Increasing global demand for energy, along with dwindling fossil fuel resources and a better understanding of the hidden costs associated with these energy sources, have spurred substantial political, academic and industrial interest in alternative energy resources. 18 Among them, solar energy is one of the most promising in the long term. Every hour, the Earth receives enough solar power to supply humans' energy consumption for one year.19 Meanwhile, the energy consumption of the world reached 16 terawatts in 2006 and is predicted to rise to ≈30 terawatts by 2050.20 The development of species that can harvest and convert sunlight efficiently is thus an extremely important mission. Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in the search for such systems, as proper positioning of the active components is a key point for the achievement of efficient devices. In this regard, the photosynthetic system found in nature is the supramolecular photoactive device by excellence that has served as inspiration to many scientists. Much effort has been devoted to the understanding of the mechanism of light conversion in this system, with the aim of designing artificial systems that can behave similarly in human's profit. Photosynthesis21 is the process employed by plants, algae and cyanobacteria to convert the radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy to fuel the activities of these organisms. The success of this conversion relies upon the efficient absorption and conversion of sunlight. The main players in the process are chlorophylls and carotenoids with characteristic absorption features (Figure 1a). While the latter play mainly a photoprotective role, chlorophylls are involved in light harvesting and charge separation processes.22 Photosynthetic systems present 18 a) S. Berardi, S. Drouet, L. Francas, C. Gimbert-Surinach, M. Guttentag, C. Richmond, T. Stolla, A. Llobet, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7501-7519; b) R. Wengenmair, T. Buhrke, Renewable energy: sustainable energy concepts for the future, Wiley - VCH, Weinheim, 2013, pp. 1-170; c) issue on "Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels", Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1859-2029. 19 Q. Schiermeier, J. Tollefson, T. Scully, A. Witze, O. Morton, Nature, 2008, 454, 816-823. 20 M. I. Hoffert, K. Caldeira, A. K. Jain, E. F. Haites, L. D. D. Harvey, S. D. Potter, M. E. Schlesinger, S. H. Schneider, R. G. Watts, T. M. L. Wigley and D. J. Wuebbles. Nature, 1998, 395, 881-884. 21 B. Gobets, R. van Grondelle, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2001, 1507, 80-99. 22 a) B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. K. Roberts, P. Walter, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., Garland Science, New York, 2007, pp. 813-878; b) R. E. Blankenship, Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, Blackwell Science, 2002, pp. 1-321; c) R. Berera, R. van Grondelle, J. T. M. Kennis, Photosynth. Res, 2009, 101, 105-108. 12 Introduction and objectives two basic components: an antenna complex for light harvesting, and a reaction center for charge separation. Figure 1. a) UV-vis absorption spectra of Chlorophylls (green and red lines) and carotenoids (yellow line); bSchematic representation of photosystem I. The first step in photosynthesis is light absorption by the antenna complex. Photoinduced energy transfer is a process of great importance in the light harvesting complex, and, moreover, it acts as the trigger of charge separation process. The aim of this event is to progressively direct the energy from sunlight to the reaction centre. Energy transfer is a photophysical process where the excitation of a chromophore is transferred to a radiationless relaxation. Spectral overlap between the emission of the donor and the absorption of the acceptor is required for energy transfer to occur. In the case of photosynthesis, energy transfer takes place through the dipolar coupling mechanism described by Theodore Forster in 1914. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) takes place when non-radiative excitation transfer occurs between two molecular entities separated by distances that exceed the sum of their Van der Waals radii.23 This energy exchange happens via the electromagnetic field associated to the electron in the LUMO of the donor, which causes a perturbation on the electrons in the HOMO of the acceptor. The effectiveness of the energy transfer depends on the distance between the chromophores (the rate is proportional to R-6 ) and the relative orientation of the chromophores. In this regard, organization of the chromophores is very important for an efficient photosynthetic process. A common feature of photosynthetic systems is a ring-like organization of the antenna (Figure 1 b) complex 23 Helms, Volkhard. "Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer". Principles of Computational Cell Biology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2008. p. 202. 13 Introduction and objectives around the reaction center. Such degree of organization of the photosynthetic pigments addressed to ensure formation of efficient antennas and reaction centers is based on supramolecular interactions involving not only the pigments but also proteins and protein dimers. Conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy takes place through a cascade of unidirectional electron transfer reactions that will lead to the synthesis of carbohydrates. The success of this process relies on the effectiveness of these electron transfers and the lack of recombination reactions that would interrupt the process and cause a waste of the absorbed energy. In a similar manner, artificial self-assembly of supramolecular structures from photoactive components may be expected to modify the ground-state and/or excitedstate behaviour of the individual molecules. This fact may give rise to a number of processes (energy transfer, charge separation, perturbation of optical transitions and polarizabilities, modification of redox potentials, regulation of binding properties, photochemical reactions, etc.) that will depend on the arrangement of components in the supramolecular structure. Resuming, in natural photosynthetic systems, cascades of energy- and electron-transfer reactions are triggered either directly by photoexcitation or indirectly by energy transfer from light-harvesting antenna systems. In terms of charge separation, the characteristics of the individual electron acceptors and electron donors are decisive to modulate its overall efficiency. In terms of charge recombination, the environment of the photosynthetic reaction center plays a crucial role to slow it down. Therefore, designing, synthesizing, and probing efficient energy capacitors as well as porphyrinoid chromophores featuring unique panchromatic absorptive, redox, and electrical properties is of a crucial importance. Electron transfer and Marcus theory In recent decades, the scientific community revealed a great interest towards non-covalent energy- and electron transfer processes, continuosly analyzing how the underlying interactions vary as a function of environment.24 24 a) S. Fukuzumi, K. Ohkubo, F. D'Souza, J. L. Sessler. Chem Commun. 2012, 48, 9801-9


THE present is often said to be a psychological age, and certainly the recent rapid multiplication of psychological books and lectures would seem to justify the above statement. One happy result of the stimulus which popularity has given to the production of psychological literature has been to make that literature extensive and varied. Nevertheless a survey of that literature shows that the psychologist's library is by no means adequate to his needs. There are at least two regrettable deficiencies, deficiencies which are more obvious in English than in German psychological literature. There is, on one hand, no large-size and generally accredited work on theoretical or pure psychology, a work sympathetically mediatory between the several divergent schools of contemporary psychological thought/a work which provides a basis of theory for the co-ordination of the as yet somewhat scattered results reached in the various fields of psychological research. There are in existence many first drafts of and essaystowards such a work, but none is detailed and comprehensive enough, apart from the fact that none of them can claim anything like general agreement; and this deficiency, however unavoidable, however much a symptom of scientific health, is obviously very disconcerting to students.Handbuch der vergleichenden Psychologie.Herausgegeben von Gustav Kafka. Band 1: Die Entwick-lungsstufen des Seelenlebens. Pp. viii + 526. Band 2: Die Funktionen des normalen Seelenlebens. Pp. viii + 513. Band 3: Die Funktionen des abnormen Seelenlebens. Pp. viii + 515. (München: Ernest Reinhardt, 1922.)


This review article presents the role of expression of various micro-RNAs in maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function, maturation, and differentiation of immune cells that build innate and acquired immunity.


In the field of digital signal and image processing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is one of the rudimentary operations. Telecommunication, Automotive, Hearing devices, Voice recognition systems are some of the applications of Fast Fourier Transform. DFT is implemented using FFT which is a type of algorithm that computes DFT in a fast and efficient manner. This project concentrates on the development of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), based on Decimation In Time (DIT) domain, Radix2 algorithm, using VHDL as a design entity.The objective of this project is to establish an efficient design that computes FFT in a faster way. In this project FFT is implemented using modified booth multiplier and CLA and simulated on Xilinx ISE.


This paper discusses the gendered roles and responsibilities in water resource management and its implications for urban water management. The results revealed that women are the primary water collectors and that the gendered nature of water collection varies among ethnic groups. Men are not involved in water collection in the Madhesi ethnic group, while they contribute to varying extent in other groups. Dry season is the most critical period for water supply in all four-study locations particularly among squatter communities. Less than 30% of the water demand is fulfilled in Squatter 1, while about 50% is fulfilled in urban areas. Conflicts related to water during collection is frequent in common water points mainly due to illegal and inequitable distribution of water. Results also demonstrated the influence of traditional reliance and informal context on women's access to and performance in the formal decision-making spheres. Women exert influence primarily in household decision making related to water, while beyond households their participation is typically very low. However, formation of water users' groups has motivated women to take on active membership and participate in water management at local and city levels.


The extraction rate and antioxidant activity of polyphenol from ArctiumLappa treated by blanching were researched in this paper.The polyphenol oxidase activity,extraction rate and antioxidant activity of polyphenol from ArctiumLappa treated under different temperature were studied.The results indicated that the polyphenol oxidase activity was fully inactivated by the blanching,the extraction rate and antioxidant activity of polyphenol from ArctiumLappa were increased.


