Evolutionary dynamics are strongly affected by population structure. The outcome of an evolutionary process in a well-mixed population can be very different from that in a structured population. This paper refers to an evolution model of group structured population. In this model, both individuals' strategies and population structure are subject to evolutionary updating. We specially focus on the evolution of cooperative behavior and study the dynamics of evolutionary public goods game in group structured population. Some key parameters affecting the track of the population's evolution and various dynamic natures shown during the process of evolution are studied by approaches combining theoretical analysis and computer simulations. We found that the co-evolution of individuals and groups structure is able to promote cooperation in public goods game. The model advised by us also can be extended and provide new research ideas for more other evolutionary multiplayer game. Keywords-public goods game; evolutionary game; multiplayer game; structured population; groups structure; evolution of cooperation


From studies in rats, the plasma concentration and percent reduction of minimum anesthetic requirement (MAC) produced by bupivacaine were determined. In addition, mean convulsant blood levels of bupivacaine and lidocaine for the rat were determined. It was concluded that bupivacaine, a local anesthetic relatively devoid of the systemic effect of sedation, shows minimal general anesthetic potency as compared to lidocaine, despite its greater toxicity and potency as a local anesthetic.


Introduction: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. Characterizing the population-level burden of scrub typhus is challenging due to the lack of accessible and accurate diagnostics. We describe a new approach using information about seroresponse after infection to generate population-level scrub typhus seroincidence estimates. Methods: We use data from two clinical studies of scrub typhus patients enrolled in Chiang Rai, Thailand, and Vellore, India, and representative population data from two serosurveys in and around the Kathmandu valley, Nepal, and Vellore, India. The samples were tested for IgM and IgG responses to Orientia tsutsugamushi-derived recombinant 56-kDa antigen using commercial ELISA kits. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to fit two-phase models to the antibody responses from scrub typhus cases and used the joint distributions of the peak antibody titers and decay rates to estimate population-level incidence rates in the cross-sectional serosurveys. We compared this new method to a traditional cut-off-based approach for estimating seroincidence. Results: Among 18 to 29-year-olds, the seroincidence of scrub typhus was 886 (95% CI 432-1817) per 100,000 person-years in India and 945 (95% CI: 616-1449) per 100,000 in Nepal. Seroincidence rose with age, reaching a rate of 3231 (95% CI: 2630-3969) per 100,000 among 50 to 89-year-olds in Vellore, India. The seroincidence rates estimated using a cutoff were half the rates we estimated using antibody dynamics. Conclusion: The approach described here can be deployed prospectively, coupled with existing serosurveys, or leverage banked samples to rapidly characterize scrub typhus burden and generate scrub typhus seroincidence estimates that are comparable across populations, regions, and time.


The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of three different types of in-service or preservice training on the attitudes of sixth-grade teachers in selected Texas school districts toward the "new" social studies. The types of preparation compared are the following: completion of a social studies methods course within the last two years, attendance at a social studies in-service training session at least three hours in length within the past year, a major or minor in one of the social science disciplines, or combinations of these. Additional variables such as age, teaching experience, classroom organization, degrees held, and textbooks being used are also considered. Three hundred twenty-four respondents from thirteen school districts completed a two-part questionnaire. Part A seeks biographical, educational, and experiential information. Part B contains thirty-nine statements about social studies education to which the participants respond on a six-point Likert-type scale. Data are treated with a one-way analysis of variance, and hypotheses are retained or rejected at the .05 level of significance. When a significant F-ratio is found on data having more than two groups, the Fisher's t for multi-type comparisons is applied to determine where the significant differences occur.


The invention provides an erasable bluish dark writing liquid. The writing liquid mainly comprises the following components: alpha-naphtholphthalein, phenolphthalein, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, formaldehyde, a thickener, a surfactant and distilled water. The writing liquid is prepared by a complementary color principle, and has no toxicity, no penetrating odor and no corrosion. The writing liquid can not only be applied to a teaching board but also be applied to water-color brushes for children. The preparation process is simple and the writing liquid has convenient use. The writing liquid can be erased by water solution, and is a writing liquid without environmental pollution and harm to human bodies.


Planning, design and implementation of traffic infrastructure is a complex task especially when it is done for infrastructure located in urban areas because it depends on different factors and interests. This is why the solutions have to be evaluated by different type of criteria (traffic, economic, environmental and social). For this purpose during last decades multi-criteria methods came into use and numerous methods have been developed which are classified as multi-criteria analysis methods (e.g. PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, AHP). In this paper the overview of how the multi-criteria analysis method AHP - Analytic Hierarchy Process is used as decision making tool in the process of transportation planning is given. AHP has been used for analysing different types of problems in the field of transportation engineering: selection of routes for railways, roads, bicycle, metro-lines, and selection of priorities of construction for transportation objects. In the paper the case study in which AHP is used for defining priorities in planning multi-store garages is described. In this case five different locations using four main criteria and eight sub-criteria were evaluated with AHP method. The results show that AHP can be used for evaluation of location for transport facilities and that the AHP methodology can be easily implemented in transportation infrastructure planning. It gives the possibility to make decisions using a larger number of criteria, enables the pair-wise comparison of alternatives and enables the involvement of all interested parties.


Photoinduced absorption is used to study the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate of two polyfluorenes doped with iridium (III) tris[2-(4-totyl)pyridinato-N,C2]. It is found that the triplet exciton lifetime of polyfluorene is reduced by the dopants. But instead of decreasing, the population density of polyfluorene triplet exciton increases by almost one order of magnitude. The finding shows that the ISC rate can increase over 100 times due to the spin-orbital interaction with the Ir ion even though it is covered by the ligands. Specifically, the ISC lifetime changes from the intrinsic value of 62ns to as short as 0.28ns upon 10% doping.


Periodico di Mineralogia (2011), 80, 1 (Special Issue), 19-26 - DOI: 10.2451/2011PM0002 Special Issue in memory of Sergio Lucchesi First occurrence of titanomagnetites from the websterite dykes within Balmuccia peridotite (Ivrea-Verbano zone): crystal chemistry and structural refinement Davide Lenaz* and Francesco Princivalle Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Universita di Trieste, Italy *Corresponding author: email@example.com Abstract The crystal chemistry of three ulvospinels from the websteritic dykes within the Balmuccia peridotites has been investigated by means of X-ray single crystal diffraction and electron microprobe. They are very similar each other with cell edge about 8.43 A and oxygen positional parameter between 0.2565 and 0.2570. Ti content is about 0.32 a.p.f.u. As they are embedded in a glass with syenite composition it is supposed they quenched during the rapid cooling of a melt pervading the websteritic dykes. This is the first finding of similar spinels in the studied area. Key words : Balmuccia peridotite; websterite dykes; ulvospinel; crystal chemistry; structural refinement.


A Coxeter group is said to be rigid if any two systems for that group yield isomorphic Coxeter diagrams. A Coxeter group is said to be strongly rigid if moreover the generating sets of any two systems are conjugate. We determine a new class of Coxeter groups which are rigid, and introduce the notion of reflection independence, a generalization of strong rigidity.


SUMMARY A novel tetrahydroquinolinyl ester, quinfamide, administered orally in multiple doses for 3 days had an ED50, of 0·25 mg/kg/day (total dose 0·75 mg/kg) for eradicating Entamoeba criceti in hamsters in several tests. It was significantly more active by direct comparison than 3 commercially available amoebicides and at least as active as 2 other esters of the parent compound, 1-(dichloroacetyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-quinonnol. After administration of a single dose, ED50, calculations for quinfamide averaged 0·9 mg/kg. Quinfamide was considerably more active than the other tetrahydroquinolinols, diloxanide furoate and teclozan, and it was approximately 1·5 times more active than etofamide; a statistical significance between the latter 2 drugs could be demonstrated in one of 4 tests. Administered prophylactically, quinfamide was shown to protect hamsters from re-infection with E. criceti. It also inhibited propagation of E. histolytica in vitro at a concentration of 20 /tg/ml. No adverse effects were noted in rodents after a single dose as high as 10 g/kg. Daily administration to monkeys of doses up to 500 mg/kg for as long as 37 days produced no pharmacological aberrations during or after medication; haematological studies and urine analyses were normal and no gross or microscopical tissue changes attributable to quinfamide were observed. No toxicity was revealed following acute (2 g/kg) and chronic (500 mg/kg/day × 31 days) administration of the drug to dogs and rats, respectively.


Purpose : This study aims to determine the position of Selong Belanak Village in Central Lombok, Indonesia, according to the TALC (tourism area life cycle) in order to be developed as an attractive tourist destination.
Research methods : The data were collected through observation, documentation, structured interviews, and focus group discussions. The analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner.
Findings : The results of the study show that the development model of Selong Belanak Village as a tourist destination is carried out by involving three pillars, namely the government, Pokdarwis (or kelompok sadar wisata) which represents the local society, and business parties.
Implications : The results of this study are Selong Belanak Village is currently in the involvement phase.


According to the literature on innovation, several vital factors or determinants favor innovation in companies. In the case of R&D, significant advances have been made in the last two decades, which have enriched our understanding of its impact on various innovation outcomes. However, due to a lack of data availability, its study is difficult to address in emerging markets. This is why, using microdata from 5588 firms, we investigate the relationship between R&D investment and the impact on product and process innovations in different Latin American countries. We contribute to the literature by employing a machine learning methodology and comparing its results to a traditional innovation model. Our findings demonstrate the behavior of both product and process innovation methods.


