In this paper a new method and system is described and presented that makes use of marked sheet metal blanks that are deformed in a subsequent forming process. Due to the deformation the marked circles change their shape into ellipses. By measuring the major and minor axes of these elliptical deformations the major and minor strains are calculated. The system consists of an optical hand held device that is put on top of the surface to be measured. Due to the optical features the deformed circles are captured and stored in a mobile image processing system. The geometrical features are automatically calculated and the results are presented via the LCD-display in graphical and alphanumerical form and alternatively as a spread sheet information for further documentation. The presentation is given in two parts. Part one deals with the general system realization due to the process of rapid production development in the industrial environment. Part two gives more detailed information on the implications that stem from image processing and the need for accurate measurements in sheet metal production. The capturing process with a high quality optical system is presented as well as the analysis of the data captured via the mobile integrated image processing system. Remarks are given in relation to the rapid product development application.


The present invention relates to method for ensuring individual line subscriber accessing network. It contains pre-configuring DHCP option information to DHCP option supported DHCP server; user side transmitted DHCP message through access equipment and added with DHCP option information, then sent to DHCP server; DHCP server according to received DHCP message option information searching compatible configuring information, feeding back corresponded configuring information to access equipment through responses message, back filling said option information to responses message; access equipment learning user's configuring information through said responses message, and utilizing said configuring information to generate dynamical binding relation to user terminal. The present invention overcomes current technology used static IP address binding function problem such as management difficulty, large configuration work load, and IP address easy illegal use; capable of simplifying configuration, convenient management and increasing IP address security.


This study aims to analyze the epistemology of creativity in microeconomic and evolutionary thinking. Applying the semantic and ontological method, the research demarcates the psychodynamic and multidimensional elements linked to the theory of creativity that are present in the representation of the creative process exercised by individuals within the neoclassical and evolutionary microeconomy. The neoclassical, oligopolistic and neo-Schumpeterian microeconomic paradigms are adopted as the scientific structure of analysis. As a result, a systemic representation of creative process is elaborated from the definition of the term economic creativity.


This research aims at examining the service scape elements affecting golf club customer behavioral intention in order to investigate into the causal relationship between the servicescape of public golf course and the customer emotional responses, satisfaction and behavioral intention by targeting the customers using public golf course, and based on this, this study aims at analyzing their influences with the media of the customer emotion responses and satisfaction. As for the research subjects, 414 became the samples among the customers of the public golf course located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province through convenience sampling. For the data processing, frequency study and exploratory factor analysis were conducted through the SPSS 18.0 program, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out through the AMOS 18.0 program in order to verify the construct validity of the measured variables, and then the goodness of fit of the model was investigated through covariance structure analysis. Grounded on the research methods and data analysis results above, the conclusion of this research is as follows. First, the servicescape recognized by the customers of the public golf course was proved to have a positive effect on the customer's emotional responses. Second, the servicescape acknowledge by the customers of the public golf course was found out to affect the customer satisfaction in an affirmative way. Third, the servicescape the customers of the public golf course were aware of was turned out to exert a positive impact on the customer behavioral intention. Fourth, the customer emotional responses perceived by the customers of the public golf course was concluded to affect the customer satisfaction affirmatively. Fifth, the customer emotional responses that the customers of the public golf course recognized was proved to affect the customer behavioral intention in a positive way. Sixth, the customer satisfaction understood by the customers of the public golf course was found out to exert no meaningful influence on their behavioral intention.


Miller et al. have challenged the findings of our two previous studies, based largely on the assumption that our findings are biased due to the clinical sample used. However, they fail to address the primary tenet of our studies, namely, that clinicians will obtain different scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) depending on whether Canadian or American norms are used. This reply seeks to provide empirical evidence supporting the existence of such score differences even when nonclinical samples are used, and identifies some of the clinical decisions that are potentially affected by choice of normative data.


Empirical evidence indicates that in many developing regions, the extreme poor in more marginal land areas form a"residual"pool of rural labor. Structural transformation in such developing economies depends crucially on labor and land use decisions of these most-vulnerable populations located on abundant but marginal agricultural land. Although the modern sector may be the source of dynamic growth through learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers, patterns of labor, land and other natural resources use in the rural economy matter in the overall dynamics of structural change. The concentration of the rural poor on marginal lands is essentially a barometer of economy-wide development. As long as there are abundant marginal lands for cultivation, they serve to absorb rural migrants, increased population, and displaced unskilled labor from elsewhere in the economy. Moreover, the economy is vulnerable to the"Dutch disease"effects of a booming primary products sector. As a consequence, productivity increases and expansion in the commercial primary production sector will cause manufacturing employment and output to contract, until complete specialization occurs. Avoiding such an outcome and combating the inherent dualism of the economy requires both targeted polices for the modern sector and traditional agriculture on marginal lands.


Undoubtedly faster, larger and lower power per bit, but just how do you go about interfacing a DDR3 SDRAM DIMM to an FPGA? The DDR3 standard addresses the faster, more bandwidth and lower power per bit need, but it introduces new design challenges in addition to challenges introduced by DDR2 ODT, slew rate derating, etc. The DDR3 fly-by topology requirement means customers designing DDR3 memories must now account for write leveling and read de-skew on the PCB. This paper will cover modeling, simulation, and physical layout approaches required to meet JEDEC-defined termination and tight timing requirements for designing DDR3 memory interfaces on PCB systems.


The title of this Special Issue of Arts makes use of some ambiguous terms: 'gaming' rather than 'videogames'; the plural 'arts' rather than the singular 'art'. [...]


In order to provide a profitable and cost-effective way in maintaining a machine, it is necessary to prepare an economical way to provide service manipulation is to prepare standard and stable spare parts, replacements, and consumables in stock. The problem of accurate prediction of load, deformation and stresses in 3D contacts is then revisited. Most research has used one, two or three pairs of meshing teeth to simulate the mating process. It is insufficient to describe the entire process of three contact zones during each mating pair. By implementing a combined 3D face-contact and FEM, contact stress analysis between two spur gear teeth was considered in eleven different contact positions during a full mating process. The proposed approach provides a complete and effective solution of the contact problem in quasi-dynamic way. Instead of applying more fixed boundary conditions to constrain and simplify material behavior in 2D models, point and line contact of tooth surfaces are substituted by a face contact model of teeth in this article.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spence Preschool Anxiety Scale (Spence, Rapee, McDonald & Ingram, 2001) in a sample of Portuguese children of preschool age. The scale was answered by 561 mothers of children between 3 and 7 years old. Concerning the structure of anxiety symptoms, an exploratory factor analysis points to a solution composed of five factors (general anxiety, social anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, fear of physical injury and separation anxiety) as more appropriate. Were also found satisfactory internal consistency; external validity (by correlation with the CBCL Internalizing Scale) and discrimination with a sample of children referred for outpatient clinical psychology because of anxiety disorders were also satisfactory. We obtained a positive correlation between increasing age and severity of symptoms expression but no differences due to gender. Key-words- Stress, Anxiety, anxiety assessment, child, preschool.


In endeavoring to create an objective image of the social media ecosystem as it is today, the author felt it was absolutely essential to discover and analyze the perspective of international experts, the ones who represent the spearhead in social media evolution and its future trends, this also being an essential step in crafting a "portrait" of the role, importance, typologies and strategies specific to social media instruments. The present analysis, based on an exploratory qualitative research investigating the perceptions of international experts on the role, importance and specific ways in which social media instruments are currently used globally, the main future developments and the ways companies can harness their full potential, not only generates useful information for Romanian companies and valuable examples of good practices, but it can also become a guide for social media investment efforts on the Romanian market, while also being an irrefutable proof of the importance of this topic for companies and managers which are still skeptical about this. The article comprises a summary of relevant research related to social media marketing, the description and analysis of the research methodology and the main outcomes, followed by limitations and conclusions.


ABSTRACT Crime fiction has been constantly present in Greek popular culture, mainly through translations published in newspapers, magazines and in book form, from the nineteenth century to the present day. While the Anglo-American influence on the development of Greek popular literature as a whole has undoubtedly been paramount since the beginning of the twentieth century, other national traditions have also played an important role. In this article, I provide an overview of cultural transfers between Greek, and French and Italian crime fiction in the twentieth and twenty-first century, taking into account the major influence of French culture and literature in Greece since the Enlightenment, and the common emergence of a new French and Italian crime fiction in translation after the 1990s. In particular, I look at the interplay between translated crime fiction and indigenous Greek texts, focusing on the emergence and consecration of the genre in relation to key texts, agents and events. Drawing on a definition of translation as rewriting, I examine interlingual, as well as intersemiotic practices, showing how the history of the genre in Greece has been (re)written through translation.


Flooding due to Hurricane Florence led to billions of dollars in damage and nearly a hundred deaths in North Carolina. These damages and fatalities can be avoided with proper prevention and preparation. Modelling such flooding events can provide insight and precaution based on principles of fluid dynamics and GIS technology. Using topography and other geographic data from USGS, HEC-RAS can solve the Shallow Water Equations over flooding areas to assist the study of inundation patterns. Simulation results from HEC-RAS agree with observations from NOAA in the flooding area studied. Modeled results from specific locations affected by Hurricane Florence near Neuse River, NC are compared with observations. While overall pattern of inundation is agreeable between model results and observations, there are also differences at very specific locations. Higher resolution topography data and precipitation data over the flooding area may improve the simulation result and reduce the differences.


