In the present work, eight different species of adrenergic α2 receptor agonist guanfacine have been theoretically studied in gas phase and in aqueous solution combining hybrid B3LYP/631G* calculations with the Scaled Mechanical Quantum Force Field (SQMFF) methodology and the experimental available infrared and Raman spectra in order to perform their complete vibrational assignments. Hence, the different structures of three tautomeric forms of free base (A, B and C), two cationic (E and G), one anionic (D) and two hydrochloride (F and H) species of that antihypertensive agent were optimized in solution with the Integral Equation F variant Polarised Continuum Method (IEFPCM) and the universal solvation model. The anionic species of guanfacine presents the higher corrected solvation energy with valor of -301,60 kJ/mol, slightly lower than the corresponding to scopolamine alkaloid (-310.34 J/mol) and higher than the corresponding to cocaine alkaloid (-255.24 J/mol). The studies of the frontier orbitals have evidenced that in gas phase, the anionic D species is the most reactive while in solution the hydrochloride H species is the most reactive together with the anionic species. High global nucleophilicity (E) and electrophilicity indexes (ω) values have evidenced both cationic species E and G while the lower values of both indexes are predicted for the anionic D species in both media. In addition, the harmonic force fields, force constants and the complete vibrational assignments for the 63, 66, 69 and 72 vibration normal modes expected for the anionic, free bases, cationic and hydrochloride species of guanfacine are respectively reported for first time. Davide Romani, José Ruiz Hidalgo, Maximiliano A. Iramain, Silvia Antonia Brandán SST, Servicio sanitario della Toscana, Azienda USL 9 di Grosseto, Via Cimabue, 109, 58100 Grosseto, Italia. Cátedra de Química General, Instituto de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica. Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina. Submission: 26 May 2019 Accepted: 31 May 2019 Published: 30 June 2019 www.ijsrm.humanjournals.com Citation: Silvia Antonia Brandán et al. Ijsrm.Human, 2019; Vol. 12 (4): 74-98. 75 INTRODUCTION The compound N-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide, known as guanfacine, is an adrenergic α2 receptor agonist used to treatment of arterial hypertension [114]. Its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as antihypertensive agent were reported from long time by Sorkin and Heel [1]. Generally, the form used of this drug is the hydrochloride but the free base, cationic and anionic forms also can be observed in different media. The guanfacine structure as free base was determined from the formation of a copper(II) complex by X-ray crystallography by Tomas et al [2]. Hence, this ability of guanfacine to form complexes with different metal is a very important property that could be used to control the concentration levels of diverse metals, such as Cu(II), because the arterial hypertension is one of considerable factors that generate cardiovascular diseases [5,8,15-17]. Nevertheless, three tautomeric forms of free base A, B and C and one anionic D were described for guanfacine in different media by Tomas et al [2] but the cationic E and hydrochloride F forms proposed by us in this work were not reported yet. These A, B, C, D, E and F guanfacine structures are presented in scheme 1. Note that the hydrochloride form F correspond to the neutral form of cationic E. However, other possible cationic G form was suggested by Tünde Jurca and Florin in the study on interaction of metal ions with guanfacine, as can be seen in scheme 2 [5]. Hence, other hydrochloride H structure could be also observed as a consequence of cationic G form. In this context, it is very important to identify what hydrochloride structure is the most stable taking into account that it pharmacological drug is the most used form of guanfacine. Scheme 1. Free bases, cationic, anionic and hydrochloride structures of guanfacine in different media. www.ijsrm.humanjournals.com Citation: Silvia Antonia Brandán et al. Ijsrm.Human, 2019; Vol. 12 (4): 74-98. 76 Scheme 2. Additional cationic and hydrochloride structures of guanfacine Here, it is necessary to remember that the hydrochloride form in aqueous solution is presents as cationic one and, probably due to their higher solubility is quickly adsorbed in the human body [18-25]. Therefore, the aims of this work are the determinations of the most stable free base, cationic, anionic and hydrochloride species of guanfacine in gas phase and in aqueous solution in order to perform the complete vibrational assignments of these species because they are important to their identifications in different media by using the infrared and Raman spectra. So far, the structures and vibrational spectra of all species of guanfacine were not studied. To achieve these purposes the eight structures presented in both schemes were theoretically modeled and optimized in gas phase and in aqueous solution by using DFT calculations and the hybrid B3LYP/6-31G* method [26,27], in order to predict their vibrational spectra which later were combined with the experimental available infrared and Raman spectra and with the aid of Scaled Mechanical Quantum Force Field (SQMFF) methodology and the Molvib program the complete assignments of all these species were reported [28-30]. Here, all calculations in aqueous solution were performed by using Self-Consistent Reaction Field (SCRF) calculations [31-33]. In addition, the solvation energies, dipole moment values of those structures were compared and analyzed together with their reactivities and behaviors in both media [34-44]. In the same way, the theoretical geometrical parameters for all species were also compared with the corresponding experimental ones determined by X-ray diffraction [2]. Mechanical quantum calculations The GaussView program [45] was used to model the eight structures of guanfacine while with the Revision A.02 of Gaussian program were carried out the corresponding optimizations in gas phase and in aqueous solution [46]. Here, the Integral Equation F variant Polarised Continuum Method (IEFPCM) was employed in solution while the solvation energies of all species were predicted with the universal solvation model [31-33]. The structure of free base B was experimentally determined by Tomas et al [2] while the cationic E and hydrochloride F www.ijsrm.humanjournals.com Citation: Silvia Antonia Brandán et al. Ijsrm.Human, 2019; Vol. 12 (4): 74-98. 77 species, proposed by us in this work, can be seen in Figure 1 and the other tautomeric forms of free base, A and C together with the anionic D form are presented in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the structures of cationic G form and its corresponding neutral hydrochloride H form. Figure 1. Theoretical molecular structures of free base B, cationic E and hydrocloride F species of N-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamide and atoms labeling. Figure 2. Theoretical molecular structures of free bases A and C and anionic species of N-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6dichlorophenyl)acetamide and atoms labeling. Figure 3. Theoretical molecular structures of cationic G and hydrochloride H species of N-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2,6dichlorophenyl)acetamide and atoms labeling. Corrections by Zero Point Vibrational Energy (ZPVE) were carried out for the solvation energies of all species while the volumes in both media were computed with the Moldraw program [47]. The reactivities and behaviours of all species were predicted with the frontier orbitals and some interesting descriptors [34-44] while the vibrational analyses were performed with the SQMFF methodology and the Molvib program by using transferable scaling factors and the normal internal coordinates. Hence, for all species, harmonic force fields and force constants were obtained [28-30]. To perform the vibrational assignments of bands observed in the infrared and Raman spectra to the normal vibration modes, only Potential Energy Distribution (PED) contributions major or equal to 10% were considered. Better correlations www.ijsrm.humanjournals.com Citation: Silvia Antonia Brandán et al. Ijsrm.Human, 2019; Vol. 12 (4): 74-98. 78 in the Raman spectra were observed when the theoretical spectra expressed in activities were converted to intensities [48-49]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies of all species in both media Calculated total uncorrected and corrected by ZPVE energies, dipole moments and volumes (V) of three tautomeric forms of free base (A, B and C), one anionic (D), two cationic (E and G) and two hydrochloride species (F and H) of guanfacine in gas phase and in aqueous solution are summarized in Table 1. All calculations were performed by using the B3LYP/6-31G* method. In the gas phase, the cationic G and the hydrochloride H species were optimized with imaginary frequencies while in solution only the hydrochloride F species presents imaginary frequencies. Table 1. Calculated total energies (E), dipole moments (μ) and volumes (V) of free base, cationic and hydrochloride species of guanfacine in gas phase and in aqueous solution by using the B3LYP/6-31G* method. B3LYP/6-31G* Method Gas Phase Species E (Hartrees) ZPVE (Hartrees) μ (D) V (Å) Free base A -1508.2469 -1508.0707 4.36 226.3 Free base B -1508.2720 -1508.0955 3.49 229.6 Free base C -1508.2550 -1508.0799 2.05 232.5 Anionic D -1507.6747 -1507.5130 9.69 228.4 Cationic E -1508.6567 -1508.4676 13.98 231.4 Cationic G -1508.6566 -1508.4676 14.31 231.8 Hydrochloride F -1969.1013 -1968.9130 8.89 251.9 Hydrochloride H -1969.0907 -1968.9024 13.49 252.5 Aqueous Solution Free base A -1508.2800 -1508.1033 7.59 227.3 Free base B -1508.2956 -1508.1202 5.43 229.8 Free base C -1508.2956 -1508.1202 5.43 229.3 Anionic D -1507.7858 -1507.6229 12.10 229.1 Cationic E -1508.7601 -1508.5708 17.53 230.8 Cationic G


Another reform of the CAP is under way. At time of writing (2018), the European Commission has tabled new proposals, and several key actors – notably Member State governments, farm organisations, and major NGOs – have reacted to these proposals. The debate is already hot, as several governments and major farm organisations have stated that the Commission proposals are 'unacceptable'. Such theatrics are not new and public opinion in Europe does not seem to be very concerned. Other issues on the horizon (migrations, domestic and international security issues, the future of a rulebased international trading system, weak real commitments to deal with the threats of climate change, etc.) are seen as much more worrisome. Yet, the CAP, the most important common policy of the European Union in monetary terms at least, is viewed by many as totally obsolete and in need of radical reform.


