that are absent in the von Neumann model, and whose absence dooms to inefficiency of poor performance any implementation of such a language on a conventional machine.
We believe that for functional languages to achieve widespread use two things will have to happen. First, these languages will have to incorporate more nondeterministic features in order to compete with logic programming languages in the areas of symbolic computation. Second, they will have to be implemented on conventional machines, either on their own or integrated with procedural languages. We believe that the requirements of functional language features can be satisfied through careful architectural design. We also believe that the techniques that have been used to enhance the performance and efficiency of conventional machines have as yet not been exploited to their full potential, and that doing so will correct many of the perceived performance difficulties. This work is the result of an investigation into suitable architectures, and corresponding high-performance implementations.


The University of Wisconsin's "Diversity Framework," begun in 2015, comes complete with the substitution of "cultural competency" requirements for First Amendment rights; a multi-headed hydra of inclusion agencies with enforcement power; the conscription of participants to "engage" with the diversity regime; and, most of all, an open-ended expansion of the "dimensions of diversity" beyond race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity to marital status, age, and "other identities."


In this paper, an improved reduced-order sliding mode controller with PI controller is discussed for positive output elementary super-lift Luo (POESLL) converter operated in continuous conduction mode. Because of successive switching operation, the dynamic of this converter is nonlinear severely. The proposed controller improves the dynamic and static performance of the converter. The main advantage of the proposed controller compared with other controllers is the direct control and regulation of the output voltage. The performance of this controller is verified for various operating points in MATLAB software. In addition, a laboratory setup is made. Experimental results show the controller has an excellent performance against variations of the operating point.


Automatic image matching technique when applied to high resolution space images generate point cloud data describing the surface. A DSM is an elevation model of surface reflectance features and includes the height of cultural features such as buildings, roads and vegetation as well as bare earth. The surface model thus defined needs to be converted to 'bareearth model' DEM before it can be used for any natural resource applications. Here in this study area an attempt has been made to improve the elevation accuracy of Cartosat-1 DSM which is generated using Augmented Stereo Strip Triangulation developed by ISRO, using high precision ground control points. The Cartosat-1 DSM is having a posting of 10m. The improvement in elevation accuracy is achieved by applying bias correction using ICESat/GLAS points and slope based filtering. For bias corrections the points falling on the ground are taken and other points are excluded in computation as they are treated as outliers. For the study area of Gandhak area covering 19,250 Sq. Km, the RMSE and Absolute LE90 for input DSM is 5.96m and 6.25m respectively. For the output DEM the RMSE and Absolute LE90 is 1.98 m and 2.08 m respectively. Statistical validation of input DSM and output DEM with ground control points shows an improvement of 4.17m in Absolute LE90 for output DEM with respect to input DSM. The values for output DEM shows that the 90% of elevations are within 2.08 m when compared with reference points. To access the output quality of DEM derivatives of DEM, drainage and contours are generated. The output DEM derived from filtering methods depicts the continuity in drainage network and contours along the river. Many isolated contours formed in DSM in vegetation areas are removed in the output DEM. Drainage continuity is very much useful for runoff and discharge flow estimation which are critical parameters for hydrological modelling. This study aptly demonstrates the improvement in elevation accuracy of Cartosat-1 DSM using ICESat/GLAS data and slope based filtering methods.


The article focuses on mining of non-energy mineral resources with minimum environmental impacts. It issues from research results of a project Competence Centre for Effective and Ecological Mining of Mineral Resources implemented at the Faculty of Mining and Geology at VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Geological Survey, a company Watrad ltd., a state enterprise Diamo, a company RPS Ostrava plc and a company Sedlecký kaolin plc. The paper starts with a partial analysis of the existing legal norms related to mining and processing of mineral resources. Next, it analyses mineral resource mining options free of negative environmental impacts. The fundamental tool to assess potential environmental impacts of mining is the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for a given mineral resource. In the Czech Republic environmental impact assessment is carried out by course of Act 100/2001 Coll. Its important amendment is Act 39/2015 Coll. claiming, inter alia, that the environmental impact assessment is rigidly connected with other permits and procedures, such as the zoning process and building construction permits. The article describes the environmental impacts of mining of non-energy mineral resources, including the following factors: appropriation of land, impacts on surface water, ground water and soil, noise, influence on the landscape character, and air pollution. The paper also includes a case study summarizing information on the environmental factors that may play a role in potential underground mining of graphite in the deposit Český Krumlov – Městský Vrch and the deposit Lazec – Křenov.


Background Results from the BIOLUX P-III registry have demonstrated favourable outcomes of Passeo-18 Lux™ (Biotronik®, Buelach, Switzerland) drug-coated balloon in treating obstructive infrainguinal peripheral artery disease, but it has not been established if Asians would benefit to the same extent as non-Asians. Methods A subgroup analysis was performed on the 24-month data comparing the Asian cohort (AC) to non-Asian cohort (NAC). Results AC included 49 patients with 77 lesions. AC was significantly younger (65.6 vs 70.3 years, p < 0.05), had more diabetes (87.8% vs 45.3%, p < 0.05), and was more likely to present with CLTI (73.5% vs 35.3%, p < 0.001) compared to NAC. They had significantly longer mean target lesions (115 vs 86.9 mm, p = 0.006), and received significantly higher paclitaxel doses (10.7 vs 7.2 mg, p = 0.0005). Device, technical and procedural successes were 125/125(100%), 95/97(97.5%) and 45/49(91.8%), respectively. There was no significant difference in target lesion revascularization rates between groups (10.5% vs 12%, p = 0.91). However, the AC had more major adverse events (30.2% vs 16.1%, p = 0.001), amputations (26.3% vs 6.2%, p < 0.05) and mortality (37.9% vs 10.6%, p < 0.05) at 24 months. Conclusion Passeo-18 Lux™ use was efficacious in Asians, but was associated with higher adverse events, amputations and mortality rates, likely attributable to poorer patient comorbidities and more extensive PAD.