Abstract: vVc stndy the rclaxatiou by Youug IIJCCtSllr( 'S of a Dirichlet coutrol problem with poiutwise state constra.iuts. Vle give a necessary and sufficient conditiou for the propcnwss of tlH~ relaxation. This condition i:,; expressed iu terms of stability properties, for the original control prohlellJ, with respect to geometrical pertmbations of state constraints.


Abstract: Computer vision techniques used for quality evaluation of bakery products are highly application dependent. The development of segmentation method, the choice of colour space, the extraction of size, shape and texture features, and the selection of classification technique have to be tailored to the task to be performed. In this chapter, techniques employed for different bakery products are summarized in separate sections. The colour, size and shape inspection techniques for bread, muffins, biscuits and pizza bases, along with others, are described, respectively. In addition, the methods for texture inspection of crumb grain are explained, and the segmentation and classification methods developed for different bakery products are elucidated.


This study aims to verify the possibility of rainwater use in a metal-mechanic industry in the municipality of Sao Jose dos Pinhais, metropolitan region of Curitiba, considering the rainfall and the characteristics of rainwater quality in the region, as well as the needs of this industry. A simulation of the charging for water use and emission of effluents into a nearby stream was also conducted. Results of this evaluation showed that the exploitation of rainwater might be feasible due to the hydrological behavior of the region and the quality of such water, which was verified by laboratory testing. In addition, a simulation was conducted to estimate the possible economy with respect to payment for water collection and effluent emission, as well as to the investment in the proposed reservoir for rainwater storage.


The toroidal field model coil (TFMC) was extensively tested in 2001-2002, in the TOSKA facility at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, up to a maximum transport current of 80 kA and a peak magnetic field of ~ 10 T. Here, we apply the 4C code, which was developed for the analysis of thermal-hydraulic transients in superconducting magnets, including winding, structures, and cryogenic circuit, to the analysis of the TFMC safety discharge from 80 kA. The code is able to reproduce the main experimental features, despite the limitations due to no more fully available information about the details of the cryogenic circuit, which play here a much more important role than at lower currents.


The cooling performance of a duct is a complex interaction between its shape, position inside the surrounding material and the resulting flow. Hence a change in the geometry does effect both the pressure loss as well as the temperature distribution. Due to this coupling of heat transfer and fluid flow a numerical solution is often computationally expensive. Lowering the number of these evaluation steps is therefore crucial. A gradient based optimization method promises high optimization speed if the gradient can be computed effortlessly. The adjoint method in particular offers a low computational cost to calculate this gradient and is hence chosen for the optimization. In this contribution the continuous adjoint equations including conjugate heat transfer are used to optimize a duct bend. A level‐set is used to differentiate the fluid and solid regions. The aim of the optimization is to lower the temperature of a wall inside the heated solid domain. The Reynolds number of the initial design is varied and the effects on the optimization are studied.


e15000 Background: To explore the correlation between plasma concentration of apatinib and clinical efficacy. Methods: 42 patients were enrolled. Plasma specimens of all patients were collected. At 7:40 am, fasting blood was drawn as plasma trough concentration (Ctrough). At 8 am, apatinib mesylate (APA-M, 250mg qd) was orally administrated. At 11 am, venous blood was drawn as plasma peak concentration (Cpeak). Each patient has Ctrough and Cpeak samples. A total of 84 plasma samples were obtained. The concentration of APA-M in plasma was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. Results: 1) 42 patients were evaluable. Treatment response was assessed by RECIST1.1. 2 patients achieved complete response (CR), 16 partial response (PR), 12 stable disease (SD) (tumor shrinks), 5 SD (tumor enlargement), 7 progressive disease (PD). Objective response rate (ORR) was 42.9% (18/42) and disease control rate (DCR) was 83.3% (35/42). 2) On day 1 and 456 after oral APA-M from different patients, median trough concentration (Ctrough median) was 264.38 ng/ml (1.18 ng/ml-918 ng/ml), and median peak concentration (Cpeak median) was 543.61 ng/ml (71.11 ng/ml-1609.4 ng/ml), respectively. 3) The Ctrough median in patients with CR, PR and SD (tumor shrinks) was significantly higher than that SD (tumor enlargement) and PD ( P<0.05). There was significantly difference between CR and PR with SD (tumor shrinks) ( P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between CR and PR ( P>0.05). (Table) 4) The Cpeak median in patients with CR, PR, SD (tumor enlargement) and PD was significantly higher than that SD (tumor shrinks) ( P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between CR and PR with SD (tumor enlargement) ( P>0.05). (Table). Conclusions: The plasma Ctrough of Apatinib can predict the clinical efficacy of patients with solid tumor. Perspective clinical studies with adequate sample size are required to validate our results. [Table: see text]


RECALIBRATION OF VESTIBULAR REAFFERENCE ALTERS THE RECOVERY RESPONSE TO A PLATFORM PERTURBATION Adam Joseph Toth Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Dr. Leah R. Bent This thesis presents three complementary experiments that aim to investigate the sensorimotor recalibration of vestibular reafference for platform perturbation recovery responses. Previous work has demonstrated that visual feedback is used to recalibrate the vestibular reafference used to control vestibulo-ocular reflexes as well as navigation. However, less work has examined the visual calibration of vestibular feedback for postural control. During a platform perturbation, vestibular feedback is thought to have very little contribution to the initial components of recovery responses and is largely involved in re-establishing postural equilibrium following recovery responses. In experiment I, we investigated whether vision could be used to alter how vestibular reafference was used for re-establishing equilibrium following a perturbation. We were able to show that after changing the vertical interpretation of a GVSaltered vestibular signal using visual references, participants became realigned toward the cathode following GVS removal, suggesting recalibration of the vestibular signal. Interestingly, vision was unable to alter the vestibular influence on initial perturbation responses. Previous work has shown that multiple trial exposures may be necessary to demonstrate recalibration. Therefore, experiment II examined whether visual feedback provided during a platform perturbation could recalibrate the contribution of vestibular reafference to early components of the recovery response. We demonstrated that vestibular contributions to early components of perturbation responses could be recalibrated but that the recalibration observed was likely mediated by somatosensory feedback rather than vision. Sensory integration work has shown the importance of attending to the sensory feedback provided for improving postural control. In experiment III, we aimed to determine whether instructions to specifically attend to somatosensory feedback for realigning posture during multiple platform perturbations could improve the recalibration of vestibular reafference on initial perturbation responses. Participants did not show improvements in their ability to recalibrate vestibular feedback during perturbation responses with added instructions to attend to somatosensory feedback. This may result from the


We combine recent progress in seismic tomography and numerical modeling of thermochemical convection to infer robust features on mantle structure and dynamics. First, we separate the observed density anomalies into their thermal and compositional contributions. The tomographic maps of thermo-chemical variations were computed using a new approach that combines a careful equation of state modeling of the lower mantle, independent constraints on density from probabilistic tomography, and a full statistical treatment for uncertainties analyses. We then test models of thermo-chemical convection against these density components. We compute synthetic anomalies of thermal and compositional density from models of thermo-chemical convection calculated with the anelastic approximation. These synthetic distributions are filtered to make meaningful comparisons with the observed density anomalies. Our comparisons suggest that a stable layer (i.e., that no domes or piles are generated from it) of dense material with buoyancy ratio B ≥ 0.3 is unlikely to be present at the bottom of the mantle. Models of piles entrained upwards from a dense, but unstable layer with buoyancy ratio B ∼ 0.2, explain the observation significantly better, but discrepancies remain at the top of the lower mantle. These discrepancies could be linked to the deflection of slabs around 1000 km, or to the phase transformation at 670 km, not included yet in the thermo-chemical calculations. 293 D. A. Yuen et al. (eds.), Superplumes, 293–320. © 2007 Springer. 294 Frédéric Deschamps et al.


In this paper we present an NLP-based approach for tracking the evolution of written language competence in L2 Spanish learners using a wide range of linguistic features automatically extracted from students' written productions. Beyond reporting classification results for different scenarios, we explore the connection between the most predictive features and the teaching curriculum, finding that our set of linguistic features often reflect the explicit instructions that students receive during each course.


The sublime, an ancient aesthetic category, since Greek scholar Louginus stated it in the book entitled on the sublime, has drawn much attention and affirmation from different aesthetes in various dynasties. The sublime of naturalistic form includes natural sublime and spiritual sublime. The sublime is the condensation of human thoughts. The modern society is still in need of the sublime.


Not only raw material,equipment,management and environmental conservation but also their problems in production of crude heparin sodium were released in this paper.According to our investigation,the attentional aspect,improvement and solving ways for the problems were suggested.


Conformal low profile antenna array has been widely used towards reduced radar cross section and good radiation characteristics. Being conformal, it has a number of advantages over planar antenna structure. This paper presents the radiation and scattering characteristics of a planar and conformal patch array with conventional and hybrid HIS-based ground plane on a low loss dielectric substrate. The use of a hybrid HIS layer instead of conventional metallic ground plane contributes to achieving wideband RCS reduction over 8GHz–50 GHz, without degrading the radiation performance in terms of antenna gain, return loss, and VSWR. The measurement results of the fabricated antennas are found in good agreement with the simulated ones. The radiation mode RCS of the conformal patch array has been analytically estimated and shown to be controlled in the operating frequency range. Such a low profile low RCS antenna array can be used as a subarray of phased arrays in fire control radars.


This paper investigates the ability of knowledge intensive business firms (KIBS) to engage in co-innovation with client firms. Co-innovation is related to the competitive advantage of KIBS as knowledge creators and sources of innovation. We apply a knowledge-based perspective where knowledge-related resources and learning capabilities explain why certain KIBS firms are able to co-innovate. We couple our theoretical expectations with qualitative evidence on three best practices in the Dutch market for environmental services.