Unlike other professions within the Commonwealth, Pennsylvania attorneys "police" themselves, meaning that ethical infractions and ramifications of criminal convictions are addressed not by the government, but rather by disciplinary entities within the profession. Recent socio-legal and social science research has addressed the various statutory "collateral consequences" that attach to criminal convictions, but we know comparatively little about consequential discipline instituted outside the purview of the state. Based on an examination of 419 disciplinary dispositions from 2005-2009, as well as interviews with elites, this study provides the first-ever examination of the process and legal-political implications of peer-policing of the law in Pennsylvania. Specifically, we set forth four primary findings. First, despite global perceptions to the contrary, Pennsylvania attorneys are punished rather harshly by their peers, at least with respect to publicized discipline (certain disciplinary actions are not publicized and hence not open to examination). Second, our study reveals a trend we are calling "disciplinary amplification" the tendency for sentences to increase rather than decrease in severity as cases proceed on appeal. Third, we highlight the increasing significance of discipline reached on "consent" and explore the striking parallels between this mode of disposition and the familiar varieties and vernacular of "plea bargaining" that are a staple of negotiations within criminal court settings. Finally, our data illustrate a counter-intuitive phenomenon we are calling "self-discipline," or the tendency for certain suspended or disbarred attorneys to deliberately prolong their banishment as a tactic to eventually secure reinstatement. Table of


1 Phipps, C. J. (1773). A Voyage towards the North Pole, London, p. 74. 2 Scoresby, W. (1820). An Account of the Arctic Regions, Edinburgh, p. 189. 3 Ross, Sir J. (1819). Voyage of Discovery in H.M. Ships Isabella and Alexander, London, Vol. I, p . 248. 4 Ross, Sir J. C. (1847). A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, London, p . 26 et seq. 5 Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, London, Vol. I, p. j6 et seq. 6 Belknap, G. E. (1874). Deep Sea Sounding in the North Pacific Ocean, Washington. 7 Berggraf, M. H. (1904). Article from Elektroteknisk Tidskrift reviewed in L'Edairage Electrique 24 December 1904, Supplement, p . civ. 8 Marcet, A. (1819). On the specific gravity and temperature of sea-waters. Phil. Trans., 109, 161. 9 Ellis, H. (17si)A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hales. Phil. Trans. 47, 211. 10 Forster, G. (1787). Voyage round the World 1JJ2-1JJS in H.M.S. Resolution, London. 11 Scoresby, W. (1820). Ibid., p . I 8 J et seq. i2Dumont D'Urville, H. J. (1833). Voyage de Decouvertes de 1'Astrolabe, lB26~g, Paris, pp. J I 6 8 . 13 Deacon, G. E. R. (194$). Water circulation and surface boundaries in the oceans. Quart.]. R. met. Soc, 71, 11. 14 Tucker, M. J. (1952). A wave recorder for use in ships. Nature, Lond., 170, 6cj, •5 Deacon, G. E. R. (1951). Applications of oceanographical research to navigation. This Journal, 4, 280.


This paper intends to expound the pragmatic function of redundancy in English. The pragmatic function is analyzed from the following aspects: politeness; cooperative principles; social activator; social ambiguity; textual expressiveness and humor. All these illustrate that the proper use of r edundancy plays an active role in communication.


Nearest neighbor mobile social network means that movers approaching in position communicate through their social sensors, which is called Proximity Mobile Social Network. Proximity Mobile Social Network can provide more social and business opportunities for users. To carry out disaster relief work in post-disaster environment, we need to collect incident information during the search process and report to the sink in time. Proximity Mobile Social Network provides flexible systems for emergency handling and disaster relief. Therefore, how to find a better data forwarding and routing strategy is the key problem of post-disaster rescue, and the research of user mobility model is the basis of the above problems. This article presents an Autonomy-Oriented Proximity Mobile Social Network modeling for emergency rescue in smart city, which simulates the network operating environment. First, we verify the performance of Autonomy-Oriented Proximity Mobile Social Network model in terms of self-organization, scale-free, aggregation, and community structure. Then, the rescue efficiency is discussed through the coverage of mobile sensors. Finally, performance of the routing strategy based on Autonomy-Oriented Proximity Mobile Social Network model is analyzed, and the effectiveness of the method is proved.


war are discussed in terms of the developmental matrix. The &dquo;power window&dquo; could be as useful to human relations trainers as Ingram and Luft's discovery of the Johari Window. Since power, not achievement, seems to be the critical variable in organizational leadership, helping followers to feel powerful is a primary task of leadership, McClelland says. He argues that any kind of leadership development must aim for a thorough understanding of both the positive and negative aspects of power motivation. The theory presented in Power: The Inner Experience will find many fascinating applications in group work. (Try reading the book in relationship to All the President's Men. )


The purpose of this study is to examine the process of classical guitar training in the period of first fifty years of Turkish Republic. The findings shows us that the guitar was first used in the late 18th century in Ottoman Court as accompaniment instrument in some music courses. After 1830's guitar was the part of Fasl-i Cedid music group that meets traditional Ottoman musical instruments with western ones. In the early period of Turkish Republic classical guitar was not included in the curriculum of conservatoires therefore classical guitar training was realised by amateur training. It was seen that the first guitarist who had given classical guitar concerts in Turkey in the republican period is Andrea Paleologos. He was also the first guitar teacher at the same period. Altogether with his students Ziya Aydintan, Can Aybars and Resit Ertuzun they were the first generation of classical guitar training in Turkey. It was seen that personal efforts were played more important role than institutional works in classical guitar training at stated period. Moreover some foreign guitarist's concerts played important role in recognation of classical guitar during the period


This paper reviews the impact or influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the application of Government Accounting Standards (SAP) in the presentation of Government Financial Statements, especially Operational Reports (LO) during the pandemic. This study aims to determine the suitability of the presentation of the Operational Report with the applicable accounting regulations and policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic by making the Makassar II KPPN as the object of research. This research is based on data from the unaudited Financial Statements of KPPN Makassar II in 2020, especially the Operational Report and Notes to Financial Statements (CaLK) and based on the results of interviews with related parties. The results of this study are expected to provide input in an effort to prepare quality and accountable government financial reports. Certain circumstances and extraordinary events (COVID-19) have a significant influence on the quality of the financial reports of a government work unit. For this reason, the government issued policies related to the management of state finances in order to maintain financial system stability during the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, including accountability for the implementation of the state budget.


In irregular object tracking,the precise model is not available because of the pixels belong to background in the tracking box.A novel tracking method based on foreground probability function is proposed to solve the problem above.Firstly,the foreground probability function is constructed to calculate the foreground probability of each pixel in tracking box, according to the color distribution of the foreground and the background region nearby.A precise model is obtained because the background pixels are excluded.Secondly,the foreground probability map is introduced to the mean shift framework to track with the object.After a tracking unit is completed,the scale of the tracking box is adjusted according to the new foreground probability map.Finally,the Bhattacharyya coefficient of the adjacent frames is used to modify the object model adaptively.Experimental results show that the foreground probability function is effective to suppress the compactness of the background pixels in the tracking box. Compared with the conventional tracker,the proposed tracker is robust to the scale change,and needs less iteration,which meets real-time tracking condition.In the tracking test of video sequence with complex background,the new tracker works better then conventional mean shift algorithm.


Out of Control. Constructing Routings and Work Centers. Mastering Dispatching and Scheduling. Understanding Capacity Planning. Controlling the Flow of Work. Scheduling to Capacity Constraints. Applying Rough--Cut Capacity Planning. Joining Forces. Continuous Improvement. Moving Ahead. Notes. Index.


A method is described for estimating the yield and yield gradient based on a priori geometric approximation of the acceptability region in the disturbance space. Circuit performance macromodeling is used to construct the acceptability region approximation. While yield evaluation can be carried out in either the performance space or parameter space, it is shown that for monolithic integrated circuits, the gradient of yield can only be estimated accurately in the disturbance space.<<ETX>>


Dislocation structures produced at room temperature under confining pressure (5 GPa) have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence. Following annealing treatments in the temperature range 300°C – 600°C the initial DRL spectrum changes to a well-known spectrum of dislocation luminescence of dissociated glide set dislocations. In spite of the fact that no transformation of perfect shuffle dislocations to dissociated glide ones was observed by transmission electron microscopy, experimental photoluminescence data analysis does not exclude the possibility either of such transformation or nucleation of glide dislocations following annealing treatments at temperature as low as 300°C.


During the fusion welding process, welding residual stresses as a result of the large nonlinear thermal loading created by a moving heat source are formidably occurred. And type of residual stress that occur in welds and their respective distribution pattern are quite complex. In this paper, the problem of determining residual stress produced multiple-pass welding process was solved using 3-dimension finite element method. To prove result of finite element analysis, the measurement of residual stress distribution was performed using hole-drilling method.


Nanoparticle of Fe/Fe oxide core/shell structure with high magnetization values has been successfully sinthesized through reduction of FeCl3 by NaBH4 reductor, repeat washing in ethanol, heat treatment at 75 °C and vacuum atmosphere, followed by controlled oxidation with Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMNO). Morphological structure of the core/shell nanoparticles were evaluated from the image observed with Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), magnetic properties through the hysteresis curve measured by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) while the phase were analysed fromits X-Ray diffraction patterns. Magnetic characteristics of the nanoparticles are found to be affected by the condition of washing process to remove residual phase reactants and heat treatment conditions for the completion of core formation. Too long heating tend to lowered the magnetic properties due to increasing of FeB and Fe2B minor phases. During oxidation process, beside formation of Fe oxide shell on the surface of Fe core, reduction of these minor phases was also proceed and resulted in enhanced ofmagnetic properties. Optimal characteristics of nanoparticle with a crystalline size of ~ 8 nm within Fe core of < 30 nm particle size and Fe oxide shell of ~ 3 nm thickness with saturation magnetization Ms ~ 130 emu/g obtained in the synthesis with 15x washing steps followed by heat treatment at 4 hours.


