considered conclusive. And the impact of globalisation on the conduct of German foreign policy (a macro view of the nation-state acting collectively) is hardly mentioned. Some readers may also find that his cultural–intellectual approach to the subject places too much emphasis on historical discourse and not enough on the course of history. But it is precisely these controversial aspects of this study that make this translation particularly welcome. It will facilitate a wider debate on the relative merits of this innovative new perspective on the history of the German Empire.


In this work we examined a particular real- time avionics application, forrnulated a parallel algorithm for solving it. and characterized ithe parallel algorithm's behav- ior. We then created a simulation model of a parallel com- puter architecture based on SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface) and tested the performance of the real-time avionics parzllel algorithm on this architecture. We found that for this particu- lar real-time avionics application, the base SCI technology is sufficient to build a parallel computer which can solve the application within the required real-time requirements. We do riot conclude that SCI is sufficient for al/ real-time avion- ics applications; rather, we advocate utilizing this experimen- tal methodology to test, for a given real-time avionics appli- cation, whether the base SCI technology can solve the prob- lem within the problem's constraints.


This study was conducted on a human anthropomorphic phantom to investigate the effective dose and entrance skin dose (ESD) in selected radiosensitive organs through invasive and computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography procedures using different dose-saving techniques. The effective dose was calculated as 2.49, 3.35 and 9.62 mSv, respectively, corresponding to three coronary CT angiography protocols, including prospective ECG gating and retrospective ECG gating with and without tube current modulation. In comparison, the effective dose was calculated as 7.26, 6.35, 5.58 and 4.71 mSv at four different magnifications acquired with invasive coronary angiography. The highest ESD was measured in the breast during the coronary CT angiography and in the thyroid gland during invasive coronary angiography. Although invasive coronary angiography produces lower radiation dose than coronary CT angiography, application of modified techniques in both CT and invasive coronary angiography is recommended in clinical practice for radiation dose reduction.


INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of infection after the placement of an extraventricular drainage (EVD) catheter can be a very serious problem in neurosurgery.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to confirm that the use of special catheters with impregnated antibiotics decreased the percentage of infection.

METHODS
The prospective study conducted at the Clinic of Neurosurgery in Nis in the period 2006-2009 is presented. Group 1 comprised of 43 patients in whom a commonly used system for EVD was applied. Group 2 comprised of 39 patients in whom the Rifampycin and Clindamycin impregnated EVD catheters were applied (Bactiseal catheters).

RESULTS
In Group 1 infection occurred in nine patients, mainly caused by bacteria of Staphylococcus genus. In Group 2 only two patients developed infections caused by Acinetobacter.

CONCLUSION
The use of Bactiseal EVD catheters considerably decreased the percentage of infection occurrence with prolonged EVD catheter drainage period.


Background and Aims

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and powdery mildew infection could increase the concentration of phenolic substances and proteins in grape berries. This study investigates the changes in the composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapes in response to UV exclusion and to powdery mildew infection, and any consequential influence on the extraction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins into juice which may influence bentonite requirement for wines.

Methods and Results

Exclusion of UV and powdery mildew infection treatments was applied to potted grapevines grown in a glasshouse. For all treatments, grape skin, pulp and extracted juice were analysed for the concentration of phenolic substances and proteins. The UV exclusion treatment resulted in a lower concentration of phenolic substances, tannins and PR proteins in grape skin, but had no effect on the PR proteins in pulp. Powdery mildew infection of grapes resulted in a significant increase in PR proteins in grape skin and pulp but had no impact on tannins in skin. A lower concentration of PR proteins was observed in the corresponding juice from the control of the UV exclusion experiment. The significantly higher concentration of PR proteins in grapes from the high powdery mildew infection treatment was reflected in the resultant juice.

Conclusions

Powdery mildew infection and UV exclusion have a significant impact on the composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapes. The concentration of PR proteins in juice is predominantly determined by their concentration in grape pulp, but their concentration in grape skin and interactions with phenolic substances/tannins during the juicing process may modulate their final concentration in juice.

Significance of the Study

Pathogenesis-related proteins are the main cause of haze formation in finished white wine. The findings presented here contribute to an improved understanding of the variable concentration of PR proteins in juice and resultant wine, and hence the variation in bentonite requirement.


Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome (PLS) is (OMIM 245'000) a rare genodermatosis, transmitted in an autosomal recessive mode. The disease results from mutations in the CTSC gene (11q14.2) encoding cathepsin C or dipeptidyl peptidase1 . The clinic is marked by recurrent gingivitis, tooth loss and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. We report the case of a 19-year-old patient who presented with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and erythemato-squamous plaques (figure 1), with involvement of knees and elbows. The patient had recurrent abscesses mainly on inguinal and axillary areas.


A number of theories have been advanced to explain the reasons, findings and revelations for differing patterns observed in the areas of women and minority business ownership. This paper begins by looking at the statistical distribution of women and minority business owners in various industries. It continues with a look at four of the theories that have been applied to women and minority business ownership. The paper ends by introducing a new theory - oligopolistic discrimination, and by explaining the statistical distribution of women and minority business owners in various industries and proposing empirical hypotheses that can later be tested.


The Third-generation central leading body with Jiang Zemin as the key figure has inherited and promoted Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic thoughts, upheld independent and peace-oriented diplomatic policies, raised highly the banner of peace, development and cooperation, formed new diplomatic ideas in accordance with the characteristics of the times, and created a new diplomatic era aiming at seeking peace and development.


This study defines mass customization (MC) characteristics to be prioritized in the design of mass customized services. We propose a classification of mass customization characteristics in the services customization area based on MC enablers and service enablers. These enablers are related using the house of quality matrix from QFD (quality function deployment) and are rewritten after gathering importance inputs from managers familiar with the service under consideration, using a reverse QFD procedure. Using this method, it is possible to determine the main characteristics to be considered in a mass customized service. Two case studies are presented to exemplify the proposed methodological steps, one in an electricity distribution company and another in a private university.


In this paper, we propose a novel image classification method based on sparse reconstruction errors to discriminate cancerous breast tissue microarray (TMA) discs from benign ones. Sparse representation is employed to reconstruct the samples and separate the benign and cancer discs. The method consists of several steps including mask generation, dictionary learning, and data classification. Mask generation is performed using multiple scale texton histogram, integral histogram and AdaBoost. Two separate cancer and benign TMA dictionaries are learned using K-SVD. Sparse coefficients are calculated using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP), and the reconstructive error of each testing sample is recorded. The testing image will be divided into many small patches. Each small patch will be assigned to the category which produced the smallest reconstruction error. The final classification of each testing sample is achieved by calculating the total reconstruction errors. Using standard RGB images, and tested on a dataset with 547 images, we achieved much better results than previous literature. The binary classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are 88.0%, 90.6%, and 70.5%, respectively.


221 college students completed measures of their trait argumentativeness along with measures involving their relations with their roommates. Argumentativeness was not related to satisfaction with communication or to social attraction.


This report summarizes results of a study on development of system operating strategies for the coordinated operation of ramp metering and adjacent traffic signal systems. Under this study, a conceptual design of an integration system capable of coordinating the existing freeway ramp metering and arterial traffic control systems was proposed and four operating strategies were developed to be used as the integration system functions. Using real-world data from two study sites, the benefits of the developed strategies were investigated through computer simulation. The strategies/tactics combinations were modeled as various levels of coordination to be achieved by the freeway ramp metering, the arterial signal system, and the integration system functions. The results of the simulation showed that these levels of coordination would improve the traffic performance of the corridor. The implementation study of the developed operating strategies at a selected site also provided useful information regarding the hardware and software requirements for the integration system. The results could be applicable to most of the existing corridors within the United States.


ObjectiveTo study keratin 14(K14)expression in psoriatic les ions and investigat e the relationship between K14 expression and streptococcal infection.Me thodBac teria were isolated from throats of psoriatic patients.Patients with streptococc i were divided into two groups by culture results(group with streptococci contai ning M6 protein and group with streptococci non-containing M6 protein).Immunohis tochemical streptavidin-peroxidase technique was used to stain psoriatic lesions and normal control skins.The slides were observed descriptively through microsc opy and quantified with pathological image assay system.Results The results show ed that K14 express increasingly in the whole psoriatic epidermis,but in normal c ontrols,it expressed only in basal layer.Patients with streptococci containingM6 protein had denser and darker positive particles than those with streptococci non-containing M6 protein(P0 05)。 ConclusionIt indicate that K14 express overly in psoriatic epidermis ,especially in patients infecting streptococcus containing M6 protein.


Background: Early skin-toskin contact between the mother and newborn after birth creates an optimal environment for the adaptation of newborn to extra uterine life. This simple and costfree procedure is recommended as an important improvement in care immediately after delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mothernewborn early skin-to-skin contact on duration of third stage of labor and breastfeeding initiation. A quasi-experimental design was utilized. The study conducted in the delivery room at Benha University Hospital. A purposive sample was used to include 100 mother and her neonate these mothers were divided equally into study group apply early skin-to-skin contact technique and control group follow the routine hospital care. Three tools were used for data collection (1)Women Bio demographic characteristic tool, (2) Third stage assessment tool (3) Breastfeeding assessment tool. Results indicated statistically significant differences between study group and control groups as the study group were more positively passed the third stage of labor and success of first breastfeeding compared to control group. Conclusion and recommendation: Mother-newborn early skin-to-skin contact significantly reduced duration of the third stage of labor, reduced the time to initiate first breastfeed and enhanced the success of first breastfeed. The study recommended that mothernewborn early skin-to-skin contact should be started immediately after birth.