This thesis deals with the application of current Quantum Monte Carlo algorithms to many-body systems of fermionic and bosonic species. The first part applies the diagrammatic Monte Carlo method to the Fermi polaron problem, a system of an impurity interacting resonantly with a homogeneous Fermi bath. It is numerically shown that the three particle-hole diagrams do not contribute significantly to the final answer in a quasi-two-dimensional setup, thus demonstrating a nearly perfect destructive interference of contributions in subspaces with higher-order particle-hole lines. Consequently, for strong-enough confinement in the third direction, the transition between the polaron and the molecule ground state is found to be in good agreement with the pure two-dimensional case and agrees very well with the one found by the wave-function approach in the two-particle-hole subspace. In three-dimensional Fermi-polaron systems with mass imbalance of impurity and bath atoms, polaron energy and quasiparticle residue can be accurately determined over a broad range of impurity masses. Furthermore, the spectral function of an imbalanced polaron demonstrates the stability of the quasiparticle and also allows us to locate the repulsive polaron as an excited state. The quantitative exactness of two-particle-hole wave functions is investigated, resulting in a relative lowering of polaronic energies in the mass-imbalance phase diagram. Tan's contact coefficient for the mass-balanced polaron system is found to be in good agreement with variational methods. Mass-imbalanced systems can be studied experimentally by ultracold atom mixtures such as 6Li – 40K. In the second part of the thesis, the ground state of a two-dimensional system of Bose particles of spin zero, interacting via a repulsive Gaussian-Core potential, is investigated by means of path integral Monte Carlo simulations. The quantum phase diagram is qualitatively identical to that of two-dimensional Yukawa bosons. While the system is a fluid at all densities for weak coupling, in the strong coupling regime it transitions upon compression from a low density superfluid to a crystal, and then into a reentrant superfluid phase. No evidence of a (supersolid) cluster crystal phase is seen.


Abstract COVID-19 pandemic has had different effects on election participation. Participation in the parliamentary (2020) and presidential (2021) elections under the pandemic has declined significantly compared to the last four decades. Contrary to popular belief, the findings show that this declined has been caused by causal conditions (economic downturn and government's inefficiency), contextual conditions (economic war and sanctions), and interventional conditions, and COVID-19 pandemic has played an only contextual role. Prior to the COVID19 pandemic, Iranians were dissatisfied with the current situation, mainly internal rather than external, due to the disruption of the economy and living conditions. Therefore, election participation during the pandemic was a good opportunity to show the magnitude of the dissatisfaction. It can be said that the role of economic factors and the government's inefficiency in discouraging election participation in Iran has been more than political, social, and health factors.


The history of the Dr. Zoilo E. Marinello Vidaurreta Electronic Journal is reviewed. A descriptive study of the history and events of the journal's history was carried out, based on the analysis of official documents and meetings with people involved. Throughout these 20 years the journal has been climbing steps that have led it from a journal with a national visibility to an international scope, with indexation in databases, directories and international registrations, in addition to obtaining quality certifications. At present, its management and parameters of quality indicators match the international requirements for biomedical journals.


Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Predicting the time to progression of COPD is critical for optimizing patient care and treatment planning. However, COPD progression is complex and multifactorial, and estimating time to progression accurately remains challenging. In this study, we propose a novel approach for estimating time to progression of COPD using a Random Forest model. Random Forest is an ensemble machine learning technique that combines multiple decision trees to make predictions. We incorporated the concept of tolerance into our model, which allows for variability in COPD progression rates among individuals.
We utilized a dataset of COPD patients, including clinical and demographic variables, collected over a multi-year period. The dataset was divided into training and testing sets for model development and evaluation, respectively. The Random Forest model was trained on the training set using features such as age, gender, smoking history, lung function parameters, and comorbidities. The Random Forest model with tolerance outperformed traditional models in estimating time to progression of COPD. The tolerance concept allowed the model to account for inter-individual variability in COPD progression rates, which is a critical aspect of COPD prognosis. The model achieved high accuracy and robustness in predicting time to progression of COPD in the testing set, indicating its potential clinical utility. A novel approach for estimating time to progression of COPD using a Random Forest model with tolerance. This approach has the potential to improve the accuracy of COPD prognosis, leading to better patient care and treatment planning. Further validation studies are warranted to validate the clinical utility of our proposed model in diverse COPD populations.This project describes the pulmonary chronic disease detection and classification is done with different observing similar disease conditions or functional status from the upper to the lower boundaries of a specified time interval Different types of radiological report is analyzed for different radiologic reports disease detection and classification is done with different radiological reports The proposed model is compared with different machine learning models compared with different stages of COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease


Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) cultivar 'Huhong' was used as experimental materials,content of sugar component in phloem of stems and roots were determined with Dionex ICS-3000 ion chromatograph at 7 developmental stages in order to discuss the transport mechanism of sugar component.The results showed that sucrose taproots decline firstly and then increased content in,decreased gradually in lateral roots in the whole experimental period;glucose and fructose content in taproots at round peach stage was 75.34% and 73.68% higher than those at bud appearing stage,which reached the maximum at blooming stage.There was no significant difference in sucrose content in upper,middle and lower stems parts at every stage which appeared similar changing trends,decreased gradually from bud standing stage and reached the minimum at full blooming stage,decreasing amplitude in sucrose content of lower stems parts was the most(43.55%).Sucrose content in roots and stems were the lowest at full blooming stage,which was higher than that of roots from round peach stage and increased by 48.9% at withering stage.Glucose and fructose content in stems was higher than those that in every stage,and there were significant differences in sucrose,glucose and fructose content between roots and stems.In conclusion,sucrose in roots started to turn into glucose and fructose at bud standing stage in tree peony,increasing glucose and fructose content in stems could provide energy for flower opening;Glucose and fructose content in roots and stems began to decline at withering stage,white sucrose content increased.


This article concentrates on the influence of logistic tourism infrastructure on the volume of tourism. Accordingly, the goal of the paper is to identify the elements of the logistic tourism infrastructure that significantly impact the number of arrivals at tourist accommodation establishments. The analysis was based on panel data for select European countries.


In the article by Brian G. Priestly and Gabriel L. Plaa, Vol. 174, No. 2, August 1970, in table 1 the printer inadvertently deleted the lines indicating statistical significance. Table 1 should be corrected as follows.

[See table in the PDF file]


This study examines the effect that private religious schools have on self-esteem. Using data collected from 21 Catholic, evangelical and secular private schools in Guatemala, comparisons are made to determine if there are differences between these school types in students' self-esteem and academic confidence. Hierarchical linear models are constructed to further examine school differences in the presence of controls for gender and gender ideology, family influence and various religious measures. Contrary to many previous findings, results in this study show that Catholic school students generally have lower levels of self-esteem and academic confidence than students at other types of private religious schools. These lower Catholic school findings persist for measures of reflected appraisals and math confidence even in the presence of relevant controls. Full models also show that gender ideology, family background, and religious beliefs and practices have a significant effect on student self-esteem and academic confidence. Overall, results highlight the key role that religious beliefs and religious saliency have on student self-esteem.


Micro-algae are one of the most reactive group of photosynthetic organisms regarding pigment composition. Indeed, cells adjust their pigment pool as a physiological response to the extremely variable light environment they inhabit. Thus, because of pigment dynamics and functions, the estimation of absorption properties of these organisms is primordial to assess micro-algae photosynthetic capabilities. However, optical properties are often estimated by spectrophotometry, either in vitro after an extractive procedure which modifies pigment optical properties, or in vivo on suspended cells in water which increases the scattering phenomenon. To overcome these limitations, and to asses in vivo cell optical properties, the current study outlines a method based on reflectance measurement by hyperspectral radiometry.


We present a consecutive derivation of mapping equations of motion for the one-dimensional classical hydrogenic atom in a monochromatic field of any frequency. We analyze this map in the case of high and low relative frequency of the field and transition from regular to chaotic behavior. We show that the map at aphelion is suitable for investigation of transition to chaotic behavior also in the low frequency field and even for adiabatic ionization when the strength of the external field is comparable with the Coulomb field. Moreover, the approximate analytical criterion (taking into account the electron's energy increase by the influence of the field) yields a threshold field strength quite close to the numerical results. We reveal that transition from adiabatic to chaotic ionization takes place when the ratio of the field frequency to the electron Kepler frequency approximately equals 0.1. For the dynamics and ionization in a very low frequency field the Kepler map can be converted to a differential equation and solved analytically. The threshold field of the adiabatic ionization obtained from the map is only 1.5% lower than the exact field strength of static field ionization.


Every day there are many people that travel by train. There are also many people that have a delay caused by this travelling. This delay can be a small delay of a few minutes or a big delay. A big delay can be caused when passengers miss their connecting train because of a small delay of the feeder train. To satisfy the passengers in the feeder train, the connecting train can wait for these passengers. But then the passengers in the connecting train are delayed and can miss their connecting train at another station. So the decision to be made for the connecting train is waiting for the delayed feeder train or departing on the scheduled time. This problem is known as delay management. In this thesis we will look at online delay management, this is useful in real life. Because in real life the delays are not known beforehand. For the online delay management we will use a simulation of a real life timetable and we will generate delays. With decision rules, we will use in the simulation, we can decide if a connecting train waits for a delayed feeder train or depart on the scheduled time. Finally, we evaluate the number of passengers that have a delay and the total delay of all passengers for the different decision rules.


Since the first notions of fully homomorphic encryption more than 30 years ago, there has been numerous attempts to develop such a system. Finally, in 2009 Craig Gentry succeeded. Homomorphic encryption brings great advantages but it seems that, at least for now, it also brings many practical difficulties. Furthermore, in the last couple of years, several other fully homomorphic systems arose where each has its one advantages and drawbacks. However, with the developments in cloud computing, we need it more than ever to become practical for real-world usages. In this paper we are discussing the strengths and weaknesses of homomorphic encryption and we give a brief description of several promising fully homomorphic encryption systems. Next, we give a special attention to the homomorphic encryption systems for cloud computing. Finally, we discuss some recent developments by IBM and their open-source library for homomorphic encryption.