We study a stochastic linear quadratic (LQ) control problem that arise in the optimal control of linear discrete time invariant stochastic systems characterized by functional uncertainties. The theory of stochastic linear quadratic control has been extensively studied and developed. However, there remains a significant open problem, which is to derive an appropriate Ricatti solution when the models of the stochastic or deterministic systems under consideration are unknown. In such situations, functional uncertainties should be taken into consideration when deriving the optimal control law. This paper solves this problem for stochastic uncertain systems with additive state and control dependent noise. A new type of Ricatti equation is introduced which involves additional terms that depend on the estimated models uncertainties. The derived control result is then demonstrated on pinning control problem where the control matrix is sparse. It is used to synchronize the states of a complex coupled map lattice network with spatiotemporal chaos.


In the light of the recent measurement of the leptonic mixing angle $\theta_{13}$, implications of the latest mixing data have been investigated for non-minimal textures of lepton mass matrices assuming the neutrinos to be Majorana like. Large number of possible texture specific lepton mass matrices have been examined for their compatibility with the lepton mixing data in the case of normal hierarchy, inverted hierarchy and degenerate scenario of neutrino masses. Specifically, apart from other phenomenological quantities the implications of the lepton mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ have been investigated on the lightest neutrino mass as well as the effective Majorana mass $ $.


1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, By CHARLES C. MANN, xix and 509 pp.; maps, ills., bibliog., index. New York: Knopf, 2011. $30.50 (cloth), ISBN 9780307265722; $16.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780307278241. Charles Mann's 1493 is one of those books that transcend the boundary between popular and academic books as it appeals and is accessible to both. It is a stunning story, or better said, series of stories, of how the New World was created by the meeting of the Old Worlds and the Americas. Mann is a science journalist long interested in topics that have brought him in contact with geographers. His transformative book published in 2005, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, was inspired by and included research done by geographers, and, not surprisingly, has been very popular in geography courses. In part as a result of that success Mann was selected as the 2008 AAG Honorary Geographer. He continues to attend geography meetings when he can and is a great friend of the discipline. 1493 too is already and will be popular with geographers as it is a geographical treatment of historical events solidly in the people-environment tradition of geography. Although this book was inspired by Alfred Crosby's book The Columbian Exchange (1972), it is not simply an update of it. Mann describes in the Acknowledgements that his first ideas for 1493 are scribbled in the margins of his tattered copy of The Columbian Exchange, but what resulted from those initial thoughts goes well beyond where that book took us many decades ago. Mann references and builds on the Crosby classic, but 1493 is not simply a new take on an old story. Instead, Mann takes the reader on an even greater adventure, stitching together lesser-known parts of the processes and resultant landscapes of early globalization and the ecological convulsions that accompanied the movement of people, plants, diseases, commodities, and animals as a consequence of the Columbian Exchange. Mann takes us to parts of the world where this meeting was rapidly changing lifeways and landscapes, and deepens the story we already know, and he also takes us to places that heretofore have been ignored and/or underappreciated. The book is divided into six sections, an introduction, fours parts, and a Coda--"Currents of Life." The four parts are divided first along geographical lines, "Atlantic Journeys," "Pacific Journeys," and then aligning with historical events, "Europe in the World" and "Africa in the World." In each of these sections, Mann tackles a couple of stories that illuminate the interconnections that arose as a consequence of the meeting of the worlds of peoples and places and how these interactions created new spaces and places with new and unique characteristics. In the first section Mann considers what to many is the typical space of exchange in the Columbian Exchange, that which went across the Atlantic in terms of products, people, and diseases. We learn about the great difficulties the English had in sustaining their colonies in North America, and are exposed to a story that details the enormous complexity and the associated challenges of colonizing North America, a process that in typical history books is presented as a more glorious experience. Let me elaborate a little here, as I found this section to be quite compelling and transformative in the way I think about the formation of the United States, especially the role that malaria played in its early demography and its eventual landscapes. The chapter entitled "Evil Air" is particularly thought provoking as it goes well beyond the usual narratives about the role of slaves in the development of the plantation economy in U.S. colonies. The story stitches together the role of tobacco plantations, British and other European settlers, mosquitos and malaria, native Indians, and African slaves. The following quote from the end of the opening section of the chapter provides a flavor for Mann's argument: It would be an exaggeration to say that malaria and yellow fever were responsible for the slave trade, just as it would be an exaggeration to say that they explain why much of Latin America is poor, or why antebellum cotton plantations in Gone with the Wind sat atop great sweeping lawns, or why Scotland joined England to form the United Kingdom, or why the weak divided thirteen colonies won independence from mighty Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. …


The Board of Trustees is a corporation. The decisions of the Board in a properly constituted meeting are those of the corporation. Individual trustees exercise an effective decision making role in the context of corporate action. A trustee who is given corporate authority to act on behalf of the Board may carry out duties individually but only as an agent of the Board. In such cases, the actions of the trustee are those of the Board which is then responsible for them. A trustee acting individually has only the authority and status of any other citizen of the Division.


Aiming at forming thin-walled concave defect,at the hollow thin-walled aluminum profile extrusion,this paper adopts the numerical simulation analysis and gets the metal flow velocity distribution in the steady-state different directions and metal stress distribution in welding cavity.The simulation results show that the defects is occurred,because there are speed difference between the different parts in the same section and the metal flow's velocity is not same in different directions.According to the analyses,the design scheme of the choked flow block is adopted,which can hinder the metal flow and reduce the speed difference.Through the simulation calculation,the mould structure after modification is found that it can be used to manufacture qualified products.


How do art and design libraries collect the history of the future? Trend forecasting literature presents exactly that challenge. These multifaceted print and digital publications, issued regularly and expensively by a handful of companies, are held by few libraries even as they influence everything from womenswear to computer games. We examine how libraries collect these materials and consider their role in the broader information landscape. First, we historically situate forecasting, looking to origins in colour charts, trade catalogues and international communications. Next, we look at the post-war institutionalization of trend forecasting, describing its role in the consolidation of a consumer-oriented supply chain. With the Fashion Institute of Technology as the case study, we then examine forecasting in context: how faculty incorporate it into pedagogy, how students engage with the materials and how librarians integrate critical thinking and information literacy into instruction. Practical matters such as cost, housing, long-term archiving and access are also addressed. We conclude with a forecast of forecasting, examining its move to digital formats and the challenge of meeting pedagogical needs that are at once rigorous (as accreditation demands) and creative (as schools promise), reflecting the mash-up wonder of today's fashion discourse.


In this paper, which is sequel to [4], we explore further the structures of the p–adic framed braids and the p–adic Yokonuma–Hecke algebras constructed in [4], by means of dense sub–structures approximating p–adic elements. We then construct a p–adic Markov trace on the p–adic Yokonuma–Hecke algebras, which arises naturally as the inverse limit of classical Markov traces constructed in [3], and we approximate the values of the p–adic trace on p–adic elements. Surprisingly, the traces in [3] do not normalize directly to yield isotopy invariants of oriented framed links. This leads to imposing the 'E–condition' to the trace parameters. For solutions of the 'E–system' we then define C–valued isotopy invariants of oriented framed links, which lift to isotopy invariants of p–adic framed links. The Yokonuma–Hecke algebras have topological interpretations in the context of framed braids, of singular braids and of classical braids.


A s the human population ages and increases in longevity, study of biological aging is emerging. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for 2003, an estimated 35.9 million Americans were over the age of 65 and more than 25 percent of this population was in fair-to-poor health.1 The mechanism of cellular aging is elusive and many theories have been proposed to explain the decrease in physiologic function that occurs with aging. As a result of increased risks of disease and mortality, decreases in quality of life, and rising health care costs, aging and longevity research is necessary to address problems related to aging. A wide range of nutrients and interventions have been shown to decrease cellular aging and age-related disease.


Dear Editor, We would like to share ideas on the publication "Comparison of Olfactory Cleft Width and Volumes in Patients with COVID-19 Anosmia and COVID-19 Cases Without Anosmia [1]." Tekcan Sanli et al. [1] concluded that "Patients with COVID-19-related OD had larger... TDI score was found to be inversely correlated with cleft width and volume." In COVID-19, we concur that there may be a link between olfactory cleft width and anosmia. Nonetheless, there are a few points worth debating. The function of an anatomical structure, such as the olfactory cleft, is not always predicted by its simple mechanical component. Form and function, in general, are two distinct concepts that may interact and rely on one another. However, size of peripheral olfactory structures such as clefts, bulbs, and grooves are not clear indicators or predictors of olfactory function (e.g., a larger brain does not mean more intelligence), and the debate is welcome when it comes to olfaction because there is very little evidence that their size is a clear indicator or predictor of olfactory function. Nevertheless, it is not unlikely that form is vital for function, but as the authors point out, it could be multifactorial and not only tied to the olfactory cleft's shape. Additionally, stick test results may vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patients' viral recovery [2]. Furthermore, there is a chance that the test will return a false negative [3]. Finally, the olfactory function may be influenced by one's genetic heritage. The rs2590498 variation in the odorant-binding protein gene, for example, could impair olfactory performance [4]. It would be interesting to conduct more research to determine the impact of possible confounding interference.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trade-off conditions between battery saving opportunities and long term evolution network performance. To achieve this goal voice over IP with discontinuous reception is studied. Analysis is conducted with vast amount of different settings, including on duration, inactivity and discontinuous reception cycle timers. The quality of service and battery saving opportunities with discontinuous reception are evaluated with a dynamic system simulator which enables detailed simulation of multiple users and cells with realistic assumptions. This paper indicates high battery saving, i.e., increased talk-time opportunities without compromising the performance when discontinuous reception is properly adapted.