The outcome of recent test applications of a range of integration algorithms to models representative of those now widely encountered in large- scale power- system dynamic analysis is reported. The paper collects together the main requirements of practical dynamic analysis, and it gives the principal schemes and solution strategies that might be used in meeting these requirements. Plant equation sets are summarised in a form that is of general application and interpretation in large analysis schemes, and, for these sets, comparative studies are made of the performance of explicit and implicit methods of single- and multiple-step sequences of numerical integration. In total, some ten different methods have been included in the evaluations, and, for most of these, two, and, in some cases, three, alternative modes of implementation are studied and compared. Methods of decomposition are invoked to allow different step lengths, and, where required, different integration methods, to be associated with individual subsets of significantly different response rates. Finally, the likely role of automatic algorithm control in this area of applied analysis in power systems is discussed


Empirical research indicates that more than half of strategic alliances fail, and the outcomes of alliance failure can be devastating. Despite the increased concern about managing strategic alliances, the field still lacks a theoretical framework to describe the conditions and dynamics leading to the failure of strategic alliances. This paper attempts to distill, derive, and integrate theories across different disciplines into a unified framework that offers a better understanding of alliance failure. The conceptual framework focuses on two primary sources of alliance failure: interfirm rivalry and managerial complexity. We propose that strategic alliances fail because of the opportunistic hazards as each partner tries to maximize its own individual interests instead of collaborative interests. Also, strategic alliances fail because of the difficulties in coordinating two independent firms (i.e., coordination costs), and in aligning operations at the alliance level with parent firms' long-term goals (i.e., agency costs). The paper extends the theoretical framework by looking into a process model of alliance development and failure.


A charge generation layer(CGL) of Liq/Al/HAT-CN is used to fabricate the blue-yellow complementary tandem white organic light-emitting device. A group of dual-color devices are used to illustrate the working mechanism of CGL, and Liq/Al structure in the CGL is further studied. Under the current density of 10 mA/cm2, the operating voltage(8.3 V) and luminance(746 cd/m2) of the tandem device are both approximately the sum of those of blue device(4.2 V, 315 cd/m2) and yellow device(4.2 V, 426 cd/m2), respectively, confirming that the charge generating layer is effective. The maximum brightness of 11 420 cd/m2 is obtained at the current density of 240 mA/cm2, and the current efficiency and power efficiency are 7.2 cd/A and 2.6 lm/W under the luminance of 1 000 cd/m2, respectively. When driving current density increases from 10 mA/cm2 to 30 mA/cm2, the ratio of blue light in spectra increases by 5%, which means the stable performance of device. In view of the weak microcavity effect existing in the tandem device, we conducted in-depth research by optical simulation based on the microcavity theory. The simulation results are highly consistent with the actual spectra, demonstrating the accuracy of optical simulation calculation.


This article discusses and analyzes the current state of the Russian grain market in recent years, as well as problems and prospects for its development. Data on trends in grain production are presented. The main problems of the Russian grain market are considered, and, accordingly, the substantiation of proposals for the elimination of these problems, which will make it possible to realize the potential of grain production in the Russian Federation, is given.


This study aims to investigate to what extent the context of the Brazilian Federal Institutes determines their performance in ENEM (High School National Examination). For the development of this work, we chose to use ENEM as a source of educational evaluation, since it features summing and proactive functions, with prompt frequency, and guidance to decision-making, it is a large scale formal assessment. Data collection and survey of the learning performance and context of the Brazilian Federal Institutes disclosed by INEP (National Institute for Educational Studies and Research) included a sample of 865 reports concerning the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015. The methodological outline comprised the application of univariate methods of measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as of sample mean comparison tests; Student's T-Test to compare two samples; and Anova for more than two samples. The main findings of this present research show that its hypothesis has been confirmed to the extent that regional contexts, geographical location, and the socio-economic profile of students have strongly affected student performance in the Brazilian Federal Institutes. As for the context of school facility size, even not presenting significant general performance difference in test results, the fields of Humanities and Writing showed * English version by Karima Bezerra de Almeida. 1 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Tauá, Ceará, Brasil. Contact: email@example.com. 2Escola Estadual de Educação Profissional Professor Antônio Valmir da Silva, Caucaia, Ceará, Brasil. Contact: email@example.com. 3 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Acaraú, Ceará, Brasil. Contact: email@example.com. 4Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-4634201945199962 SECTION: ARTICLES This content is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY-NC.


We propose a security mechanism to help prevent cyber-attacks (masquerade and replay) in vehicles with architecture based on Controller Area Network (CAN). We focus on CAN as it will likely continue being used in upcoming in-vehicle architectures. The CAN protocol contains no direct support for secure communications. Retrofitting the protocol with security mechanisms poses several challenges given the very limited data rates available (e.g., 500kbps) since bus utilization may significantly increase. In this paper, we focus on a security mechanism which keeps the bus utilization as low as possible. Through our experimental results, we show that our security mechanism can achieve high security levels while keeping communication overheads (e.g., bus load and message latency) at reasonable levels.


A general expression for the rms emittance of a multiple beam system is unambiguously derived. The emittances for rectangular and circular arrays of identical beamlets are analyzed and expressed in terms of quantities associated with the beamlet distribution and the array geometry. A few examples relevant to actual experiments are included.


Alterations in psychomotor efficiency of 25 young adults (age range 21-30 yr) were studied during their stay up to two yr at an altitude of 4000 m. Psychomotor performance, its speed and accuracy were measured by administering an eye-hand coordination test at sea level and altitude after stay periods of 1, 10, 13, 18 and 24 months. Overall psychomotor efficiency, its accuracy and speed declined during early stages of altitude exposure. A progressive recovery was registered in overall performance by way of improvement in accuracy after 13 months presumably due to acclimatization. Speed in performance showed no such gradual return to sea-level standard.


A method for producing a photocatalyst comprising: - The grinding of a mixture of precursor compounds with a mixture of yttrium-stabilized zirconia balls of at least two different sizes in order to reduce the particle size of the precursor compounds, wherein the yttrium-stabilized zirconia balls are yttrium-stabilized zirconia balls with high density having a true density of 5.5 kg / l to 6.5 kg / l, and - Calcining the mixture of ground precursor compounds, wherein the photocatalyst prepared by the process has the general formula A wherein the mixture of precursor compounds consists of: a member selected from from the group ...


After the recent discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), it is crucial to examine its role in unitarizing high energy ${W}_{L}{W}_{L}$ scattering, which may reveal its possible deviation from a Standard Model Higgs. We perform an updated study on $WW$ scattering in the semileptonic channel at the LHC, improved by the recently developed $W$ jet tagging method. The resultant statistical significance of a strongly interacting light Higgs model is about 20% larger than that based on the conventionally ``gold-plated'' dileptonic channel, while 200% more signal events are retained. The excellent sensitivity to the anomalous Higgs-$W$ boson coupling makes semileptonic $WW$ scattering an important complement to precision measurements at the Higgs resonance.


At the beginning of this study I have determined the way in which have been taken theEuropean Directive2006/43/CE concerning the International Standards of Audit in the nationallegislation in Romania and Spain. Then i have realised a comparative analyses InternationalStandards of Audit which refer to the audit Report, applicable in Romania and the Technical auditnorm applicable in Spain, analyses where i have identified a series of differences.At the end of research we found out that the identified differences are not significant and thereforeit has been demonstrated the research hypothesis, according to which in Romania and Spain havebeen made important steps in harmonising the financial audit process, so that the juridical andprofessional frame in the two countries presents several similitude.Keywords: audit report, types of opinions, ISA, Technical Spanish norms, communication with the users,harmonising process


Abstract An integrated parameter, odor index, is developed to describe an odor and to evaluate odor debate technologies by incorporating the parameters of the odor concentration, odor intensity, and hedonic tone. An assumption is made that the odor index is equivalent to the geometrical mean of odor intensity and hedonic tone. The mathematical models for the odor intensity versus odor concentration, hedonic tone versus odor concentration, and odor index versus odor concentration are determined from the analysis of experimental data. The analysis indicates that the Steven's law applies to the intensity and hedonic tone versus odor concentration, the exponents in these two functions are identical, and that intensity and hedonic tone have a linear relationship.