Interest in the biological control of plant pathogens has been increasing in Italy in the last few years. Current or completed research programmes at some University and/or CNR (National Research Council) Institutions concern the following topics: a) biological control of crown gall with Agrobacterium radlobacter strain 84; b) biocontrol of some forestry diseases caused by fungi; c) integrated biological control of grey mould on grapevine; d) biocontrol of Fusarium dry rot on maize and sorghum and of Rhizoctonia rot on eggplant and tomato with Trichoderma viride; e) seed and root≪ bacterization ≫ as a means of biological control of some fungal diseases of horticultural plants; f)≪ suppressive ≫ effect of some Italian soils to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi: g) biologically induced resistance against bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. In this contribution, the results obtained are reported, together with comments on the prospects for practical application of each type of biological control. Evaluation of the reduction in the use of pesticides against the same pathogens is not currently possible, owing to lack of data (except for programmes b) and c) above). Biological control will only become a common and widespread agricultural practice if a number of conditions are satisfied, including the establishment of registration guidelines for microbial and viral pesticides. The criteria for the evaluation of biological control organisms in the agricultural environment must be revised and the technical-legislative problems must be solved. A Commission in the European Community is currently examining the question.


The magnetic core is a determinant for the performance of the CT (current transformer) energy harvesting devices. In that case, a magnetic core power output model was established for accurately designing the magnetic core of the energy harvesting devices. Also, comparative verification was also performed through experiments. The effectiveness of the design scheme proposed in this paper was proven by experimental results after quantitatively analyzing the influence of air gaps on the core performance, comparing three core materials and analyzing their scopes of application, as well as proposing the principle of core design under different applications.


ABSTRACT The use of capillary electrophoresis in SDS (SDS-CE) for separation and quantification of HMW glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) was investigated. HMW-GS were precipitated with 40% acetone from 50% 1-propanol extract of flour under reducing conditions after removal of monomeric proteins with 50% 1-propanol. Poly (ethylene oxide) was used in the running buffer (3% w/v) for SDS-CE. The results indicated that HMW-GS could be well separated by SDS-CE, including subunits 7+8, 7+9, 2+12, 5+10, and 17+18. However, HMW-GS showed delayed migration times compared with molecular weight protein standards. Some HMW-GS were reversed in their mobilities in SDS-CE compared with their mobility and molecular weights by SDS-PAGE. Therefore, the SDS-CE was unsuitable for MW determination of HMW-GS. A linear response was obtained from SDS-CE of a plot of the concentration of HMW-GS of the 40% acetone precipitate versus corrected areas for absorbance at 214 nm. Quantification of HMW-GS for the two biotypes (subunits 5+10 vs. ...


The implementation of PACS is a new revolution in medical imaging diagnosis area.The popularization of inˉformation technology provided the firm foundation for implementing PACS in hospital.In this paper we mainly talk about the necessity and the target of implementing PACS,and give some key questions in applying the fusion of HIS and PACS.


A retrospective analysis has been investigated about the optimal perioperative management of 200 consective subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients admitted to the Advanced Critical Care Emergency Center of Nippon Medical School in recent two years. 82 cases were males and 118 cases were females. Of the 200 patients, 130 were in poor grade (grade IV and V) including 27 patients in cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) condition. 89% of the patients were group 3 and 4 according to Fisher CT classification. The algorithm in the acute management of SAH can be classified into prehospital phase and hospital phase. The hospital phase can be further classified into resuscitative phase, diagnostic phase, operative phase and postoperative neurointensive care phase. Of 21 patients with rebleeding, 6 cases were in prehospital phase and 6 cases were in diagnostic phase. Based on these findings, in prehospital phase strict control of blood pressure and sedation is recommended during transfer. Three dimentional CT angiography is less invasive and very useful in the perioperative management of SAH. The introduction of endovascular occlusion with GDC coil and brain hypothermial treatment will have the possibility of improving the overall prognosis of severe SAH.


Abstract Objective: During the past decade, many patients with chronic psychiatric conditions have transferred to live in long stay care homes in Hong Kong. Few studies on the outcome of these rehabilitation services are available. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between quality of life, social functioning, and life skills performance of patients residing in such rehabilitation facilities. Methods: 179 residents were recruited, and 171 were assessed on 3 occasions during 1 year to examine the relationships between demographic characteristics, quality of life, social functioning level, and life skills performance. Results: The residents had high perceived quality of life and low level of social disability with a gradual increase in the perceived quality of life and reduction in the level of social disability during the study period. Perceived quality of life was not correlated with level of social functioning. Life skills performance levels were correlated with level of social functioning, but were not correlated with level of perceived quality of life. Conclusion: The findings suggest that patients with chronic psychiatric conditions can lead a more independent life with high perceived quality in a long stay care home. Further studies are required to evaluate the factors contributing to high perceived quality of life and impact of skills training programmes on social functioning of these patients. Key words: Chronic, Long stay care home, Quality of life, Social functioning Introduction Since the 1980s, there has been a large-scale planned transfer of patients from psychiatric hospitals to community care in Hong Kong. Residential care provisions of various levels of supervision have been developed. One of those residential services is the long stay care home (LSCH), which is specially designed for people with chronic psychiatric illness. The first LSCH was opened in 1989. It has capacity for 200 residents. Two more LSCHs were opened in the mid-1990s, catering for another 370 residents. Recently, quality of life has become an important outcome measure of community services for patients with chronic psychiatric illness. (1,2) Despite its significance, quality of life is still rarely measured in routine clinical practice. Often, symptoms of psychiatric disorder are interpreted as equivalence to poor quality of life, while psychiatric disorders often result in social deficit that renders patients difficult to assess. Furthermore, the stigmatising effect of psychiatric disorder has detrimental effects on multiple aspects of life for many psychiatric patients. Since the average life expectancy of the general population, including patients with psychiatric illness, has increased by 40% due to the improved standard of living, Sartorius argues that the ultimate goal of rehabilitation for patients with a chronic psychiatric illness is improvement in their quality of life. (3) Therefore, quality of life should be considered an important indicator of the success of a rehabilitation process. Social Functioning Dysfunctional social behaviour has long been recognised as a common feature of chronic psychiatric illness. With recent advances in pharmacological treatment, many patients with a chronic psychiatric illness can live independently in the community. Cohen and Kochanowicz found that social deficit of psychiatric patients often leads to social disintegration and isolation. (4) Thus, Bennett suggested that psychiatric rehabilitation of patients with a chronic psychiatric illness should aim to help them optimise their social functioning. (5) The same applies to preventing further deterioration. Literature on the relationship between quality of life and level of social functioning is scarce. Several studies have shown that problems in social functioning may lead to low quality of life for patients with chronic psychiatric illness. …


(2) I f(x + y)\ + Ig(x y)\ = \h(x + y ) | + | A ( i y)\ (cf. [1]). The purpose of this paper is to find all solutions of these equations. THEOREM 1. The only systems of entire solutions of (1) are the following f ( z ) = az + b /.χ g(z) = cz + d ν·) h(z) =pz + q k(z) = rz + s, where a, b, c, d, p, g, r, s are arbitrary complex constants satisfying (3 ) |a | = |c | = H = H , |6|2 + |d|2 = H 2 + H 2 ; ab + cd = pq + rs, ab — cd = pq — fs; 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 39B32, 30D05.


Adoption of the "lightweight pavement construction" technique has provided a solution to assist the shire of eltham to overcome problems with its unsealed roads. In assessing the merits of the technique, it is proper that consideration be given to the factors and options open to a council prior to use of the technique. Whilst the technique does not always completely solve the problem of road construction, its implementation is worthwhile if it achieves a cost effective result within the economic constraints prevailing at the time.


According to a popular dictionary, memory refers specifically to the mind's ability for retention and revival of past thoughts, images, ideas, and so forth. Memory, however, can include not only the nervous system but also processes employed by the immunological network. Gray has recently asserted that during the last five years there has been a resurgence of interest in immunological memory.' This active or passive memory is a specific function of specialized cells formed during the adaptive immune response to an antigenic stimulus. Memory cells, demonstrable by adoptive transfer, are small lymphocytes that behave similarly during cell-mediated responses. In B-cell humoral responses, one can quantitate memory by measuring antibody levels from about the fifth day after the initial stimulus, during the primary response, when it can first be detected (precipitation, agglutination, or complement fixation) and again during the peak response. If a booster injection of antigen is given, the body, already primed and ready with its larger clone of specific memory cells, responds more rapidly, more strongly, and for a longer period.


Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an effective drug in the treatment of APL by promoting the terminal differentiation of leukemic cells into phenotypically mature myeloid cells. The microgranular-variant APL counts for a quarter of APL and is similar to monocytic origin leukemia. The microgranular-variant type has no effect on APL treatment. ATRA is related with some serious side effects such as Sweet's syndrome and retinoic acid syndrome (RAS). Histologic characteristics of RAS are seen in capillary leakage and infiltration of organs by mature myeloid cells. ATRA-induced myositis is rarely described in adults and rare in children with APL. There have been increasing reports of ATRA-induced myositis, with its frequent association with RAS and Sweet's syndrome. We report a patient with ATRA-induced myositis and RAS in microgranular variant APL and review the previously reported cases in the literature of ATRA-induced myositis.