This article deals with methodological issues around cultural tourism studies, in which author tries to suggest methodological alternatives. Author first reviews existing cultural tourism studies appeared in Journal of Tourism Sciences published recently and figure out current condition and problems cultural tourism studies are faced with. Against the revealed problems in methodology he recommend Fuzzy model as an alternative remedy for approaching those issues. Writer notes that fuzzy system model has been applied to various disciplines involving economics, sociology, management studies, psychology and linguistics for decision-making under the ambiguous situations and specification of unclear objects. Notwithstanding it's complexities and difficulties fuzzy model involves, he holds the model is proper for approaching cultural tourism studies.


The technique of quasilinearization (describing function analysis) is used to study the effects of saturation of lateral tire force based on the traditional slip law concept. Deu to trailer swing velocity, the dynamic slip angle is shown to be greater than the trailer angle. Thus nonlinear results are important even for small displacements. Significant changes in frequency and damping ratio from linear values are shown for the transient response of a one degree of freedom model. The forced response is shown to be of the classical left-leaning softening type, with jump/drop phenomenon. A two degree of freedom model is shown to have a very small amplitude limit cycle for operation above the critical velocity. Conversely, a three degree of freedom model is shwon to have no stable limit cycle above the critical velocity.


local hospitals to the orthopaedic surgeon who performs the measurements, but we have not reached that goal yet. Another weakness was the excessively long waiting period for surgery, which usually was more than 6 months and sometimes over 12 months and contributed to complete dislocation in some patients. Thus, the challenges for our screening programme are improvement of the routines for radiographic follow-up and increased resources for surgical treatment.


The Problem that occurred in South Africa was a problem related to the development democracy after being released from the political apartheid. Aparthied's law was since in 1930 by migrants from Europe. Where black people. The majority of whom are politically, economically, and socially marginalized by white people minority in South Africa. Only a handful of black people get the real freedom. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods to explain how development of democracy in South Africa post-apartheid. Furthermore, this study uses the concept of substantive democeacy as a framework for describing South Africa's post-aparthied democracy. In this concept, there are three main aspect that make democracy work well, namely a prosperous and equitable economy, strong middle class social conditions, and a democratic political culture (tolerant and lack of skin color differences). This result of this research is that there was a problem that occurred after apartheid was the emergence of xenophobic conflict, this conflict was caused by a gap between three aspect, namely political, economic, and social. The opportunity to get a job in the country itself increasingly difficult for the native inhibitants of South Africa, specially black people due to the increasing of immigrants coming from neighboring countries. This is because the South African government is still lacks special attention for black people.


Abstract Terrestrial back barrier deposits at Noordhoek on the Cape Peninsula contain microfossil assemblages of Miocene age which reveal the presence of extinct pollen taxa of considerable interest. These pollen types indicate the existence during the Tertiary of subtropical rainforest in these regions which was common to other Gondwana segments during the Cretaceous. Among these microfossils two genera of the Winteraceae were recorded which show strong affinities with the present Australasian taxa. They are designated as Drimys piperita‐type and Zygogynum queenslandianum‐type. The fossil record of this family in the southwestern Cape sheds light on the present disjunct distribution of the Winteraceae between Australasia, Madagascar and South America. The oldest record of the family in the Early Cretaceous of Israel and the Miocene occurrence of two genera in the Cape could point to a West Gondwana origin and early differentiation possibly in Africa before migration to Australia in the mid‐Cretaceous. Ea...


The thermal contact resistance between polymer composites and aluminum alloy is the main parameters of thermal control design in the field of space and its heat transfer mechanism is very complex. This work is to combine experimental and numerical approaches to evaluate the nature of thermal contact between polymer composites and aluminum alloy. Thermal contact resistance between carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites and aluminum alloy 380 was measured experimentally. And based on the finite element method, the simulations on heat transfer between polymer composites and aluminum alloy have been performed and compared with experiment results. The results show that the thermal contact resistance between carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites and aluminum alloy is not negligible and strongly correlated with pressure.


In order to study the role of printed circuit board(PCB)in high-power LED heat dissipation,a simple model of high-power LED lamp was designed.According to this lamp model,some thermal performances such as thermal resistances of four types of PCB and the changes of LED junction temperature were tested under three different working currents.The obtained results indicate that LED junction temperature can not be lowered significantly with the decreasing thermal resistance of PCB.However,PCB with low thermal resistance can be matched with smaller volume heat sink,so it is hopeful to reduce the size,weight and cost of LED lamp.


Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC)/polystyrene (PS) blends are partially compatible. The location of the Tg attributed to the PC phase or the PS phase is concentration dependent by both thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis. The dynamic moduli are constant for all polymers and blends below about 80 o C but thereafter lie between the high values for PC and the low values of PS at least up to 170 o C


Aluminum (Al) has been widely used as an interconnecting material for integrated circuits. As the manufacturing of integrated circuits moves toward sub-quarter-micron design rules, there is a strong need for Al etching process with thin Photo Resist (PR). This leads to even more challenging with more complicated Al etching schemes and smaller width of thicker Al line (<0.3 /spl mu/m). In order to meet the needs for tighter critical dimension (CD) control of Al line, higher selectivity of Al to PR and higher anisotropy, hard mask Al etching process was applied. In this study, SiON which is being used for Anti Reflective Coating (ARC) layer of Deep Ultra Violet (DUV) PR, was selected as a hard mask to Al etching, the feasibility of in-situ SiON hard mask and Al etching process was tested in TCP metal etcher. And also, it was investigated that the process parameters played an important role in the control of Al profile for 0.13/spl mu/m design rules.


This paper proposes an algorithm that enables the safe navigation toward the destination without collisions to the obstacle in underwater environment. Recently the study about the underwater robot goes ahead actively and above all, the navigation in the underwater environment has become a challenging problem for the underwater robots. Using the proposed method, an effective motion for the navigation of the underwater robot is created and the most stable motion direction without collisions is calculated using the fuzzy theory. It creates total 3 cells for the robot to move along and each cell has its own weight so that the robot can select a next moving cell by priority in the same environment. In this paper, the navigation of the underwater robot in underwater environment has been observed through the simulations when the force like ocean exists. It is confirmed that the obstacle avoidance can be successfully achieved by analyzing and changing the weights in the fuzzy algorithm according to the motion of the robot.


From the leaves of Oncinotis tenuiloba STAPF, a novel polyamine alkaloid, tenuilobine (9), was isolated. This paper presents the synthesis of 9, as well as the base-catalyzed Zip reaction of 9, leading to the transamidation product isotenuilobine (10). The structure of 10 was further confirmed by 2D-NMR correlation spectroscopy. For analytical purposes, the bis-polyamines 9 and 10 were converted into their pentaacetyl derivatives 12 and 11, respectively, which were readily separable by reverse-phase HPLC.


19 This study compared Auditory-Motor Mapping Training (AMMT), an intonation-based treatment for 20 facilitating spoken language in minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), to a 21 matched, non-intonation-based treatment, Speech Repetition Therapy (SRT). 22 23 minimally verbal children with ASD (20 male, mean age 6;5) received at least 25 sessions of AMMT. 23 Seven (all male) were matched on age and verbal ability to seven participants (five male) who received 24 SRT. Outcome measures were percentage of Syllables Approximated, number of Consonants Correct 25 (of 86), and number of Vowels Correct (of 61) produced on two sets (Trained and Untrained) of 15 26 bisyllabic stimuli. All subjects were assessed on these measures several times at baseline and after 10, 27 15, 20, and 25 sessions. The post-25 session assessment was used as a common comparison across 28 participants, compared to best Baseline performance. 29 After 25 sessions, AMMT participants produced 19.4% more Syllables Approximated, 11.9 more 30 Consonants Correct, and 11.6 more Vowels Correct, compared to Best Baseline. In the matched 31 AMMT-SRT group, after 25 sessions, AMMT participants produced 29.0% more Syllables Approximated 32 (SRT 3.6%); 5.9 more Consonants Correct, adjusted for Baseline performance (SRT 0.5); and 4.0 more 33 Vowels Correct (SRT4.0). Chi-square tests showed that significantly more AMMT than SRT participants 34 in both the overall and matched groups improved significantly in number of Syllables Approximated 35 per stimulus and number of Consonants Correct per stimulus. 36 Children receiving AMMT showed a significant improvement in their ability to approximate syllables 37 and produce consonants and vowels correctly. Compared to the SRT-treated children, the matched 38 AMMT group showed greater improvement in more participants in syllable approximation and 39 consonant production. Intonation-based speech-therapy techniques may offer a promising new 40 interventional approach for teaching spoken language to minimally verbal children with ASD. 41


THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAFETY ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT PROBLEM ARE DESCRIBED, AND STANDARDS AS WELL AS OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEASURING SAFETY PERFORMANCE ARE DISCUSSED. CRITERIA WHICH SEEM GERMANE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SAFETY ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE MEASURE ARE GIVEN. THEIR APPLICATION IN A STUDY WHICH EXPLORED THE POSSIBILITY OF INTER-MODULAR MEASUREMENT OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE IS DESCRIBED. THE RESULTS AND FOLLOW-UP FINDINGS, BASED ON A MODIFICATION OF THE APPROACH IDENTIFIED BY THE STUDY, ARE REPORTED. THE CONCLUSION SUGGESTS A FUTURE COURSE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE MEASURES, AS WELL AS CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CURRENT STANDARD MEASURES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED METHODS OF MEASURING SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS. /AUTHOR/


High precision calculation of massive data and requirement for large-memory,are main difficulties in the real-time implementation of 2D-FFT(fast Fourier transformation) for high-resolution image.Periodic symmetry of the real FFT and conjugate symmetry of frequency data was utilized to improve the 2D-FFT/IFFT of image.This paper proposed a real-time proces-sing method of 2D-FFT/IFFT,which was fit for hardware realization and reduced about half of the 1D-FFT computation and memory demand.2D-FFT/IFFT and image frequency filtering based on this method was implemented on the DSP platform,which carried ADSP-TS201 chips as the computation core.Experimental results indicate that,without off-chip memory,inputting 512×512 pixels image,the time required for 2D-FFT /IFFT is 49.6 ms with single TS201,and the processing frame rate is over 80 fps by four parallel TS201.The method is feasible and efficient,which can satisfy real-time demand in engineering.


Analysing the 367 member replacement acts in the 2014 FIFA World Cup tournament, we uncover important dynamics between member replacement and team performance. We find that poor team performance leads to substitutions with more competence gains (or with less competence loss), that substituting and substituted members' functional background dissimilarity improves subsequent content-related team performance (i.e. scoring more goals), and that their competence superiority is associated with the speed of team performance turnaround (i.e. scoring goals faster). Going beyond contrasts between teams with and without membership change, the paper highlights the importance of substituting and substituted members' relative task-related attributes and provides a more nuanced understanding of the complex phenomenon of team membership change. Furthermore, the paper extends the methodological spectrum of dynamic team composition research from predominantly laboratory experiments with short-lived student groups performing cognitive tasks to field studies with real-life work teams performing action tasks.


Background: School timings could influence teens' sleeping patterns by interrupting their sleep or the timing of light can shift their biological clock. The COVID-19 pandemic has altered teens' sleeping schedule making it important to analyze the effects of long-term social distancing on adolescents' sleep and mood. Objectives: This study analyzes the effects of long-term social distancing, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on their sleeping patterns and mood. Methods: In this cohort study, data from the 2018 – 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) were used to compare teens' sleep patterns in 2020 with those in 2018 – 2019. The primary outcomes of this study were the sleep duration and sleep time of adolescents throughout the week, between 2018 and 2019, and in 2020. The secondary outcomes were the teens' mood, health perception, and sleep satisfaction, including differences in total sleep time and sleep discrepancies between weekends and weekdays. Results: Around 58 – 63 thousand students were surveyed each year, and the participation rate was 94.9 – 95.6%. After exclusion, 132,839 teens participated in the survey. From 2018–2020, the height and body weight of the participants did not change. After adjusting for participants' sex and school year, it was found that more teens felt happy, fewer teens experienced sadness and desperation, and fewer teens had suicidal thoughts in 2020, compared with the previous two years. They also slept 10 minutes later (9.743 (95% confidence interval 7.954 - 11.530)), with wake-up times of 3 – 5 minutes later on weekdays (4.684 (3.449 - 5.919)). On weekends during social distancing, they slept 16 minutes later (15.721 (14.077 - 17.366)), with wake-up times of 12 minutes later (12.309 (10.393 - 14.225)). Although they slept five minutes less on weekdays (-5.059 (-6.817 to -3.301)) and three minutes less on weekends (-3.413 (-5.419 to -1.407)), their overall sleep satisfaction increased, and differences in sleep duration between weekdays and weekends decreased in 2020. Conclusions: During social distancing, the mood and sleep efficiency of teens improved. In the future, once the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, online classes can be included in the curriculum of school systems to ensure healthy sleep patterns in teenagers.


First, this paper introduces the manufacturer methods and properties of the graded index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) in detail. Then, the paper gives the polymer optical fiber properties and the test methods of polymer optical fiber cables and the newest development of the data transmisson over the graded index plastic optical fiber.


[1] Rapid decompression experiments were performed to study homogeneous bubble nucleation in a crystal-free rhyolitic liquid at 800°C. Bubble nucleation was produced by lowering the pressure at 1–10 MPa s−1 from an initial value between 200 and 295 MPa to a final value below the volatile saturation pressure PSat. Six volatile compositions with 4.1–7.7 wt % H2O and 10–1200 ppm CO2 were investigated. For each composition we determined the critical pressure PHoN below which homogeneous nucleation can proceed. The samples quenched below PHoN showed a nucleated core with a large number of uniformly spaced bubbles. With decreasing pressure, bubble number densities increased from 1015 m−3. The degree of supersaturation required for homogeneous nucleation, ΔPHoN (= PSat − PHoN), increased with decreasing H2O content or increasing CO2 content. Huge values of ΔPHoN, ≥135 to 310 MPa, were measured in the H2O-poor compositions (4.1–4.6 wt % H2O; 50–1100 ppm CO2); much lower values from ≈60 to 160 MPa were obtained in the H2O-rich compositions (7.0–7.7 wt % H2O; 10–630 ppm CO2). The high ΔPHoN in liquids with 4–5 wt % H2O should result in the buildup of large degrees of supersaturation during magma ascent, a very late nucleation event, and a rapid (explosive) vesiculation. By contrast, rhyolitic liquids with much larger water contents have higher saturation pressures and much lower ΔPHoN: bubble nucleation may therefore occur at depth in the volcanic conduit favoring a subsequent near-equilibrium degassing.


Radiation method has been used to graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate on MgO powder. The surface structure and properties of modified MgO are studied by FTIR, ESR, SEM and determination of contact angle. The result indicate that butyl acrylate on MgO surface by radiationtake place chemical reaction and exist obviously chemical action between butyl acrylate and MgO surface.


Purpose: A 27 year-old female presented with non-bloody diarrhea and weight loss for six months. She denied fevers, chills, sick contacts, antibiotic use or abdominal pain. Physical exam revealed Guaiac positive stool. Bloodwork demonstrated anemia and eosinophilia. Celiac panel, stool for Giardia, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, ova and parasites, and C.diffi cile toxin were negative. Colonoscopy showed diff use low-grade colitis and hemorrhoids. Biopsies revealed schistosomiasis, confi rmed by a positive schistosomiasis serum antibody. She was subsequently treated with Praziquantel. Th e patient returned in four months aft er a trip to Tanzania still with diarrhea and Guaiac positive stool. Colonoscopy again demonstrated colitis, and biopsies confi rmed schistosomiasis. Moreover, S. stercoralis rhabditiform and B. hominis were isolated on stool studies. Ivermectin and Asacol were started, but the patient returned one month later still with symptoms. She was then tested for HIV, which was positive. She started HAART and continued Asacol. Th e patient returned for colonoscopy in fi ve months aft er traveling to Tanzania, asymptomatic. Upon gross examination, colonic mucosa appeared normal, but biopsies demonstrated the presence of schistosomiasis. Reinfection was attributed to her return to Tanzania, and the patient underwent another round of Praziquantel. Gastrointestinal disease is a common manifestation in patients infected with HIV. Symptoms may result from the acquisition of an opportunistic infection. Studies have shown that HIV increases susceptibility to infection with schistosomiasis suggesting that host resistance to parasite may be dependent on CD4 T cell help. HIV itself can result in functional and mucosal abnormality of the GI tract. HIV causes a reduction in mucosal substance P, transcriptional changes in protein C/EBPbeta, and increased expression of chemokine receptors, which can contribute to the infl ammation seen in HIV colitis. In fact, levels of coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in HIV are similar to those levels in IBD, leading to a signifi cant degree of mucosal infl ammation and explaining why one disease could be mistaken for another. Etiologies of colitis can mimic one another, and the correct diagnosis can escape even colonoscopy and biopsy. Our case proved diffi cult because not only was schistosomiasis infection persistent, but it was complicated by additional parasitic infections, which should raise the suspicion of an underlying disease process. Th erefore, when patients do not respond to various forms of therapy, it is imperative that HIV be ruled out. 888


In this study, we have propesed the extended Kudryashov method to obtain the exact solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Definiton of modified Riemann Liouville sense fractional derivative is used and the proposed method is applied to two nonlinear fractional differential equations. Analytical solutions including hyperbolic functions are obtained.


In Malepaard (2007) I introduced a new hypothesis about the grammatical status of the Dutch sentence type which Bos (1964) called balansschikking ('balance construction'). Welschen (1999) proposed the name negatief gebonden of -constructie ('negatively bound of-construction') for it. On the basis of this new hypothesis I named it inverse disjunctie ('inverse disjunction'). Not all types of inverse disjunctions have been discovered as yet. In this paper I introduce a hitherto unknown type which has an anticipatory meaning. Its members situate a state of affairs before its fixed or expected beginning. This type is formally connected with the type of inverse disjunction which expresses the rapid succession of two states of affairs. Both types use the same obligatory negative constituents, namely nog niet ('not yet') and nog niet eens ('not even yet'). In order to distinguish between the two types appropriately I investigate their semantics and the conditions under which the constituents mentioned appear in them. Special attention will be paid to the expression of rapid succession by means of nog niet.


Mesh parameterization is a primary task in many computer graphics applications, such as texture mapping, digital geometry processing and geometry compression, etc. This paper proposes a global parameterization method of meshes with arbitrary topology. For a given manifold triangle mesh with zero genus, it is firstly turned into a PM representation by means of edge collapse, the two vertices of the age to collapse are locally parameterized over the neighborhood of the new vertex obtained through pair contraction. Edge collapse is iteratively carried out until a simple convex base mesh with local parameterization information is reached, then this base mesh is center protected onto a unit sphere, and vertices deleted during edge collapse are added back and positioned on the unit sphere according to the local parameterization information one by one with an inverse order which they are deleted until an isomorphic mesh of original mesh is produced. By this means, global parameterization over the unit sphere of the original mesh is completed. To avoid fold back, relaxation operator is adopted.


The quality and reliability of multilayer boards are determined by the adhesion strength between the copper sheets and the epoxy-glass laminates. The adhesion properties of copper foil may be improved by mechanical or chemical roughening. The most efficient method is, however, to oxidize the copper surface.