This paper investigates the cluster synchronisation problem of singular nonlinear networks with multi-links and time delays. A two-layer nonlinearly coupled multiplex model composed of many pairs of multi-link leader–follower subnets is introduced, which can more accurately reveal the structure between leader–follower layers. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, some stability criteria for cluster synchronisation are proposed by adaptive pinning control. Finally, numerical examples are employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


We have previously used a MAP estimation technique to remove quantization noise from decompressed images. This constructed optimization type of post-processor has a tendency to over-smooth the image removing detail information. The proposed quantizer provides additional information about the original image vectors to reduce the size of the constraint space. For each image vector, in addition to the index of the codebook vector, the quantizer also transmits the distance from the original image vector to the codebook vector. This distance information reduces the constraint space to a solid hyper-sphere which will generally be smaller than the polyhedron defined by the codebook vectors alone. The projection onto the solid hyper-sphere also requires much less computational effort than the projection onto the polyhedron. Preliminary experimental results have shown that the VQ with additional distance constraints allows the post-processor to reduce the visibility of quantization errors while retaining detail information that otherwise would have been smoothed out of the post- processed image. The size of the constraint regions could also have been reduced by increasing the codebook size. VQ with distance constraints will be compared with VQ with a larger codebook size at the same data rate. Experimental results will be shown.


Evidence based-policy (EBP) is a popular research paradigm in the applied social sciences and within government agencies (Davies, 2012). Informally, EBP represents an explicit commitment to applying scientific methods to public affairs, in contrast to ideologically-driven or merely intuitive "common-sense" approaches to public policy. More specifically, the EBP paradigm places great weight on the results of experimental research designs, especially randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and systematic literature reviews that place evidential weight on experimental results (Boaz et al., 2002; Young et al., 2002). One hope is that such research designs and approaches to analysing the scientific literature are sufficiently robust that they can settle what really 'works' in public policy.


In this paper, a few assessments of the optimal parametric combinations in the operating regime of agricultural aggregates with ploughs of variable width are made. The starting point was from a classic expression of the tillage draft force required for traction. In order to find optimal points, some problems of constrained extreme have been formulated. Extremes provided by the optimal working width and speed have been found. Such optimal points have existed in the literature, for about half a century. Using these theoretical estimates of the optimal points sought, assessments of the possibilities for their experimental validation were made. Basic conditions for an experimental plan are formulated to highlight such optimal points.


Two years study was carried out to investigate winter distribution,migration of awaken insects,starvation hardiness,the crawl velocity,and miscellaneous grasses,on Tetranychus truncates(Ehara).The study discovered that Tetranychus truncatus Ehara could live through the winter in cracks and main trunk of tree,as well as in soil cracks near to the basilar of tree trunk,and insects lived mainly on the tree trunk ranging 60cm above ground,accounting for 70% of total number of insects,insects on the main branch were less.Most of insects lived on the southern trunks.Awaken insetcts moved around and took foods along the tree trunk,bearing 24 ~104 h starvation with the peak range of death during 56~80 h.The results gave the foundation for the control methods of Tetranychus truncatus Ehara in winter and early spring,such as reducing the overwintering population density through luring insects with the grass rings winding around the tree trunks,scraping old barks of the trees,spraying pesticide,as well as killing insects with drug ring booby traps coated on the tree trunks and cutting the migration route of insects,removing Chenopodium glaucum Linn.etc.


This article discusses the security of McEliece-like encryption schemes using subspace subcodes of Reed–Solomon codes, <italic>i.e.</italic> subcodes of Reed–Solomon codes over <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathbb {F}_{q^{m}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> whose entries lie in a fixed collection of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathbb {F}_{q}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–subspaces of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathbb {F}_{q^{m}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. These codes appear to be a natural generalisation of Goppa and alternant codes and provide a broader flexibility in designing code based encryption schemes. For the security analysis, we introduce a new operation on codes called the <italic>twisted product</italic> which yields a polynomial time distinguisher on such subspace subcodes as soon as the chosen <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathbb {F}_{q}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–subspaces have dimension larger than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m/2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. From this distinguisher, we build an efficient attack which in particular breaks some parameters of a recent proposal due to Khathuria, Rosenthal and Weger.


: Current traffic signal controllers are capable of recording events (signal events; vehicle arrival and departure) at very high resolutions (usually, 10Hz). The high resolution data rates enable the computation and study of various (granular) measures of effectiveness. However, without knowing the location of specific detectors on an intersection and the phases they are mapped to, a number of measures of effectiveness (of signal performance) cannot be evaluated. These mappings may not be available or up to date for many practical reasons (e.g., old infrastructure, mappings not machine readable, maintenance or addition of new lanes, etc.). In this paper, we develop an inference engine to map detectors to phases and distinguish between the stop bar and advance detectors, or in other words, infer the location of the loop detectors with reference to the intersection.


Public speaking is one of the activities in university, including calss presentation and project proposing. Effective speaking refers to the way speaker can appropriately convery message and feeling to listeners. It is widely known that not everyone is successful in speaking and presentation. For those who lack self-confidence, class speaking and presentation is a critical trouble. Research findings shown that most Thai students are anxious while speaking to public. In term of psychology, public speaking affects mental conditions, including self-esteem. Anxiety being publicly focused and criticized is a common problem of all speakers. Mistakes of speaking causes concern of speakers as they feel that audiences make fun of their speaking; some suffers from accumulated anxiety to involve in social gathering, presentation, or public exposure. Patients are likely to concern about making mistakes, speak brokenly or weakly, show symptoms of muscle contracion, blus, shaking or palpitation. Such phobia causes sadness and social depression, thus negatively influencing career and social participation in the future.


Total degloving amputations present surgeons with unique challenges to preserve function and prevent amputation of the digits. Obviously, the replantation of avulsed skin is the best option; however, there are situations in which vascular networks are severely contused, making it difficult to restore the circulation, due to the crushing mechanism of injury. As an alternative, defatted or meshed skin grafts from the avulsed skin have been proposed. However, those options have not been proven to guarantee viable digits. Moreover, the application of thinned skin grafts usually results in cosmetically and functionally unsatisfactory outcomes due to the lack of sufficient tissue volume. We present a case in which we successfully saved a large volume of the amputated stump with minimal digit amputation by performing a composite graft of the untailored (i.e., without defatting or meshing) avulsed skin on a totally degloved hand.


The effect of ion pairing on water analyses is examined. Significant changes in composition details and saturation indices can occur in waters of moderate-to-high sulfate content. Revised estimates of the equilibrium constants for gypsum and dolomite for various temperatures are presented.


with the surface of many different types of cells and there is some evidence that GAG are involved in cell , adhesion(4). The process of cell adhesions probably involves a variety of components. The role of 'specific proteins in cell' adhesion is well documen'ted. The hyalu""" ronate is thought to cross link the cells by attaching to the specific sites of the adjacent cells. Recently, the presence of-hyaluronic acid binding receptors are reported on the surface of SV-3T3 cells and' macrophages (8,'9,131) '. In t~e previous chapter we also reported , -the homogeneous purification of HBP from rat brain. Keeping this in mind-and to elucidate further the nature of HBPbinding, 'Ide studied the interaction of purified HBP to hyaluronate and with other sulphated glycosami-noglycans to examine the specificity of HBP.


This is the Introduction to a forthcoming book (McGraw-Hill, January 2002) on the origin of the Scientific Revolution. It includes a chapter-by-chapter outline of the book.


Suppose that a random vector x is partitioned into two subvectors and that generic coordinates of these subvectors are indicated by x a , x b ,... and x r ,x s ,... respectively. If the joint cumulant (matrix) (k a,r ) equals 0 then x a and x r are asymptotically independent to order O(n −1/2 ) under ordinary repeated sampling. When the third-order joint cumulant (array) (k a,b,r ) is also 0 this independence statement may be sharpened to asymptotic independence to order O(n −1 ) of x r and the residuals of x a after quadratic regression on x r


This article explores the state of the knowledge domain and the capacity of scholarly communication on the African continent at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It examines the challenges and opportunities in the digital age and proposes ways of capitalizing on the vast resources of global knowledge.


We show that a network of ballistic electron waveguides can generate entangled Bell-like states from separable states when it is resonant. The network we study is grouped into individual qudits (d=4) made up of pairs of waveguides. Rotation gates in the network produce coherent superpositions of qudit states. A Coulomb gate entangles the qudits. We construct a unitary matrix which characterizes the network dynamics and allows a more systematic study of that dynamics.


Tourism introduction. Tourism industry. Evolution and changes in years. Hospitality industry. Real estate hotel market. Evaluation in hotel industry. TH Resort.


Bubbly flows around ships have been studied for years, mostly in relation with ship acoustic signatures. Bubbles are generated at the bow and shoulder breaking waves, at the hull/free surface contact line, the propeller and the highly turbulent stern flow. These bubbles are further transported downstream by the flow forming a two-phase mixture in the wake that can be kilometers long. The presence of bubbles in the wake of a ship significantly affects the acoustic response of the medium and can be detected by measuring acoustic attenuation and backscattering making a ship vulnerable to detection. Additionally, the bubbly wake shows at the surface as a characteristic signature of white water, and given the length of the bubbly wake, it makes a ship visible from satellites. Therefore, the bubbly wake can be used to detect and identify surface ships. Bubbly flows do not scale to model scale experiments, and experiments on full scale ships are scarce mostly due to difficult access areas and the high speeds involved. It is therefore of interest to simulate the bubbly flow around ships to provide information difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with experiments. This work presents the development of a code for the simulation of polydispersed bubbly flows with a focus on ship hydrodynamics. The mathematical model implemented is based on a two-fluid formulation coupled with a Boltzmann-like transport equation describing the bubbly phase. The tool developed attempts to include most of the relevant physics of the problem to represent better the conditions of real scenarios. The resulting code allows the simulation of polydispersed bubbly flows in situations including free surface and air entrainment, high void fraction levels and moving control surfaces and propulsors. The code is two-way coupled, with a strong coupling between the two phases and between the bubble sizes. The complexity of the problems tackled in this research required the develop-


Original thesis is the assertion that the situation of the spoken statement provokes person's self-determination while interacting with the Other. Analyzed plot of generational relationships in the novels of the 2000s and in the novel "Konigsberg" by Yu. Buida. Opposed modes of transmission of generational experience of Soviet and post-Soviet eras. Shows the situation of telling as a consolidation of generation connection.


A major advantage of Local Electricity Market (LEM) is to provide opportunity of local energy trading to participants and thus empowering small prosumers. A distribution system operator (DSO) and aggregator responsible for creating a market policy framework which can be a win-win situation for all agents involved in the LEM operation. Additionally, the expansion of LEM system should be focused to enhance the system stability and reliability. By providing prosumers with more fiscal income can be an important factor to attract other customers to get involved and expand the LEM system. This paper proposes a two stage optimization in LEM operation. The first stage optimization reduces the system cost and provides the optimized power export by prosumers. This optimized power export is used in second stage optimization to classify the prosumers in three different levels. The objective of second stage optimization is to increase the fiscal incentive provided to prosumers according to their classified level. In proposed LEM model, for a system under study with 33 prosumers, the cost saving of 10.67% is achieved in first stage and fiscal income increment of 16.39% is achieved in second stage.


For the backgrinding of semiconductor devices, a rotary grinding process is indispensable for achieving the required wafer thickness. The relative velocity between the grinding wheel and the wafer is maximum at the periphery of the wafer and minimum at the center of wafer. Generally, the grinding performances are discussed in terms of the ratio of the rotational speeds of the grinding wheel and the wafer. However, it is not possible to use this ratio to determine the grinding conditions for different wafer sizes grinding as this ratio does not show the difference in relative velocity. Therefore, a new relative velocity ratio was defined in this study. Then, the Si wafer grinding was performed to investigate the effect of the surface roughness and the power consumption of the grinding wheel spindle on the relative velocity ratio.


This study explores an alternative approach using a semi-empirical equivalent simple-source model to analyze and characterize the turbulence-induced aeroacoustic sources from military jet aircraft. Initially the model is a single point source located above a hard plane such that the locations of destructive interference from its mirror image matched the measured interference nulls. This provides useful information about the location of the dominant noise source region from the jet. The model then develops into a superposition of Rayleigh-distributed line arrays of uncorre-lated and correlated monopoles. The model is tested on an extensive set of acoustic data taken on an F-22 Raptor. Although the model's line source characteristics are developed using data from only one measurement plane, it is able to accurately reproduce the radiation at other measurement planes. This equivalent line source matches the current prevailing theory that the sideline radiation is largely due to uncorrelated noise, whereas the correlated sources dominate downstream. In addition , the semi-empirical, simple-source model results corroborate the theory that the peak source location moves upstream with increasing frequency and lower engine conditions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who has supported me in my educational endeavors. Thank you Dr. Gee for giving me a research project and dedicating so much time to my success. Thank you Dr. Neilsen for patiently teaching and helping me with how to use your code and correcting this thesis. Thank you Alan Wall for helping me with my code and answering all my random questions. Thank you David Krueger being so cheerful all the time. Thank you for my parents for encouraging me to pursue my dreams and getting an education.


Narrow-ranging species are usually omitted from Species distribution models (SDMs) due to statistical constraints, while they are predicted to be particularly vulnerable to climate change. The recently available high-resolution environmental predictors, along with recently developed methods enable to increase the eligibility of narrow-ranging species for SDMs, provided their distribution is well known. We fill a gap of knowledge on the effect of predicted climate change on narrow-ranging species. We modelled the distribution of the golden mantella frog Mantella aurantiaca and the Manapany day gecko Phelsuma inexpectata, for which the distribution of their occurrence records is well documented. Our modelling scheme included a range of processes susceptible to address statistical issues related to narrow-ranging species. We predict an alarming decline in climate suitability in the whole current distribution area of both species by 2070, potentially leading to a complete extinction in most scenarios. We identified the areas with the best climate suitability in the future, but these remain largely suboptimal regarding species climatic niche. The high level of habitat fragmentation suggests that both species likely need to be at least partly translocated. Climate change may not only drive range contractions or distribution shifts in narrow-ranging species, but may lead to the complete extirpation of suitable environments across their entire region. This study suggests that the level of threats of narrow-ranging species already identified as threatened may be underestimated, especially in heterogeneous tropical areas. We stress the need to develop sampling campaigns and implement proactive actions for narrow-ranging species in the tropics.


Mean totals for nematode populations found in 12 samples of 0–10 cm soil from grazed pastures, taken monthly, are 1 500 000 per m2 for Rotoiti loamy sand, 1 030 000 per m2for Kokotau silt loam, 4 750 000 per m2 for Kaitoke silt loam, 960 000 per m2 for Judgeford silt loam, and 790 000 per m2 for Pomare silt loam. These totals are positively correlated with annual herbage production at the sites. Population levels of the 40 taxa distinguished (most of them genera) were poorly correlated with seasonal variation in the environmental factors measured; the factors operating are unknown because of inadequate knowledge of nematode biology. Genera contributing at least 4% to total numbers at two or more sites are Cephalenchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Cephalobus, Heterocephalobus, Anaplectus, Chronogaster, Pungentus, and Aporcelaimus. Mean and maximum population levels are given for each genus and site; this information is useful in estimating any damage these nematodes...


A Tobit Kalman filter-based guidance system was proposed for expanding the capture region of missiles with a strapdown semiactive laser seeker. The characteristics of the semiactive laser seeker were analyzed, and the narrow field-of-view laser seeker model was used based on the analysis. A guidance filter was designed to utilize the saturated region of the seeker to overcome limited maneuverability arising from the narrow field-of-view range. A Tobit Kalman filter is adopted, and the prediction stage was modified so that the Tobit Kalman filter can be applied for nonlinear process models. The filter model for estimating the look angle, LOS angle, and LOS rate was formulated. The proposed guidance filter can estimate the state more robustly even if saturated measurements are given. This study showed that widening the available field-of-view range can lead to the expansion of the capture region. The impact angle control composite guidance and impact angle control guidance with bearing-only measurement were used for intercepting the target with the desired impact angle. Numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the saturated region of the seeker and show that the proposed method can expand the size of the capture region.


Zavarygin et al. compiled a list of 15 deuterium abundance measurements; two were discarded because the remaining 13 measurements are then consistent with Gaussianity. Those authors found that the weighted-mean baryon density (Ωbh2) determined from the 13 measurements is mildly discrepant (1.6σ) with that determined from the Planck 2015 cosmic microwave background anisotropy data in a flat cosmogony. We find that a median statistic central estimate of Ωbh2 from all 15 deuterium abundance measurements is a more accurate estimate; is very consistent with Ωbh2 estimated from Planck 2015 data in a flat cosmogony, but is about 2σ lower than that found in a closed cosmogonical model from the Planck 2015 data.


For a graph $G=(V,E)$, a sequence $S=(v_1, v_2, \cdots, v_k)$ of distinct vertices of $G$ is called \emph{dominating sequence} if $N_G[v_i]\setminus \bigcup_{j=1}^{i-1}N[v_j]\neq\varnothing$ and is called \emph{total dominating sequence} if $N_G(v_i)\setminus \bigcup_{j=1}^{i-1}N(v_j)\neq\varnothing$ for each $2\leq i\leq k$. The maximum length of (total) dominating sequence is denoted by ($\gamma_{gr}^t)\gamma_{gr}(G)$. In this paper we compute (total) dominating sequence numbers for generalized corona products of graphs.


A theoretical foundation is provided for the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method for power system transient stability analysis. First, a theory of stability boundaries for two classes of dynamical systems: generalized gradient systems and systems described by a second-order vector differential equation. A complete characterization of the stability boundaries of these two dynamical system classes is given, and a qualitative analysis is conducted of the stability boundary when the vector field of the system is under a certain kind of perturbation. Using these results, the PEBS method is evaluated. Conditions under which the PEBS method gives good stability assessments are derived. A modified PEBS method is suggested. >


A Fe2O3 film homojunction was orderly prepared by magnetron sputtering and a hydrothermal method. The Fe2O3 homojunction-based memristor exhibits an obvious self-selective effect as well as a typical analogue resistive switching (RS) memory behavior. A desirable self-rectifying voltage range (−1 to 1 V), stable resistance ratio, good cycling endurance (>104 cycles), and long retention time (>104 s) can be obtained from the Fe2O3 homojunction-based memristor. Oxygen vacancies (Vo) are inevitably generated during the growth of the Fe2O3 film. The self-selective analogue RS memory behavior is ascribed to the electron tunneling behavior between the potential barrier generated by the FeO x contact and the electron filling dynamic in the Vo-based traps. This work provides a simple method to prepare a self-selective analogue memristor and lays the foundation for the core device of neuromorphic computing.


