Deposition of coal fly ash and potassium sulfate on tubes representative of superheaters and intermediate temperature air heaters at the DOE Coal Fired Flow Facility during a 2000 hour POC test period is herein described. The deposition is unique to this test facility because of the high combustion temperatures and the use of potassium carbonate as the conducting seed.'' This seed material is required for coal fired MHD applications as a means to control sulfur dioxide emissions as it combines with the sulfur in coal to form potassium sulfate. Most of the potassium sulfate solids removed are in the form of a fine ash from which potassium can be recovered and recycled. Testing clearly indicated that the majority of ash/seed deposits can be removed by conventional sootblowing. A significant difference in ash removal is the increased volume of deposits, as potassium compounds make up 75% of the total deposits which must be removed for efficient heat transfer. Tube deposits on the heat exchange surfaces in the area of highest gas temperature have been difficult to remove due to the presence of molten potassium sulfate.


The invention concerns a field device to determine or monitor a process variable in automation technology, with the field device meeting a safety standard that is required in a given safety-critical application, with a sensor (S) working accord ing to a defined measuring principle, and a control/evaluation unit (9) that processes and evaluates the measuring data deliv ered by the sensor (S) in uninterrupted sensor (S) measuring mode along at least three redundantly and/or diversely designed measuring channels (MK), with the control/evalu ation unit (9) having at least two redundant reconfiguration controls (RS) assigned to it, and with one of the two redundant reconfiguration controls (RS) dynamically or partially dynamically reconfiguring the faulty measuring channel (MK) in case of a malfunction in one of the measuring chan nels (MK).


This paper reviews the literature on plagiarism by students, much of it based on North American experience, to discover what lessons it holds for institutional policy and practice within institutions of higher education in the UK. It explores seven themes: the meaning and context of plagiarism, the nature of plagiarism by students, how do students perceive plagiarism, how big a problem is student plagiarism, why do students cheat, what challenges are posed by digital plagiarism and is there a need to promote academic integrity? It is concluded that plagiarism is doubtless common and getting more so (particularly with increased access to digital sources, including the Internet), that there are multiple reasons why students plagiarise and that students often rationalise their cheating behaviour and downplay the importance of plagiarism by themselves and their peers. It is also concluded that there is a growing need for UK institutions to develop cohesive frameworks for dealing with student plagiarism that are based on prevention supported by robust detection and penalty systems that are transparent and applied consistently.


We are in the midst of a technological revolution. Technology can be used in education systems to improve productivity and to provide many benefits for students. In Saudi Arabia the adoption of e-learning is considered to be in the first stage, although some universities have introduced initiatives to implement electronic learning platforms. The Shaqra University has recently been implementing an e-learning Platform. Consequently, the goals of the study were: (i) to measure the readiness of students to use the e-learning platform in Shaqra University; and (ii) to measure the differentiate between gender and usage experience affected the readiness of student in using the e-learning platform. The results of a questionnaire distributed among students to collect data show that the students in Shaqra University have a sufficient degree of readiness to use the e-learning platform and have some skills that will assist them to use the platform effectively. The results also showed a non-significant difference between males and females in their readiness regarding technology access, study skills and motivation. However, female students" readiness in relation to technology skills and time management skills was significantly greater than that of male students. In relation to technology access, study skills, time management skills, technology skills and motivation, a significant difference in readiness also existed between students who had experienced e-learning and those who had not, with readiness being stronger for all factors in the experienced student group. The results of this study may assist top management in Shaqra University to make decisions that will facilitate the successful implementation of this project.


A survey of literature shows that our knowledge of distribution of fat and glycogen in muscles of different insects is scanty. The available studies are on the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen) (Stay 1959) ; Locusta migratoria (L.) (Seiss and Pette 1960) ; and the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Cockbain 1961). In P. regina and A. fabae both fat and glycogen have been found to be uniformly distributed throughout the entire muscle bundle. In L. migratoria only glycogen has been studied and has been shown to be uniformly distributed as interfibrillar substance in isotropic zones. Fibers with more concentration of glycogen occasionally have shown an additional deposition of glycogen at M-band.


Sharing forecast information helps supply chain parties to better match demand and supply. The extant literature has shown that sharing forecast information improves supply chain performance. In the big data era, supply chain managers have the ability to deal with a massive amount of data by big data technologies and analytics. Big data technologies and analytics provide more accurate forecast information and give an opportunity to transform business models. In this paper, a comprehensive review on forecast information sharing for managing supply chain in the big data era is conducted. The value and obstacles of sharing forecast information are discussed. Given the sufficient data, the appropriate approaches of analyzing and sharing forecast information are highlighted. Insights on the current state of knowledge in each respective area are discussed and some associated pertinent challenges are explored. Inspired by various timely and important issues, future research directions are suggested.


The magnetoresistance of Ni-Fe-Co+M (M= Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ag, Nb) films evaporation-deposited at a substrate temperature of 350°C was studied. By adding a fourth element, the film magneto-resistance is decreased, especially when Cr is added. The results show that the decrease corresponds well with the change in saturation magnetization by adding the fourth element. The thermal stability of the magnetoresistance curve is improved slightly by the addition of Nb.


This paper observes sexual orientation based differences in German incomes. Gay men and lesbian women sort themselves into different occupations and sectors than their heterosexual counterparts. I find evidence that cohabitating gay men have an income penalty of 9 to 10 percent compared with married men, while lesbian women have a premium of about 10 to 12 percent compared with married women. Lesbians in a registered same-sex union have an income gain of about 16 to 21 percent, while the effect for men is not statistically significant. There is evidence that gay households have 9 to 15 percent higher household income than mixed-sex couples. The results for lesbian household income are not statistically significant.


, .. In this paper we will make an analisis of the disorder of the capacity to be critical in patients with the diagnosis of auxiety neurosis and this will be compared with the expression of this desorder of the thinking disturbances in patients shizophenia, we include three groups of the survey


Expansion of the Loran-C Navigation System will have a substantial impact on offshore navigation in the U.S. Coastal Confluence Zone. Loran-C provides a precise, continuously-available method of vessel location, permitting more effective harvest of natural resources through considerable savings in time, money and energy. This paper summarizes the expansion plans and discusses the benefits of Loran-C for the offshore user.


We develop an optimized perturbation theory for the Ginzburg Landau description of thermal fluctuations effects in the vortex liquids. Unlike the high temperature expansion which is asymptotic, the optimized expansion is convergent. Radius of convergence on the lowest Landau level is aT = −3 in 2D and aT = −5 in 3D. It allows a systematic calculation of magnetization and specific heat contributions due to thermal fluctuations of vortices in strongly type II superconductors to a very high precision. The results are in good agreement with existing Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. Limitations of various nonperturbative and phenomenological approaches are noted. In particular we show that there is no exact intersection point of the magnetization curves both in 2D and 3D. PACS numbers: 74.60.-w, 74.40.+k, 74.25.Ha, 74.25.Dw ∗e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com †e-mail: email@example.com


Despite the importance of the youth tourism market to the tourism industry, research on the impact of tourism on quality of life (QOL) of this market and on the factors that influence this impact is still very limited. This article contributes to overcoming the research gap in this field, implementing a segmentation approach based on the impact of tourism on features related to several domains of youth tourists' QOL (physical health, psychological features, social relationships, and environment). This approach was empirically tested with a sample of university students. The impact of tourism on youth tourists' QOL was assessed using an adapted version of the WHOQOL-BREF scale. The results reveal that tourism has an impact on the QOL of youth tourists and that this market is heterogeneous regarding the perceptions of this impact. Moreover, travel motivations, host�tourist interactions, the travel group, and the type of destination visited seem to be the factors that have a higher influence on the perceptions of the impact of tourism on QOL. The article ends with some theoretical and practical contributions to the marketing and development of tourism destinations.


