A self-consistent set of thermochemical parameters for about 100 molecules in the Si−B−H−Cl system is obtained using a combination of ab initio electronic structure calculations and empirical corrections (the BAC-MP4 method). The species include stable and radical species as well as a few transition states. Trends in calculated heats of formation, bond dissociation enthalpies, and heats of reaction for various molecular decomposition channels are discussed. Silylboranes are most likely to decompose via the elimination of H2, HCl, or silylenes. The presence of the B atom reduces the energy required for the 1,1 elimination of H2 from the Si atom, relative to the analogous reaction in disilane.


Bakery industry in India is the largest of the food industries with an annual turnover of about Rs. 5,000 crores. The industry largely continues to be in the unorganized sector contributing to over 70% of the total production. The unorganized sector produces bakery products 2-3 times more than that produced by organized sector. The unorganized sector is managed by unskilled workers with little knowledge of the science and technology of baking. Lack of knowledge in the science will definitely impair the progress of the industries. The development of newer products would also be difficult. Keeping in view the above scenario, rural development training programmes sponsored by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi under Societal Mission Program are being conducted continuously from past 5 years by Central Food Research Technology Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore. The bakery training programmes are conducted to train the rural entrepreneurs for the establishment of bakeries, aid in generation of employment in rural regions, create
awareness in hygiene and sanitation in rural bakeries, help in diversification with production of variety products and
impart knowledge on nutritional aspects of bakery products. Training programmes were conducted at various centers in
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu with active cooperation of Non Governmental Organisations and Institutions. About 1077
rural entrepreneurs were trained. All the course material was translated into Kannada to enable the rural entrepreneurs understand better. The participants were given hands on experience where ever possible. All the training programmes were documented through photographic and video coverage.


Many medications affect taste, smell, or salivation, and lead patients to change their patterns of food or fluid intake. The elderly are particularly affected on account of higher rates of polypharmacy and underlying frailty. Some affected patients consume fewer calories, resulting in nutritional


This work presents a methodology for teaching a subject about Digital Electronics in the Telecommunications Technology Engineering degree program, whose main objectives are the motivation of students in learning digital electronics and strengthening knowledge through practical work. In order to achieve these goals, a program has been developed in which, part of the work is directed remotely by the team of teachers which is then self-evaluated online. The students' laboratory work is partially proposed in the theoretical class, which increases the interdependence on theory and practical. Some experimental work can be carried out by the students at home, which will increase their motivation. The management of the subject will be coordinated through Moodle [1].


In large countries, the development of national macroeconomic business cycles clearly involves regional nuances that, as a rule, fall outside scholars' fields of vision, especially when monitoring the current economic situation. Regional statistics published by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) are reviewed in terms of quality, and radical disagreement between "month-on-month" and "year-on-year" monthly statistics is identified. In view of this, an original method is proposed for estimating the level of regional economic activity (REA), based on monthly official regional statistics in five key sectors of the Russian economy: industry, construction, retail trade, wholesale trade, and paid services for the population. This method transforms current "year-on-year" growth rates into specially constructed dichotomous variables, which eliminate the excessive volatility and inaccuracy of the initial time series.


Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease affecting around 1% of the population and characterized by painful boil‐like lumps, cysts and scarring on skin folds.


(upper panels), and b) Ages 34-69 (lower panels). All numbers are discounted results per screened woman. Following new advances in cervical cancer screening technology, Norwegian health authorities are considering alternative triage strategies for women with abnormal results in attempt to improve the effectiveness of the current triennial cytology-based screening program for women aged 25-69. Subsequently, decision-makers are faced with a trade-off between maximizing the detection of precancerous lesions (referred to as CIN2+) while simultaneously keeping the number of diagnostic tests (e.g., colposcopies) at an acceptable level.


Both the size of appropriation as well as their distribution have had a profound impact on the shape and activities of the science sector. The creation of a fair system of distribution of public resources to research that will also facilitate the effective implementation of the pursued scientific policy goals represents a major challenge. The issue of the determination of the right proportions of individual distribution channels remains critical. Despite this task being the responsibility of the State, establishing cooperation in this respect with the scientific community is desirable. The implementation of solutions that raise the concerns of scientists leads to system instability and reduced effectiveness which is manifest among others in a lower level of indicators of scientific excellence and innovation in the country.


A central theme in Japanese-American history has been the question of loyalty of the American-born second-generation., Before the Second World War, the Nisei were never recognized as genuine Americans. Anti-Japanese racists alleged that they constituted an unassimilable, dangerous alien element within American society. In response to this negative characterization, the Nisei endeavored to convince the American public, by frequent public declarations, that they were, like all other Americans, equally loyal to the United States. The military necessity rationale, advanced by the War Department to justify the wartime internment of Japanese-Americans, was based on the racial assumption that there were no means to distinguish loyal JapaneseAmericans from disloyal ones. Japanese-Americans who protested internment, resisted military service, or renounced their American citizenship were all branded as disloyal persons. Much of Japanese-American history written during the postwar period one-sidedly stresses the wartime heroism of Nisei soldiers and the overall loyalty of Japanese-Americans during and after the Pacific War. Kazumaro Buddy Uno (1913-1954), also known as George K. Uno, was a well-known Nisei in the prewar JapaneseAmerican community. Throughout the thirties, he was active as a journalist writing in English for the JapaneseAmerican vernacular press. Because of his pro-Japan reporting before Pearl Harbor and his wartime work for the Japanese Army, Uno became and remains a controversial


High-pressure adsorption isotherms of hydrogen onto amorphous carbon mesotubes (ACMs) prepared from fluorine polymer and onto activated carbon fibres (ACFs) were measured at temperatures of 77, 196 and 303 K, respectively, at pressures up to 10 MPa. The adsorption isotherms for ACMs and ACFs at 77 K exhibited maxima at 1 MPa (8.0 wt%) and 4 MPa (3.7 wt%), respectively, although both isotherms at 303 K were of the Henry type and both amounts of hydrogen adsorbed at 8 MPa were less than 0.3 wt%. The maximum hydrogen adsorption amount for ACMs per unit micropore volume as determined by N2 adsorption was 10-times larger than that for ACFs. ACMs are different from ACFs in that they are thought to have specific ultramicropores, although characterization using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that they possessed a nanographitic structure similar to that of ACFs.


target SPC hydrochlorothiazide mg, achieve target of grade 3 hypertension SPC amlodipine/ valsartan 5 mg/160 mg, up-titrated step-by-step to SPC of amlodipine/valsartan/hy- 10/160/25 mg if target of the VICTORY II SPCs of amlodipine/valsartan and amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide BP in with grade 2 or 3 hypertension have a good tolerability


To avoid the improper disqualification of a watershed for which the water–rock interaction (WRI) may produce trace element concentrations exceeding established guidelines, it is of the utmost importance to properly establish natural geochemical backgrounds. Using the example of the crystalline Upper Loire River Basin, we are proposing a methodology based on the selection and chemical characterization of water and sediment samples from 10 monolithologic watersheds supposedly lowly impacted by anthropogenic inputs. We collected water samples from each watershed's spring down to its outlet and measured dissolved major, minor and selected trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, La, Ni, Pb, U, V and Zn) at low- and high-water stages. Results show that the chemical signature of the stream waters is controlled by mineral weatherability rather than by the available rock stock. As a result, the variability in dissolved metal concentrations between the principal lithologies is similar to that observed within each of them. While some elements mostly result from WRI, others clearly identify high inputs from topsoil leaching. Comparison with published data evidences the need to subdivide studied watersheds into distinct sectors, according to the distance from the spring, in order to define reliable natural backgrounds.


In order to ensure the feed for the musk deer in the spring,summer,autumn season not to rancid and be frozen in winter,it is very necessary to develop palatability strong and high quality pellet feed for the animals.The 28 normal male musk deer(3-10 years old) were chosen and randomly divided into the experimental group(fed with pellet feed) and the control group(fed with original feed) kept in the same conditions.The results showed that the musk deer usually were able to adapt to pellets feed in 13 days,and adapting time varied with a variety of feed pellet palatability.Average weight,musk yield and incidence of the musk deer in the test group and the control group had no significant differences in the test period,the incidence and mortality of the animals in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group.


The old problem of designing reduced-order controllers has been addressed from many different angles. This paper offers an alternative approach to design reduced-order controllers for S1SO systems (the MIMO case is currently under development). The new design technique lies between the two common design methods. The first obtains the controller based on a reduced-order process model. The second obtains the controller by designing a controller for the full-order process model and by then reducing the order of this controller. Unlike those two 'open-loop' methods the method presented in this paper works directly with the closed-loop system during the design, thus ensuring that the reduced-order controller achieves a performance similar to that of a full-order controller. Roughly speaking, the proposed procedure computes the reduced-order controller by approximating an equivalent closed-loop state feedback system and then performing an inverse operation.


Correlation of the contribution of the stretching motion (δ(ZPE)str) to the zero-point energy shift upon H/D mono isotope substitution in HnA (n = 1—4) type hydrides with the electronegativity (χ) of the –Hn−1A moiety was investigated. It is possible to represent all the δ(ZPE)str-χ data by a single crude linear line. The line, however, is too crude to make precise estimation of the δ(ZPE)str value of a hydride from the χ value or to make precise estimation of the χ value from the δ(ZPE)str value. Much more accurate linear relation between δ(ZPE)str and χ can be obtained for each of HA, H2A, H3A, and H4A groups.