* APL
 : acute promyelocytic leukemia;
 ATRA
 : all-trans retinoic acid;
 RAS
 : retinoic acid syndrome;
 FISH
 : fluorescence in situ hybridization;
 MRI
 : magnetic resonance imaging;
 CK
 : creatine kinase;
 ICU
 : intensive care unit;
 CT
 : computed tomography;
 WBC
 : white blood cell


We have seen an increasing interest of applying Semantic Web Services to enhance functionality offered by existing Web Services standards. While the main stream of work still focuses on building the conceptual basis for Semantic Web Services, initiatives like WSMX attempt already to apply these efforts by addressing requirements of various business domains for automatic discovery, mediation and invocation of services over the network. In this paper we discuss a research that has been carried out to enable automatic interoperability between heterogeneous network of digital libraries enabling users to search across distributed network of libraries based on different metadata standards. We will present how the P2P backbone of WSMXs can support communication between existing library-to-library (L2L) networks. We will discuss the possible integration of WSMX with exists L2L protocols like DIENST, Open Archives Initiative (OAI) or Extensible Library Protocol (ELP).


Review(s) of: Foundations of naturopathic nutrition: A comprehensive guide to essential nutrients and nutritional bioactives, by Fay Paxton PhD, Allen and Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW 2065, ISBN 978-1-74237-040-8.


Zirconium diboride is an intriguing substrate for (Al)GaN heteroepitaxy due to its closely matched inplane lattice constant and thermal expansion coefficient. For some applications (e.g. laser diodes, power switches) the high electrical and thermal conductivities of ZrB2 are additional advantages. However, heteroepitaxy of GaN on ZrB2 is challenging due to poor wetting at typical growth temperatures (e.g. 700°C). In the present work we study low-temperature GaN (LT-GaN) and AlN nucleation layers for growth of high-temperature GaN on ZrB2 by rfMBE. Low-temperature GaN nucleation layers on ZrB2 result in nitrogen polarity for all conditions investigated. The GaN main layer properties are highly sensitive to the Ga/N ratio of the LT-GaN. LT-GaN nucleation in slightly N-rich conditions yields high-temperature GaN with a very smooth morphology. Atomic steps are observed across the length of 10 um AFM scans. Despite this the xray omega scans for such layers are rather poor: 14 arcmin for the (0002) and 19 arcmin for the (1-104) peak. When LT-GaN nucleation is performed in slightly Garich conditions, the main layer x-ray characteristics significantly improve (7 and 14 min, respectively), but the morphology shows a sub-grain structure without clear steps (Fig. 2). This difference may be related to the grain structure of the LT-GaN nucleation layer. AlN nucleation layers lead to either Ga-polar or N-polar GaN main layers depending on the AlN thickness and deposition temperature. For nucleation at 550°C an AlN layer as thin as 1-2 nm can yield Ga-polarity, while for nucleation at 700°C a thicker AlN layer (>5 nm) is necessary to ensure Ga-polarity. Ga-polar GaN layers on ZrB2 exhibit the spiral hillock morphology. The AlN nucleation process has not been optimized yet, but the xray FWHM for preliminary Ga-polar layers are 17 and 24 arcmin for the (0002) and (1-104) peaks, respectively. The low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum of GaN grown using an LT-GaN nucleation layer on ZrB2 with optimized main layer growth conditions is shown in Fig. 3. The FWHM of the D0X peak is 10 meV at 18 K and the peak intensity ratio between 18 K and room temperature is about 100. The D0X peak appears at 3.743 eV indicating the crystal is almost strain free, consistent with the good thermal and lattice match of ZrB2. Additional experiments are now underway using exactly lattice-matched Al0.24Ga0.76N nucleation layers. It is expected that coalescence of strain-free nuclei (as opposed to strained GaN or AlN nuclei) will lead to reduced tilt and twist misorientation and thus reduce the defect density in the main GaN epilayer. Fig. 1. Top: 10 um AFM scan of a 0.5 um N-polar epilayer using a LT-GaN nucleation layer grown in slightly N-rich nucleation conditions. Bottom: Magnification of the above image clearly showing atomic steps. Scale 5 nm, rms <0.5 nm over 10 um.


Summary

A new surgical treatment is described that was used to treat acute founder of 16 days' duration in both front feet of an overweight pony. The decision to employ the new method was influenced by the founder having occurred relatively recently, the presence of a large founder distance and the low anticipated success rate based on data obtained from 166 previous cases of acute founder treated with a heart bar shoe, dorsal wall resection and deep digital flexor tenotomy method. The treatment provided rapid improvement in lameness and a successful outcome with a good cosmetic result.


This article reflects on the changing environment through the passage of time and how certain technologies for a creative proposal allow the preservation and transmission of a significant part of that ephemeral heritage for future generations. The general purpose of this particular project is aimed to achieve the sound synthesis of a specific and representative cityscape as the old train station in Cuenca –located in the heart of the city– that could be preserved and reproduced as an unique document of a present time, ascertainable in the future: a memory that interpret sound as a time capsule. This soundscape was made to mark the arrival of the high speed train in 2010 to a brand new station in the outskirts of the city. Therefore, the goal of this research was focused on achieving a synthetic document that provided a sound memory capable of reflecting the significant social, cultural and logistical features, of what was until then the only railway communication symbol in the city of Cuenca from 1883 to the first decade of the 21st century.


Academic research has made remarkable contributions to our knowledge as to how capital markets behave. This research has in turn stimulated changes in the practise of finance. From the seminal contributions of Markowitz (1952) and subsequently Sharpe (1964) we have learnt how diversification affects the risk of holding securities. This has stimulated practical innovations in index funds, risk and style based bench‐marking of portfolio performance as well as more precise methods for estimating capital costs. From the contributions of Black and Scholes (1973) we have also learnt how financial and real options can be valued. This in turn provided the necessary condition for the development of the huge market in derivative securities. Who could have issued LYONS, Nikkei puts, bull floaters and caps and collars if Black and Scholes had not first made the key insight that you could value these securities indirectly by creating a risk free portfolio? Finally, from Jensen and Meckling (1976) we have rediscovered the problems of incentive structures, and the importance of "agency" problems. This in turn has stimulated significant changes in the design of financial securities, such as event risk clauses in bonds, to protect against corporate opportunism, as well as providing the intellectual motivation behind the dramatic developments in management and leveraged buyouts. The above developments have been recognised in two Nobel prizes with most probably more to come.


Radio astronomy of the sun has reached a high level of maturity, while radio astronomy of the stars is now a burgeoning new field of study. The present review is mainly concerned with radiation which is emitted by 'normal' stars, defined here to include those appearing on classical Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams. The mechanisms for both steady, quiescent emission and intense, strongly varying outbursts are discussed. Included are discussions of bremsstrahlung, gyrosynchrotron emission, electron-cyclotron masers, and plasma radiation. The manifestation of these mechanisms in various kinds of solar radiation are considered along with stellar manifestations.


DR. Sutherland is a distinguished and experienced clinical neurologist. His book is designed as an elementary text with a strong clinical bias. He has succeeded and written a very useful book for medical students and postgraduates sitting examinations. There are numerous lists and tables which they will find very useful and at the end of most chapters there are diagnostic tips of a very practical nature. Perhaps in the next edition he would give greater mention to conditions affecting the spinal cord, such as dissecting aneurysm of the aorta and epidural abscess.


Based on typhoon-wave data, collected from June 16 to August 17, 2004, during Typhoons Mindulle, Kompasu, and Rananim at the Longdong buoy station in northeast Taiwan, this study simulates typhoon-wave predictions using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and compares the results with the SWAN model. The results show that simulated data are consistent with measured data, and can effectively predict significant wave heights and periods with lead time six-hour. The root-mean-square errors are about 24.8cm and 0.54s.


Legal judgment documents are detailed and contains legal terms and codes. These characteristics of legal documents makes it complex to read and analyze, which makes processing legal documents a challenging task. This raises a need for generating automatic summaries. Several techniques have been used by researchers to summarize legal documents such as traditional methods, legal specific approaches and transformer models based approaches. This research focuses on role of summarization in legal domain and various methods for summary generation. We summarize Indian judgment documents with various state of art methods for comparative study. The analysis opened various research challenges.