Any form of stroke in a young patient is particularly disastrous. When we see a young patient with a stroke in his/her third or fourth decade, we want to do something to help. Thus, the connection between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and embolic strokes in patients less than 55 years of age has attracted the attention of interventional cardiologists, and we are quick to identify the PFO as a culprit. Percutaneous closure is quick and easy (usually); we have done something to help (possibly); and everyone is happy (most of the time). The problem, of course, is that almost any strategy for therapy in this group of patients seems successful, because recurrent event rates are low. Whether the PFO is closed or not, or whether aspirin, clopidogrel, or warfarin is prescribed, we know that the recurrent event rates will be less than 5%. Even in the relatively small PICCS cohort of the WARRS Trial (n 1⁄4 98 total), patients with cryptogenic stroke treated with warfarin (n 1⁄4 42) or aspirin (n 1⁄4 56) showed no significant difference in outcome events (5.3% vs. 10.2%: P 1⁄4 0.28). Trying to show a 25% reduction in recurrent event rates in a randomized trial of PFO closure and medical therapy is difficult and will require a large number of patients. This is especially true in younger patients who are more active and have less risk of thrombus formation in the lower extremities and pelvic veins to begin with. The CLOSURE I and RESPECT Trials are facing this challenge at present. It is unclear whether they will reach the required enrollment goal to show if there is a difference in outcomes of conservative medical therapy and percutaneous closure. If these trials do not reach a conclusion for lack of enrollment, the controversy about whether closure of a PFO is beneficial or not will continue. But, have we been barking up the wrong tree? If it will be so difficult to show differences in outcomes of PFO closure versus conservative therapy in young patients, what about older patients? In this issue of CCI, an insight into that issue concerning PFO closure is raised. The report of a relatively large number of patients with TIA or stroke with successful closure of their associated PFO indicates that closure of PFO's in patients >55 years of age results in recurrent event rates similar to those in younger patients. Not only that, but the recurrent TIA/stroke rates in the two groups were 3/184 (1.6%) and 4/272 (1.4%) respectively. Overell's metanalysis of case controlled studies of patients with known cause of stroke and cryptogenic stroke showed that PFO was clearly associated in patients <55 years of age and possibly but not convincingly associated in patients >55 years of age. I have often quoted those figures though they were derived from only small numbers of patients, and admit that I, as well as many of my colleagues, am hesitant to recommend PFO closure in elderly patients. Now, there is evidence that closure in patients >55 years may have merit. The report makes a number of points, some of which can be called into question, and some of which are intriguing. I do not agree with the conclusion that closure is as effective in preventing stroke in the older as in the younger population. No medically treated groups are reported, and we do not know that closure actually did or did not prevent recurrent cerebral events when compared with such controls. What we do learn, however, is that recurrent event rates after PFO closure are similar regardless of age. Homma and his colleagues, who are thoughtful and conservative interpreters of PFO closure data, have pointed out that in elderly patients (>65 years), the presence of a PFO increases the risk of cerebral events while on medical therapy, and provocatively pointed out that such patients might indeed be those best served by PFO closure. This is an understudied area of clinical research and needs further investigation. I agree with the authors that PFO closure must be done only in patients where no other source of stroke is apparent. They underscore the notion that before


The purpose of this work is to demonstrate some possibilities offered by a statistical investigation of theological matters. The object of the article is a textual analysis of the corpus obtained from the encyclical letters of the last 4 popes.


Turbine components are heavy duty mechanical parts that are usually designed onto safe-life approach, where the lowcycle fatigue analysis is based onto design life curves with suitable probabilistic life margins. However, in order to design for a given reliability, the definition of the design curve should not only include the life variability but also the scatter of applied load. Unfortunately, in the literature there are few indications which only refer to safety factors under HCF, without any specific discussion of the case of LCF. In this paper, we firstly define a simple lognormal format for calculation of reliability for a given fatigue life under LCF conditions. Then, the partial safety factor to be applied to e N f curve are then obtained for different COV's of the applied load. The so defined design e N f curve for a rotor steel is then adopted for a complex analysis of a notched component under LCF, whose life has been estimated by an elasto-plastic analysis.


The Mound Plant (Mound), located in Miamisburg, Ohio, is a Department of Energy (DOE) development and production facility performing support work for DOE`s weapons and energy-related programs. EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, Inc. (EG&G) is the Operating Contractor (OC) for this Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated (GOCO) facility. The work performed at Mound emphasizes nuclear energy and explosives technology. Mound is currently implementing an Environmental, Safety & Health (ES&H) Upgrades Program designed to protect its employees, the public, and the environment from adverse effects caused by facility activities. The first project of this multiphase program is now in the final stages of construction, and the second project is currently under design. Four additional projects, one of which is presented in this report, are in the conceptual design stage. At Mound, 22 soil zones have become contaminated with radioactive material. These zones cover approximately 20 percent of the total area of developed property at the site. During a storm event, the rainwater washes contaminated soil from these zones into the storm sewer system. These radioactive contaminants may then be discharged along with the stormwater into the Great Miami River via the Miami Erie Canal. This conceptual design report (CDR), Site Drainage Control, the fourth project in the ES&H program, describes a project that will provide improvements and much needed repairs to inadequate and deteriorating portions of the storm drainage system on the developed property. The project also will provide a stormwater retention facility capable of storing the stormwater runoff, from the developed property, resulting from a 100-year storm event. These improvements will permit the effective control and monitoring of stormwater to prevent the spread of radioactive contaminants from contaminated soil zones and will provide a means to collect and contain accidental spills of hazardous substances.


A ionic liquid,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in yield of 87%,was synthesized by one-pot method from 1-methylimidozole,bromethyl and lead acetate.The structure was confirmed by UV,IR and elemental analysis.The optimal reaction conditions at 60 ℃ for 20 h were as follows:1-methylimidazole was 100 mmol,n(bromethyl):n(1-methylimidazole):n(lead acetate) was 3.6:2.0:1.0.


The alkylimino-substituted derivatives of 5-amino-3-imino-1,2,6,7-tetracyano-3H-pyrrolizine, H2N–C7N(CN)4NR, R = hex-5-enyl (1), octyl (2), octadecyl (3), have been synthesized through a nucleophilic substitution reaction on the amino group of the anion 2-(5-amino-3,4-dicyano-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)-1,1,2-tricyanoethanide, C5N3–C4N(CN)2–NH2− (L′). A sigmatropic rearrangement via a [1,5]-H shift is involved in this synthesis and also in the deprotonation of 1, leading to the anion C5N3–C4N(CN)2–NH(CH2)4CHCH2− (1′)
isolated as the tetraphenylarsonium salt, AsPh4·1′. All the new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR, UV–VIS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal and molecular structure of 1 has been determined. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films from 2 and 3 have been deposited and characterized by polarised optical absorption spectroscopy.


Established by 12.305/2010 law, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) created mechanismsand established the general guidelines for all public and private entities responsible for solid wastemanagement to perform their activities in an integrated and complementary way. The municipalities,due to their constitutional responsibilities, oversaw most of the expected charges. With the objectiveof diagnosing the current situation of urban solid waste management in the 72 municipalities locatedin the area of activity of the 17th Independent Military Police Company for the Environment and Traffic(17ª Cia. PM Ind MAT), the research was carried out through structured questionnaires answeredby military environmental police officers and municipal managers. The results indicate that, in mostof them, the actions and instruments of the PNRS are not being applied and, in some of thesemunicipalities, final disposal of wastes, even after the legal deadlines, continues being carried out inan environmentally inadequate way.Keywords: Environmental regulation. Inspection. Environmental police.


There are differing views on the causes of, and cures for, this crisis. At one end of the spectrum, some ultimately see it as a public debt crisis and advocate the strengthening of political constraints on government borrowing. Others primarily regard it as a confidence crisis, which should be addressed by setting up a very large rescue fund, i.e. by wielding a 'big bazooka'. They count on the fact that, if the crisis is truly expectation-driven, the resources will never have to be used. This chapter begins by reconsidering these and other views, and later stresses the structural reasons for the crisis, particularly the loss of competitiveness on the part of some euro area countries and the resulting surge in private and public foreign indebtedness. The chapter closes with some policy conclusions and recommendations.


Following a study with lambs in pens (Bird and Leng, 1983) two groups of 20 lambs (faunated and defaunated) were allowed to graze green oat pasture with an understudy of ryegrass, clover and lucerne. The paddock was divided into four blocks (1 ha) and grazed in a 4 x 21 d rotation. Over 84 d defaunated lambs had a higher rate of body weight gain (23%) and wool growth rate (19%) (measured over the last 63 days) with respect to the faunated lambs.


In Paper I, we performed spectroscopic observations on 11 confirmed globular clusters (GCs) in M31 with the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope. We mainly focused on the fitting method and the metallicity gradient for the M31 GC sample. Here, we analyze and further discuss the dynamics, metallicity and age, and their distributions, as well as the relationships between these parameters. In our work, eight more confirmed GCs in the halo of M31 were observed, most of which lack previous spectroscopic information. These star clusters are located far from the galactic center at a projected radius of ∼ 14 to ∼ 117 kpc, which is more spatially extended than that in the previous work. Firstly, we measured the Lick absorption-line indices and the radial velocities. Then the ages and metallicity values of [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] were fitted by comparing the observed spectral feature indices and the Single Stellar Population model of Thomas et al. in the Cassisi and Padova stellar evolutionary tracks, respectively. Our results show that most of the star clusters in our sample are older than 10 Gyr except B290, which is ∼ 5.5 Gyr, and most of them are metal-poor with metallicity [Fe/H] < −1, suggesting that these clusters were born at the early stage of the galaxy's formation. We find that the metallicity gradient for the outer halo clusters with rp > 25 kpc may have an insignificant slope of −0.005 ± 0.005 dex kpc−1 and if the outliers G001 and H11 are excluded, the slope does not change significantly, with a value of −0.002 ± 0.003 dex kpc−1. We also find that the metallicity is not a function of age for the GCs with age < 7 Gyr, but for the old GCs with age > 7 Gyr, there seems to be a trend that the older ones have lower metallicity. Additionally, we plot metallicity distributions with the largest sample of M31 GCs so far and show the bimodality is not significant, and the number of metal-poor and metal-rich groups becomes comparable. The spatial distributions show that the metal-rich group is more centrally concentrated but the metal-poor group occupies a more extended halo. In addition, the young population is centrally concentrated but the old population is more spatially extended towards the outer halo.