Thymus daenensis is a medicinal plant endemic to semi-arid regions of Iran. A field experiment using a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted to evaluate the effect of 20, 50 and 80% soil water depletion on morpho-physiological traits, essential oil content and composition and water use efficiency of T. daenensis during 2010-2011. Water stress reduced growth, herbage production, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, while increased proline, K + , essential oil content and irrigation water use efficiency based on essential oil yield (IWUEeso). Thymol was the highest essential oil composition (63.3-73.5%) followed by carvacrol (3.6-16.0%), ρ-cymene (3.8-7.4%), γ-terpinene (3.3-4.7%), β-caryophyllene (2.8-4.0%) and borneol (1.4-3.4%), respectively. Thymol, ρ-cymene and γ-terpinene were increased, while the other compositions decreased under water stress. It is concluded that irrigation of T. daenensis based on 50% water depletion should be an appropriate choice for first growing season and 80% water depletion for the second growing season in semi-arid climatic conditions.


Online knowledge-sharing communities are usually small. In this paper, we present the challenge of analyzing a large online community in order to determine if it is feasible for knowledge-sharing. We deploy social network techniques to analyze patterns of interactions critical to information- and knowledge-sharing among learners in a virtual community. Based on this, we determine the characteristics of the network and the roles of the actors. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Information Technologies in Mostar (FIT), after the end of the 2007/8 academic year, during which 293 freshmen were enrolled. We collected data from the FIT Community Server (FITCS), for the period from 1.10.2007 until 30.9.2008, and modeled them into three networks (N, N1 and N2). Network N (overall communication) has 273 vertices, N1 has 143 (fall semester course in Programming), and N2 has 99 (summer semester course in Programming). With regard to the number of enrolled freshmen, we estimate that 85 to 90% communicated via FITCS. The characteristics of the analyzed networks are as follows: density varied from 0.17 to 0.25, average distance from 1.80 to 1.93, cohesion from 0.53 to 0.63, betweenness varied from 7.83 for N to 56.23 for N1, and closeness varied from 52.66 to 56.78. The results for the characteristics of selected actors are degree (ranging from 10 to 119), betweenness (ranging from 0 to 88.17), and closeness (ranging from 16.93 to 60.62). The results of this research show that some educators do not have a proper roles in the online knowledgesharing community, but that can be due to the fact that the actors are freshmen. On the other hand, some of the most successful students, with extrovert personalities, were the stars of the three analyzed networks. Therefore, we can conclude that the analyzed part of FITCS is a knowledge-sharing community. Recommendations are that we should motivate educators to support online knowledge-sharing, that we should educate educators about their proper role in such a community, and that we should motivate successful students with introvert personalities to be more active in knowledge-sharing.


We propose to search for a boosted dark matter (DM) particle from astrophysical sources using an emulsion detector in deep underground facilities. We further propose using high-$Z$ material such as the lead for a larger DM-nucleus coherent scattering cross section above a threshold. The boosted DM will scatter into an excited DM. While the nuclear recoil energy is not detected, the decay products from the excited DM can be recorded by the proposed detector. Backgrounds such as the high energy solar neutrinos can be controlled by the reconstructed track topology. The proposed detector has the potential to find a boosted DM in the sub-GeV mass region, and in certain parameter space, an observation can be made while there is no sensitivity in other large-volume detectors such as Super-K.


Report summarizes preliminary experimental study and evaluation of styrene-terminated polysulfone oligomers as matrix materials in graphite-fiber/matrix composites. Composites evaluated in terms of methods of fabrication and of mechanical properties.


The important effects of locking differentials for alleviating and removing the oscillatory instability or snaking behaviour of an articulated steer vehicle are introduced. First, a linearised model is developed to identify the most important parameters and critical driving conditions with regard to the snaking mode. Then, by using the results, the linearised model is analysed to reveal the effects of locking the differentials on the snaking mode. Based on this analysis, locking the differentials introduces a type of damping to the system that can be used to stabilise the vehicle during the snaking mode. Moreover, the numerical results from analysing the linearised model are consistent with those from the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle in ADAMS. This verifies the simplifying assumptions for developing the linearised model.


In the paper, the random series $$S=\sum_{k=1}^\infty \,\pm \,a_k ,\quad a_k > 0,\quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty a_k 0$, $\sum_{k=1}^\infty a_k < \infty$ is considered, in which the permutation of signs is subject to the Markov dependence with the matrix of transition probabilities $$ \left( \begin{array}{ll} p(+1,+1) & p(-1,+1) \\ p(+1,-1) & p(-1,-1) \end{array}\right)= \left ( \begin{array}{cc} 1-\alpha & \alpha \\ \alpha & 1-\alpha \end{array}\right), \quad 0 < \alpha < 1. $$ For the characteristic function $f(z)$ of the sum S, the formula $$ f(z)=\prod_{k=0}^\infty \cos(a_k z)+i(1-2\alpha)\sum_{j=0}^\infty \psi_j(z)\,\prod_{k=j+2}^\infty \cos(a_kz)\, \sin(a_{j+1}z), $$ is obtained, where $\psi_j(z)={\bf E}(t_j e^{izS_j})$ and $S_j=\sum_{k=1}^j \,\pm\, a_k$, $z \in {\bf C}^1$.


Background and Aim: In order to enhance the overall performance and efficiency of bupivacaine, several additives have been experimented by various researchers. However, each adjunctive agent has its own disadvantages and limitations. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficiency of dexamethasone as a supportive agent for bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia. Materials & Methods: Total 60 patients fulfilling as per the American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and class II of either sex aged between 21 to 60 years were included in the study. All patients were studied into two groups; Group 1 patients received combination of intrathecal bupivacaine (3ml, 15mg, 0.5%) plus dexamethasone (2ml, 8mg). Group 2 patients received intrathecal bupivacaine (3ml, 15mg, 0.5%) plus saline (2ml). Spinal anesthesia was administered with standard manner at lumber space. The early onset of anesthesia along with duration of block and assessment of pain were noted carefully to investigate further. Statistical Analysis & Results: Statistical analysis was completed by SPSS software wherein P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Out of total studied 60 patients, maximum 31 patients were in the age range of 21-30 years. Age range of 41-50 years confirmed only 6 subjects. P value was highly significant.


The invention relates to a bottom air inlet type purification system. The bottom air inlet type purification system structurally comprises a dust collector, wherein the bottom of the dust collector is communicated with a dust collector front header pipe through a dust collector air inlet pipeline, a reactor is arranged on the dust collector air inlet pipeline, an aluminum oxide distributor is arranged between the reactor and a fresh aluminum oxide storage bunker, the aluminum oxide distributor is communicated with the reactor by a distribution chute, an aluminum oxide feeding device is arranged between the aluminum oxide distributor and the fresh aluminum oxide storage bunker, a return charge pipe is arranged at the lower part of the dust collector, aluminum oxide is conveyed to a material lifting device by the return charge pipe through a return chute and then is conveyed to a fluorine-carried aluminum oxide storage bunker, the upper part of the dust collector is communicated with a dust collector outlet header pipe by a dust collector outlet pipeline, and the dust collector outlet header pipe is connected with a chimney by a fan. The bottom air inlet type purification system has the advantages of saving investment, improving the efficiency, shortening the construction period, reducing the energy consumption of the system, being convenient to maintain, increasing the stability of the system, and having wide market application prospects.


Solid state zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) and aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) are deemed as promising candidates for supplying power in wearable devices due to merits of low-cost, high safety, and tunable flexibility. However, their wide-scale practical application is limited by various challenges, down to the material level. This review begins with elaboration of the root causes and their detrimental effect for four main limitations: electrode-electrolyte interface contact, electrolyte ionic conductivity, mechanical strength and electrolyte voltage stability window. Thereafter, various strategies to mitigate each of the described limitation are discussed along with future research direction perspectives. Finally, to estimate the viability of these technologies for wearable applications, economic-performance metrics are compared against Li-ion batteries.


The in situ data of sea surface temperature (SST) were measured onboard the Polar Ship Almirante Maximiano in the southern Shetland Islands between 5 and 23 February 2011. For the simulations, three concentric nested grids have been used at the 9 km, 3 km and 1 km spatial resolution in the simulations of the skin sea surface temperature (SSST) with WRF model. The grids are displaced every day, always centered in the middle position of the ship (latitude/longitude) during transect. The SSST is underestimated in comparison with SST on average 1.5°C. The real average wind speed observed was 8.7 ms- 1 . Therefore the amount of mixing between SST and SSST is greater, and the temperature difference between the two layers is smaller, on average 0.5°C. The underestimation of the model is mean 1°C. This underestimation directly interfere on the amount of ocean evaporation for the atmosphere, which may cause error in the energy balance. The correlation of the SSST with real SST data was 0.84 and root mean square error 1.87.


As a generalization of recent work by Kurokawa, Matsuda, and Wakayama (2004) we introduce a higher Riemann zeta function for an abstract sequence. Then we explicitly determine its regularized product expression.


Serum levels of the amino-terminal peptide of Type III procollagen (P-III-P) were assayed by radioimmunoassay in 48 Rhesus monkeys from 0.7 to 26.4 years of age. Serum P-III-P levels in ten juvenile monkeys (0.7-4.7 yrs.) were significantly higher (84.5 +/- 66.2 ng/ml, p = 0.05) and ranged from 29.6 to 238.0 ng/ml as compared with 38 monkeys over 5 years of age (21.7 - 9.4 ng/ml), which ranged from 8.5 to 55.5 ng/ml. No significant differences in serum P-III-P levels were observed between any age groups over 5 years of age (5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and > 20) or between male and female monkeys within any age category.


