Simple Summary The incidence of biliary tract cancers (BTCs) is rising. Although therapeutic weapons are still limited, a better knowledge of the molecular landscape of these tumors has established the conditions for several phase I and II clinical trials in which molecular targeted drugs are combined with chemotherapy. Clinical research is investing great efforts in immunotherapy, which has recently transformed the treatment of many cancers. In BTCs, the efficacy of immunotherapy is limited by the high percentage of patients presenting immunosuppressive features in the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis is known to play a key role in modulating the microenvironment by excluding cytotoxic immune cells from the tumor bed, favoring an immunosuppressive activity. Therefore, blocking angiogenesis could create the conditions for more efficacious immunotherapy. This review considers clinical trials based on therapy combining angiogenesis and immune cell inhibitors, highlighting the clinical need for phase III studies in a precision-medicine era. Abstract Although biliary tract cancers are traditionally considered rare in Western countries, their incidence and mortality rates are rising worldwide. A better knowledge of the genomic landscape of these tumor types has broadened the number of molecular targeted therapies, including angiogenesis inhibitors. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) could potentially change the first-line therapeutic approach, but monotherapy with ICIs has shown disappointing results in CCA. Several clinical trials are evaluating combination strategies that include immunotherapy together with other anticancer agents with a synergistic activity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) composition plays a pivotal role in the prognosis of BTC patients. The accumulation of immunosuppressive cell types, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T-cells, together with the poor infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, is known to predispose to a poor prognosis owing to the establishment of resistance mechanisms. Likewise, angiogenesis is recognized as a major player in modulating the TME in an immunosuppressive manner. This is the mechanistic rationale for combination treatment schemes blocking both immunity and angiogenesis. In this scenario, this review aims to provide an overview of the most recent completed or ongoing clinical trials combining immunotherapy and angiogenesis inhibitors with/without a chemotherapy backbone.


The Summer Anatomy Enrichment Program (SAEP) was developed for rising second year medical students at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. The goals of the SAEP are (1) to provide participants an advanced review of and further training in anatomy through human cadaveric dissection; and (2) to develop educational materials for the anatomy component of the interdisciplinary Development, Structure, and Function (DSF) course for first year medical students. This selective program is geared toward high achieving students in the anatomical sciences with a strong interest in anatomy and medical education. Under the direction of faculty, SAEP participants prepare prosected specimens and develop educational resources such as dissection videos, prosection guides and image‐based digital flash cards. These educational materials are made available to first year medical students enrolled in the DSF course through the online learning management system. In addition, prosected specimens and accompanying educational resources are utilized in self‐directed, hands‐on learning sessions. Informal feedback from first year medical students indicates that (1) the educational materials are useful study aides to review and consolidate material in preparation for exams; and (2) the self‐directed, hands‐on sessions with prosected specimens provide clear demonstrations of structures not fully appreciated previously and facilitate understanding of key spatial relationships. Subjective reports from SAEP participants suggest an increased confidence in understanding clinically relevant anatomical relationships, and a high level of satisfaction in both the opportunity to revisit anatomy and enhance the curriculum for future learners. Collection of additional student feedback will provide more information to improve the SAEP program to further support learning in both undergraduate and graduate medical curricula.


Now modernization construction of our nation has reached a new stage. The change of position requests that we must deepen knowledge and practice about construction of socialism with Chinese character ulteriorly. On the basis of analyzing soberly opportunities and challenges ahead, the new machine of CCP puts forward that China should develop and grow up peaceably. This theoretic innovation widens our visual field about developmental way of socialism with Chinese character and influences on the development of our nation and whole world deeply.


Drilling oil wells is a costly, complex and high risk operation, especially for many wells whose depths can be at least several thousand feet. To minimize the cost and risk involved in drilling, typically there are several sensors mounted near the drill bit, to measure important parameters such as temperature and pressure around the drill bit. The collected information needs to be sent to the surface, to assist the driller with controlling and steering the drill bit. Compared to the use of highly expensive and vulnerable cables for wired communication in deep oil wells, or very low rate communication using pulses of mud in wells, transmission of information using acoustic signals thru the drill string is a feasible and promising method. In this paper, we use a drill string acoustic communication testbed, where the receiver is a strain sensor. This sensor measures local fractional displacements due to received vibrations. Using experimental data, we study key characteristics of a drill string channel impul...


Significant differences in size and number of synaptic junctions were found between littcrmate rats assigned at weaning (25 days of age) to enriched or impoverished environments and kept there for 30 days. The synapses measured were asymmetrical axodendritic junctions in the neuropil of layer III of the occipital cortex. Rats given experience in the enriched condition (EC) showed, in comparison to littermates in the impoverished condition (1C). synapses that averaged 52% greater in length but that were only 67% as numerous. The EC rats had more large synapses as well as fewer small synapses than did IC rats, so the EC size distribution could not have been derived simply by loss of small synapses from the IC distribution. The total area of synapses in the EC group, taking both size and number of contacts into account, was 40% greater than in IC. Thickness of cortex was 4.0% greater in EC than in IC, a value that compares closely with the 4.6% found in several previous 25-to-55 day EC-1C experiments. Proble...


Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as an important nosocomial infection. Three important vancomycin resistance types namely, VanA, VanB, VanC are very commonly found in enterococci. VanA and VanB are plasmid-encoded, transferable types of resistance and VanC is chromosomally mediated nontransferable resistance. So for infection control purposes, it is important to know the type of vancomycin resistance to prevent the spread of drug resistance. Enterococci isolated from clinical samples were tested for vancomycin resistance by disc diffusion and macro broth dilution (MIC) method. Vancomycin resistance gene was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Antimicrobial susceptibility for penicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, high-level gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, teicoplanin and linezolid was performed by disc diffusion method. Antibiotyping of VRE strains was done based on their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Over a period of one year out of 246 clinical isolates of enterococci, seven (2.8%) isolates showed vancomycin resistance. Based on MICs and PCR, all the isolates demonstrated VanA type of resistance. Analysis of antibiogram showed three different antibiotype patterns for VRE labelled as 1,2,3. The majority of VRE isolates (72%) belonged to "Pattern 1". Also clustering of cases of "Pattern 1" was observed in medicine ICU and medicine ward. These areas were identified as a potential reservoir for VRE infection and appropriate infection control measures were taken to curtail the spread of infection. The present study recommends a macro broth dilution method for detection of the type of vancomycin resistance in enterococci and "antibiotyping" as a basic typing method for VRE in resource-poor health care settings specifically in outbreak situations.


The political culture concept,one of the essential instruments to study the political life of a nation,can reveal the political psychology,attitude and value of its people,organizations,and different social groups.Political culture of ethnic groups shows the features of religion,obedience,closure,and separation.However,in process of social transformation in our country,their political value,political attitude,political identity,political socialization and political conduct have changed greatly.During this period,political culture of northwest ethnic groups possesses the features of secularity,autonomy,openness,initiative,and mergence.


The second part of this study to predict ascorbic acid retention during air-drying deals with the kinetics of degradation of ascorbic acid as a function of moisture content, temperature and time, and with the simulation of ascorbic acid retention. Ascorbic acid degradation was found to follow a first order reaction and to be highly moisture- and temperature-dependent. A reasonable prediction of ascorbic acid retention was obtained when local moisture rather than average moisture content was taken into consideration. This type of approach may be applicable to other nutrients or organoleptic qualities providing that the kinetics of the loss of these qualities can be established.


Good morning. It is an honor to be here today. I would like to begin by thanking the chair of this panel, Professor Natalie Klein, and my copanelists: Professor Lea Brilmayer, John Crook, and Jeremy Sharpe.


This article carries out an analysis of the Case N.D. and N.T. vs. Spain, issued by the European Court of Human Rights on 13 February 2020. In this resolution, the court examines whether the expulsion of two citizens, one a Malian national and the other an Ivorian national, is in conformity with the European Convention on Human Rights. The text critically examines both the assessment of the facts on which the judgment is based to be qualified, and the consistency of the legal bases with some basic rules of International Human Rights law, in particular regarding some provisions of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the Status of Refugees, as well as the following basic legal categories: border, expulsion, principle of non-refoulement. From there, the limits that this decision authorises to the exercise of the right of non-nationals to seek international protection through correct and individualised assessment procedures are examined.


The modified Kadanoff variational method has been used to study a simple cubic Ising model with the nearest-neighbor two-spin interactions of strength J2 and the four-spin interactions of strength J4. The free energy f. spontaneous magnetization M, magnetic susceptibility x, internal energy U, and the specific heat Ch are calculated and plotted. The results indicate that for 0≤J4/J2≤4, the phase transitions are second-order.


NASA technical memorandum reports on research in damage and repair of composite-material structures of types used in airplane. Research includes: Identifying defect areas, determining whether particular kind of damage weakens structure in manner that degrades performance in intended application, developing repair procedures, and testing to demonstrate given repair procedure enables component to serve during remainder of its design life.


THE study of the fat-soluble accessory factor in fats has so far not contributed anything very definite to our knowledge of the chemistry of this principle. Observations so far made on active fats the view that the activity is not due to the fat itself but to some substance or substances which are in association with it. The fat-soluble factor is however not easily separated from it by differential solvents. All other conceivable methods of fractionation are mostly of a drastic nature not suitable for the manipulation of a physiologically active principle of doubtful stability.