Graft copolymerization of ammonium acrylate onto cotton fibers was studied with persulfate and sodium hyposulfite as initiator. The effect of sequence and dosage of persulfate used as initiator on the graft yield is examined. Firstly adding ammonium persulfate and secondly adding potassium persulfate can overcome counter-polymerization of oxygen and attain very high conversion and graft ratio of monomers.


This paper summarizes three field experiments involving distributed collaborative writing in traditional educational settings creating a hybrid form of distributed education. One finding shows that specialized collaborative tools allowed for parallel work, group awareness, and coordination, providing substantial advantages over traditional word processors in distributed collaborative writing. However, it was also found that advanced collaborative writing tools alone did not provide optimal results in distributed collaborative writing groups; such groups also needed high levels of process structure, which can be delivered through carefully constructed scripts. Moreover, it was found that introducing face-to-face meetings in distributed collaborative writing work did not necessarily provide advantages over work that was performed in all-distributed settings. Given these findings, this paper concludes by discussing the contributions, implications, limitations, and future research possibilities for hybrid distributed education are discussed.


Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) have been a clear new trend in processor-based systems design. General purpose MPSoC designers have turned to the Network-on-Chip (NoC) interconnect model to surpass the limitations imposed by traditional bus- or crossbar-based interconnection. This technology is also a promising solution for safety-critical industries where, primarily due to power and weight constraints, there is an increasing need in embedded systems for implementing multiple functionalities upon a single shared computing platform. This paper proposes a QoSinNoC framework, which is based on a set of quality of service (QoS) aware NoC architectures along with the analysis methodology including selected relevant metrics that enable an efficient trade-off between guarantees and overheads in mixed-criticality application scenarios. QoSinNoC architectures overcome the notion of strictly divided regions by allowing non-critical communication pass through the critical region, providing they do not utilize common router resources. This work aims to facilitate the usage of NoC technology by safety-critical industries such as avionics.


In this paper I study the Aramaic sayings attributed to Hillel in tractate Abot. Their language, their textual transmission, and above all the fact that they left nearly no imprint in rabbinic literature, suggest that they were originally popular proverbs that only later were charged with a religious meaning and attributed to Hillel. They certainly do not belong to the older layers of the tractate.


7528 Background: The secondary epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation T790M accounts for approximately half of acquired resistances to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). A recent report has demonstrated the presence of T790M predicts a favorable prognosis and indolent progression, compared to the absence of T790M after TKI failure. However, rebiopsy to confirm T790M status can be challenging due to limited tissue availability and procedural feasibility, and little is known regarding the differences among patients with or without T790M. Methods: We investigated 73 patients harboring EGFR sensitive mutations who had undergone rebiopsy to confirm the emergence of T790M after TKI failure. The peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid PCR clamp method was used in EGFR mutational analyses. Patient characteristics (age, gender, smoking history, performance status, EGFR mutation site, initial TKI, response to initial TKI, line of initial TKI, progression-free survival with initial TKI, and biopsy sit...


Half a century has passed since Marshall McLuhan's 'The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man' came into being, introducing the now famous term 'global village', but the passing years have only added to the actuality of the phrase. In 2012 the world seems to have shrunk to the dimensions of one's own living room, where one can witness Alexander the Great's army defeating the Persians in the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, and contemporary Baghdad being bombed at night, all while having dinner. In a world, where economic interests dictate the unleashing of global wars, controlling the proliferation of message content in the global village has become exponentially important. Confucius' rectification of names seems to have fallen from grace with the rulers of today: those in power have found a way to use language as a smoke screen – or a concave mirror – and words have been utilized to conceal meaning rather than convey it. Doublespeak has become the norm of political and military language, as well as certain aspects of communication within a medical context: the general public has been willfully deceived into misinterpreting the message.


Graphene has attracted a great deal of scientific interest in latter years owing to its unique properties, with many prospective applications being actively investigated at present. However, the actual implementation of graphene in technological uses will depend critically on the development of appropriate methodologies for its mass production. In this regard, one of the most promising approaches is based on the exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide. Graphenes derived from graphite oxide can be prepared at low cost and high throughput, can be further processed in a number of solvents, and are chemically versatile, among other attractive features. In an environment-conscious world, the availability of green approaches toward graphene production would also constitute an added advantage. During the last year, different environmentally friendly methods for the production of graphene from graphite oxide have emerged, which we highlight here. These are based on solvothermal and electrochemical processes, as well as on the use of green reductants. Several open questions and possible future directions for this research topic are also discussed.


At this conference, we celebrated the 20th anniversary of the discovery of SN 1987A. What have we learned from this wonderful event? What questions remain outstanding? What can we expect to learn during the coming decades? Here, I briefly review these questions and set a context for some of the topics that are discussed in more detail in this volume.


In Malaysia, the warehouse and logistics industry is experiencing rapid changes due to the traffic bottlenecks and the inventory inefficiencies that impede the progress of the logistics industry. The study on inventory performance is essential for a warehouse company to maximize its efficiency during the ongoing daily operations. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the main problems in the inventory process and to determine the factors that can affect the company's inventory performance for FM Global Logistics (M) Sdn Bhd, which is a Malaysian logistics company located in Port Klang, Selangor. In order to fulfill these objectives, several interviews, observations, and site visits were done at the company. The data obtained is then analyzed using a Pareto chart analysis to uncover the critical problems for poor inventory performance. Next, the inventory process flow at the company is analyzed to identify the bottlenecks and the Potential Failure Points in the inventory process. The final analysis in the study is using the Ishikawa Diagram to determine the root cause of poor inventory performance. The results shows that manpower, method, machine and environment are the main factors that could affect inventory performance at the company. The study suggests that a warehouse company should place more priorities on its human resource management, improve compliance with its operating procedures besides setting up a healthy working environment to improve its inventory performance. This qualitative study is vital to the improvement of the warehouse and logistics industry, especially in the Klang Valley area.


The transition to higher education can be problematic for some students as they adapt to institutional procedures and degree level working at the same time as developing new social networks. To help facilitate these complex transitions institutions are increasingly turning towards digital technologies to provide both flexible access to resources and improved communication. This paper outlines the key issues associated with students' initial transitions to higher education and explores the challenges faced by academics designing induction procedures and programmes. The emerging role of digital technologies in supporting students' transitions into Higher Education, against the backdrop of a changing digital landscape in one institution is discussed and an evaluation of the easystart induction programme at Manchester Metropolitan University presented as a case study.


Background: The quality of reporting of harms data in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been reported to be suboptimal. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has seen a massive growth in novel pharmacotherapies in the last decade. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of reporting of harms-related data in RCTs evaluating pharmacological interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis according to the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement harms-reporting extension. Methods: RCTs published between January 2011 and August 2016 in the five highest impact factor journals in general medicine and two in rheumatology subject categories as per 2015 journal citation reports were included. Reports of secondary, supplementary or exploratory analyses of RCTs and non-inferiority trials were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted data using a structured, pilot-tested 18-item questionnaire developed based on CONSORT harms-extension recommendations. Results: 68 RCTs were included in the review. Out of a maximum harms reporting score of 18, the mean (SD) score was 8.51 (3.5) (Range = 0 to 15). More than half (56.5%) of the RCTs reported less ≤ 50% of items and only 3 (4.3%) RCTs reported more than 70% (score ≥ 14) of the items. Multilinear regression analyses found that region of trial origin (P = 0.01), sample size (P = 0.001) and whether the study was a long-term extension (LTE) of a trial or not (P = 0.04) were independent predictors associated with higher total harms reporting score. Limitations: The study findings may not be generalizable to non-RA RCTs published in included journals. Conclusions: The adherence to CONSORT harms-extension was poor in recently published RCTs of pharmacological interventions for RA. There is a need to improve quality of harms reporting in RCTs to allow transparent and balanced assessment of the benefit-risk ratio in clinical decision-making.


In the past decade, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made unprecedented progress and recently achieved high efficiency of over 25%, comparable with commercial silicon solar cells. However, PSCs still face poor long‐term stability hindering their commercial application. Because PSCs undergo severe degradation under environmental stress factors, such as moisture, heat, light, and electrical bias. Thus, exploring and evaluating the degradation pathways of perovskites and the degradation mechanisms of PSCs is quite essential. In situ diagnostic techniques can track the real‐time changes of structure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties of the materials in the device during the degradation process. Herein, the progress on in situ characterization for understanding the degradation in PSCs is reviewed, including advanced characterization techniques in the aspects of electron microscopy, X‐Ray, and optoelectronic spectroscopy. Besides, in situ characterization tracking the degradation process of perovskite material films from typical methylamine (MA) perovskite to formamidinium (FA)–cesium (Cs) mixed‐cation perovskite and PSCs dependent on external factors is also discussed. This overview can provide a further understanding of the stability of PSCs and solve the problems on their road to commercialization. Finally, the future perspectives of in situ characterization for understanding the degradation of PSCs are provided at the end of this review.