This study aims to narrow the gap between predicted and actual energy performance in buildings. Predictive models were established that relate the electric consumption by HVAC systems to maintain certain indoor environmental conditions in variable weather to the type of facade. The models were developed using data gathered from test cells with adiabatic envelopes on all but the facade to be tested. Three facade types were studied. The first, the standard solution, consisted in a double wythe brick wall with an intermediate air space, the configuration most commonly deployed in multi-family dwellings built in Spain between 1940 and 1980 (prior to the enactment of the first building codes that limited overall energy demand in buildings). The other two were retrofits frequently found in such buildings: ventilated facades and ETICS (external thermal insulation composite systems). Two predictive models were designed for each type of facade, one for summer and the other for winter. The linear regression equations and the main statistical parameters are reported.


[Mo2(O2C–CH3)4 · 1/2 {(CH2)6N4} · 1/2 CH2Cl2] – a Donor-Acceptor Complex with Supramolecular Structure

Yellow single crystals of [Mo2(O2C–CH3)4 · 1/2 {(CH2)6N4} · 1/2 CH2Cl2] (1) have been obtained by the reaction of the silylated phosphaneimine Me3SiNPEt3 with [Mo2(O2C–CH3)4] in dichloromethane solution. 1 forms a three-dimensional network with linear N–Mo:Mo–N and tetrahedral (CH2)6N4Mo4 moieties, which is topologically related with the PtS type. Space group P42/nnm, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at –70 °C: a = b = 1121.7(1), c = 1395.0(3) pm, R1 = 0.0413.


Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors with an intestinal stoma (or ostomy) may have multiple problems related to their stoma. Some evidence suggests that weight change is linked to increased problems with an ostomy. Aim: To examine the association between BMI and stoma-related problems in a sample of long-term (>5 years post-diagnosis) CRC survivors that received an ostomy. Methods: Long-term CRC survivors from three regions of Kaiser Permanente (Northwest, Northern California, and Hawaii) completed a mailed survey. The response rate for respondents with an ostomy was 53% (283/529). The survey included questions about weight and height at time of surgery and at time of survey, stoma location, stoma-related problems, and time to complete daily stoma care. A gain or loss of BMI between time of surgery and survey was defined as change in BMI of 1.5 points or more. Differences in stoma-related problems were analyzed based on demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Of the 268 patients with complete data 41.4% (111 of 268) had a stable BMI, 21.3% (57 of 268) had a decrease in BMI, and 37.3% (100 of 268) had an increase in BMI. Younger (<75 years) survivors were more likely to have problems with clothing caused by stoma location (23% vs. 13%, p=.04). The odds that the location of the stoma caused problems, except clothing issues, were two times greater among survivors whose BMI increased compared to survivors with stable BMI (OR=2.21, 95% CI 1.10–4.47). Moreover survivors with either a BMI increase or decrease were more likely to spend more than 30 minutes per day on stoma care than those with stable BMI (OR BMI increase=2.37, 95% CI 1.12–5.03; OR BMI decrease=2.67 95% CI 1.13–6.29). No significant differences in stoma-related problems were noted related to other demographic or clinical measures. Conclusion: Change in BMI is associated with stoma-related problems among long-term colorectal cancer survivors. CRC survivors with an intestinal stoma whose BMI changes may need to adapt equipment and care practices to changes in abdominal shape. Health-care providers should caution patients that significant changes in BMI may lead to stoma-related problems.


In order to alleviate child poverty, contemporary European welfare states have shifted their focus increasingly towards child-centred investment strategies. However, studies examining the generosity of welfare states to families with children focus mainly on cash benefit packages, or on government expenditure, while not taking into account the actual out-of-pocket costs families have to make to fulfil their needs. This article aims at contributing to existing studies by: (1) empirically assessing the needs and costs of children across welfare states by making use of cross-nationally comparable reference budgets, while taking into account publicly provided or subsidised services; (2) simulating the cash benefits and taxes that affect households with children through the tax–benefit system, by making use of the new Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT) in EUROMOD; and (3) combining both types of information in order to compare the essential out-of-pocket costs for children between 6 and 18 years old with the simulated cash benefit packages. We propose a new indicator that can be used to assess welfare state generosity to families with children: the child cost compensation indicator. The use of the indicator is empirically illustrated by comparing six European welfare states: Belgium, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain. The article shows that, even though with important cross-national variation, cash transfers generally amount to less than 60 percent of the cost of children. Although in five out of six countries support for families is higher at the lower end of the income distribution, for households living on a low gross wage, the income of a family with children is less adequate compared to a similar childless family and is in many cases insufficient to participate adequately in society.


From the middle of 90's, the bilateral trade between China and Europe and Central Asia (EU-CA) has become more important in the world trade. In 2013, the Chinese government introduced its new economic policy, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which opened a new are of the world trade's history. This paper is attempt to measure strength and nature of bilateral trading relationship between China and EU-CA. Furthermore, we are looking for the answer how the BRI is affecting on the studied countries' economies. Many statistical indices can be used to measure international trade relations. This paper has used one such index such as trade intensity. Trade intensity indices have been calculated for the period from 1997 to 2017. Described intensity indices of bilateral trade relations, both countries will help determine how intensively countries that trade with each other. Thus, this study found that intensity between two countries is high and the BRI did not increase the trade intensiveness between China and EU-CA as we were expecting.


Supplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acids has been shown to improve cardiovascular health and there is now growing evidence to assert that they also play a positive role in muscle metabolism. These improvements range from enhanced sensitivity to anabolic stimulation and improved insulin sensitivity. These beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are proposed to be due to the incorporation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into cellular membranes associated with omega-3 intake (Owens et al., 2004). However, to date, studies in humans that examine the impact of omega-3 intake on muscle metabolism have been limited to whole tissue analysis. Moreover, how omega-3 supplementation in humans influences the lipid profiles and metabolism of subcellular organelles such as the mitochondria remains poorly understood. Given that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a number of conditions such as type-2 diabetes, studies that address how omega-3 supplementation influences mitochondrial lipid profiles and subsequent metabolic function could have significant relevance to the clinical setting.

In a recent edition of The Journal of Physiology, Herbst et al. (2014) carried out a highly integrated series of studies in an attempt to address this intriguing question. For the first time they provide novel insight into the effects of omega-3 supplementation on the phospholipid profile of mitochondria in conjunction with extensive measures of mitochondrial function. They recruited 18 recreationally active men in two rounds (n = 9). Both groups supplemented omega-3 fish oils (EPA 2 g, DHA 1 g) for 12 weeks and two skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and two after supplementation. One of the biopsies at each time point was used to generate permeabilised fibres to assess mitochondrial function. The second biopsy was used to isolate mitochondria for analysis of phospholipid profiles. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress markers were also assessed. Despite recruiting participants in two rounds all measures of mitochondrial function, ROS and oxidative stress were analysed in all participants. The authors should be commended for their integrated approach assessing fatty acid analysis concurrent with assessments of mitochondrial function and changes in associated protein content.

Mitochondrial function was assessed using the Oroboros respirometer, thus enabling an extensive analysis of mitochondrial energetics through substrate- and ADP-driven respiration. ADP-sensitive respiration is considered one of the gold-standard methods for assessing mitochondrial function. Furthermore, the permeabilised fibre method affords many of the benefits of intact cells while avoiding the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane and the potential damage caused by isolating mitochondria. However, this method is not without its drawbacks as it can potentially lead to damage of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Despite large changes in mitochondrial membrane composition in the first group of participants, no significant changes in mitochondrial function were detected. Following from these data they then recruited a further nine subjects to carry out a more in-depth analysis of mitochondrial function, more specifically on the ADP sensitivity and creatine dependence of ADP-driven respiration changes. Although in these subjects they did not concurrently measure phospholipid profiles, they did couple advanced assessments of mitochondrial function to ROS production, mitochondrial protein expression and oxidative stress markers, in which the same statistical trends as the first group were observed.

The data of Herbst et al. (2014) show that 12 weeks of omega-3 supplementation leads to a remodelling of the mitochondrial membrane with significant incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into various phospholipid species at the expense of omega-6 fatty acids, despite no change in the total lipid pool. In the first group of nine, there was substantial incorporation of omega-3 free fatty acids into the phosphotidylcholine (PC) and phosphotidylethanolamine (PE) pools, concurrent with displacement of some omega-6 species from the PC and PE pool. Despite the substantial increase in omega-3 free fatty acids in the membrane, no changes in mitochondrial function were detected. However, in the second set of subjects omega-3 consumption increased maximal respiration in the presence of creatine. Furthermore, ADP sensitivity was improved and this effect was independent of creatine. This increased sensitivity could not be explained by changes in creatine or the protein content of ANT1 or ANT2. These proteins are adenine nucleotide translocators that exchange ATP out for ADP into the mitochondrial matrix. The authors note that the lack of a change in expression may be explained by changes in post-translational modifications (PTMs) of these or other proteins. Thus, despite no changes in total protein content the activity of these proteins may have been upregulated via PTMs in response to omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, another potential mechanism underpinning the changes in ADP sensitivity that is worth consideration were potential changes in the adenylate kinase phosphate shuttle. This process plays a pivotal role in cellular energy sensing by converting two ADP molecules into one ATP and one AMP molecule. This reaction helps maintain the ATP/ADP ratio while producing the energy stress signal AMP. Partial inhibition of this process by omega-3 fatty acids would reduce the conversion of ADP to ATP and AMP, which would potentially increase the ADP pool and thus ADP sensitivity.