The aim of the paper is to assess changes in the antioxidant status of the oral fluid in students training for "woodworking machine operator" during apprenticeship.
Materials and Methods. Twenty-four male students of secondary vocational education, aged 18–19, took part in the trial. The total antioxidant activity, the enzyme activity of the antioxidant defense system – superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, the content of TBA-active products, namely, malondialdehyde, were determined in students' oral fluid before and after a 3-month apprenticeship.
Results. After apprenticeship, an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity by 3.6 and 6.7 times relative to initial indicators was found in the oral fluid of students respectively. A decrease in the glutathione peroxidase activity by 5.3 times was also observed. The revealed changes were observed against the background of the overall balance of pro- and antioxidants in the oral fluid.
Conclusion. The data obtained confirmed that any apprenticeship is accompanied by stress, in particular, oxidative stress. However, its main manifestations are balanced by an increase in the enzyme activity of the antiradical protection system. The revealed changes indicate the necessity to assess the nonspecific resistance system in students during apprenticeship and to improve the system if needed. The non-invasive nature of the study of the biological fluid determines the long-term benefits for using the method while monitoring the students' metabolism during apprenticeship.


There is a tremendous complexity of the human gut microbiota in both health and disease states and a healthy microbiota consists of an inter-dependent network of microbes rather than a particular bacterial genera. The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract is a symbiotic partner of the host as it is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and multiple components of the host immune system. Numerous host factors influence the composition of the microbiota early in life including diet, hygiene, environmental contacts, antibiotic use, and breastfeeding. Although the content of any diet can effect bacterial composition, it cannot be suggested that diet alone is responsible for the diversity of the microbiota or its variation among individuals. The intestinal physical-chemical barrier forms part of the intestinal immune system and plays a critical role in determining the composition of the microbiota. There are multiple recognised clinical uses of mushrooms due to their content in β-glucans, important antioxidant and cytoprotective enzymes, secondary metabolites and still other unknown factors. Mushroom β-glucans have been proposed to act as "biological response modifiers" based on their effects on the immune system, enhancing the body's own use of macrophages and T-lymphocytes, rather than directly attacking any tumours, controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.


A recombinant eukaryotic cell selected from the group consisting of a yeast and a filamentous fungus comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a NAD-dependent fumarate reductase (H) that catalyzes the conversion of fumaric acid to succinic acid, in which the fumarate reductase NAD-dependent (H) is active in the cytosol with the expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding NAD-dependent fumarate reductase (H).


From the Publisher:
Loaded with practical ideas and advice, Education on the Internet is your ticket to a whole new world of online learning, teaching, and research. It combines an explanation of Internet basics with a targeted guide to help teachers, students, and parents easily locate and use the wealth of education resources on the Internet. In addition, Education on the Internet includes "Internet 101," a quick, easy-to-understand tutorial on the Internet that explains what it is, how to get connected, and how to use its powerful tools for learning and teaching. With Education on the Internet, you'll learn how to use the Internet to research topics, explore museums of art, master a foreign language, develop interesting curriculum plans, and take classes over the Net. You'll also get hundreds of hands-on project ideas, names of mailing lists and newsgroups, as well as information and addresses on how and where to receive free education-oriented software.


Aql X-1 is one of the best-studied neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries. It was previously targeted using quasi-simultaneous radio and X-ray observations during at least seven different accretion outbursts. Such observations allow us to probe the interplay between accretion inflow (X-ray) and jet outflow (radio). Thus far, these combined observations have only covered one order of magnitude in radio and X-ray luminosity range; this means that any potential radio–X-ray luminosity correlation, LR ∝ LXβ, is not well constrained (β ≈ 0.4–0.9, based on various studies) or understood. Here we present quasi-simultaneous Very Large Array and Swift-XRT observations of Aql X-1's 2016 outburst, with which we probe one order of magnitude fainter in radio and X-ray luminosity compared to previous studies (6 × 1034 erg s−1 < LX <3 × 1035 erg s−1, i.e. the intermediate to low-luminosity regime between outburst peak and quiescence). The resulting radio non-detections indicate that Aql X-1's radio emission decays more rapidly at low X-ray luminosities than previously assumed – at least during the 2016 outburst. Assuming similar behaviour between outbursts, and combining all available data in the hard X-ray state, this can be modelled as a steep β =$1.17^{+0.30}_{-0.21}$ power-law index or as a sharp radio cut-off at LX ≲ 5 × 1035 erg s−1 (given our deep radio upper limits at X-ray luminosities below this value). We discuss these results in the context of other similar studies.


Romanticism is one of the important contemporary literal schools and has absorbed many poets and authors all across the world. Persian literature specifically the adolescents and children poem in Iran has been affected. Many Iranian poets have been among the pioneers of romanticism in the adolescents and children poem. The poems of these poets include delicate interpretations and concepts in the principles of romantic poem. They have used the specifications and principles of romanticism due to the conditions and outlook of the addressees (children and adolescents).The current essay scrutinizes the characteristics of romanticism in the adolescents and children poem. Romanticism considers identifications such as naturalism, rustic are tendencies, liberalism, nostalgic issues, individualism and tendency to traveling. It also tries to explore new interpretations. Key words: contemporary poem, Iran, adolescents and children poem, romanticism


Materials and Methods: The 23 hour discharge pathway was implemented in January 2011 and 2 audits were performed to assess its success. The two audits, each with a sample size of 100, were performed to identify 1) the length of stay 2) reasons of prolonged stay 3) post operative complications or readmissions for wide local excision and mastectomy cases. Breast reconstruction cases were excluded. The first audit was done retrospectively via case notes review between July to December 2009 and the re-audit was done prospectively between January to June 2011 using the same method. Results and Discussion: The audited outcomes have shown a statistically significant decrease (p< 0.01, student t test 99% confidence intervals) in length of stay for both wide local excision and mastectomy cohorts. The audit showed no significant dif ference in readmission rates or complication rates for both cohorts. On the back of this success funds were secured to hire a '23 hour enhanced recovery breast care nurse' to co-ordinate the service. Currently and in the future re-audit will measure discharge time in hours rather than in days. Conclusion(s): 23 hour breast care surgery has been successfully implemented in WWL NHS Foundation Trust UK due to good planning and good multi-disciplinary team work. References: 1. Marsden, J. Baxter, T. (2010) Same day/overnight breast cancer surgery is feasible ht tp://www.nwlcn.nhs.uk/Downloads/Jo%20Marsden%20Presentation.pdf Acknowledgements: Many thanks to all the members of the 23 hour breast surgery commit tee at WWL. Thanks to all the doctors, nurses and managers who contributed to development of the pathway and audit process.


This algorithm utilizes the two-way list data structure to store the vertices and nodes of two simple polygons.When being inserted,the node can be directly inserted into the list,which can avoid a repeat search comparing with the one-way list and the array structures.The vertex of the intersection polygons can be acquired after the two mixed-point lists are searched,so that the intersection polygons can be obtained.The algorithm owns the rapid calculation speed and high efficiency comparing with the similar ones.


Twenty-nine surface sediments from the southern and northern profiles of the Cihu Lake were sampled during September 2011.The concentrations of heavy metals(Cu,Ni,Fe,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr)in the sediments were measured by atomic absorption spetrophotometry(AAS).The results showed that the concentrations of the metal elements in the southern and northern profiles are 155.41,67.60,4050.00,415.05,195.09,3.58 and 113.04mg/kg,100.30,40.87,4088.05,351.80,159.43,1.38 and 214.43mg/kg,respectively.The assessment of geoaccumulation index indicated the south lake pollution level of heavy metals is higher than the north lake pollution level of heavy metals.The contaminations of Zn and Cd in the southern and northern profiles close to the shore and center are all high.Spatial distribution features of Cu,Pb and Cr in the lake show that the contents of those metals are higher in the shore than in the center,and the distribution of concentrations of Ni is relatively uniform.The potential ecological risk indexes indicated that Cu in the southern profile is higher than in the northern profile,and the comprehensive ecological risk of the southern profile is higher than that of the northern profile.The results of principal components analysis(PCA)and correlation showed that the contamination of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Cihu Lake is mainly caused by industrial activities,but also influenced by ignition sources.


An interior-point trust-region algorithm is proposed for minimizing a general (non-convex) quadratic objective function in the intersection of a symmetric cone and an affine subspace. The algorithm uses a trust-region model to ensure descent on a suitable merit function. Global first-order and second-order convergence results are proved. Numerical results are presented.


Interestingly, on the lipid membrane, E.coli displays anomalous rocking diffusion, which might facilitate the subsequent survey of stronger association sites on the two-dimensional (2D) surface.


As the important measure of urbanization development in the new era of China and one of the power of the engine play adriving role in the series of power to the development. The public sports service industry with the process of urbanization construction,are synchronous follow- up,supporting infrastructure investment and management services,in the pursuit of health through physical fitness craze,city public sports services a comprehensive development,opens up good prospects overall or for urban public sports service. A series of problems but there is a lack of funds,backward management,lack of fitness guide.


Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1507 (proposed Site NCTN-8A) is located in the New Caledonia Trough, ~460 km south of New Caledonia, ~620 km north of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 206, and ~530 km east of DSDP Sites 208 and 588. The northern and central New Caledonia Trough, which is 1700 km long, has not been drilled previously. On the basis of evidence from DSDP Site 206 and the Taranaki Basin, which lies at the southern end of the New Caledonia Trough, it has been inferred that the New Caledonia Trough formed during Cretaceous rifting and subsequent subsidence. However, recent analysis of high-quality seismicreflection data has led to an alternate hypothesis that the present physiography was created mainly during Eocene subduction zone initiation. Site U1507 was chosen to determine the timing of deformation and uplift of Norfolk Ridge, to constrain the age of trough formation and sedimentary fill, and to obtain a record of regional volcanism.


At certain points in his work, Michel Foucault gives the impression that disciplinary power is antithetical to sovereign power. In the confrontation between Hobbes' Leviathan and Bentham's Panopticon, Foucault (1980:102, 121) urges eschewing the model of Leviathan and cutting off the king's head. However, in his research on "governmentality,"Foucault (1991, 2000) dispels the impression that disciplinary and sovereign power are antithetical, suggesting instead that they "can only be understood on the basis of the development of the great administrative monarchies" of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Foucault 1991:102–103). In this essay I wish to sketch some of the intellectual terrain on which this art of government takes shape; namely, seventeenth century theories and practices of state absolutism. I argue that Foucault's historical research into confinement, discipline, and governmentality may be fruitfully conjoined with intellectual histories and state-building literatures to develop a fuller account of the historical emergence of the early modern states-system's distinctive political rationality— raison d'Etat (reason of state)—and its relation to …


Professionals of all disciplines are indebted to the BMJ for having opened up the issue of whistleblowing and for it being summed up so well by Peter Gooderham ( BMJ 2009;338:b2090, doi:10.1136/bmj.b2090). As he points out, much more could be done by official bodies to help overcome the culture of silence and fear in many working environments. However, the time has come for those professionals who feel strongly about the problem to take matters into their own hands and lead the way towards a reassertion of true professionalism appropriate for the 21st century.

Faced with all the demands of the modern working environment and often inappropriate media coverage, to say nothing of career and family concerns, it takes a very special professional to go "out on a limb" and make a stand about something he or she believes not to be in the public interest. When the constraints of corporate endeavour, team spirit, and workplace friendships are added, the problems of …


In order to evaluate fully the various risk factors of large-scale sports events, which serves to promote the development of the sports industry, the Bays method is applied into the risk evaluation of large-scale sports events in the paper, by which the risk data is trained to gain the probability of risks about sports events; Then, the classic risk evaluation method(P×C) is adopted to evaluate comprehensively the risk factors of sports events and the order of risk factors is conducted in the paper to provide the effective guaranties for preventive measures.


DFT calculations were carried out to compute the optimized molecular geometries, APT charges and fundamental vibrational frequencies along with their corresponding IR intensities, Raman activities and depolarization ratios of the Raman bands for the neutral Cyt and TCyt molecules and their cations and anions using the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6-311++G** basis set using the Gaussian-03 software. TCyt, Cyt+ and TCyt+ show planar structures and belong to Cs point group symmetry while Cyt, Cyt- and TCyt- possess non-planar structures with C1 point group symmetry. Conformational analysis was carried out to obtain the most stable configurations of these molecules. The normal modes of vibration for all the species have been assigned on the basis of PEDs obtained from normal coordinate analysis using the GAR2PED software. Information about the size, shape, charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecule has been obtained by mapping the electron density isosurface with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces. The energy gap from HOMO to LUMO of the Cyt is 5.2963 eV and that of TCyt is 5.0062 eV.


Human Computer Interaction needs computer systems and sensing devices. HCI has the limitation of front face interaction with system camera. Since it is not possible to carry out the complete computer system and display system everywhere, therefore there is need of designing and implementing shoulder wearable HCI device. The proposed system can detect hand gestures through short ranged camera. Display of the output will be through mini projection system. Using mini projector we can plot the output almost on any platform. Objectives like visual paint brush application for drawing purpose can be achieved due to which user get more flexibility to draw than a mouse control. This application consists of color selector, brush width, etc. Another objective which can be achieved is developing a call dialing application using GSM modem and GUI application to interact. This application consists of a GSM modem connected to the main processing system and the use of earphone and mike for calling purpose. For achieving these two objectives, two modules, skin detection module and edge detection module is developed initially which contributes to the interactive environment.


Standby power refers to the electric power consumed by electronic appliances while they are in a standby mode. As the electronic appliance have become smarter, they consume more standby power. To reduce wasted electricity, techniques to save standby power have been developed in conjunction with network and communication technologies. Automatic standby power saving systems have been developed, but the proposed systems do not consider the cost reduction, user satisfaction, and personalized environment. Furthermore, to provide automation, an intelligent system for collected information is required, which increases the cost of system integration. Therefore, this paper proposes cloud based ondemand standby power management using consumer pattern racking to address these problems to deal with these issues. The proposed system offers rule based management services with three usage types determined by user preferences and living patterns. The total power consumption is measured to verify the performance of the system. The proposed system reduces the power consumption up to 9.3%.


Since no reports on the structure and sound formation of Hydrophilidae have been found in Chinese, Hydrochara affinis was used as an example to study the fine structure of Hydrophilidae stridulatory organs. Many specimens were collected from the state forest farm of Northeast Forestry University, and observations were made with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that both males and females had stridulatory organs. The stridulatory organ size was (15.86±7.60) mm long and (162.10±81.70) μm wide for females but (14.28±7.20) mm long and (142.00±43.50) μm wide for males. The mechanisms of pronunciation for this kind of stridulatory organ were the same as in the model of the underwing radius vein-elytra. Thus, the pronunciation used may be for communication among different individuals of H. affinis.


X-ray Computed Tomography, a technique widely used in the field of medical technology, can be used successfully in the field of mineral processing. A short review of the fundamental principles used in CT scanning and image reconstruction is presented. The advantages and limitations of current CT technology are discussed and areas that need improvement are identified. Finally, specific applications such as the use of CT for liberation analysis and for density gradient determinations in process equipment operating at steady state are discussed as examples of areas where X-ray CT technology can be used to improve our understanding of mineral processing phenomena.


Primary pulmonary fibrosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. We report a case of primary pulmonary fibrosarcoma in a 35-year-old man who presented with chronic cough and progressive breathlessness. Further clinical evaluation revealed a right lung mass extending from the base of the lung to the mid zone. Histology of biopsied sections of the mass confirmed a lung fibrosarcoma thought to be primary in view of the absence of any other source. Outcome was however unfavorable due to death of the patient. Late presentation and the extensive nature of the disease were identified as the cause of mortality. This case is reported because of its rarity.


Background: The prevalence of contact dermatitis to mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in the maritime work place and its prognosis have been poorly studied.
Objectives: Determining the clinical presentation as well as the annual incidence rate of on set of skin allergies to MBT in the maritime workplace, and attempting to gauge the social and professional impact of this condition on affected seafarers.
Materials and methods: Analysis of the medical records of the seafarers who reported a skin allergy to MBT in 2008, and calculation of the prevalence of this condition amongst the 35 563 professional seafarers exposed to MBT in France because they wear work clothes made of synthetic rubber in their occupational activities (catch handling, merchant shipping or shellfish farming).
Results: We found only three cases in professional fishermen. In all cases, the dermatitis persisted despite the arrest of exposure to MBT, and made very difficult, the continuation of their professional life of these patients in the fishing sector.
Conclusion: The prevalence of contact dermatitis to MBT in the maritime sector is 1/10 000. The 3-year prognosis is poor since the seafarers affected by this disease reported the persistence of lesions and the health-imposed obligation to cease working in the fishing industry.


BACKGROUND
Glutamine synthetase is exclusively expressed in pericentral hepatocytes in mammalian liver, but its regulation mechanism is still largely unknown.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Heterogeneous expression of glutamine synthetase was examined in detail during mouse liver development by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization. Heterogeneous expression of this enzyme was also analyzed in immature liver fragments transplanted to an ectopic site where no portal blood flow exists.

RESULTS
At 18.5 days of gestation, a random, spotty distribution of low levels of glutamine synthetase mRNA was observed all over the liver parenchyma, but the enzyme protein was not detectable immunohistochemically in the liver at any fetal stage. Glutamine synthetase and its mRNA began to be heterogeneously expressed in pericentral hepatocytes 2 to 3 days after birth, when glycogen accumulation in the liver parenchyma was rather homogeneous. In the early postnatal development, a mosaic distribution of positive and negative hepatocytes with respect to glutamine synthetase protein and mRNA was noted around the central veins. Subsequently, mRNA distribution gradually became continuous, although some hepatocytes still lacked protein, indicating partial regulation at the translational level. When fetal liver fragments that had not yet heterogeneously expressed glutamine synthetase were cultured under the testis capsule of male mice, only pericentral hepatocytes expressed this enzyme after 2 months. However, the distribution of glutamine synthetase protein- and mRNA-positive hepatocytes around the central veins was patchy rather than continuous, as in perinatal livers.