We analyze optimal labor contracts when the worker is inequity averse towards the employer. Welfare is maximized for an equal sharing rule of surplus between the worker and the firm. That is, profit sharing is optimal even if effort is contractible. If the firm can make a take-it-or leave-it offer, the optimal contract is also state-dependent but always suboptimal with respect to welfare. The reason is that the firm will always pay the worker less than half of the surplus, thereby leading to agency costs due inequity aversion. If the parties bargain over the optimal contract, the optimal division of surplus is more equitable compared to the case with a purely selfish worker. Moreover, the optimal contract with bargaining approaches the welfare-optimal contract as the parties' bargaining power converges. Our results help explain why workers are willing to accept lower wages in times of crisis but demand higher wages in times of economic rise. Moreover, our findings imply that raising the bargaining power of the less powerful party may increase welfare


New voltage control algorithms are necessary to cope with the increasing amount of distributed generation and electric vehicles in distribution networks. Many of the newly proposed voltage control algorithms are based on linearized dependencies between the voltage magnitude, and the active and reactive power consumption. These linearized dependencies are normally obtained by algorithms, which rely on accurate grid topology information. Due to the traditionally passive operation of low voltage (LV) distribution networks, this information is typically missing, incomplete, or inaccurate. Therefore, this paper introduces a method to extract these linear dependencies based on historical smart meter data only. No information about the grid topology is required. The model adapts to the changing load conditions in the network. The algorithm has a low complexity and is applied to an unbalanced LV distribution network. Data of a practical laboratory setup is used to validate the proposed method in real-life conditions. With the obtained voltage sensitivity factors a voltage management strategy was implemented for the laboratory grid.


The invention relates to an ultralow heat conductivity nano aerogel thermal insulation material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of nano thermal insulation materials. The ultralow heat conductivity nano aerogel thermal insulation material comprises the following raw materials in percent by weight: 60-100 percent of nano-scale SiO2 powder, 0-30 percent of infrared opacifying agent, 0-10 percent of reinforced fibers and 0-5 percent of adhering agent. The ultralow heat conductivity nano aerogel thermal insulation material prepared by adopting the preparation method has a heat conductivity coefficient (heat surface 800 DEG C) being not more than 0.040w/m.k, a compression strength being not less than 0.7MPa and a volume weight being 250-400kg/m . The ultralow heat conductivity nano aerogel thermal insulation material prepared by adopting the preparation method has the advantages of small heat conductivity coefficient and high compression strength, and is suitable for industrial furnaces and high-temperature devices in petrifaction, metallurgy, power and other fields.


Abstract Radar is a key sensor to achieve a reliable environment perception for advanced driver assistance system and automated driving (ADAS/AD) functions. Reducing the development efforts for ADAS functions and eventually enabling AD functions demands the extension of conventional physical test drives with simulations in virtual test environments. In such a virtual test environment, the physical radar unit is replaced by a virtual radar model. Driving datasets, such as the nuScenes dataset, containing large amounts of annotated sensor measurements, help understand sensor capabilities and play an important role in sensor modeling. This article includes a thorough analysis of the radar data available in the nuScenes dataset. Radar properties, such as detection thresholds, and detection probabilities depending on object, environment, and radar parameters, as well as object properties, such as reflection behavior depending on object type, are investigated quantitatively. The overall detection probability of the considered radar (Continental ARS-408-21) was found to be 27.81%. Four radar models on object level with different complexity levels and different parametrisation requirements are presented: a simple RCS-based radar model with an accuracy of 51%, a linear SVC model with an accuracy of 70%, a Random Forest model with an accuracy of 83%, and a Gradient Boost model with an accuracy of 86%. The feature importance analysis of the machine learning algorithms revealed that object class, object size, and object visibility are the most important parameters for the presented radar models. In contrast, daytime and weather conditions seem to have only minor influence on the modeling results.


This study was carried out to compare the effects of different plant oil sources on lipid metabolism of insulin dependent diabetic mice. Streptozotocin-induced (65 mg/kg B.W.) diabetic mice were fed four kinds of experimental diets with 20% lipid, which composed of 10% lard, and 10% soy bean oil (SBO), 10% rice germ oil (RGO), 10% rice brab oil (RBO) and 10% sesame oil (SSO) respectively, for 7 weeks. Diet intake, body weight, organs weights and lipids levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was no significant difference in diet intake and body weight among experimental groups. But the concentrations of serum triglyceride of RGO and RBO groups, and of serum total cholesterol of RGO and SSO groups were lower than those of the others. The hepatic total cholesterol level was the lowest in RGO group. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol excreted in feces of RGO and RBO groups were higher than those of SBO and SSO groups. These results suggested that rice germ oil can effectively reduce serum triglyceride level and hepatic total cholesterol concentration of insulin dependent diabetic mice than rice bran oil, soy bean oil and sesame oil, and hypolipidemic effect of rice germ oil be due to increasing fecal lipid excretion. But we need to investigate the more detailed factors on lipid reducing effect in rice germ oil and rice bran oil.


Across the political spectrum it is widely accepted that the expansion of the Australian economy over the past 15 years has reduced the salience of class and economic issues. In 2007, then-Prime Minister John Howard alleged that 'working families have never been better off' (cited in Maiden 2007: 5). While the ALP chastised Howard for neglecting poverty and inequality (eg Swan 2005), the party's political strategy in recent years has targeted 'aspirational' voters, partly on the basis of the belief that growing prosperity weakens public support for traditional social democratic policies. (1) Indeed, ALP Senator Stephen Conroy (2005) argues that the party's biggest challenge is a 'demographic' one: higher incomes and living standards for tradespersons and increased levels of education for children from working class families have transformed these erstwhile 'true believers' into 'middle and upper class families'. Similarly, one of the most recent leaders of the union movement to join the parliamentary wing, Bill Shorten, declared in rather Blairite fashion in his maiden speech that 'old class war conflicts should finally be pronounced dead'. The 'old divides' no longer exist; now the real conflict is reflected 'within business, unions, the community and politics', and between 'those who are stuck in a business-as-usual routine and those that pursue innovation, knowledge and creativity' (House of Representatives Hansard (HRH), 14 February 2008: 330; italics added). Frontbencher Lindsay Tanner's call for more policy emphasis to be placed on 'relationships' underlines the extent to which Labor sees no unfinished business in terms of economic redistribution: Australian 'society is wealthier than ever before, but we're still ... totally neglecting the health of our relationships' (Tanner 2003: 10). Elsewhere, he invokes 'rising affluence' as the key challenge in the 21st century for Labor, as it raises questions about its raison d'etre (Tanner 2005). Clive Hamilton (2006) has been among the most prominent contemporary exponents of the view that growing affluence renders obsolete traditional Left emphases on capitalism's engendering of economic suffering and inequality. He writes of 'the extraordinary success of capitalism in delivering undreamt-of wealth for ordinary people'. The Left should largely forget about poverty and inequality and focus on issues such as alienation and the quality of life in order to develop a 'politics that would help people to step out of the gilded cage and experience true autonomy and authentic lives, a politics for a society in which citizens are committed to "a rich life rather than a life of riches"' (Hamilton 2006: 2). What unites these different positions is a belief that the boom has reduced the importance of class and economic questions. As is shown below, such a belief is based on an overstatement of the strength of the boom, a neglect of the extent to which inequality and poverty have continued throughout the boom, and an assumption that the expansion will continue indefinitely. The Boom in Historical and International Perspective Former Liberal Treasurer Peter Costello presided over what he described as 'the longest period of expansion in the history of Australia' (cited in Lees 2006). Yet, a more careful analysis of the boom in historical and international perspective casts it in a less glorious light. Australia's average economic growth rate in the 1990s was slightly better than the 1980s, about the same as the 1970s, but much lower than the 1960s and lower than both the 1950s and 40s (see Tables 1 and 2 below; see also Treasury Department 2001). The 1990s figure is also only just above the 20th century average of 3.4 percent (Treasury Department 2001). From the beginning of the present upturn after the 1991-92 recession through to 2005, the growth rate averaged 3.8 percent (IMF 2005: 12). Again, this is not significantly above the norm for the 20th century. …


Remember when real estate was a can't-miss investment? Those days may be over, but your home is still an important piece of your portfolio.


Let [Formula: see text] be an element of a finite group [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] a prime factor of the order of [Formula: see text]. It is clear that there always exists a unique minimal subnormal subgroup containing [Formula: see text], say [Formula: see text]. We call the conjugacy class of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] the sub-class of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], see [G. Qian and Y. Yang, On sub-class sizes of finite groups, J. Aust. Math. Soc. (2020) 402–411]. In this paper, assume that [Formula: see text] is the product of the subgroups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we investigate the solvability, [Formula: see text]-nilpotence and supersolvability of the group [Formula: see text] under the condition that the sub-class sizes of prime power order elements in [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text] free, [Formula: see text] free and square free, respectively, so that some known results relevant to conjugacy class sizes are generalized.


In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.