The recent development situation of the laser warning systems that have been largely produced and serviced abroad is summarized.The performance and characteristic of these laser warning systems are analysed and evaluated specifically.The end of the paper,the development trend of the laser warning system has been pointed out.


The circulation background and data from the Doppler weather radar(CINRAD-SA) in Guangzhou are analyzed and the causes of very-short torrential rains in Guangzhou are analyzed.Results show that the severe rainstorm occurred in Guangzhou in summer was caused by favorable synoptic conditions with multi-cells passing by the same site,being consistent with its moving direction.Weak mesocyclone,the "inverse-wind region" and the energy front plays an important part in convection development and maintenance.In the paper,the skills for issuing rainstorm warning signal are discussed also.


performances and broadcasts of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 through 1974. The Americana Music Association is based in the Nashville area, along with many other professional music-related organizations. Each year the Americana Conference and Festival meets in Nashville, providing thousands of attendees with a wealth of entertainment, knowledge, experiences, and acquaintances. Since its beginnings in 2000, the Conference and Festival has continued to grow year by year, with increasing national and international media coverage and growing exposure to Nashville as the entry point to America's music. The Research Center at the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce works closely with the music industry in many ways, including collaborations with the Americana Music Association. Over the years, the Center has studied the impacts, challenges, and changes that are underway in Nashville as a uniquely important center of music. The Center works nationally and internationally in the field of cultural content industry research. As a leading center of creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation, Nashville serves as a living laboratory from which the Research Center develops research linkages and directions that continue to expand. Music works in, for and with all that is Nashville. The world knows Nashville because of music—it is the city's unique signature. Nashville plays host, interpreter, performer, and guide to a wide range of musical styles, reaching well beyond country. Musical genres with deep Nashville roots include folk, bluegrass, gospel, Christian, and blues, as well as the relatively new genre of "Americana" music. Americana music has emerged since the 1990s as a distinct genre that blends musical traditions from across the U.S. South: blues, jazz, country, rock & roll, R&B/Soul, gospel, zydeco/Cajun, and bluegrass, with influences from around the world. In 2010, the Grammy Awards recognized Americana as a distinct category, with Levon Helm winning the award for best album. Other prominent Americana artists include Steve Earle, Alison Krauss, the Avett Brothers, Rosanne Cash, Dwight Yoakam, Gillian Welch, and Lucinda Williams, just to name a few. The cover photo for this issue features Robert Ellis, who was nominated for album, artist, and song of the year in 2014 by the Americana Music Association. In the photo, Ellis is performing in Nashville's historic Ryman Auditorium. Built in 1892, the Ryman was the venue for COVER ART


The exhibitions of Science and Technology (S&T), such as those in the National Week of Science and Technology (SCNT) have an increasingly important role in the Popularization of Science (CP). However, the characterization and definition as a museum exhibition presents some questions. This work aims to analyze the participation of a research institution at the event and verify, through analysis of objects, texts, materials used and by comparison with definitions in the literature, its characterization as a museum exhibition.


From August to October of 2018, Haidou ARV participated in the third Mariana Trench scientific expedition of China. It carried out a total of 7 underwater trials in the Challenger Deep. The total working time in the bottom of Challenger Deep was 5h 47min. A lot of scientific data were got by Haidou ARV in the expedition, including HD video of the Challenger Deep, high-precision seabed depth measurement data and CTD observation data in the Challenger Deep. These observed data are of great significance for scientists to carry out scientific research on the Hadal zone in the future. This paper mainly describes the application of Haidou ARV in the third Mariana Trench scientific expedition of China and the scientific results of observation during the expedition.


Within the framework of Natural Spoken Dialog systems , we propose in this paper a method which automatically builds, from a training corpus, a set of Language Models (LMs) organized as a binary tree and called a Tree-based LM (TLM). Each LM corresponds to a specific dialogue situation, where the general LM is attached to the root node and the leaves represent the more specialized ones. Such LMs can be used to automatically adapt the decoding process to the dialog situation. We propose a two-pass decoding strategy, which implements this idea: a LM is dynamically selected from the TLM according to a list of Nbest hypotheses produced by a first decoding process, then this LM is used to perform a rescoring process on the word graph previously calculated.


The voltammetric characteristics of Cu(II) oxinate, acetylacetonate, and benzoylacetonate at a mercury electrode in the presence of three different supporting electrolytes have been investigated in chloroform. A two-electron quasi-reversible nature of the reduction process of Cu(II) complexes was observed. Differential pulse polarography preceded by solvent extraction of the Cu(II) chelates in chloroform was used for the determination of copper. Calibration graphs were linear over the concentration range 0.5 to 80 μM; the detection limit in the case of Cu(II) oxinate was 0.2 μM, about 10 times lower than that of the other complexes. Interference by ions that are extractable into chloroform was not observed. The proposed differential pulse polarography method using Cu(II) oxinate has been successfully applied to the determination of copper in tea leaves.


Objective To study the efficacy of treatment for aerobic vaginitis(AV) by Living Preparation of Lactobacillus and Ornidazole.Methods A total of 60 cases AV diagnosed by established standard criteria in Zhengzhou hospital were divided into two groups and each group were treated with either Living Preparation of Lactobacillus or Ornidazole for 7 days.Results The effective rates of treatment for AV by Living Preparation of Lactobacillus and Ornidazole were 90% and 87%(P 0.05) respectively.Conclusion For treatment of AV caused by the aerobic bacteria,bacterial flora modulator agent,Living Preparation of Lactobacillus,showes slightly better efficacy than Ornidazole.


This chapter describes the largest historical, theoretical, and methodological claims of Passion's Fictions: that in the early modern period a rhetoric of the passions destabilized a received faculty psychology, only to be itself absorbed into new natural histories of the passions; that the concept of passion in the early modern period was crucially shaped by rhetoric, with its account of passion as a situated, worlded, object-oriented mode of cognition; that the rhetoric of the passions centered on an account of narrative as a mode of the knowledge of the passions in their world-bound particularity; that rhetoric also shaped emerging forms of literary production, from Shakespeare's drama to the rise of the novel; and that literary studies needs to attend to the active role of its own material in the history of the psychology of the passions. The chapter also situates the arguments made in Passion's Fictions with respect to a series of related areas of inquiry: the history of emotion; affect theory; cognitive cultural studies; the history of philosophy; and the history of science. Overall, it aims to show the intimate links between literature and the sciences of soul and mind through the whole period from 1500 to 1800, and it makes the case that literary history is a crucial territory for investigating changing ways of thinking about the passions, not just in the rarefied space of philosophical and scientific debate but also in broader areas of discourse and culture.


A total of 71 sludge samples originating from 61 sewage treatment works in South Africa were used in this investigation. Moisture, pH and total mineral ion content were determined. Moisture values were found to vary between 2.7% and 88.5% with the pH of the majority of the samples falling between 5.1 and 6.5. Mineral ion determinations showed that P was the most abundant in most of the sludges whereas, of the heavy metals, Zn had the highest concentrations and Cd the lowest. The current results (for 10 elements) were compared with the current South African maximum limits as stipulated in the permissible utilisation and disposal of sewage sludge for unrestricted use. The amounts of Cu, Se, Pb and Zn were found to be above the limit in more than 90% of the samples. No sewage works met the required limits for all the elements of interest. The results were also compared with the USA and EU limits, according to which all the elements were within the acceptable range and over 50% of the sludge samples met the required limits. These results suggest that the current South African limit is too conservative.


We find that in Chinese listed non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs), if CEOs have political affiliations or family connections, their jobs are securer with poor firm performance and there is a synergistic effect of the two social backgrounds on CEO turnover-performance sensitivity (TPS). Politically affiliated CEOs' face lower TPS if they are in superior performed non-SOEs, economic downturns, or non-SOEs with politically affiliated other managers. However, no such effects are found in listed SOEs. Introduction CEOs are key decision-makers, and replacing a CEO entails a change in corporate strategy [1] . Correspondingly, CEO turnover is an effective constraint mechanism that business owners impose on their agents to improve corporate governance [2] . In firms with effective corporate governance, shareholders and board of directors (BOD) decide whether to dismiss their CEOs based on firm performance [3] . Because of the institutional environment of China, shareholders of non-SOEs exhibit a preference for immediate profit and emphasize short-term performance when evaluating their CEOs [4] . However, in accordance with resource dependence theory, CEO social backgrounds, including political affiliations and family connections are critical firm social capital. Such CEO social backgrounds can provide firms with tax incentives [5] , advantages in financing [7] and other gains. Undoubtedly, an advantageous background enhances a CEO's value to a firm and thus affects CEO turnover. Resources are limited in developing countries, such as China, and these countries often lack effective resource-allocation systems. Financial channels, property protection, and industry entry opportunities differ considerably between SOEs and non-SOEs. Non-SOEs have to seek alternative external resource channels. Therefore, whether the social backgrounds of CEO can impact CEO TPS in non-SOEs is a question, which needs further study. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses CEOs play a pivotal management role in firms and are responsible for firm performance. For the information asymmetry between board of directors and CEO, a CEO's capability cannot be directly observed and firm performance is the benchmark for evaluating CEOs, and determining whether they should continue to serve in the CEO role. Consequently, CEO TPS is generally negatively. Capable CEOs enhance firm performance, thereby gaining the confidence of shareholders and maintaining their positions. When the performance of a firm is poor or below the expectations of the shareholders and the BOD, shareholders and BOD question the capability of the CEO, and they may dismiss the CEO to improve corporate governance and cut their losses [8] . Numerous studies assert that CEOs are replaced not because of true lack of ability, but rather because they become scapegoats for poor firm performance [9] . A decline in firm performance is often the result of poor overall corporate governance rather than an incompetent CEO, suggesting that CEO turnover does not necessarily improve performance. However, without a suitable alternative course of action, shareholders may treat a firm's CEO as a scapegoat [10] . Actually, as the highest executor of daily affairs, CEO should assume liabilities for the defective corporate governance. CEO TPS is affected by CEO and firm traits. The greater the power of the CEO has [11] , or the higher proportion of independent BOD [12] , the lower probability of a CEO being dismissed for poor performance decreases. Similarly, CEO TPS is also affected by CEO social backgrounds, especially political affiliations and family connections. Political affiliations are a means for firms to acquire scarce resources. Firms often maintain close ties with government actors to gain various scarce resources. CEOs with political affiliations can leverage their backgrounds to benefit the business activities of their firms and achieve development objectives [14] . Thus, CEOs with advantageous political affiliations are challenging to replace, even if firm performance declines under their leadership or they enact major investment decisions that yield poor results. A family-style management approach is commonly observed in listed non-SOEs. Similar to CEOs' political affiliation, family connections enable CEOs to procure scarce resources, reducing the CEO's substitutability and in turn affecting CEO turnover. Family-run firms are oriented toward long-term operations [15] . To ensure stable operations [16] , a family-run firm is unlikely to dismiss a CEO who is a member of or connected to the family, even if short-term firm performance is unfavorable [17] . When CEO possess family connections, they are less likely to be replaced for poor performance in non-SOEs. Based on this discussion, we propose our hypothesis: In listed non-SOEs, any one of CEOs' social backgrounds significantly inhibits CEO TPS.