CONCLUSIONS
These results support the importance of local interactions of hepatocytes with intrahepatic cell populations and/or structural elements. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the capacity for the positional expression of glutamine synthetase is already established at a fetal age before expression of glutamine synthetase can be detected.


Abstract:This essay examines the relationship between a radical politics and the institution of the archive through a history of the George Padmore Institute (GPI), a community archive attached to New Beacon Books in London. Focusing on the life and thought of John La Rose (1927–2006)—Trinidadian poet, publisher, activist, and founder of the institute—the essay explores how a politics of hope is articulated in relation to competing priorities of "foundation" and "movement." It assesses the GPI's radical potential as an archive designed to subvert its own authority, functioning in the spirit of a "beacon"—that is, something stable and reliable but which does not function as a destination, that is successful only if it is left behind, providing "foundation for movement." This vision for the GPI is contextualized with regard to recent debates around archive building in the Caribbean as well as in the age of digital technology.


Abstract In this article, the author reflects upon recent critical research on the sui generis-qualities of the European Union. He provides a proposal of theorizing European Union cultural history as a distinct field of research. So far, discourse has not been able to produce a conclusive theory of EU history. In this context, the author provides research with a first theoretical concept of EU cultural history which keeps a critical distance from EU-biased perspectives, and, at the same time, tries to explain its cultural sui generis-qualities, by scrutinizing its distinct cultural constitution in post-1945 decades. This distinct cultural constitution can be seen as having produced an own mode of the production of cultural meaning, which is supposed to be described theoretically by a concept of a 'paradoxical coherence'.


Low waste generation represents a comprehensive orientation in analytical chemistry. It also forms a goal of flow injection analysis (FIA). The current research aims at modifying the injection part of the lucigenin-H2O2-OH- Pb(II) chemiluminescence detection system with flow injection analysis (FIA-CL) for an online Pb(II) analysis. The modified system was employed to determine the Pb(II)concentration. This was followed by treatment with crude tomato peels as an absorbent as tomato peels were treated with NaOH, carbonized tomato peels with HCl, and carbonized tomato peels with H2SO4. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph, represented by peak height (mV), was constructed based on plotting the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity, against (μg.ml−1) Pb(II) concentration, 10–90 μg.ml−1 range, 0.9913 correlation coefficient. Langmuir and Freundlich, used as isotherm models to verify the equilibrium results. The adsorption of Pb(II) on crude tomato peels and treated tomato peel was followed by the Langmuir model due to the high correlation coefficient (R2).


Due to increasing risk associated with the contamination of the environment with heavy metals and radionuclides, society worldwide is facing a pressing need for new more efficient environmental remediation techniques. One of the approaches that gained considerable attention over the last two decades is in situ metal stabilization by phosphate amendments – a technique based on the co-precipitation of contaminant species with phosphates and the formation of insoluble metal-substituted minerals, such as apatite Ca5-xMx(PO4)6(OH,Cl,F). Formation of apatite at Earth-surface conditions however, is preceded by crystallization of other less stable calcium phosphates (precursors) that ultimately transform to apatite. This important aspect of apatite formation has not been addressed in the context of heavy metal sequestration. This study attempts to fill a gap in our understanding of the connection between the formation of apatite precurors and co-precipitation of contaminant species with apatite under Earth-surface conditions. Early stages of crystallization and pathways of calcium phosphates development in the presence of a suite of metal cations under Earth-surface conditions were studied using in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction and total X-ray scattering. High-energy X-ray diffraction data have been collected at beamline 11-ID-C and total X-ray scattering data suitable for PDF analyses have been collected at PDF-dedicated beamline 11-ID-B, both at the Advance Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The results clearly indicate a significant influence of contaminant species on the pathways of phase development in the Ca(OH)2-H3PO4-H2O system under environmental conditions. Finding reported herein have critical bearing on the efficiency of metal stabilization by phosphate amendment and emphasize the need of careful consideration and cautious proceeding in the attempts to apply phosphate amendments to immobilize heavy metals in the environment.


One of the most difficult concepts to define and give universal definition certainly is the concept of "leadership," because it is applicable in every aspect of our life. The orthodox meaning of leadership is " for individual within a group to lead and others to follow." However, here it addresses the dilemma of where, exactly the quality of the "leader" or the "leadership" resides. Is it morality important for leadership? What about the concept of "ethical consciousness" of a leader? Almost every politician we hear today regularly extols the rule of law. However, what does the rule of law actually mean? We need leaders who better understand the rule of law. This paper will try to find answers to very thorny question: If we define leadership as value-based virtue, which values matter most? In addition, how do we deal with the most sensitive decisions made by governments, which are currently incompatible with the definitions of the rule of law and international law.


From the characteristics and its harmfulness of electroplating sludge containing heavy metals,the state of innoxious disposal and recycle of electroplating sludge at home and abroad are reviewed in this paper.


1Drug Clinical Trial Institution Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; 2Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; 3Hunan Research Center of Biliary Disease, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a particularly prevalent type of liver


The spatial growth rate of the cross‐field ion acoustic instability is measured in an ion‐beam‐plasma system with a transverse magnetic field. By taking into account the finite width of the plasma, the ion beam temperature, and ion‐neutral collisions, good agreement with the theoretical growth rate is obtained when (i) the normalized wavenumber kνρe is varied and (ii) the magnetic field direction is varied through a small angle about the direction perpendicular to the beam.


Body size is often associated with a dietary divergence within taxonomically related groups so that large animals are often folivorous, while smaller species shift progressively towards omnivory or carnivory. This trend may be influenced by allometric constrains which result in relatively high energetic requirements, but low gut capacities in small animals, compared to their large counterparts. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, Phalangeridae) has six subspecies ranging widely in weight (1-4kg). They are not strictly folivorous, but supplement their diet with more nutritious, non-foliar foods. We predicted that T.vulpecula subspecies diverged in diet in association with body size, with smaller subspecies consuming higher proportions of non-foliar foods. We assessed this with a review and a meta-analysis of previous Australian studies. We also investigated the previously unquantified diet of T.v.hypoleucus at three sites in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Results from the meta-analysis and the review supported our prediction. However, the large variability in the data highlighted their limitations and those of the techniques commonly used to quantify the diet of T.vulpecula. Nonetheless, small subspecies of T.vulpecula appear to consume higher proportions of non-foliar foods. These results should encourage further research into the body size/diet relationship within T.vulpecula and other possum species. Results from the dietary study of T.v.hypoleucus emphasized their omnivorous diet, which was dominated by foliage and flowers and smaller proportions of invertebrates, seeds and fruits. The common brushtail possum is seldom an exclusive arboreal folivore, but rather ranges from folivory to omnivory.


Absolute orientation estimation is one of the key steps in computer vision, and n 2D–3D point correspondences can be used to obtain the absolute orientation, which is known as the perspective-n-point problem (PnP). The lowest number of point correspondences is three if there is no other information, and the corresponding algorithm is called the P3P solver. In practice, the real scene may consist of some geometric information, e.g., the vanishing point. When scenes contain parallel lines, they intersect at vanishing points. Hence, to reduce the number of point correspondences and increase the computational speed, we proposed a fast and simple method for absolute orientation estimation using a single vanishing point. First, the inertial measurement unit (IMU) was used to obtain the rotation of the camera around the Y-axis (i.e., roll angle), which could simplify the orientation estimation. Then, one vanishing point was used to estimate the coarse orientation because it contained direction information in both the camera frame and world frame. Finally, our proposed method used a non-linear optimization algorithm for solution refining. The experimental results show that compared with several state-of-the-art orientation estimation solvers, our proposed method had a better performance regarding numerical stability, noise sensitivity, and computational speed in synthetic data and real images.


In present time consumers want snack that looking good, taste, smell and in addition, nutritionally and healthy. The demand for non-meat, high protein products is increasing day by day so that we used amaranth flour to enriched puffed product with high protein and the result of this study maximum in C3 (15% amaranth flour) sample with low moisture, revealed that the samples contain high protein content. We have prepared different samples of gluten-free extruded products using the different proportion of amaranth flour (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). Developed extruded products were evaluated for their different physicochemical, textural and along with their sensory evaluation using 9 points hedonic scale. We have also performed the stability studies of the developed extruded products. Findings of this study showed that extruded product prepared amaranth flour at a level of 15% show best sensory score in comparison to other proportion. Low moisture extruded products are shelf-stable and extended storage at room temperature. Sensory evaluation also showed that all the products were rated above the average. In this demonstration extruded product prepared from blends of corn, rice and 15% Amaranth flour was found most acceptable for consumers and an excellent source of complete protein.


The objective of this paper is to examine the demographic differences in halal food
consumption. Data collected from 730 respondents in Peninsular Malaysia. All respondents
were required to answer survey questionnaires related to their demographics and attitude
towards halal food. The result of this study shows that the majority of Muslims in Malaysia
have high-level awareness in consuming halal food. For demographic characteristics focusing
on the gender, a significant difference was found (p < 0.05). This research also identified that
there was no significant difference in respondents' attitude towards halal food consumption
based on age and origin region (p > 0.05). The practical implication is specifically for the
halal food industry as they would be able to promote the halal culture referring to the findings
of this particular study.


e18719Background: QoL assessment is relevant to evaluate benefit/risk ratio of cancer therapies and it is formally included in ASCO and ESMO scales of treatment value. However, its use as an endpoi...