Extending their findings further the authors measured ex vivo mitochondrial ROS production. They comment on the data showing an enhanced ROS emission despite no changes in markers of oxidative stress. This effect was speculated to be due to increased mitochondrial membrane potential through increased coupling efficiency, although the authors note that they did not make any assessment of mitochondrial leak. This is paradoxical to other studies that have observed increased transcription of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) in response to omega-3 fatty acids. While not a direct measure of activity, increased UCP-3 expression would theoretically lead to reduced ROS production, due to a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The data from Herbst et al. may explain some of the changes in whole body oxygen consumption noted by Peoples et al. (2008), who found that following omega-3 supplementation O2 consumption during exercise decreased, suggesting enhanced exercise efficiency.

This is the first study to demonstrate that supplementing the diet of humans with fish oil rich in EPA and DHA can robustly alter the fatty acid content of the mitochondrial membranes and that this remodelling of mitochondrial lipid profiles is associated with improved ADP sensitivity. Although this study provides novel insight it has an inherent limitation. Indeed, the mitochondrial phospholipid content was not measured in all 18 participants. This may be an important issue as recent studies have shown that there is a great degree of inter-individual variability in the uptake of EPA and DHA from a supplementation regimen (Nording et al. 2013) that may affect outcome measurements. However, these studies analysed plasma samples and the variability of uptake into skeletal muscle has yet to be studied. Some of the indicators for differences in plasma uptake were sex, age and physical activity levels so the same level of EPA and DHA incorporation may not apply to different populations despite the same supplementation period. However, given (1) the lengthy supplementation period and (2) the homogeneity in their two subject pools this limitation is unlikely to have had a major impact on their outcome measures.

In conclusion, the study by Herbst et al. (2014) provides valuable insight into the effect of omega-3 supplementation on mitochondrial lipid profiles and the impact that changing lipid profiles has on mitochondrial bioenergetics. In addition, it highlights the necessity to take an integrated approach to studying mitochondrial function. Importantly, it provides a proof of concept that can be used as a platform for future studies to move into specialist populations. The current study used healthy recreationally active men and the next logical step would be to replicate the same lab's rodent study (which used Zucker fatty rats) with obese and diabetic humans and examine the effect of omega-3 on mitochondrial function in the context of insulin resistance to assess if omega-3 supplementation can rescue the reduced ADP sensitivity that they noted in the Zucker fatty rats (Smith et al. 2013). Future directions may also include a more in-depth analysis of mitochondrial function in an exercise setting as the ADP sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration may have performance implications in athletes. Irrespective of the limitations highlighted in this study, the authors have exemplified integrative physiology at its best and laid the groundwork from some fascinating future work.


Abstract The differences between the composition of essential oils isolated from seven wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare) samples, gathered from different regions and cultivated in Estonia were investigated. Steam distillation was used for oil isolation and capillary GC/FID and GC/MS for oil analyses. Forty-eight compounds were identified, representing over 95% of the total oils. Different compositions of essential oils cultivated in Estonia were found. The major compounds of the oils were linalool (0.3–20.6%), β-caryophyllene (1.3–45.0%), germacrene D (0.7–21.0%), caryophyllene oxide (1.5–31.3%) and spathulenol (0.9–10.1%)


Naturopathy is the general practice of Natural remedies. Others have also opined that Naturopathy is the way of life. Additionally, any natural modality that is effective and has scientific support is considered Naturopathy in the modern dispensation. The naturopathic movement started in the 19th century by the hydrotherapy and nature cure proponents in Austria and Germany and professionalized in North America. Africa, Naturopathy is well appreciated in South Africa and is a highly regulated Profession. In Ghana, we found that the Naturopathy movement started in the 1960s. It has however gained momentum in the current dispensation with the development of Ghana's first National Occupational Standards in Naturopathy at the Higher National Diploma and Bachelors level awaiting accreditation. Research and standardization have also intensified due to the work of Ghana's first Naturopathic Medical School; Nyarkotey University College of Holistic Medicine & Technology (NUCHMT). We provide commentary on the Naturopathy journey in Ghana in this article.


Through the infinitesimal method to calculate the 5000t/d NSP cement rotary kiln long on the radial kiln lining material,gas and raw of the temperature distribution,and the assumption of chemical reactions in rotary kiln process in a certain range,calculate the time required for chemical reaction with the traditional calculation method are compared,and try to answer the question of kiln head using coal too much.Due to the complexity of the chemical reactions within the kiln,the apparent motive is used to solve the problem.


C3oH28Cl4N2Pb, orthorhombic, Fmml (No. 42), a = 7.729(2) Â, b = 50.44(1) Â, c = 7.515(2) À, V= 2929.7 Â, Z = 4, Rgl(F) = 0.057, RK(F) = 0.138, T = 293 K. Source of material The colourless crystals were grown from solution of lead chloride and 2-anthrylmethyl-ammonium chloride with the stoichiometry 1: 2 in dimethylformamide by slowly evaporation of the solvent. 2-anthrylmethyl-amine was prepared analogue to [1, 2]. The adjunct hydrochloride salt was prepared by addition of a stoichiometric amount of 37% concentrated HCl. Discussion The structure is a network of alternating inorganic and organic layers. The molecules forming the organic layer are bound via their ammonium anchor to the inorganic layers which consist of corner-sharing lead chloride octahedra. The anthryl molecules are ordered in a fishbone pattern. There is evidence for ionic interaction between the ammonium ion and the chloride. The chloride atoms are disordered (Fig. 1) and are situated slightly above and below the plane of the lead atoms (Fig. 2). The anthryl molecules in this structure are rotationally disordered along their longest molecule axis (Fig. 1). The 1:1 disordered molecules are generated by the symmetry operators of this space group. Both possible orientations have the same binding energy and there is no steric hindering for the molecules because the lattice parameters a and c are determined by the inorganic super-lattice. The crystal shows an effective energy transfer between the organic and inorganic layers, investigated in [3]. Unfortunately the crystal qualtity of the investigated sample was not good. Some reflections shows shoulders. In this space group we observe a 4:1 twinning ratio. For the refinement of the organic part of this structure constraints must be introduced. This could be also a reason because of the very long ¿-axis. Table 1. Data collection and handling. Crystal: colourless plate, size 0.05 χ 0.4 χ 0.7 mm Wavelength: Mo Ka radiation (0.71073 Â)


Mg/Al dissimilar materials were welded successfully by GTAW with SAlMg-1 and SAlMg-2 welding wire of Mg-Al system. The nice weld shape and free defects of joints are obtained. The test results indicated that continuous lamellar intermetallic compounds is not found The structure of Mg side in the fusion zone is composed of α-Mg solid solution+ β-Al12Mg17 eutectic structure and precipitates β-A112lMg17 on the grain boundary. The structure in the weld zone is mainly α-Mg solid solution + β-A112lMg17 solid solutions. Mg and Al content are stable in the fusion zone of Mg side. However, in the weld zone of Mg side the Mg content is decreased gradually, and the Al content is increased that reaches a stable level in the weld zone of Al side. As a result, when Mg content in the wire can hold a proper level, the intermetallic compounds will be controlled effectively, and the performance of AZ31/7005 welding joint can be improved.


Importance: The first systematic review and meta-analysis to help clinician to identify early the sign and symptoms of neurological manifestation in COVID-19 positive patients which further help in early management of patients. Objective: Present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to discuss the prevalence of neurological involvement of the 2019-nCoV patients and assess the symptomatic trend of events as compared to the 2002 "SARS" and 2012 "MERS" pandemics.Methods: The articles were systematically screened through several search engine and databases. The articles published or in preprint were included in the study till 15th May 2020. The systematic review done as per the published literatures which included 31 cross sectional, observational studies and case reports which revealed neural sign and symptoms in SARS-COV-2 disease. For meta-analysis, we included 09 observational and cross sectional studies which included COVID-19 positive patients and assessed the predominance of various neurological sign and symptoms in COVID-19 patients relation to SARS-2002 and MERS-2012. Data were analyzed by using the "MedCalc Statistical Software version 19.2.6 and reported as pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was investigated (standard I2 test). Results: We have collected and screened about a total 2615 articles, finally we have included 31 articles for the systematic review and 09 for meta-analysis as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The analysis was made as per the prevalence rate of neurological symptoms during the COVID-19 positive patients. The cumulative neurological outcome of SARS-2002 and MERS-2012 was assessed to get the trends which is next tried to correlate the events with the current pandemic. During the analysis severity and outcome of neurological manifestations range from simple headache to vague non-focal complaints to severe neurologic impairment associated with seizure or meningitis.Conclusion & Relevance: Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) manifestations were seen during the SARS-2002, MERS-2012 and COVID-19. However, none of the publication found with the primary or secondary objective of finding the neurological manifestation in the COVID-19 patients and their mechanism which strengthen the importance to start more precise clinical trials.


How could fishing generate more economic value through changing regulations?
Fishing tourism is a growing industry in Finland, generating significantly more value than commercial fishing. Fishing tourism also generates more value to rural areas with fewer economic activities. The value generated by fishing could be increased through promoting fishing tourism. There is no national research on regulation harmful to fishing tourism in Finland. In this article, first, a literature review on value creation in fishing tourism and commercial fishing is presented. After that, the regulations affecting fishing tourism and commercial fishing from the perspective of promoting these industries in a sustainable way are compared. The findings of this study indicate that the current fishing permit system in Finland favours commercial fishing at the expense of fishing tourism. The other conclusion is that permit-based fishing tourism could be significantly promoted without giving up the regulatory goals. In some cases, value generated by fishing could be promoted by restricting commercial fishing. In conclusion, it can be stated that the current regulations restricting fishing tourism are overly strict in comparison to the regulations governing commercial fishing. Value generated by fishing tourism could be significantly increased by increasing officials' decision-making powers in granting fishing tourism permits.