Many particle accelerators require to supply chains of magnets with high quality, high magnitude, cycling currents. To do this, the power converters need to provide high output voltages, reaching in some cases tens of kilovolts. Additionally, converters are required to store the magnet energy during de-magnitasion cycles. For such application, Full-bridge Modular Multilevel Converters (FB-MMC) could be used given their capacity to store energy, their inherent reliability and their good harmonic performance. This paper studies how this converter topology could be used for this application, proposing a method to recover and store the energy of the magnet using the converter submodules.


Abstract Digital technology, often perceived as complicating evidential claims about documentary representations, has been playing a significant role lately in formulating new aesthetic grounds for the long-lasting hybridity formed between fact and fiction in the genre. It has been doing so by cultivating a style of constructed camcorder realism, utilizing the technology's immediacy and intimacy predicated upon the digital look in its various connotations of authenticity and credibility. This article discusses the ways by which digital cinematography contributes to the challenging interplay between reality and fiction in the new hybrid documentary form. Focusing on several unclassifiable blends of document and story shot on digital video (DV) and other hand-held cameras—Michael Winterbottom's In This World (2002), Abbas Kiarostami's Ten (2002), and Hany Abu-Assad's Ford Transit (2002)—it accounts for how technologically oriented aesthetic variations become signifiers of an artificial generic distinction, and raise questions and concerns about the manufacturing of truth in documentaries.


『Boepbok-Sajeol-Boksaek』 which is kept in the Oryundae Korean Martyrs Museum, records the royal female costumes of the late 19th century. It is a similar record with 『Sajeol-Boksaek-Jajang-Yoram』 in the Sookmyung Women"s University Museum. The former deals with costumes for fours seasons, festive days, wedding ceremony, and coming-of-age ceremony after wedding. The latter those for four seasons and festive days of a general year. This study, at first aims to make a comparison between four season and festive costumes common in the two versions, and then investigate wedding and coming-of age ceremony costumes recorded in the Oryundae version. Specifically, this study compared characteristics between royal female ordinary and ceremonial costumes in the late 19th century, with a focus on costume, headdress, accessory and pouch. Royal women wore Dangeuis (female minor ceremonial jackets) as normal four season costumes in the late 19th century. They wore Green Jikgeum Dangeuis or Subokja Geumbak Danheuis as festive costumes. According to the Oryundae version, wedding and coming-of-age ceremony costumes were Hong Jangsams, and Green Jikgeum Wonsams. This version shows that the costumes in the version were worn by royal concubines, prince wives, or princesses, not queens or crown prince wives. For the hair style, Daesu was combined with Hong Jangsams, Keunmeori with Green Jikgeum Wonsam, and Jikgeum or Geumbak Dangeui, and Jojinmeori with an ordinary Dangeui. For the Norigae, Samjak-norigae were worn for wedding ceremony, coming-of-age ceremony, king"s birthday, festive days, etc., and light and heavy feeling Norigae were worn in summer and winter, respectively. For the ring, jade, agate, or pearl rings were worn in summer, paran or seho rings in spring and autumn, and gold rings in winter. For the pouch, pearl-decorated pouches were worn for wedding ceremony.


Gerlach, Allen. Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2003. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index, 286 pp.; paperback $23.95. Postero, Nancy Grey, and Leon Zamosc, eds. The Struggle for Indigenous Rights in Latin America. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2004. Figures, tables, notes, bibliography, index, 272 pp.; hardcover $67.50, paperback $27.50. Sawyer, Suzana. Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. Photos, maps, figures, notes, bibliography, index, 312 pp; hardcover $74.95, paperback $21.95. Van Cott, Donna Lee. From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Figures, tables, abbreviations, notes, bibliography, index, 300 pp; hardcover $75. Yashar, Deborah J. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Tables, abbreviations, notes, bibliography, index, 388 pp; hardcover $85, paperback $37.99.


Objectives: To assess outcome in adult individuals undergoing laser-assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tube placement. Study Design: Case series with 2-month follow-up. Setting: Faculty practice, research protocol, tertiary care academic medical center. Patients and Method: Laser-assisted tympanostomy was performed on a total of 142 ears (108 individuals). Indications included serous otitis media with effusion (66 ears/47 patients), functional eustachian tube dysfunction (48 ears/36 patients), acute otitis media (19 ears/16 patients), and endoscopic visualization of the middle ear (9 ears/9 patients). Intervention: The laser-assisted tympanostomy procedure is performed with a CO2 laser under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. Main Outcome Measures: Patency time of the tympanostomy, presence of fluid after the closure of the tympanostomy, tympanometry and tone audiometry findings, relief of symptoms. Results: Middle ear disease was resolved after the closure of tympanostomy in 47.9% of patients with serous otitis media with effusion. In 79.1% of patients with functional eustachian tube dysfunction, symptoms were diminished. All patients with acute otitis media had a satisfactory outcome. Laser-assisted tympanostomy was found to be quite helpful in patients undergoing middle ear endoscopy. Conclusions: Laser-assisted tympanostomy without ventilation tubes provides a safe alternative surgical option in adult patients in certain cases. The selection criteria for this procedure are addressed in detail.


This report presents a data set which has been developed for use in determining the relative contribution of all sources to the air pollution burden of an area. Estimates of coal, oil, natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, and gasoline and diesel fuel use by low-elevation, dispersed sources in 1975 have been computed for Roane County, Tennessee. Similar data have been obtained for the major industrial and commercial point sources within the county. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emission factors for 1975 were used to calculate the annual average emission rates for SO/sub 2/, CO, NO/sub 2/, hydrocarbons, and suspended particulates from all of these sources. Hourly meteorological data were used to construct a joint frequency distribution of wind direction by stability class for two heights on the meteorological tower for 1975. Annual average SO/sub 2/ concentrations from nine monitoring stations and annual average suspended particulate concentrations from three monitoring stations are also presented. Included in the report is a discussion of how these data were obtained.


Objective To investigate the influence of soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor-IgG1 Fc fusion protein(sTNF-αR-Fc) on septic shock in rats and to understand the underlying mechanism. Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups(n=10): the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced model group,the sTNF-αR-Fc treatment group and the normal controls.Blood pressure of the rats was monitored by multi-channels biological signal analysis system,soluble TNF-α produced by splenocytes was determined by flow cytometry and TNF-α mRNA in the liver and heart was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results In LPS-induced model group,expression of TNF-α mRNA increased,but blood pressure and survival rate decreased in comparison with control group(P0.05).In sTNF-αR-Fc treatment group,expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased,but survival rate increased significantly (P0.05).Conclusion sTNF-αR-Fc can enhance the survival rate of septic shock rats by inhibiting the production of TNF-α.Therefore,it may have therapeutic value in septic shock.


Spin crossover molecules have two accessible states: high spin (HS) and low spin (LS). We show that, on the pyrochlore lattice, elastic interactions between SCO molecules can give rise to three spin-state ice phases. Each is a ``Coulomb phase'' where a local ice-rule can be mapped to a divergence free gauge field and the low energy excitations carry a spin fractionalized midway between the LS and HS states. The unique nature of spin crossover materials allows temperature to change the ice rules allowing straightforward access to Coulomb phases not yet observed in water or spin ices.