The paper study recovery problem for discrete time signals with a finite number of missing values. The paper establishes recoverability of these missing values for signals with Z-transform vanishing with a certain rate at a single point.
The transfer functions for the corresponding recovering kernels are presented explicitly.
Some robustness of the recovery with respect to data truncation or noise contamination is established.


Mine closure planning is becoming increasingly more rigorous both nationally and internationally. Greater expectations are being placed on industry from the community, industry itself and from within government to ensure mining and in particular rehabilitation and closure are completed in an ecologically sustainable manner.
From the community perspective, these expectations have come from a growing awareness of environmental issues and the need for an increase in environmental protection. The mining industry understands and accepts the responsibility it has for mine rehabilitation and closure. The industry recognises that in failing to address rehabilitation and closure issues correctly, its reputation is affected. The industry also recognises that to gain access to future resources it needs to demonstrate that it can close mines effectively (DITR, 2006a).
From the government perspective, a greater emphasis is being placed on mine closure planning to ensure processes are in place and mines are closed in a way so as to not cause unacceptable liability to the government (Western Australian (WA) Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP), 2011).
This paper will present an overview of the WA 'Guidelines for Preparing Mine Closure Plans', introduced in July 2011 and jointly prepared by the DMP and the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA).
A component of these guidelines requires companies to undertake a review and re-submit their Mine Closure Plans (MCP) every three years. The guidelines require ongoing collection and analysis of significant amounts of rehabilitation and closure data, and require proponents to detail how this information and data will be managed. It will therefore be critical for mines to improve their data management capabilities.
The paper will provide an insight into the development of systematic and robust MCPs, and the maintenance and refinement of closure plans through the operating phase and beyond. The paper will also discuss the use of electronic tools that assist and streamline the data management and review process to save time and resources for mining companies.


Automated face annotation aims to automatically detect human faces from a photo and further name the faces with the corresponding human names. In this paper, we tackle this open problem by investi-gating a search-based face annotation (SBFA) paradigm for mining large amounts of web facial images freely available on the WWW. Given a query facial image for annotation, the idea of SBFA is to first search for top- n similar facial images from a web facial image database and then exploit these top-ranked similar facial images and their weak labels for naming the query facial image. To fully mine those information, this paper proposes a novel framework of Learning to Name Faces (L2NF) – a unified multimodal learning approach for search-based face annotation, which consists of the following major components: (i) we enhance the weak labels of top-ranked similar images by exploiting the "label smoothness" assumption; (ii) we construct the multimodal representations of a facial image by extracting different types of features; (iii) we optimize the distance measure for each type of features using distance metric learning techniques; and finally (iv) we learn the optimal combination of multiple modalities for annotation through a learning to rank scheme. We conduct a set of extensive empirical studies on two real-world facial image databases, in which encouraging results show that the proposed algorithms significantly boost the naming accuracy of search-based face annotation task. [ Artificial ]:


In this paper, a novel sensor-based path computation scheme (SBPCS) is proposed with the data communication network (DCN) of sensors in GMPLS-controlled Networks. In this scheme, we introduce the Path Computation Element (PCE) into the network to lower the communication burden and compute paths for connections. The external physical factors of the network which are detected by sensors will be considered as constraints in the process of computing paths. Experimental results show the better performances of the GMPLS-controlled network with PCE and the novel path computation scheme in meeting the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements.


The Finite Element-Transfer Matrix (FETM) method has been developed to reduce the computations involved in analysis of structures. This widely accepted method, however, has certain limitations, and does not address the issues of control design. To overcome these, a modification of the FETM method has been developed. The new method easily produces reduced models tailored toward subsequent control design. Other features of this method are its ability to: (1) extract open loop frequencies and mode shapes with less computations, (2) overcome limitations of the original FETM method, and (3) simplify the design procedures for output feedback, constrained compensation, and decentralized control. This report presents the development of the new method, generation of reduced models by this method, their properties, and the role of these reduced models in control design. Examples are included to illustrate the methodology.


The five articles in Part II of this feature topic focus on practical articles covering web services in telecommunications. The articles are summarized here.


About 1 00.000 inward and outward commuters use the in Bremen road network every day. Residents on the main roads feel that they are being heavily burdened by traffic emissions and are making increasing efforts to enforce their interests in court. A conflict of this nature can only be solved in the longterm by measures designed to avoid, reroute and control the volume of traffic. In the interest of improving viability, the existing road space has to be re-allocated for industrial traffic, local passenger transport systems and private transport. Parking spaces are to be arranged in the whole urban area. The public local passenger transport system is to be systematically extended in order to re-route commuter traffic to the passenger transport system. The working and opening hours of departmental stores, retaileri, universities and schools, etc., are to be recorded by a logistis center and coordinated with the objective of reducing rush hours and stabilizing transport demand


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of robot assisted gait training with dual task on balance and gait in patients with chronic...


In the present day's need of the special purpose machine is more to the industries. Earlier heavy load carrying machines are there that to in open place only. By taking them in consideration in this paper made such that must lift 1 ton capacity weight with very effective in operation and maintenance in small area of industry. The initial period many type of gantry are used to lift the heavy load and problem with that is they were heavy in structure and completely manually one. So designing the new structure with new technology which can easily pick the material and place to another place using gantry in small scale industry. Redesigning the structure reducing the material to save the cost of structure. In this project gantry design is developed by considering present development in machinery, it helps to pick and place the heavy parts in rail transportation, aerospace and other automobile industries. In this paper going to discuss how the beam will deform when it having self-weight, gravity loading, structural analysis and modal analysis is done on the machine which shows the results like stresses and displacement, to reduce the cost of the machine, thickness of machine columns is reduced and this is the type of optimization carried out here. The amount of strength and stiffness is maintained same as the original model and all results compared to the original model, the structural analysis and modal which is of main result viewing in the whole work.


The present invention relates to coating systems for the production of fast-drying structural coatings based on (cyclo) aliphatic, filler-containing prepolymers and (cyclo) aliphatic polyisocyanates and amino-functional polyaspartic esters as curing agents.


With the expansion of electromobility, a growing number of people and companies consider replacing their conventional vehicles with electric ones. These potential users needs to find out, whether it is possible to fulfil their actual mobility needs with an electric car or not. This bachelor thesis explores the possible facilitation of the decision-making process by creating a multi-functional tool. The proposed tool process the mobility needs of a particular user and decide whether it is suitable for him to buy an electric vehicle. First, the thesis explores current studies dealing with factors influencing the decisionmaking process about electrification. At the same time, it considers current options of obtaining a tool that can plan trips of electric vehicle based on user's requirements on visiting specific locations at a particular time (a planner). With this knowledge, the tool is then proposed and implemented, which shall facilitate the decision making. It does so by collecting user's requirements, and by using the planner, it evaluates whether it is suitable for the user to buy an electric vehicle. For this purpose, it uses both electrification score, which is introduced in this thesis and also mainly visualization that compares electric vehicle plan with the plan for a conventional vehicle. The last part of the thesis demonstrates the functioning of the electrification score. Then there is demonstrated the functionality of the created tool by using two artificial agendas (sets of user's requirements on visited location).


The frequency dispersion of the dielectric constant of yttrium (Y)-doped (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films (Y-BST) in the high-frequency domain (10kHz–67GHz) was investigated. In order to remove the substantial parasitic capacitances, inductances, and resistances from the measured impedance data, test samples, short-circuit standard, and open-circuit standard structures were fabricated and their frequency response was measured. Before removing parasitic components, the measured dielectric response showed a rolloff at approximately 4GHz. However, after circuit calibration, the dielectric constant was almost constant up to 40GHz where another rolloff was observed. However, this rolloff was due to the uncompensated small parasitic components. Therefore, the dielectric constant of the Y-BST films (170 with a film thickness of 30nm) showed small frequency dispersion corresponding to the Curie–von Schweidler dispersion, of which the exponent is −0.0131, up to 40GHz. Furthermore, the decrease of the capacitance was 17% in ...


Abstract A new and practical synthesis of montelukast sodium, an antiasthmatic drug, is described. The key steps are the synthesis of nitrile derivative 4 by chiral reduction of keto ester 9 using (−)-DIP-Cl, synthesis of vinylquinoline framework 16 by Wittig reaction, and Heck coupling of nitrile 4 with vinylquinoline 16. The method is operationally simple and suitable for the industrial production of the drug substance. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Fermented shrimp sauce was produced by fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae koji using soybean and dried small shrimp as main substrates.The results showed that the shrimp sauce with nice color and good taste could be produced when the ratio of soybean,shrimp and wheat flour was 6:3:1 and the content of dried small shrimp in the sauce was 50%.The resulted sauce was a good seasoning,which was savory with balanced nutrition composition.