Uterine AVMs are rare complication of gestational trophoblastic disease, with a lifethreatening potential as a result of unexplained and torrential bleeding.Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease. PSTT has a wide range of clinical presentations and behaviors. However, few case reports are available about PSTT cases complicated by uterine AVMs.In this report, a PSTT case with evidences of uterine AVM on imaging studies is reported. A 33-year-old patient, gravida 2, para 2 was referred to emergency service, with sever vaginal bleeding and βhCG level of 1063 IU/l. Trans-abdominal and trans-vaginal ultrasonography images indicated hypoechoic mass in endometrium with echo-free center with size of 46*33mm that extended to anterior myometrium of uterus. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 38*49mm mass with heterogeneous signal in T1 and T2 in right lateral side of uterus with enhancement after contrast agent injection. In angiography the right uterine artery had serpentine vessels and AVM view. Dilation and curettage was not possible due to risk of sever hemorrhage following damage to the hypervascular lesion. So suction biopsy was performed under hysteroscopic guide, after embolization of uterine artery for stabilization of the patient. The patient underwent laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy because of pathological report of PSTT. The patient is in good health with no evidence of disease at follow-up of 18 months after operation. © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Gynaecology 111 (2017) 48765-48768 Gynaecology Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Aminimoghaddam Soheila et al./ Elixir Gynaecology 111 (2017) 48765-48768 48766 She presented with severe vaginal bleeding 26 month after her last delivery which caused faint and hypotension. Hemoglobin level was 7g/dl and 2 units of blood was transfused. On admission, physical examination revealed no abnormalities in the heart, lungs, or extremities. A normal vulva, sever vaginal bleeding, no pain in the cervix upon lifting or manipulation, and an enlarged uterus about 10th week of pregnancy was revealed in a gynecological examination. In addition, the uterus was soft on palpation, and there was no tenderness in the adnexa. The patient's βhCG level was 1063 IU/l. An intrauterine balloon was inserted to control sever vaginal bleeding. After 12 hours vaginal bleeding ceased and intrauterine balloon was removed. Trans-abdominal and trans-vaginal ultrasonography images (Figure 1) indicated hypoechoic mass in endometrium with echo-free center with size of 46*33mm that extended to anterior myometrium of uterus. Arteries and veins collection were around uterus and ovaries that invade to myometrium. Deferential diagnosis was AVM, GTN and other hyper vascular mass. Figure 1.hypoechoic mass in endometrium with echo-free center with size of 46*33mm that extended to anterior myometrium of uterus is seen on trans-abdominal and trans-vaginal ultrasonographic study. CT images revealed an enhanced and enlarged uterus with heterogeneous density. The endometrial cavity was filled with fluid. Multiple and large branch of vessels were seen in uterine wall and pelvic cavity. Other sites of abdomen were normal. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple intramural and subserousal myomas with maximum diameter of 10mm in the body of uterus. A 38*49mm mass with heterogeneous signal in T1 and T2 was seen in right lateral side of uterus with enhancement after contrast agent injection. Embolization of uterine artery was considered for patient due to recurrent episodes of severe vaginal bleeding. In angiography the right uterine artery had serpentine vessels and AVM view (Figure 2) and was embolized with NBCA (nbutyl 2-cyanoacrylate/lipiodol) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and left artery was embolized with PVA. After embolization the aneurysm diminished. Figure 2. Right uterine artery with serpentine vessels and AVM view in angiography. Dilation and curettage was not possible because of risk of sever hemorrhage due to hypervascular lesion. Suction biopsy was performed under hysteroscopic guide after embolization. Pathologic study of the biopsy revealed mononuclear cells with irregular border and cellular features consistent with intermediate trophoblasts. Meticulous metastasis works up including chest X-ray, cerebral computed tomography, and hepatic sonography identified no metastases. The patient underwent laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy. Frozen section report confirmed diagnosis of PSTT. After surgery patient was good and the estimated blood loss was scant. The pathology report confirmed diagnosis of PSTT with invasion to the full thickness of myometrium (Figure 3). Microscopic findings showed neoplastic tissue composed of large tumoral cell with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm high N/C ratio vesicular pleomorphic nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli. Tumoral cell had deep invasion into the myometrium in large nests. Deposition of fibrinoid material also was seen. Although immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation for HPL and HCG was not possible in our center, IHC study was positive for PanCK, inhibin and P53, negative for PLAP. Figure 3 : Diagnosis of PSTT with invasion to the full thickness of myometrium. A decline in serum β-hCG level was obtained postoperatively from 1496 (pre-operative) to 147 (postoperative). The β-hCG level was negative after 5 months follow up. Measurement of hPL level was not available in our center, thought the serum prolactin level was 229μIU/ml. Other laboratory test such as liver and renal functional test were normal. The patient is in good health with no evidence of disease at follow-up 18 months after the operation. Aminimoghaddam Soheila et al./ Elixir Gynaecology 111 (2017) 48765-48768 48767 Discussion Retained products of conception is in the top list of diagnosis in patient with abnormal uterine bleeding and positive β-hCG , and ultrasound is the first imaging method used to exclude this diagnosis [9]. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is suspected whenever an intramural or intracavitary lesion is seen on ultrasonography, which predominantly consists of prominent vessels with low-resistance, high-velocity pulsating flow [10]. Uterine AVM is classified in two categories, congenital and acquired [2]. Acquired uterine AVMs are associated with any damage of uterine tissue, such as history of cesarean section or curettage procedures. Other causes of acquired uterine AVMs include history of spontaneous abortion followed by dilation and curettage, infective processes like endometritis, septic abortions, remnant products of conception, endometrial carcinoma, or gestational trophoblastic disease, molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma and other gynecologic malignancies. These predisposing factors lead to disruption of the normal artery-vein channels which is followed by reanastomosis in an abnormal tissue milieu. [2,7,11]. Our patient did not have any history of uterine damage including abdominal or pelvic surgery or infection and abortion. Patients with uterine AVMs or masses related to products of conception present with similar symptoms. However, gestational trophoblastic disease must be considered in the differential diagnosis in any case of abrupt, torrential vaginal bleeding, along with retained products of conception [10] . Clinical diagnosis of PSTT is difficult because it is the rarest type of gestational trophoblastic disease and presents with non-specific and wide range of clinical presentations and ultrasound findings [12,13]. The tumorigenic character of PSTT may have been the cause of profuse blood flow [8]. Diagnosis of PSTT by biopsy is rare, even though, careful pre-operative evaluation is imperative before choosing hysterectomy for patients when PSTT is suspected. Differentiation of PSTT from placental mass and AVM would be important because in the case of uterine AVM or placental masses conservative management could be considered to preserve fertility [14, 15]. However, for patients with PSTT, hysterectomy would be the treatment of choice [16], PSTT is characterized by a relatively low production of β-hCG, due to a lack of syncytiotrophoblasts. Serum hPL and β-hCG cannot be used as reliable tumor markers in these cases [17]. . In 79% of cases, β-hCG level is lower than 1000 IU/l and in 58% of cases, it is lower than 500 IU/l [16, 18]. Considering β-hCG level (1063 IU/l) in our patient, biopsy was imperative to exclude retained products of conception. However, dilation and curettage was not possible due to high risk of sever hemorrhage following damage to the hypervascular lesion. So suction biopsy was performed under hysteroscopic guide, after embolization of uterine artery for stabilization of the patient. Whenever the diagnosis of PSTT is established, surgery remains the cornerstone of therapy, with total abdominal hysterectomy. PSTT is relatively resistant to standard chemotherapy so early diagnosis followed by hysterectomy and resection of extrauterine tumor lesion is vital as standard treatment [16, 18]. PSTT can occur after any type of gestation, including normal pregnancy, abortion, term delivery, ectopic pregnancy or molar pregnancy. The gap since the antecedent pregnancy is on average 34months (median of 18 months). A long interval (> 2 years) from the antecedent pregnancy to clinical presentation has been considered as a major adverse prognostic factor [19]. And also, level of mitosis higher than 6 in 10 high power fields, age older than 34 years, term birth for the last pregnancy, a myometrium invasion of more than 50%, an extensive coagulation necrosis, and cells with clear cytoplasm are considered as poor prognosis factors in literatures. A βhCG level higher than1000 IU/l is also a poor prognosis factor. On the other hand, this rate is not correlated with the tumor mass size [20]. Our patient was classified as FIGO


The name of Vladimir Grigor′evich Orlov (1882–1941), the Russian 'Ace of Spies', was attached to a series of sensational affairs of disinformation and espionage in inter‐war Europe, including the notorious case of the Zinov′ev letter and the more obscure scandal of the Brotherhood of the Russian Truth. Indeed, disinformation and lies permeated Orlov's life to such an extent that biographers have had difficulty in distinguishing between fact and fiction. This article attempts to make a critical inventory of what can be known about Orlov and suggests a new hypothesis about his behaviour that takes into account both fact and fiction.


Transfer functions between dosage of flocculant and coagulant and overflow concentration were separately got through analyzing flocculus settling process of slime water system.The calculated ratios between inertial delay time and pure delay time of the transfer functions were both far greater than 0.3,which indicated that slime water treatment process was a large time-delay system.The basic principle of Fuzzy-Smith compensation control was introduced and simulation structure was built for automatic dosing system of slime water based on Fuzzy-Smith compensation control.The simulation result showed that Fuzzy-Smith compensation control strategy is quicker in responding speed than traditional PID control strategy,which could solve large time-delay question of slime water well.


To demonstrate how paleo-Christian images were created and what role they played alongside other forms of Christian piety in their day, Grabar explores the limits of originality in such art, and the influence of figurative art in the Roman Empire.


Based on echo principle of the strategic missile radar fuse machine,the radar fuse machine echo simulation of pseudo-random code modulation system is realized by FPGA.Strategic missile radar fuse machine echo is radar fuse echo reflects back from the ground when the missile is in a certain height from the ground.The simulated echo process is to simulate strategic missile fall to a high degree of explosion when radar fuse machine is booted.According to this principle,a very effective simulation of a radar fuse machine echo using FIFO to control the echo time delay.