Fermented dairy has a profound effect on human health. Fermented dairy foods
affect human health through the secretion of biologically active compounds
through microorganisms' protein digestion and the interaction between beneficial
microbes in them and the intestine. An unbalanced diet and an unhealthy lifestyle
are directly linked to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, hypersensitivity, lactose intolerance, and gastroenteritis. Studies have shown
that fermented dairy products (fermented milk, yogurt, cheese, koumiss, kefir)
helped in the immune response against pathogens by adding antioxidants, anti-microbials, anti-fungals, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-atherosclerotic
agents. Fermented products have also been widely used as the most effective means
of delivering beneficial or digestible probiotic microbes. Fermented milk has many
health benefits. It relieves the symptoms of lactose intolerance and is used to prevent colon cancer. Several studies have indicated the ability of lactic acid bacteria
to prevent and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Curd also has a laxative effect
and facilitates the passage of waste, preventing the risk of constipation and its complications, such as diverticulosis and colon cancer. The results of scientific research
have shown the ability of the metabolites found in fermented milk and other foods
containing it to further improve the immune capabilities of the intestine through
increasing immune proteins IGA, which helps humans in the prevention and protection of diarrhea and intestinal infections, especially in children, Fermented milk
is also used to reduce the severity of the winter cold. It was a vital stimulant in
treating patients with colds, influenza, and colds. The results showed a remarkable
difference in the ability of these vital stimulants to reduce the severity and duration
of colds and colds. However, they did not show an effect in the treatment of influenza. Fermented milk reduces allergy to milk protein, as many people suffer from
milk protein allergy. This article focuses mainly on the health effects and the most
important functional components of fermented milk, thus providing an excellent
opportunity to develop functional dairy products supported by new lactic acid bacteria that support human health. This paper provides an overview of different aspects of the research on microorganisms present in dairy products in the light of
their impact on human health.
Keywords: microbes, colon cancer, fermented, Human.


New education environment requires the colleges to pay attention to the cultivation of the innovation ability of students in education management, give full play to students' autonomous learning ability and arouse students' study initiative, thus it's necessary for vocational colleges to change its traditional student management mode and innovate student management mode guided by the management philosophy of "student oriented" so as to cultivate practical talents with comprehensive quality for the society. This paper firstly expounds the current situation of student management in vocational colleges under new education environment, and analyses innovative approaches to student management mode.


Autonomous mobile robots have been increasingly used in various applications within indoor environment notably for inventory and asset tracking in warehouses. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the approaches considered for many related applications due to its automated recognition of objects and high penetrability through a wide range of materials. This paper proposes a technique for autonomous mobile robot navigation via RFID signal strength sensing where the robot is tasked to move towards a target object without knowing its current location. Both the robot and the target object are equipped with IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless sensor network modules which allow a point-topoint networking during the navigation. A set of experiments have been designed which include different initial heading angles of the robot with respect to the goal. The experimental results show good performance with an average steady-state error of no more than 28cm within a navigation area of approximately 7m × 7m, while for the time taken to reach the goal, the duration varies between 176s and 236s. 


Pianpian Wu We are living in an era with explosive increase of engineered nano-sized materials (NMs). They differ significantly from those at a larger scale (e.g. unique optical, electrical, chemical properties), being involved in industrial technology breakthroughs for having the potential to improve the quality of life and to contribute to industrial competitiveness. NMs are evolved in lots of industries and applied in various categories of consumer products, cadmium sulphide nanoparticles, or CdS NPs are among those ones. Once these products discarded, discharges of these waste products containing NMs almost follow the same destiny: Via surface water or groundwater transportation, they are deposited in estuaries before seawater dilutes the effluents. It is already known that Cadmium (Cd) is a neurotoxic metal that can be harmful to human and the environment. However, less is known about the toxicological effects of NMs, not to mention CdS NPs' impacts on other organisms from the aspect of both ecology and toxicology, also ecotoxicology. For the latter objective, this study, as part of EU's 7 th Framework Program on NPs' ecotoxicity, presents how CdS NPs can be harmful to widely distributed benthic organisms in estuary sites in France, a ragworm (Nereis diversicolor) and a bivalve (Scrobucularia plana). Adverse effects of ionic Cd was also considered as a comparison. Animals were exposed to this contaminated environment with either CdS NPs or ionic Cd. The exposure period was as short as 2 weeks. Very low concentration of contaminants was used, for the sake of simulating environmentally relevant condition. Not surprisingly, it was observed that both ragworms and bivavles showed fewer activities in feeding and burrowing behaviors at different degrees, which are crucial to species' survival in changing environment. Especially the bivalves showed reduced burrowing activities, which could increase chances of them captured by predators. This could further lead to worse circumstance like extinction of local species. With the objective of improving environmental risks assessment of nanoparticles, this research gives a convenient approach in detecting the harmful effects of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles to estuarine invertebrates. Further research includes detecting dissolved fraction of metals, as well as subsequent chemical and DNA analysis of the tissues from the test organisms, which will give more in-depth knowledge of ecotoxicology facts of this material.


In this paper, ongoing research pursuing the distinction of online handwriting into textual and different drawing classes is described. In the context of natural pen-based interactions, users will seamlessly switch between such different input modes. Therefore, it is vital for pen input recognition systems to be able to distinguish between these cases, preferably in an early stage of processing. The method described in this paper is tested on data acquired in a multi-modal task setting where users are requested to specify shape and dimensions of bathrooms, using pen and speech. Mode detection in this context yields comparable outcomes to recent findings from the literature. The results presented here elaborate on these findings by examining the possibility to perform early recognition of input modes, so-called incremental recognition. To this end, PENDOWN as well as PENUP trajectories are being explored.


This paper presents a set of novel and efficient algorithms for fusion of emitters from multiple sensors, where a signal from one sensor system could either be a bearing line or a fix. This comprehensive solution includes fusion algorithms for multiple fixes, multiple bearing lines, and fix with bearing. Testing using a high-fidelity simulation system demonstrated that the algorithms are able to reduce the location error significantly


The work function of a modified W(100) surface with zirconium oxide on a planar sample was estimated to be 2.7 eV with the Fowler plot from the local brightness of the obtained photoelectron image by photoemission electron microscopy. This value fairly coincided with the widely accepted values of 2.6–2.9 eV, which were determined with the Fowler–Nordheim plot for field emission. In the thermal field emission cathode used as the transition metal, the work function of the (100) surface was selectively reduced using the electric dipole moment of the transition metal and oxygen. The optimum heat treatment temperature for the formation of this Zr–O complex could be determined from the transition of the work function and the observation of the surface condition at each heat treatment temperature.


Based on the data of the climatic, maize growth and development, and the yield from 23 meteorological stations throughout the Xiliaohe watershed during 1961 and 2010. The whole growing period of maize was divided into three stages, early stage(from seedling to tasseling stage),medium stage(from tasseling to milk-ripe stage)and later stage(from milk-ripe to mature stage). According to water deficiency index to divide the level and hazard assessment model of drought and flood. In addition, spatial distribution of hazard in Xiliaohe watershed can be analyzed using the IDW method. Conclusions are as follows: (1)water deficiency index of maize in the early stage is on the rise but in the medium and later stages are on the decline. (2)The frequency above drought decrease from northwest to southeast in the whole stage, above medium flood increase from north to south in the early stage and later stage, and decrease from middle region to all around in the medium stage. (3)There are obvious regional differences about the hazard of drought and flood in Xiliaohe watershed.


Thispaper presents anefficient method forcomputing theoptimal tapcoefficients oftheMIMO equalizers andcancellers fromthe channel impulse responses (CIR). Theproposed methodprovides aninsight oftheminimummean-square error (MMSE)solution ina general MIMO system andshowsthat theMSE optimization probleminaM-input N-output system canbedecomposed into N independent minimization problems eachwithsmaller size. Solving each separate problem inMMSE sense iscomputationally efficient, thus leading tosubstantial savings inoverall computational complexity. Compared withaprior method, this newmethod isexact andmuch faster. IndexTerms-MIMO,CIR,MMSE,independent, computation complexity


The classical Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm is introduced into the image recovery in fractional Fourier domain after adaptation. When this algorithm is applied directly, its performance is good for smoothed image, but bad for unsmoothed image. Based on the diversity of fractional Fourier transform on its orders, this paper suggests a novel iterative algorithm, which extracts the information of the original image from amplitudes of its fractional Fourier transform at two orders. This new algorithm consists of two independent Gerchberg–Saxton procedures and an averaging operation in each circle. Numerical simulations are carried out to show its validity for both smoothed and unsmoothed images with most pairs of orders in the interval [0, 1].


A culture medium has been devised for producing colominic acid in improved yields. Major improvements were obtained by using sorbitol as a source of carbon, by adding phosphate in high concentrations, and by supplementing a limited amount of yeast extract. E. coli O 16: Kl: HNM produced approximately 3000 µg/ml of colominic acid on cultivation at 37°C for 46 hr with a liquid medium consisting of sorbitol (2.0%), (NH4)2SO4 (0.5%), K2HPO4 (1.4%), MgSO4·7H2O (0.05%), and yeast extract (0.05%).Isolation and purification by deproteinization with ammonium sulfate, precipitation with ethanol, and by column chromatography on anion exchange resins resulted in a pure colominic acid preparation devoid of internal ester linkages.In producing colominic acid, strains forming S-type colonies were more active than those forming R-type colonies.


BACKGROUND
Objective assessment of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity and the longitudinal changes with treatment is critical to optimizing cleft care. We used 3D images to evaluate nasal base morphology.

METHODS
Consecutive patients undergoing cleft lip repair and foundation-based rhinoplasty were included (N=102). 3D images pre-op, post-op, and at 5 years of age were assessed and compared to age-matched controls. Images were normalized to standard horizontal, cranio-caudal, and antero-posterior axes.

RESULTS
Cleft subalare was similar in position relative to controls but was 1.6 mm retrodisplaced. Subnasale was deviated 4.6 mm lateral to midline and had the greatest displacement of any landmark. Non-cleft subalare was 2.3 mm laterally displaced. Regression analysis with deviation of subnasale from midline as dependent variable revealed progressive lateral displacement of non-cleft subalare, narrowing of non-cleft nostril, and intercanthal widening. Surgery corrected nasal base displacements along all axes resulting in landmark positions similar to controls. The symmetry of nasal base correction persisted at 5-year follow-up with no recurrent cleft alar base retrusion, regardless of initial cleft type.