Adélaı̈de Herculine Barbin was a hermaphrodite who lived, studied, and taught in nineteenth-century France. After having lived as a ''female'' for twenty-two years, Herculine was legally ordered to assume a ''male'' sexual identity. The text Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B, edited and introduced by philosopher Michel Foucault, is her story. Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B is not, however, confined to the telling of Herculine's story. Alongside her memoirs, Foucault presents the reader with a sequence of several other stories: medical reports, legal documents, and newspaper excerpts pertaining to the basis on which Herculine's true sex was ''discovered'' and ''decided''; a satirical piece of fiction, written by a German psychiatrist, loosely based on the many scandals associated with the young hermaphrodite; and an introductory reflection, authored by Foucault himself, relating to Herculine's sexed status and erotic life. It is in light of the constellation of narratives profiled in Herculine Barbin dite Alexina B that this particular text may be said to articulate


Planetary D/H fractionation factors for ionosphere-exosphere coupling through D-H+, H-D+, and H-H+ interactions have been computed for a variety of ion and neutral temperatures. These results strongly support differential escape of H relative to D, in stark contrast to the almost indiscriminate nature of collisional ejection by hot O atoms. The competitive effects of these processes is most important on Venus, where differential escape has created a hundredfold enhancement of the D to H ratio. It is argued that, since exospheric equilibrium concentrates neutral hydrogen in the night hemisphere where ion temperatures are maximum, the creation of fast hydrogen by charge exchange flourishes. On the other hand, hot O is produced by dissociative recombination of O2+ on the day side of the planet, in a region where hydrogen is depleted and thermospheric O is the primary collision partner. Oxygen exosphere models show that O-O collisions suppress the high energy component of the hot O distribution by more than a factor of 10. More important, the ballistic trajectories of fast O atoms that reach the nighttime reservoir of exospheric hydrogen favor downward scatter of D and H rather than their escape. Owing to the severe limits placed on the effectiveness of collisional ejection, it is concluded that the differential escape of D and H from Venus is determined by charge exchange interactions.


Introduction: We aimed to assess the expression of ERCC1 and RRM1 in NSCLC patients with smoking history or not and investigate the therapeutic effect of biomarker-guided chemotherapy in those patients. Patients and methods: A total of 131 NSCLC patients at stage IIIb or IV were enrolled and divided into two groups based on their smoking history. Group A were smokers (n=67); Group B were non-smokers (n=64). The expression of ERCC1 and RRM1 were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR). Clinicopathological characteristics, tumor response and patient survival were monitored for both groups. Results: In our study, the expression of ERCC1 was significantly higher in smoking patients as compared with non-smoking group (P=0.028). Patients' characteristics in both groups were compared and there were no significant difference in patients age, tumor size or pathological types, but more male patients were occurred in Group A (P=0.001). Notably, the patients with low mRNA expression of ERCC1 (χ2=6.194, P=0.013) and RRM1 (χ2=5.012, P=0.025) were more sensitive to chemotherapy than patients with high expression levels. Compared with Group A, the patients in Group B displayed a higher response rate (59.3% vs. 32.8%; P=0.045), a lower 1-year recurrent rate (25.0% vs. 52.2%; P=0.001), a longer median progression-free survival (PFS) time (12.0 months vs. 14.1 months, P=0.008) and median overall survival (OS) time (22.9 months vs. 27.6 months; P=0.005). Conclusion: In summary, the expression levels of ERCC1 and RRM1 are mediated by smoking and correlated with the sensitivity to chemotherapy together with the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients. Our study suggests the adverse effect of smoking on the prognosis of NSCLC patients.


Both JIT and TQM have provided significant paradigm shifts in management philosophy to improve organizational effectiveness in today's competitive and ever-changing world market. Yet empirical studies correlating JIT, TQM and operational performance are still underdeveloped. Using a sample of 379 US computer and electronics companies, this study attempts to analyse the workforce practices and synergistic benefits of joint JIT-TQM implementation by comparing four groups of companies based on their implementation status of JIT and TQM.


Understanding the learning experiences plays a vital role in identifying the suitable learning content for the learners. In this regard, the standards like the experience Application Programming Interface (xAPI) are of great help as they have the potential to record and represent the learning experiences over the e-learning environment. As the learner requirements vary with their understanding of the topics over the learning cycle, there is an inherent need for dynamic derivation of the learner's requirement at each learning instance. However, the limitation with experience statements generated through the xAPIs is that they fail to convey the detailed information about the Learning Object (LO) or the learner who used it. This paper addresses the issues with the representation of experience statements by proposing a multidimensional view of learning experiences such that they could be analyzed effectively. The Cross Dimensional Slicing (CDS) algorithm proposed in this paper has proved that the multidimensional representation of learning experiences greatly improves the effectiveness of analyzing them and thereby improving the precision of LOs being recommended. Also, the steep increase in the accuracy of recommendation of LOs over the different batches of learners considered for the study has reduced the number of slow learners of the learning environment altogether.


The author offers input on the scientific use of a terminological combination «democracy of safety» which most precisely expresses a procedural component of interactions of civil society and the democratic state within the context of ensuring national security.


In this paper a method that allows for the control of a humanoid robot with foot sensors through an imitation control approach is presented. Our approach does not use any prior analytical or mathematical robot modeling (e.g. forward or inverse kinematics). The key concept is to trace the CoP (center of pressure) as fast as possible and to control the ankle of the robot's support foot prior to impact. The experimental results demonstrate that a humanoid robot can successfully imitate the motions of the operator and can walk stably by utilizing both the CoP and controlling the robot's ankle.


This paper introduces the design of the hardware and software of the Intelligent Metal Detecting Car,which uses the Microcontroller LPC2138 as controlling core.And the reliability of Metal Detecting Car is validated by experiments.


The analysis of the current state and trends of the market of transport and logistics services have been done. The basic scheme of the core network of logistics centers in Tyumen transport hub is developed.


Dyskinesia and impulsivity in Parkinson disease, cognitive defects in attention defi cithyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and now attention and memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): the list of reported neurological benefi ts just keeps growing in animal and human studies of nicotine. The latest study, published in the Jan. 10 Neurology, involved 67 subjects with amnestic MCI randomized for six months to either placebo or 15 mg per day of transdermal nicotine. The results found "signifi cant nicotine-associated improvements in attention, memory, and psychomotor speed," with excellent safety and tolerability. "The idea that nicotine would have positive therapeutic effects on brain function is still a novel idea to a lot of people," said the senior author of the paper, Paul Newhouse, MD, professor of psychiatry, pharmacology and medicine, and director of the Center for Cognitive Medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville. "Nicotine obviously carries a lot of baggage," he told Neurology Today, "but this paper is based on work we started doing in the late 1980s on the benefi cial effects of nicotine in Alzheimer disease. There are now clinical trials of nicotine in Parkinson disease. What we're trying to discover is the range of benefi ts."


a significant role in diagnosing and evaluating selected patients. These include those who have ominous signs on roentgenography or bronchoscopy, suspected small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma, the presence of superior vena caval obstruction, suspected but unproved distant metastases, and generally bad-risk elderly patients, particularly those who have a significant cardiorespiratory handicap and in whom pneumonectomy is a possibility. It does not seem reasonable to impose mediastinoscopy on every patient who may have lung cancer. Its risks are low in experienced hands, but more reports are appearing of significant morbidity, and we can realistically expect considerably more morbidity to be unreported. In view of the high incidence of hematogenous metastases from lung cancer (the majority of patients do not die of local disease), equal priority might be assigned to the application of bone marrow cytological studies, strontium skeletal scans, and laparotomy. These are reasonable in the small-cell type of lung cancer. However, the survival rates of patients with other types of bronchogenic carcinoma, despite hilar and mediastinal metastases, are sufficiently good and the risk of resection sufficiently low that operation continues to offer the best hope of cure. As surgeons, we should be exploring the synergistic effect of combining resection with radiation therapy supplemented by chemotherapy-a likely hope for the future in spite of past reports with related modalities. Diagnostic methods such as mediastinoscopy make sense in selected patients but not as a routine. Resection has proved its worth even in the presence of extension to lymph nodes. Further, how does one replace the value of the emotional support afforded the patient and his relatives when the primary lesion and nodes are removed-support epitomized by the simple


This paper presents a study of I/O scheduling techniques applied to the I/O forwarding layer. In high-performance computing environments, applications rely on parallel file systems (PFS) to obtain good I/O performance even when handling large amounts of data. To alleviate the concurrency caused by thousands of nodes accessing a significantly smaller number of PFS servers, intermediate I/O nodes are typically applied between processing nodes and the file system. Each intermediate node forwards requests from multiple clients to the system, a setup which gives this component the opportunity to perform optimizations like I/O scheduling. We evaluate scheduling techniques that improve spatiality and request size of the access patterns. We show they are only partially effective because the access pattern is not the main factor for read performance in the I/O forwarding layer. A new scheduling algorithm, TWINS, is presented to coordinate the access of intermediate I/O nodes to the data servers. Our proposal decreases concurrency at the data servers, a factor previously proven to negatively affect performance. The proposed algorithm is able to improve read performance from shared files by up to 28% over other scheduling algorithms and by up to 50% over not forwarding I/O.


Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) experiences several conflict with human in rural population. Commodity crops tend to be destroyed or consumed by the elephants during crop raiding due to availability of palatable plants species. Comprehensive data and information are needed to synthesis conservation strategy towards their disturbance in human area. The study was aimed to obtain preferred commodity plant species by the elephants using electivity index. The study site was located in Elephant Conservation Centre, Saree, Aceh, Indonesia. The research was designed as to follow restricted feeding of several identified crops such as: areca palm (Areca catechu), banana (Musa sp.), oil palm (Elais gueenensis), rice (Oryza sativa), rubber tree (Hevea brassiliensis), cacao tree (Theobroma cocoa), coffee (Coffea arabica), chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin). The results showed three commodity plant which were not preferred by the elephants such as: chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), coffee (Coffea arabica), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), and cocoa tree (Theobroma cocoa) and were further categorized as low palatability for elephants. The results then reflect a promising act by planting those species near elephant's habitat in order to reduce frequency of elephant raiding into rural area.