IT SEEMs more than likely that the next major change in the Far Eastern situation will be brought about by international diplomacy and politics rather than by a clear military decision between Japan and China. Indeed, throughout this war the background of international diplomatic maneuver has cast shadows on the military foreground of battle. There could not be a more appropriate time to restate the diplomatic prelude to the first clash of arms at the Marco Polo Bridge in July I937 and to remind students of international affairs of the diplomatic contest that has throughout paralleled the military development of the war. Chinese history used to be made, as the old phrase had it, "in the chancelleries of Europe." In the summer of I937, however, the Chinese Government's decision to assert its sovereignty over North China, and to resist renewed Japanese aggression there, was the decision of Chinese Government leaders, not made on behalf of any foreign Power. The significance of this may be seen when the situation is compared with that twenty years previously, when the Chinese Government at Peking declared war on Germany at the behest of the Allied Powers, or with that in i904, when Peking meekly submitted to the demand of Imperialist Powers that China remain neutral in the war waged between Russia and Japan on Chinese territory. The "chancelleries of Europe" nevertheless played a not inconsiderable part in paving the way for Sino-Japanese conflict. The diplomatic prelude to the hostilities which started four years ago was by no means simply a "Sino-Japanese" prelude. Various Western Powers interested in China contributed to it. This does not necessarily mean that they deliberately aimed at provoking SinoJapanese war. Their diplomatic maneuvers, however, were of such great importance that an understanding of them is vital to a proper


Abstract Caregiver use of dialogic reading (DR) strategies in home, preschool, and daycare settings has been shown to facilitate development of oral language and emergent literacy skills in toddlers and preschool age children. Training in the use of DR strategies may be provided 'live' or via videotape. Using a randomized, control group, repeated measures design with 18 caregiver-child dyads, we investigated (a) caregivers' ability to learn to use DR strategies with their young children through videotape training in community health centers, and (b) children's verbalizations during shared book reading. Caregivers learned to use DR strategies through the videotape training and maintained their use of DR strategies 12 weeks later. In addition, an intervention effect was observed related to levels of child on-task verbalizations such that children of parents who learned DR strategies talked more about books during shared book reading relative to their baseline and to the control group children, whose parents did not view the DR training video.


Labib F., E. A. El Azab, F. A. Soliman: Hormonal Changes During Formation and Involution of Corpus Luteum in Rabbits. Acta vet. Brno, 47, 1978: 23-31. A study was made on 30 female Boscat rabbits to reveal the hormonal changes, namely, TSH, FSH, LH and L TH during the formation, maintenance and invo lution of the corpora lutea. Induction of ovulation was done by using gonadotrophic hormones (PMS and HCG). After HCG injection the animals were devided into 3 groups of 10 animals each. They were slaughtered after 3, 7 and 15 days from HCG injection. The results observed from this experiment are as follows: 3-day old corpus luteum The rate of synthesis and release of TSH and state of thyroid were considered in a stabilized, balanced euthyroid status. There was increased concentration of FSH in the pituitaries with a relatively low level in the blood. This indicates the inhibition of release of FSH at this stage of development of corpora lutea. The level of L TH in the pituitary was of an average value and low in the serum. 7-days old corpus luteum The TSH content of the pituitaries was the lowest (decreased synthesis) with a mild change in its level in the blood (non-significant). The thyroids were rela tively less active than in the previous group. The FSH content of the pituitaries and blood were significantly decreased (decreased synthesis and release of FSH). The LH content of the pituitaries was increased and the level in the blood was decreased (decreased release of LH). The L TH content of the pituitaries was relatively low, while that of the blood was maximal, indicating increased release of L TH. IS-day old corpus luteum The TSH content of the pituitaries and blood were highest indicating increased synthesis and release of this hormone. The thyroid gland showed maximum acti vity as compared to the previous groups. The FSH content of the pituitaries was relatively low while it reached its ma ximum in the serum (increased rate of release of FSH). The level of LH in the pituitaries was low and that of the blood was the least. The L TH content of the pituitaries was at its maximum and it was the lowest in the blood (increased syn thesis of L TH but blocked release into the blood). The results are discussed in the text. LTH, TSH, LH, FSH, pituitary, blood serum.


Government at all levels and the fishery authorities have paid great attentions to the development of aquatic processing industry,which has made aquatic processing industry to be one of the three pillar industries in China's fish culture industry(the other two refer to fishing and aquaculture) .The current processing industry of aquatic products has formed a integrated system including refrigeration,frozen products,surimi and surimi-based products,fish cans,fish meals,fish oil,algous food,pharmaceutical chemical products,functional products and etc.There are 8,745 processing companies in 2004 in China with the annual processing capability of 14,270,000 tons and annual output of 10,320,000 tons.More and more companies have had new equipments and standardized management through huge investment.Some exported-oriented companies have acquired world's leading facilities as well as management expertise.However,there are some problems such as lack of scientific industrial standardization,heavy market reliance on Japan,South Korea,USA and EU,small proportion of refined processed aquatic products,low technical content,low level in offal procession,security problems,weak industrial organization,imperfect internal coordination system and so on..The current situation and main problem of Chinese aquatic products processing industry was introduced,and its several suggestions in future development was given in this paper.


Human space travel is inherently dangerous. Hazardous conditions will exist. Real time health monitoring of critical subsystems is essential for providing a safe abort timeline in the event of a catastrophic subsystem failure. In this paper, we discuss a practical and cost effective process for developing critical subsystem failure detection, diagnosis and response (FDDR). We also present the results of a real time health monitoring simulation of a propellant ullage pressurization subsystem failure. The health monitoring development process identifies hazards, isolates hazard causes, defines software partitioning requirements and quantifies software algorithm development. The process provides a means to establish the number and placement of sensors necessary to provide real time health monitoring. We discuss how health monitoring software tracks subsystem control commands, interprets off-nominal operational sensor data, predicts failure propagation timelines, corroborate failures predictions and formats failure protocol.


We introduce a general debiasing Bayesian formalism to brightness-limited surveys of solar system objects that constrains the statistical distribution of a population's physical characteristics such as size, albedo, heliocentric distance, or others to account for the survey detections and measured properties such as brightness. We reanalyze the Dark Energy Camera search for main-belt asteroids of Peña et al. and fit a smooth double power-law size to its size distribution. Using only detections with reliable distances and accurate orbital information, we find no evidence for a significant difference in size distribution between the inner, middle, and outer belts for objects between 0.1 and 1 km in diameter, with q 2 = 2.27 ± 0.05 a good fit for the small-end slope. We show that the intrinsic number density of objects is consistent between these populations and is compatible with observational biases. As spectral classes are distributed unevenly throughout the main belt, these results support the ongoing collisional reprocessing of the asteroid belt for objects smaller than 5 km.


With the recent development of the technology and the rise of the number of people that have access to Internet, the traditional channels of information were certainly perturbed. Nowadays, the electronic media have become inevitable as an information medium. But, the appearance of social networks also changed the directions in which information was communicated. Essentially, the consumer has become a potential producer of information and by his activity can influence the way how this information is distributed. This drastic change poses a number of opportunities for the development of free speech and democracy in general, but also poses very big challenges on how to prevent abuses. In this article, we analyze certain concrete events where social media has a central role in impacting the public opinion. Social networks, such as Facebook, allow publishing various events which are then distributed through the network. The impact of such events can be clearly seen through the different actions that were originally initiated through social media, and have led to the fall of dictatorships in some Arabic countries. Such an impact has forced many governments to be proactive in the support or rejection of such events, going sometimes beyond realistic measures to stop legitimate actions when it goes against their opinion. Certainly, it is the articulation of the social needs and interests of people that are expressed in these cases, and such actions can be considered as restrictive toward the liberty of speech. But, we should look at both sides of the medal, since these needs may sometimes surpass this liberty and touch into other human's rights, and therefore requires government intervention. We can consider as such the recent request of the Ministry of the Interior sent to Facebook administration, for blocking some pages that were at the source of interethnic clashes in the Macedonian capital, Skopje. In a short time, the social media has become a very important communication medium. It is clear that it will certainly become the main source of information. The ease of publication, and sometimes the relative anonymity these networks may provide, plays a big role in their promotion. But, such presentation of information without editing and supervision, poses new difficulties on its trustworthiness and it the near future will present one of the main challenges in communication sciences. Keywords : Social media, communication, information, social impact, social needs and interests


The Gothenburg Traffic Authority found that new traffic policy goals identified during recent years are very difficult to achieve by conventional public transport techniques. Consequently new system concepts must be studied. Personal rapid transit (PRT) is one of them. The PRT project in Gothenburg, Sweden, was initiated in 1991. After prestudies an enlarged study, which is described, was started in summer 1992. The object of the study was to investigate whether PRT could take over as the only public transport system and replace the present system (light rail and buses). The work concentrated on four parallel activities: (a) design of a PRT track network covering a major part of the city and the central parts of two adjacent communities, (b) establishment of the travel demand in the area (trip matrices), (c) development of a control system suitable for a large PRT system, and (d) development of a simulation program for the analysis of PRT system functions, with special emphasis on operational strategies, travel standard, capacity, productivity, and resources needed. The approach to the problem and the techniques used and developed in the study are described. The result of the study is that it appears theoretically possible to operate very large PRT systems. The system studied in Gothenburg includes 700 track km (counted in single tracks), 650 stations, and 17,000 vehicles. One question still to be answered is whether it is possible to attain satisfactory reliability for all the components involved.


Among the most widely discussed of William Ockham's texts on ethics is his Quodlibet III, q. 14. But despite a large literature on this question, there is no consensus on what Ockham's answer is to the central question raised in it, specifically, what obligations one would have if one were to receive a divine command to not love God. (Surprisingly, there is also little explicit recognition in the literature of this lack of consensus.) Via a close reading of the text, the author argues, contrary to much of the literature, that Ockham believes that if one were given this command, one would be obligated to refrain from loving God and would also be able to fulfill this obligation without any moral wrongdoing. Among other results, this study will help clarify Ockham's much-discussed claim that loving God is "a necessarily virtuous act."


The growing and incessant energy consumption has already become a global concern, and currently more than forty countries are involved in research and programs in order to create mechanisms to save it. This work deals with the Energy-aware Traffic Engineering problem applied to the backbone of an IP network, presenting an approach to select routers and circuits to be switched off in time periods where network traffic is low. The approach is to focus on the optimization formulation, rather than on heuristic methods as usually observed in the literature. The associated linear optimization program, although frequently very large, can be broken by decomposition techniques into several low size optimization problems thus bringing the problem to the realm of practical feasibility.


histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories to develop a comprehensive program for HLA antibody detection and identification pre and post-transplantation in order to prevent kidney allograft losses.


In 1892 Owen Wister referred to Lin McLean, the narrator and central figure of "H ank's Woman," as the man "whom among all cow-punchers I love most."1 But in 1900 when Wister revised the piece for a volume of collected stories, it was the Virginian who lounged by the campfire and told the tale of Hank and Willomene. Lin turned up in the narrative, but in a minor role and as a com pletely changed figure. He was no longer the cowboy whom Wister "loved most."


This paper presented a blind scheme for(t,n) threshold signature without a trusted center.Constructed the scheme on the basis of Shamir's perfect secret sharing scheme.The signature process included three phases: system initialization,partial signature generation and signature verification,and systemic signature generation and signature verification.In order to guarantee the distribution,a trusted center in the scheme did not need.Both the generation of the partial signature and the generation and verification of the distributed signature could be easily implemented.Results of the security analysis show that it is impossible for the adversary to forge the partial signature and systematic signature.There is no secret information leakage during the total signature process.The security and efficiency of the scheme make the scheme practical.


Abstract New species of Lauraceae is described for the southeast region of Brazil, state of Sao Paulo, the city of Pindamonhangaba. Ocotea mantiqueirae is part of the complex "Ocotea floribunda" of Rohwer (1986), but differs in details not described in pistillate species of this complex, especially gynoecium and glabrous ovary; abscission of the portion of receptacle, the whole extent of the tepals and whorls of staminodes after fertilization; cupule simple and thickened margin without remnants of tepals, characteristically rib-laminated throughout its length for long lenticels; globular fruit of much larger dimensions. At this moment the species is endemic and restricted to the cloud forests of the Serra da Mantiqueira in state of Sao Paulo. Key words: cloud forests, Ocotea , Mata Atlântica, morphology, taxonomy. Nova especie de Lauraceae da Floresta Ombrofila DensaAlto Montana, Serra da Mantiqueira, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brasil A new Lauraceae species from Cloud forests of Serra da Mantiqueira,Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil


Tibetan medicine is a "bright pearl in the treasure house" of traditional ethnic medicine in China. It has the benefits of a complete and time-honored theoretical development system of ethnic medicine, unique diagnosis and treatment methods with ethnic characteristics, as well as patent prescriptions that are summarized and developed for various diseases. However, obstacles such as high cost, complicated processing techniques and medication methods, as well as those in cultural exchanges are impeding the development process of Tibetan medicine. In an era where modern medical technologies and traditional Chinese medicine are advancing hand in hand, this paper proposes strategies to promote Tibetan medicine's industrialization, policy support, social attention, and internationalization, in order to advance the use of Tibetan medicine in serving a greater number of people with its unique benefits, and thus realizing the dream of "Healthy China."


Anti-cancer drug daunorubicin (DNR) was encapsulated in preformed multilayer microcapsules and was applied in tumor treatment by in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. The microcapsules were fabricated by an alternate deposition of oppositely charged polysaccharides, i.e. chitosan and alginate onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped CaCO3 colloidal particles in a sequential assembly procedure, followed by crosslinking of the capsule shells with glutaraldehyde (GA) and removal of the templates by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The as-prepared microcapsules showed strong ability to induce the positively charged DNR to deposit into the microcapsule interiors. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observed homogeneous distribution of the drug within microcapsules. The loaded DNR could be released again, following a diffusion-controlled model at the initial stage. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the encapsulated DNR can effectively induce the apoptosis of BEL-7402 tumor cells, as evidenced by various microscopy techniques after acridine orange (AO), Hoechst 33342, and osmium tetraoxide staining. By seeding the BEL-7402 hepatoma cells into BALB/c/nu mice, tumors were created for the animal experiments. The results showed that the encapsulated DNR had better efficacy than that of the free drug in terms of tumor inhibition in a 4 week in vivo culture period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Oxidative stress has been implicated in the destruction of β cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thioredoxin has been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, we screened for sequence variants of the human thioredoxin gene (TXN), and studied the association of the variants in persons with T1D in Japanese. The frequency of the A allele of the G/A SNP in the 3′ flanking region was highest in T1D (8.4%), followed by type 2 diabetes (6.8%), and the lowest in the controls (5.9%), suggesting the contribution of TXN polymorphism to susceptibility to T1D.


A modified variable-threshold logic (MVTL) gate for use in Josephson LSI circuits is considered. A 7.6 K-gate Josephison macrocell array whose functions can be changed by wiring changing has been developed. Automatic design problems, such as AC powering and small fan-outs, are solved by constructing the macrocell with a three-phase powering system and developing a magnetically coupled unit cell. The chip contains 21440 Josephson junctions on a 5 mm*5 mm die and is fabricated using 1.5 mu m all-niobium Josephson techniques. An average delay of 5.3 ps/gate in the macrocell and a total chip power consumption of 23 mW have been obtained. >


A novel disaccharide named wilforibiose (1) was isolated from the acidic hydrolysate of the crude glycoside of Cynanchum wilfordi HEMSLEY. The structure of 1 was deduced on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, and was confirmed to be β-D-glucopyranose L-olivopyranose 1', 4 : 2', 3-dianhydride by X-ray analysis.


Research progress and developments are reported in the areas of basic electronics, instruments, radiation monitoring, pulse counting and analysis, electronic engineering support for research facilities, automatic control and data acquisition, reactor instrumentation and controls, fuel reprocessing and shipping, process systems and instrumentation development, thermometry, instrumentation for reactor division experiments and test loops, environmental science studies, miscellaneous engineering studies, services, and developments, and maintenance. (WHK)


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges affecting disaster training in federal and state university libraries in Southwest Nigeria with a view to finding ways of overcoming them.

Design/methodology/approach
Having adopted the descriptive research design, 14 university libraries (seven each of federal and state) were selected from the Southwest geo-political zone of Nigeria. The total enumeration sampling technique was employed. Questionnaire and interview methods were used for data collection. The three research questions that guided the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and ranking. Judgments were drawn using real limit of numbers and 2.50 as criterion mean.

Findings
Results emanated from the study showed that university libraries in the studied region are more equipped to fight fire disaster than any other emergency which is why fire drills and exercises are the prevailing disaster training received by library staff. It was also found that inadequate disaster facilities and equipment as well as poor funding were the greatest challenges confronting disaster training. The provision of adequate disaster facilities and equipment with the constitution of disaster prevention and response team was found as the most potent strategy for addressing the identified challenges.

Originality/value
The study lends strong empirical evidence for the underlining factors affecting disaster training in federal and state university libraries as well as academic libraries in general. The strategies for addressing the identified challenges are of more significance.


The riding and accident patterns of New Zealand motorcyclists are described, based on an interview survey of 6170 motorists (of whom 251 were cyclists) and injury accidents reported to the Ministry of Transport during 1976 and 1977. Motorcycling was found to comprise only 2.2% of total mileage driven, but 20% of that driven by males in the 15-17 age group. The main use of motorcycles (52.5%) as for other vehicles (38.9%), was for social/recreation purposes. Among 15- and 16-year-olds, about 30% of mileage on motorcycles was done by non-owners (70% for cars). Motorcycles were found to be 9.3 times as accident-involved per unit of distance driven as four-wheeled vehicles. The overall accident risk of motorcycles reflects the large proportion of cycling done by teenagers. Among males, the highest motorcyclist-to-driver ratio of risk for an age group was 6.3. After five years experience, the accident risk of motorcyclists was shown to decrease dramatically. It was estimated that doubling motorcycle use, at the expense of automobiles, could reduce fuel usage by 1 1/2% and increase total injury accidents by 14%.


A potential security incident may go unsolved if standardized forensic approaches are not applied during lawful investigations. This paper highlights the importance of mapping the digital forensic application requirement specification to an international standard, precisely ISO/IEC 27043. The outcome of this work is projected to contribute to the problem of secure DF tool creation, and in the process address Software Requirements Specification (SRS) as a process of digital evidence admissibility.


The purpose of this article is to analyze the main animalcule community under the traditional fermenting meat animalcule ecosystem in Sichuan.The logCFU/g maximum of lactic acid bacteria from all two groups is over 8.0 at 30d.During the whole fermentation logCFU/g values of Micococci and/or Staphylococci tended to increase up to 5.5,which is the average of all groups after 60 days,net-growth at 2.0.Yeasts have no significant growing,and its population mainly comprises Debaryomyes and Tonruiopsis strain.Gram-negative Enterobactria of all samples slowly decrease below 102CFU/G after 50 days.


This paper empirically examines how creditor-manager (entrenched) incentive alignment affects changes in the firm's long-term cost of debt surrounding open market share repurchase (OMR) announcements. Using the BCF (2009) E-index as our measure of managerial entrenchment, we find that increases in average quarterly yield spreads resulting from repurchase driven increases in default risk are significantly reduced in the presence of entrenched management. Conditional on the presence of a blockholder, the mitigating effects of creditor-manager incentive alignment on the firm's cost of debt are further strengthened as the concentration of blockholder ownership increases. Additionally, we find that actual share repurchases, as opposed to OMR announcements, drive increases in the firm's cost of debt. However, the mitigating effects of creditor-manager incentive alignment appear limited only to firms that repurchase at least 1% of their outstanding equity in the announcement quarter. Overall, our results suggest that creditors regard OMRs conducted by entrenched management as a defensive mechanism that protects their interests as well in the presence of an effective external market for corporate control. JEL Classification: G34; G35.


Introduction - R Kevin Grigsby and E Susan Morton PART ONE: BACKGROUND The Evolution of Family Preservation - E Susan Morton Theories That Guide Intensive Family Preservation Services - R Kevin Grigsby A Second Look Child Protective Services and Intensive Family Preservation - Ann E Quinn A Primary Relationship PART TWO: EVOLVING PRACTICE MODELS Clinician-Support Worker Teams in Family Preservation - Charles R Soule, Kaarina Massarene and Kathleen Abate Are Two Heads Better Than One? Evolving Family Preservation Services - Richard Schafer and Sandra D Erickson The Florida Experience The Relative Effectiveness of Family Preservation Services with Neglectful Families - Marianne Berry Shifting Objectives in Family Preservation Programs - Julia H Littell et al PART THREE: SPECIAL POPULATIONS Supporting HIV Infected Children in Their Own Families Through Family Centered Practice - D Jean Adnopoz and Steven F Nagler PART FOUR: EVALUATION Promoting Evaluation Research in the Field of Family Preservation - Bruce A Thyer Epilogue - E Susan Morton and William Eyberse Family Preservation and Social Change The Need for Future Dialogue


We present a non-linear mathematical model which analyzes the spread and control of HIV (human immunode…ciency virus)/AIDS(acquired immun- ode…ciency syndrome). We divide the population into four subclasses one of them is the susceptible population S and the others are HIV infectives (HIV positives that do not know they are infected) I1, HIV positives that know they are infected (by away of medical screening or other ways) I2 and that of AIDS patients A. Both the disease free equilibrium and the infected equilibrium are found and their global stability is investigated. The model is analyzed by using the basic reproduction number R0. If R0 1. Also we study the eect of screening of unaware infectives on the spread of HIV disease and study the situation when aware HIV infectives take preventive measures and change their behavior so that they do not spread the


The ability of dimephosphone to improve the functions of the nervous system under conditions of modeling various pathological processes [17] and to regulate cerebral circulation [5] served as the basis for its clinical trials for new indications as a vasoactive agent that normalizes the functions of the nervous system.


Small bowel perforation is an infrequent injury following blunt abdominal trauma, especially in a sporting context. We presented the case of a patient who experienced a jejunal perforation after receiving a kick to the abdomen during a kickboxing match. An emergency laparoscopy was performed and the perforation was repaired with intracorporeal suturing.


In this paper,the sedimentation in the Chaohu Lake and its impact on the environment were investigated and analyzed by using the multi-temporal airborne remote sensing data acquired from 1955 to 1998 and satellite remote sensing data(MSS,TM and ETM) acquired from 1973 to 2001.The present situation of the sedimentation in the Chaohu Lake,the source of the sedimentation and the thickness partitioning of Chaohu sedimentation were analyzed by using the interpretation results of remote sensing images acquired in different periods.On such a basis,the evolution trend of the Chaohu Lake is analyzed,and some suggestions concerning the restoration and harnessing of the Chaohu Lake are put forward on the basis of a comparison of remote sensing data acquired in different periods.


Deep regional and interregional disproportions determine the need to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. To achieve this aim, forms, methods and regulations for regional development have to be adjusted. The objective of the study is to create the parameters for state regulative influence on a number of identified socio-economic catalysts and retarders of the regions as well as to forecast the consequences of their influence, firstly, on the level of disparity of a particular region, and secondly, on the level of state socio-economic development, keeping in mind achievement of stable regional economic security. All possible variants of the system development are considered and the optimal management strategy for achievement desired goals is chosen. Obtained results allow avoiding undesirable consequences of state regulation and to develop the most effective complex of measures for regulating interregional disparities in Ukraine.


Papua New Guinea is the largest land mass and population in Melanesia. The population experiences myriad health and social challenges including: poverty, violence, maternal mortality, intimate partner violence, malaria, TB, and Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV.

Against a background of government directed closure of social marketing for condoms, constitutional religious sensibilities, a health department official calling for 'adultery to be made a criminal act', and a purported position that it is culturally difficult to discuss the intimate, we highlight evidence that when people are provided a safe and confidential context they do openly talk about sexual health concerns.

We outline how, during data collection for the 'Acceptability of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in PNG' study (data presented elsewhere), male participants were asked for a clinical examination and photo of their penis in order to verify circumcision status reported in
the study questionnaire. Men were also given the opportunity to speak with a sexual health clinician with or without the clinical examination. We describe the high acceptance rate of clinical examination and photography of men volunteering for the study, and outline the various
sexual health concerns that men presented with. Implications for health service delivery and sexual health research are discussed including: the unmet need for sexual health services, the enthusiastic acceptance to engage in clinical examination and the willingness to talk openly about sexual health concerns


Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) using pattern matching have a fatal weakness in that they cannot detect new attacks because they only learn existing patterns and use them to detect those attacks. To solve this problem, a machine learning-based NIDS (ML-NIDS) that detects anomalies through ML algorithms by analyzing behaviors of protocols. However, the ML-NIDS learns the characteristics of attack traffic based on training data, so it, too, is inevitably vulnerable to attacks that have not been learned, just like pattern-matching machine learning. Therefore, in this study, by analyzing the characteristics of learning using representative features, we show that network intrusion outside the scope of the learned data in the feature space can bypass the ML-NIDS. To prevent this, designing the active session to be classified early, before it goes outside the detection range of the training dataset of the ML-NIDS, can effectively prevent bypassing the ML-NIDS. Various experiments confirmed that the proposed method can detect intrusion sessions early (before sessions terminate) significantly improving the robustness of the existing ML-NIDS. The proposed approach can provide more robust and more accurate classification with the same classification datasets compared to existing approaches, so we expect it will be used as one of feasible solutions to overcome weakness and limitation of existing ML-NIDSs.


8 During the past decades, several stand-alone and combinatory methods have been developed to investigate the 9 chemistry (i.e. mapping of elemental, isotopic and molecular composition) and the role of microbes in soil and 10 rhizosphere. However, none of these approaches are currently capable of characterizing soil-root-microbe interactions 11 simultaneously in their spatial arrangement. Here we present a novel approach that allows chemical and microbial 12 identification of the rhizosphere at microto nano-meter spatial resolution. Our approach includes i) a resin embedding 13 and sectioning method suitable for simultaneous correlative characterization of Zea mays rhizosphere, ii) an analytical 14 work flow that allows up to six instruments/techniques to be used correlatively, and iii) data and image correlation. 15 Hydrophilic, immunohistochemistry compatible, low viscosity LR white resin was used to embed the rhizosphere 16 sample. We employed waterjet cutting and avoided polishing the surface to prevent smearing of the sample surface at 17 nanoscale. Embedding quality was analyzed by Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM). Bacteria in the embedded soil was 18 identified by Catalyzed Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH) to avoid interferences 19 from high levels of auto fluorescence emitted by soil particles and organic matter. Chemical mapping of the 20 rhizosphere was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), 21 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), nanoSIMS and nano-focused Secondary Ion mass 22 Spectrometry (nanoSIMS), and confocal Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman). High-resolution correlative 23 characterization by six different techniques followed by image registration shows that this method can meet the 24 demanding requirements of multiple characterization techniques to chemically map the rhizosphere and identify 25 spatial organization of bacteria. Finally, we presented individual and correlative workflows for imaging and image 26 registration to analyze data. We hope this method will be a platform to combine various 2D analytics for an ample 27 understanding of the rhizosphere processes and their ecological significance. 28


Given a language L, the Hamming distance of a string x to L is the minimum Hamming distance of x to any string in L. The edit distance of a string to a given language is deened similarly. First, we prove that the Hamming distance to languages in AC 0 is hard to approximate; it cannot be approximated within a factor O ? n 1 3 ? , for any > 0, unless P = NP (n denotes the length of the input string). Second, we show the parameterised intractability of computing the Ham-ming distance. We prove that for every t 2 N there exists a language in AC 0 such that the problem of computing the Hamming distance is W t-hard. Moreover , there is a language in P such that computing the Hamming distance to it is W P-hard. Furthermore, we show that the problems of computing the Hamming distance and of computing the edit distance are in some sense equivalent by presenting reductions from the former to the latter problem and vice versa.


Abstract: The article deals with the problem of quality assessment in the field of higher education in the world. The authors describe the solution of the problem in the modern period of reforms and globalization and authors' analysis of main quality assessment approaches are presented in the article. Keywords: higher education, quality improvement, quality criteria, quality assessment, traditional and alterna -tive approaches. Quality is a key aspect of higher education. In many countries that are striving to guarantee all students the right to education, the emphasis on access to education often leads to the fact that the issues of quality of education remain in the shadows. But the quality of education depends on the volume and degree of assimilation of the students received knowledge; other than that it is the quality of education determines the extent to which students will be able in the future to take advantage of this knowledge to their personal and social development and the contribution they can make to the development of the country. Emphasis should be placed on improving the quality of higher education in all its aspects. But there are different approaches of quality improvement and quality assessment in the world.How to study quality issues in the light of such different approaches?Let us consider some possible solutions.In


Abstract In this paper, analysis of tunable optical filter based on Sagnac effect tuning is presented using a fiber-optic ring resonator (FORR) and the responses of the filters for different FORR and Sagnac loop parameters under steady-state conditions are investigated. Formulation of the optical filter response is presented by considering with/without single and multiple Sagnac loop effects. Effects of the FORR parameters of filter response are studied and analyzed under different parametric conditions for the maximum transmission intensity. The simulation results show that the filter responses are affected strongly by the Sagnac loop and the FORR parameters. With the Sagnac effect, it is shown that full-width at half maximum (FWHM) would increase by increasing the phase difference Δϕ from 0 to 0.20 radian, beyond which it will start decreasing. The difference in FWHM value in this range of Δϕ variations is found to be about 3.77 nm. Between the first and the second resonances at wavelengths 1395 and 1538 nm, the free spectral range (FSR) is found to be 140 nm. In multiple loops effects, by increasing the number of loop turn N, the values of FSR would reduce. For Δϕ = 0.3 and N = 1,  2,  3, the values of FSR are obtained as 144, 74, 47 nm, respectively.


The purpose of this study is to develop an educational program for Korean traditional food culture, which is consisted of diverse activity factors and educational contents of the elementary students, and to transfer Korean traditional food culture to the next generation effectively. We have develope...


In this paper a design of a novel 3-D multi-branch monopole antenna for cellular hand-set and portable equipments will be presented. The proposed design is covering most GSM family standards including the UMTS, the global new IMT-2000, and WLAN+ Bluetooth. Using the adopted design, multi-frequency operation including four, five and six operating bands can be achieved. Also, with an optimized design, some bands can be merged to obtain multi-wideband antenna that covering most of cellular standards.


II. Success Rates and Filing Rates A. New Data Confirm the Results Reported in the Quiet Revolution B. Do the Data Reasonably Represent Filed Disputes? C. Beyond Filed Disputes: Refutation of Other Explanations for the Apparent Pro-Defendant Trend 1. Shifts in Accident Trends Do Not Explain the Observed Patterns of Decline 2. Changes in Plaintiffs' Propensity to Make Claims Do Not Explain the Observed Patterns of Decline 3. Rejecting the Pro-Plaintiff Hypothesis: Changes in Post-Claim, PreFiling Settlement Behavior Do Not Explain the Observed Patterns a. Fleshing Out the Pro-Plaintiff Hypothesis b. Distinguishing More Carefully Between Observable (In-Court) and Unobservable (Pre-Filing) Stages of Dispute Resolution c. The General Correspondence Between Observable and Unobservable Trends d. The Relative Size of Unobservable and Observable Resolutions


The level of quality a product will attain usually comes down to a business decision. While testers understand how to ensure a top-notch product, the customer sponsoring the development may balk once time and labor start translating into dollars. This paper's purpose is to help you recognize customer needs — whether stated or implied — and turn them into an effective software testing process. It explores requirements gathering techniques, test efficiency, communication skills, and persuasion tactics. • Do you have "quality" goals? • How to turn fuzzy demands into concrete test cases • A methodical approach to prioritizing testing around quality goals


During the course of 2005, the price of crude oil reached unprecedented high levels, at least in nominal terms. Australian motorists have become used to paying more than a dollar a litre for petrol. Given the past volatility in oil prices, often described in terms of a series of oil 'shocks' (the large price increases in 1973, 1979 and 1999), several questions arise. First, will current high prices persist, or will prices decline substantially as occurred after previous oil shocks? Second, is the current shortage of oil a temporary phenomenon, caused by inadequate investment in oil exploration, drilling and refining capacity, or is it a signal that the supply of oil available to the world has peaked? Third, will high oil prices lead to broader economic disruption, as is commonly supposed to have happened after previous shocks? Fourth, how painful will an adjustment to lower use of oil be? Finally, how does all this relate to our efforts to deal with the problem of climate change? This article is an effort to answer some of these questions in the light of the knowledge available to us.


Lindqvist and Taraldsen (2005) introduced an interesting parametric family of distributions in the unit interval. In this note, inference procedures are given, both from the classical and the Bayesian view point. It is shown numerically through various examples that the posterior distribution for the parameter and the induced fiducial distribution are almost equivalent. The parametric family under study is a regular member of the Natural Exponential Family and so use of this fact permits induction of a unique fiducial in terms of the minimal sufficient statistic.


The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on August 3-5, 2021 to explore effective, feasible, and secure ways to document and provide health information for safe international travel in a way that is ethical and does not exacerbate inequities. Experts considered the use of COVID-19 travel credentials, denoting the traveler's vaccination, testing, and/or recovery status. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the discussion on possibilities for employing COVID-19 travel credentials, including how to overcome practical and ethical challenges and their potential role in preventing the spread of disease. Sections include: Public health and epidemiology, Policy development, Accurate, secure, verifiable, and usable data, Case studies and current examples (panel), Privacy issues and legal considerations, Ethical considerations, and Business and economic issues.


Much attention has been paid to the FAS 106 requirement to change the accounting for retiree health care benefits from a cash to an accrual basis. But less noted was another disclosure requirement: health care cost trend rate assumptions, which have a significant effect on the expense and liability reported on the firm's financial statements. The authors report on their study to determine if the assumed trend rates have been reliable estimates of actual health care cost increases, and if the assumed trend rates have been consistent among corporations.


The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the influence of capital structure, firm size, assets tangibility, dividend policy, and managerial ownership on firm value. This research uses secondary data. Technique used to select the sample is purposive sampling. Subjects of this research are manufacturing company listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange for period 2015 – 2017. There are 18 manufacturing companies that meet the criteria as a sample. Data analysis technique uses E-views version 9.0. Results showed that assets tangibility, dividend policy, and managerial ownership insignificantly influence firm value. On the other hand, capital structure negative and significantly influence firm value, meanwhile firm size positive and significantly influence firm value


Potential nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in soils from a pri- mary successional sequence developed on sand dunes and from a secondary successional sequence on old fields. Potential nitrogen mineralization in soils from the primary sere increased through the first five stages and then leveled off. Nitrogen mineralization was relatively constant in soils from the secondary sere, except that the highest rates were observed in the oldest site. Nitrification was very closely correlated with nitrogen mineralization in soils from both the primary and secondary seres. Only one site had both substantial nitrogen mineralization and low nitrification. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that nitrification is progressively inhibited in the course of ecological succession.


A lead-free, non-alkali La 2O3–Al2O3–B2O3 (LAB) glass with Al2O3 filler had been investigated for low temperature co-firing ceramic (LTCC) application. The glass forming window and several physical properties of the LAB systems were investigated by ICP, TMA, XRD, DSC, and SEM/EDS. The results show that the densification and crystallization temperatures of LAB/Al 2O3 were between 700 ◦C and 950◦C and depended greatly on the formulation. Crystalline phase LaBO 3 (LB) and LaAl2B3O9 (L2A3B) crystallized starting at 825 ◦C and 925◦C, r ture c ©


The wettability of a surface is affected by its physical and chemical properties, but it can be modulated by patterning it. Researchers use many different techniques for surface patterning, each one with different tradeoffs in terms of cost, flexibility, convenience and realizable geometries. Very high-resolution 3D printing technologies (such as stereolithography by two-photon absorption) have the potential to greatly increase the range of realizable surface geometries, but they are currently not in wide use because they are too slow for printing the relative large surface areas required for wetting experiments. To enable the use of these 3D techniques, we are developing new slicing algorithms able to speed up 3D-printing technologies.


Soybean, whose earliest evidence of cultivation dates back to 1000 BC, remains one of the key plant sources of nutrients worldwide. Iron (Fe) is one of the most important micronutrients in human and plant nutrition, and adequate iron nutrition in plants is central in providing adequate concentrations of this important mineral in harvested plant products for human food and animal feed. The first step in the absorption of iron by many plant species is the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). This is an obligatory step for iron uptake by all dycotiledonous plants. Most studies of this process focus on the root reduction of iron, and not on the role of leaf iron reduction in seed loading of iron and other nutrients. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] constitutively expressing the FRO2 iron reductase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed for leaf reductase activity, and the effect on seed nutrient concentrations was assessed. It was found that protoplasts isolated from the transgenic leaves had three (3)-fold higher reductase activity, and that the seed iron levels also were increased by 10%. However, leaf and pod wall iron concentrations increased as much as 500% in the transgenic plants, suggesting that other factors are limiting the translocation of the excess iron into the seeds. It was found that ferritin expression levels were higher in the transgenic leaves than in the control. This suggests that the excess iron maybe stored as ferritin in the leaves and therefore unavailable for phloem loading. Finally, concentrations of Mn, K, P and Zn had significantly higher concentrations in the leaves, pod walls, root and xylem sap of the transgenic plants, and that Zn concentrations also were higher in the transgenic seeds. This suggests a more ubiquitous role of the iron reductase in plant mineral dynamics.