CONCLUSIONS
Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity may be 'driven' by displacement of anterior nasal spine and caudal septum. The cleft alar base is normal in position but retruded whereas the non-cleft alar base is displaced lateral. Changes with surgery involve anterior movement of cleft alar base but also include medial movement of non-cleft alar base and columella. Symmetry of correction, including alar base retrusion, was stable over time and did not rely upon alveolar bone grafting.


The partition behaviors of amphoteric acids with pH were examined based on the theoretical considerations. The apparent partition coefficient, defined as the ratio of the activities of the acid in organic and aqueous phases, is maximal at the isoelectric point. When pK1, is much smaller than pK2, the apparent partition coefficient coincides with the true partition coefficient, defined as the ratio of the activities of the neutralform of the acid in the two phases, at this point. The former changes linearly with slopesof +1 and-1 in the region of pK1>>pH and pK2<<pH. By applying the method of Ang when the presence of the zwitter-ionic form can be excluded, it was demonstrated that the true partition coefficient can be determined exactly from this pH-partition curve, even if the ionization constants of the acid are not known. This method also gives the values of the two ionization constants, so it seemed to be available for determination of the ionization constants of acids, which are very slightly soluble in water.The partition coefficients of p-aminobenzoic acid, sulfonamide and sulfamonomethoxine were measured in an n-octanol/H2O system at 25°over a wide pH range. The variation of the partition coefficients with pH confirmed the above considerations well. The values obtained for the true partition coefficients and ionization constants agreed well with the results of others.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are gaining popularity in a range of areas and are already being used for a wide variety of purposes. While UAVs have many desirable features, limited battery lifetime is identified as a key restriction in UAV applications. Typical UAVs being electric devices, powered by on-board batteries, this constrain has limited their capabilities to a considerable extent. Thus planning UAV missions in an energy efficient manner is of utmost importance. To achieve this, for prediction of power consumption, it is necessary to have a reliable power consumption model. In this paper, we present a consistent and complete power consumption model for UAVs based on empirical studies of battery usage for various UAV activities. The power consumption model presented in this paper can be readily used for energy efficient UAV mission planning.


Tolerancing is an essential part of a product design process. It is traditionally performed after the product structure has been determined. The product precision requirements may not be fully utilized for the decision making for selecting the best structure in the early stage of product design — the conceptual design phase. A growth design method has been proposed for product structure design and concurrent tolerancing, in which the product form and tolerance can be generated in the same way as an organism grows. The basic feature of biology, cell division, has been borrowed as the design guiding principle. Product conceptual model has been built as the basis of form and tolerance growth design. The relationship of product function, structure and tolerance was analysed to explain on what and how they act in product design process. Tolerance mathematic model expressed by screw parameters and expression model based on Technologically and Topologically Related Surface (TTRS) are described to execute the tolerance allocation. The automation selection of Datum reference frame (DRF) can facilitate the generation of tolerance. Finally, a prototype form design and tolerancing system has been implemented and applied to a dedicated fixture design to verify the validity of the growth design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


The invention provides a method for on-line measurement of coal quality characteristics based on partial least squares method. Firstly, the coal calibration samples containing known components are detected by use of an laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system, the calibration samples are classified by the principal component analysis (PCA) or partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method according to the obtained spectral line intensity matrix, and PLS regression equations of the individual classes of the calibration samples are established respectively; and then a sample to be tested is detected on line to obtain an LIBS spectrum, the type of the sample to be tested is judged by the PCA or PLS-DA method, and the spectral line intensity matrix of the LIBS spectrum is put into the PLS regression equation of the corresponding type to calculate the mass concentrations of individual elements in the sample to be tested. The method fully utilizes the effective information of the LIBS spectrum, eliminates the multiple correlation of spectral line intensity caused by the mutual interference of the elements, reduces the influence of the matrix effect, and is characterized by high goodness of fit, strong reproducibility and high prediction accuracy in comparison with the single-variable calibration method in the prior art.


Williams' later canon -- post Night of the Iguana -- has not received the intensive critical attention his earlier works have. The fifteen original essays in this book, written by leading authorities on Tennessee Williams, examine the energy and variety of Williams' late work in light of critical theory and performance objectives to reveal a powerful and rarely gifted experimental artist at work. Rather than seeing the works of the 1960s-1980s as a falling off of Williams' talent, the essays here demonstrate and argue that they are vital to the Williams canon and to American (and world) theatre alike. Contents: Philip C. Kolin: Introduction -- Annette J. Saddik: « The Inexpressible Regret of All Her Regrets: Tennessee Williams's Later Plays as Artaudian Theatre of Cruelty -- Michael Paller: The Day on Which a Woman Dies: The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore and No Theatre -- Allean Hale: The Gnadiges Fraulein: Tennessee Williams's Clown Show -- Una Chaudhuri: « AWK!: Extremity, Animality, and the Aesthetic of Awkwardness in Tennessee Williams's The Gnadiges Fraulein -- Gene D. Phillips, S.J.: Tennessee Williams's Forgotten Film: The Last of the Mobile Hot-Shots as a Screen Version of The Seven Descents of Myrtle -- Terri Smith Ruckel: Ut Pictura Poesis, Ut Poesis Pictura: The Painterly Texture of Tennessee Williams's In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel -- Felicia Hardison Londre: The Two-Character Out Cry and Break Out -- Philip C. Kolin: « having lost the ability to say: 'My God!': The Theology of Tennessee Williams's Small Craft Warnings -- Robert F. Gross: The Gnostic Politics of The Red Devil Battery Sign -- Robert Bray: Vieux Carre: Transferring « A Story ofMood -- Verna Foster: Waiting for Buddy, or Just Going on in A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur -- George W. Crandell: « I Can't Imagine Tomorrow: Tennessee Williams and the Representations of Time in Clothes for a Summer Hotel -- Norma Jenckes: « Let's Face the Music and Dance: Resurgent Romanticism in Tennessee Williams's Camino Real and Clothes for a Summer Hotel -- James Fisher: « In My Leftover Heart: Confessional Autobiography in Tennessee Williams's Something Cloudy, Something Clear -- Thomas Keith: A House Not Meant to Stand -- Tennessee's Haunted Last Laugh. « With this volume of 15 provocative essays on the later plays, Philip Kolin makes another major contribution to the study of Tennessee Williams' work. It will provide a strong foundation on which to build a new understanding of the significance and quality of these undeservedly neglected plays. Employing an extraordinary range of knowledge to inform their analyses -- from the theories of Artaud and Brecht to the aesthetics of N and Postmodernism to the disciplines of theology and philosophy -- these distinguished scholars and critics have written readable and enlightening essays that will undoubtedly serve as an incentive to future study and criticism. (Brenda Murphy, Professor of English, University of Connecticut) « Philip Kolin's 'The Undiscovered Country' is an important and unique addition to Tennessee Williams scholarship. These fifteen essays invite readers to reconsider the value of the later works of Williams, and do so in fresh, original ways. This collection provides an engaging corrective to the neglect and discredit that have long haunted the last two decades of Williams' career.(Matthew Roudane, Professor of English and Chair, Georgia State University)


High healthcare utilizers are often chronically ill patients who require aggressive hospital and outpatient care. We describe a patient with septic shock who was stabilized in the intensive care unit, then transitioned to a virtual hybrid hospital‐at‐home to complete both inpatient care as well as outpatient wound and rehabilitation therapy.


(57) Abstract: Modular storage / support assembly is using the platform device having a support column (10) which are arranged vertically. Strut has a tubular body elongated, extending the length of the tubular body, at intervals into a plurality of symmetrical, and a flange (14) extending radially. Each flange has a first portion extending radially from the pillar, and a second portion of the end of the first portion. Slots (26), to receive a vertical panel or other insert, are formed between each pair of adjacent flanges.


An Intrusion Detection System or IDS is a software/hardware tool used to detect unauthorized access to a computer system or network. This may take the form of attacks by skilled malicious hackers, or Script using automated tools. An IDS is required to detect all types of malicious network traffic and computer usage. This includes network attacks against vulnerable services, data driven attacks on applications, host based attacks such as unauthorized logins and access to sensitive files. IDSs are widely recognized and deployed in computer networks to stand against a wide variety of attacks. However, IDSs deployment raises some serious technical problems, namely low detection rate, managing of a large number of triggered alerts, and users privacy violation. These problems become worse by the fact that some commercial IDSs may generate thousands of alerts per day, and miss some real attacks at the same time. Intrusions detection, identifying the real alarms from the huge volume of alarms, and maintaining users privacy are frustrating tasks for security officers. Thus, maintaining the privacy, increasing the detection rate and reducing false alarms are critical issues in IDSs efficiency and usability. The aim of this work is summarized as: 1) to propose a new approach based on the sequential pattern data mining to improve the detection rate of IDS systems. 2) to reduce IDSs alarms, by proposing an algorithm based on continuous and discontinuous patterns. 3) to propose revocable scheme to maintain users privacy. 4) and finally as an application of IDS, anomaly detection systems are used for security protocols environments as dynamic activities protectors. Research background: Over the past decade, the number as well as the severity of computer attacks has significantly increased. CSO magazine conducted a survey on the 2004 cyber crimes, which shows a significant increase in reported electronic crimes. Compared to the previous year, more than 40% of intrusions and electronic crimes are reported. Also, 70% of the respondents reported at least one electronic crime or intrusion was committed against their organization. According to collected statistics, electronic crimes have an incredible impact on economy. Reports say that electronic


Genes involved in the regulation of these traits may be differentially expressed over time. Many traits studied have a repeated measurement over time, e.g. growth, but are often analysed as single time points. Taking into account the (co)variance structure between these point may improve the detection of QTL. In this paper a single trait QTL model, a multi trait QTL model and a random regression method are used to detect QTL for body weight (BW) in a large pig population on pig chromosome 2. The single trait QTL mapping method revealed a QTL for BW1, while the QTL in BW2-BW4 were not significant. The multi trait QTL analysis gave the same profile likelihood as the single trait analysis, but did not reach significance. This is due to the many parameters to be estimated in the model. The most likely model suggests a QTL affecting all four traits (BW1, BW2, BW3, BW4). The random regression model reveals a significant QTL with an increasing effect over time, however, reveal convergence problems as well. In conclusion: the longitudinal model (random regression) has more power and reveals more information about the effect over time, however, it is not robust. Therefore, simpler models should be fitted as well.