In present time building materials science is increasingly considering the basic properties of substances, the parameters of phenomena and processes involved in the formation of materials on a nanoscale scale. Carbon nanomaterials due to their structural and energy characteristics, unique mechanical, thermal and optical properties are of increased interest not only as an object of scientific research. But also as an object of technology that provides control of the structure formation of the composite and giving it a level of quality. Phenomena and processes related to the behavior of multilayer carbon nanotubes in hydrocarbon media are considered. Based on the Traxler coefficient a forecast of the type of plasticizer with maximum compatibility with carbon multilayer tubes was carried out. The relationship between the molecular weight of hydrocarbon plasticizers and the concentration of carbon primary nanomaterials in the studied systems on the dispersing ability and stabilizing effect of the medium has been established. The features of the interaction of carbon nanotubes with hydrocarbon plasticizers and their effect on the properties of polymer modified binders were shown.


Karnataka state is a state of India with diverse agro-climatic zones.In 2001 it had a population of 53 million and 66% of population habitants living in villages. Agriculture is still major occupation in the rural areas of Karnataka and more than 90% of rural people are dependent on agriculture and agro-industries. However irregular rainfall patterns,pest attacks and poor nutrient management are resulting more frequently in crop failures. This has resulted in agrarian distress as with crop failures, farmers are unable to repay the loans. The government of Karnataka introduced Karnataka state policy of organic farming to decrease agrarian distress. In order to asses the impacts of this policy on agriculture, economic and ecological sustainability were compared among organic agriculture and conventional agriculture in two districts, Mysore and Chitradurga. Input and output relationships of agriculture were quantified by a technical coefficient generator (TechnoGIN). Four scenarios were selected for comparing the organic and conventional agriculture: 1) Difference between organic agriculture and conventional agriculture in current situation; 2)Projecting changes in future for the year 2015; 3)Different impacts of crop failure on debts of farmers; 4)Optimal nutrient management in conventional and organic agriculture. The data used were based on own field surveys and farm surveys by ATREE NGO), agricultural scientist expertise and literature review. Economic indicators included gross income, fertilizer costs and net profit and the ecological indicators included nitrogen losses, nitrogen surpluses, water requirements and the biocide index. Results shows that different crop rotations vary in profitability while comparing organic and conventional agriculture, but the risk of getting in debt are more in conventional than organic even while projecting the changes for the year 2015. The nitrogen losses and surpluses are more in conventional than organic agriculture but there is problem of nitrogen mining in organic farming. In the end we can conclude that due to low costs of inputs in organic compared to conventional agriculture,Karnataka state policy of organic farming can reduce distress in the selected villages in Mysore and Chitradurga due to low risk of getting debts. However,considering the major crops,organic farming is less of an option in Mysore,as productivity and hence profitability is lower compared to conventional farming.


Congenital problems can be caused by genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. Some of these
problems can be treated through different methods. These methods of treatment depend on the level
defection. A twenty-fi ve days old female cross bred buffalo calf was presented at out-door of Department
of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
with a complaint of an extra tail and maggots' infestation.


Since DMB on-air was started, not high-qualified audio, video services but various service models have been required. This paper is about systems for one of these services, video associated data service. A terrestrial DMB system to make contents of video associated data services and transmit them on DMB channel is proposed in this paper. This system satisfies standard of the video associated data services for terrestrial DMB; MPEG-4 BIFS (BInary Format for Scene) Core2D scene description profile and graphics profile. This system is designed to support two major features of broadcasting, real-time authoring non automatic transmission and non real-time authoring automatic transmission, and focuses on the abilities to make high-qualified contents efficiently and transmit them to video encoder reliably. This system proved its performance through conformance tests with various receivers, so can be used in future on-air.


We describe a dilatometer which is an improved version of the one previously used in this laboratory. It consists of a doubly twisted strip of beryllium copper with a mirror attached to its central region. This system is immersed in liquid helium II. Dilations of the sample are sensed by this system via a thin diaphragm, causing rotations of the mirror, which is detected by an external optical lever. The system has a sensitivity to relative length changes Δl/l of 10−11. Copper has been used as the test material to evaluate the performance of the instrument. It has been possible to make direct measurements of α, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, down to 2 K for ΔT=0.2 deg. These results yield α=1.3×10−10 T+2.7×10−11 T3 deg−1. The ratio of these terms is much more accurately known than the absolute values because of uncertainty in the absolute calibration. The linear term leads to an electronic Gruneisen γ of 0.57. This value is compared with recent theoretical and experimental values.


This article studies the relation between fatigue properties and pearlite content, nodularity level and nodular count. It points out that the fatigue crack propagates in pearlite layers according to the fatigue crack propagation mechanism. The resistance of fatigue propagation is high.


This Master thesis highlights some basic features and applications of the vanna-volga method and its accuracy when pricing plain vanillas and simple barrier options. In the paper we derive formulas for premiums of vanilla FX options using two versions of the vanna-volga method – the exact vanna-volga method and the simplified vanna-volga method. We review a very common vanna-volga variation used to price the first-generation exotics and the application of the vanna-volga method to construct the implied volatility surface. Furthermore, we briefly discuss a popular stochastic volatility model that aims to take the smile effect into account – the Heston model. Its accuracy and efficiency is further compared with that of the vanna-volga method. In the part of the thesis, which is devoted to calibration results, we compare the results obtained by the exact vanna-volga method, the simplified vanna-volga method and the Heston model. We also investigate the accuracy of the vanna-volga method applied to barrier options. All the plots and graphs in this thesis were produced by programs implemented by the author in MATLAB. These programs are available on request.


The matching pursuits (MP) coding method has been employed successfully in video coding. In it, the motion compensated frame difference is decomposed on an overcomplete dictionary of atoms, generating a sequence of pairs specifying the atoms used and their corresponding coefficients. A particular rate-distortion trade-off is achieved by setting both the number of atoms and the quantizers of their coefficients. Several strategies have been presented in order to set this trade-off. In this paper we propose a novel method for performing matching pursuits quantization, based on the notion of decomposition in generalized bit-planes. Such decompositions generate just a sequence of indexes. They provide an elegant solution to the trade-off between quantization of coefficients and number of passes in the MP algorithm. We show that they can be regarded as generalizations of decompositions followed by linear quantization of the coefficients. In addition, we state a theorem that sets bounds for their R-D performance. We test the effectiveness of the proposed method using the framework of Neff and Zakhor's MP video encoder. The results obtained are promising, presenting, without any ad-hoc assumptions about the R-D behavior of the coded frames or any increase in computational complexity, a significant improvement over the classical MP video coders. Also, the results are as good as the ones obtained employing more sophisticated strategies.


In this letter, an improved bit-flipping (BF) decoder for generalized LDPC over AWGN channels is proposed. It takes the advantage of the fast BF decoding with only initial help from the channel soft information by introducing a classification step at first. Second, it adds an auxiliary bit in messages between the bipartite graph nodes as a tool for increasing the decision reliability and improving the performance. The reliability is presented as a tool for diminishing the effect of the generated trapping sets. The proposed classification threshold is mathematically derived, and the algorithm is revealed to surpass the various BF algorithms concerning the bit error rate performance.


Compressive neuropathies present with focal symptoms.Polysensory neuropathies present with multifocal or symmetric symptoms.Clinical examination alone can differentiate between compressive and polysensory neuropathy.Electrodiagnostic studies can distinguish between types of polysensory neuropathies.


This paper investigated the multiple roles that IT plays in competition among enterprises,and the strategic logics behind the roles from the perspective of linkage among resources.This perspective expands the theory boundary and logic thought of resource - based view,helping enterprises successfully cope with the challenges of IT commoditization and convergence.


The Pimlico District Heating Undertaking (PDHU) was London's first attempt at neighborhood heating. Built in the 1950s to supply landmark social housing project Churchill Gardens, the district heating system sent heat from nearby Battersea power station into the radiators of the housing estate. The network is a rare example in the United Kingdom, where, unlike other European states, district heating did not become widespread. Today the heating system supplies more than 3,000 homes in the London Borough of Westminster, having survived the closure of the power station and the privatization of the housing estate it supplies. Therefore, this article argues, the neighborhood can be understood as a heterotopia, a site of an alternative sociotechnical order. This concept is used to understand the layers of economic, political, and technological rationalities that have supported PDHU and to question how it has survived radical changes in housing and energy policy in the United Kingdom. This lens allows us to see the tension between the urban planning and engineering perspective, which celebrates this system as a future-oriented "experiment," and the reality of managing and using the system on the estate. The article analyzes this technology-enabled standard of living as a social contract between state and citizen, suggesting this is a way to analyze contemporary questions of district energy.