124 chapters are included under these 14 section headings: -Health Promotion and Maintenance -Lifestyles -Menstrual Disorders -Infertility, Fertility, and Contraceptive Techniques -Gynecologic Infections and Sexually Transmissible Diseases -Gynecologic Pain and Symptomatology -Breast Issues and Disorders -Menopause Issues -Urinary Tract Disorders -Sexual Issues -Psychological Disorders and Substance Abuse -Special Medical Problems in Women -Cancers -Special Tests and Procedures


Vieira et al. (2011) noted that, across 11 countries, ''Resistance in E. [Escherichia] coli isolates from food animals (especially poultry and pigs) was highly correlated with resistance in isolates from humans. This supports the hypothesis that a large proportion of resistant E. coli isolates causing blood stream infections in people may be derived from food sources.'' Is this causal interpretation of ecological correlations justified? Consider the following hypothetical analogy: a study examines levels of radioactivity in animals and humans in 11 countries, observes that some countries have higher levels of radioactivity in both humans and poultry than others, and concludes that, ''This supports the hypothesis that a large proportion of radioactivity in people may be derived from food sources'' (or, with equal logical validity, that ''a large proportion of radioactivity in poultry may be derived from people.'') Either inference is a non sequitur: an alternative explanation is that both animals and people have higher levels of radiation in countries with higher background levels. The same logic applies to resistant E. coli. An ecological correlation is unsurprising, given the global prevalence of multidrug resistance plasmids, even in areas and epochs without anthropogenic influence (Singer et al., 2006b; D'Costa et al., 2011). Viera et al. (2011) stated that ''when usage of antimicrobials in humans was analyzed with antimicrobial resistance among human isolates, only correlations between fluoroquinolones (r= 0.90) and third-generation cephalosporins (r= 0.75) were significant.'' One might equally well explain the significantly correlated resistance prevalences between the human and animal isolates by assuming that use of these critically important antibiotics in humans selects for resistance in human isolates of E. coli, which are then disseminated into animal production units, as by assuming transmission from animals to people. The authors also asserted that, ''Studies have shown (1) that multi-resistant E. coli can be frequently found in food animals., (2) widespread carriage of multi-resistant E. coli in the community with no healthcare association., and (3) indications that most resistant E. coli in the bowel of people are derived from food animals .'' (p. 1296), but these studies do not address directionality of transmission. The one-directional flow posited by the authors is not the only—or most likely—pattern consistent with the data (Singer et al., 2006a). Correlations of resistances warrant no such causal interpretation. Methods for sound causal inference, and guidance for refuting plausible alternative explanations, have been extensively developed in epidemiology (e.g., Maclure, 1985). It would be well to apply them before announcing causal interpretations of ambiguous ecological correlations.


Flavit et dissipati sunt: for those who do not "have" Latin, "he blew and they were scattered." The title is not mine, but Freud's, or possibly Freud's; that is, he entertained it as a possible title for the chapter he'would write on therapy in his work on hysteria.' But doubtless he thought better of it, for he never did use it, but substituted instead "The Psychotherapy of Hysteria," which has none of the imaginative attraction of the rejected, impossible title. This essay, a discussion of the photographs of hysterics which appear in the three-volume Iconographie Photographique de la Salpitrizre (Service de J.-M. Charcot)2 reinstates this title, a colophon of speculation on its rejection and on its relation to hysteria. Outside the question of the inappropriateness of the particular image in the title-of the Janet-like position in which it places the analyst with respect to "the poor little thing," the hysteric;3 the hubris it reveals in the face of the doubts hysteria cast on scientific knowledge; and the Janus-like way it turns its back on the discovery of the resistances--there is the question of the inappropriateness of the image in general, of the image to scientific thought. For some time Freud wanted to maintain a distance (as the particular image demonstrates) between himself, the analyst, and the hysteric, the analysand. The hysteric, in the very essay named by the substituted title, "The Psychotherapy of Hysteria," is characterized by him as being, as a rule, of a "visual" rather than a "thoughtful, verbal type." The psychotherapy consists in making a "picture" vanish "like a ghost that has been laid" to rest, in getting rid of it by turning it into words. The lines are clearly drawn: the analysand is on one side with images, the analyst on the other with thoughts. This notion of the inferiority of the image lingers even in Freud's obituary of Charcot, to whom he owed so much of his work on hysteria and whose picture hung always in Freud's office: Charcot, he summar-


More than 500 attendees from 6 countries (Russia, USA, Bangladesh, Latvia, India, Turkey) and 14 regions (31 cities) of Russia took part in the congress. With the abstracts submitted for publication in the Congress Abstract Book, the total number of countries participated in the meeting was 12 (additionally: Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Belarus, the Ukraine, and Luxembourg). Outstanding foreign specialists Prof. Navin Nanda (USA), Prof. Rajendra Seth (USA), Prof. Kul Aggarwal (USA), Prof. Abdullah Majumder (Bangladesh), Prof. Hanumanth Reddy (USA), Prof. Vijayaraghavan Govindan (India) and others as well as leading Russian scientists Prof. Vladimir Shabalin (Moscow, Russia), Prof. Vadim Kuznetsov (Tyumen, Russia), Prof. Elena Pavliukova (Tomsk, Russia) and others delivered lectures at the meeting.


Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt-compounding PP with organomontmorillonite (OMT), using maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as the primary compatibilizer and N-imidazol-O-(bicyclo pentaerythritol phosphate)-O-(ethyl methacrylate) phosphate (PEBI) as the cointercalating monomer. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the larger interlayer spacing of OMT in PP was obtained due to the cointercalation monomer having a large steric volume and the d-spacing further increased with the addition of PP-g-MA, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the PEBI-containing PP nanocomposites exhibited better thermal stability than PEBI-free PP composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that the storage modulus was significantly enhanced, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) shifted slightly to low temperature with the incorporation of clay for PP/OMT hybrids. PEBI-containing PP/OMT composites gave a lower Tg value because of the strong internal plasticization effect of PEBI in the system. Cone calorimetry showed that the flame-retardancy properties of PP nanocomposites were highly improved with the incorporation of PEBI. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008


Richmond Barbour. The Third Voyage Journals: Writing and Performance in the London East India Company, 1607-10. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. x+285 pp. illus. $75.00. Review by GENE HAYWORTH, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER. Richmond Barbour's illuminating introduction to The Third Voyage Journals: Writing and Performance in the London East India Company, 1607-10 succinctly frames the significance of the manuscripts that are fully published in this volume for the first time. The work includes the texts of four journals and one journal summary of the Third Voyage of the London East India Company, an enterprise which developed protocols for writing, reading, and archiving expedition narratives that could be used by management to plan future business endeavors. These journals reflect England's first voyage to reach India. Such trade enterprises required essential knowledge of geography and culture, routes, local trade practices, and potential dangers. Ships' personnel drafted the journals with an intent to build an archive that would inform future ventures; therefore they offer insight into the company's attempt to cultivate markets and devise trade strategies and an account of the company's priorities. Because merchants such as the East India Company did not want to publicize the content of the journals, which contained trade secrets, they were often sealed in archives and inaccessible to scholars, and only recently have they been brought to light. Barbour's introduction includes a brief history of the two ships, the Hector and the Red Dragon, explaining how the vessels came to be owned by the East India Company, and summarizes an account of the previous two voyages, in 1601 and 1604, which had established a trading compound in Java. The Third Voyage, as Barbour notes, was "charged to open factories in the Red Sea and on the Indian subcontinent in Cambaya, and to pursue trade in Sumatra, Bantam, and the Moluccas" (5). According to Barbour, this Third Voyage also included the Consent, which sailed from Tilbury Hope nine days before the others, on March 12, 1606, with a crew of thirty men. The Consent never reunited with the rest of the fleet; it returned to England in 1608. The Red Dragon returned to England in 1609, the Hector in 1610. The authors of these journals were committed to providing the details of daily life on the two vessels: the mariners' navigational practices, outbreaks of scurvy and dysentery, personnel issues, and the geography of the places along the way, which included Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Madagascar. The Hector was under the command of Captain William Hawkins and the Red Dragon was commanded by William Keeling. While their accounts of the voyage were published long ago, the observations penned by other crew members have previously only been available in excerpts. Collected together in one volume, they offer an interconnected narrative of life at sea. None of the manuscripts covers the entire voyage, but together they provide collective description of the first eighteen months. Some readers will want to tackle the journals in the order presented, while others may wish to do a comparative analysis--to examine how the authors' experiences on a particular day differ or agree. …


We discuss an interconnectivity framework for data and content delivery to mobile devices that allows data of higher priority to reach the mobile unit in the shortest time possible. Two possible scenarios are presented; one that connects the servers in an N-cube configuration network, and another that shows the same N servers connected in a grid type network. The goal is to minimize the rate of data jumps from server to server until it reaches the mobile device. As the mobile user travels, the mobile device registers itself with the next server and the session is migrated from the old server to the new one without interruptions, in an analogous way, cell phones move from one cell to another. Starting with the idea that all data is not equal (in importance/priority), this article suggest a framework topology for intelligent mobile computing that guarantees data will reach the mobile device in a minimum amount of time, assuring at the same time the privacy of transmission. The integration of this type of technology into the 3rd Generation (3G), and 4th Generation (4G) mobile computing is also discussed. Pervasive computing is rapidly emerging as the next generation of computing with the underlying premise of simplicity (of use), minimal technical expertise, reliability, and intuitive interactions. As technology continues to advance and mobile devices become more and more omnipresent, the aim towards achieving easier computing, more availability and prevalence is becoming a given. Through the clever use of advanced technologies, the new generation of intelligent mobile computing has the opportunity to serve user needs via prevalent computing devices that are ever more transportable and connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network structure. Mobile communication is changing as the trends of media convergence including the Internet and its related electronic communication technologies and satellite communications collide into one. A change is being ushered by the 3G (3rd Generation) mobile technology with the usability and usefulness of information delivered to mobile devices taking on added features. For example, multimedia messaging, as opposed to voice transmissions, being delivered to cell phones has rendered such mobile devices an integral part of people's lives and a core part of how they conduct their daily business rather than an add on tool (Buckingham, 2001). The 3G mobile phone system aims at unifying the disparate standards of current second generation wireless systems. The idea is to eliminate the different types of global networks being adopted with a single standard network. This will allow for the delivery of multimedia content and propagation through the network without the need for conversion from one standard to another. 3G systems need smaller cells thus the need for more base stations (mostly due to their operating frequency, power requirements, and modulation) and in many cases will not be feasible to install them in areas where population is not so dense (i.e., rural areas) (Garber, 2002). Because of these requirements and conditions, a better way to deliver the communication must be established. However, global access to such mobile devices will create data delivery challenges and servers can become clogged with unwanted communication, like that of wired Internet access. The need for moving relevant data to mobile devices in the shortest time possible becomes of utmost importance.