In William Gilbert's 1600 work De magnete, Gilbert presents an account of electricks, things which attract in the same way as amber. This is widely considered to mark the discovery of the phenomenon of static electric attraction. While scholars have studied Gilbert to understand the origins of his use of experiment, the details of his magnetic theory, or his metaphysical commitments, in this study we aim to understand what specifically enabled Gilbert to make his discovery of static electric attraction. We describe how Gilbert's sought to explain puzzling magnetic phenomena and the rotation of the Earth, and at the same time displace Aristotle, by creating a new magnetic cosmological theory. This theory made important claims about attraction and, in combination with the ambient confusion around the purported attractive powers of amber and other gems, prompted Gilbert to conduct a thorough experimental investigation of the attractive powers of various materials. This investigation led Gilbert to sift through the writings of his predecessors and make new discoveries of his own, thereby isolating the category of electricks. We proceed in roughly chronological order, starting with observations about lodestone and gem attraction in antiquity, describing the beginning of magnetic study in the Middle Ages, returning to the Renaissance as both developments continued, and describing Copernicus's challenge to Aristotle's cosmology. We then turn our attention to Gilbert, describing the causes and prompts of his magnetic cosmology, his ideas about attraction, his investigation of the attractive powers of many materials, and his discovery of electricks. Throughout, our focus is discovery-centric: we summarize the progress made at each stage, and focus on the details that help us answer the question "What led Gilbert to discover static electric attraction?" This study is part of our ongoing research into the nature and causes of scientific discovery.


Gaunt coefficients, the integrated products of three spherical harmonics, are widely used in several branches of physics. Here, I review the most recent methods to calculate them efficiently (i.e. with an extensive use of their symmetry properties) and propose a new one which is faster and remarkably stable in terms of accuracy in the range of energies generally encountered in electron spectroscopies.


This research was carried out to develop and apply a new fish-based biological health index (FBHI) to assess the river health and to diagnose the current state of the Muromi River basin in Japan. The research system was the Muromi River (33°34' 46.38"N, 130° 20' 8.7" E) class B river which flows past the city of Fukuoka prefecture, Japan and confluence destination the Hakata Bay. Data on fish assemblages collected via fishing net. We used the scientific literature and expertise from regional fish researcher to provide a comprehensive functional description of the FBHI, than we screened 14 candidate metrics from inter-regional variation in metric utility which has five main sources, all of which are illustrated in this research: the origin fish community, life history type, swimming layer, suitable flowing type and spawning ecology type. We can quickly calculate the assessment result of an FBHI score using fish data collected from a river section. Hashimoto Bridge was in much better condition than the other four locations, as the area around it exhibited a diversity of habitat types. Hamaide Weir, Hanadate Weir and Tochigawara Weir were all in poor condition, meanwhile Otoide Weir were in moderate condition. According to these results, we suggest some detail design planning to the each site referring to the lacking habitat: to construct floodplain, to make a variety of flow velocity using, and to install some spawning vegetation.


A precise, multi-purpose color reproduction algorithm is introduced. This algorithm adopts 3-dimensional interpolation instead of matrix maskings or formulas. To install this calculation algorithm in devices, a simplified circuit using several LUT(ROM/RAM) and one multiplier/accumulator was developed. It can be operated up to 2 MHz pixel frequencies and its calculation error is estimated to be less than one-tenth of conventional method.


This chapter mainly focused on the recent trends in the antenna design techniques for next-generation wireless communication systems. Ultra-wideband antenna and multi-input-multi-output antennas are very useful to achieve higher data rates. An antenna is a transducer that changes guided electromagnetic energy in a transmission line to radiated electromagnetic energy in free space. Antennas may also be observed as an impedance transformer, coupling among an input or line impedance, and the impedance of free space. The looming widespread commercial deployment of ultra-wideband (UWB) systems has flashed new interest in the subject of ultra-wideband antennas. The power levels approved by the FCC mean that every dB counts in a UWB system as much as or possibly even more so than in a standard narrowband system. Thus, in effect, UWB antenna is a precarious part of an overall UWB system design. Basic principles for ultra-wide-band (UWB) antenna design and radiation are presented and discussed in this chapter.


The objective of map design is to create, in the mind of map users, an abstraction of the real world appropriate to the map's purpose. The success of the design depends not only on the cartographer's skill but also on the user's ability to read the map and on the particular circumstances of its use. If the user does not understand the meaning of the map symbols, this may lead to frustration or misinterpretations. If, in a mobile map context, users can be provided, in real-time, with map symbols adapted to particular use situations and user preferences, more effective map reading could result. This paper studies those user aspects where map symbols and other visualization are adapted for mobile users' specific needs. A discussion on the importance of understanding cartographic principles in mobile map design is followed by the description of an adaptive mobile map service implemented within an EU project called "GiMoDig." This service delivers maps with different point of interest (PoI) symbols and different map designs for varying user groups in different use situations. The paper describes how the cartographic design was evaluated and how the intuitivity of the map symbols was tested. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research topics are discussed.


In the early years of the Republic of China,teachers education was far from perfect.Especially,both nursery teachers education and rural teachers education were almost a blank.The independent status of the secondary teachers school remained highly controversial.These issues aroused widespread concern of many educators.Among those are the returned students with advanced education who,in identifying,exploring and solving such problems,made important contributions in the process of the national education construction.


Upon re-reading George Perle's Serial Composition and Atonality in its third edition1 I am reminded of what seemed already in 1958 a strange omission in writings on Stravinsky's development as a serialist, for, while studying Orpheus (1947) I discovered an unmistakable use of row technique in two of its movements, an early instance of which seems not to have been commented upon before or since.2 Writers on the subject seem to draw from a common source (probably Robert Craft) when they state that the first essay in serialism was in the "Ricercar II" of the Cantata (1952),3 following the first years of Stravinsky's association with Craft. The very man who had long represented a supposed alternative to serialism was persuaded by Craft to become interested in adopting that very technique; this then marked the end of Stravinsky's neo-classical period and the beginning of his final, dodecaphonic, period. Craft wrote:


Ten Barbari goats of 2–3 month age were procured and six were infected each with 2000 cercariae of Schistosoma incognitum and 2000 cercariae of S. spindale and one with 3000 cercariae of S. incognitum and 1000 of S. spindale by a newly developed polytheneear pinna method. All the infected animals developed patent infection. The symptoms included anorexia, dullness, weakness, dehydration, bottle jaw, rough coat, staggering gait, loss of body weight, subnormal temperature, tendency for isolation from the herd, anaemia and diarrhoea varying from change in consistency of faecal pellet to shooting watery diarrhoea. When watery diarrhoea persisted for 1–3 days, animals recovered but its prolongation to about a week or more resulted in death of the animals. Three animals died due to schistosomosis showing symptoms of watery diarrhoea, complete off-fed, staggering gait, difficulty in standing, severe anaemia, dehydration, oedema and subnormal temperature.


Cataract is a vision impairing disease characterized by gradual, progressive thickening of the lens. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world now a days. This is unfortunate, considering that the visual morbidity brought about by age-related cataract is reversible. As such, early detection, close monitoring and timely surgical intervention must be observed in the management of senile cataracts. Clinically the symptoms of Kacha can be correlated with Cataract.