Semi-supervised learning algorithms are applied to classification problems where only a small portion of the data points is labeled. In these cases, the reliability of the labels in the labeled subset is very important, because mislabeled samples may propagate their wrong labels to a large portion of the data set. This paper presents a novel and efficient semi-supervised learning graph-based method specifically designed to handle data sets with mislabeled samples. It uses walking particles with cooperative and competitive behavior in order to propagate labels. The proposed model also incorporates some features to make it robust to large amounts of mislabeled samples. Computer simulations show the performance of the method in the presence of different amounts of mislabeled data, in networks of different sizes and mixtures. These simulations identify critical points of mislabeled subset size, below which the network is free of wrong label contamination, but above which the mislabeled samples start to propagate their labels to the rest of the network. Moreover, the proposed method is compared to other representative semi-supervised learning graph-based methods and its performance in real-world data sets is increasingly better than the others as the amount of mislabeled samples in the data set increases.


Vehicle re-identification (re-id) is a promising topic, which focuses on retrieving the same vehicles across different cameras. It is challenging due to the variations of illumination and camera viewpoints. To solve these problems, we present a multi -attribute driven vehicle re-id approach to learn discriminative representations. The proposed approach consists of a multi-branch architecture and a re-ranking strategy. The multi-branch architecture extracts color, model, and appearance features, which explicitly leverages the vehicle attribute cues to enhance the generalization ability, especially for the different vehicles with similar appearance and the same vehicles with different orientations. The re-ranking strategy introduces the spatial-temporal relationship among vehicles from multiple cameras to construct the similar appearance sets and utilizes Jaccard distance between these similar appearance sets to re-rank. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art re-id methods on the popular VeRi-776 dataset and VehiclelD dataset.


A lifting hook is a device for grabbing and lifting loads by means of a device such as a hoist or a crane. A lifting hook is usuallyequipped with a safety latch to prevent the disengagement of the lifting wire rope sling, chain or rope to which the load is attached. Crane hook is always subjected to failure due to the accumulation of a large amount of stress concentration which caneventually lead to its failure. To study the stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition, a solid model of crane hook isprepared with the help of Solid Works 19.0 software. The pattern of stress distribution in the 3D model of the crane hook isobtained using ANSYS 19.2 software. In this present work, the obtained stresses by using finite element analysis and the WinklerBatch method in different cross-sections are compared & to reduce the stress formed in sections by changing its designparameters (changing the mass of material in trapezoidal section). The stress concentration factors are used in strength anddurability evaluation of structure and machine elements. It is observed that stress is affected if the weight is increased.


Problems of effective numerical calculations in scientific applications are caused by non-optimal front-end application code or ineffective system of scientific data management at back-end. In this article author presents some aspects of performance problems when relational database is used as backend storage based on real cases. Presented examples come from simulated environments with large load and many queries executed. These examples can reflect real problems with data processing in numerical calculations on data extracted from MSSQL Server database.


It is difficult to deal with the civil remedy of unregistered trademarks in the third modification of trademark law, and there are different opinions about the necessity, reasons and the realizing way etc. Unregistered trademarks belong to a kind of legal interests that doesn't count as rights and should be protected by law under the voluntary registration principle. However, through the normative analysis we found that the trademark law could give only limited protection to those unregistered trademarks which have been used for a time and made an effect, while the anti-unfair competition law could not protect those trademarks either. During the third modification of the trademark law, we should analyze possible situations about the conflicts of efficacy between unregistered trademarks and registered trademarks or other commercial signs, make it clear whether these trademarks should be protected or not, figure out the ways to carry out protections, and perfect the protection of common unregistered trademarks.


In the 1997/98 school year we conducted a study examining the social skills of eight children with specific language impairment (SLI). These children were observed in a variety of contexts, including cooperative learning groups (Brinton, Fujiki, Montague, & Hanton, 2000) and free play on the playground (Fujiki, Brinton, Isaacson, & Summers, 2001). In addition, social status was assessed through peer nomination and acceptance measures (Fujiki, Brinton, Hart & Fitzgerald, 1999). In 2006 we attempted to relocate these individuals to reassess their language abilities and social functioning. We located five students still in the same school district and were able to obtain permission to assess four of these individuals. The following poster will examine the social status of these individuals 7 years later.


In the process of coal mine production, rock burst accidents near faults occur frequently. In order to further reveal the induced mechanism of fault slip rock burst, a numerical simulation method for dynamic calculation of fault slip under the influence of mining is proposed, and the law of fault slip and dynamic response characteristics of the stope are studied. The study shows that with the working face getting closer to the fault, the fault activity and the number of high-energy microseismic events increase significantly, and the fault slip dynamic load has a significant impact on the vibration velocity and abutment stress of coal and rock mass near the stope. Under the effect of a strong fault slip dynamic load, the coal and rock mass in the area with peak abutment stress undergo plastic failure and release a large amount of energy, and the potential of fault slip rock burst is high. The evaluation index I cd of rock burst hazard under fault slip dynamic load is proposed, and the rock burst hazard of working face passing through the fault is analyzed. The research results provide a theoretical basis for further revealing the induced mechanism and hazard assessment of fault slip rock bursts.


This paper aims to highlight current trends in L2 vocabulary learning and instruction. Scholars in the field of linguistics posit that the learner needs to access a target word's both semantic and morphophonological form in order to achieve deep vocabulary learning. Research indicates the importance of activating prior knowledge, learning vocabulary in context, active processing of L2 vocabulary and being provided with multiple exposures to a word thereby approaching incremental vocabulary learning. The results of an experiment show a significant effect of CLIL (p= .000) on L2 vocabulary knowledge. The One-way ANOVA demonstrates that the CLIL group outperformed the group which was exposed to the word list method, and the group which was taught the curriculum subject through the medium of L1. Observation data confirm that CLIL presents target words through rich and meaningful content being systematically organised and recycled with positive outcomes on vocabulary acquisition.


Two single crystals of beryllium with the basal plane tilted -20 and 45 deg , respectively, were subjected to eight zone refining passes which resulted in sufficient curvature to make funther melting difficult. A specimen of the 20 deg crystal underwent, without fracture, a l8O deg bend about a radius approx equal to its diameter, 0.112 in. A specimen of the 45 deg crystal was tested to fracture in tension, and exhibited a 156% glide strain on the basal plane, equivalent to 92% elongation. Comparison of the critical resolved shear stress for basal slip of the 45 deg crystal, 520 psi, with previously reported values suggests that the observed increase in ductility is the result of a decrease in the impurity concentration. The orientation of a third crystal, tested in tension, was such as to produce the duplex slip on (1010) planes. The resolved shear stress on the basal plane at yielding was -2000 psi. A 40% over-all elongation was produced with rather severe localized necking to almost a kife- edge fracture. (B.O.G.)


Research studies have validated an epidemic of grossly underreported, preventable injuries due to medical management. Analysis of these events demonstrates that most are caused by weak systems. Patient safety improvement requires multi-level system changes, including addressing thorny challenges, such as attenuating the prevalent culture of 'blame and shame'—singling out individual providers and blaming them for errors. Team training solutions have been offered as a way to make healthcare safer. Stand-alone team training of medical personnel has had limited effectiveness in this prevalent cultural context. Although individuals and teams trained in crew resource management may understand the benefits of crew management training, the cultural elements remain in the workplace to undermine lasting impact. An innovative team training risk modification programme is proposed to help inculcate safety into the organizational process. The clinical risk modification programme is built on three principles that have made commercial aviation safety a standard for health care to emulate: transparency; standardization; and simulation-based team training. Although, this risk modification model is based on initial work performed in aviation, significant differences require modifications to address the complex and unique issues in medicine. Clinical risk modification makes it possible to translate experience and expertise developed in other technologically advanced, hazardous industries and apply those lessons to the medical community. This paper proposes coupling these concepts with effective team training tools to make health care safer.


The best confusing moment concerned with historic environment conservation in Korea is to be asked following questions ; "Why should conserve," "What should conserve," "Who should conserve," "How should conserve". Now we are positioned can't find satisfactory answers for questions. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to find solutions to fit into our conditions, and to survey and to analyze historic environments thoroughly. In terms of this concerns, this study is focused on "What should conserve". For this, this study selects Yangdong traditional village and introduces two stages to progress ; the interpretation of village and the extraction of conservation subjects. Ultimately this study tried to interpret its changing process, to understand and find conservation subjects for historic environment conservation. The steps for interpretation of village are divided into 6 periods ; Chosen period(Appearance/Growth), Modern period(Transitions/Alteration), Present period(Stagnation/Adaptation). In the each period, distinct phases are found with a shift of the times. And conservation subjects which have been extracted from the village interpretation are divided into two sectors ; physical resources and non-physical resources. It is predicted that some particular attributes in the village(e. g. attributes in subordinate relation, change process, life order and legislation) and the realistic condition inside or outside of the village are to be operated as more important factors than the simple physical resources like nature, human/social and historical/cultural resources.


The pseudo random sequences generated from the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) can be used to construct in Built-In Self-Test (BIST) modules as well as for cryptographic applications. Accounted as the structured method of self-testing for an IC, BIST is a must for mission critical applications such as medical and automotives. One of the major components of BIST is pattern generator block which supplies required patterns for testing the quality and performance of a circuit under test. Quality of testing is also decided by the number of faults detected by these patterns supplied by the pattern generator. A pattern generator which can supply a better range of patterns is more efficient and preferred as a large number of faults can be covered. Our work focusses on designing a pattern generator designed in the platform of an LFSR and leverages the different circuit structures based on a characteristic polynomial. The proposed pattern generator can generate patterns based on any degree of polynomial and for any LFSR structure Galois, Fibonacci, complete or reseeding thus enabling this circuit to be suitable for pseudorandom, pseudo exhaustive or exhaustive in the case of circuits with few inputs. The FPGA implementation is done in BASYS 3 board and ASIC implementation using Cadence Genus tool.