Speeds of sound in aqueous and methanolic lithium nitrate solutions were measured as functions of concentration (0.0181 ≤ m/(mol.kg -1 ) ≤ 21.818) and temperature (273.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 323.15) at 2 MHz. The isentropic compressibility isotherms for aqueous lithium nitrate solutions converge at 3.75 mol.kg -1 , and at this concentration the primary hydration shell of the solute has become just saturated. It has been estimated that there are 15 molecules of water in the primary hydration shell of lithium nitrate, and the calculated primary hydration number of the nitrate ion was found to be 9. For methanolic lithium nitrate solutions, the isentropic compressibility isotherms vary smoothly within the concentration and temperature ranges of study.


Most health professionals in developing and developed countries consider oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be the most effective treatment for diarrhea. An estimated 1,500 million episodes of diarrhea occur annually and 3 million of these results in death of children 5 years old. Caretakers must give increased amounts of fluids (rice water, tea, and gruel) to children with diarrhea to prevent dehydration. If they become dehydrated, caretakers must take them to a health workers so he/she can assess and treat them with oral rehydration solution (ORS) or, in the case of severe dehydration, rehydrate them intravenously. Drugs should not be used to treat diarrhea cases. Nevertheless, surveys in 4 Asian nations indicated that drug use ranged from 22-68% of diarrhea episodes and ORS use ranged only from 9-21%. Drug use is very expensive. In fact, Peru spent US$2 million on antidiarrheals in 1988- 1989. Further, drugs often make up 40% of health care costs in developing countries, so ORS use reduces these costs. Indeed drug us deflects from correct case management of diarrhea. In addition, drugs have no proven value for acute diarrhea. They do not decrease the fluid loss responsible for death and may even have serious side effects, such as central nerve depression and gastrointestinal toxicity. If health workers suspect cholera or dysentery, however, they can administer effective and relatively inexpensive antibiotics. Since the early 1980s, almost all developing countries had a national control of diarrheal disease program. In several countries, hospital admission rates for diarrhea fell 61% and the case fatality rate fell 71% after ORT introduction. Some hospitals have even saved as much as 60% in costs due to these declines. WHO has a book available which covers rational use of drugs in managing acute diarrhea in children.


The objective of this experiment was to study the response of four sweet potato varieties to date of planting and harvest in the Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. In each of three years, 1969-1972, plantings were made in each of the four seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). The varieties used were Moranguinha (No. 10-SCA), Amendoim (No. 25-SCA), Salmon (No. 6-SCA), and No. 35-SCA. Two different harvest dates were utilized - six months and eight months after planting. The following yields were obtained from the four varieties: Amendoim - 8,270 kg/ha; No. 35-SCA - 7,786 kg/ha; Moranguinha - 7,730 kg/ha; Salmon - 5,658 kg/ha. The fall plantings were higher yielding in 1969/70 and 1971/72, with average yields of 10,557 and 9,608 kg/ha, respectively. In 1970/71, however, there were no significant differences among yields from the four different planting dates. Maximum yield of 8,150 kg/ha was obtained from the eight months after planting harvest date. This yield was 24% higher than the yield obtained from the six months after planting harvest date. The highest yield from the experiment (averaged over three years) was from the variety Moranguinha, planted in the fall, which yielded 11,988 kg/ha.


The paper presents the Selective Random Discarding (SRD) algorithm, a semantic-aware radio resource management mechanism designed to improve end-to-end performance of multimedia streaming services over mobile and wireless networks. The algorithm comprises two different steps: first, a mechanism to detect critical conditions on the radio interface is introduced; second, if the available radio resources are not sufficient to carry the media stream fulfilling QoS requirements (in terms of packet transfer delay), the less relevant information flow is selectively and partially discarded. Information flows are served on the radio interface according to their relevance at application layer. SRD has been designed referring to MPEG-4 coded media files and to systems based on the Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS), the 2.5G packet data service. The impact of the algorithm on end-to-end performance has been evaluated considering different metrics. The average PSNR, the IP packet transfer delay and the probability of stall and re-buffering during stream play-out have been considered. Keywords— Multimedia Streaming; QoS; SemanticAwareness; Radio Resource Management; Cross-Layer Design.


[Objective] To compare the clinical effect of two kinds of internal fixation methods on the treatment of patella fracture.[Methods] 82 cases of patella fracture after surgery were retrospectively analyzed.Group A(38 cases)were managed by Ni-Ti patella concentrator fixation.Group B(44 cases)were managed by AO modified tension band fixation.[Results] Two groups had well fixation.The excellent and good rates of the function of knee joints in group A and B were 97.37% and 90.91% respectively.The excellent and good rate of ROM in group A and B were 89.47% and 81.82% respectively.There was no significant difference between two groups.[Conclusion] Both different methods have the same efficiency for treatment of patella fracture,and the function of knee joints have been recovered rapidly,and there are less complications after surgery.


The present invention proposes a system comprising a fixed controller for monitoring the distal end of the communication unit (201) and a communication service unit (220) between the traffic. Preferably, the threshold is exceeded warning has been spent or is left to the user total (time and / or expense), once they reach the limit on the prohibition of the use of communication to continue. Main controller maintains the fixed services within the communication unit (220) with a class can accept an access management unit (260), the control or the like (234). Another controller fixed within the distal end unit (201) may also be used in response to a fixed master controller (209). These quotas controller provides a way for both sides, can restrict user or group of users over the transfer of data to warn the user when reaching the limit.


We present a low-cost, high-resolution laser cutting system designed for use in the fabrication of samples for high energy density physics. Such samples are necessarily small but require precision and repeatability, particularly with the recently available high repetition rates possible at modern facilities. The system allows simultaneous laser cutting, using nanosecond near-infrared laser pulses, and optical microscopy so that the cut can be monitored in real time. The capabilities of the system are demonstrated on a range of materials for both laser-matter interaction targets and components for high pressure diamond anvil cell experiment.


Gay male misogyny has become a cliché. From the novels of Alan Hollinghurst and David Leavitt to recent gay themed films such as Trick and Broadway Damage, woman's abject presence is used as a defining other for the gay male bodies. Myopic critics have cited Jarman's films in the same league. This article will argue that Jarman does not represent his favourite actor - Tilda Swinton - as an abject sponge. Instead, Swinton's performance evokes an interrogation of the assumed stable continuum of the sexed body and gender. Through a camp performance, Queen Isabella (Swinton) offers the Butlerian potential of exposing the performativity of gender. The film continually stresses a Brechtian distanciation between Swinton's gender performance and her famously androgynous body.


ion then is the separate consideration of things intelligibly distinct, really indistinct. And of this there are, as I conceive, two sorts, the one in the way of Modality, and another in the way of Habitude, according to the different IntelligiBefore the development of algebra and its recognition as a fundamental branch of mathematics, this division of mathematics into geometry and arithmetic was considered exhaustive. In Berkeley's day, the role of algebra was still a matter of some debate, but those who accepted it as a truly mathematical science took its object to be "abstract magnitude in general"or some indeterminate kind of magnitude distinct from the objects of both arithmetic and geometry. Those who viewed algebra as essentially non-mathematical tended to classify it as a branch of logic or a method of reasoning which lacked a proper object. Berkeley's Philosophy of Geometry 303 bility that one and the same thing has, either as 'tis consider'd according to the different manners of Being which it has in it self, or according to the different Respects which it carries to other things. In the way of Modality, as when Substance is consider'd without its Mode, or sometimes according to one Mode only, and sometimes according to another. In the way of Habitude, as when a thing is consider'd not throughout as it is in it self, but only in so far as it agrees, or according to what it has in common with other Things. As to give an instance of each, which will illustrate the Doctrine of Abstraction in general, as well as these particular kinds of it. A Mathematician considers Body sometimes according to the Dimension of length only, without attending to any breadth, and then he calls it a Line; sometimes according to length and breadth without attending to Profundity, and then calls it a Surface; and sometimes again according to all three Dimensions, and then he calls it a Solid. This is Abstraction in the way of Modality or Manner. Again, the same Mathematician having before him a Figure terminated with three right Lines, considers it sometimes throughout, according to the full specifick extent of it, as 'tis distinct from all other Figures, and then he calls it a Triangle. But sometimes again he considers it no further than according to what it has in common with the rest, and then he calls it a Figure. This is Abstraction in the way of Habitude. Isaac Barrow uses this account of (pure) mathematics as a science of abstractions to mark the division between pure and applied mathematics: Let us now come to the purpose and consider the object of mathematics, from the various kinds or considerations of which, mathematics itself is divided into different parts.... But whatever is the case with regard to the general object, it is agreed that mathematics is principally concerned with two things, namely quantity and quotity (strictly speaking), or, if you prefer, with magnitude and multitude (others call -these continuous and discrete quantity, but we will later consider how appropriate this is). Both of these species (namely magnitude and multitude) can be considered in two respects, either as they are mentally separated or abstracted from all specific matter, material circumstances, and accidents (that is, conceived generally in themselves, having left these out), or as they inhere in some particular subject, and as they are found conjoined with certain physical qualities, actions, and circumstances. Thus emerges the division of mathematics into pure (or abstract) and mixed (or concrete).... Consequently, pure mathematics is twofold: geometry which considers and studies the nature of abstract magnitude, distinguishes its species, and investigates its properties; and arithmetic, which considers and studies multitude or number and its species and affections in the same manner. .? John Norris, An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World, 2 vols. (London; 1701-04; reprint New York: Garland, 1978) 2: 174f. 4 Isaac Barrow, Lectiones Mathematicae, in: W. Whewell ed., The Mathematical Works of Isaac Barrow (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1860), Lecture I, 29 — 31. An English translation of Barrow's Mathematical Lectures appeared


The article deals with the problem of emotional burnout personality as an example of communication professions. The corresponding literature researched problem. Established differences in terms of burnout employees. Considered stage of emotional burnout five levels of degrees by model. Problem studied phenomenon of «emotional burnout» for workers in three areas: mental and physical, social, psychological and behavioral. Done characterization data lines describing approaches to the theory of self-actualization. The necessity of the use of mechanisms staff burnout in practice. The basic practical advice and personal organizational to prevent burnout personality.