We provide new records of the recently described frog Physalaemus feioi in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Records presented here extend the distribution of P. feioi around 113 km straight north from Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, the previously northernmost known record for the species.


Several major theories of skill acquisition assume that with continued practice on a serial task component processes are merged together into larger knowledge structures. Two experiments tested alternative hypotheses regarding the transfer of knowledge following extended practice on a serial task by determining whether component knowledge or merged knowledge is transferred between two tasks


We demonstrate all-fiber frequency comb generation using a 10-mm-length silicon core fiber as the parametric mixer. We achieved 8 dB spectral flatness over 20 nm bandwidth, generating 90 lines at 26 GHz line spacing.


To the Editor.— Several statements regarding aortic aneurysm in the review by H. A. Koolpe 1 of Angiography of Vascular Disease require further examination. Dr Koolpe claims that in the past seven years, "dissecting hematoma" has largely replaced the "obsolete" expression "dissecting aneurysm." While it is true that not all dissections are aneurysms, an aneurysm could result from dissection because of weakening of the arterial wall. In fact, aneurysm rupture is responsible for many late fatalities. 2 The term "dissecting aneurysm," therefore, denotes the possibility of aneurysm formation in aortic dissection and is used interchangeably with "aortic dissection." If "dissecting hematoma" is used, it will underscore the significance of intrinsic aortic disease such as media degeneration in Marfan's syndrome. The term "dissecting aneurysm" continues to be used in the writings of many prominent surgeons and physicians, including M. E. DeBakey, 3 M. W. Wheat, 4 and E. S. Crawford 2


Verruciform xanthoma (VX) is a rare benign lesion of oral mucosa. It has an unclear etiology, and it mainly occurs in the oral cavity; however, it can be found in other locations as well. Oral VX is often clinically confused with papilloma, leukoplakia, condyloma, verruca vulgaris, verrucous carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma; therefore, biopsy is required to accurately diagnose this lesion. Our study reports four cases of oral VX with different clinical features but similar histopathological characteristics to emphasize the importance of differential diagnosis.


This paper presents a study on the application of a deep Q-network combined with particle swarm optimization in the automatic sizing of multi-stage complementary metal oxide semiconductor operational amplifiers. Our main novelty is to combine deep Q-network and particle swarm optimization to achieve fast convergence and optimal circuit performance. The combined method takes advantage of the global search capability by deep Q-network and the local search capability by particle swarm optimization, enabling shortened training time cost needed by applying a deep Q-network only. It is demonstrated that the combined method can work out better operational amplifier device sizes in our experiment. The two-stage simple Miller compensation circuit reaches all the design targets in an average time of 0.32 h, and the three-stage circuits in this paper reach all the design targets within 0.68 h. Comparisons of using our method with other sizing methods such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization only, and deep Q-network only are reported.


This document presents a bibliography that contains 100-word abstracts of event reports submitted to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission concerning operational events that occurred at boiling-water-reactor nuclear power plants in 1980. The 1547 abstracts included on microfiche in this bibliography describe incidents, failures, and design or construction deficiencies that were experienced at the facilities. These abstracts are arranged alphabetically by reactor name and then chronologically for each reactor. Full-size keyword and permuted-title indexes to facilitate location of individual abstracts are provided following the text. Tables that summarize the information contained in the bibliography are also provided. The information in the tables includes a listing of the equipment items involved in the reported events and the associated number of reports for each item. Similar information is given for the various kinds of instrumentation and systems, causes of failures, deficiencies noted, and the time of occurrence (i.e., during refueling, operation, testing, or construction).


The subject of the research is the application of the methodology of the history of mentalities to study the author's explications in the texts of the Slavic historical narrative of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. The social and psychological directions of the history of mentalities presented in the works of M. Blok, L. Fevre, J. Le Goff, J. Duby, A. Buro, R. Chartier are consistently considered, and then the main approaches of historical anthropology are analyzed. The texts of the "Tale of Bygone Years", "Czech Chronicle" by Kozma of Prague, "Chronicles and Deeds of Princes or Rulers of Poland" by Gallus Anonymous are selected as sources. Attention is focused on such forms of the author's presence as references of scribes about themselves or about the events of their lives, subjective and emotional statements, value judgments, stable expressions. The problems and prospects of applying the methods of the history of mentalities and historical anthropology in identifying and interpreting the statements of medieval scribes, as well as in the case of their use of various expressive means and stable formulas are discussed. The attractiveness of the history of mentalities, which makes it possible to explain the manifestations of medieval consciousness through the linguistic means of the era under study, as well as the complexity of solving the problem of the ratio of an individual and an "average individual", are noted. The conclusion is made about the prospects of the microhistoric approach to the study of the forms of the author's presence in the Slavic monuments of the historical narrative of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. and about the expediency of comparative studies in the study of individual statements of scribes.


The article describes design of an experimental equipment for an electrical resistance tomography (ERT) of an air-water bubble multiphase flow. It reuses most of a circuit from a previous PIV experiment, with an exception of a measurement segment and adjacent pipes. The core components are two electrode rings each with 16 stainless steel electrodes smoothly embedded to its walls. The design is made modular, so it is possible to easily swap or modify its parts in case of need.The article describes design of an experimental equipment for an electrical resistance tomography (ERT) of an air-water bubble multiphase flow. It reuses most of a circuit from a previous PIV experiment, with an exception of a measurement segment and adjacent pipes. The core components are two electrode rings each with 16 stainless steel electrodes smoothly embedded to its walls. The design is made modular, so it is possible to easily swap or modify its parts in case of need.


Deuterium in water and organic compounds is usually determined by combustion to water, reduction to hydrogen by heated zinc, and mass spectrometric analysis. The method is modified in such a way that memory effects of the apparatus and isotope fractionation from partial reduction are avoided. The zinc reductant is replaced with a platinum-coated zinc reductant, and the reduction tube is completely redesigned. However, the combustion tube still has a memory effect and hence must be pretreated twice with the sample. (D.L.C.)


The conceptual model of smart university has been generalized as a digital transformation-oriented higher educational institution using digital infrastructure (digital legal, digital human resources, digital data, digital technologies and digital applications) to provide personalized learning services for learners of all generations in the country and around the world. It meets the lifelong learning requirements and sustainable development of individuals as well as nations. The smart university is described through the V-SMARTH model, which consists of 6 basic components of digital resources: open access learning materials, virtual learning environment, individualized education, interactive learning and digital platform. These elements come together in three pillars of digitization, digital learning model and comprehensive digital transformation process. The study also approaches the notions of the smartness and the readiness level of the smart university. In particular, issues of performance metrics of smart universities were developed and implemented with the UPM rating criteria for the VNU University of Engineering and Technology.


Through the research on the problem of building deformation monitoring data processing,which was important to the construction safety,the building deformation monitoring data processing system providing reference for construction safety was designed and implemented with the details of the theory of building deformation monitoring data processing,design ideas,system model and the main functional modules of the building deformation monitoring data processing system.


In this excellent book, Rolandsen Augustin examines processes of institutionalization and mobilization related to gender equality policies at the European level. Through the analysis of institution...


INTRODUCTION Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) works on the principle of B-scan sonography. The spatial resolution is improved by using high-frequency transducers of 34–100 MHz. The study was performed to investigate UBM as a diagnostic tool for ocular adnexal disease.METHOD Lid and lacrimal structures of 10 normal individuals and 30 patients with pathological features were examined by UBM, using 50 and 34 MHz transducers. In cases of tumors the images were compared to the clinical features and histopathological findings of the excised lesions.RESULTS The tissue penetration is 2–3.5mm with the 50 MHz and up to 4.5 mm with the 34 MHz transducer. Normal subcutaneous structures of the lids and the lacrimal system can be visualized and identified. Using a video recording system improves the visibility and recognizability of the structures significantly. Histopathological diagnosis was not established by UBM in any of the excised lesions.CONCLUSIONS UBM can provide images of subcutaneous ocular adnexal structures...


The present study aims to evaluating the effect of rotor solidity in terms of chord length for a given rotor diameter on the performances of a small vertical axis Darrieus wind turbine. The proposed work focuses on both power production and rotor power coefficient, considering also the structural constraints deriving from the centrifugal forces due to rotor angular velocity. Also the smoothness of the resulting power curves have been investigated, in order to evaluate the controllability of the corresponding rotor architectures. Keywords—Vertical axis wind turbine, Darrieus, solidity, Blade Element-Momentum


A simple method to estimate the effective biaxial modulus of cubic polycrystalline films with an arbitrary [hkl] fiber texture is presented. Analytic expressions of the Voigt [Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik (Teubner, Leipzig, 1910)] and the Reuss [Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 9, 49 (1929)] averages of the biaxial modulus are given in terms of the axis orientation [hkl] and single-crystal elastic constants. We then explain why the two averages of the fiber-textured films are identical to the corresponding appropriate biaxial modulus of the constituent grain. Finally, we show that for fiber axes equivalent to [100] or [111], the Voigt and Reuss averages coincide and are identical to the true effective biaxial modulus of the fiber-textured film. For other fiber axes, we further show that the Voigt-Reuss-Hill average of the biaxial modulus is an excellent theoretical estimation.