Online information services supply is a rapidly growing sector of the electronic information services market. Because of the significant and, sometimes, substantial discrepancies in the results of studies about the online information services market during recent years, the Commission of the European Communities launched an ambitious initiative in 1989 with the objective of laying foundations for the regular collection and publication of more reliable statistics about the information services industry in the EC. This initiative took the form of a collaborative project within the framework of the so-called Information Market Observatory of the EC member states to collect statistical data from host organisations based in the EC and engaged in the provision of electronic information services for professional users in 1988. This report contains some results of this EC-wide survey


ABSTRACT
The objectives of this thesis was to describe the ReligionEelementsin Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown. The method applied in this research was descriptive qualitative method. This research used human instrument by herself. The data was analyzed by describing the elements of religion in short story. In collecting the data, the researcher read the short story and in analysing the data the researcher identifying religion element according to Rees theory. Based on the result of data analysis, the researcher found out data that: 1) God (s) and forces in the public square. The first element was belief in God2)sacred symbols (re) defining what is real were staff, meditation, ceremony, holy psalm, pulpit and Bible 3) sacred stories connecting past, present and future was good Cristians and honestmen,and 4) a community worshiping and acting together was Cristian congregation.In conlusion, the religion elements in Young Goodman Brown short story included belief, attitude and action in everyday life.
Key word:Short Story, Religion Element


1. A method of controlling an electronic device, the method comprising the steps of: output one of a first broadcast signal from among a plurality of broadcast signals, and the stored content; recognize the user's motion through the motion recognition module; iesli output the first broadcast signal, control the level of the first broadcast signal volume or the alternate first broadcast signal to a second broadcast signal from among a plurality of broadcast signals in response to user motion, and if output the stored content, the change of at least a portion of the screen , which displays the content provided in response to the movement polzovatelya.2. A method according to Claim. 1, wherein the broadcast signal is received from the broadcast receiving unit, wherein the stored content is stored in the storage unit is received from the external input unit of the terminal or received from the network interfeysa.3. A method according to Claim. 1, wherein the stored content includes a plurality of pages including the first page and the second page, wherein the step of varying at least part of the screen comprises the step of the stop display of the first page and displaying the second stranitsu.4. A method according to claim. 3, wherein the step of varying at least part of the screen comprises the step of displaying the first page is stopped and displayed page which is located adjacent to the first page, in response to the movement direction polzovatelya.5. A method according to Claim. 1, wherein the stored content includes one page, comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the step of varying at least part of the screen comprises:


A hardware and software system has recently been developed to investigate the stability of proton beams in the PS. Based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of high resolution sampled bunch measurements, the system attempts to monitor all modes of coherent longitudinal dipolar instability during a complete acceleration cycle. A fast Digital Signal Processor (DSP) controls a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) module which measures, to 20ps resolution, the time interval between two pulse trains. The reference signal is based on a fundamental RF train whilst the 'Hit' signal is derived from the beam. Under Windows 95, a powerful Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed displaying results in both time and frequency domains. Interfacing to the PS Control System, a Front-End Computer (FEC) receives GUI user requests of data treatment and sample range selected. This triggers further work in the embedded DSP's RealTime (RT) task, calculating the processed data subset from a TDC acquisition burst. This report gives a detailed account of the work done in the design, implementation, and testing of the new PS Mode Measurement System


Generally, rice plan ts infected with both rice wngro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTS\i) showed severe symptoms, a market reduction in grain yield and retardation in growth. RTBV-infecred plants showed milder symptoms with a lower yield reduction and growth retardation. RTSV-infected plams showed no clear symptoms and the lowest yield reduction and growth retardation. Irrespective of virus species in plants, the infected plants of the cultivar Balimau Putih showed the lowest yield reduction and growth retardation. followed hy plants of the Palasithari, Sigadis, and Utri Ra japan cultivars. Infected plants of the BW 272-6B, FK-135 and TN-1 cultivars displayed a greater yield reduction and growth retardation. Grain yield reduction in the BW 272-6B, FK· I~-l5 and TNl plants infected with both RTBV and RTSV or RTBV alone was greater than 85 % in BW 272-6B, FK-135 and TNl, hut less than 20 % in Balimau Putih. The reduction in grain yield in the RTSV-infected plants was as high as 40 % in IR36, about 20 % in IR54 and TN 1, and less than 5 % in Balimau Putih, Sigadis and Utri Rajapan. Generally, the yield reduction was higher in the plants infected at 3 weeks after soaking than in the plants infected at 1 to 5 weeks. The reduction was the lowest in the plants infected ;,t 7 weeks. RTBV concentration in doubly infected plants was high in BW 272-6B, IR36 and TNl but low in Balimau Putih.]hingasail, Palasithari and Utri Rajapan. RTBV concentration was low in plants with milder symptoms. RTSV concentration was not significantly different among the plants with more severe and milder symptoms. Introduction Among the rice virus diseases occurring in South and South-East Asia, tungro is the most important one (Rivera and Ou, 1965; Ling, 1972). It is a composite disease caused by the rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) (Hibino et al., 1978,1979; Omura et al., 1983). These viruses are transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the green ieafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and some other leafhoppers (Hibino 1983a, 1983b; Hibino et al., 1979). Interactions between the two viruses, and the vector leafhopper and rice plant are complex (Cabauatan and Hibino, 1985; Hibino, 1983b; Hibino et al., 1978, 1987, 1988). Tungro disease has been controlled mainly by the use of resistant cultivars. Most of the tungro-resistant high-yielding cultivars seem to be resistant only to the vector (Hibino et al., 1987). After a few years of intensive cultivation, many of these resistant cultivars have become susceptible to tungro (Dahal et al., 1988; Inoue and Ruay-Aree, 1977; Manwan et al., 1985; Tantera, 1986). Although several cultivars with resistance to the virus agents have been identified (Daquioag et al., 1984), the resistance genes have not been transferred to high-yielding cultivars. Cultivar Balimau Putih had a high level of tolerance (symptomatic resistance) to the tungro-associated viruses (Daquioag et al., 1986). To evaluate cul ti vars for tolerance to tungro and develop screening method for tungro tolerance, we compared the grain yield reduction, growth retardation, and virus concentration in plants of rice cultivars infected singly or doubly with RTBV and RTSV. * Plant Pathologist, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. ** Plant Virologist, International Rice Research Institute, P. 0. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. Materials and methods 1 Viruses and insect 57 A tungro isolate originally collected at Laguna, Philippines was maintained on seedlings of the rice cultivar TNl by successive transfers using GLH. A GLH colony collected at Laguna was maintained for many years on TNl seedlings. The colony was found to be virus-free by testing from time to time the infectivity of the leafhoppers. Inoculated TNl plants were indexed by ELISA. Plants infected with both RTBVand RTSV, or RTSV alone were used as virus sources at 45or60daysafter inoculation. Newly emerged adults were confined for 4 days in a cage with a source plant. Immediately after the acquisition feeding, leafhoppers were used for the inoculation of test plants. 2 Test plants In a preliminary test, 46 rice cultivars were evaluated for their reactions to tungro. Nine cultivars that differed in symptom severity were selected. Among the 9 cultivars, IR36, IR54, Palasithari and Sigadis were resistant to GLH, whereas Balimau Putih, Utri Rajapan, BW272-6B, FK135 and TNl were susceptible. Some other cultivars were also used to study the correlation between the symptom severity and virus concentration. Seedlings were grown in a screenhouse. For inoculation, seediings of the selected cultivars at 1, 3, 5 or 7 weeks, after soaking were confined with virus-exposed GLH in test tubes or cages. Two to three weeks after inoculation, plants were indexed by the latex test or ELISA. Piants infected with both RTBV and RTSV, or RTBV alone were selected from those inoculated with a mixture of RTBV and RTSY. RTSV-infected plants were selected from those inoculated with RTSV alone. 3 Serology 1) Latex test Latex particles (Difeo Bacto-Latex 0.81) were sensitized with either anti-RTBV or -RTSV immunoglobulin (IgG), as described by Omura et al. (1984). Leaf samples about 15 cm long from the second or third youngest leaves of plants were separately homogenized in 0.05 M tris buffer (pH 7.2) in a combined leaf and bud press. Approximately, 30 μl of homogenate was mixed with 15 ul of sensitized latex suspension in each well of ELISA plate. The plate was shaken vigorously for 30-60 min. Clumping of latex particles as observed under a light microscope indicated the presence of the virus antigen. 2) ELISA ELISA procedures essentially followed the methods described by Clark and Adams (1977) and Bajet etal. (1984). Leaf samples were homogenized in 0.1 Mphosphate buffercontaining0.14MNaC! and 0.05 % Tween 20 (PBS-T). For the quantitative analysis, whole plants excluding roots were homogenized with PBS-T. Polystyrene plate (Dyna tech, Chantilly, VA, USA) was coated with IgG at l μg/ml for RTBV and 2 μg/ml for RTSV. IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate was diluted at 1/1000 for RTBV and 1/500 for RTSV. Two wells, one each for RTBV and RTSV, were used for each sample. Extracts of uninoculated plants served as a control. Virus concentration in extracts was indicated by absorbance at 405 nm. Samples with absorbancegreater than 4 times the absorbance (means from 4 wells) of the uninoculated control were considered infected. Results 1 Growth and yield in plants infected at seedling stage Four seedlings of each cultivar, one each infected with both RTBV and RTSV together, RTBV alone, RTSV alone, and a healthy control, were transplanted in a 40 cm clay pot. A total of 45 pots, 5 per cultivar, was arranged randomly in a screenhouse. Plant height at 9 weeks after infection, panicle length, effective tiller number, filled grain number, unfilled grain number, 100-seed weight, filled grain weight, and days to first flowering were recorded for each plant. Two trials were made in


The long term moisturizing effect of ten different skin care products was tested on 22 female volunteers using a low frequency electrical bioimpedance instrument. We found large differences in the moisturizing effect between different products and also large interpersonal variations. Products which gave a large increase in skin hydration on one person could have no effect on another person. These results suggest that there are differences in skin types and that one particu- lar formulation with a given mode of action may be ideal for one skin type but inappropriate for another.