Relaxation time distribution function g(τ) was obtained by use of the Tikhonov regularization analysis from the low frequency dielectric data of a dipole glass (DRADP-x) at low temperatures. Temperature dependence of the average relaxation time, 〈τ〉=∫τg(τ,T)d(ln τ) was found to obey the empirical Vogel-Fulcher law. The dynamically correlated cluster model, however, could not reproduce our g(τ) and failed to give a satisfactory best fit to our dielectric data of a dipole glass.


The paper proposes a numerical method to combine random variables. The method is based on representing a distribution by a histogram with equal probability intervals. This is an improvement on the Monte Carlo technique. An example is given to illustrate the use of the method in Reliability, involving the evaluation of the top event probability of a fault-tree with s-dependent cut sets.


To the Editor:

Although the article by Leesar and coworkers in the June 3, 1997, issue of Circulation1 concludes that "adenosine preconditions human myocardium," in our opinion their investigation in 30 patients undergoing balloon angioplasty (PTCA) and pretreatment with normal saline or adenosine (2 mg/min for 10 minutes) merely allows them to reiterate their introductory statement that "to the best of our knowledge, evidence that adenosine can precondition human myocardium in vivo is still lacking." First of all, the fact that there have been recent studies demonstrating reduced signs of myocardial ischemia during repeated balloon inflations does not necessarily suggest the existence of ischemic preconditioning in the conventional, ie, biochemical, sense. As long as the contribution of the gradual opening of collateral channels with successive balloon occlusions is not accounted for in the observed phenomenon of attenuated myocardial ischemia, ischemic "preconditioning" may be not a biochemical but a biophysical process of collateral recruitment due to the temporally increasing effect of a pressure gradient across the anastomoses between the nonstenotic donor vessel and the occluded recipient vessel. Hence, the finding that such a thing as ischemic preconditioning, in the normally used sense of the word, exists in humans is very controversial and is inversely associated with whether or not the authors accounted for collaterals.2 Second, and considering the effects of adenosine on the resistance and conductance vessels of the coronary circulation, it is similarly disputable whether there is such a thing as adenosine-induced preconditioning or whether the phenomenon of mitigated myocardial ischemia during coronary occlusion on adenosine administration is actually pharmacologically induced collateral recruitment. After all, exogenously administered adenosine is known to …


This paper mainly focuses on how the U.S. Power to intervene in the translation of Taiwan literature into foreign languages. By checking the archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the paper argues that USIS introduced Taiwan literature into the Western world through the Book Translation Program, China Reporting Program and Taiwan Reporting Program. From the perspective of the Cultural Cold War, these programs mainly played the role of cultural propaganda against communist China and supported the cultural orthodoxy of free China. First, USIS made a survey of publishing markets to clarify that Taiwan was one of the main reading markets in East Asia, and endeavored to develop internal publication and external promotion of Taiwan literature. Second, USIS cooperated with local literary communities, planed the series of Heritage Press, and made Taiwan literature systematically introduced to foreign markets. The postwar Taiwan "new" generation writers, some of them made their debut on the literary scene, had their works translated into English and circulated in Southeast Asia, or even took a step onto the world stage. The paper concludes that it is the Book Translation Program that had made a turning point of the translation of Taiwan literature, rather than the USIS PAO's personal factors of loving literature. Therefore, the time frame of translation of Taiwan literature should retrospect to the 1950s. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the series of Heritage Press revealing Chineseness (Taiwaneseness), Moderity, Anticommunist, and human nature adhere to the political goals of the United States and free China and show the political factors of Taiwan literature, as well as their direct link with the Cultural Cold War.


We report three experiments on reference resolution in Dutch. The results of two off-line experiments and an eye-tracking study suggest that the interpretation of different referential forms—in particular, "emphatic" strong pronouns, weak pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns—cannot be satisfactorily explained in terms of a single feature of the antecedent. The findings show that while the different preferences of demonstratives pronouns and nonemphatic personal pronouns correlate with the antecedent's grammatical role, the distinction between strong/emphatic personal pronouns and weak personal pronouns cannot be satisfactorily explained by grammatical role. The results suggest that the strong form is sensitive to the presence of contrastive, switched topics. These findings indicate that the form-specific multiple-constraints approach (e.g., Kaiser & Trueswell, 2008) can be extended to the strong/weak distinction and contrast sensitivity. We also discuss the implications of these results for the nature of the form-function mapping in anaphoric paradigms from a Gricean perspective.


Acid gas removal to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in natural gas is one of the most important processes. The common removal process of CO 2 from natural gas by using alkanolamine solution This process was adopted as basic module in commercial process simulation tools with various equilibrium models. Thus, this study was focused to evaluate the validity in certain operating condition and equilibrium model that produced by commercial simulation tools. The model in this study included coefficient activity model based on Kent-Eisenberg, Li-Mather, and Electrolyte Non Random Two Liquid (NRTL). The evaluation was conducted by doing analysis from simulation result and experiment data that have been used as reference. Furthermore , validation test in absorption process simulation was done to compare column temperature profile . The overall conclusions show that electrolyte NRTL gives the most accurate result .


Abstract The objective of this work was to assess whether the implementation of a bridge resource management (BRM) unit into the simulator-based nautical training of the German Navy is effective in improving non-technical skills and navigation performance. To this end, questionnaire data, observations of behaviour and performance outcomes were compared between a control group and an experimental group. Data of 24 bridge teams (126 sailors) were used for the analyses. Ten teams received BRM training and 14 teams served as the control group with unchanged simulator training. Reactions to simulator training were positive in both groups but more favourable in the control group. In the BRM group, significantly more positive attitudes towards open communication and coordination, more frequent sharing of information and fewer collisions were found than in the control group. Effect sizes were rather small. This may be due to the limited scale of the BRM unit, which consisted of only one instruction-training-feedback cycle. The extension of BRM-related feedback to all simulator runs of the nautical training can be expected to produce larger effects on attitudes, behaviour and performance.


Post-treatment of effluent from an Up-flow Anaerobic Blanket (UASB) reactor, which was fed with domestic sewage, has been conducted in an integrated pond system. The UASB reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time of 8 hrs, the effluent of which was directed to three series of ponds operated in parallel. The system consisted of a series of Duckweed pond (DWP) and stabilization ponds (SP). The main objective of post-treatmen t is removal of bacterial pathogens and further polishing of effluent quality. The results obtained indicated the superiority of the treatment scheme consisted of 2DWP, 2AP, 2DWP) are efficient with regard to organic pollutants removal as 22 reflected residual COD and BOD values (COD: 75mg0 /l, and BOD: 23.7mg0 /l). Also, 83.1 % of TSS were removed. Percentage removal of fecal coliform was around 99.99%. Residual FC counts in the final effluent concentration were extremely variable, ranging from 3E+01 to 7E+03 per 100ml with an average value 8E+02per 100ml. However duckweed ponds with long retention time can be competitive in reducing pathogens. It was demonstrated that duckweed bio-mass production and wastewater treatment for reuse in irrigation can be achieved in one simple system. The highest duckweed production (23g dry weight/m .d) has been recorded in the first (2DWP) and (23.46g dry 2 weight/m .d) of the second (2DWP) . From the available data it can concluded that a treatment system 2 consisting of UASB reactor followed by a series of duckweed and algal ponds is highly recommended for small communities such as rural areas and small cities.


Background and aim: Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) contributes to NADPH production in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. Its inactivation in beta‐cells was previously shown to markedly reduce glucose‐induced rises in ATP, calcium and insulin secretion, but these effects vary between experimental models. We recently found that, in islets from C57BL/6J mice that express a truncated inactive NNT, glucose does not reduce the mitochondrial glutathione redox state measured using GRX1‐roGFP2, in contrast to its effect in islets from C57BL/6N mice that express wild‐type NNT (abstract by Laila RB Santos). Here, we re‐evaluated the role of NNT by simultaneously measuring key stimulus‐secretion coupling events in islets from C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice perifused in the presence of increasing glucose concentrations. Results: 1) The glucose‐induced rise in NAD(P)H autofluorescence was significantly larger in N vs. J islets (normalised to the fluorescence in 0.5 mM glucose or after addition of FCCP). 2) The glucose‐induced changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and cytosolic calcium concentration were similar in both types of islets (rhodamine 123 fluorescence normalised to that measured after addition of FCCP). 3) The insulin/DNA content ratio was similar in both types of islets, but the glucose stimulation of insulin secretion was 2 to 2.5 times higher in N vs. J islets (normalized to insulin or DNA content). 4) The stimulation of insulin secretion by high potassium was 2 to 2.5 times higher in N vs. J islets at any glucose concentration, so that the amplifying action of glucose was similar in both types of islets. Conclusion: The lack of functional NNT in J vs. N islets markedly reduced their glucose‐induced rise in NAD(P)H autofluorescence and insulin secretion without affecting mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarisation and rise in cytosolic calcium concentration. These results suggest that the insulin secretion defect of J vs. N islets lies at a step distal to calcium influx.