Recently, the needs of robot systems for human support such as a master-slave manipulator, a teleoperation robot and a power assist robot have been increasing. In such human-robot systems, a human operator has an initiative in executing a task, while a robot assists him or her. Therefore, the importance of a training system to improve operator's skill in controlling the robot should be recognized from a point of view of safety, since a control error of a human operator might cause a serious accident. In this paper, a new training system for human-robot systems is proposed, in which a neural network (NN) is used in order to identify the dynamic properties of the system and give an assist to the operator. The identification model used in the proposed system consists of the NN and a reference model which represents a control property of the skilled operator. This paper explains a working principle of the training method and shows the validity of the proposed method through experiments of robot control by novice operators.


The invention relates to a swine hemoglobin enzymolysis and decoloration technology. The technology comprises the following steps of: performing centrifugal separation on swine blood to form blood corpuscles, adding water and quickly stirring; regulating pH value, and heating for boiling; adding a composite protease preparation, and performing enzymolysis at certain temperatures; performing enzyme inactivation after the enzymolysis, filtering, and performing spray drying on supernate to obtain gray white hemoglobin polypeptide; and drying precipitates to obtain a heme coarse product. By the technical scheme provided by the invention, hemoglobin polypeptide powder and the heme coarse product are obtained, wherein the hemoglobin polypeptide is a good animal protein source and is used as a feed additive to improve the digestion and absorption rates of protein; heme can be used as a chromogenic reagent in food industry and can be used as a pharmaceutical raw material in medical industry; and the hemoglobin polypeptide and the heme are products with high added values. The technical scheme has important significance of improving processing value-added capability of animal blood products, broadening comprehensive utilization ways, and promoting the technology upgrading of the whole industry.


The problem of the present invention is that there is provided a kind of method of gene introduction of sorghum of the efficiency high than existing known agrobacterium method and conversion plant preparation method.The present invention provides a kind of method of gene introduction of sorghum, it is characterized in that, in preparing the process of the plant tissue materials of sorghum, being inoculated with the process of Agrobacterium and/or coexist process, using the culture medium for improving nitrogen concentration and/or inorganic ion concentration, the inorganic ions is selected from magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion and sodium ion.The present invention also provides a kind of manufacture method for converting plant, it is characterised in that use the method for gene introduction of the present invention.


AN INTIMATE relation between steroid hormones and the genesis and course of certain tumors may be regarded as established. Recent developments have stimulated extensive exploration of the potentialities of steroids in the etiology and treatment of cancer.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 It is generally acknowledged that induced alterations in the hormonal balance of patients with advanced stages of some neoplasms may significantly modify the anticipated behavior of the tumor. It should be emphasized that this modification can be in the direction of either temporary regression or distinct acceleration of the disease. This report is a summary of the extensive literature that has accumulated on . . .


An elongated constriction of the lower part of the uterus, located at the junction of the body of the uterus and the cervix, that is composed principally of smooth muscle.


Previous investigators have reported incidental findings and symptomatic cases of cystic ganglia on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) that were mucinous degeneration or herniation of the synovial tissue through a defect. However, we report 2 cases of grossly solid ganglia of the ACL those mimicked lateral meniscal tears. A literature search found no previous report of them. We discuss the possibility of their pathogenesis and treatment.


Development of railway infrastructure at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, as well as the speeds of trains in passenger and freight traffic are the result of improving the structure of modern rail vehicles and railway infrastructure optimization. The structure of the railway surface, which enables high speeds and transferring ever greater loads and pressures of up to 25–30 t/vehicle axis, must meet very strict strength and durability requirements. This paper discusses mathematical and numerical tools used in simulation and experimental tests of railway surfaces, as well as its selected elements. Issues addressed in this paper concern, among others, modeling of the railway track, calculations related to its static and dynamic loading, and simulation of the technological process of selected elements of railway turnout. Selected results of the simulation tests on numerical models showing their behavior under different loads are also presented in this paper. The concept of symmetry is included in the possibility of applying the method described in the article both for testing other sections of railway lines, as well as for testing other elements in which stresses occur.


LVDC microgrids including renewable power generation and local loads are becoming more and more common. In such microgrids, a DC section is typically present, separated from the AC grid by a front-end converter: this is the case e.g. for PV generation and for full-converter wind power plant. One critical issue in such grids is grounding: several different options are available, according to the grounding schemes of DC and AC active parts. Each has different consequences on grid operation and fault behavior. In this paper, grounding schemes with ungrounded AC section and grounded DC section (both middle point- and single pole-grounding) are discussed. Behavior of a network with such configurations in normal working mode and under DC ground fault condition is considered, highlighting benefits and disadvantages.


Patients with sleep apnea exhibit impairments in reflex responses to decreasing, but not increasing, arterial blood pressures (BP). Attenuated BP control may contribute to the increased risk of developing hypertension observed in patients with sleep apnea; however the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Therefore, we aimed to examine the differential effect of acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) on baroreflex sensitivity during decreasing compared to increasing BP. We hypothesized acute IH would attenuate baroreflex sensitivity to decreasing, but not increasing, BP.


In order to accomplish a low-carbon economy, large-scale and long-distance inter-regional energy delivery from northern and western renewable energy bases to eastern load centers has been the key measure to decarbonizing the power sector of China. However, intermittent renewable energy sources bring uncertainties to energy delivery planning. This paper proposed an inter-regional energy delivery planning model considering the uncertainties of wind and photovoltaic, which aims to minimum overall social cost. Combined scenarios are built by studying the historical data of renewable energy's output. The numerical analysis is provided by solving the model with cplex. The corresponding results show the advantage of the proposed method.


World Health Organization has defined four types of Female genital mutilation/cutting. Type 4 defines all types of non-medical intervention on female genitals. This includes piercing, tattoos, pricking, scarring, incision and cauterization of female genitals. Gishiri incision is a special form of female genital incision practiced in Niger and Nigeria and carries significance as a preventable cause of urinary fistula.


We provide a theoretical account of endogenous preference formation within a framework of Parent-Child interaction. Parents are assumed to care about the material welfare of their children, the preferences of which are characterised by present bias. We demonstrate that in this setting even fully materialist parents may optimally endow their children with preferences for certain actions. We explore the relationship between such preferences and the parameters in our environment. Our results have interesting implications for public policy.


In developing large Countries,there is a remarkable correlation between transportation development and economic growth.The paper,by constructing a bi-regional model,probes the inherent mechanism of how the transportation development promotes the regional economic growth in the developing great power.It thinks that the transportation development boosts the market expansion,making the products and factors of production circulate in a vaster market;the expansion of the production market deepens the division of labor in the region,and the flow of the factors of production enhances the growth rate in the region,which will finally give rise to the interregional division of labor and bring about the change of industrial structure.


at the same rate. The literature of Jacksonian politics, despite some exceptions, seems less open to innovation than other fields whose scholarship is discussed frequently in interdisciplinary forums. Jacksonian scholars seem slow, also, to integrate into their studies revisionist social histories of relevance to the period's politics. Yet some questions about politics in the quarter century before 1850 increasingly elicit cross-disciplinary responses oriented to problems or processes. More scholars generally recognize the need to bring together hitherto compartmentalized efforts in social and in political history. While these tendencies are generally beneficial, they do make prospects for consensus and synthesis more remote. Many other causes, also, work against synthesis, and in recent years the field has not lacked controversy. Disagreement seems as irrepressible as it did when a postwar generation squared off in battling historiographic camps after the appearance of Arthur Schlesinger's The Age of Jackson.. It is almost as if historians asserted in their writing the boundless individualism popularly associated with Jacksonian America. It can be called "Jacksonian America" only tentatively, for the disputes besetting this subject begin with its very name. Since 1960 the battle of the names has accelerated, with the "Age of Jackson" making room for the "Ages of . . .": "Egalitarianism," "Boundlessness," "Laissez-nous Faire," "Romanticism," "Innovation," and even "Finney." Amid this apparent identity crisis, the once comforting "Age of the Common Man" appears to be approaching eclipse, as historians question sharply many aspects of the era's alleged democratic progress, leaving one historian to settle only for


H O W E V E R MUCH EDUCATION MAY BE INFLUENCED by great social trends, it must always deal with human beings. Personality is the basic material with which teachers work whether children, youth, or adults be concerned. The most significant research in the last few years relating to children does not lie directly in the field of sociology, but carries strong socio-educational implications which spring from psychological technics.