In high precision applications based on binary subcarrier offset (BOC) signals, zero-bias of the digital discriminator is an error of importance. Unlike the thermal noise error, zero-bias is a fixed deviation that is challenging to eliminate by filtering in the time domain. In this paper, a statistical error analysis model for the zero-bias of BOC signal's digital phase discriminator is established. The evaluation of the zero-bias is inseparable from the spreading code sequence and the initial phase of the signal through defining the concept of statistics maximum and statistics standard deviation. Based on the zero-bias statistical error analysis model, two receiver parameter design methods, namely, the baseband signal sampling frequency and the early-late correlation interval, are proposed. The performance of the algorithm is simulated on account of the limited bandwidth, Doppler frequency offset and thermal noise. The simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm can suppress the standard deviation of zero-bias within one phase resolution, which contributes substantially to the improvement of the measurement accuracy of pseudo-noise ranging.


Simple Summary In this study, we investigated the longitudinal changes and predictive value of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) features of prostate cancer patients receiving Lattice Extreme Ablative Dose (LEAD) boost radiotherapy (RT). Ninety-five mpMRI from 25 patients, acquired pre-RT and at 3 time points following RT were analyzed. Five regions of interest were analyzed, related to tumor, peritumoral, and normally-appearing tissues. We identified significant changes in the imaging parameters following RT in all regions. By using selected features at the four scan points and their differences (Δ radiomics), we were able to build viable predictive models for endpoint biopsy positivity. Our study demonstrates that RT causes significant changes to quantitative imaging features in both tumorous and normally-appearing tissues. Because of the noninvasive nature of the mpMRI, acquiring multiple exams post-RT is feasible to monitor treatment response. Several quantitative imaging features are promising predictors of treatment failure based on post-treatment positive biopsy, a strong marker for clinically relevant endpoints. Abstract We investigated the longitudinal changes in multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) (T2-weighted, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE-)MRI) of prostate cancer patients receiving Lattice Extreme Ablative Dose (LEAD) radiotherapy (RT) and the capability of their imaging features to predict RT outcome based on endpoint biopsies. Ninety-five mpMRI exams from 25 patients, acquired pre-RT and at 3-, 9-, and 24-months post-RT were analyzed. MRI/Ultrasound-fused biopsies were acquired pre- and at two-years post-RT (endpoint). Five regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed: Gross tumor volume (GTV), normally-appearing tissue (NAT) and peritumoral volume in both peripheral (PZ) and transition (TZ) zones. Diffusion and perfusion radiomics features were extracted from mpMRI and compared before and after RT using two-tailed Student t-tests. Selected features at the four scan points and their differences (Δ radiomics) were used in multivariate logistic regression models to predict the endpoint biopsy positivity. Baseline ADC values were significantly different between GTV, NAT-PZ, and NAT-TZ (p-values < 0.005). Pharmaco-kinetic features changed significantly in the GTV at 3-month post-RT compared to baseline. Several radiomics features at baseline and three-months post-RT were significantly associated with endpoint biopsy positivity and were used to build models with high predictive power of this endpoint (AUC = 0.98 and 0.89, respectively). Our study characterized the RT-induced changes in perfusion and diffusion. Quantitative imaging features from mpMRI show promise as being predictive of endpoint biopsy positivity.


To date, reusable properties of nano photocatalysts (PCs) have been investigated for five to ten consecutive cycles with a mild decrease in photocatalytic performance. Systematic investigation on the decrease in photocatalytic performance and regeneration of the nanocatalyst after repeatable usage have rarely been reported. Hierarchical forms of self-assembled zinc oxide (ZnO) with a flower-like structure have been successfully synthesized by an aqueous solution based precipitation and show visible photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 98% against methylene blue (MB) dye in 120 min under natural solar irradiation and visible irradiation. Reusable catalytic properties were studied for 50 consecutive cycles and the degradation efficiencies obtained were around 85.9, 61.4, 47.3, 31.6 and 21.3% in 120 min of photo irradiation for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 consecutive repeatable cycles, respectively. On increasing the number of cycles, the photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO flowers decreased due to adsorption of hydrocarbon molecules on the active sites of the catalyst, a phenomenon termed as catalytic poisoning. Furthermore, we show that the photocatalytic performance of ZnO hierarchical flowers could be completely reverted by a simple chemical treatment for further repeatable usage by removing the hydrocarbon groups on the active sites of the surface of the nanocatalysts. Our results provide insights into the effective visible photocatalytic nature and controlled process which removes the poisoning effect and regenerates the catalytic properties.


Wire-bonding is and will stay one of the essential interconnection methods in electronic packaging. Physics-based modeling of interconnects between the wire material and the substrate metallization has been constantly advanced over the last five years. Due to the variety and complexity of the mechanisms occurring during bonding it is required to clarify some open issues for a thorough interpretation of the metallurgical processes that take place at the interface of the weld and in the wire. One of these issues relates to the thermo-mechanical processes at or in the vicinity in the interface between the wire and the substrate during an ultrasonic wedge/wedge wire-bonding. These processes shall be qualified by a micro-thermomechanical model and also incorporated quantitatively in the bonding process. In this paper a thermomechanical analysis of ultrasonic wire bonding is performed by means of 3D finite element (FE) simulations. On the wire the bonding force is applied as well as ultrasonic vibration, which causes shear stresses in the wire and a frictional movement between the wire and the pad. The change of temperature in the interface between the aluminum wire and the gold metallization of a copper-nickel pad is studied. It is shown that a rise of temperature is obtained due to the plastic deformation of the wire caused by the bonding force, the shear stresses and by the friction with the pad. It is also shown that the maximum temperature is still lower than the temperature required for a proper material transport, proofing that this temperature rise cannot be alone responsible for ultrasonic wire bonding.


Comment 10: The authors argued "a central application of this database is the development of models of litter decomposition for aridlands", and they used a subset of the database (30 entries) to examine the identifiability of various model structures (1-, 2-, 3-pool models, with parallel and series structure for last two). The results show that twopool parallel and series models with one fixed parameter have the highest identifiable percentage. I'd like to learn more opinions from the authors on whether and how the data samples could affect this result. In these 30 entries, about half of them have more than 5 time points, and only five entries have more than 8 time points. Will including more sites with >8 time points change the result? For the three-pool model, it seems like the series structure has a better identifiability under 2 parameters (Fig 5d and 5e). Is it possibly caused by the entries used (only sites with >8 time points used in three pool series)? If these models are tested by different subsets of the database, how do you justify the identifiability comparison among them?


Field release and detection of engineered Pseudomonas fluorescens strain with Bt cry genes was carried in Baoding, Hebei province. The colonization,diffusion and controlling effect of this strain were investigated. Its effect on natural enemies and arthropod community were researched, also its relation with ebb and flow of native Bacillus. The results showed that BioP8 could colonize and survive in cotton environment. Density of BioP8 reached the highest level either in soil or on leaves three days after sprayed on cotton. Simulated experiment showed that there was no mutual antagonistic between BioP8 and natural bacillus. BioP8 could affect abundance degree of arthropod group in field in some degree. The highest ratio between natural enemies and insects in Biop8 field was higher than in chemical field by 45.2%.


The main purpose of formation of the mechanism of settlement attitudes (relations) in modern conditions is creation of effective procedures of duly and full maintenance by budgetary appropriations of primary goals in the field of maintenance of national safety of Russia, facing to armed Forces (an establishment of a direct communication from the top downward), and introduction of principles and procedures of management by results of. The addressee of means of the federal budget will form financial result of establishment on the basic parameters of one state function. The offered measure will simplify process of gathering of parameters of financial result at other Managers, whose activity is connected to maintenance of the armed protection of the state, and most precisely will allow to estimate cost of the given services by these establishments. Codification of resources depending on their kind will allow generating the financial information, allowing estimating a degree of the contribution in the decision of tasks in view (achievement of the purposes) to a functional attributes. The offered structure of financial parameters will allow to define(determine) with the greatest degree of probability both a condition of armed Forces, and dynamics(changes) of their development in a cut(section) of each structural unit and them The contribution to cumulative result.


Abstract We use satellite remote sensing data of grassland cover in Inner Mongolia, China to test whether the existence of and the size of roads in 1995 is associated with the nature of the grassland in 2000 and/or if it affects the rate of change of the grassland between 1995 and 2000. The regression results show that the impact of roads on grassland cover depends on the nature of the resource. When the grassland is composed of relatively high quality grassland, roads lead to degradation, whereas when grassland resources are sparse, access to a road results in the restoration of the resource.


Italy ranks second in Mediterranean basin as for production and export of olive oil. Oil production means proportional volumes of organic waste that need to be disposed of. Assuming that to be sustainable in the long term a production process must have a circular flow of energy and raw material, a system has been studied for organic waste valorization so to create a technical cycle where waste of olive production is used to a) extract polyphenols, b) produce energy through anaerobic digestion (AD), c) use organic residual from AD as a fertilizer for olive grove. The study was based on the assumption that the vegetation waters and the exhausted pomace have a high content of polyphenol molecules with high value added potential. The polyphenols, however, if left in the exhausted pomace give it bactericidal capacity which prevents extensive use as soil fertilizer as it interferes with soil microbiome. For the same bactericidal activity the exhausted pomace could show difficulty in AD for the production of biogas. For these reasons, at present a common destination for depleted pomace is incineration with consequent loss of organic matter and energy. Both for economic and environmental reasons the study was developed to manage the exhausted pomace in a circular economy perspective: extraction of polyphenols and subsequent anaerobic digestion of residual pomace with energy and digestate production. Data used in the study refer to an olive treatment plant of average medium/small dimensions. Results demonstrate the possibility to put in place an economically sustainable production cycle.