Objective:To study the effects of the Taohong Siwu soup extract on the nrinary protein of IBDV rats models.Methods:Using C-BSA build IBDV rats models,the IBDV rats are divided into four groups,the three groups were dosing 3g·kg-1·d-1,6g·kg-1·d-1,12g·kg-1·d-1,the final group for model group,select a group normal rats for control group,continuous dosing 4w and observing 24h urokinase protein,ALB,Con A and so on.Results:The urokinase protein content of 6g·kg-1·d-1 group is the lowest,and was significant difference with model group(P0.05).Conclusion:The Taohon Siwu soup extract can effectively reduce urokinase protein of IBDV rats,and the suitable dose is 6g·kg-1·d-1.


Understanding the aggregate behavior of network host connectivities is important for network monitoring and traffic engineering. One characterization of such an aggregate behavior is the host distributions of distinct communicating peers or flows. For example, during the worm outbreak, the port scanning activities would cause many hosts with increasing number of (one-way) peers (or flows), and hence a change in the host distributions of distinct communicating peers or flows. In this paper, we develop an efficient streaming algorithm for tracking these host distributions of distinct elements, also called cardinality distributions, for a high speed network with a large number of hosts. Our approach utilizes the continuous Flajolet- Martin sketches, which is the minimal order statistics of hashed values, as a compact data summary and develops maximum likelihood estimates of these distributions. By leveraging the aggregation of many hosts, we are able to obtain very accu- rate estimates of the cardinality distributions by maintaining a compact statistical summary that is as small as one number (at most 32 bits) per host. Extensive experimental studies are carried out to demonstrate their excellent performance. Index Terms—Network Measurement, Data Streaming, Car- dinality Distribution, Mixture model, Expectation-Maximization.


This paper presents the scenario of engineering education in Malaysia and the national "development policy with respect to efforts towards achieving a developed nation status. "The paper discusses engineering education issues including the concepts of-engineering education in the universities and argues that 'relevance' to industry and current needs, within the bounds of the generally accepted criteria of university education, could be enhanced through good Industry University link, such link includes the role of industries in advising engineering curricula in universities. act


Currently, there is a steady growth in the needs of all spheres of the country's economy for unified spatial information. The importance of modernity, reliability and accuracy of geological, ie, spatial data, is growing exponentially, which places high demands on their timely updating in operational terms up to updating in a mode close to real time. Analysis of works using methods and geoinformation technologies of mapping showed that digital topographic maps do not fully meet the requirements of geoinformation cartographic framework when used in GIS, which is explained by the following factors: a complex system of classification and coding of map objects; - duplication of qualitative and quantitative characteristics in the signatures of objects on the map; the presence of design objects in the content of maps; lack of summaries between nomenclature sheets of digital topographic maps; incompatibility of formats and software versions used in the process of updating maps. To solve this problem, it is necessary to provide for the development of a unified geoinformation cartographic support, which includes classifiers of geospatial information, rules for digital description of spatial information, digital libraries of conventional symbols.


"The volunteer organizations are just perfect for pedophiles, in the sense that they are just the ideal situation if they can get to a large number of kids, to kind of check out which ones might be the easiest victims. "1 The sexual abuse of children is one of our most pressing national problems. In 1995, more than 350,000 incidents of child molestation were reported in the United States,2 reflecting only a fraction of the assaults that actually occurred.3 Before they have reached age eighteen, an estimated one in three girls and one in seven boys will be sexually abused.4 Various studies demonstrate the tenacity of child sex offenders, reporting a recidivism rate as high as 74% and an average of 117 children molested during the lifetime of one offender.5 Volunteer organizations that work with children-such as Boy Scouts/Girl Scouts of America, Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America, Boys/Girls Clubs, YMCA and YWCA-are particularly susceptible to infiltration by child sex offenders.6 In scouting,7 for example, sex abuse is more common than accidental deaths and serious injuries combined.8 An adult leader in such an organization is not only allowed access to a large group of children, but, more importantly, is placed in a position of authority and trust. The confidential relationship afforded by the volunteer opportunity can become an important tool of the molester in lowering the guard of unsuspecting youths.9 Furthermore, unlike other child-care activities that have legislatively mandated licensing procedures, volunteer positions have historically been subject to less stringent scrutiny and therefore have become more attractive to the potential abuser.10 Recognizing that the best approach to dealing with child sexual abuse is prevention, legislatures at both the federal and state level have adopted aggressive measures to ensure that convicted molesters and other violent criminals are not unwittingly selected for positions permitting unsupervised access to children.11 Prior to 1993, many states already mandated criminal background checks for some populations of child care workerssuch as personnel at licensed daycare centers, teachers at public and private schools, and workers at juvenile detention centers.12 The National Child Protection Act of 1993 13 sought to broaden and further encourage this approach to abuse-prevention, authorizing states to develop procedures allowing nationwide screening of youth-service workers against the FBI's centralized criminal records.14 It was specifically contemplated that, once such access becomes available, "concerns about potential legal liability and pressure from insurers will encourage many organizations to require background checks of applicants, workers and volunteers."15 Although states have responded to the federal call to action with increased regulation in screening practices for child and youth workers, including a trend toward allowing volunteer organizations access to state and national criminal records, no state currently mandates criminal background checks of all volunteers working with children.16 This hesitation is probably due to fears that imposing the current costs of these screening procedures on nonprofit, charitable organizations would force them out of service.17 Nevertheless, given the magnitude of the child sexual abuse crisis, the legislative push in broadening access to screening information, and the peculiar susceptibility of volunteer organizations that work with children to attract pedophiles, one could scarcely doubt that these organizations have a legal duty18 to perform some background inquiry on their volunteers, even if it falls short of a criminal background records search. Surprisingly, in Golden Spread Council, Inc. v. Akins,19 a recent case involving the molestation of a boy scout by a volunteer scoutmaster, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and its regional council had no duty to investigate volunteers applying for the position of scoutmaster. …


To realize the potential of Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) Schottky rectifiers fabricated for high voltage and fast switching applications, various edge termination techniques to maximize the breakdown voltage (Vbr) are studied and examined via simulations using the FLOODS/FLOOPS TCAD simulator. The simulated Schottky rectifiers consist of a Si-doped (n = 1.0 × 1015 – 1.3 × 1017 cm−3) β-Ga2O3 epitaxial layer grown on Sn-doped (n = 4.8 × 1018 cm−3) Ga2O3 substrates. The optimization of field plate geometry for Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) was investigated using the device breakdown characteristics as the figure-of-merit. Various field plate dielectrics (SiO2, SiNx, Al2O3, and HfO2) were explored while the field plate structure was concurrently varied to obtain a normalized breakdown field (VNbr) of ∼3 for a step (graduated form) dielectric with Al2O3 as the dielectric. Edge termination via the formation of resistive areas at the anode contact periphery via ion (argon) implantation was also examined for the SBDs since other edge termination techniques are ineffective due to lack of p-type doping in Ga2O3. The configuration of the implanted region was investigated and a VNbr of over 5 was achieved for diodes with an unbounded resistive region and an implantation depth of 50–100 nm. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0141912jss]


The objective of the present work was to characterize and assess the intranasal toxicity of a solution of total triterpenoids - based standardized extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban leaves (INDCA-NS). The acute and 28-day repeated-dose toxicity of intranasal administrated INDCA-NS in Wistar rats was evaluated. For the acute intranasal toxicity study, a single dose of 100 μg/rat/day was administered to five male and female rats and observed for mortality and signs of toxicity for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, the INDCA-NS (10, 30, and 100 μg/rat/day) were intranasally administered to a separate group of five male and female rats for 28 days, followed by a 14-day reversal period for behavioral, biochemical, and histological parameters. The effect of subacute administration of INDCA-NS on the ability to smell in rats was evaluated by a buried food test. Treatment with INDCA-NS did not result in mortality or treatment-related adverse signs during single or 28-day repeated-dose administration. In addition, intranasal INDCA-NS did not affect the sense of smell, as observed in the buried food test. Intranasal NDCA-NS was found safe in rats with a Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of more than 100 μg/rat/day and No-Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of more than 100 μg/rat/day in male and female rats during acute and subacute intranasal toxicity study respectively.


Using factor analysis, we develop a method to extract latent vibrational modes of molecules from their terahertz spectra. With this molecular information, we successfully classify 16 molecules, proving that this method is effective.


Power quality has become an important factor in power systems, for consumer and household appliances with proliferation of various electric and electronic equipment and computer systems. The main causes of a poor power quality are harmonic currents, poor power factor, supply-voltage variations, etc. A technique of achieving both active current distortion compensation, power factor correction and also mitigating the supply-voltage variation of the load side, is compensated by unique device of UPQC. In this paper UPQC with the photovoltaic system is presented. The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter, and a photovoltaic array connected in the DC link through the boost converter. This paper presents a modified synchronous-reference frame (SRF) -based control method to Shunt active filter and instantaneous PQ (IPQ) theory based control technique for series active filtering to compensate power-quality (PQ) problems through a three-phase four-wire unified PQ conditioner (UPQC). The proposed system can improve the power quality at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) on power distribution systems. The performance of the proposed system was analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.


Le Huu Trac, whose nickname is Hai Thuong Lan Ong, is regarded as the ancestor of Vietnamese medicine. He passed on to the later generations many significant medical works with valuable remedies and wise words on medical ethics. His research on medical ethics has played a significant role in enhancing medical ethics for physicians today. The author follows a method of analysis, synthesis and comparison of data sources, in addition to using the logical method combining history, to study Le Huu Trac's medical ethics ideology through approaching the four principles of medical ethics. This is a general, popular and widely accepted approach in biomedical ethics research since the 1970s. The research result shows that the four medical ethics principles are expressed in Le Huu Trac's medical ethics ideology, in which the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence tend to prevail over the principle of respect for autonomy.


This article focuses on the idea of entrepreneurial subjectivity and the ways in which it is shaped by the entrepreneurial discourse in adult education. As a result, we argue that educational practices related to adults form a particular kind of ideal subjectivity that we refer to as entrepreneurial. In order to understand how this entrepreneurial discourse in adult education works, we will analyse how the young adults we have interviewed engage in the discourse and what effects this has for the construction of their subjectivities. Our joint empirical analysis is based on discourse-analytic methodology and on our previous empirical studies. Our research results suggest that participants in adult education end up constructing their subjectivities within the limits and possibilities of the entrepreneurial discourse that are made available to them. Embracing the entrepreneurial discourse construed in terms of autonomy and freedom, young people are expected to make a project out of their own subjectivities. As an effect, education as well as young adults' autonomy is limited to a question of speaking in accordance with what is expected.


Motivated by Bravais' rule, of wide validity for crystals, we introduce a maximum density rule for the surfaces of quasicrystals and use it to determine the 5-, 2- and 3-fold bulk terminations in a geometric icosahedral model of i-AlPdMn and i-AlCuFe that represent surfaces.


Patients taking long-term warfarin who had GI bleeding should probably resume warfarin once the bleeding episode is under control to reduce their risk of thrombosis.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an integrated strategy for inventory control and preventive maintenance planning for a single-machine production system with increasing failure rates.Design/methodology/approachThere are three scenarios for solving presented model. The strategy is such that the production component is placed under maintenance as soon as it reaches the m level or in the event of a malfunction earlier than m. Maintenance completion time is not predictable. As a result of periodic maintenance, a buffer stock h is held and the production component starts to produce from period A with the maximum throughput to satisfy demand and handle the shortage. A numerical algorithm to find the optimal policy is developed. The algorithm is implemented using MATLAB software.FindingsThe authors discovered that joint optimization mainly reduces production system costs. Cs is holding cost of a product unit during a unit of time. The authors consider two values for Cs, consist of, Cs = 1 and Cs = 2. By comparing the two cases, it is concluded that by reducing the cost from Cs = 2 to Cs = 1, the optimal scenario does not differ. The amount of decision variables decreases.Originality/valueThis paper is the provision of a model in which the shortage of back order type is considered, which greatly increases the complexity of the problem compared to similar issues. The methods for solving such problems are provided by the numerical algorithm, and the use of buffers as a way to compensate for the shortage in the event of a complete shutdown of the production line which is a very effective and efficient way to deal with customer loss.


This was a census study on the effects of e-commerce adoption on business process management in commercial banks in Kenya. The collected data was analyzed interpreted in line with the aim of the study namely, to assess the effects of e-commerce adoption on business process management in commercial banks in Kenya. Out of the sixty (60) respondents to whom the questionnaires were administered, only forty-one (41) respondents in the commercial banks in Kenya responded. This gave a response rate of 68.33% percent. I solicited responses from 60 respondents and received 41 completed surveys representing three categories of employees in commercial banks from top management, middle level management and lower level managers. The survey contained 12 questions and determined to establish the effects of e-commerce adoption on business process management in commercial banks in Kenya. The questions enabled me to explore whether there is understanding of the concept of e-Commerce and whether banks have a formalized policy on ecommerce and if the ecommerce has been introduced in banks business processes and their effects. The results of this survey were reassuring in some respects and surprising in others with respect with respect to the adoption of eCommerce in business process management in commercial banks. The survey indicated that most banks have embraced use of e commerce and focused their businesses in collaborating with business partners and this has improved the image of the banks besides profit making. The results also show that the major barriers encountered by banks in the increased use of ecommerce in business process management are conservative organizational cultures and lack of industry standards and there are many issues of e-commerce which have implications on banks business process man agent such as retail transfers e-payments, use of electronic ID, security of operations, internet banking, electronic signatures and sharing of a lot of mobile applications. It can be concluded that most banks have adopted e-commerce in their business processes and these has increased market share and profits. It has also enabled banks to easily deliver quality and variety of products to customers.


The ubiquitous methane seeping process in the deep-sea environment could significantly influence the global methane cycle and carbon budget. Hydrate formation on the methane bubble during the seeping process is an important way for sequestrating methane during bubble migration. Uncovering the complete methane leakage process needs to reveal the methane leakage pathway and hydrate conversion mechanism. Hence, we built a deep-sea sediment and water simulator to investigate the methane seeping and hydrate formation. The simulator can mimic the deep-sea sediment and water environment with a lower sediment chamber and an upper seawater chamber. The monitoring of the bubble migration path and hydrate transformation and aggregation in the sediment chamber is realized mainly through the spatial distribution of electric resistance and temperature variations. The seawater chamber is equipped with a built-in movable camera and four external windows to observe the rising and morphological evolution of gas and hydrate bubbles. The quantitative storage and escape of CH4 gas could be realized through the measurement of multiple gas/liquid collection ports and cumulative incoming/outgoing gas volume. In addition, a movable biological liquid injection port was designed in the seawater chamber for the coupling CH4 conversion of hydrate formation and microorganism-mediated oxidation. Through the experimental test on each function of the system, the effectiveness of the device was proved. The development of this device has pioneering significance for the experimental simulation of the methane seeping process in a simulated submarine cold spring area.


The depletion of natural resources and global warming have increased in severity globally. In the industrial field, assembly products, such as electronic products, should be disassembled for recycling and reuse to deal with these problems. Reuse and recycling can contribute to reducing GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions and less depletion of natural resources since GHG emissions for virgin material production can be saved using reused components and recycled materials. However, each component of selling revenue and material-based GHG emissions depends on the country because of the different energy mixes of electrical power. Moreover, each collected component embedded in End-of-Life (EOL) products needs to be selected as a life cycle option based on its remaining life. The purpose of this study is to decide life cycle options such as reuse, recycling, and disposal of each component environmentally-friendly and economically in Korea and Japanese cases for computers. Firstly, selecting the life cycle option for each component was formulated by 0–1 integer programming with ε constraints. Next, GHG emissions, profits, and costs in Korea and Japan were estimated and analyzed for each component. Finally, Korean and Japanese cases were analyzed to obtain an economic value in the same material-based GHG saving rate with each component's life cycle option selection by comparing each EOL product data. In the experiments, GHG recovery efficiency was higher in Japan 43 [g/Yen] than one in Korea 28 [g/Yen]. Therefore, it was better to retrieve and reutilize the components in Korea. However, if the maximum GHG recovery efficiency is desired, Japan is a better option.


Abstract : In aerial triangulation, the equations used for computing the relative direction generally fall into two categories: (1) the complicated 'mountain' equations with unrestricted point-position distribution; and (2) the 'plain' equations defined by a 6-fixed-point distribution. These 'plain' equations are not suitable for use in mountainous areas, but this difficulty can be overcome by introducing two additional sets of equations to be used in conjunction with the 'plain' equations. The use of this complex of equations saves computational time and computer memory space compared to the mathematical procedures otherwise required. The additional equations will or will not be used in the computation depending on the magnitude of the point-position error at an image pair. (Author)


In the area of crash impact, research is critically needed on the development and evaluation of parallel methods for crash dynamic analysis of complex nonlinear finite element and/or finite difference structure problems.. The development of generalpurpose finite element structure analysis computer programs have provided the capability to address a wide range of structures problems. However, these software systems arc severely limited for nonlinear transient calculations because of the available speed on current sequential computers. Projected advances in computer technology indicate that significant increases in effective calculation speed will available in the 1990's, through fifth generation supercomputer architectures consisting of arrays of processors operating in parallel on different tasks (see e.g., ref. 3 for a survey). Such advanced supercomputers, denoted as M I MD (multiple instruction, multiple data) computers, have the potential for increasing effective calculation speeds by several orders of magnitude. But this potential increase in speed can not be effectively utilized without the development and implementation of appropriate numerical algorithms for structures which take advantage of the parallel computation features of this new generation of computers. Use of existing conventional algorithms and software will not realize the full potential of these new MI MD computers, and research is needed in the development of parallel structure analysis/design algorithms for these computers (ref 4-19). This research has been to develop and evaluate parallel methods for crash dynamic analyses of complex nonlinear finite clement and finite difference structure problems.


New trends in the management of manufacturing efficiency are associated with the development of such areas of Data Science as Big Data and Data Analytics, taking into account the human factor. With asymmetric awareness of management and personnel about the potential for efficiency, undesirable activity of personnel is possible. In this case, personnel as the active element selects its state in such a way as to maximize its own objective function. For this reason the energy efficiency of manufacturing can be not equal to the potential. Therefore, traditional methods and algorithms of Data Science may be ineffective. To solve this problem in the face of uncertainty, adaptive decision support system with coacher's instructions is proposed. In this system, the manager is considered a disciple of the coach, even if both of them are not aware of the potential of the energy efficiency. In order to ensure the effectiveness of traditional learning algorithm of Data Science, that system includes rating and stimulation procedures. Sufficient conditions have been found for the synthesis of the decision support system which is learning with coacher's instructions, in which the active element uses the potential of energy efficiency. The use of such system is illustrated by the example of energy efficiency of a wagon repair company.