This paper reports the LEAP submission to the CHiME-6 challenge. The CHiME-6 Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) challenge Track 1 involved the recognition of speech in noisy and reverberant acoustic conditions in home environments with multiple-party interactions. For the challenge submission, the LEAP system used extensive data augmentation and a factorized time-delay neural network (TDNN) architecture. We also explored a neural architecture that interleaved the TDNN layers with LSTM layers. The submitted system improved the Kaldi recipe by 2% in terms of relative word-error-rate improvements.


BACKGROUND
Commercial hydrolysed diets are used for the diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. The cleaved parent proteins are presumed to be too small to elicit an allergic response by reacting with allergen-specific immunoglobin E (IgE).

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate three commercial hydrolysed dog diets for proteins.

ANIMALS
Sera were collected from dogs with suspected food allergy.

METHODS
Two batches of each hydrolysed diet were examined by electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie blue, silver nitrate staining and IgE immunoblotting.

RESULTS
From two to five proteins, ranging from 21 to 67 kDa, were detected in all three diets evaluated. Circulating IgE antibodies targeting these proteins were detected by immunoblotting of dog sera. Six different carbohydrate proteins were identified by mass spectrometry; maize/potato granule-bound starch synthase-1, soybean glycinin, soybean β-conglycinin α chain, potato aspartic protease inhibitor, rice glutelin type B1 and soybean sucrose-binding protein. Four of these proteins have been described as allergens in humans.

CONCLUSIONS
Some commercial hydrolysed diets contain carbohydrate proteins. Some dogs have circulating IgE antibodies targeting these proteins. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.


AbstractMolecular identification using short orthological DNA sequences (DNA barcoding) has been applied for the classification of orchid species which is a major step in biodiversity management, conservation, breeding, authenticating components of herbal products, and tracking the adulteration of orchid species. One of the most widely used loci for phylogenetic inference at the generic and infrageneric levels in plants was ITS located between 18S rDNA, 5.8S rDNA, and 26S rDNA. The ITS or ITS2 region has been suggested as a plant barcode in some previous studies. However, DNA barcoding using the entire ITS genome is considered less effective and efficient in the process of PCR amplification and sequencing. Besides, complete DNA barcodes are difficult to obtain from herbarium samples and herbal products because some DNA sequences have been degraded. DNA mini-barcodes were developed over the past ten years to overcome issues related to DNA barcoding. DNA mini-barcodes use shorter DNA segments for PCR amplification, so they can identify species effectively and efficiently compared to the regular DNA barcoding. Specific primers that encode the ITS1 and ITS2 regions need to be designed for the PCR amplification. DNA mini-barcoding ITS has proven useful in species identification, classification studies, and authentication of specific orchid species. Therefore, a new rapid identification method based on the ITS mini-barcode is expected to be established, especially for orchid species. Keywords : DNA mini-barcode, Internal Transcribed Spacer, Orchid, Primer Design


The cutting process may be divided into two major types. The one type is called as straight angle cutting, where blade is in continuous contact with metal sheet from one side of edge to another side of the edge at the beginning of the cutting process. The another type is known as shearing, where the blade edge is oblique and progressively proceed from one edge of metal sheet to other end of metal sheet during cutting process. The present study has investigated straight angle cutting and shearing processes by using virtual environment of software ANSYS 19-R. An explicit dynamic FEM analysis was used in various simulations of punching and shearing investigations. The current study has two four parts. In first part, impact of attack angle variation on stress generated on tool and work piece has been investigated. Both punching and shearing processes have been simulated in software environment to understand and differentiate both cutting processes. In second part, straight angle tool was used to create straight angle cutting environment. Various cutting parameters including tool, metal sheet and cutting process parameters have been investigated for straight angle cutting. In third part, oblique angle tool was used to create shearing environment. Various cutting parameters including tool, metal sheet and cutting process parameters have been investigated for shearing. In fourth part, straight angle cutting and oblique angle cutting process has been compared to find out impact of various parameters on straight angle cutting and shearing and how these may be differentiated. The cutting process is complex and depends upon tool, metal sheet and cutting process parameters. Tool parameters investigated in present study include tool edge angle, tool attack angle, tool material and tool thickness. The metal sheet parameters affecting cutting process have been investigated in the present study and include metal sheet material and metal sheet thickness. Cutting process parameters investigated in present study include cutting process speed and friction between metal sheet and tool. Both punching and shear cutting simulations has been designed in present study by considering guillotining machine.


The study was performed to compare the efficacy and safety during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using ThermoCool SmartTouch (ST) and ThermoCool SmartTouch‐SF (STSF) catheters in the porcine heart.


We consider confidential data communication over power line communication (PLC) networks. In particular, rather than analyzing cryptographic techniques, we focus on the security provided at the physical layer, named physical layer security (PLS). Although physical layer security is widely discussed for wireless systems, we can not say the same for the PLC context. As a starting point, the wireless case will be examined. Then, we highlight the differences with PLC and we compare the average secrecy rate that can be achieved in typical wireless and PLC fading channels. Both optimal and uniform power distributions are considered. The theoretical results show that wireless fading channels provide higher secrecy rate than PLC channels. This is due to different channel statistics and propagation scenario. To provide experimental evidence, we consider channel measures obtained in a in-ship and in a in-home measurement campaign. While log-normal fading fits well the former channels, the latter channels are not strictly log-normal. Furthermore, the considered in-home network topology introduces correlation among channels, and it is subject to the keyhole effect introduced by branches that depart from the same node. These effects can reduce the secrecy rate.


Abstract : This Directive, pursuant to Section 113 of Title 10, United States Code, establishes the Secretary's Board on Investigations (hereafter referred to as 'the Secretary's Board'). It supersedes Deputy Secretary of Defense Memorandum, 'Establishment of the Secretary's Board on Investigations,' May 2, 1995.


This paper deals with an argument against the proposed universal tendency of economic concentration and of continuously rising sizes of organizations. The argument was put forward by the German writers Gustav Schmoller (1838–1917) and, later, Werner Sombart (1863–1941) who were both leading representatives of the so-called younger historical school (see Mombert, 1927, pp. 374–523; Dorfman, 1955; Neumark, 1969; Schmölders, 1984; Koslowski, 1995). Schmoller and Sombart belonged to a group of people who practised a scientiŽ c concept which can be characterized as a form of early socioeconomic institutionalism. In this perspective the perception of socioeconomic phenomena was led by the awareness of their integration in a historical  ow of change and formation. Theoretical statements were made on the basis of empirical observations and were led through an inductive method of generalization. This paper attempts to highlight one example of argumentation as carried out by Schmoller and Sombart in order to demonstrate, Ž rstly, the accuracy of the early perception of socio-economic change and, secondly, to express how useful it may be to go back to some 'hidden classics'. The thesis that there are limits to the continuous rise in the size of organizations is proposed as a counter to Marxist argumentation as well as in contrast to orthodox economics. Whoever thinks about the 'new division of labour', especially at the dawn of a new millennium, must inevitably ask themselves what criteria exist for the division 'old' and 'new' (see principally Wallerstein, 1993). Instead of grouping the complexities of the creation of modern economics under one term (e.g. in current practice under the labels of 'Fordism' or even 'post-Fordism'), one has to acknowledge primarily that there are not only many different enterprises within the sectoral margins of an economy, all with their own speciŽ c production processes of goods and different performances, but also in the vertical margins of the size-structure of enterprises, which have to be taken into account in the empirical and theoretical calculation. The 21st century provides an excellent opportunity to re ect on the main economic and social developments of the last 100 years or so. By looking at the current discussions and conference topics, we can see that the question of the division of labour has again International Review of Sociology—Revue Internationale de Sociologie, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2000


Deploying new base stations is being used as an effective solution to satisfy the tremendous increase in mobile traffic. However, this solution is costly due to temporal and spatial variation of traffic, where mobile network operators need to deploy base stations that may work for limited periods of the day. Due to its high flexibility, low deployment time and possibility to be used in more than one location, the usage of drone base stations is a promising alternative that can reduce the operational cost of the network while providing higher bitrates compared to traditional approach. In this paper, we study the impact of using drone base stations on the performance of a cellular network. We consider a heterogeneous architecture composed of a macro-base station overlaid with base stations serving small cells. For the small cells, we compare two scenarios; the first corresponds to a specific number of fixed small base stations while the second corresponds to variable number of drone base stations serving small cells. Results show that a small number of drone base stations can replace large number of fixed ones. Moreover, using smaller number of drone base stations compared to fixed ones increases the average bit rate of the users and capacity per unit of energy up to 75 and 78 percentage points respectively.


Diludine is a new type of non-nutritional and green additive in feed. It has many biological functions. The world had launched a related research after we found that diludine could promote the growth of livestock in the 1970 s. Combined with the latest development of diludine in ruminant nutrition in recent years, this paper summarizes its physical and chemical characteristics, physiological functions, application in ruminant production etc. and then puts forward the further research content, aiming to provide more scientific basis about the application of diludine in ruminant production.


Objective:To study the cerebral protective effects of Ginkgolide(银杏内酯) on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.Methods:The model of acute reperfusion injury after cerebral ischemia in rats was made by middle cerebral artery occlusion.One hour after the ischemia occurred,the Ginkgolide and saline were via gastric garage to the rats respectively and the ischemic condition lasted for another hour with a following 24 hours reperfusion.The neurological grades and the cerebral water were measured.The volume of the cerebral infarction by 2% TTC stained was estimated.Results:The neurological grades with acute reperfusion injury after cerebral ischemia in any of the Ginkgolide groups were significantly lower than that in the control group( all P 0 01 ).In Ginkgolide middle dose (49 5 mg/kg) and high dose (148 5 mg/kg) groups,Ginkgolide could significantly decrease the cerebral water content,and relieve edema.Ginkgolide of all doses could reduce the volume of cerebral infarction of the impaired brain hemisphere in a dosedependent manner.Conclusion:Ginkgolide has great cerebral protective effects against ischemiareperfusion injury.