Basically, if a Christian who serves in government lives outside the control of absolute norms, then he tends to break the rules when carrying out his duties and responsibilities. The Bible teaches that sin is the greatest violation of God's law, so that humans are considered guilty before Him and deserve punishment (Romans 3:23 ; 6:23; Isaiah 59 :2). Acts of corruption are regarded as evil deeds in God's eyes, because they do not meet God's standards in leading (cf. Romans 13 :1-4) and should be God's servants who serve the interests of the people. In principle, followers of the Christian religion are called by God to sit in government with the aim that they can carry out their duties and responsibilities in accordance with the teachings of the Bible. To achieve this, adherents of Christianity are expected to prepare themselves to live in faith and holiness according to the teachings of the Bible. According to the author's opinion, it is very important to build faith from an early age before someone plunges into the world of government. This is so that they can be formed and matured in their faith so that they can become witnesses of Christ in community service. Saint Augustine once said, as Price explained, that if Christians live according to the values of the Bible, then they will show genuine love for others


In this age of modern era, the use of internet must be maximized. Yeah, internet will help us very much not only for important thing but also for daily activities. Many people now, from any level can use internet. The sources of internet connection can also be enjoyed in many places. As one of the benefits is to get the on-line clinical aspects of life threatening arrhythmias annals ser vol 427 book, as the world window, as many people suggest.


This curriculum plan for educators is a three-credit undergraduate course that focuses on recognizing and eliminating gender bias in teacher attitudes and behavior. The purpose of the curriculum plan is to integrate gender equity awareness, skills, and competencies into teacher preparation programs. As a result, preservice educators will have an opportunity to examine their existing beliefs regarding gender equity before assuming their professional roles. The curriculum plan provides course participants an opportunity to explore the effects of gender-biased and gender-fair teaching techniques. The activities and ideas for discussion are action-oriented and require student participation in determining goals for altering existing structures that contribute to gender bias and develop means for accomplishing those goals. Activities are designed for 15 3-hour classes. Each class is based on a practical problem related to gender equity. Supporting content is listed for each practical problem, followed by valued ends. Several suggested activities are provided. There are suggested resources for class reading and further reference lists to enhance the learning. Nonprint media and transparencies, and an observation instrument are also included. Contains 110 references. (SM) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************


The effects of the spin quantum number of each sublattice on the quantum fluctuations are discussed for different spin configurations in four‐sublattice ferrimagnetic systems. In multi‐sublattice ferrimagnets, although the individual sublattice magnetization vectors do not offset each other, but their deviations vectors can cancel out. Namely, the sum of the deviations of magnetization of sites with same initiate spin direction, equals to that of sites with opposite initiate spin direction Σi Δ  m 0i = Σj Δ  m 0j , i and j denote respectively the spins along the up and down initiate spin directions). The role of the spin quantum number of each site on magnetic properties of the system is correlative with properties of the exchange couplings surrounding the site. The results show that the proportion of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange couplings, the spin quantum number of each sublattice and the magnetically structural symmetry of the system all play important roles on the quantum fluctuations of the systems. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Several routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS), including the well known Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), propose the use of periodic messages (Hello messages) to detect neighbor nodes. After receiving the first Hello message from one of its neighbors, a node starts the link sensing task by setting up a sensing timer. Each time a new Hello message is received from the same neighbor, the sensing timer is restarted and the link duration is prolonged. If the sensing timer expires, it indicates a long time interval without receiving an Hello message and, consequently, the link is considered broken. The transmission frequency of the Hello messages and the expiration value of the sensing timer truly depends on node's mobility: if the nodes are moving quickly and the Hello messages are rarely transmitted, the neighbor nodes can be in communication range but they are not detected; in the same scenario, if the expiration value of the sensing timer is too high, a link is sensed broken too late. In this paper, we consider a MANET under the Random Waypoint mobility model. We investigate the relationship between the transmission frequency of the Hello messages and the sensing timer expiration value with the network node's mobility. We formally deduce the probability of link existence after $\beta$ periods of transmission of the Hello message. The probability is later used to define the sensing timer expiration value, considering a given probability that the Hello message transmission fails. Finally, we evaluate our study through both numerically analysis and simulations, which confirms the effectiveness and accuracy of our approach.


Because of the difficulties associated with studying actual presidential assailants, "proxies" have been used to help us understand those who have a pathological fixation on the presidency. The literature describing two groups of proxies, White House visitors who behave irrationally and people who threaten the president, was reviewed. MMPIs were collected on 45 presidential threateners and 45 nonthreateners evaluated at mental health facilities for federal prisoners. The threateners' characteristics resembled reports of other proxy groups in certain respects, but their criminal histories suggested more antisocial behavior and violence than previously indicated. Their MMPI profiles and classifications on Megargee et al.'s MMPI-based offender classification system were significantly more deviant than those of the nonthreateners. Overall, both samples of mental health patients had more elevated MMPIs and were classified into more pathological types on the MMPI-based typology than offenders previously tested in nonpsychiatric federal correctional settings. Implications were drawn regarding the characteristics of presidential threateners and the validity of the MMPI-based typology.


they agree with VL and Β against S. This introduces serious complications for the translator, and they cannot be solved simply by counting heads. Apparently Z. knew nothing of the Qumrân finds when his book was being readied. Apart from the fact that he does not discuss them in connection with the text, he does not mention the distinction they introduce in the names of the father and son; the father is always tôbî, and the son tôbîyah or tôbîyahu. The two latter forms are known from the OT, and the latter, as an abbreviated form, from the Talmud.


This article addresses the issues related to specialized courts, specifically focusing on business courts, and provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of non-Delaware business courts. After addressing the theoretical assumptions of and civil justice goals served by business courts, the article proposes a framework to evaluate and measure the success of business courts by focusing on efficiency, quality of decision-making, and the perception of due process. The article surveys existing business courts and undertakes a comparative analysis of their structural elements: case subject matter, jurisdiction, minimum damages thresholds, and transfer procedures. The article then analyzes the existing programs under the proposed framework by comparing program elements that demonstrate efficiency, such as case management programs, demonstrate quality, such as low reversal rates, and demonstrate due process, such as publication of opinions.


According to the classical definition, in order to relate an individual to a particular nation, the person must correspond to 4 distinctive digital features: culture, territory, economy, and language (in alphabetical order). However, as our observations and subsequent analysis show, 99 % of the country's population prefers to succeed in material terms for a short human life, not comparing the depth of reality, but merely presenting a methodological scheme for the gradation of contribution to the development of society and the reward each receives. That is, we have only attempts to observe justice in the system of the visible part of the income and expenditure of the majority of citizens, for example, by profession, status and activity of the application of labor, experience, skill, etc. But we don't want to mention the parasitic layer in national wealth with veiled "consent" of society.


Computer vision contributions. The problem of interpreting visual information in terms of 3-D complex objects and their motions (rigid, articulated, and/or deformable) is an ill-posed problem from a mathematical point of view. In particular, one fundamental issue that needs to be investigated is the problem of matching or the image correspondence problem. Matching is everywhere in vision: stereo correspondence, multiple-camera reconstruction, tracking, 2-D and 3-D object recognition, and so forth. I am among the first computer vision researchers to introduce geometric constraints in order to reduce the combinatorial explosion associated with matching and to devise tractable methods and algorithms.


We have measured the centroid shift of low resolution HST FOC spectra as the dominant star changes from the Cepheid to the hot companion. With this approach we have resolved the AW Per system and marginally resolved the U Aql system.


ed by CAS, the per cent growth between 1988 and 2001 is as follows: USA (31), Germany (45), Italy (92), Spain (127), Switzerland (73), UK (39), China (333), India (26), Japan (77), South Korea (591), Taiwan (330) and Brazil (395). I have heard Arunachalam being debunked by some of our 'leading' scientists; they argue that Indian scientists might be publishing less, but the quality of their papers is so high that we do not have to worry about China. So, further statistics on papers published in ACS journals are pertinent. The corresponding per cent growth rates are: USA (31), Germany (231), Italy (149), Spain (558), Switzerland (126), UK (300), China (909), India (177), Japan (151), South Korea (1472), Taiwan (718) and Brazil (500). Now, I wait for further arguments such as: (i) ACS journals are not of the best quality; yes, I know ours are much better. (ii) Chemistry is not such an important subject; this would be from biologists. (iii) We have a 177% increase, so why worry? This would be from chemists. (iv) The per cent increases for USA and Japan are lower than ours; they need to be told that the total number of papers in ACS journals in 2001 was: USA (9051), India (307) and Japan (2062). More absurdly, in the same year, South Korea already had more papers (346) in ACS journals than India. The same was true of Taiwan (327). Spain is a country where salary increases are connected to impact factors. In Germany, the linking of these impact factors to research funding is more or less automatic. Amazingly, it has both a high growth rate and a large number of papers. Look at the numbers in the C&EN article. The numbers tell the story. The alarm bells are ringing and have been ringing for some time. Only, no one is listening. Cultivated deafness, spooky logic and morbid obstinacy are truly prized assets in the Indian scientific community today.