Late Quaternary fossils from southeastern United States previously assigned to Felis yagouaroundi and new records of small felines from three additional localities represent an extinct new species. The new species is characterized by an exceptionally tall inferior canine, stout mandibular symphysis and diastema, and relatively slender cheek teeth. Dental characters most closely resemble those of Central and North American F. wiedii and F. tigrina , whereas mandibular characters most closely resemble those of F. yagouaroundi . Evolutionary relationships between the three extant species and the extinct new species are unclear.


The present invention discloses a battery module and the attendant paste, the battery module includes a battery pack, a strap, an elastic member and an adjustment assembly. It comprises a belt attachment section and an adjusting section extending from the opposite ends, and a retaining section attached segment. Attaching section is attached to the battery pack. Adjustment assembly disposed in the adjustment period, the adjustment assembly comprising a cleat and an elastic member. An elastic member interposed between the cleat and the battery pack and having a bead. The resilient member of the battery pack on the same strip side. And the elastic member are located crosspiece member with opposing sides. Wherein adjusting section disposed through cleat. Thus by the strip, the adjustment assembly and the resilient member is fixed to a housing of the battery pack, to avoid tearing damage to the battery pack. The plate body comes in conjunction with a separate, attached by fixing the battery pack to reach to the plate or plate removed from the effect. During the removal of the battery pack, due to the adhesive present between the plate member is only incidental paste, it will not have the battery pack caused by destruction of the tear.


The exponential growth in connected devices with Internet-of-Things (IoT) and next-generation wireless networks requires more advanced and dynamic spectrum access mechanisms. Blockchain-based approaches to Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) seem efficient and robust due to their inherited characteristics such as decentralization, immutability, and transparency. However, conventional consensus mechanisms used in blockchain networks are expensive to be used due to the cost, processing, and energy constraints. Moreover, addressing spectrum violations (i.e., unauthorized access to the spectrum) is not well-discussed in most blockchain-based DSA systems in the literature. In this work, we propose a newly tailored energy-efficient consensus mechanism called "Distributed-Proof-of-Sense (DPoS)" that is specially designed to enable DSA and detect spectrum violations. The proposed consensus algorithm motivates blockchain miners to perform spectrum sensing, which leads to the collection of a full spectrum of sensing data. An elliptic curve cryptography-based zero-knowledge proof is used as the core of the proposed mechanism. We use MATLAB simulations to analyze the performance of the consensus mechanism and implement several consensus algorithms in a microprocessor to highlight the benefits of adopting the proposed system.


Weed competing with the rice seedlings for resources, which also provided a better condition for pests and diseases. Targeted spraying herbicide of weed was the key to greatly reduce pesticides and reduce pollution. Weed category information and position detection were the basis of the field intelligence management. In order to realize the automatic recognition and position detection of weed from the complicated background and the natural light in the paddy field, this paper presented a new recognition method for weeds at seedling stage in paddy fields using Faster R-CNN (convolutional neural network). In this proposed method, transfer learning and target detection framework with Faster R-CNN were combined, and transfer the feature extractor of pre-training network model VGG16 and AlexNet. The result indicated that the recognition accuracy of Faster R-CNN with backbone network of VGG16 is better than the that of AlexNet, which could reach 82.47%.


Resilience refers to the positive ways in which people respond to adversity and stressful life events. Much of the research and writing in resilience has focussed on how children respond to adversity. Community resilience, however, represents an extension of this focus. Often oppressed communities are represented as lacking in resilience and competence. Models that characterize group responses to inter-group and intercultural contact often simplify the responses of communities. Drawing on these concepts it is argued that oppressed groups do not always capitulate or assimilate to oppressive systems, but in alternative forums and settings these groups find ways to resist oppression and experience a sense of community. In settings such as church groups, sporting clubs, extended family networks and other organizations groups find ways to protect and propagate what is valued and central for their survival. This has implications for how we interpret and understand the ways in which groups adapt to oppressive and changed contexts and alerts us to the dangers in under-emphasising and overlooking the positive functions of alternative settings.


The team of Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI) and Thar Energy LLC (Thar) applied technology engineering and economic analysis to evaluate two advanced oxy-combustion power cycles, the Cryogenic Pressurized Oxy-combustion Cycle (CPOC), and the Supercritical Oxy-combustion Cycle. This assessment evaluated the performance and economic cost of the two proposed cycles with carbon capture, and included a technology gap analysis of the proposed technologies to determine the technology readiness level of the cycle and the cycle components. The results of the engineering and economic analysis and the technology gap analysis were used to identify the next steps along the technology development roadmap for the selected cycle. The project objectives, as outlined in the FOA, were 90% CO{sub 2} removal at no more than a 35% increase in cost of electricity (COE) as compared to a Supercritical Pulverized Coal Plant without CO{sub 2} capture. The supercritical oxy-combustion power cycle with 99% carbon capture achieves a COE of $121/MWe. This revised COE represents a 21% reduction in cost as compared to supercritical steam with 90% carbon capture ($137/MWe). However, this represents a 49% increase in the COE over supercritical steam without carbon capture ($80.95/MWe), exceeding the 35% target. The supercritical oxy-combustion cycle with 99%more » carbon capture achieved a 37.9% HHV plant efficiency (39.3% LHV plant efficiency), when coupling a supercritical oxy-combustion thermal loop to an indirect supercritical CO{sub 2} (sCO{sub 2}) power block. In this configuration, the power block achieved 48% thermal efficiency for turbine inlet conditions of 650°C and 290 atm. Power block efficiencies near 60% are feasible with higher turbine inlet temperatures, however a design tradeoff to limit firing temperature to 650°C was made in order to use austenitic stainless steels for the high temperature pressure vessels and piping and to minimize the need for advanced turbomachinery features such as blade cooling. The overall technical readiness of the supercritical oxy-combustion cycle is TRL 2, Technology Concept, due to the maturity level of the supercritical oxy-combustor for solid fuels, and several critical supporting components, as identified in the Technical Gap Analysis. The supercritical oxycombustor for solid fuels operating at pressures near 100 atm is a unique component of the supercritical oxy-combustion cycle. In addition to the low TRL supercritical oxy-combustor, secondary systems were identified that would require adaptation for use with the supercritical oxycombustion cycle. These secondary systems include the high pressure pulverized coal feed, high temperature cyclone, removal of post-combustion particulates from the high pressure cyclone underflow stream, and micro-channel heat exchangers tolerant of particulate loading. Bench scale testing was utilized to measure coal combustion properties at elevated pressures in a CO{sub 2} environment. This testing included coal slurry preparation, visualization of coal injection into a high pressure fluid, and modification of existing test equipment to facilitate the combustion properties testing. Additional bench scale testing evaluated the effectiveness of a rotary atomizer for injecting a coal-water slurry into a fluid with similar densities, as opposed to the typical application where the high density fluid is injected into a low density fluid. The swirl type supercritical oxy-combustor was developed from initial concept to an advanced design stage through numerical simulation using FLUENT and Chemkin to model the flow through the combustor and provide initial assessment of the coal combustion reactions in the flow path. This effort enabled the initial combustor mechanical layout, initial pressure vessel design, and the conceptual layout of a pilot scale test loop. A pilot scale demonstration of the supercritical oxy-combustion cycle is proposed as the next step in the technology development. This demonstration would advance the supercritical oxy-combustion cycle and the supercritical oxy-combustor from a current TRL of 2, Technology Concept, to TRL 6, Pilot Scale System Demonstrated in a Relevant Environment, and enable the evaluation and continued refinement of the supercritical oxy-combustor and critical secondary systems.« less


A technique is described for the acid catalyzed tritium exchange of activated aromatic protons using acetic acid-3H/ tritium chloride. In the two examples reported, specific activities of 0.5 Ci/mmol were obtained for propranolol and 1.73 Ci/mmol for reserpine. The reagent mixture was found to be very effective and easily manipulated under vacuum.


Recent advancements in big data, algorithms, and computing power have triggered significant enhancements in artificial intelligence (AI). Almost every aspect of travel and tourism is currently impacted by AI, which can be evidenced in a variety of applications including robots, conversational systems, smart travel agents, prediction and forecasting systems, voice recognition, and natural language processing. In this article, we examine how AI has altered and continues to alter the key operations and processes in the tourism industry, with special emphasis on sustainability. After applying the PRISMA framework to guide our search process, the study identified 69 relevant articles published between January 1, 2018, and November 1, 2022. The mapping results revealed that the field is expanding quickly, despite the noted obstacles and challenges. We identified several factors and challenges that should be considered in order to advance the level of research and development in this area. Among these factors, we emphasize the importance and the need for standardized and multimodal datasets, transformer-based and more advanced representation techniques, and standardized performance evaluation metrics for AI models. Also, based on these challenges, some recommendations are provided, and future research directions are identified.


This paper uses advanced modeling techniques to explore interactions between the two lithography processes in a lithocure- etch process and to qualify their impact on the final resist profiles and process performance. Specifically, wafer topography effects due to different optical properties of involved photoresist materials, linewidth variations in the second lithography step due to partial deprotection of imperfectly cured resist, and acid/quencher diffusion effects between resist materials are investigated. The paper highlights the results of the simulation work package of the European MD3 project.


This paper presents our work in developing a commonsense knowledge source based on semantic concepts about objects, activities and their relationships in a child's daily life. This commonsense ontology is then used by our automatic story generator to output children's stories of the fable form from a given input picture. The generated story is a narration of the events of a basic plot that flows from negative to positive (rule violation to value acquisition), using themes that are familiar to children. The paper ends with descriptions of further investigations that are underway to extend the system, including using a formal upper ontology to represent storytelling knowledge, and the generation of stories from a given set of sequential scenes.


A micromechanical model of the large displacement behavior of a sliver of oriented helical fibers has produced algorithms for predicting and updating all five independent mechanical constants. The incorporation of the micromechanics in a finite-element model of a uniform rope of initially untwisted fibrous material is described. The response of the whole model to combined external and torsional stresses such as occur during twist insertion is then described. A detailed analysis of the stresses and strains in the deformed model shows that fiber packing in the yarn is predicted to quickly become non-uniform. The inner regions become most densely packed, and fibers there are subject to the highest stress levels. Fibers further from the center largely avoid being stressed by moving toward the yarn axis.


With its environmental, social, and economic advantages, urban open and green areas play an essential role in improving the quality of life of city dwellers. Plants, which constitute the foundation of these areas, have both positive and detrimental effects on human health and provide numerous essential advantages to the urban ecosystem. One of these negative effects is that pollen causes allergic responses. The goal of this study was to identify allergenic plant taxa in Rize province's urban open green areas. In the Rize urban open green areas, 110 plant taxa that potentially induce allergic reactions were discovered as part of the study. These plants were evaluated in terms of family, life form, flowering period, allergen rate, protective case and location. As a result of this evaluation, from 110 plants; it was determined that 42 of them had low allergen rate, 26 of them had moderate allergen rate and 42 of them had high allergen rate. In addition, several proposals for using these species in planting design applications have been produced.


In this paper we describe the theoretical rationale, evidence base and model adopted by the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies demonstration site in Doncaster.


Visual search paradigms evoke the attentional processes used in the identification and processing of a target stimulus in an array of distracting items. A widely studied ERP component elicited in visual search is the N2pc, which is thought to reflect the shifting and focusing of spatial attention. Spatial attention has also been linked to modulations in oscillatory alpha (8-14 Hz), whose decreases in amplitude are thought to reflect increases in local cortical activation. Endogenous control of spatial attentional can trigger lateralized changes in alpha, e.g. when participants are cued to spatially attend to one visual hemifield in preparation for an upcoming stimulus. Here we report novel findings for lateralized alpha activity during visual search, when subjects can only reactively shift their attention to a target after the onset of the array. This "visual-search alpha" appears as a decrease in alpha power ~300-600 ms after array/target onset over parietal-occipit al scalp contralateral to the target. We tracked visual-search alpha across three independent visual-search datasets to examine its modulation as a function of: a week-long training regimen (n=13), target-reward associations (n= 24), and target-discrimination difficulty (n=18). Results across all three datasets indicated that this component reflects a target-associated increase in excitation sensitive to both top-down and bottom-up factors, while providing a unique window into attentional processes during visual search. More precisely, we suggest that while the N2pc reflects the deployment of attention at the target location, the alpha reflects attentionally driven focused processing of target-feature information in the face of potential distractor stimuli.


A new extreme value mixture modelling approach for estimating Value-at-Risk (VaR) is proposed, overcoming the key issues of determining the threshold which defines the distribution tail and accounts for uncertainty due to threshold choice. A two-stage approach is adopted: volatility estimation followed by conditional extremal modelling of the independent innovations. Bayesian inference is used to account for all uncertainties and enables inclusion of expert prior information, potentially overcoming the inherent sparsity of extremal data. Simulations show the reliability and flexibility of the proposed mixture model, followed by VaR forecasting for capturing returns during the current financial crisis.


Edge frustration index of a graph is defined as the smallest number of edges that have to be deleted from the graph to obtain a bipartite spanning subgraph. Bipartite subgraph problem has many remarkable applications in various fields. It was claimed that the chemical stability of fullerenes is related to the minimum number of vertices or edges that need to be deleted to make a fullerene graph bipartite. The aim of this article is to find the frustration index of different graphs using a mathematical programming model and genetic algorithm.


This paper introduces model and calculation description form of integrals and the description of the unified form for method of element.By method of element,we give the vector modeling processes of curvilinear integral and surface integral for coordinates,also the vector description forms of these integral models.Finally we obtain the vector forms of computing methods for these integrals.


To determine the associated factors of professional identity among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in China.


Objective To investigate the relationship between sciatic nerve injury and motor neuron apoptosis in adult rats and the inhibitory effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the apoptosis.Methods Twenty seven Sprague Dawley rast,weighing 180 to 220 g,were randomly divided into control group (n=3),BDNF group (n=12) and normal saline (NS) group (n=12).In the BDNF group and NS group,the right sciatic nerve was transected at 0.5?cm distal to the periform muscle,and the proximal stump was sutured into silicone chamber.BDNF or NS solution was injected into the silicone chambers.The rats were sacrificed on the 3rd,6th,12th and 24th postoperative days respectively,with 3 rats each.The spinal cord of 14 16 was harvested.Terminal deoxy nucleotidyl transferase (TDT) mediated digoxingenin dUTP nicked end labeling (TUNEL) technique was applied for detection of apoptosis motor neurons.Results Compared with the NS and control groups,the mount of apoptosis motor neurons in BDNF group was reduced within 6 days from (12.5±2.2)% to (9.3± 1.8)%  (P  0.05) and the survival rate for motor neurons was increased from (82.6±1.2)% to (88.1± 1.4)% (P0.05).Conclusion Apoptosis of motor neurons can be induced by transection of sciatic nerve in adult rats,and BDNF prevents the apoptosis.


Argumentation is one of many scientific skills that is referred to as one of the main objectives of learning science. The goal of this research was to find of 2nd-year college students' argumentation performance in the science class, including the way they prepare themselves in arguing, how the argumentation performance has changed over and how they engage in argumentation practice as a part of scientific communication. Scientific Reading-based Inquiry (SRbI) was applied in order to develop students' scientific argumentation. This classroom research was held in one of the science education department in Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected and analyzed from various sources: students' argumentation performance while presenting their ideas, their writing quality, structured interview, and lecturer notes. Performance assessment was used to qualitative declare students' understanding of argumentation practices. The results indicated that students' ability to argue in the context of scientific argumentation has varied and changed as they experienced in citing proper literature and used the information as a part of evidence and explanation. It recommends that proper instruction can bolster students in developing stronger comprehension of scientific knowledge and arguments.


A novel algorithm for detecting and extracting hand gestures is proposed which uses an on-line adaptive learning approach to fit the hand skin color distribution of each individual user in various environments. The on-line adaptive skin-color learning approach is designed by two strategies: negative skin-color exclusion and dynamic skin-color standard deviation. Negative skin-color exclusion can effectively remove the invalid skin-color pixels through a skin-color and non-skin color histogram discrimination. Dynamic skin-color standard deviation can derive the most appropriate range for skin-color judgment. Experimental results show the proposed method can detect and extract hand gestures more accurately than other methods.


AIM To investigate the effects of mitomycin C (MMC) on the collagen synthesis in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. METHODS The cultured human Tenon's fibroblasts were exposed to MMC. 3H proline incorporation was performed to determine the collagen production, and type Ⅰprocollagen mRNA exrpessions were observed in situ hybridization. RESULTS After the fibroblasts were exposed to MMC (0.4 g·L -1 ) for 5 minutes, the inhibition rates of 3H proline incorporation were higher than 55% (P0.05)and type Ⅰ procollagen mRNA level was reduced. CONCLUSION MMC at clinically relevant doses can suppress the collagen synthesis on the transcription level and the intraoperative application of MMC can increase the success rate of filtration surgery.


The present invention relates generally to emulsions relates multiple emulsion more specifically. In one embodiment, multiple emulsions, by forcing the fluid into the channel, is formed by flowing a "jet" For example the fluid channel. It can be used side channel to encapsulate the fluid around the fluid. In some cases, before the multiple emulsion droplets are formed, it can flow a plurality of fluid, in co-linear through the channel. In certain embodiments, the fluid channel may also comprise a hydrophilic or hydrophobic varying degrees. As an example, the fluid channel may be a relatively hydrophilic upstream of the intersection (or another area of the channel), it may be relatively hydrophobic downstream of the intersection. Or it may be vice versa. In some cases, the average cross-sectional dimension, for example, may not change at the intersection. For example, the average cross-sectional dimension may be increased at the intersection.


This work was supported by The Wellcome Trust. Address correspondence to: Vassilios S. Avlonitis, Ph.D., Level 9, Terence Lewis Building, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth PL6 8DH, United Kingdom. E-mail: email@example.com Received 18 March 2008. Revision requested 11 April 2008. Accepted 9 May 2008. Copyright © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISSN 0041-1337/08/8605-745 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181822b05