ABSTRACT The problems of the reseach are how the description and comparison of the inflation rate in the city of Manado and rural areas in North Sulawesi, and how the influence of the inflation rate of each expenditure to the general inflation rate in the city and rural areas. The research was conducted in the city of Manado North Sulawesi for 3 (three) months. The data used is inflation data from January 2009 to December 2014, which analyzed qualitative, and quantitative descriptive in the statistical analysis using different test average analysis and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the average inflation rate for rural areas is relatively high compared with urban areas. seven groups of grouping expenditure in the inflation calculation period 2009-2014 showed that there are four groups that the inflation average rate is higher in cities than in rural, which includes foodstuffs, housing, electricity, gas and fuel; education, recreation and sports; and group transport, communications and financial services. The rest, three other groups show the average inflation rate in the city is lower than in rural areas, which include: food, beverages, cigarettes and tobacco; clothing; and health groups. The inflation rate in the city of Manado produce the same patterns with the rate of inflation in the rural areas. The rate of general inflation both in the city of Manado and rural areas is strongly influenced by the inflation rate of seven groups of expenditure for goods and services which consist of foodstuffs, food, clothing, housing, health, education and transport. Keyword : Inflation Rate, Expenditure Groups.


This paper deals with some two-parameter solutions to the spherically symmetric, vacuum Einstein equations which, we argue, are more general than the de Sitter solution. The global structure of one such spacetime and its extension to the multiply connected case have also been investigated. By using a six-dimensional Minkowskian embedding as its maximal extension, we check that the thermal properties of the considered solution in such an embedding space are the same as those derived by the usual Euclidean method. The stability of the generalized de Sitter space containing a black hole has been investigated as well by introducing perturbations of the Ginsparg-Perry type in the first order approximation. It has been obtained that such a space perdures against the effects of these perturbations.


Consider natural convection flow in a two dimensional inclined open cavity for both transient and steady-state flow. The left hand vertical wall of cavity is heated and facing an opening. The top and bottom boundaries are insulated. Numerical solutions are obtained for the Navier-Stokes equations on a non-staggered grid using a finite volume scheme. Results are considered for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers varying from 10 5 to 10 10 with Prandtl number 0.7 and inclination angles from 10 ? to 90 ? . The flow is steady at the low Rayleigh number for all angles and becomes unsteady at the high Rayleigh number for all angles. The critical Rayleigh numbers for all angles are obtained and we show that the critical Rayleigh number decreases as the inclination angle increases.


A novel cascade compulsator (C P A) which can provide a practical and compact high pulsed power source has been proposed and investigated. The cascade CPA system consists of two individual CPAs which are coupled with each other mechanically and electrically. By controlling the degree of the electrical feedback coupling, a stable and repeated pulsed power output with high current gain and power gain can be achieved in compact system and without any grid power. It is very suitable for mobile high power laser systems and other repeated pulsed loads. A series of experiments have been completed on a model to demonstrate the feasibility of the system. The experimental results shown that cascade CPA can be self-excited without grid by the remanence in CPA and the positive feedback effects of the system. The current gain was measured as high as 101_104 and the power gain of 104 was reached.


: The Ministry of Education tasked the Quality Assurance and Standard Officers to carry out supervision in Kenya's learning institutions to guarantee that quality training is being undertaken. However, there have been reports of negative attitudes towards the work of quality assurance practitioners, especially among instructors. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the influence of teachers' educational qualification on their attitude towards supervision in selected public secondary schools in Keiyo North Sub-County, Kenya. The study sought to answer influence of teachers' educational qualification and their attitudes towards supervision. The investigation took on the correlation research strategy. The target population of the study included 455 registered teachers in public secondary schools in Keiyo North Sub-County. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select 137 teachers to participate in the study. Questionnaire was employed as data collection instrument. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Chi-square was appropriated in treating variables to prove or disprove the proposed hypotheses. The study established that teachers' educational qualifications had a positive and significant relationship with their attitudes towards supervision The study established that the qualified teachers (Mean=3.53 SD=0.67) were less predisposed towards supervision compared to the less-qualified teachers (as indicated by Mean=4.10, SD=0.99) who agreed that supervision helped to improve teaching in classroom. The study also sought to investigate the difference between qualified and non-qualified teachers in relation to whether supervision by QASO official helped them to select and develop instructional materials through their positive input in teachers teaching progress. The study established that the less-qualified teachers had a more positive attitudes (as indicated by Mean=3.98 and SD=0.85) compared to qualified teachers (Mean=3.36 and SD=0.82). In regard to whether or not QASO official's overseers acknowledged any good work done by the teachers which inspires them to teach well, both the qualified teachers (Mean=3.47 and SD=0.80) and less-qualified (as indicated by Mean=3.12 and SD=0.82) agreed that supervisors acknowledged good work done by the teachers which inspired them to work well. The study also sought to investigate whether or not the supervisors gave the teachers quality advice on how to improve my teaching. The findings indicated that majority of the less-qualified teachers (as indicated by the Mean=3.93 and SD=0.51) and qualified teachers (as indicated by the Mean=3.50 and SD=0.70) agreed that QASO supervisors gave them quality advice which improve their teaching. The study established there was a different between qualified teachers attitude towards supervision as compared to less-qualified teachers. The findings indicated that secondary school teachers' qualification significantly influenced their attitudes towards supervision of their teaching. Specifically, the less-qualified instructors seemed more enthusiastic about supervision than did their more qualified counterparts. This was attributed to the facts that qualified teachers perceived supervision as waste of time since they considered their qualification as enough to help them to dispense their as teachers while less-qualified teachers considered supervision as an opportunity to


Investigating the mechanism of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease is difficult, because only a tiny percentage of neurons are degenerating at any time point during the long prodromal period. Epidemiological, genetic, biochemical and animal model studies have attributed excessive aldehyde load as a cause of Alzheimer neuronal death. Focusing on toxic aldehydes will help fill gaps in our knowledge that cannot be explained by the amyloid β or tau hypotheses. Hydroxynonenal is formed by peroxidation of membrane lipids and LDL or during deep-frying of vegetable oils. It carbonylates Hsp70.1, a heat shock protein with the dual functions of a chaperone protein and lysosomal stabilizer. Hydroxynonenal-mediated Hsp70.1 carbonylation followed by calpain-mediated cleavage of carbonylated Hsp70.1, causes lysosomal neuronal death (the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'). Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) participates in the removal of not only ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, but also linoleic acid-derived hydroxynonenal. This review describes how scavenging hydroxynonenal by ALDH enzymes prevent Alzheimer's disease.


On the national level,producer service gather to metropolis area was very obvious.On the regional level,it chustered on the city core area.Producer service developed disparatly on the Changjing River Delta,as a whole taking form of Shanghai with producer service and the other cities with modern manufacturing industry,which helped forward to develop each other.That were the industries connection gradually becoming intense,crosswise connection reinforcing quickly,driving and promoting industry competition and region competition of the Changjing River Delta.


In the current issue of the journal, McAteer and colleagues from Children's Hospital of Seattle, Washington, USA, report a review of outcomes following resection and transplantation for primary liver tumors in children (1). The authors analyze the data of the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry between 1998 and 2009 (http://seer.cancer. gov/data/access.html), to compare outcome of patients under 20 yr of age treated for hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by resection or transplantation. The data of 318 HB patients (265 resected and 53 transplanted) and 80 HCC patients (60 resected and 20 transplanted) were available for analysis. In HB patients, advanced disease, vascular invasion, and satellite lesions were more common in the transplanted patients. Five-yr patient survival was similar in resection and transplant groups (85.6% vs. 86.5%). In the HCC patients, vascular invasion and satellite lesions were more frequent in the transplanted patients. Five-yr patient survival was superior in the transplanted than in the resected patients (85.3% vs. 53.4%). The authors conclude that the indications for liver transplantation could be widened for children with liver tumors, especially for HCC. The authors acknowledge the danger of making clinical outcome inferences and especially treatment recommendations based upon incomplete registry data, such as the SEER data, which was not collected in a uniform prospective manner and is missing key pieces of clinical information. Although the SEER registry offers an outstanding opportunity to look at what collective experience has been garnered by the pediatric transplant community over the past decade, the authors have acknowledged several limitations in their SEER registry dataset including the lack of information on tumor extent of disease at diagnosis (PRETEXT), tumor extent of disease after chemotherapy (POST-TEXT), chemosensitivity, and tumor relapse; the latter staging system has been shown to be an excellent prognostic element (2–4). The authors' working hypothesis, that survival after transplantation would be superior to resection for children with large liver tumor, is perhaps not a question that can be answered with certainty by this database. Without detailed information on extent of the tumor within the liver, which ideally would have been reported as PRETEXT and POST-TEXT, it is not possible to make an informed comparison of the appropriateness of resection vs. transplantation. Without PRETEXT type information, comparison of survival outcomes cannot be controlled by some objective measure of tumor resectability, which makes it impossible to identify which patients could have appropriately been treated either way (i.e., resection or transplantation). As an example, in clinical practice, the alternative option (to resect or to transplant) is limited to unusual situations like central tumor amenable to transplantation or central hepatectomy (5) and multifocal HB downstaged to PRETEXT III without major vascular invasion after chemotherapy (6). In addition, we are concerned that the decision to exclude patients (97/418 HB, 67/150 HCC) who did not undergo any surgery might have skewed the results. Because no data are offered for the population of patients who did not have a surgical resection, we are left to assume that patients not resected were genuinely unresectable. However, this assumption is not backed by any hard data in the manuscript, and the decision not to operate is often a subjective, rather than objective decision. It is quite possible that as those patients with unresectable tumor were possibly those with the most unfavorable prognosis, especially in case of HCC, inclusion of these patients might have tempered the conclusions. We would also like to highlight that this surgical decision between resection and transplantation is quite different for HB as compared to


Abstract Logic is traditionally considered to be a purely syntactic discipline, at least in principle. However, prof. David Isles has shown that this ideal is not yet met in traditional logic. Semantic residue is present in the assumption that the domain of a variable should be fixed in advance of a derivation, and also in the notion that a numerical notation must refer to a number rather than be considered a mathematical object in and of itself. Based on his work, the central question of this thesis is what kind of logic, if any, results from removing this semantic residue from traditional logic. We differ from traditional logic in two significant ways. The first is that the assumption that a numerical notation must refer to a number is denied. Numerical notations are considered as mathematical objects in their own right, related to each other by means of rewrite rules. The traditional notion of reference is then replaced by the notion of reduction (by means of the rewrite rules) to a normal form. Two numerical notations that reduce to the same normal form would traditionally be considered identical, as they would refer to the same number, and hence they would be interchangeable salva veritate. In the new system, called Buridan-Volpin (BV), the numerical notations themselves are the elements of the domains of variables, and two numerical notations that reduce to the same normal form need not be interchangeable salva veritate, except when they are syntactically identical (i.e., have the same Gödel number). The second is that we do away with the assumption that the domains of variables need to be fixed in advance of a derivation. Instead we focus on what is needed to guarantee preservation of truth in every step of a derivation. These conditions on the domains of the variables, accumulated in the course of a derivation, are combined in a reference grammar. Whereas traditionally a derivation is considered valid when the conclusion follows from the premisses by way of the derivation rules (and possibly axioms), in the BV system a derivation must meet the extra condition that no inconsistency occurs within the reference grammar. For if the reference grammar were to give rise to inconsistency (i.e., it would be impossible to assign domains to all the variables without breaking at least one of the conditions placed on them in the reference grammar), there is no longer a guarantee that truth has been preserved in every step of the derivation, and hence the truth of the conclusion is not guaranteed by the derivation. In Chapter 2 the BV system is introduced in some formal detail. Chapter 3 gives some examples of derivations, notably totality of addition, multiplication and exponentiation, as well as a lemma needed for the proof of Euclid's Theorem. These examples, taken from prof. Isles' First-Order Reasoning and Primitive Recursive Natural Number Notations, show that there is a real proof-theoretical difference between traditional logic and the BV system. Here we also find the first major point of departure between myself and prof. Isles, centered on the notion of inheritance of conditions in the reference grammar by way of lemmata. These different points of view are best illustrated in the sections on the totality of exponentiation and on Euclid's Lemma: prof. Isles maintains that the proof of totality of exponentiation is not BV valid, while I maintain that it is. But I do agree with him that the traditional proof of Euclid's Lemma is not BV valid. Chapter 6 also expands the arguments for my choice in this matter. Now that it has been shown that there is a difference between traditional logic and BV, the properties of BV need to be examined. In Chapter 4 we give a proof of Cut-elimination for BV minus induction and the subformula property for BV, which allows us to prove the consistency of BV minus induction. We also expand on the reasons for excluding induction. In Chapter 5 we consider in detail the proof of a finite analog to the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem given by prof. Isles in his article with the same title. He proves that under certain conditions it is always possible, given the existence of a (possibly uncountable) model for a derivation, to give a finite model for this derivation. The system he considers deviates from BV as considered in this thesis in two significant ways: it does not contain the induction rule and the domains contain numbers instead of numerical notations. We then go on to show that it is possible to extend the result to include induction, in the sense that the existence of a possibly uncountable model for a derivation guarantees the existence of a model that is at most countable. We also consider the complications that arise from taking numerical expressions instead of numbers as the elements of domains. Finally, in Chapter 6 we consider the philosophical consequences of the BV system, informed by the formal results from the previous chapters. In particular we discuss the relation between reduction and reference, the status of reference grammars, the notion of induction and its function within BV, and some brief considerations on the consequences of the BV system for the discussion regarding nominalism and realism with regard to mathematical objects. The object of the chapter is twofold. On the one hand applying the formal results to philosophical questions, on the other hand arguing that BV is not just a theoretically acceptable alternative to traditional logic, but is in fact deserving of further development and research into its properties. The latter will probably appeal most to those of a nominalist and/or finitist bent. Abstract prepared by Harrie de Swart and Sven Storms. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com URL: https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/files/61701294/Storms_The_ Buridan_Volpin_04_05_2022.pdf


Salt lake environments are economically and ecologically important issues. Like any other ecosystems in the world, salt lake ecosystems are facing various kinds of pollutions. However, little information is available on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic microorganisms in such environments. In the present work we isolated a strain of phenol-degradating bacteria from a salt lake in Inner Mongolia. Sequence of 16S rRNA suggested that the strain belong to Propionibacterium genus. The strain can grow with phenol as a sole carbon source under 10% (w/v) salt concentration. PCR amplifications with the primers for multicomponent phenol hydroxylase or catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase gene were applied to genome DNA of the strain, suggesting that phenol might be transformed to catechol by multicomponent phenol hydroxylase and further degradated through ortho-ring cleavage pathway. When the primers for catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase were applied to the DNA obtained from the lake water, at least two types of catechol 1, 2 dioxygenase genes sequences were obtained, suggesting the presence of the bacteria with diverse aromatic compound-degradating genes.


System dynamics models are often constructed to improve system performance by identifying and modifying feedback mechanisms that drive system behavior. Once identified, these feedback mechanisms can be used to design and test policies for system performance improvement. A preliminary step in developing policies is the identification of high leverage parameters and structures, the influential model sections that drive system behavior. The current work clarifies and extends the use of statistical screening (Ford and Flynn, 2005) as a model analysis tool with a six step process that identifies specific model sections for further analysis and development. The work also presents a method that clarifies the results of model analysis with statistical screening to practicing managers. Example application to three models, including the tipping point model (Taylor and Ford 2006, 2007) Bass diffusion (Sterman 2000), and World3 model (Meadows et al. 1974), illustrate the use of the tool and method. Statistical screening offers system dynamicists a userfriendly tool that can be used to help explain how model structure drives system behavior.


Abstract: Soldiers wear CBRN-protective clothing to protect themselves against warfare agents. The disadvantage is that higher protection introduces a higher physiological burden as well. Therefore an optimum for comfort and protection must be found. Models of all relevant processes were created to find this optimum (with and without computational fluid dynamics (CFD)). The air flow profile around a cylinder with clothing was modelled and used for calculating the breakthrough of agent vapour through clothing and for calculating the deposition of agent onto the skin. The flow profile was also used for calculating the temperature and the relative humidity profile around the dressed cylinder. The resulting tool can be used to identify the optimum properties of CBRN-protective clothing, depending on the intended mission.


Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. has teamed with Plug Power Inc., of Latham, NY, and the City of Las Vegas, Nevada, to develop, design, procure, install, and operate an on-site hydrogen generation system, an alternative vehicle refueling station, and a stationary hydrogen fuel cell power plant, to be located in Las Vegas, Nevada. This proposed facility will become the benchmark for validating new natural gas based hydrogen production systems, PEM fuel cell power generation systems, and numerous new technologies for the safe and reliable delivery of hydrogen as a fuel to vehicles. Most importantly, this facility will serve as a commercial demonstration of hydrogen as a safe and clean energy alternative. In the current year fabrication and laboratory testing of all the key equipment for the project were completed including the H2 generator, fuel station, and stationary fuel cell. Field construction was initiated at the Las Vegas site for installation of the equipment in the summer of 2002. The following sections report on this progress and the future plans and milestones in the next year. 1 Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review NREL/CP-610-32405


As five Entergy utilities announced their agreement to join Mid-Continent Independent Transmission System Operator (MISO) at the end of 2012, significant shift in the structure of electric operating territories was expected. Consequently, a large portion of electrical region in the South would become part of MISO single dispatch area. US regional electricity map has to be redrawn and power flow pattern is expected to change dramatically. Entergy areas could become southern region of MISO, which we call MISO-South area. This paper analyzes and reports on the impact of Entergy integration into MISO on economics of neighboring power systems.


The standard search model predicts that the hazard and the ex- pected accepted wage should be constant over an unemployment spell. This note shows that heterogeneity in job o®er arrival rates can generate declining hazards and declining accepted wages, results in conformity with the empir- ical evidence. In addition, two testable implications are derived. Therst is a relationship between the rate of change of the aggregate hazard over time and the variance of the hazard; and the second between the rate of change over time of the expected accepted wage and the covariance between the ex- pected accepted wage and the hazard.