The inverted-pendulum example is used to illustrate how to program the fuzzy controller with the pseudocode.The linguistic-numeric descriptions for input and output membership functions are in troduced.This program is universal and transplantable.


Background: The sudden exposure of premature newborns to a cold and dry environment can lead to hypothermia. This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of two polyethylene covers on the body temperature and oxygen saturation of premature neonates. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 72 premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The study subjects were randomly assigned into three groups, including the neonates with polyethylene head cap, polyethylene body bag, and routine care. The data were collected using a thermometer and a pulse oximeter. The data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures ANOVA, and Tukey test using SPSS (version 18) software. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean body temperature of control and intervention groups immediately after their NICU admission and 1 h later. Other significant differences were found in the mean of oxygen saturation belonging to the control group and the hat group upon admission and 1 h later. Also, the mean scores of oxygen saturation belonging to the control group were compared with those of the bag group, and the differences were significantly different 1 h after the admission. Conclusion: In the light of these findings, the application of both polyethylene head cap and body bag can maintain the body temperature and oxygen saturation in the premature neonates transferring to the NICU. In particular, the head cap seems to better improve than oxygen saturation.


In this paper, we will focus on the constraints found in sequencing consonants in onset. Onset consonants are optional in English syllable structure. The interesting observations concerning onset in English are found in CC or CCC sequence including /s/. Such /s/ sequences have not only been considered an exception to the sonority sequencing principle, but have also been explained to constitute a single segment under the onset rather than a branching constituent. The purpose of this paper is to review the analyses of CC or CCC sequences including /s/ and to present and analysis of English initial consonant clusters different form the previous analyses. /s/+consonant clusters are neither a single segment nor a branching constituent. They are, in fact, heterosyllabic rather than tautosyllabic. /s/ is in coda of the preceding syllable, while C or CC cluster is in onset of the following syllable.


In 1999, most commercial FPGAs, like the Altera Flex and Xilinx Virtex FPGAs already had cluster-based logic blocks. However, the modeling and evaluation of these sorts of architectures was still in its infancy. In the previous year, Betz had shown that cluster-based logic blocks led to improved density. The real advantage of clustered-based logic blocks, though, was speed, as this paper demonstrates. In doing so, this paper opened up an entirely new research area, setting the framework for numerous packing algorithms that have become a fundamental part of any FPGA CAD flow.


Long time-consuming reporting is an issue that always arises on conventional transaction data processing. Especially in accounting systems that have output more than one type of report. In addition, the pressure of work often makes an accountant become less concentration that can lead to mistakes in journalizing, posting to create reports. For that done a qualitative research with case study method of financial data at PT. PNM ULaMM PTPM Pontianak with the aim to verify the reliability of an accounting software with the advantage of time efficiency. The results can be seen that accounting software (Accounting Information System) is able to process data transactions quickly, precisely and accurately and generate relevant reports.

Key Word: Accounting Information System, Zahir Accounting, PT. PNM


A simple method based on the invariance property of the cross-ratio of the bilinear transformation is described in which complex reflection coefficient values obtained with a reflectometer are traced back to calculable air line impedance standards. First experimental results obtained for various coaxial systems and frequencies up to 18 GHz are presented. >


: A LiBr/LiOH non-eutectic mixture shows a potentially outstanding heat energy density of 800 J/g at a constant temperature, which makes it a very promising candidate for heat storage applications around 300 °C. However, salt-based phase change materials are known for their too low thermal conductivity which can question the thermal storage systems effective feasibility. The objective here is to infiltrate a carbon felt of high porosity (> 93%) with the LiBr/LiOH mixture to anticipate this deficiency. The device has to be adapted according to the properties and the characteristics of the studied storage and host materials. The developed procedure for the carbon felt infiltration with the synthesized binary system is presented. The optimised working conditions allow (1) minimizing the interaction time duration between the quartz tube and the salt-based mixture and, (2) verifying the good chemical compatibility of the mixture with


In the technologies, increasing attention is being paid to image fusion; nevertheless, how to objectively assess the quality of fused images and the performance of different fusion algorithms is of significance. In this paper, we propose a novel objective non-reference measure for evaluating image fusion. This metric employs the properties of Arimoto entropy, which is a generalization of Shannon entropy, measuring the amount of information that the fusion image contains about two input images. Preliminary experiments on multi-focus images and multi-modal images using the average fusion algorithm, contrast pyramid, principal component analysis, laplacian pyramid, guided filtering and discrete cosine transform have been implemented. In addition, a comparison has been conducted with other relevant quality metrics of image fusion such as mutual information, normalized mutual information, Tsallis divergence and the Petrovic measure. The experimental results illustrate that our presented metric correlates better with the subjective criteria of these fused images.


This paper presents tests of different methods for long term voltage stability analysis based on PMU measurements. In particular, Thevenin Impedance Matching and sensitivity calculation are studied. Simulation are performed in a Argentine power system model, modified to include the main components for studying long term voltage stability. In particular, Disconnection of a large Thermal Generating Station causing long-term voltage instability at Gran Buenos Aires Area is studied. It is shown that computing the apparent impedance of Thevenin equivalent at a load bus from measurements taken at a single time but at various locations of the transmission corridor produce a significant reduction of the estimation error respect from the case when only local measurements are used. Voltage Stability analysis is performed using a reduced power system model with changing parameters that are computed only with PMU data at each time. Voltage stability index and sensibility calculations are performed using this reduced power system model.


The new max-count aggregation operator presented finds the maximum number of 2D moving points that overlap a moving query rectangle within a specified time interval. Two linearly moving points define the query rectangle which may move, and grow or shrink over time. We give the first constant running-time estimation algorithm to solve the max-count aggregation problem in two dimensions. The estimation algorithm uses 4D buckets to index objects. The implementation of the max-count estimation algorithm and the experimental data show that the method exhibits good accuracy and speed


source of irritation which had previously existed in their immediate neighbourhood, and the stimulus of use. There could be no doubt that the head and neck of the femur in the case of the thigh-stump which had been preserved by the removal of the sequestra, the largest of which was exhibited to the Society, was in a state of osteoporosis at the time these sequestra were extracted. The amount of irritation to which the bone had been subjected, the length of time that had elapsed, together with the conditions observed in analogous cases where the opportunity of examining the conditions had been afforded, sufficiently established the fact. The author concluded by observing, that while adopting generally the views of Baron Larrey, before quoted, in reference to the nature, progress, and treatment of osteomyelitis after gunshot injuries, the following appeared to be fair deductions from the facts and observations he had brought to the notice of the Society. 1. In gunshot injuries of bone, it will be found for tle most part-what might be anticipated from the intimate connection which exists between the periosteal and endosteal investments of the bony tissues, and from the violent general mischief effected by the stroke or passage through them of a projectile-that all the structures participate not only in the immediate local destruction, but also in the extended inflammiation which follows, whether the inflammation after a time subsides and terminates in repair, or whether it continues in a chronic form. 2. There exists this difference between the inflammation of the endosteum and that of the periosteum; that of the endosteum has a special tendency after gunshot injuries to degenerate into a chronic condition analogous to that of suppuration in other tissues, to extend itself along the cancellated structure, and ithus to produce disintegration and death of the bony substance; that of the periosteum, at the same time, will exist only to such a degree as to cause it to exert a protective influence by the formation of new bone .around the diseased tissues, just as in ordinary cases of necrosis Loom other causes. 3. If amputation in continuity be performed while the endosteum is suffering from the inflammatory irritation excited by the violent injury to which the whole bone has been subjected, especially when this has assumed a chronic form, the endostitis will most probably still pursue its course, even though the divided soft parts may at first become healed, slowly inducing death, more or less extensive, of bony tissue, and in time the usual consequences of such a condition throughout the whole stump. 4. The morbid condition of the endosteum does not usually extend from the shafts of bones into their apophyses. 5. When amputation has been followed by these consequences, exarticulation should not in any case be resorted to for the removal of the diseased stump, until the effect of complete extraction of the dead bone by proper surgical interference has been ascertained. 6. Experience shows that, even although a patient's constitution may be greatly impaired by the prolonged local diseased action to which it has been subjected, and though there may be every reason to conclude that the articular extremity of a bone is in the condition understood by the term " osteoporosis," yet the complete removal of the endostitic sequestra may speedily be followed by restoration of the general health, and by a condition of the stump so sound and firm that it may be applied to any purpose of utility for which, according to its length and position, it may be competent. SYPHILISATION AS A MEANS OF CUPRING CONSTITUTIONAL SYPHILIS.