This article examines the role of theological education as a factor in shaping the priorities and teachings of the First Vatican Council. The contribution of the Jesuit professor of dogmatic theology at the Collegio Romano, Giovanni Perrone, was particularly important for forming the theological minds of Church leaders in the middle decades of the 19th century. Perrone's four-year curriculum, the Praelectiones Theologicae, was organized around the principles of faith, reason, and ecclesiastical authority. These principles formed a coherent and tightly integrated constellation for those educated in Perrone's curriculum, in which reason relied upon the formative structure of faith, and faith as an act required the authority of the Church for its exercise. Correspondingly, the unity of the Church required the authoritative dimension of faith and suitable organs for its exercise. Perrone's curriculum was employed in many parts of Europe during the 19th century. This article examines the theology of Perrone's ...


The present article substantiates the role of forecasting as a method in the system of management, in the development and integration of social processes in the region and its territorial structures. It also analyzes the peculiarities arising from the nature and properties of regional systems and strengthening the regulatory functions of the state through the mechanism of distribution of state expenditures, and sets out the essence of a fundamentally new model of social protection in Kazakhstan and the classification of social standards, which is a practical framework of the managed forecasting.


Real-time MRI has the potential to significantly improve intraoperative surgical processes. However, development of these technologies is complicated by the need for software tools that support task-oriented visualization of 2D and 3D datasets, enable flexible real-time image processing pathways, and interface with proprietary scanner hardware. Developing such tools requires substantial software engineering effort for these low-level tasks that distracts from a focus on developing and implementing algorithms that relate to the surgical technique in question. RTHawk and Vurtigo are extensible software platforms that simplify the development of tools for performing real-time MRI-guided procedures. We present here initial work on a system for performing intracerebral drug infusion under real-time MRI guidance using the Navigus pivot point-based MRI-compatible external trajectory guide. Initial testing performed using a GE scanner targeting a rigid object in a water-filled phantom allowed realtime aiming and infusion monitoring with 1 mm targeting accuracy. In vivo testing is forthcoming.


It is noted that the essence of the compliant surface question is whether or not wall motion can provide a decrease in skin friction for either transitional or turbulent flows. This wall motion is capable of being externally excited or flow driven, with varying amounts of fluid motion-wall motion phasing (depending primarily upon wall structural configuration and damping). It is concluded that current research has eroded still further the experimental data base which indicates drag reduction on compliant surfaces under turbulent boundary layers in air. The need for further clarification and research is stressed for the small wavelength liquid case.


A membrane inlet mass spectrometer was modified to perform rapid, high-precision measurements of dissolved N 2 , O 2 , and Ar in water. The instrument pumps water at <1 ML MIN -1 through semipermeable nucrobore silicone tubing positioned inside an inlet vacuum line of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Precise pumping and temperature control of the water sample contribute to high signal stability and reproducibility. Dissolved gas concentrations are determined from intensities of the mass spectrometer signals in the multiple ion detection mode. Precision (coefficient of variation) is <0.5% for N 2 , O 2 , and Ar concentrations and <0.05% for N 2 /Ar and O 2 /Ar ratio data


1Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany; 2Center for Blood Research Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; 3Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; and 4Institute of Stem Cell Research, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany


The State practice in the implementation of the tax treatment of international civil servants differ widely on the question the tax treatment of the occupational pension of the international civil servant, revealed that this approach leads to an awkward severance of the link between a retired international civil servant and the former employer. The awkwardness results from the fact that there is a suggestion that the duty of the employing organization to respect the principle of equal remunerations ends on the day that an international civil servant retires. It seems that in the Taxation of UNESCO Pensions Case, the organization was not successful explaining the problem because the Tribunal satisfied itself by answering the question of whether its interpretation of the tax exemption clause would lead to a situation of discriminatory taxation.Keywords: international civil servants; tax adjustment; tax treatment


The aim of this paper is to explore in some detail the second order linear ordinary differential equation with real or complex periodic coefficients, also known as the Hill's equation, with some emphasis on stability and instability intervals and explore two related self-adjoint eigenvalue problems leading to the two final results which enable us to practically solve problems of this type.


This chapter discusses the death sequences and murder set-pieces in the Friday the 13
 th films to show how the combination of sound and editing work together to create perspective. First, the chapter looks at the idea of 'unverified diegetic sound,' which is a noise that comes from within the film (not from the score) where viewers do not see the source of the sound. Then, the chapter considers different approaches to using unverified diegetic sound with editing to show the killer's perspective, the victim's perspective, an omniscient perspective, and combinations of different perspectives within the death sequences.


This volume contains papers presented at WLPE 2005, 15th International Workshop on Logic-based methods in Programming Environments.
The aim of the workshop is to provide an informal meeting for the researchers working on logic-based tools for development and analysis of programs. This year we emphasized two aspects: on one hand the presentation, pragmatics and experiences of tools for logic programming environments; on the other one, logic-based environmental tools for programming in general.
The workshop took place in Sitges (Barcelona), Spain as a satellite workshop of the 21th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 2005). This workshop continues the series of successful international workshops on logic programming environments held in Ohio, USA (1989), Eilat, Israel (1990), Paris, France (1991), Washington, USA (1992), Vancouver, Canada (1993), Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy (1994), Portland, USA (1995), Leuven, Belgium and Port Jefferson, USA (1997), Las Cruces, USA (1999), Paphos, Cyprus (2001), Copenhagen, Denmark (2002), Mumbai, India (2003) and Saint Malo, France (2004).
We have received eight submissions (2 from France, 2 Spain-US cooperations, one Spain-Argentina cooperation, one from Japan, one from the United Kingdom and one Sweden-France cooperation). Program committee has decided to accept seven papers. This volume contains revised versions of the accepted papers.
We are grateful to the authors of the papers, the reviewers and the members of the Program Committee for the help and fruitful discussions.


The pattern of enzyme activities get altered in the presence of allergic agent histamine phosphate and an attempt to restore the normal pattern of enzyme occurs in the presence of antihistamines suggesting their interactions at molecular level regulating the metabolism. The regulatory effect of these antihistamines are more pronounced in heterogeneous environment at homogenate pH than at optimum pH. INTRODUCTION EARLIER experiments in sheep kidney homogenates revealed that the oxidative enzymes succinate, lactate and glutamate dehydrogenases get altered in the presence of allergic agent histamine phosphate and the restoration to normal pattern of enzyme occurs in the presence of antihistamines suggesting their interactions at molecular level regulating the metabolism (Sanvar Basha and Swami, 1968). Regulation of enzyme activity in the presence of these agents at intracellular pH or homogenate pH Js more pronounced than at optimum pH condition (Sanvar Basha and Swami, 1968). Experiments with sheep liver gave similar evidence (Kesava Rao and Swami, 1968). Previous experiments have revealed that subcellular protein environment exerts a regulative influence on the expression of enzymes (Swami and Krishnamoorthy, 1964; Swami and Govindappa, 1965; Govindappa and Swami, 1965) and at intracellular pH value the inhibitory regulation of enzyme activity (Sanvar Basha and Swami, 1968; Ramana Rao, 1968; Ramana Rao et al., 1968). In this paper similar studies were made on the effects of antihistamines in the homogenates of sheep brain both at homogenate and optimal pH. The regulatory effect of these antihistamines are more pronounced in heterogeneous environment at intracellular pH than at optimum pH. 46 Regulation of Histaminic Activity in Cell-free Systems 47 MATERIAL AND METHODS The brain of sheep was obtained from a local slaughter house. Immodiately after decapitation, it was removed from the skull quickly with least injury and chilled to 0 ° C. Histamine phosphate (British Drug House) was selected for stimulating the allergic reactions and pheniramine maleate (Hoechst Pharmaceuticals), hydrocortisone acetate [Glaxo Laboratories (India) Ltd.] and dexamethasone sodium phosphate [Merck Sharp and Dohme, (India) Ltd.] were employed for induction of antihistaminic activity. Assay of dehydrogenases.--A 10~o (Wt/Vol)homogenate of brain cortical matter was prepared in 0.25 M cold sucrose solution using glass hamogenizer and centrifuged at 3,000 RPM for 15 minutes. The supernatant was used for the assay of enzyme activities. The estimations were done at pH values of 6.8 (homogenate pH) and at optimal pH values (pH optima for succinatel lactate and glutamate dehydrogenases were found to be at 95, 8.5 and 8.0 respectively in cell-free systems of brain (Ramana Rao, 1968). The levels of dehydrogenase activities were estimated by modified triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction method (Govindappa and Swami, 1965). The incubation mixture contai~.ed 0-5ml each of 0.2 M sodium Iactate, 0.09 M sodium succinate and 0.2 M sodium glutamate as substrates for the estimation of lactate, succinate and glutamate dehydrogenases respectively (these concentrations of substrates were found to give optimal activity (Ramana Rao, 1968), 0.5 ml buffer solution (sodium phosphate o~" 0.1 M for pH values 6.8, 8.0 and 8.5; sodium carbonate buffer of 0"1 M for pH value 9.5) 0.5 ml triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (0.2~o solution at neutral pH) and 0.5 ml test solution which contained histamines and antihistamines either separately or together in the following concentrations: 10 ~8 mg of histamine phosphate, 2-2 × 10-4mg of pheniramine maleate; 5.0 × 10 -~ mg of hydrocortisone acetate and 1.6 × 10 -3 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (these concentrations were selected as per the clinical directions as prescribed for humans; Torald Sollmann, 1957). Assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).--A 1% homogenate of brain cortical matter was prepared in 0.25 M sucrose in cold employing glass homogenizer. The level of acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 184.108.40.206) was estimated in 1-% homogenate adopting the method of Metcalf (1957). 0.5 ml of test solution was added (same as referred previously but with ten-fold dilution in consonance witk the diluted homogenate). 48 N . V . NANDAKUMgR .~,ND K_~RU/dURI S. SWAMI RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The investigations on the levels of activities of enzymes were made at pH value 6.8 being the homogenate pH and intraeellular pH. It is hoped that this pH value may induce a condition which is of closest approximarion to living state and the enzyme is kept under regulative influence of the homogenate pH (Sanvar Basha and Swami, 1968; Ramana Rat, 1968 ; Ramana Rat et al., 1968). The other pH values selected were found to represent conditions of optimal activity of enzymes and variation in activities at this pH value should normally indicate a direct reflection of a change in the chemoarchetectonics of the enzyme molecule (Ramana Rat, 1968). The level ot lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) (E.C. 184.108.40.206) at the pH optimum was several times greater than its activity at the hcmogenate pH value, suggesting that the enzyme is kept under the regulative influence of the homogenate pH, i.e., intracellular pH (Ramana Rat et aL, 1968) (Fig. 1). It is likely that all these enzymes are not permitted to express full activity in the cell under the regulative influence of intracellular pH value (Ramana Rat etal. , 1968). At the homogenate pH value the addition of histamine phosphate elevated the LDH activity by about 60~o. The addition of pheniramine maleate and hydrceortiscne acetate also elevated the activity of the enzyme but not to svch heights as that of the addition of histamine phosphate. "lhe addition of dexamethasone sodium phosphate inhibited the LDH activity by about 18~. In the presence of both histamine phosphate and antihistamines the varied level of enzyme activity is brought to a level identical to that of lhe normal value. The estimation of the level of LDH activity at pH optimal condition suggested that the regulation of enzyme activity is different at homogenate pH. At optimal pH condition the antihistamines alone increased the enzyme activity. In combination of both histamine and antihistamines, the activity is further enhanced than control. These changes indicate that at optimum pH, the enzyme molecule was subjected to changes in the presence of these agents. The level of suecinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH) showed (E.C. 126.96.36.199) about eight-fold drop in activity at lhe homogenate pH as compared to the pH optimum condition (Fig. 2) while the lactate dehydro. Regulation of Histaminic Activity in Cell-free Systems 49 genase enzyme had only a three-fold decrease under similar condition. It is reasonable to infer that the homogenate pH condition exerts greater inhibitory regulation on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase enzyme than on the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (Sanvar Basha and Swami, 1968 ; Ramana Rao et aL, 1968).


Objective:To investigate plasma fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal disease,and to explore the correlation between plasma fibrinogen and periodontal diseases in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods:The study included 24 type 2 diabetic patients complicated with severe periodontal diseases,20 type 2 diabetic patients without periodontal diseases and 16 normal controls.The body mass index(BMI) was calculated,and plasma fibrinogen and blood lipids,HbA1c were determined.Results:Compared with normal control and type 2 diabetic subjects without periodontal diseases,plasma fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetic patients with severe periodontal diseases were significantly increased.Plasma fibrinogen level in type 2 diabetic patients without periodontal diseases was significantly elevated compared with normal controls(P 0.05).The plasma fibrinogen levels were positively correlated with HOMA-IR、HbA1c.Conclusion:Periodontal diseases may result in higher circulating fibrinogen in type 2 diabetic patients,and aggravate glucose metabolic disorder and insulin resistance.


Existing studies do not provide consistent results regarding the role of alcohol intoxication on sentencing, and little is known about the specificity of sentencing by judges when compared to the general population. In this study, we experimentally investigated the influence of the level of alcohol intoxication on the sentence given to a defendant who had committed an act of physical aggression toward another person. A large sample of judges (N = 1,207) and a representative sample from the general population (N = 1,972) from both Germany and France were randomly assigned to a written depiction of an assault case in which the protagonist had either previously drunk no alcohol, or 0.50 L, or 1.5 L of beer. The respondents were then asked to assign a sentence to the defendant from a range of predefined options. Based on previous studies on sentencing among judges, we hypothesized that they would deliver harsher sentences than the participants from the general population contrary to the "myth of judicial leniency." Moreover, following attribution theory, we hypothesized that alcohol consumption would decrease the severity of the sentence chosen by the participants from the general population. It was expected that the judges would not be influenced by alcohol information because in both France and Germany, alcohol is not considered to be an aggravating factor in crime according to national laws. The results showed that irrespective of the level of alcohol intoxication, the judges recommended harsher sentences than the participants from the general population and tended to rely on fewer sentence options. However, contrary to our expectations, in both countries, the protagonist's level of intoxication did not influence sentencing severity.


The summit on multiply traumatized children of battered women hosted by the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Violence Intervention Program, December 2000, provided an opportunity for professionals from a variety of disciplines to come together to discuss how research can inform policy and practice to promote the best response for children who are exposed to intimate partner violence. As the articles in this volume illustrate, the professional awareness of children who are exposed to intimate partner violence has dramatically increased. The explosion of intimate partner violence research has recently extended child abuse literature through research on children who experience intimate partner violence. Until relatively recently, these children were seen as a subject of concern because of mistaken notions that they were harmed by maternal neglect. As new innovations in practice and formulations from research are developed, our conceptual frameworks about child abuse and domestic violence face the need to change in view of these new developments. The articles in this volume are excellent examples of the increasingly sophisticated and practice-oriented research in this area. They stand largely for themselves. Consequently, here we will highlight some of the main points of the summit by focusing on the recommendations and main concerns expressed both at the summit and in the articles in relation to methodology, intervention, policy, and theoretical models.


Internet of Things (IoT) connects sensing devices and physical object/things to the internet for the purpose of exchanging information. Things have become smarter than it was before. IoT enables user to communicate and control smart objects to rescue information that is essential. Massive quantities of data will be generated and exchanged which in turn help in making decisions. However, security and privacy is important while exchanging data from anywhere and at anytime. IoT application protocols based on middleware play a key role in order to facilitate two-way communication and remote control of the IoT devices. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) is widely used lightweight messaging protocol in IoT. This paper describes security analysis and issues in MQTT protocol by considering different attacking Scenarios.


In this paper, we construct a Hopfield-type neural network to solve combinatorial optimization problems which is very important to medicine and biology. We applied the neural network to the four-coloring map problems to show that the neural network is capable of finding 100 percent optimal solution in a short time.


Appearance: A "birds-beak" of contrast-opacified blood appears at the mural attachment of the intimomedial flap in the aortic lumen (Fig. 1). When this triangular-shaped region in the false lumen is thrombosed, the beak is "black" in appearance on contrast-enhanced CT. This sign is a useful tool for distinguishing between a false and true lumen during evaluation of an acute or chronic aortic dissection.1


The EEG features of the mu rhythm were first described in detail by Gastaut.1,2 There have been multiple subsequent reports describing the features of this r h ~ t h m . ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ Bilateral mu activity is seen in various EEG populations, and is most commonly accepted as a normal pattern. The significance of unilateral mu continues to be uncertain.' It was the purpose of this investigation to determine the prevalence of unilateral mu, and to assess its clinical correlation.


Real-time spatial division multiplexing (SDM) transmission of 7×10-Gb/s on-off keying (OOK) signal over 1025 km weakly-coupled 7-core fiber in a parallel recirculating-loop system is demonstrated. Inter-core crosstalk (IC-XT) induced transmission performance impairment is observed.


Endothelial function (EF) impairment is one of the first events in the process of atherosclerosis, which is known to be associated with psoriasis. Nevertheless, the effect of antipsoriatic treatments, some of them with atherogenic risks, on cardiovascular morbidity and EF is still unclear.


Against the backdrop of increasing confrontation with a number of non-Western powers, nonclassical threats projected from armed conflict zones remain an urgent problem for the countries of the «collective West». The article examines the peculiarities of the Euro-Atlantic community's approach to the use of political and military tools in the zones of armed conflicts in Asia and Africa. Methodologically, the article aims to deepen the provisions of conflict resolution theory as applied to armed conflicts. It shows the partial displacement of NATO and the EU member states from a position of subjects in the fight against threats of instability into objects for their projection in the early 2000 s and mid-2010 s, and analyzes the possibility of recurrence of this situation in the 2020 s. Three main stages of the settlement are distinguished, with a demonstration of opportunities for external participants in each of them. In the first stage, the main tasks are to secure a ceasefire, reconcile moderate pro-government and opposition forces, and critically weaken terrorist groups, which, depending on their strength, requires the choice of one or another form of forceful counteraction. In the second stage, the most important task is the implementation of agreements, including the deployment of international peacekeeping forces and security sector reform in the country of conflict origin. The third stage is to place the main burden of implementing the settlement on the authorities of the country of origin, its armed forces and law enforcement agencies, i.e. to «nationalize» the process. The «bottlenecks» in the actions of the countries of the «collective West» are noted - both of an internal (for the territory where the settlement takes place), military and foreign policy nature. Particular attention in this context is paid to the danger of refusing to build cooperative security schemes with non-Western powers.


This paper proposes a management technique which will retain the voltage and frequency of standalone microgrids (MGs) within a predefined safe zone at least cost using a multilayer scheme. The proposed technique considers the sustainability and dynamic supply adequacy aspects of the MG whilst considering the operational costs which accrue during the continuous variations of its demand and renewable generation. This technique takes action immediately following the occurrence of events that violate the MGs voltage or frequency. It then adjusts the optimal generation levels for the dispatchable sources and determines the best configuration of the MG's network. It also proceeds to optimize the internal support by controlling the charge or discharge power of the existing battery storages as well as curtailing the renewable sources and adjusting the loads. The proposed technique is a short-horizon operation-stage algorithm which uses a metaheuristic optimization at the MG's central controller to analyze the status and costs of the MG components to determine the appropriate actions to implement. The performance of the developed technique is validated through extensive numerical analyzes in MATLAB.


Technical trends in SOFC development and deployment include: (1) reducing operating temperatures by (a) using new electrolyte materials, doped lanthanum gallate or doped ceria, for example; or (b) minimizing electrolyte resistance (using electrode as support, thin film electrolyte); (2) increasing cell/stack performance and reliability; (3) lowering costs; (4) modularity and fuel flexibility. This study intends to advance the SOFC technology by using a more compatible, all-perovskite materials' system: La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8 (LSGM) electrolyte, La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM) anode and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 (LSFC) cathode. As one of the few available electrolyte materials, strontiumand magnesium-doped lanthanum gallate (LSGM) has drawn much attention due to its high ionic conductivity (0.12-0.17 S/cm at 800C) over a wide range of oxygen partial pressures (1-10 atm) [1-3]. The conductivity is higher by a factor of over two compared to the existing yttria doped zirconia (YSZ) (0.052 S/cm [6]). The LSGM materials, however require very high temperature, 1450-1550oC for example, to be fully densified [4]. Three issues associated with these high firing temperatures are: (1) the LSGM electrolyte reacting with the currently used nickel-based anode during sintering, forming low conductive compounds, for example LaNiO3 [5-8]; (2) Ga depletion; and (3) decreasing anode porosity [9]. Because of these reasons, LSGM based SOFCs are limited, at this time, to the LSGM electrolyte supported configuration, which is usually prepared by densifying the LSGM electrolyte first and then applying the anode and cathode layers afterwards. Although a thin and dense LSGM layer with support substrate can be fabricated using various techniques, attempts to fabricate LSGM thin film SOFCs have been without much success. For example, electrostatic spraying could produce a crystallized LSGM layer after annealing at 900C for 2 h; however the LSGM layer was porous [10]. Joseph et al. [11] successfully obtained a 0.5 μm LSGM layer using pulsed laser ablation on quartz substrate, however, this must be done under high vacuum and high temperature conditions, and there was no density data from that report. Mathews et al. [12] prepared a dense film of 4 μm on Pt using electrophoretic deposition after five repetitions of deposition and sintering at 1400C. Majewski et al.'s study [13] concluded that only at temperatures higher than 1400C could a dense single phase LSGM structure be obtained. One possible approach to use electrode supported LSGM thin electrolyte configuration is to use a plasma spray technique to apply the LSGM layer onto the fired electrode (anode or cathode) support. Feasibility studies [14] showed difficulties in putting down very thin (less than 50 μm) dense LSGM layers, and furthermore, the use of plasma spray is also costly. Our approach is to employ new electrode materials that are compatible to the LSGM, especially during high temperature firing, and to fabricate the thin LSGM electrolyte cells using conventional processes. On the anode side, attempts to composite LSGM and Co, Ni or Fe were reported to be unsuitable due to the interactions [7]. The focus is then turned to LaCrO3-based materials. LaCrO3-based materials have been mainly used as interconnect materials for SOFCs [15, 16] due to their high electrical conductivity, stability in both fuel and oxidant atmospheres at high temperatures [17] and compatibility with other fuel cell components. Dopants on Aand B-sites, for example with Sr and Mn, respectively, showed significant reduction of the polarization resistance (from 10 to <1 Ωcm) and increase in electrical conductivity (to 1.5 S/cm in 5% H2 at 900C) [18, 19]. In addition to good chemical compatibility with the YSZ electrolyte, when using methane as a fuel, the LSCM anode requires only ambient humidification (~3%) to prevent coke formation, compared to about 50% steam requirement for Ni-YSZ anodes for the same purpose (direct oxidation). On the cathode side, a number of mixed electric and ionic conductors were explored for possible use as cathodic materials with the LSGM electrolyte. These included La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC) [20, 21], Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 [22], La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.5Ni0.5O3 (LSGN) [23], and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 [24, 25]. Interfacial studies have primarily focused in the cell operating temperature range, and very little information is available in relation to the compatibilities within the cell fabrication (LSGM sintering) temperature range. The new system, proposed with the LSGM electrolyte, LSCM anode and LSCF cathode, possesses an all-perovskite structure. It is our anticipation that all-perovskite structured and multilayered ceramic materials could increase the electrochemical and thermomechanical compatibilities of the SOFC system and eliminate the interaction between the electrolyte and electrode at the cell operating and fabricating temperatures (800-1500C). This paper will report the first part of our series study, the interactions between the LSCM anode and LSGM electrolyte in the cell fabricating temperature range (up to 1500C).


Argentina was governmed by Kirchnerism for twelve years (2003-2015). This period had two different economic phases: one with high growth rates and significant social improvements, and the other with poor economic performance and less social progress. In this context, this article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the achievements and limits of the economic and social project of Kirchnerism. The central hypothesis posits a close link between the limitations of the growth and distribution process, Argentinian's productive structure and the main socio-political interests involved.


The choice of adapted cultivars to different environments is meaningful to sunflower crop. The objective of this study was to select sunflower genotypes for sowing dates in August/September in Southern region of Brazil. Experiment data from 2005/2006 to 2006/2007 were obtained by the National Sunflower Trials, coordinated by Embrapa Soja. The evaluated traits were seed and oil yields (kg ha). The criterion used for selection of genotypes was the general mean obtained from different environments. For grain yield, the open pollinated varieties Catissol (1,775 kg ha), BRSGira 02 (1,687 kg ha) and BRSGira 01 (1,531 kg ha) surpassed the open pollinated varieties used as control (1,510 kg ha). The general mean for grain yield of the hybrids Helio 253 (2,498 kg ha) and Helio 360 (2,427 kg ha) surpassed the hybrids used as control (2,368 kg ha). For oil yield, the hybrids Exp 1441 (1,136 kg ha), Helio 360 (1,129 kg ha) and Helio 253 (1,127 kg ha) surpassed the controls.


Early detection of stress can prevent us from suffering from a long-term illness such as depression and anxiety. This article presents a scoping review of stress detection based on electrodermal activity (EDA) and machine learning (ML). From an initial set of 395 articles searched in six scientific databases, 58 were finally selected according to various criteria established. The scoping review has made it possible to analyse all the steps to which the EDA signals are subjected: acquisition, preprocessing, processing and feature extraction. Finally, all the ML techniques applied to the features of this signal have been studied for stress detection. It has been found that support vector machines and artificial neural networks stand out within the supervised learning methods given their high performance values. On the contrary, it has been evidenced that unsupervised learning is not very common in the detection of stress through EDA. This scoping review concludes that the use of EDA for the detection of arousal variation (and stress detection) is widely spread, with very good results in its prediction with the ML methods found during this review.


Based on field study in two counties in Heilongjiang province,this paper analyzed two issues about the implementation of new Rural Cooperative Medical System(RCMS). First,RCMS has adversely affected the local medical service system. The health agencies in charge of RCMS may take advantage of it to protect their subsidiary medical institutions,and the two-way referral provisions in the current difficult to implement in rural areas. Second,the medical savings accounts referenced by many countries is not as propagandized to reimbursement minor ailments medical expenses,but to reduce the actual admission cost and keep cash flow of RCMS. These issues need to be resolved in future for strengthening RCMS.


The aim of this study was to investigate the association between breast cancer risk, reproductive factors, and family history of breast cancer by the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. We analyzed data from an Italian case–control study including 1075 women with incident breast cancer and 1477 hospital controls. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of breast cancer using unconditional logistic regression models including major recognized risk factors for breast cancer. Stronger associations with ER+ than with ER− breast cancer were observed for parity (OR: 0.7 vs. 0.9 for ≥3 births vs. nulliparae), age at first birth (OR: 1.6 vs. 1.2 for age ≥30 vs. <25 years), menopausal status (OR: 0.7 vs. 0.8 for postmenopause vs. pre/perimenopause), age at menopause (OR: 1.3 vs. 1.2 for menopause at age ≥50 vs. <50 years), and family history of breast cancer (OR: 2.2 vs. 1.4). Among the ER+ patients, the presence of PR+ did not appreciably modify any of the risk estimates. The association with age at menarche and hormone replacement therapy use was neither significant nor heterogeneous across ER and PR subtypes. In conclusion, we found stronger associations with selected menstrual and reproductive factors for ER+ (PR+) than for ER− (PR−) breast cancers, though in the absence of significant heterogeneity.


Actin stress fibers (SFs) play a key role in regulation of cell adhesion, but the biochemical and biophysical properties intrinsic to SFs remain unclear. Here we extracted SFs from rat embryonic smooth muscle cells by deroofing, and evaluated the effects of varying ionic strength and temperature on their intactness. Wash buffers with ionic strength ranging from 90 to 490 mM were prepared, and the extracted SFs were incubated in a buffer with a particular ionic strength for 10 min or 24 h. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the extracted SFs comprised tightly packed straight bundles at low ionic strengths that became looser and exhibited a ragged pattern at high ionic strengths. The expression of α -actinin associated with the extracted SFs decreased with the increase in ionic strength. Unexpectedly, non-muscle myosin II and smooth muscle myosin in the extracted SFs displayed comparable expression levels over the different ionic strengths. ATP-induced contractility was better preserved at low ionic strengths, including the physiological ionic strength of 170 mM. The rate of ATP-induced enzymatic activity increased with increase in temperature, but the difference was not statistically significant. These results demonstrate that low ionic strength produces extracted SFs that are more intact with regard to structure and function.


The Convolution Neural Network(CNN) has achieved great performance in image classification, partially due to the deeper and deeper structure. While its complexity brings more challenge to the practical application. So we can design a more efficient loss function to get better results without a more complex network. In this paper, we proposed a weighted softmax loss function called confusion weighted loss to learn the relationship among the confusing categories. Firstly, we generate a similarity matrix based on the confusion matrix to illustrate the relationship among the categories. Then, we propose a clustering algorithm to find out the confusing categories. Finally, to learn more information among them, we design a weighted matrix used in our loss function. Experiments on different datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.