A method for size reduction of a material comprising the steps of: feeding material through a feed assembly into a cyclone chamber, the cyclone chamber having an elongate cylindrical conduit having a frusto-conical section; adding at least one viscosity modifying agent into the cyclone chamber; and providing a cyclonic fluid stream within the cyclone chamber. The invention also includes an apparatus for carrying out size reduction of a material comprising: a cyclone chamber having an elongate cylindrical conduit having a frusto-conical section; a device for creating a cyclonic fluid stream within the cyclone chamber, such that the frusto-conical section of the cyclone chamber terminates in an opening forming the inlet to the device; an air inlet tube in fluid connection with the cyclone chamber at the opposite end of the frusto-conical section; and a feed assembly for feeding material into the cyclone chamber.


This special open access edition of the Australian Journal of Chemistry represents a collection of papers from the first international conference dedicated to creating a Global Artificial Photosynthesis (GAP) or Global Solar Fuels (GSF) project, held at LordHowe Island on 14–18August 2011. Conceived and coordinated by the author of this article, the conference had endorsement from theUNESCONatural Science Sector andwas an official event of the UNESCO 2011 International Year of Chemistry. The federal Department of Industry, Innovation, Science and Research (DIISR, as it was then called) contributed to the funding, as did the Australian National University (ANU) College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment and ANU College of Law. Speakers included over 50 national and international experts in various aspects of artificial photosynthesis, as well as related areas including photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel cells, quantum coherence in electron transfer, and international governance systems. Lord Howe Island is a jewel in the UNESCOWorld Heritage List with its unique southerly coral reefs, mountain microclimate, flora, and fauna (Fig. 1). It provided a perfect symbolic backdrop for discussions about how nanochemistry in particular could devise new mechanisms for powering the planet for this and future generations and what governance structures could assist our move from the Anthropocene towards what has been termed the Sustainocene era. An expert naturalist (Ian Hutton) who was closely involved in that UNESCO listing process for Lord Howe Island gave a presentation to the conference about the energy and pollution challenges facing this beautiful island and donated copies of his illustrated book as gifts for the conference presenters. An innovative feature of the inaugural GAP conference was the involvement of over 40 high-achieving senior year Australian high school science students (from James Ruse Agricultural College in Sydney, Geelong Grammar in Victoria and Narrabundah High School, Radford College, and Canberra Boys Grammar in the ACT). Proceedings began each day at 8 a.m. in the beautifully renovated 1930s-era community hall overlooking the lagoon. There were no parallel sessions and afternoons were free to allow collaborative discussions whilst exploring the island. The island community generously assisted with accommodation and food. Sessions recommenced for a couple of hours after dinner. Each session was constructed to be a multidisciplinary mix of topics and concludedwith short presentations by the high school students that provided an insightful and often hilarious commentary on the presentations. Endingmost evenings was a panel discussion on how to advance governance of global artificial photosynthesis. We are very grateful that many of the GAP conference presenters have produced contributions for this special edition of theAustralian Journal of Chemistry. Amongst these and other attendees were world leaders in many fields connected with solar fuels. Their active contributions during question time vitally helped shape the papers in this issue. Videos of their talks are available at the GAP conference website: http://law. anu.edu.au/coast/tgap/conf.htm. A brief survey of the overall GAP conference contributions is important in understanding the unusually high quality, interdisciplinary context in which this edition of the journal evolved. Some notable presentations at the GAP conference included those on the use of gallium phosphide nanowires in light-driven hydrogen production by Peidong Yang, one of the leaders of the newly established Joint Centre on Artificial Photosynthesis at Berkeley. Dan Nocera from MIT spoke about his 'artificial leaf' that configures a triple junction silicon photovoltaic cell with a cobalt catalyst (Co-OEC) for O2 evolution and a ternary alloy (NiMoZn) as the H2-evolving catalyst. [3] Professor Nocera


Abstract Background With advancements in ART, non-AIDS comorbidities are becoming more common among people living with HIV (PWH). In this analysis, we identified PWH followed at a single Ryan White HIV Clinic in Alabama and determined the overall prevalence of diabetes (DM). We then evaluated the cohort for risk factors associated with DM. Methods The records of all PWH who attended at least one routine care HIV primary provider visit from 2009 to 2018 at the UAB 1917 HIV Clinic in Birmingham, AL were abstracted. We defined DM as individuals having ≥1 of the following: (1) diagnosis of DM and receiving any diabetic medication, (2) Hgb A1c ≥ 6.5%, (3) any glucose >200 mg/dL. We evaluated the association of traditional, demographic, and HIV-specific risk factors with PWH with and without DM using Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. Univariate significance and amount of missing data were considered when constructing the multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent associations. Results Of the 5247 PWH assessed, 1178 were female (23%), 45 transgender persons (1%); 3235 (62%) black, 1834 (35%) white. At baseline, the median age was 37.5 years, median BMI 24.5 kg/m2, median CD4+ count 333 c/mm3. Overall, 1110 PWH developed DM (21%). By univariate analysis, numerous traditional, demographic and HIV-related risk factors were associated with diagnosis of DM (see Table 1). By multivariable analysis, the following factors were independently associated with DM: traditional (antihypertensive use, aspirin use, glucocorticoid use, statin use, comorbid CKD, comorbid liver disease), demographic (black race, female gender, older age), and HIV-related (nadir CD4) (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusion Over 20% of PWH had a diagnosis of DM. Both traditional and HIV-related factors were independently associated with DM. Notably, lower nadir CD4 and longer time to ART initiation were key HIV-related factors. Additionally, a majority of PWH with DM had multimorbidity (85%) and polypharmacy (90%). Despite the lower complexity of modern ART, the care of PWH remains challenging, partly because of cardiometabolic comorbidities, including DM. Effective diabetes prevention and treatment strategies for PWH should be prioritized. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


The invention discloses a municipal solid waste coordinative incineration power generation system which comprises a household refuse incineration power generation system. The household refuse incineration power generation system comprises an incineration unit and further comprises a municipal sludge drying unit, wherein heat generated by incineration is absorbed by a waste heat boiler of the incineration unit to generate steam and the steam is conveyed to a heat energy use unit for generating power; the municipal sludge drying unit receives municipal sludge; the municipal sludge is indirectly heated and dried through the steam passing the heat energy use unit; a refuse receiving, storing and conveying unit is further used for receiving, storing and conveying the dried sludge; and the incineration unit is further used for receiving and incinerating the dried sludge. The municipal solid waste coordinative incineration power generation system has the beneficial effects that the engineering floor space is saved to a great extent, equipment investment cost and operation cost are reduced, the municipal solid waste resource utilization degree is increased, and the generating capacity and the operation stability of the household refuse incineration power generation system are improved; the pollutant emission requirement is much higher that the decentralized treatment execution standard; and the emission of pollutants is reduced.


The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of changes in morphofunctional heart changes inchildren with non-inflammatory pathology of myocardium on the background of ongoing therapy. There were examined 115 patients (11–18 years old) with various heart diseases.The systolic dysfunction of the myocardium was diagnosedin 50 of them, and treatment was prescribed. In the dynamics, a year later, 40 patients were examined.  It has been established that in children and adolescents, along withpathogenetic and cardiometabolic therapy, in parallel with the improvement of the structure and function of the right ventricle of the heart, morphofunctional indicators ofthe left ventricle are improved.


The effect of temperature over the range 28 to 37 °C was studied on the electrically induced responses in the neuronally isolated cortex of the cat. The positive burst response (PBR) was found to be insensitive to a fall in temperature with no change in threshold, although the duration of the response was increased at low temperature. The threshold for inducing the epileptiform afterdischarge (EAD) remained constant in some animals but decreased in half of the animals studied. As the temperature was lowered, the amplitude of the EAD decreased while the frequency increased. The epileptiform sustaining response (ESR) on the other hand was markedly sensitive to temperature and disappeared around 32 °C. The differential effect of temperature upon the PBR and ESR, which have similar parameters for their production, provides further evidence for the separate identity of the two responses.


This study aims to present the perception of nurses from the Health Services in the State of Rio Grande do Sul regarding their professional identity. It is a qualitative research using a survey for data collection. A total of 29 nurses that worked in Health Services. In order to collect data, a thematic analysis was used and organized into three axes: selfimage, hetero-image, and image from reality. The results display the fact that nurses consider themselves as resolute, useful, and necessary caregivers. They also feel not well recognized by other professionals and identify an unspecific view of the nurse by the health care users. Nurses work in a complex context and identify their recognition by the community, despite the lack of conditions to perform their work. Therefore, the professional identity of the nurse if formed by reflections of self-image, hetero-image, and images of reality put together.


The research entitled "Diagnosis of evaluation of the profile of the entry and graduation of the Professional School of Initial Education of the National University of Trujillo, in the academic year 2015" aims to diagnose the profile of the entry and graduate of the Professional School of Initial Education, according to the results obtained in the exam of beginning and end of race.
The research is descriptive - diagnostic, with a sample of 43 admissions and 42 graduates of the career of Initial Education, in the year 2015.
The results obtained in the exam of beginning of race and end of race allowed us to analyze the profile of the incoming and the graduated, arriving at the final conclusion that:
The evaluation of the profile of the entrant in 83.7% is regular, indicating that the students did not reach the profile of the entry of the race, reason why a leveling program is proposed to reach the basic competences.
To himself the evaluation of the profile of the graduate when obtaining an average of 59.5%, indicates that the students of fifth year did not reach an optimal level of the academic competences necessary for a professional, reason why an update workshop is proposed To future graduates


When Toronto surgeon Michael McKee told the recent annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons that the complex Ilizarov procedure is unsuitable for smokers, the response was rapid.


Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the skin is a rare, primary malignant skin neoplasm which can present as a cutaneous nodule. These neoplasms are seen primarily in the elderly and located in the head and neck area or extremities. Twenty‐nine aspirates from primary and metastatic lesions obtained by percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration in 19 patients have been studied. The cytomorphologic features, clinical information, and immunocytochemical (ICC) findings are detailed. Aspirate smears demonstrated small‐to‐intermediate‐sized cells with a loosely cohesive pattern. Nuclei were round with finely granular chromatin and multiple, small nucleoli. Cells possessed a thin rim of cytoplasm, and infrequent pseudorosette formations were noted in cell groups. ICC results were universally positive for cytokeratin, which showed a paranuclear "dot‐like" pattern. Neuron‐specific enolase, epithelial membrane antigen, and S‐100 protein were positive in varying degrees. Leukocyte common antigen was universally negative. The diagnosis of MCC of the skin by FNA can be made by applying cytologic features in addition to ancillary studies and clinical information. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;18:251–257. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The P326 proposal of a new experiment NA62 aiming to perform precise measurement of the very rare kaon decay K + → π + ν ¯ ν branching ratio at CERN is described. About 80 K + → π + ν ¯ ν events with 10% of background is planned to obtain in two years of data taking. The status of the project, current status of R&D and future plans of the experiment are discussed.


The hybrid fiber optic interferometers are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In our schemes, the hybrid fiber optic interferometers are constructed by single mode-multimode-polarization maintaining-single mode optical fiber (SMPS) structure and a Sagnac loop. The temperature and strain characteristics of the hybrid interferometers are studied in experiment, and the sensitivities depending on the length of polarization maintaining optical fiber (PMF) and multimode optical fiber (MMF) are detailedly investigated in experiment. The experimental results have demonstrated that the PMF and MMF lengths have low affect on the strain sensitivity but has great influence on the temperature sensitivity. The achieved strain sensitivity is 37.2pm/με for 10cm PMF and 12cm MMF. The achieved strain sensitivity is 38.0pm/με for 12cm PMF when the length of MMF is fixed at 15cm, and is 37.2 pm/με for 12cm MMF when the length of PMF is fixed at 10cm. The obtained temperature sensitivities is 1.723nm/°C when the length of MPF is 8cm with the fixed length of 15cm MMF, and the obtained temperature sensitivities reach 1.848nm/℃when the length of MMF is 12cm with the fixed length of 10cm PMF.


It seems likely that the sets of tautologies no longer include all recursive sets. On the other hand we still have no decision procedure. Proof: Such a decision procedure would lead to one for an undecidable predicate (e.g., (lix)T1(e, e, x) of Kleene XIX 215, p. 301). Thus, for each natural number e, consider the truth-table with binary operation C defined by C(x, y) = x, 1, or 2 according as Tx(e, e, x), or x = y and not Tx(e, e, x), or otherwise; let 1 be the designated element. Each such truth-table is recursive and satisfies (l)-(3), and its set of tautologies is empty if and only if {lix)Tx{c, e, x). GUNK V. ROSE


This paper is concerned with two recently developed computational algorithms for the solution of particular classes of nonlinear programming problems.


Abstract: The main objective of this study is to bring the importance of Forensic Stylistics in light of scientific examination in fixing authorship of the writer. Thorough study of written language present in the writings of an individual belonging to a particular religion in case of anonymous letters, ransom notes, threat letters etc. will lead to the identification of the religion. With the help of Forensic Stylistics, Forensic Document examiner will be able to determine the written language, use of common words in different religion, which in turn will facilitate in identification of the religion. Forensic stylistics help in the identification of an individual which is equally important to find out the religious background, spiritual belief and religious teachings which remain with the writer as a distinguishing features or characteristic features of the religion from which the writer belongs to. For comparison, the standards may not be available most of the times, therefore a detail and thorough study of the writing purported to be written by a particular person can establish the religious group of the write. [1-2] For the study, 150 samples of 5 different religions were collected out of which 80 samples belonging to three different religious groups, i.e Christian, Hindu, Islam are taken into consideration to ascertain the religion of the writer.


Review of Vito Marcantonio: Radical Politician, 1902–1954 by Gerald Meyer.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Extended release formulation of metformin hydrochloride presents significant challenges due to its poor inherent compressibility, high dose and high water solubility. Extended release matrix tablets of metformin hydrochloride were formulated different combination of polymers in hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (K100M) and ethyl cellulose (18 centipoise) (DRUG: HPMC: EC in the ratios of Formulations F1 5:1:1:1, F2 5:1.5:1.5 and F3 5:2:2 respectively by direct compression method. The formulated powder blends were evaluated for compatibility (DSC), angle of repose, True density, bulk density, compressibility index and total porosity. The tablets were subjected to thickness, weight variation test, hardness test, friability test and drug content test. In-vitro release studies were carried out at pH 1.2 simulated gastric fluids for first 2h and followed by simulated intestinal fluid at pH 7.2 using the apparatus (basket) equipment as described in the USP dissolution monograph. The formulated powder blends showed satisfactory flow properties and drug content. The selected formulation further subjected to accelerated stability studies up to 12 and 6 months as per ICH guidelines at room and accelerated temperature and in-vitro and in-vivo release studies carried out formulation F3 in Wistar albino rats to find out the reduction of blood glucose level using blood glucometer up to 10h. Tablet thus formulated provided extended release of metformin hydrochloride over a period of 12 h. Formulation F3 was selected on the basis of t25, t50 and t90 using ANOVA, paired t-test pharmacokinetic studies and compared with reference standard (marketed sustained release tablet) (F4M).


A new class of ductile superconductors has been prepared by casting and appropriate heat treatments. These alloys superconduct between 4� and 18�K and contain at least 90 atom percent copper and a superconducting phase such as Nb3Sn or niobium. They can be processed into wires by conventional metallurgical techniques.


Interactions between chemotherapy and dietary or herbal supplements can compromise patient care. Given the unique toxicities of many chemotherapy agents, patients may find themselves looking to dietary or herbal supplements to self-manage toxicities. Patients may do this without disclosing their use


suggested that these have a good long-term prognosis, not could be due to failure of usual non-invasive diagnostic methods to detect minor myocardial alterations. In this study, we evaluated whether Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) could find small cardiac abnormalities potentially responsible for the premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) seen in these subjects. Methods: Twenty-three patients (14 male, mean age 15.6&6.5 years) with frequent (?30/hour) PVCs on Halter monitoring and with no evidence of heart disease after clinical evaluation, 1Zlead electrocardiography and Colour Doppler echocardiography, underwent MRI on a 1.5 T scanner and an exercise test to predict prognosis on the basis of a exercise induced PVCs modification. The young patients were also followed for a mean period of 2X&2.9 years. Results: At MRI, no patients showed stmchml cardiac abnormalities whereas functional assessment revealed significant impairment in 17 patients (74%): little to moderate right ventricular enlargement was shown in all of these patients with a small reduction of ventricular function in 5 cases (22%) and mild free wall and/or apex contraction abnormalities in 8 patients (35%). PVCs disappeared and persisted during stress test in 15 and 3 patients respectively and no serious arhythmic event was registered during the follow-up. Conclusions: Our study shows that patients with PVCs and without morpho-logical cardiac abnormalities may have functional impairment at MRI, mainly involving the right ventricle, and potentially responsible for ventricular ar- rhythm& Although the mechanisms of these abnormalities and their possible clinical impact remain to be elucidated, OUT results show a favourable long-term prognosis and exclude the need of any invasive investigation. disorders and group II with complex ventricular arrhythmias. The parameters above were compared between groups. In addition, ET-1 levels were compared between patients with ventricular pairs and VT Student's t-test and Scheffe's test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Single ventricular arrhythmias were found in all patients, complex in 24 (42.1%). There was a significant difference between the parameters of left ventricular function, VO2max and ET-1 in the study groups. Furthermore, ET-1 in patients with ventricular pairs differed significantly (p<O.OOl) from that in patients with ventricular tachycardia. Conclusion: ET-1 level is signiiicantly higher in patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias (pairs and vr) than in patients with single ventricular rhythm disorders. The significant difference in echocardiographic parameters and peak oxygen consumption reflects a higher degree of heart impairment in these patients. the cycle lengths (CLs) from 300 to 1500 ms. Quinidine (2uM) prolonged QT interval and ventricular MAP duration (MAPD), and increased transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) m reverse rate-dependent fashion in isolated rabbit heart. No polymorphic ventricular tachycardias were induced under this condition. The effective free therapeutic plasma concentrations of verapamil (5 to 50 nM) used in this experiment have no effect on quinidine -induced changes of QT interval, MAPD and TDR. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, in this model of LQT Syn- drome, verapmil has no effect on quinidine-induced changes of repolatiation heterogeneity of ventricular myocardium. (diameter 2), 19.95mm (diameter 3), 28.9Omm (diameter 4), 39.63mm (diameter 5). In older adults (10 hearts, 62-80 yrs) diameters ranges from 4.47mm. The appro- priate average diameters ranged: 15.65mm (diameter l), 8.70mm (diameter 2), 7.25mm (diameter 3), 26.80mm (diameter 4), 35.85mm (diameter 5) respec- tivelly. Between the groups no significant statistically diameters were observed (p<O.15 young vs old, p<O.34 young vs mature, p<O.42 mature vs old) On the base of OUT study we could conclude that diameters of the cavotricuspid isthmus were constant and they not differ significantly within the three (young, mature, old) adults examined groups. and 65%. Conclusion: 1. RF ablation of VT in pts with ischaemic heart disease with the use of combined electroanatomical and classical method is high. 2. In pts with frequent PVT ablation should be considered as an alternative for heart transplantation.


There has been a reform in mathematics all over the world for a long time, called 'New Math'. Its main area is elementary and secondary school; sometimes it spreads over to universities and colleges. In this paper a method is presented to show possibilities in teaching traditional material, e.g. analysis. We would like to present interesting and novel construction problems, logical decisions, generalizations etc., all of them in the traditional material. We want to develop the 'New Math' to teaching on a higher level.


ABSTRACT Host and distribution data are described for 1,573 male and 439 female Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) paraleachi collected from 158 hosts representing at least 23 vertebrate species. These specimens were collected over a wide ecological range in Africa from sea level to ca. 2,640 m altitude, ca. 15°W to 45°E, and ca. 20°N to 20°S. Hosts were primarily carnivores (Canis, Lycaon, Vulpes, Civettictis, Genetta, Felis Panthera, Herpestes, Ichneumia), although specimens were also taken from primates (Colobus, Homo), rodents (Tatera), and ungulates (Bos, Bubalus, Syncerus, Tragelaphus). Adults were collected throughout the year with the greatest numbers taken in March, April, May, and September.


This paper provides a macro-definition of culture and discusses the role of culture in the intervention of any language. The focus of this paper is going to focus on the need of speech language pathologists and audiologists to pay close attention to the importance of culture in the provision of assessment and intervention. Further, the paper will discuss the major differences between the two major cultural patterns, namely, individualist and collectivist cultures. In addition, the paper will elaborate on the role of culture in the development of language competence. The paper will provide suggestions on how to create an Optimal Language Learning Environment and Experience (OLLEE) for language learners and clients/patients who are having difficulties with language. The paper will review the development of cross cultural communicative competence which is essential for speech language pathologists and audiologists. Finally, case studies and possible Taiwanese scenarios as well as a discussion of clinical implications will be presented.


Abstract Background and objective: The purpose of this trial was to compare the efficacy, safety and side effects of post-operative pain therapy using oral controlled release formulations of tramadol and oxycodone. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation, we observed the post-operative course of 57 patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery. We assessed pain at rest and during exercise, vital signs and side effects using direct measuring and Numerical Rating Scales over a period of three post-operative days. We used chi-squared or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U-test for numerical variables (p < 0.05). Results: Demographic medical data and pain levels did not differ between the two treatments. Parameters for vital signs remained stable. Nausea and emesis occurred significantly more frequently with tramadol (p = 0.011, p = 0.013). Despite insignificance, central effects such as sedation, insomnia, myoclonus or nightmares were more frequent with ...


Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) is used in clinical routine as a golden standard for precisely delineating the epileptic before surgical resection. In recent years it has been demonstrated that the SEEG setup is also eligible for Electrical Source Imaging (ESI), usually achieved from noninvasive measurements such as EEG/MEG. We found out that the principal burden for reliable localization from SEEG comes from the particular implantations of the electrode shafts in cluster, yielding a partial vision of the cerebral activity around the implanted zones. There is evidence that a compromise between the number of electrodes, their spatial repartition, and their distance to the source has to be reached toward successful ESI from SEEG. We then introduce a spatial conditioning criteria aiming at adequately describing these requirements on the sensor configuration. Under supervised simulation with known source position, we identify eligible value of this criteria yielding globally the highest source localization performance. Subsequently, the strategy is assessed under a realistic simulation framework, demonstrating the relevance of our local approach.


Abstract : To enhance the performance of the Active suspension Scorpion light tank it is intended to control the tension and perimeter of the vehicle tracks. This report details the initial system design and specification of the Active tensioning system. The basic configuration and operating principles are considered including operation under failure conditions. The load cases, velocity and displacement requirements for the tensioner are derived from test data and the basic system sizing is defined. The report concludes with a system specification against which the detail design will be conducted.


Of late years,the development in design and manufacturing technique of automobil is obvious to all.In order to improve product performance and to extend service life,technique on the general machinery clutch produced attentional changes too.The technique development of the machinery clutch,whether its design feature,processing property or control technique,reflected development of the design concept and its future possible technique trend to a certain extent.


Based on China's listed commercial banks from 2001 to 2010,the study researches the relationship between audit quality and economy interest provided by listed banks with different property right.We find that,relative to non-government controlled listed banks,government controlled listed banks have higher earnings management with providing auditors with more economy interest.Higher economy interest induces auditors to meet clients' manipulation of earnings management for government controlled banks,and hence audit quality is impaired,but such evidence has not been found in non-government controlled banks.


During the Second World War, the US Army was faced with the problem of turning average civilians into soldiers capable of destroying the German army. To ease their adjustment to their new duties and overcome what US officers saw as the unsuitability of Americans for soldiering, the Army Ground Forces adopted a training regimen designed to produce an 'induced urge to hate the enemy'. This training would make soldiers into enthusiastic killers by portraying the enemy as brutal and ruthless and warfare as a fundamentally lawless activity. As the war went on, hate training increasingly emphasized German atrocities, breaking down the distinctions between soldier and civilian and painting all Germans as potential threats. This antinomian approach achieved only marginal effectiveness in getting US troops to kill, but had dire results for military justice. Blurring the lines between lawful killing and murder, the army's hate training program crippled its ability to police its soldiers. As violence against German civilians and POWs mounted, many officers felt these war crimes were the natural and inevitable result of the army's training regimen. Unwilling to hold soldiers responsible, confessed war criminals were only lightly punished, explicitly because the Army believed they had only acted on their training.


Dyke rocks of olivine-tephrite and carbonate-tephritein association with soda-trachyte and carbonatite occur in Kudangulam area near Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu. Based on Rittmann's τ and σ-values K 2 /SiO 2 , and co-variationof alkalies and silica, and ratios (CaO:MgO, Ca:Na:K, 100Mg/(Mg+Fe) and cpx/ol(vol%) the tephrites resemble the olivine poor nephelinite suite, normally found in carbonatite-ultra alkalic rock associations.


A scheme of establishing graphics database in AutoCAD is given in the paper. The graphics can be displayed in turns by using icon and dialog box.


We propose that most pores in coals are closed. They cannot be reached by diffusion through a pore network but can only be reached by diffusion through solid coal. Co{sub 2} gives accurate total surface areas because it dissolves in and rapidly diffuses through solid coals, reaching all the pores. This surface area is irrelevant to materials which are only slightly soluble or insoluble in coals for these can only reach a small portion of the pores. Thus, the diffusion rate controls the determined pore size. For the large molecules involved in direct-liquefaction and most organic reactions, the effective surface areas of these coals are very small, only a few m{sup 2}/g. The consequences of this structure model for coal processing and reaction are significant. These coals cannot be considered high (hundreds of m{sup 2}/g) surface area materials which are easily accessible. They are low surface area solids only slightly permeable to hydrocarbons. The advantages of fine grinding are obvious. Using solvents which will cause coal to become rubbery rather than glassy will enhance diffusion and thus reactivity.


In this study were examined associations among physical education instructors' argumentativeness and socio-communicative styles perceived by students and students' reasons for discipline. The sample consisted of 252 students (111 males, 141 females) aged 10 - 12 years old (M = 11.4, SD = 0.79) from primary schools of public primary schools who completed three types of questionnaires during physical education classes. The results supported the internal consistency of the instruments. According to the results of the study, statistically significant differences were observed in perceived instructors' argumentativeness and assertiveness between the two classes of the students. Correlational analysis indicated that perceived instructors' argumentativeness was positively related to responsiveness, intrinsic reasons, self-responsibility reasons and caring reasons for discipline. Significant negative correlations were noted for instructors' argumentativeness with assertiveness, external reasons, introjected reasons and no reasons for discipline. The results of regression analysis revealed that perceived instructors' argumentativeness could significantly predict the variables of responsiveness, assertiveness, external reasons, introjected reasons, intrinsic reasons and self-responsibility reasons for discipline.


Rank and cardinality penalties are hard to handle in optimization frameworks due to non-convexity and discontinuity. Strong approximations have been a subject of intense study and numerous formulations have been proposed. Most of these can be described as separable, meaning that they apply a penalty to each element (or singular value) based on size, without considering the joint distribution. In this paper we present a class of non-separable penalties and give a recipe for computing strong relaxations suitable for optimization. In our analysis of this formulation we first give conditions that ensure that the global ly optimal solution of the relaxation is the same as that of the original (unrelaxed) objective. We then show how a stationary point can be guaranteed to be unique under the restricted isometry property (RIP) assumption.1


This article is about web application security. Describes the most common types of web attacks. The analysis was subjected to authoring application Internetowy Notatnik. Provides solutions to improve safety.


This study has been carried out in Jabalpur district and 150 responses of the respondents are taken for the analysis. A self structured questionnaire has been constructed and distributed among the users of Hero bikes. Convenience sampling method has been adopted for collection of data in primary data collection. Male and female both have been participated in the study and male percentage were higher than that of female. Appropriate statistical tools applied in this study. Customer make their purchasing decision of two wheelers by evaluating of price, mileage, style, pickup, availability of spare parts and servicing at Hero's authorized service center etc. In this analysis majority of the respondents were satisfied with the attributes of Hero bikes, whereas the brand image of the Hero MotoCorp Ltd. Has been the most influential factor that attract the customers.


Motivation: Prediction of phenotypes from high-dimensional data is a crucial task in precision biology and medicine. Many technologies employ genomic biomarkers to characterize phenotypes. However, such elements are not sufficient to explain the underlying biology. To improve this, pathway analysis techniques have been proposed. Nevertheless, such methods have shown lack of precision in phenotypes classification. Results: Here we propose a novel methodology called MITHrIL (Mirna enrIched paTHway Impact anaLysis) for the analysis of signaling pathways. MITHrIL extends pathways by adding missing regulatory elements, such as microRNAs, and their interactions with genes. The method takes as input the expression values of genes and/or microRNAs and returns a list of pathways sorted according to their deregulation degee, together with the corresponding statistical significance (p-values). Our analysis shows that MITHrIL outperforms its competitors even in the worst case. In addition, our method is able to correctly classify sets of tumor samples drawn from TCGA (overall error rate equal to 0.90%). Availability: MITHrIL is freely available at the following URL: http://alpha.dmi.unict.it/mithril/ Introduction The prediction of phenotypes, such as diseases, or of responses to therapies from the large amount of genotypic high-dimensional data obtained through Next-Generation Sequencing techniques is an extremely important task in translational biology and precision medicine. However, the gap between current analysis techniques and the ability to obtain precise and accurate knowledge is broad. High-throughput sequencing and gene profiling techniques are radically transforming medical research, allowing the full monitoring of a biological system. The use of these technologies typically generates a list of differentially expressed elements (i.e. genes or microRNAs) whose behavior varies significantly among the phenotypes under examination. Furthermore, compared to traditional gene expression extraction techniques (eg. Microarray), deep sequencing methods, such as RNA-Seq, provide much larger lists of differentially expressed genes, increasing, therefore, the complexity of the analysis. The common approach to simplify and make the analysis of such data more fruitful consisted in grouping genes into smaller sub-sets according to some relationship, leveraging on existing knowledge bases such as ontologies or pathways. The analysis of this * To whom correspondence should be addressed. type of data at the functional level is crucial since it allows a strong reduction of dimensionality, thus providing greater insights on the biology of the phenomenon under study [1]. An extensive class of techniques known as Pathway Analysis [2] goes in this direction. In the past, such term had been associated to the analysis of ontological terms, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, or to the inference of gene regulatory networks from expression data. More recently, great interest has shifted toward a class of methods called Knowledge base-driven pathway analysis [3]. Such methods leverage on existing databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) [4, 5] or Pathway Commons [6], to identify those pathways that may be affected by the expression changes in the observed phenotype. Knowledge base-driven pathway analysis techniques can be grouped into three generations of approaches [3]: i) Over-Representation Analysis (ORA); ii) Functional Class Scoring (FCS); iii) Pathway Topology-based (PT). First-generation methods statistically evaluate the number of altered genes in a pathway with respect to the set of all analyzed genes. After filtering the result gene set of an expression assessment experiment, ORA strategies [7-13] typically divide the list of genes according to the pathway each gene belongs to. By applying an hypothesis test (i.e. hypergeometric, chi-square, or binomial) they are able to determine if the number of such genes is overor under-represented. These methods, however, have some major limitations. Firstly, considering only the number of differentially expressed genes, while omitting their expression, implies that the magnitude of their change be unimportant for pathway activity. Furthermore, considering only statistically significant differential expression may exclude those genes whose coordinated alteration may lead to remarkable effects, although their differential expression may not be statistically significant. Finally, they consider individual genes and pathways, respectively, in an manner independent of the surrounding biological context, eluding what truly happens in reality. Second-generation methods compensated some of the disadvantages of ORA approaches. Typically FCS methods compute a gene-level statistics from their expression levels, by means of a statistical approach (i.e. ANOVA, Q-statistic, signal-to-noise ratio, t-test, or Z-score). Such statistic is calculated considering all genes in a pathway [14-20] and its statistical significance is estimated through an appropriate null hypothesis [15, 21-23]. FCS methods avoid some of the limitations of the ORA approaches by ranking all genes through their expression level and by considering the dependencies within a pathway. However, they do not take into account the fact that a gene can be simultaneously active in multiple pathways, utilizing the expression magnitude only to sort genes. In order to overcome the disadvantages of FCS methods, the third class of techniques models a pathway as a graph, considering its topology when computing scores. A thorough analysis of all PT-based approaches has been provided in [24]. The first PT-based algorithm is ScorePAGE [25]. As FCS methods do, it computes a gene-level statistic by applying a similarity between their expression values. Rahnenführer et al. [25] evaluated four different measures: correlation, covariance, cosine distance, and dot product. They stated that an exclusive choice among these measures is impossible, the best approach being an adaptive one, namely, selecting the measure best suited to the data in question. Such similarity is, therefore, combined to build a pathwaylevel score. For each pair of elements in a pathway, ScorePAGE averages their similarity weighting it on the basis of the distance between the nodes in the pathway. Finally, by means of a non-parametric permutation test, the authors are able to establish the significance of each pathway-level score. However, ScorePAGE has been designed to analyze only metabolic pathways. In Draghici et al. [26], an analytical technique called impact factor (IF) was introduced. The impact factor is a pathway-level score that takes into account biological factors such as the magnitude of change in genes expression, the type of interactions between genes, and their location in the pathway. In Draghici et al. [26], each pathway is modeled as a graph in which nodes represent genes, while edges represent interactions between them. Authors also define a gene-level statistic (called perturbation factor, PF) as a linear function of the change in gene expression and the perturbation of its neighborhood. Such a statistic is then combined for each element in a pathway, and a p-value is computed by means of exponential distribution. The analysis method presented by Draghici et al. [26], has been further improved by the SPIA algorithm [27] which attenuates the dominant effect exercised by the change in expression within PFs computation, while reducing the high rate of false positives when the input list of genes is small. SPIA uses a bootstrap procedure to evaluate the significance of the observed perturbation in the pathway. All this is combined with a p-value computed in ORA style to make a full assessment of the statistical significance of the perturbation of each pathway. To reduce the number of false positives, and to obtain a more significant analysis, Vaske et al. [28] presented the PARADIGM algorithm, which has been further improved by [29]. PARADIGM is a method to infer patient-specific genetic activity by incorporating information regarding interactions between genes provided in a pathway. The method predicts the degree of alteration in the activity of a pathway by employing a probabilistic inference algorithm. The authors show that their model obtains significantly more reliable results than SPIA. However, Mitrea et al. [24] stated they could not reproduce the results reported in Vaske et al. [28], despite the full cooperation of its authors. Here, we present MITHrIL (miRNA enriched pathway impact analysis), a technique that extends the method in [26] and SPIA [27], by combining their strengths and improves the reliability of the results. The strength of MITHrIL lies in the enrichment of pathways with information regarding microRNAs, post-transcriptional regulatory elements whose addition has been proved to be essential to the greater meaningfulness of the results. Our method, starting from expression values of genes and/or microRNAs, returns a list of pathways sorted according to the degree of their de-regulation, together with the corresponding statistical significance (p-values), and a predicted degree of alteration for each endpoint. To evaluate our algorithm, we used the decoy pathway methodology introduced in Vaske et al. [28] on expression datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We showed that adding information on the otherwise missing regulatory elements proves to be pivotal in improving the reliability of pathway analysis methodologies. As further evidence of the reliability of our pathway impact analysis method, we employed our algorithm for the classification of phenotypes. The results highlight the ability of our methodology to strongly reduce the dimensionality of the data while maintaining a very high classification quality. Results Biological soundness. We compared our methodology with PARADIGM [28] and SPIA [27] by


Inland people's attitude towards municipal amalgamation reform in Norway from 2013 to 2018 has become more positive. However, a majority does not support the ongoing reform, but the changes have been substantial during such a short time period. However, these changes seem not to be a result of new and more positive judgements of the reforms' results and outcome. By contrast, the majority has been more critical of anticipated consequences of the amalgamation reform into larger municipalities. Instead, we considered the changes as a type of 'resignation' towards a reform pressure from the national government and general changes in their environment. More citizens' assess that positive municipal economic development and more local competence are favourable effects of mergers, and this finding supports this claim. The reform is likely to catch up with their local units anyway, and the citizens' attitudes are adapting to what they expect will occur in the upcoming years.


SUMMARY Skin was examined from a total of 70 lambs obtained at the foetal age of 75, 90, 100, 120 and 135 days. The rate of follicle development was not greatly dissimilar from that previously described in improved breeds. The Shetland showed least difference from improved breeds, and the Mouflon x Soay was most retarded, but the pure Soay foetuses were closer to the Shetlands than to the Mouflon cross-breds.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the housewives' consumption pattern and preference of the Korean rice cake asa substitute for meal. The rate of housewives who had eaten rice cake as a substitute for meal were 75.30% and those who had not were 20.83%. Usually 62.03% of them ate rice cake for breakfast, and 34.21% did them within one time per a week. Reasons for eating rice cake for meal were investigated on 'easy to eat(54.51%)', 'good taste (24.44%)' and 'healthy food(14.29%)'. The older housewives wanted healthy rice cake for meal and ate with tea and Kimchi(Dongchimi). The younger ones ate rice cake for meal with tea and milk. Thawing methods of frozen rice cake for meal were different between the older and the younger, respectively, steaming and using microwave. Kinds of rice cake as a substitute meal were Injeolmi(50.75%), Backsulgi(49.62%), Chaltteok (47.74%) and Yaksik(46.44).