The regularities of changes in the composition and properties (micro- and nanohardness, HB hardness) of the structural components - α-solid solution and eutectic components of the AK7ch alloy (AL9) depending on the value of the addition of Al-Y-Ce-La master alloy are established. With an increase in the addition of Al-Y-Ce-La master alloy a sharp change is observed in the composition and properties of the structural components of the AK7ch alloy - α-solid solution Si in aluminum and eutectic α + Si, as well as complex-doped aluminides from Si, Fe and rear earth metals (REM). The structural components of the AK7ch alloy are identified with the addition of an increasing amount of Al-Y-Ce-La master alloy (α-solid solution of Si in aluminum, eutectic α+Si, complex-doped aluminides of rare-earth metals of variable composition AlxSiyREMz and AlxSiyFezREMν). A correlation between the solubility of silicon in α-solid solution and its microhardness is found. To increase microhardness of the eutectic and hardness of the AK7ch alloy, it is necessary to add the synthesized ligature in the amount of 0.1 wt.%.


On the basis of upper-bound theorem and lower-bound theorem of limit analysis,this paper gives answers of bearing capacity of around-unconfined cube soil which follows Tresca yield condition.Through setting up formula that work power by external force power equals to rates of internal energy dissipation by suitable choice of a kinematically admissible velocity field,the upper-bound solution can be obtained.From selection of certain stress legs,the lower-bound solution can be obtained.The results give reference to application of underpinning slab technology.


In recent years, I have become increasingly interested in the question of self-initiated behavior change or the process by which individuals come to change their own behavior without the assistance of external treatment programs or formal intervention techniques. Based on a preliminary study of New Year's Resolutions as a framework within which to study self-initiated change (Marlatt and Kaplan, 1972), my interests have recently focused on addictive behaviors as an arena of investigation. Specifically, I am interested in studying the process of self-initiated change in individuals who attempt to modify or discontinue their use of alcohol and tobacco. The purpose of this research is simple and straight-forward: what factors distinguish between those who succeed and those who fail in their efforts at self-control? Can we predict success through a detailed assessment of individual factors such as demographic status, motivation, personality or constitutional traits, learning history, capacity to engage in effective coping skills, etc.? Along with other investigators (e.g., Litmanetal., 1979), our research team is in the process of investigating both the failures (those who relapse) and the successes (the "survivors") among individuals who have attempted to stop smoking and/or drinking on their own (Cummings^ al., 1980; Marlatt and Gordon, 1980). By careful analysis of both the determinants of relapse and the strategies of survival, we hope to be able to provide useful information and assistance for those who are embarking upon an attempt to change their personal habits. In an ongoing study of people who have quit smoking on their own, we


of itself, but only an instrument for a Pentecost and Missions, by Harry fuller understanding of the church's plan R. Boer. Grand Rapids, Michigan: of action. Quite in contrast with such a William B. Eerdmans Publishing volume as The Theology of Christia.n Company, 1961. 270 pp. $5.00. Mission, edited by Gerald H. Anderson,' Reviewed by which contains valuable summaries of EUGIDXE A. 'NIDA contemporary but largely moribund theoPentecost and Missions may very well logical thought on missions, Pentecost and prove to be one of the most significant Missions breathes the air of personal in' books to be written on the "Theology volvement and commitment, for Boer is of Missions" within the last thirty years. himself a missionary and is not speaking This certainly is not just another doctoral from the desk of the professor but from dissertation, even though it was presented the front lines of personal witness. as such to the faculty of the Free UniBoer begins his analysis with a brief versity of Amsterdam. Rather, it is a discussion of the importance of the theme thought-provoking, intensely challenging, of the Great Commission in the history and thoroughly Bible,oriented approach of the modem missionary movement. In to the theology of missionary work, not this connection he also treats the disturbonly in New Testament times but espeing lack of any missionary concern among dally for our OW'!l century. the leaders of the Reformation. Boer sugThe dominant theme of this book is gests that part of the problem in modem the emphasis upon the significance of missions is too great a reliance on the Pentecost for the mission enterprise, in Great Commision, without an adequate contrast with what has been typical for understanding of the meaning of Pen' the last century and a half, namely, the tecost, especially in the history of the dependence upon the Great Commission early church. Accordingly, he shifts his of "00 ye into all the world and make focus to a careful consideration of the disciples ...." Boer is convinced that many aspects of Pentecost and its direct even for the New Testament church, bearing on the expansion of the church as described in the Acts of the Apostles. as recorded in Acts. documenting with Pentecost was the decisive event which great care and skill his contention that motivated and dominated its witness and the giving of the Spirit at Pentecost Was outreach. He does not denythe relevance the decisive event which colored all later of the Great Commission but argues con' expansions. Boer contends that this was vincingly that for the church, Pentecost particularly true of the crucial issue of was the really significant and guiding Cornelius, for it Was the gift of the reality. Spirit which convinced Peter and which Boer's approach to this problem of proved incontrovertible to the dismayed mission motivation in the broadest sense leaders in Jerusalem.


Acupuncture has been widely used to treat a variety of disease and symptoms. But various complications have been reported. Among them, peripheral nerve injuries have been reported less frequently than other complications. The purpose of this report is to describe what we believe to be the first case of delayed superficial and deep peroneal nerve compressive neuropathy caused by fibrotic mass formed by neglected broken acupuncture needle.


Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs generated by back-splicing. Back-splicing has been considered as a rare event, but circRNAs were recently found to be abundantly expressed among a variety of human cells and tissues. Nevertheless, the expressional regulation, processing and biological functions of circRNAs are largely unknown. Cytoplasmic circRNAs can bind and trap microRNAs, whereas nuclear circRNAs may affect host gene expression. However, the expression, regulation and functions of circRNAs in endothelial cells have not been determined so far. In this study, basal expression and regulation of circRNAs by hypoxia in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) were analyzed using deep sequencing. Among the identified 7,388 circRNAs, 2,875 had not been annotated before. We further validated the expression of 40 selected circRNAs by RT-PCR and found that the majority is resistant to RNase R digestion, lacks polyadenylation and is localized to the cytoplasm. Cloning and subsequent sequencing valida...


The achievable total-to-static efficiency of low pr essure axial fans is estimated as a function of design point. In a first step, all hydraulic losses are neglected such that the target of maximum total-to-static efficiency equals the minimization f exit losses. Minimal exit losses are found by optimizing the hub-to-tip ratio and the load distri bution. A more realistic estimation is obtained by predicting the fan performance with CFD-trained artificial neural networks (ANNs) which are coupled with an evolutionary optimization algor ithm. The ANNs were obtained from earlier studies by the authors of this work. Finally, the A NN-based optimization is repeated with constrained input space to estimate the impact of prac tical restrictions on the achievable efficiency.


Geometric determination of airborne three line scanner sensors integrated with POS will involve the local tangent plane reference transformation,block adjustment,spatial forword intersection and coordinate conversion between WGS84 coordinate system and national coordinate system,and so on.This paper mainly discussed the technology on local rectifying plane coordinate system transformation,coordinate conversion from WGS84 coordinate system to national coordinate system assisted by refined geoid models.The experiment showed that the positioning precision by geometric determination method in this paper is better than 1 pixel.


Organic production in the sea can be measured by studying the changes in phosphate throughout the water column. Results obtained by this method are compared with estimates of carbon uptake using 14C made on the Fladen Ground during 1955 and 1956. There is good general agreement between the two methods but some differences in the vertical distribution. The results are also used to calculate filtering rates of phytoplankton and sinking rates of zooplankton, and to compare observed and predicted vertical distributions of chlorophyll.


The incoming planned missions to the Moon and beyond would require an uplink channel significantly larger in frequency than the ones normally used in S and X band. This paper presents a preliminary study for the upgrade of the European Space Agency (ESA) Deep Space Antennas (DSAs) optical configuration in order to implement the new K band uplink channel (22.55–23.15 GHz). Among the different possible Beam Waveguide (BWG) layouts, one of the many aspect to be investigated is the design of new Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs), which are employed to merge/separate the different frequency bands. Preliminary designs and results, for both the BWG optics and the dichroic mirrors, are presented, with a particular focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the different solutions.


Manipulation of objects is a key factor to allow humans to perform their tasks and it is divided into two different phases: reaching, here the vision is the main sensor, and grasping, where the fingers apply force and use tactile feedback to constantly evaluate if the grasp is stable. Vizzy robot has a local hand control unit that works at a high frequency as a low-level force feedback controller, allowing a hierarchical control architecture. Its fingers have three DC motors with one encoder each and a total of twelve joints. The hand is under-actuated and under-observed due to the lack of encoders. Thus, making it essential to close the loop with tactile information, mainly when a load is applied on the finger and simple position control of the joint is not effective. The main objective of this work was to develop a grasp control system based on position and tactile force feedback in Gazebo simulated environment. This was done with a hybrid position/force controller. The DC motor encoders give feedback to control the finger while it is not touching the object. When contact is detected, the control is done with the force measured by the sensors. The control system developed was able to perform precision and power grasps, have taken into account the physical properties of the real robot, hardware available and its control architecture. The quality was assured by introducing noise to the actuators of the hand and measuring the force applied by the fingers.