Equity accounting in Australia has had a long, chequered history. This article examines that history by reference to a succession of six Exposure Drafts, one Statement of Accounting Practice and two Standards issued between 1968 and 1995. We adapt Nobes' (1991, 1992a. 1992b) cycle model of regulation to explain variation in 'standardization' across these documents. Nobes defined 'standardization' to mean the restriction of choice in accounting methods but we modify the concept to allow for measurement rule 'improvements' and changes in required disclosure levels. Nobes' cycle model has four stages: a starting point of varied practice: energy inputs, often crises, drawing attention to the issue at hand: forces opposing and forces in favour of standardization. A cycle- like pattern of variation in standardization emerges in the present context. Potential shortcomings of the cycle model are addressed, including Skerratt and Whittington's (1992) criticisms of Nobes' cycle model. The article extends the literature with respect to a cyclical explanation of the standard setting process. The cycle pattern evident here reflects a slow and incomplete resolution of various conceptual and legal difficulties in regulating equity accounting in Australia.


Drug discovery is devoted to the topic and draws toge ther knowledge gained on different types of peptidomimetics and other pseudo-peptides with drug prop erties. It includes peptoides (N-substituted oligoglycines) beta-peptides, gamma-peptides, pyrrole-imidazo le p lyamides, DNA-like peptide nucleic acids, Alpha-helical peptide nucleic acids, DNA-cleaving pse udo-peptides in DNA binders as well as peptide nucleic acids. Peptides are among the most versatile bioa ctive molecules, yet they do not make good drugs, because they are quickly degraded or modified in the body. Thus, drug discovery has turned to the novel field of peptidomimetics to design non-peptide compoun ds mimicking the pharmacophore and thus the activity of the original peptide. These novel compou nds open up new perspectives in drug design by providing an entire range of highly specific pharmace uti als that have a high bioavailability. Peptides ar e among the most versatile bioactive molecules, yet the do not make good drugs, because they are quickly degraded or modified in the body. To overcome this pr oblem, stable and at the same time biologically active pseudo-peptides have been developed. These novel compo unds pen up new perspectives in drug design by providing an entire range of highly specific and non -t xic pharmaceuticals. This is the first work devoted to the topic and draws together knowledge gained on dif ferent types of Peptidomimetics and other pseudopeptides with drug properties. As such, it includes pept oids, beta-peptides, polyamide DNA binders as well as peptide nucleic acids. The experts in the field of cheminformatics, chemogenomics, proteomics and genomics discuss chemical properties and stability, bio logical activity and reactivity, as well as practical aspects of synthesis, making this a prime resource for drug developers and bioorganic chemists working with these compounds .


Meteorological conditions on sesame development were introduced.Meteorological conditions of effecting sesame yield were analyzed by statistical methods,and the suggestions of increasing sesame yield were provided.


Differences between recall and recognition performance may be due at least in part to differences in the way information is stored. This possibility was explored in a paired-associate learning task by varying 6"s knowledge at the time of study of how he would be tested on a particular stimulus-response pair. It was found that when 5 knew how he would be tested, his performance was better on recall but worse on recognition than when he did not know how he would be tested. These results were interpreted as support for the assertion that differences in storage processes partially account for recall-recognition performance differences. A model which postulates a distinction between short-term and long-term memory provided an excellent fit to the data and suggested possible storage strategies for recall and recognition.


BACKGROUND: Previous studies of platelet allele frequencies in Sub‐Saharan African populations enabled us to identify discrepancies in HPA‐3 typing, suggesting the presence of new mutations and of a greater polymorphism than so far described in other populations.


Following the previous report by the authors (Muto et al., 2005), new experiments were carried out in order to study the effects of design of groynes on bed evolution in a curved open channel. How scouring and depositions on the inner sand bar are produced by the groynes, which are known as wando and tamari, were of the main interest.A sand bar which is usually formed along the inner bank is divided into two parts when the groynes are installed. The downstream part of the bar tends to be higher than the case without groynes, since the bed material left from the eroded region is captured by the groynes. The size of scouring area is decided mainly by the height of the groynes among the tested design parameters. By changing the height according to the basic geomorphology of the sand bar, a wider range of the size of scouring hole is produced, which will provide a better environmental background for aquatic natural lives.


This paper reports on a system for musical information retrieval environments called SMILE. SMILE implements a methodology designed to cope with content-based musical retrieval. The innovation provided by the methodology is due to the synergic combination of sound information retrieval techniques and computer-based melodic surface extraction algorithms. The innovative corollary is that the latter extracts content-descriptive musical phrases from both documents and queries by thus permitting a clear separation between information being searched and indexes describing the semantic content. The information retrieval techniques are employed to index, retrieve, and rank by score the musical documents judged relevant to the final users' information need. Two types of retrieval functions are provided -- a querying function based on a virtual keyboard played by the user, and a browsing function to navigate an automatically constructed hyper-music which is made of documents and phrases. Hyper-music links are constructed automatically and are based on content, i. e. the algorithms used to detect links employ the index-based description of the musical document content.


MR vascular Fingerprinting proposes to use the MR Fingerprinting framework to quantitatively and simultaneously map several microvascular characteristics at a sub-voxel scale. The initial implementation assessed the local blood oxygenation saturation (SO 2), blood volume fraction (BVf) and vessel averaged radius (R) in humans and rodent brains using simple 2D representations of the vascular network during dictionary generation. In order to improve the results and possibly extend the approach to pathological environments and other biomarkers, we propose in this study to use 3D realistic vascular geometries in the numerical simulations. 28,000 different synthetic voxels containing vascular networks segmented from whole brain healthy mice microscopy images were created. A Bayesian-based regression model was used for map reconstruction. We show on 8 healthy and 9 tumor bearing rats that realistic vascular representations yield microvascular estimates in better agreement with the literature than 2D or 3D cylindrical models. Furthermore, tumoral blood oxygenation estimates obtained with the proposed approach are the only ones correlating with in vivo optic-fiber measurements performed in the same animals.


The practical application of the concept of traumatic disease (TD) in multiple-injured patients enabled to prioritize treatment methods, led to the introduction of a number of new therapeutic principles, to reduce mortality rate in the acute and early periods of TD associated with head injury and the injuries of musculoskeletal system to 12.3 %; concomitant chest and musculoskeletal injury 4.8 %; concomitant abdominal and musculoskeletal injury 5.3 %; concomitant injury of two or more cavities and musculoskeletal system 15.5 %.


et me start by saying that I am writing to you poolside at a resort in Orlando. I'm in between sessions right now at the International Institute for Informatics and Systemics. In two hours, I V'.rill be presenting my paper on information and communication technology (ICT) literacy and assessment in higher education. This paper is the culmination of a yearlong collaboration with the Educational Testing Service on a new tool designed to measure the ICT competencies of sophomores and juniors. In my study, I worked to integrate these skills directly into course content, and evaluated the outcome V'.rith the ICT Literacy Assessment (for more information go to: www.ets.org). The result was a curriculum intended to monitor incremental progress of students' skill acquisition during a 15week semester.


The inter-satellite links (ISLs) will play an increasingly important role in improving the service performance and enhancing the survivability of global navigation satellite systems. The current signal transmission schemes in ISLs primarily employ constant coded modulation to guarantee a high reliable communication even for the worst channel status, and the adaptive coded modulation (ACM) schemes, such as binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded quadrature phase shift keying or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>QAM) have been introduced to improve spectral efficiency over inter-satellite channels recently. However, the phase discontinuity of the above modulations will widen frequency spectrum and cause the high-voltage transient of transmitter, and the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula>QAM signal through high power amplifier onboard will result in non-linear distortion because of non-constant envelope. In this paper, the association between non-binary LDPC codes and high-order partial response continuous phase modulation with iterative detection is presented as the source of ACM schemes, which effectively inhibits information loss in the process of conversion between bit and symbol probabilities. According to the constellation of BeiDou navigation satellite system in 2020, an open loop ACM control mechanism based on inter-satellite distance is introduced, and implemented by the target bit error rate (BER) and the maximum ratio between the throughput and bandwidth algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed ACM scheme can reduce the BER and improve the power efficiency in the requirement of target BER limit, and provide a higher spectral efficiency under the same transmitting power compared with the existing ACM scheme.


A review of models and methods in nuclear data calculations, for particle reactions, in the energy range below 100 MeV is presented. An overall outline is given of the approaches describing the important mechanisms of nucleon induced reactions and the reliability of the related model parameters is discussed. Indications are given for future investigations. Special emphasis is given to the importance of partial and total level densities.


Tafsir or Quran is the principal and first source of the shariah. Islamic jurists analyzed this source in extracting and introducing legal decisions. Alongside the Mufassir the Muhaddis (experts of Hadith) also exerted tremendous efforts in finding and extracting legal decisions. Although the Mufassir study within the scope of the Quran, collecting the Quran, managing compilation, scrutinizing the chain of narration and accuracy of the text. Abul Fida Ismail ibn Umar Ibn Kathir (707-774) was one of those who studied vigorously the application of Quran, in deriving shariah ruling. Along with the compilation of the Quran, illustration, he also played a vital role in deriving shariah ruling in the light of the Quran. He authored many worthy books in this field too on top of that he was also a great scholar of the Quran. This paper presents his invaluable contribution to deriving shariah ruling. The narrative method was applied in writing this paper. Many documents including the Quranic text and Hadith and major books in this field were also referred. The current paper ultimately evaluates the huge contribution of Abul Fida Ismail ibn Umar ibn Kathir in the field of Shari 'ah ruling.


This paper looks at the Euro-zone crisis from the point of view of the Euro-zone youth. Young people in many Euro-zone countries are today confronted with high and persistent unemployment with potentially long-lasting "scarring effects" compromising their present and future well-being. While lower and sustainable public debts are desirable from the point of view of inter-generational justice, it is argued that this objective cannot be achieved by means of front-loaded austerity policies. With long-term negative consequences of short-term austerity it is shown that not only social consideration but also the underlying public debt dynamics in the presence of scarring and other hysteresis effects make a strong case for a gradual growth-oriented approach to deleveraging that carefully aims at balancing short- and long-term costs and benefits while protecting vulnerable young people.


In this paper, based on the traditional fixed telephony features to increase the short message processing module. To meet the voice communication between users, the fixed telephone can realize mutual development between the SMS function .The main telephone lines in the completion of the CAS signal detection, and traditional communications in FSK and DTMF signal reception and transmission.


Fate is regarded as a central component in tragedy. The significant role of fate is recognized when, despite a character's heroic acts and good intentions, they face death simply because they are doomed to die. But studies confirm that fate does not play a similarly critical role in the tragic denouement of each play. This paper attempts a critical comparison on the role and nature of fate in the downfall of protagonists in the classical Greek and Shakespearean tragedies. By reviewing research-based articles and books, and by reading through selected texts in reader-response approach, this paper attempts to identify the entirely different natures of fate that came into play for the tragic heroes' downfall as portrayed in these two different ages. The findings manifest that the force behind the collapse of the heroes in the classical Greek tragedies was predominantly fate where the hero had little to do but to become a pawn in the hands of external forces beyond his control, while the force behind the tragic events is not external in the Shakespearean tragedies. Rather, the heroes themselves were, on the whole, responsible for their tragic downfalls due to their internal triggers.


Optical properties like, optical absorption studies are measured for Ln3+ ions doped PbO-NaF-B2O3 glasses. Standard samples of PbO-NaF-B2O3 glass system were prepared by the melt quenching technique. From the optical absorption PbO-NaF-B2O3 glass the Judd-Oflet theory could successfully be applied to characterize the optical absorption spectra of these ions for all the glass systems. Out of the three J-O parameters (??), the value of ?????which is related to the structural changes in the vicinity of the Ln3+ ion indicated gradual changes in the covalent environment.


The H.264/AVC standard employs a number of errorresilient mechanisms to correct transmission errors. These methods assume a packet-loss scenario, where all the macroblocks (MBs) contained within a corrupted slice are dropped and concealed. However, most of the MBs contained within corrupted slices provide minimal (if any) visual distortions and therefore concealing them causes a superfluous drop in the quality of the recovered video content. This paper presents a novel error control mechanism which employs prior information and residual source-redundancy to recover the most-likelihood feasible H.264/AVC bitstream. Simulation results show that the algorithm recovers a number of corrupted sequences and achieves overall Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) gains between 1dB and 2dB over the standard. The proposed solution is compatible with the H.264/AVC with no additional bandwidth requirements.


The feedback effect of rate is an important part of building the accident prevention mechanism of Occupational Injury Insurance based on risk evaluation.The feedback warning mechanism of the enterprise occupational injury insurance based on risk evaluation is studied by using the theory of safety control engineering,and this paper also put forward that the feedback effect of rate not only lies in basic feedback——economic leverage,but also has risk early warning on the enterprise safety management.At last,the practical function and realizing condition of the risk early warning feedback is discussed.


– This paper presents a novel face recognition algorithm based on the deep convolution neural network and key point detection jointed local binary pattern methodology to enhance the accuracy of face recognition. We firstly propose the modified face key feature point location detection method to enhance the traditional localization algorithm to better pre-process the original face images. We put forward the grey information and the color information with combination of a composite model of local information. Then, we optimize the multi-layer network structure deep learning algorithm using the Fisher criterion as reference to adjust the network structure more accurately. Furthermore, we modify the local binary pattern texture description operator and combine it with the neural network to overcome drawbacks that deep neural network could not learn to face image and the local characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm obtains stronger robustness and feasibility compared with the other state-of-the-art algorithms. The proposed algorithm also provides the novel paradigm for the application of deep learning in the field of face recognition which sets the milestone for further research.


Two (N 3 Se 2) type acyclic Schiff-bases, [{PhSe(CH2)n N=C(CH3)}2C5H3N] (n = 2,3), and their complexes with Cd(II) have been synthesized and characterized. The geometry around central cadmium has been assigned on the basis of physicochemical and spectral studies.Structure of the cadmium complex [PhSe(CH2)3NC(CH3)C5H5N.C(CH3)NH] .CdCl2 has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction method.


ung-Jieh Yang amkang University epartment of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering 51 Ying-chuan Road amsui, Taipei County 25137, Taiwan email@example.com Abstract. We demonstrate a way to transport droplets by an arrowed micropillar array surface with hydrophobic parylene. The lightly hydrophilic parylene surface could be changed to hydrophobic one by treating with fluorine-based plasma CF4 or SF6 . The droplet on this hydrophobic parylene surface with arrowed ratchets could be transported by a speaker, and the average measured velocity was 29 mm/s. Moreover, the authors compared driving performance of the parylene surface ratchets with the ones modified by the hexamethyldisilazane HMDS vapor. Both the results of using hydrophobic parylene and HMDS were better than the previous work. © 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.3280261


Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) has a plethora of components that are not present in native LDL. Their presence and quantity depends on the nature, type, and extent of oxidation. Lipids esterified to oxidized fatty acids are the major components formed during the early phase of oxidation and these show a number of proatherogenic properties in in vitro cell culture systems. Recently, evidence has been forthcoming to suggest that some of these oxidized lipids also could elicit "antioxidant–antiatherogenic" responses from cells. Moreover, some of the cellular effects of Ox-LDL that were previously interpreted as atherogenic could also be reinterpreted to suggest an antiatherogenic cellular response. In addition to the above, the antioxidants that are carried in lipoproteins could have anomalous behavior attributable to their metabolism, ability to be internalized by arterial cells, and the presence of oxidative systems that could render them prooxidants. In conclusion, there are numerous contributing factors that need to be studied and understood before antioxidant therapy becomes an option for the treatment for cardiovascular diseases. —Parthasarathy, S., N. Santanam, S. Ramachandran, and O. Meilhac. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherogenesis: an appraisal. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 2143–2157. Supplementary key words LDL • antioxidants • prooxidants • lipid peroxides • atherosclerosis It is now generally accepted that oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a significant pathogenic role in atherosclerosis (1, 2). More than 1,000 papers dealing directly or indirectly with the oxidation of LDL were published between January 1991 and the end of 1998. More details, supporting circumstantial evidence, and interpretations have been added to the hypothesis, and yet the hypothesis is currently at an impasse. Little, if any, has changed during the past few years regarding the answer to the question: do antioxidants prevent the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in humans? Despite a recent article sponsored by the American Heart Association concurring that there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that a daily supplement of antioxidant nutrients can prevent atherosclerosis (3), claims of beneficial actions of antioxidants have left both the public and the medical professionals confused. On the other hand, the success of basic research makes one wonder whether one needs to wait for the "right antioxidant," e.g., a lipoxygenase inhibitor, trial in humans to advance the hypothesis. For example, several years ago there were studies that proposed that 12,15lipoxygenase initiates the oxidative process (4–6). Recently, Cyrus et al. (7) showed that apoE 2 / 2 /L-12O 2 / 2 doubleknockout mice (apoE and 12,15-lipoxygenase) developed less severe lesions than either the heterozygote mice or the parent apoE-deficient mice. In this review we will briefly discuss the current status of the basic research and rephrase the question: how far are we beyond cholesterol to suggest that oxidized components of LDL add to the atherogenicity of the particle? We will direct our questions to the presence of the key components, i.e., oxidized lipids, that make oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL) more atherogenic. Ox-LDL has been suggested to have a plethora of proatherogenic effects (1, 2) that can be predominantly attributed to its lipid components. Ox-LDL was originally conceptualized to account for the enhanced uptake by macrophages by way of scavenger receptor (8, 9). Products generated from the decomposition of peroxidized lipids, such as aldehydes, were supposed to modify apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) to a more electronegative form capable of interacting with the macrophage scavenger receptor (s) (10, 11). This feature of the protein appeared to be one of the few distinguishing characteristics of Ox-LDL that was touted as an obligatory feature for its interaction with cell surface receptors. Based on this, a number of cell surface proteins were identified as putative receptors for Ox-LDL (8, 12–16). Recently, based on the ability of the lipids of the Ox-LDL to compete for the uptake and degradation of Ox-LDL by macrophages, the presence of potential ligands for the scavenger receptors in the lipid phase was suggested (17). However, these studies do not exclude proteolipids (lipophilic proteinlipid components) that could be present in the lipid phase as potential competitors. Abbreviations: LDL, low density lipoprotein; Ox-LDL, oxidized LDL; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; CHD, coronary heart disease, lysoPtdCho, lysophosphatidylcholine. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. review by gest, on S etem er 0, 2017 w w w .j.org D ow nladed fom