The present paper proposes an entropy based algorithm for the feature elimination in cartographic generalization. The methodology is tested on a map with 100 point symbols. The experiment demonstrates how the most con°icting map symbols are detected and eliminated from the map. The optimal symbol size can be computed from the entropy model. It is shown how to modify the entropy measure in such a way that the point elimination to a high degree preserves the point clusters.


Role-based access control (RBAC) is a popular framework for securing information systems in medium to large organizations with hundreds or thousands of employees. However, very few descriptions of existing RBAC systems can be found in the literature. In this paper, we challenge the belief, notion or sense that the number of subjects far exceeds the roles found in enterprise systems. First, we analyze the RBAC system found at ACME University, comparing it to a recently introduced fragment of RBAC called bi-sorted role-based access control (RBÄC). Then we investigate how ACME performs access management, using our new hierarchical graphing model to better visualize the subject-permission mappings. Next, we present our results and introduce a new role-centric methodology for dynamically constraining access to information. Finally, we describe how organizational scalability is enhanced at ACME University by decoupling subject and permission management at the expense of managed role explosion.


Lepidopterous stem-borers are the most serious and widely distributed insect pests of sorghum. Among the several avenues of their control, the use of resistant varieties holds good prospects. In order to identify the sources of resistance to stem-borers (Chilo partellus, Busseola fusca, Eldana saccharina and Sesamia calamistis), a large number of sorghum lines from Kenya, India and Texas, U.S.A. have been screened under a very heavy natural infestation in Western Kenya. Several promising lines with resistance potential have been identified for the stem-borer complex which include: IS 10370, L-2 (TX 2780), IS 10364, IS 1044, S-178, IS 3962, IS 4213, IS 12447, IS 18479, IS 18326, L-l (A&B TX 2756), IS 4405, IS 10711, IS 18676, IS 5613, IS 18517, IS 18323, IS 4881, IS 1151 and IS 18427.


Aquatic plant is an important component of a constructed wetland system for treating acid mine drainage (AMD).This study was conducted to investigate the remediation effects of planting three aquatic plants species on AMDquality in simulated wetland systems. Simulated wetland systems were constructed using 10-L plastic containersas growth media comprising mixed-organic substrates and aquatic plant species as planting treatments. Thetreatments involved individual plantings with Fimbristilys hispidula (Vahl) Konth, Mariscus compactus (Retz) Druce,and Typha angustifolia L., and mixed-planting with a combined three-plant species. As the control was the unplantedmedia. The plants were continuously flooded with very acidic AMD collected from a mine pit in PT TambangBatubara Bukit Asam, South Sumatra. During the experiment, the acidity (pH), oxidation reduction potential (Eh),and electrical conductivity (EC) of the flooding AMD were measured after 24 hours of the flooding, and thenbiweekly until the plants entered their reproductive stage. To estimate Fe removed by plants, AMD samples weretaken from both planted and unplanted systems for total dissolved Fe analyses. The data revealed some remediationeffects of planting aquatic plants on AMD in the wetland treatment systems. The presence of plants in the wetlandsystem appeared to induce oxygen diffusion to surrounding roots, which might result in Fe precipitation on rootsurface. Although no differences among planting treatments, Fe removals by plants highly correlated (R2=0.92)with the production of plant biomass.


1. Introduction: Noise in Music 2. Electricity 3. Free 4. Industry 5. Inept 6. Power 7. Japan 8. Merzbow 9. Electronic 10. Quiet 11. Conclusion.


The present invention relates to a drawing picture book, and in particular, when a user draws a picture on a drawing paper of a drawing book made up of a plurality of drawing papers, it becomes a picture frame drawn by the user.


Abstract Aims – To ascertain the factors that influence patient satisfaction within a clinic, and measure our departments' performance in this respect. Methods – All patients attending a rhinology clinic for a one month period were prospectively invited to complete a questionnaire designed to assess their satisfaction with every aspect of the clinic environment, its coordination, and their interaction with the doctor. Results – The average delay from GP referral to clinic appointment was five weeks. Of the patients who responded 45% were seen by the Consultant, 37% by the Registrar and 9% by the SHO. 58% of patients seen by the consultant were highly satisfied compared with 46% and 25% for the Registrar and SHO respectively. When moderate satisfaction was also taken into consideration, 81% of patients seen by the Consultant were either moderately or highly satisfied. For the Registrar and SHO these figures equated to 81% and 75% respectively. The waiting room environment and the time spent waiting were the main causes for concern, but the doctor's appearance and the patient's consultation with the doctor were satisfactory. Conclusions – Efforts should be made to improve the waiting room environment and minimise waiting time. The degree of patient satisfaction is directly proportional to the experience of their doctor. The doctor's appearance does not affect patient satisfaction.


In recent discussions of the problem of truth, Austin's views have been largely overlooked. This is unfortunate, since many of his criticisms aimed at Strawson's redundancy theory carry over to more recent incarnations of deflationism. And unlike contemporary versions of the correspondence theory of truth, Austin's manages properly to situate truth in its conceptual neighbourhood wherein it belongs to "a whole dimension of different appraisals which have something or other to do with the relation between what we say and the facts." A proper analysis of truth cannot be given apart from a broader study of speech acts.


Based on the nutrient uptake of the criolla potato (S olanum  phureja  var. Galeras), the critical nutritional levels were determined on a farm in the Carrizal district of the municipality of Granada (Cundinamarca). Five fertilizing treatments were used: 0 fertilization (control), commercial control (CC), proposed recommendation + 50% (PR + 50%), proposed recommendation (PR), proposed recommendation - 50% (PR - 50%); organized with a random complete block design with three repetitions and repeated measurements over time; in each one, the material and nutrient absorption were evaluated in four phonological stages; in which the harvest, yield and profitability were measured. It was observed that the dry material increased rapidly until 113 days after planting (dap) and was higher in treatments CC and PR + 50% with 8,818 and 7,743 kg ha -1  , respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu and B did not present significant differences over time after 77 dap in treatments CC and PR + 50%. There were no significant differences in yield for treatments CC and PR + 50% but there were significant differences between these treatments and the others. The economic analysis showed that treatment CC had the highest profitability, confirming this as the critical level for the Galeras variety in Granada (Cundinamarca).


Chaos theory provides a useful mental model for guiding change as leaders garner the energy from unpredictable events for realizing transformation goals. The paper considers chaos theory as a framework for managing school change toward Total Quality Management work cultures. Change is possible to manage when plans are made and then followed by a careful and continuous reading of the chaotic landscape of the school workplace, using the unexpected patterns that surface as energy for change. The paper discusses issues that school leaders now face in managing change, presents a few of the basic concepts found in the yet scant literature of chaos theory, and reports what teachers and principals in 28 schools had to say about change. The study examined the change process in 28 schools in Florida, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Virginia. Data were gathered through interviews with the 28 principals and through questionnaires administered to 1,235 teachers. Findings indicate that change is more likely to be successful if an array of collaborative structures and systems are created to foster continuous dialogue, exchange, and problem solving among work groups. The principals reported that it is possible to engineer the end of unresponsive structures, systems, and programs. The patterns that emerged from the interviews reinforce the utility of Quality as a mental model for guiding change, and chaos theory as a way to ground educators' efforts. (Contains 33 references.) (LMI) ********************************************************************************


The challenge of designing risk or sustainability indicators that communicate effectively to non‐technical audiences may be even greater than described by Gray and Wiedemann (1999) in this journal. To meet the objectives of the international community, which includes involving stakeholders in policy discussions, indicators will need to fulfill communicative criteria articulated by Gray and Wiedemann. Yet our exploratory research of New Jersey indicators suggests that without substantial pre‐testing and revision of indicators, efforts to communicate with stakeholders and members of the public may be frustrated.


An octagon quadrangle is the graph consisting of an 8-cycle (x1, x2, ..., x8) with two additional chords: the edges {x1, x4} and {x5, x8}. An octagon quadrangle system of order v and index λ [OQS] is a pair (X,H), where X is a finite set of v vertices and H is a collection of edge disjoint octagon quadrangles (called blocks) which partition the edge set of λKv defined on X. An octagon quadrangle system Σ = (X, H) of order v and index λ is said to be upper C4 − perfect if the collection of all of the upper 4cycles contained in the octagon quadrangles form a μ-fold 4-cycle system of order v; it is said to be upper strongly perfect, if the collection of all of the upper 4-cycles contained in the octagon quadrangles form a μ-fold 4-cycle system of order v and also the collection of all of the outside 8-cycles contained in the octagon quadrangles form a %-fold 8-cycle system of order v. In this paper, the authors determine the spectrum for these systems, in the case that it is the largest possible.


Through compressive strength test,flexural strength test,cement setting time test,and mixed technology test of cement slurry and cement mortar.The modifying effect of mechanism and property of polyacryamide modifying cement slurry and cement mortar are studied.Relevant test and analysis show that polyacryamide can obviously affect mixing technology and setting time of cement slurry.Moreover,polyacryamide can not only effectively enhance flexural strength and compressive strength,but also decrease the ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength.