A continual cell instance segmenter aims to continually learn to segment new objects while preserving the ability to localize and distinguish old objects without access to previous data. Besides catastrophic forgetting, background shift, where the background class could contain objects in the old and unseen future classes, could occur. In addition, as acquiring annotations is label-intensive, cell images can be partially labeled. In this paper, we present iMRCNN, which extends Mask R-CNN with knowledge distillation and pseudo labeling, to address these challenges. To preserve the learned skills, the current student distills knowledge from the former teacher at output and feature levels. Furthermore, we employ a pseudo labeling scheme, where the teacher is utilized to identify objects with no labels provided, to deal with background shift and partially labeled data. Experiments on two microscopy image sets demonstrate the effectiveness of iMRCNN over other alternatives in various incremental learning scenarios.


In the title compound, C15H11BrO, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 49.93 (8)°. The molecules are arranged into infinite chains along the c axis through weak C—H⋯Br interactions. The chains are stacked along the a axis, forming layers.


Any smooth, closed oriented 4-manifold has a surface diagram of arbitrarily high genus g>2 that specifies it up to diffeomorphism. The goal of this paper is to prove the following statement: For any smooth, closed oriented 4-manifold M, there is a sequence of weak A-infinity algebras indexed by g, and the homotopy equivalence class of each entry of this sequence is a diffeomorphism invariant of M.


This paper proposes an automated system for content based retrieval of images based on color information. Color information is modeled using a color correlogram which defines the probability of a color i occurring in the neighborhood of another color j at a distance k from it. This paper further extends the concept to a directional correlogram by modeling the spatial color distribution along four different directions viz. horizontal, vertical, right-diagonal and left-diagonal compared to only a single direction as in standard correlograms. To reduce the dimensionality of the correlogram, color is quantized to six levels before creating the correlogram. Experimentations done using 120 images demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach vis-à-vis the existing approaches.


Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is always exacerbated neuronal damage when timely restoring cerebral blood flow after ischemia stroke. Cerebral I/R results in excessive autophagy and leads to neuronal demise. The present study was designed to investigate the role of autophagy during ICS II‐mediated neuroprotection on cerebral I/R in vivo and in vitro. Here, we found that ICS II not only protected against middle cerebral artery occlusion‐induced injury in rats, but also attenuated primary cortical neurons injury upon oxygen‐glucose deprivation. Moreover, autophagy was activated as evidenced by triggered autophagic influx and increased ATG expressions after stimulation of cerebral I/R. However, ICS II signifcantly inhibited excessive autophagy as evidenced by repressing autophagic flux, combined with decreasing ATG expressions including LC3 II, Beclin 1, ATG5 and ATG7. Interestingly, ICS II, a PDE5 inhibitor, not only restored cGMP/PKG pathway, but also inactivated GSK‐3β through mediating phosphorylation at tyr216 and ser9. Most intrugingly, siGSK‐3β obviously promoted the beneficial effect of ICS II, which further confirmed that the neuroprotective mechanism of ICS II is, at least in partly, through inactivating GSK‐3β. Furthermore, we reveled that the cGMP/PKG pathway acts as the upstream of GSK‐3β inactivation in the inhibitory effect of ICS II on cerebral I/R‐induced autophagic neuronal death, as evidenced by GSK‐3β inhibitor or PKG inhibitor in vitro. Most importantly, the findings demonstrated that ICS II protected against cerebral I/R‐induced injury via mediating PKG/GSK‐3β/autophagy axis. This study will raise the possibility that ICS II may be exploited into a potent PDE 5 inhibitor against ischemia stroke.


On the basis of multi-systematic risk factors CreditRisk+ model based on sector character,this paper amended the drawback which the loss given default was assumed to be a constant in the CreditRisk + model,and proposed a new method to calculate the unexpected loss of loan portfolio,which comprehensively considered the variation of loss given default and the correlation of the sector risk factors.We can enhance accuracy when calculating unexpected loss of loan portfolio by this method.In this paper,a practical example was offered to analyze the feasibility of the new method by making use of saddlepoint approximation algorithm.


The Cabot converter is a combination of a few-phase primary and many-phase secondary transformer and a secondary circuit commutator driven by a synchronous motor. Direct current of high voltage can be readily produced, e.g. for radio transmitters. The converter has a lower reactance voltage than the standard rotary converter and has other constructional and electrical advantages.


The present work focuses on the effect of reinforcing polymer with TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 Nano-powders on its thermal properties since they have many important thermal applications. The effect of adding such Nano-powders with different particle percentages by weight (0.5%,1%, 1.5% and 2%) to the base material have been discussed. Different samples of the resulting Nano-composite materials have been prepared according to (ISO-220077) standard. Thermal properties of such samples have been evaluated by using hot disc technique and the results have been compared with that of pure epoxy. The results show that the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity increase with increasing weight fraction of reinforcing materials, and it becomes higher when the epoxy was reinforced by (Al 2 O 3 ) rather than (TiO 2 ) Nano powder. Also the results indicated that maximum values of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the Nano-composite specimen reinforced by 2% (Al 2 O 3 ) were (0.55W/m.K) & (0.45 mm 2 /Sec.) respectively. It has also shown that the heat capacity of the Nano-composite material decreases when the epoxy reinforced with Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 Nano-powders with different weight fractions.


This paper uses a quantitative method of analysing if the idiosyncratic risk on the Stockholm Exchange has changed over time. In order to do so we divided the risk, measured as volatility, into three different risk categories, idiosyncratic-, industrial-, and market volatility. Analysing the result received from the data of 85 listed corporations, that represents the five major sections on the Swedish Exchange, tells us that the idiosyncratic risk on OMX Stockholm has not changed noticeably over time. In the final pages of the study a short discussion, and comparison with, the American stock Exchanges are made since this study is based on and similar to a study on Dow Jones and NASDAQ.


Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI) is one of the best neuroimaging techniques which helps to understand the activity of the human brain. With the help of recent advancement in the field of machine learning algorithms in terms of pattern recognition, now it is possible to extract in-depth information about brain activity by analyzing fMRI data. In this paper, we have shown the analysis of the data of a particular part of the human brain called Ventral Temporal Cortex. The dataset contains the fMRI data of the subjects while viewing grey-scale image different categories of objects such as cat, chair, etc. We have applied the machine learning algorithms on the extracted feature set from fMRI data to classify the objects that the subject is viewing. Here, we have emphasized on hyper-parameter tuning for the classifiers. Among the classifiers, we have found that the performance of Support Vector Machine (i.e., 96.92%) and k-nearest neighbor classifier(i.e., 96.90%) is quite persistent and have better accuracy. The further application of this research may motivate to develop brain-computer interface (BCI) based solutions.


A 66-year-old, male patient with a 10-pack-year history of smoking was referred to the internal medicine consultation because of a 4-week history of fatigue, weakness, intermittent low-grade fever, appetite and weight loss, and a mild dry cough. His previous history was unremarkable and his physical examination was normal. Routine laboratory screening revealed leukocytosis (11.08×109 leukocytes per L), elevated C-reactive protein (72.1 mg⋅L−1) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 57 mm⋅h−1. Analyses for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, and cytoplasmic and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were all negative. Pulmonary function tests (static and dynamic volumes, flow–volume curve, and lung diffusion capacity) were within the predictive values. Chest radiography demonstrated bilateral hilar enlargement. The patient subsequently underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest (figure 1). Beware unusual presentations of more common disease entities, as in this interactive case report http://ow.ly/qj7f30eVFsp


The invention discloses a veneer drying unit comprising a box and an air heat exchanger. The box is provided with a feed hole and a discharge hole. A feed device is disposed on the feed hole side of the box. A discharge device is disposed on the discharge hole side of the box. A conveying device is disposed between the feed device and the discharge device and comprises a driving sprocket set, a driven sprocket set and a circular chain, wherein the driving sprocket set and the driven sprocket set are disposed on the box and the circular chain surrounds the sprocket sets. A plurality of clamping rods are disposed on the circular chain at intervals. A partition arranged between the upward portion and the downward portion of the circular chain encloses the inner upper space of the box to form a baking passage. A first cooling passage is formed above the baking passage. A second cooling passage is formed at the bottom of the partition. Both a bottom plate of the first cooling passage and a top plate of the second cooling passage are evenly provided with a plurality of vent holes communicated with the baking passage. The first cooling passage and the second cooling passage are communicated with an air outlet of an air pipe and an air outlet of the air heat exchanger respectively. Compared with the prior art, the veneer drying unit has the advantage that the problems that the existing veneer easily cracks during baking and baking is high in energy consumption and low in efficiency are solved.


The flow distribution is one of the key techniques in the design and development of the combustor. The effective area and the flow resistance methods are applied respectively to calculate the flow distribution of an annular combustor,whose applicability is analyzed using numerical simulation method. The results show that the simplified conditions of the effective area method and the flow resistance method can be met and the calculation results can be trusted. Although more simplified,the effective area method has the same accuracy as flow resistance method,and is more suitable for the initial stage of combustor design and its field test.


This study analyses the considerable changes which took place in in the Negev region from the 2nd-5th centuries AD, in particular the cessation of international trade passing through the region, and the substantial rise in population and rapid urbanisation which occured towards the end of this period. It synthesises archaeological research on the region, and analyses recent finds, most notably ceramics, which provide useful evidence for long-distance trade. Its conclusions note the ways in which the local market was able to sustain the loss of international trade, and the reasons for this.


In order to quickly grasp the actual situation of the current protocol reverse solution, commonly used terms first collection protocol reverse engineering field, to describe the protocol reverse engineering and the formal definition of the protocol reverse reference model; then summarizes the existing protocol reverse solution in the main analysis techniques and algorithms, and discusses the application fields of reverse technology protocol; finally describes between actual situation and the ideal current protocol reverse engineering of the gap, and points out the defects existing in the current scheme monk unsolved problems, explore new directions for future research.


Ti-Si-N hard coatings were deposited on steel substrates by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering from Ti and Si elemental targets in a mixture of Ar and N2 gases.The influences of negative bias voltage(in the range of-30 to-80 V)on the mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated.In particular,the critical cycle during dynamic impact tests was employed to indicate the bonding strength of the coatings.It was found that the Ti-Si-N coatings prepared at lower constant bias voltages could effectively improve the adhesion and the cyclic impact performance,but their hardness was dropped significantly to 13 GPa at a bias of-30 V.Higher bias voltage values induced greater hardness.A maximum hardness of 47 GPa was obtained at a bias of-60 V.However,the coating adhesion was worse in this case,and the number of impact cycles(~8×10 3)that the coatings could endure was much shorter than that of TiN binary coatings(~2×104).On the other hand,the bias voltage was varied linearly from-40 to-60 V during Ti-Si-N deposition.Under this circumstance,the hardness of the coatings deposited with the bias-graded configuration remained very high(42 GPa),and the adhesion strength was improved substantially.Also,the critical impact cycle could reach as high as 1.8×104.Therefore,bias-graded deposition can provide an effective processing route to prepare Ti-Si-N superhard coatings with high adhesion strength and impact resistance.


The article assesses the quality of seven documents of strategic planning of the socio-economic development on the example of the Chechen Republic. The socio-economic development strategy for the period up to 2025 does not take into account the influence of external and internal factors on the national economy; in the long-term socio-economic development forecasts, there are difficulties in predicting the structure of the gross regional product, the structure of investment in fixed assets, as well as the level of employment and wages; the long-term budget forecast shows that the forecasting mechanism is based on different growth rates of the regional economy (linear growth models), and does not take into account the cyclical nature of economic development under the influence of external and internal factors; many measures provided for in the social economic development plan have not been implemented yet; there are no program-targeted instruments. Regional territorial planning schemes were adopted in a number of Russian regions. The strategic planning documents for the socio-economic and scientific-technological development of the Russian region are not interrelated. The need for a long-term forecast of the scientific and technological development of the Russian region is substantiated. It should be a strategic plan for the balanced development of the region that provides a link between science and production in a territorial context, and between federal and regional scientific and technological centers of Russia. Conclusions, proposals and recommendations for improving the methodology of strategic planning for the balanced development of the Russian region are formulated. 2357-1330 © 2021 Published by European Publisher.


The minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) and the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformers are two optimal approaches in the sense of noise reduction. The LCMV beamformer can also reject interferers using linear constraints at the expense of reducing the degree of freedom in a limited number of microphones. However, it may magnify noise that causes a lower output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the MVDR beamformer. Contrarily, the MVDR beamformer suffers from interference in output. In this paper, we propose a controllable LCMV (C-LCMV) beamformer based on the principles of both the MVDR and LCMV beamformers. The C-LCMV approach can control a compromise between noise reduction and interference rejection. Simulation results show that the C-LCMV beamformer outperforms the MVDR beamformer in interference rejection, and the LCMV beamformer in background noise reduction.


This paper describes how a pilot scale ion exchange unit, based on a single-bed weak-acid cation exchange resin, was designed and tested in the field to remove combined radium from raw ground water where radium content exceeds the national regulation limits set for radium in drinking water. The resin could efficiently perform 10 resin exhaustion–regeneration cycles, with an effluent/waste ratio of about 138 in each cycle, before 5 pCi/L radium breakthrough. Simultaneous reduction in the total hardness and total dissolved salts was also observed. The waste brine could be environmentally reclaimed. Based upon the obtained results, some conclusions and recommendations are drawn.


Websites will become increasingly important to physical education departments as they seek to communicate the goals and content of their programs. A well developed website is an educational tool physical educators can use in their efforts to teach students about physical activity and health. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of website utilization and the components of websites in use in middle and high school physical education programs. In order to determine the status of active websites as well as the content and design quality of physical education websites in middle and high schools, 285 school websites in two Southern California counties were searched during October 2007. In order to assess the quality of those websites, a website checklist was utilized to evaluate content and design features that should be included on a website. The features on the checklist were organized into categories of content, control (navigation), consistency (readability), and corroboration (accountability). Only 50 (17.5%) of the 285 identified schools had an active physical education department website. In addition, most of the physical education websites were incomplete and lacked important design and content features. Consequently, most of the websites did not favorably represent their departments or the profession of physical education. The low percentage of websites found and the low quality of the websites that were discovered indicate that most physical educators are not taking advantage of an educational tool that has great potential to both promote their department and aid in student learning. Since websites will become increasingly important to physical education departments, physical education teachers need to create websites that are well designed in order to strengthen their efforts to teach students about physical activity and health.?


Abstract A partially recrystallised extrathinned interstitial free steel has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the orientation of recrystallisation nuclei plays an important role in the process of recrystallisation texture formation. The growth of the 〈111〉∥normal direction (ND) is very rapid compared with its nucleation.


Purpose : Dysmenorrhea can be caused by misalignment of the pelvis. Since pilates stabilization exercise is a methods that affects pelvic alignment by inducing contraction of abdominal muscles, the purpose of this study is to determine whether dysmenorrhea is reduced when pilates stabilization exercise is applied.
Methods : 47 dysmenorrhea patients were randomly divided into experimental (n=23) and control (n=24) groups. The experimental group performed pilates stabilization exercise three times a week for 12 weeks, and the control group did not perform any intervention. Abdominal muscle thickness, lumbar pelvic alignment, and dysmenorrhea were measured before intervention, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after intervention to determine the mean change over time and the effect of group and factor interactions (repeated measured ANOVA and contrast test for each period).
Results : In the experimental group, the thickness of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles were increased significantly by group and period (p<.05). The pelvic torsion, lordosis and dysmenorrhea were also significantly decreased by group and period. But the control group did not change significantly in any of the variables.
Conclusion : Applying pilates stabilization exercise to women with dysmenorrhea may be an effective intervention that contributes to relieving dysmenorrhea by correcting the stability and alignment of the lumbar pelvis.


A revolutionary concept that is yet in its infancy, artificial intelligence has the potential to, when employed skilfully, provide a vehicle for good change that might elevate supportable adjustments from an asset-effective quality of living viewpoint. This new type of man-made intelligence-based portability, regardless of its machine direction, must be a client-focused innovation that "comprehends" and "fulfils" the human client, the business sectors and society in general. Trust ought to be assembled, and dangers ought to be wiped out, for this change to take off. This essay offers a novel measured commitment that carefully investigates the scarcely concentrated intersection of artificial intelligence, transit, the smart city, and the ramifications for urban prospects that they will have. It addresses a crucial subject, imaginative portability drives alluding to Associated and Independent Vehicles, independent Individual and Automated Flying Vehicles, and mediations that might fill in as empowering advances for transport, like the Web of Things and Actual Web or reflect more extensive changes like Industry 4.0.


This study presents a scalable automated video surveillance framework that (1) automatically detects the occurrences of abnormal behavior patterns by both pedestrians and vehicles, and (2) directs the focus of the security personnel to the relevant camera view, thereby providing global situational awareness. Powered by deep learning, our methodology can detect both vision and location-based abnormalities, including the events of vandalism, violence, loitering, scouting, and speeding. The proposed framework requires a low initial investment cost and features both real-time detection of various abnormal behaviors and post-crime analysis in scalable form, by enabling wide-area multi-camera networks with person/object re-identification. By combining multiple functionalities in an efficient framework, the proposed system opens up new possibilities for surveillance.


The present disclosure describes a solution which allows the mobile device is allowed to specify certain sites are based only on the sign device certificates. The solution will integrate OpenID with a telecommunications network in order to verify the user's identity. This authentication is based on the telecommunications carrier in the GGSN to identify the user has confidence. The solution will OpenID provider (OP) is divided into two systems, internal and external OP OP. OP may be present in the external public network and may allow a user authentication with a password. Present in the vector OP internal private network and is directly connected to the GGSN so that it is only accessible from the GGSN.


Article history: Received 17 December 2012 Accepted 11 February 2013 Four varieties of the cowpea seeds (Local, Dokki331, Kareem7 and Aswany) were screened for their resistance to the bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus F., a serious pest of stored pulses. Morphological characters like seed coat texture, volume and weight, were not found to be responsible for offering resistance to C. maculatus. Data revealed that the female weevil preferred the smooth surface for egg oviposition. The results also showed that Aswany was found to reduce the growth and development of C. maculatus, which were indicated by different parameters; larval penetration %, adult emergence %, total developmental time, susceptibility index and growth index. Seeds were analysed for protein profiles (SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) to study the chemical basis of resistant to bruchid infestation. A negative correlation was indicated between the seed total protein content and the susceptibility index. SDS-PAGE analysis of seeds protein for the fore mentioned varieties revealed the presence of antinutrient chemicals that might impart resistance to C. maculatus. The role of these antinutritionals in relation to C. maculatus infestation is discussed.


The evolution of T1 phase in the novel ultra-high strength Al-4.0Cu-1.0Li(wt.%) alloys aged at 165 ℃ was studied by means of high-angle annular dark field(HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) and the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory(DFT).The results show that the T1 phase particles may grow in two ways.One is that it grows thicker regularly along its c-axis.The other way is that it grows irregularly,forming a variant of the regular T1 phase precipitates,i.e.,a Li atomic layer exists between two T1 unit cells.This variant may form individually or together with the T1 particles in Li-excess area.The energy calculations indicate that the model proposed by Van Smaalen et al.for T1 phase is the most energetically favorable,and independent of the composition in Cu-rich layers.The atomic structure of the T1 variant and its formation enthalpy show that the existence of the variant is also energetically reasonable.


laws and constitutional rights, can be seen to pose challenges in other developing democracies as well. On the other hand, while it concludes on an open-ended note, the book fails to state clearly whether the Indian legal system's blend of Western systems and Eastern non-state traditions is a success or a failure, and only briefly touches upon the future of the legal system. Finally, with regards to its writing style, while the subject matter is generally intriguing, it drags at some points and could have been livened up with more case examples. Nonetheless, it is a recommended read for those who want to understand the Indian legal system, and especially relatable for those who come from other Asian or developing democracies.


Design structure matrices have become an accepted tool for product development. However, these approaches focus exclusively on new product development in isolation. They ignore the fact that many products are improvements on existing versions. This is particularly the case with the software. An analogue to the technique is described, which enables the traceability of the software characteristics back to the original customer requirements via a set of integrated matrices. The use of this analogue approach as a requirements' flowdown tool was subjected to a proof-of-concept test during a research project for the US Federal Aviation Administration.


The potential for oil and gas development in the greater Wattenberg area, which lies near the Front Range between Denver and Greeley, Colorado, in the Denver Basin, is moderate to high for oil-and-gas-producing formationsof Cretaceous age. The potential for development was determined by modeling existing production of oil and gas from these Cretaceous formations and evaluating where the remaining volume of hydrocarbons exceeds estimates of ultimate recovery from existing wells producing from these units. Although areas of varying potential exist for all producing formations, the likely areas of future oil and gas development would be where the potential exists for recovery of additional hydrocarbons from more than one producing formation. The recompletion of existing wells to tap into other formations for additional oil and gas production is likely where there is high potential for remaining producible hydrocarbons and especially where a significant number of wells exist. The model reveals that the Front Range project area between Denver and Greeley has a high potential for both the drilling of new wells and recompletion; of existing wells. Because this is also an area of rapid and continuing urban growth, decisions regarding future land use will be improved with the understanding of where future oil and gas development could be expected in the Front Range of Colorado.


INTRODUCTION I STUDY AREA I METHODS 4 RESULTS 7 DISCUSSION _ _ _ _ 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..... 12 LITERATURE CITED 13 APPENDIX A. ...... ..... 15


The 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW), held 7–11 March in Jacksonville, Florida, was a great success. Many excellent papers were presented on various topics of electrical safety, from safety programs and work control processes to construction safety and tool, equipment, and system design.


Anti-inflammatory Therapy: Corticosteroid preparations have been a primary component of the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO, heaves) for many years. Investigations of therapeutic efficacy have focused on short-term administration during an acute exacerbation of heaves. The potent systemic corticosteroids and the aerosolized corticosteroids have consistently demonstrated therapeutic benefit using a model of short-term drug administration. During an episode of airway obstruction, corticosteroid administration reduces pulmonary inflammation and improves parameters of pulmonary function. Until approximately 15 years ago, symptomatic bronchodilator therapy was the mainstay of human asthma therapy. At that time, pulmonary inflammation was noted to be the underlying pathophysiologic process in all cases of bronchoconstriction, and therapeutic emphasis shifted to daily anti-inflammatory therapy to prevent episodes of airway obstruction. Corticosteroids are the only drug class to demonstrate sustained modification of disease in asthmatic patients. Recent investigations indicate early intervention with corticosteroids is an important prognostic determinant and long-term, low-dose administration is associated with progressive improvement in pulmonary function and reduction in nonspecific and allergen-induce airway responsiveness. The efficacy of long-term, low-dose corticosteroid therapy to prevent episodes of airway obstruction has not been evaluated in horses with heaves.


Party Committees of colleges should fully understand the importance of united front work, define the status of the united front work and improve the level of united front work constantly.


Based on the data of all A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019, this paper studies the relationship between financing constraints and the degree of tax avoidance and the influencing path of them. The results show that financing constraints can promote enterprises to avoid tax aggressively. The results of heterogeneity test show that the difference of property rights and enterprise scale will not affect the above results. Further research shows that a high degree of earnings management will enhance the promotion of financing constraints on tax avoidance.


Chat-bot is a computer code that interacts with humans by itself without taking any human assistance. The chat-bot uses natural language processing (NLP) for understanding a human request or query. Blog is an information network where people (group) post information in their area of expertise and people with similar interests read and learn from them. The problem with traditional blog websites is that the user can only get the data which is linked to the home page and also the user have to manually go to every page to get the data. The proposed research work aims in designing and building a chat-bot which, with which the administrators and any common man can interact in English and ask for questions like 'show all the posts by abc', which hence provides a natural language (NL) interface between user's language (English) and the blog's (an information network) database.


The ancient tea resources in partial county(city) in Zunyi Area were investigated to provide references for protection and utilization of existing ancient tea resources and to explore the ecotope and essential characteristics of ancient tea resources.The results show that most wild ancient tea trees distribute in remote villages with an elevation of 963~1230 m.The soil is chiltern and the surroundings are mostly forestry,building and farmland.There are many or sporadic tea trees around ancient tea trees.Ancient tea trees are wild resources,arbor with generative propagation.The tree-age is over 100 with excellent growth vigor.


Background: Lung adenocarcinomas show the highest proportion of approximately 70% among histologic types of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Generally, lung adenocarcinomas have many passenger mutations in smokers and driver mutations such as EGFR and EML-ALK gene in non- or light smokers. On the other hand, NSCLC simultaneously expresses many cancer-testis (CT) antigens, which are expressed in cancer and normal testis tissues only. We previously reported that XAGE1 (81 amino acids) of a CT antigen is specifically expressed in approximately 40% to 60% of lung adenocarcinomas, and that it elicits spontaneous T cell and humoral immune responses in almost half of patients with XAGE1. In addition, lung adenocarcinomas with XAGE1 antigen and antibody (Ab) showed prolonged survival as compared with those of XAGE1-Ab-negative patients. Thus, XAGE1 is a major immunodominant antigen and play an important role in the immune surveillance of lung adenocarcinomas. Then, we for the first time conducted a phase 1 study of XAGE1 peptide vaccines in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods: Two long-peptide vaccines of SLP1 and SLP2 were synthesized, and SLP1 and SLP2 were composed with 25-mer of XAGE1 peptide 6N~32Q and 44I~68H, respectively. The two peptide epitopes were considered to be recognized in both CD4 and CD8 T cell. The two peptide vaccines mixed with 0.2 KE Picibanil OK-432 of adjuvant and 1.25 ml Montanide ISA-51 were administered in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with XAGE1 antigen or Ab. Four doses of 500 micro-gram (level-1), 1 mg (level-2), and 2 mg (level-3) each were subcutaneously administered every two weeks. Primary and secondary endpoint of this study were safety and XAGE1-specific immune responses, respectively. Results: A total of ten patients was enrolled into this study, which was consisted of each three in level-1 and level-3 and four in level-2. The study was completed in 7 out of 10 patients, and three were dropped due to disease progression. Thirty-four adverse events related to vaccines were observed but not serious (grade 1 or 2); 9 skin induration, 6 fever, 4 local pain at injection, and so on. Before the vaccination, seven patients were positive for XAGE1-Ab, and three were negative. After the vaccination, the Ab titers were increased in five of seven XAGE1-Ab-positive patients, and one of three XAGE1-Ab-negative patients showed seropositive. Clinically, tumor marker CEA was decreased in two patients after the vaccination. On the other hand, CD4 T cells were isolated from one patient 12 weeks after the vaccination, and were stimulated in vitro by SLP1, SLP2, and the mixture with SLP1 and SLP2. The highest level of IFN-gamma secretion was observed in the mixture than those in SLP1 and SLP2 alone. Conclusions: This study shows that our XAGE1 peptide vaccine was well tolerated and elicited humoral and CD4 T cell responses in immunized patients. Citation Format: Mikio Oka, Koji Kurose, Naoya Yasogawa, Takaaki Yamaoka, Yoshihiro Ohue, Toru Oga. Phase 1 study of XAGE1 peptide vaccine in patients with lung adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5578.


Glucokinase (GK) plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis as the glucose sensor in the pancreas and liver. Loss of function of GK results in hyperglycemia, and gain of function causes congenital hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. We speculate that the progressive loss of GK at both mRNA and protein levels in the islets and liver would be the key mechanism for type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. The development of GK activator (GKA) as an anti-diabetic drug has been endeavored for several decades. The failure of the early development of GKAs is due to the limitation of understanding the mode of GKA action. The success of dorzagliatin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has brought new hope for GK in setting a good model for repairing the underlying defects in the pancreatic islets and liver of T2D patients.


Apart from their intrinsically interesting one-dimensional (1D) morphology, sp-bonded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have remarkable, structure-dependent electronic, mechanical, optical, and magnetic properties that make them promising components in nanocomposite architectures. CNTs have also found numerous other, already demonstrated applications in many different fields, including catalysis, sensors, semiconductor devices, biological environments, data storage/processing devices, and reinforced nanofiber materials. CNTbased nanocomposites have been created by the assembly of a variety of nanoparticles (NPs) onto surface-primed CNTs. In most of these examples, the assembled NPs display mutual interactions but their individual nanosized nature is maintained within the resulting 1DCNT-based nanocomposites. Among such nanocomposites, the combination of CNTs with magnetic materials offers an increased interest owing to the monodimensionality of the final composites, which results in an increase of the magnetic anisotropy, and the possibility of alignment under manipulation with external magnetic fields. Such aligned CNTs are particularly attractive for the design of, for example, new reinforced nanofiber materials. CNTs can thus be used as unique templates for the synthesis of 1D magnetic nanomaterials, which have recently received considerable attention. In particular, colloidal dispersions of anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles have been prepared by different techniques, such as: a) the selective control of the growth rates of different faces through relatively simple variations in surfactant composition; b) the assembly of pre-formed magnetic nanoparticles into chains or necklaces through magnetic dipole–dipole interparticle interactions; or c) the assembly of magnetic nanoparticles onto surface-modified CNTs through electrostatic interactions, which leads to the synthesis of anisotropic CNTbased magnetic composites. Whereas the use of pre-formed magnetic nanoparticles allows the selection of nanoparticles with well characterized magnetic properties, which can be maintained within the composite, these systems suffer from the inherently weak magnetic interaction between the small magnetic core volume of the nanoparticles involved. The decay of this dipole–dipole interaction potential between single magnetic particles is such that polyelectrolyte layers or even a silica shell only a few nanometers thick can minimize these interactions. An alternative method involves the growth of a continuous shell of a pre-selected magnetic material on a suitable anisotropic template, such as nanowires or nanotubes, so that the magnetic response is better defined all along the nanostructure. Herein we present the synthesis of well-defined, anisotropic magnetic nanotubes, using CNTs as templates, in which the sp carbon structure is preserved while obtaining a ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. The magnetic material is grown directly on the CNT outer surface in a process that is mediated by an assembled layer of presynthesized, catalytic Pt nanoparticles. This intermediate step yields organic–inorganic hybrid composites which serve as 1D substrates for the preparation of magnetic CNT-supported Ni/


At the end of this chapter, learners should be able to:

Understand the meaning of grievance and disciplinary.

Understand the procedure for grievance and disciplinary.

Appreciate the critical role of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service.

Understand the step by step guide for the analysis involved in basic award computation


Objective 35 pregnant women were studied to determine if the presence of fetal breathing movements(FBM) by using there different ultrasound imaging techniques.Methods Use real-time B-mode for observation of the fetal trunk,im- age directed pulsed wave Doppler for the fetal umbilical vein and Color Doppler for observation of the fetal nasopharynx.Re- sults It confirmed that the sensitivities of the FBM presence for the above three mentioned techniques were 100%,100% and 96%,respectively 100% FBM presence of the specificity.Percentage of breathing time were 49.6%,48.7% and 46.9%,and asphyxia time were(170±121)s,(171±132)s、(170±129)s reapectively.Conclusion The results showed that the detec- tion of FBM by there different ultadsound modalities was practical and virtually interchangeable.


In April 2019, following a decision in the Ecosystem Working Group on 19 March 2019, the North Sea Advisory Council (NSAC) established a focus group on Circular Design of Fishing Gear. The aim of the focus group was to apply comprehensive horizontal approach to the Single Use Plastics Directive (SUP) in relation to the different legislative acts related to marine litter and fishing gear. Due to overlapping of topics and initiatives, the focus group was stirred together and across other ACs carrying out similar work, namely NWWAC, PELAC and BSAC. The four Advisory Councils organised a Workshop on Re-imagining Fishing Gear in a Circular Economy and, based on the outcome of the workshop, the NWWAC and the NSAC prepared two pieces of advice covering both, the SUP and PRF Directives in relation to marine litter and circular design of fishing gear.


In the 1.7MHz~3MHz frequency band, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing methods in the research of reradiation interference resonance of transmission lines, this paper proposes a method for analyzing the resonance frequency of reradiation interference of transmission lines based on the characteristic mode theory. Based on the idea of mode decomposition, the formation mechanism of reradiation interference resonance is explained from the perspective of electromagnetic energy. The case analysis shows that, compared with the existing research results, the method in this paper does not depend on the space field strength, and has completeness and clear physical meaning.


Determination of gender and estimation of age are the two most important attributes of biological identity of an individual. Both the morphological and morphometrical traits of human skeletal elements have been widely used in establishing such an identity of a person. In the present study, 343 pairs of adult human clavicle had been examined for the presence/absence and different sizes of rhomboid fossa in a postmortem sample of northwest India The male and female clavicles were found to have significantly different frequencies of rhomboid fossa but such a difference was not seen between right and left clavicles. Size and age-group specific differences were significant only for right clavicles as most of the subjects were right-handed. The 30+ years' group subjects showed greater frequency of this fossa than the 17–30 years age-group but these differences were significant only for the left clavicles. So the shape and size of rhomboid fossa as well as its frequency cannot be used as a reliable indicator of age in the studied sample. The males had a greater tendency of having this fossa than the females; hence frequency of occurrence of rhomboid fossa can be used as reliable criteria for discrimination of gender and age of the study sample.


On January 25, 1938, fifteen men and one woman met in a room in downtown Vincennes, Indiana. That gathering, the first official meeting of the board of directors of Deshee Farm, Inc., began an historic undertaking. Deshee was a large-scale farm, run cooperatively by its shareholders (known as members) and incorpo rated under the laws of the state of Indiana governing cooperative associations. The directors' first order of business was to elect offi cers and to empower those officers to apply for a federal loan that would provide the capital to equip and operate the farm. The offi cers were also empowered to negotiate a lease with the United States government for 2,771 acres of farmland, twelve miles south of Vincennes, which had been purchased recently by the federal government. The group was an unlikely one to begin such a joint enterprise. Its members were, for the most part, either unacquainted with or only recently introduced to each other. None had substantive expe rience with farm management, much less corporate management. None of them was economically secure. Many of them were young ?in their early twenties?with new families. Yet the members of this disparate group had committed themselves?wittingly or unwittingly?to participate together in an experiment in coopera tive agricultural production. Few, if any, thought they were making history. The founding of Deshee Farm was no accident; rather, it was the result of deliberate planning by the federal government. The extraordinary conditions that existed during the Great Depression created a climate in which, for a brief time, the body politic and the political leadership were both willing to risk change and to experi ment with new economic and social ideas. The country looked to the


Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is frequent affliction in pediatric emergency departments, and deaths caused by suffocation due to FBA was the


This paper discusses issues on prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Southeast Asia. It notes that a survey performed at year-end 1999 showed that a significant number of women and children in the region have HIV infection. The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Thailand Cambodia Myanmar Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Vietnam is also presented as well as strategies for successful PMTCT and a stepwise approach to PMTCT.


In order to increase the spectral efficiency, a bit interleaved coded modulation can be combined with a high order modulation scheme like Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), improving the communication system's performance. In this paper, we derive and explain the soft estimates for a doubly iterative decoder using space-time turbo codes and a large number of transmit and receive antennas for 16–QAM and 64–QAM modulation used in a mobile communication system.


Rheumatologic disease patients receiving immunomodulating drugs such as methotrexate (MTX) have increased infection rates. Strongyloides, a global endemic intestinal parasite, can cause significant or fatal disease in immunocompromised patients. The risk of serious Strongyloides infection with MTX dosed for rheumatologic disease is unknown.


Taylor's swimming sheet is a classical model of microscale propulsion and pumping. Many biological fluids and substances are fibrous, having a preferred direction in their microstructure; for example, cervical mucus is formed of polymer molecules which create an oriented fibrous network. Moreover, suspensions of elongated motile cells produce a form of active oriented matter. To understand how these effects modify viscous propulsion, we extend Taylor's classical model of small-amplitude zero-Reynolds-number propulsion of a 'swimming sheet' via the transversely isotropic fluid model of Ericksen, which is linear in strain rate and possesses a distinguished direction. The energetic costs of swimming are significantly altered by all rheological parameters and the initial fibre angle. Propulsion in a passive transversely isotropic fluid produces an enhanced mean rate of working, independent of the initial fibre orientation, with an approximately linear dependence of the energetic cost on the extensional and shear enhancements to the viscosity caused by fibres. In this regime, the mean swimming velocity is unchanged from the Newtonian case. The effect of the constant term in Ericksen's model for the stress, which can be identified as a fibre tension or alternatively a stresslet characterising an active fluid, is also considered. This stress introduces an angular dependence and dramatically changes the streamlines and flow field; fibres aligned with the swimming direction increase the energetic demands of the sheet. The constant fibre stress may result in a reversal of the mean swimming velocity and a negative mean rate of working if it is sufficiently large relative to the other rheological parameters.


Government striving for maintain cooperative relations NGO which rapidly growing. The above present state are called governance, new public management, policy network, third-party government. Object of this study analyze that how are Pusan Metropolitan City's personnel and NGO's constituents understand relations between government and NGO, and what are variables get on relations between government and NGO. The findings of this dissertation are as follows: 1. There is significant difference between mean marks of civil servants' understanding and the mean marks of NGO's constituents's understanding. 2. As a result of regression. civil servants answerd that NGO's opposition to Pusan Metropolitan City's policy and Pusan Metropolitan City's accept of NGO's opinion influenced upon relations between government and NGO. NGO's constituents answerd that variables influenced upon relations between government and NGO did not existed.


Multi-layer neural networks have been used in this paper for modeling nonlinear behaviour of an embankment dam under earthquake excitations. In this study Bakun dam which is the second tallest Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) in the world and located in east Malaysia has been modelled by the proposed algorithm. First the Bakun dam has been numerically analyzed for it's nonlinear behaviour under earthquake excitation to generate numerical data to be used in the training of the neural networks. To this end the dam has been subjected to a Local synthetic excitation so that the generated data could be rich enough for the training of a general neuro-modeller of the dam response. The neuro-modeller has then been trained on the generated data to learn the hysteretic behaviour of the dam implicitly. Then the neural network has been tested on a number of earthquakes including very strong earthquakes for verification. The results obtained in this study prove that the method has been successful regarding the generalization capabilities of the trained neuro-modeller where other earthquakes than those used in its training have been used in its testing. One significant benefit of using this algorithm is in cases where it is desired to use collected data from tests on experimental models or through monitoring of the response of a dam to prepare a suitable model for predicting its response under any earthquake. The main benefit is the time of analysis which can be reduced by this method. Once the neuro-modeller is trained, it can predict the response of the dam to any earthquake without the need to be updated. In the NL-FEA soil- structure interaction and fluid-structure interaction have been included to improve the accuracy of the numerical data for training the neural system.


Delila protein is a member of MYC-like transcriptional activator family, which regulates the expression of structural genes in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in snapdragon. We have mutated several amino acid of Delila to elucidate their function using transcriptional activation by yeast one-hybrid system. Among several site-directed mutations, the replacement of alanine-161 with 18 different amino acids resulted in severe decrease in the transcriptional activation of the yeast GAL1 promoter Delila fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain. This lack of induction indicates the importance of alanine-161 for transcriptional activation by Delila protein. Although the mutational change at residue 161 from alanine to aspartic acid exhibited no activity, the deletion of N-terminus (1-136 amino acids) of this mutant resulted in the recovery of activity. These results suggest that alanine-161 located outside the activation domain in Delila plays a critical role for its transcriptional activation in yeast.


【Objective】The objective of this study was to increase the iron content of upland rice using the method of transformation.【Method】We have transferred the soybean ferritin gene into two elite upland rice cultivars(Handao297 and Handao277) using the method of Biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.The soybean ferritin gene was expressed under the control of a rice seed storage protein glutelin promoter GluB-1.Transformation results were demonstrated by PCR and Southern blot analysis.【Result】 It was confirmed that the soybean ferritin gene was specifically expressed in seeds by RT-PCR analysis and inherited stably by PCR analysis of transgenic T1-T3 generations.Iron content in most of transgenic plant seeds of T0-T3 generations was higher than that of in the control.The maximum iron concentration in the transgenic plants was about two-fold greater than that of in the non-transformant.【Conclusion】The soybean ferritin gene can be transferred into upland rice using the method of Biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,which increased iron concentration in the transgenic plant seeds.


Based on the structures of wood at several scale levels, a 3D hierarchical computational model of wood is developed. At macrolevel, an improved rule-of-mixture model, based on 3D orthotropic stress-strain relations and taking into account the compatibility of deformations at the interface of two phases and equilibrium of tractions at phase boundaries, is proposed for the analysis of the effect of the annual rings structure on the properties of softwood. At mesolevel, the layered honeycomb-like microstructure of cells was modeled as a 3D unit cell with layered walls. The finite element model was generated in the preprocessing FE software PATRAN using the parametric modeling technique. At submesolevel, each of the layers forming the cell walls was considered as composite, taking into account the experimentally determined microfibril angles and chemical contents. The elastic properties of the layers were determined through FEM. With the use of the developed hierarchical model, the influence of the microstructure, including microfibril angles (MFAs), the cell shape angles (CSAs) and the wood density (annual ring structure) on the elastic properties of softwood was studied. The computational results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement can be obtained.


Simple Summary The maintenance of mosquito colonies in the laboratory requires a blood supply so that females can mature their oocytes and perform oviposition. Due to current bioethical parameters, the direct use of animals is being replaced by artificial blood feeding using equipment that requires the use of synthetic membranes to simulate animal skin. These membranes separate blood stored in a heated container from the external environment. The membranes need to be thin enough to allow for mosquitoes to feed, and strong enough that they do not easily break. In this study, the efficiency of collagen and latex in the artificial feeding of mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus species was evaluated and compared with Parafilm®, a standard membrane that is frequently used for this purpose. Important aspects of the feeding and reproduction of these insects were considered. Collagen was almost as efficient as Parafilm® was. Latex, on the other hand, negatively affected several of the analyzed aspects. We concluded that, although collagen is more resistant and easier to handle, Parafilm® is the most efficient among the three evaluated membranes for mosquito artificial blood feeding. Abstract Potential pathogen transmission through hematophagy in Culicidae is a major public-health problem, and several studies have been performed to better understand this phenomenon. Research on these insects often requires the maintenance of colonies in the laboratory. Due to the hematophagic habits of these organisms, blood must be provided in order to guarantee the reproduction of individuals that constitute the colonies. Some species of mammals and birds are used as a direct blood source in many laboratories. Due to current bioethical parameters, the direct use of animals has been replaced by artificial blood feeding by using synthetic membranes to simulate animal skin. In this study, the efficiency of collagen and latex in the artificial feeding of mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus species was evaluated and compared with Parafilm®, a standard membrane that is frequently used for this purpose. Important aspects of the feeding and reproduction of these insects were considered. For both species, latex showed the poorest performance. Collagen membrane performed well in most parameters, but was not as efficient as Parafilm® for fecundity in Aedes aegypti, and for the percentage of engorged females in Culex quinquefasciatus. We concluded that, although collagen is more resistant and easier to handle, Parafilm® was the most efficient among the three evaluated membranes for the artificial blood feeding of mosquitoes.


Objective To explore the relationship between serum magnesium level and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women.Methods From Sept 2005 to Aug 2006,379 postmenopausal women were selected from the outpatient department of osteoporosis,Shanghai First People's Hospital,as free from second disease and not taking supplements or medications that affect their magnesium status.Their physical characteristics,serum levels of magnesium(sMg),calcium(sCa),phosphorus(sP),and parathyroid hormone(PTH) were analyzed,and bone mineral density(BMD) was measured by standard techniques of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.According to WHO classification criteria,participants were classified as osteoporosis,osteopenia,and normal group using the T-score of the lumber spine.Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS13.0 for Windows.Results The levels of sMg in osteoporosis(n=113),ostopenia(n=190),and normal group(n=76) were 0.740±0.122 mmol·L~(-1),0.738±0.121 mmol·L~(-1) and 0.744±0.099 mmol·L~(-1),respectively, and no significant difference was found among groups(P=0.97).The levels of sCa and sP were also no difference among groups.Covariate analysis still showed no statistical significance of sMg among each group.Pearson studies revealed a significant positive correlation between sMg and sCa(r=0.283,P0.01),and significant negative correlation between sMg and PTH(r=-0.177,P=0.029), and between sMg and sP(r=-0.194,P=0.018),but no correlation between sMg and BMD.Conclusion There is no significant difference in sMg levels between osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic postmenopausal Chinese women,diagnosed by low lumber spine BMD.PTH may play a key role in keeping blood level of magnesium constants,as well as in adjusting calcium and phosphorus metabolism.The need of magnesium supplementation for postmenopausal women and how to evaluate the magnesium deficiency in the body need further studies.


Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease group with hiperglikemi characteristics that occur due to abnormalities of insulin secretion, insulin work or both.Food play an important role in providing nutrition for diabetics.Intake of foods containing carbs, protein and fat is an important nutrient, extra food for diabetics in the form of low-calorie sugar, milk, biscuits, yogurt, whole wheat bread, oats are sold commercially. Objectives: To know the difference in intake of Nutrients Macro Against Diabetes mellitus type II Sufferers consume such foods because commercial foods providing nutrients according to needs, and deliver practical benefits. Method: This is an observational cross sectional design research. It was carried out in April-May 2018. Samples gathered at the RSUD Dr. M Yunus Bengkulu and selected by purposive sampling in accordance to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total sample were 33 respondents. This research used the FFQ for intake data.The data were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent t-test. Results: The majority of respondents were women. Respondents who choose to consume commercial foods were 63.6%, the rest (36.4%) chose not to consume commercial food. The results of this research obtained no difference between macro-nutrients intake in diabetes mellitus type II patient that consumes commercial and non commercial food (p value: 0.32), energy intake (p value: 0.67), protein intake (p value: 0.94) and fat intake (p value: 0.11) carbohydrates intake. Conclusion : Diabetics mellitus patients can consume commercial foods recommended for diabetes mellitus diet.


Introduction Direct Virtual Coil (DVC) parallel imaging [1] is a data-driven technique that delivers similar image quality to coil-by-coil approaches [2,3], such as GRAPPA, while reducing memory and compute requirements by over 10X for high channel count coil arrays. Partial k-space acquisitions are routinely combined with parallel imaging to reduce scan time or achieve a smaller echo time. In this work, we describe how Direct Virtual Coil (DVC) parallel imaging reconstruction can be combined with both zero filling and homodyne partial k-space reconstructions. Compared to coil-by-coil reconstructions, the proposed approach greatly reduces the computation required for partial k-space processing, since the partial k-space processing only needs to be performed for one virtual coil instead of for each coil. In vivo partial k-space accelerated datasets are acquired and used to compare image quality between coil-bycoil reconstructions and DVC. Results indicate that DVC can achieve similar image quality to coil-by-coil reconstructions of partial k-space accelerated data. Theory For coil-by-coil methods, partial k-space processing occurs before channel combination (Fig. 1). Conversely, for the DVC method, homodyne processing occurs after channel combination. Channel combination in the DVC method can be understood as a convolution of source channel data with channel combination kernels. Shown in Fig. 2, there are different choices for where this convolution is terminated at the border between acquired phase-encode lines and the unacquired part of k-space. Methods Healthy normal subjects were imaged with a single-shot fast-spin-echo (SSFSE) pulse sequence on a 1.5T scanner (HDx, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) using a 32-channel torso array. Data was internally calibrated with outer parallel imaging acceleration factors of 2-4. A coil-by-coil + sum-of-squares reconstruction was performed with both zero filling and homodyne processing and compared to six potential DVC reconstructions: zero filling and homodyne for each of the 3 border cases illustrated in Fig. 2. The combination kernel used had width 5 in the ky direction. Results Figure 3 displays results of the study for an acquisition with 18 calibration lines and an outer acceleration factor of three. As expected for a partial k-space factor of 0.54, the zero filling results are blurry. Although the differences are small, brightened difference images reveal subtle ringing that occurs in the zero filling case when the convolution is halted prematurely (Fig. 2(a),(b)). In this case, allowing the convolution to fill in as many lines as possible led to a reconstruction that was the most similar to the coil-by-coil reconstruction (case (c) – red box). When homodyne processing was employed, the reconstruction that was closest to the coil-by-coil reconstruction was when DVC synthesized the same phase encode lines as were acquired on the source channels (case (b) – red box). This is not surprising as case (b) keeps the homodyne filters identical between methods. Discussion Our results indicate that for partial k-space acquisitions, the DVC method achieves comparable image quality to coil-by-coil reconstructions. By combining data from all acquisition channels early in the reconstruction pipeline, DVC not only reduces the computation and memory requirements for parallel imaging processing, it also reduces the computation required for partial k-space processing, since the processing need only be performed on the virtual coil data and not for every acquisition channel. Reversing the order of the homodyne and channel combination steps in the reconstruction pipeline did have a detectable effect on image quality. For the DVC method, how the border is chosen for the virtual coil data can have an impact on the final image quality. As described in our results, how the border should be chosen is different depending on whether zero filling or homodyne processing is used for the partial k-space reconstruction. References [1] Beatty et al., ISMRM 2008, p8. [2] McKenzie et al., 2001, MRM 46:619-23. [3] Griswold et al. 2002, MRM 47:1202-10.


This paper resolves the acute problems of integration and losses in the outphasing transmitters using a non-isolated power combiner, based on λ/4 transmission lines (TLs). A design methodology that enables to minimize the losses in the power combiner and to improve its quality factor is developed. A fully integrated outphasing transmitter using a modified class D power amplifier (PA) is designed with its combiner and fabricated in 90nm CMOS technology. The proposed PA improves the efficiency and avoids the reliability issues in CMOS technology. The measured maximum output power and efficiency are 22.7 dBm and 34.1 % at 1.8 GHz.


One of the key topics in network security research is the autonomous COA (Couse-of-Action) attack search method. Traditional COA attack search methods that passively search for attacks can be difficult, especially as the network gets bigger. To address these issues, new autonomous COA techniques are being developed, and among them, an intelligent spatial algorithm is designed in this paper for efficient operations in scalable networks. On top of the spatial search, a Monte-Carlo (MC)-based temporal approach is additionally considered for taking care of time-varying network behaviors. Therefore, we propose a spatio-temporal attack COA search algorithm for scalable and time-varying networks.


In this paper, we consider the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) to obtain the exact solution of Hirota-Satsuma Coupled KdV equation. The results reveal that the proposed method is very effective and simple and can be applied to other nonlinear mathematical problems.


PMD generates random widening of the pulses in communications systems for standard single mode fibers. This randomness causes an inter-symbol interference problem in the signal detection. We propose a method to calculate the birefringence angle is traced by the axes of birefringence, by using a geometric tool important for engineering such as Mohr's circle. This angle will allow addressing the problem of concatenation to standard single mode fibers of large length, about the signal behavior of the fiber.


This paper considers data from a 2013 study conducted in Newfoundland about the value of reducing mortality risks due to moose-vehicle collisions. Willingness to pay was modeled using a maximum likelihood routine that allowed factors that determine sensitivity to scale to be modeled as functions of covariates. This allows comparison of sensitivity to scale between groups. A unique aspect of the survey design elicited a near continuous distribution of risk reduction levels which allowed for a more in depth analysis of scale sensitivity. There are several key ndings from this paper that support previous research ndings in assessing scale sensitivity. It was found that previous experience with the risk involved was a signicant factor in determining sensitivity to scale. Additionally, we nd support for the hypothesis that cognitive ability is also a determinant of scale sensitivity. Individuals with better cognitive skills are more likely to show sensitivity to scale in both the weak and strong form tests. It was found in the weak form test that sensitivity to scale is less likely to be present at lower risk reduction levels. Additionally, own death risk perception was modeled using an OLS regression and the level of math score (on a scale of 0 to 4 correct questions) was modeled using an ordered logit model.


Professional development is the process and activity that teachers improve their professional knowledge,technical ability and attitude continually.Its purpose is to improve the development of students.School-based teachers' training is the efficient way to improve teachers' professional development.The research is mainly on school-based teachers' training from its goal,content,form,result,evaluation,and condition.


Extracting land use/cover thematic information is always the focus of Remotly Sensed study and application. The land use/cover thematic information of Longhai city is obtained by means of Multi-Stage Classification Approach, and the results of the classification are also verified. Not only the classification's results are improved, and the procedure of implement is effective, but also we have resolved the discrepancy for selecting bands-combination comparing with Single-Stage Classification Approaches.


Cracking of carbon steel pressure vessels is a major problem in the petroleum refining industry. This type of cracking is one of several forms of hydrogen-related damage caused by aqueous sulfide corrosion. Process changes for minimizing corrosion, including control of water carry-over, corrosive constituents, and cyanide content are reviewed. Use of corrosion inhibitors is also discussed


retain in his later writings. Part of Sluga's discussion of rule-following is aimed at distinguishing questions of inexorability, generality, and normativity. What remains a little unclear is the extent to which Sluga's considerations can be seen as engaging with the same issues that stimulated, not only many commentators, but also Wittgenstein himself. Under the challenging title 'What is the Use of Studying Philosophy?', Sluga's last chapter enters the area of what might loosely be called 'political philosophy'. The main figures examined in this chapter are Hannah Arendt, Michel Foucault, and Carl Schmitt. I found reading this material quite instructive but, first of all, the links with Wittgenstein appeared tenuous at best and, second, the whole chapter seemed a bit tame—not provocative enough. The points of view from which these two books are written lie, as we have seen, at a certain distance from the historical Wittgenstein. But perhaps they are even more remote from one another. So, each may help us understand Wittgenstein as seen from an angle very different from that of the other book: Sluga's work will allow readers to become familiar with concerns traditionally attributed to Wittgenstein as well as certain unexpected questions that can be considered relevant to his cultural and historical context. Horwich's work, on the other hand, will chiefly be of service to readers who want to return again and again to specific philosophical problems as glimpsed from the kaleidoscopic meta-perspective afforded them by this decidedly personal and at the same time highly rewarding book.


The thickness of a carburized or decarburized thin layer of steel parts is found to be determinable by a newly developed method which utilizes the relationship between the depth of indentation made by a conical indenter and the indenting load. Qualitative considerations done on this method provide a good explanation for the experimental results. The authors propose this method as a quality control means instead of conventional non-destructive testing methods and microscopic examination which take time and are impractical.


The ability of noninvasive imaging modalities to diagnose lower extremity DVT depends, in part, on the anatomic location of the thrombus. To define the pattern of thrombus formation in symptomatic and asymptomatic high‐risk patient populations, 172 consecutive lower extremity venograms were submitted to blinded, retrospective interpretation. Acute DVT was present in 59 venograms (34 symptomatic and 25 asymptomatic patients). Among symptomatic patients with acute DVT, 26 of 34 (76%) patients had an above‐knee thrombus and only eight of 34 (24%) patients had a thrombus isolated to the calf. In comparison, only three of 25 (12%) asymptomatic patients with DVT had an above‐knee thrombus and 22 of 25 (88%) patients had a thrombus isolated to the calf veins (most involving only one venous segment). Failure to examine the calf veins, particularly in asymptomatic patients, would result in missing at least half of patients with DVT. Alternatively, since all cases of iliac vein DVT extended into the femoropopliteal segment, failure to visualize the iliac veins is unlikely to miss patients with DVT. Our results suggest merit to routine examination of the deep femoral, anterior tibial, and particularly the soleal (but not the gastrocnemius) veins and also to use of an imaging technique to detect congenital duplications of the superficial femoral and popliteal veins.


Injuries of the ankle complex are common in the sporting, civilian and military populations. The purpose of this study was to ascertain and compare the effects of unilateral and bilateral orthoses on the range of inversion and eversion at the ankle complex and on Ground Reaction Forces. Isokinetic goniometric measurement and the assessment of peak loads and timing parameters during the gait cycle were assessed in subjects with no history of ankle injury (n=31) and subjects recovering from ankle injury (n=24). There were differences in inversion angle between the braces (P<0.05). In contrast there were no differences in kinetic profiles. The stability provided by semi-rigid ankle orthoses does not appear to result from moderation of ground reaction forces.


Red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, larvae (10 - 12 mm standard length, SL) were collected from a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) hatchery and reared on either artificial pellets (Rangen and Otohime feeds) or live prey (enriched Artemia franciscana, mysid shrimp) for a 14 day period. High-speed video was then used to evaluate differences in prey-capture (attack distance, mean attack velocity, capture time, and gape cycle duration) and anti-predator (reaction distance, response distance, maximum velocity, and maximum acceleration) performance between the two rearing groups. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) indicated that red drum reared on pellets exhibited significantly longer gape cycle duration while feeding on a natural prey item (mysid shrimp), while red drum reared on live prey exhibited significantly greater maximum velocity and maximum acceleration when responding to a visual stimulus. Results of this study suggest that diet may influence certain behaviors linked to survival success in hatchery red drum.


1. Introdudion Recently, high resolution LCrVs with more tl;an one mmaion pixels and large models such as 14" LCrVs and'HD prejection LCIVs haye been developed[1][2]. The authors have previously proposed a delta-inversion drive methoc![3] for these types of equipmeng which is one of the fiickerless drtve methods for HD-LCrl'Vs. Howover, this method canrK}t be applied to large, non-interlaced high-resolution LCTVs, because ach pixel capacitor is large and the drive time is so short that a TFr cannot drive the capacitor hard enough within the akomed drive ime ln this paper, a new high-speed driye method is psopesed which is not oniy suital)le for the delta-inversion driving but also allows a TFT to drive a large pixei capacitar within the allotled drive tirne.


A pretreatment for gold electrodes is presented in this work. The improvement of the voltammetric responses for gold surfaces is achieved applying an adequate cathodic potential in acidic media which results on vigorous evolution of gas hydrogen at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. The effectiveness of this procedure is evidenced for gold wire electrodes by cyclic voltammetry in several redox systems. The pretreatment is also compared with other activation methods for gold electrodes in electroanalytical and electrochemical terms.


Abstract Planning education is often criticised for being "too theoretical" and subsequently producing graduates who lack the requisite technical skills for the job market—who, in other words, are not "work ready." It is assumed that employers will prefer graduates with technical and procedural know-how. This article reports on an employer workshop to evaluate the urban planning studio courses at the University of Queensland in Australia. The results were surprising. The attending employers agreed that procedural planning skills can be learned "on the job" while the university environment is an opportunity to develop critical and spatial thinking.


The authors measured the inside and outside pressures of tinplate cans (V 0 = 3230 cm 3 ) in three experimental runs, simulating sterilization processes with water filled cans. A method for the calculation of inside pressure was also created, using finite differences and stepping with 10 -4 bar pressure difference (inside minus outside pressure) increment. The calculation method includes the volume change vs. pressure difference relation based on previous laboratory measurements (KORMENDY et al., 1994). The mean difference between measured and calculated inside pressures varied between 0.048 to 0.073 bar. The mean relative difference as related to the measured inside pressure varied between 2.37 to 8.02%. Calculated inside pressures fairly followed measured values. However, the mean relative difference as related to the difference of inside and outside pressures reached higher values.


OBJECTIVES
To analyze association of different HLA genotypes for predisposition to type-I autoimmune hepatitis in Western India.

METHODS
This study was undertaken on patients of type-I autoimmune hepatitis (defined by international criteria by IAHG, 1999). HLA genotyping for class I and II was done in 20 patients of autoimmune hepatitis and 100 healthy controls. Statistics were done using Halden's modification of Woolfs formula.

RESULT
Significant association of autoimmune hepatitis was found amongst class I antigens--HLA B27 [20 vs. 0 %] & HLA cw4 [40 vs. 15 %] and amongst class II antigens--DRBI*01XX [25 vs. 2%], DRB1*14XX [30 vs. 12%], DRB1*15XX [40 vs. 25%] and DRB1*07XX [20 vs. 9 %] at DRB1 locus. Stronger association was found with HLA B27, cw4 & HLA DRB1 *01XX.

CONCLUSION
Our data indicate that predisposition to autoimmune hepatitis is different in Indian patients and not associated with HLA DRB1*03XX or *04XX, as seen in Western world.


Overview The MaineCare Health Homes Initiative is designed to improve care coordination for MaineCare members with complex chronic medical conditions. The initiative, which began in January 2013, builds off the State's existing multi-payer Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Pilot project and Medicare Advanced Primary Care Practice (MAPCP) Demonstration by providing add-on payments to primary care practices to provide "whole person" integrated care coordination for MaineCare members with specific chronic conditions. For the highest need patients, practices work with Community Care Teams (CCT) that provide short-term care management and social support services. The Muskie School of Public Service is evaluating the implementation of this new care model. This issue brief highlights key lessons learned from the first year of implementing Health Homes. A separate issue brief describing MaineCare members enrolled in the first year can be found at http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/Publications/PHHP/ MaineCare-HealthHomes-Enrollment.pdf Key Findings


A facet of an hyperplane arrangement is called external if it belongs to exactly one bounded cell. The set of all external facets forms the envelope of the arrangement. The number of external facets of a simple arrangement defined by n hyperplanes in dimension d is hypothesized to be at least d ` n−2 d−1 ́ . In this note we show that, for simple arrangements of 4 lines or more, the minimum number of external facets is equal to 2(n−1), and for simple arrangements of 5 planes or more, the minimum number of external facets is between n(n−2)+6 3 and (n− 4)(2n − 3) + 5.


This paper details work in applying stereo vision for the enhancement of safety and productivity in the operation of a load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle in underground mining. The primary goal of this portion of the research is to provide 3D models of the LHD's environment. Availability of these models facilitates performance of automated or teleoperated loading tasks and enhances safety through identification and location of humans in the path of the vehicle. Generation of an accurate 3D model of the immediate surroundings of the LHD is accomplished through processing of stereo visual imagery. Stereo video is acquired using a pair of digital cameras mounted above the cab of the LHD. The video data is processed into a dense depth map plus confidence information. These depths and the stereo rig calibration data are then used to construct a 3D surface model. We demonstrate useful models obtained under both well-illuminated and low-light conditions.


[Objective] To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of endoscopic metallic stent for treating malignant colorectal obstruction by endoscopy and X-ray.[Methods] 19 cases malignant colorectal carcinoma were selected as stent experiment group,5 cases malignant colorectal obstruction with operation indications accepted temporary stenting;14 cases without operation indications accepted stenting,as is permanent treatment.At the same period,19 cases malignant colorectal obstruction in surgery were selected as operation treatment group.To observe the achievement rate of the stent and the improvement condition of obstruction of stent treatment group and the life quality and live time of two groups.[Results] Compared the operation treatment groups,the achievement rates of the stent were 100% in experiment group,the obstruction had evidently improvement,and the quality of life had significantly improvement,however,average survival time hadn't different significantly(P 0.05).[Conclusion] Endoscopic metallic stent treatment for malignant colorectal obstruction by endoscopy and X-ray is a safe,effective and well tolerated method for the temporary remission or permanent treatment.It can reduce trauma,raise quality of life and have similar average survival time with surgery in advanced cancer patients.


There were ups and downs that ROA faced in 2010-2019. However, in the last five years ROA has increased significantly, namely 0.50% in 2015 and increased to 1.80% in 2019. The purpose of this study is to determine the Analysis of the Effect of Selling and Buying Financing, Profit Sharing Financing, and Intellectual Capital. on Profitability with Non Performing Finance (NPF) as Moderating Variable (Case Study on Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the 2015-2019 Period). The method in this study using purposive sampling method. And the results of the study indicate that Sales and Purchase Financing, Profit Sharing Financing and Intellectual Capital have a negative effect on ROA. NPF is able to moderate Sales and Purchase Financing to ROA, NPF is not able to moderate Profit Sharing Financing to ROA, and NPF is able to moderate Intellectual Capital to ROA.


This essay describes a particular "day in the life" of the author in Rio de Janeiro and explores how it could be perceived as a series of experiential metonyms for a number of concepts related to the authority and influence of law in Brazilian society.


Prior literature has produced two theoretically opposing perspectives on the relationship between clan control, a type of cultural control, and formal control. Some researchers view formal control as the antithesis of clan control, while others suggest that formal control facilitates clan control. In this research-in-progress paper, we argue that formal control and clan control can be both substitutes and complements, depending on the type of formal control used by the project manager. In particular, we suggest that the use of behavior control inhibits clan control, while the use of input and outcome control facilitates clan control. Suggestions for future work are discussed.


Objective To investigate the prevalence of aeroallergens and the therapeutic effect of desensitization treatment with allergovit allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in Changsha,Hunan Province.Methods 290 patients diagnosed as allergic rhinitis by history and clinical presentations underwent skin prick tests with 14 groups(57 kinds) of standardized aeroallergens.Those with positive(+++) results in skin prick tests were given allergovit immunotherapy.Results The most common aeroallergen found in the patients was dermatophagoides pteronyssinus(59.7%),followed by dermatophagoides farinae(54.1%),gramineae herbs(27.4%),flower pollen(24.9%),Herbs(20.9%),mycetes(20.9%).The positive rate of D.pteronyssinus and/or D.farinae in all patients was 72.0%.145 cases received allergovit immunotherapy and 76 finished treatment for a course of 71-weeks.Of the 76 cases,28(36.8%) were cured,42(55.3%) were improved,and 6 were of no effect(7.9%).Of the total 2872 intramuscular injections in 76 patients during the immunotherapy,110(110/2872,3.8%) injections in 21(21/76,27.6%) cases had local side effects and 5(5/2872,0.2%) injections in 4(4/76,5.3%) patients had systemic side effects.All the side effects were light.Conclusion Mites(D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae) are the most common aeroallergens resulting in allergic rhinitis in Changsha region,followed by gramineae herbs and flower pollen.Individualized desensitization treatment with allergovit allergen is an effective and safe regimen for allergic rhinitis.


Two introduced cultivars of stylosanthes guyanensis were evaluated in feeding and metabolism trials with Yankasa rams and wethers. The Perennial legume species were established in July, 1975 from seeds brought from Queensland, Australia. Digestibility, intake, liveweight gains and nitrogen utilization were determined. The legumes were found to give satisfactory animal performance that is comparable, if not superior, to other varieties of stylo earlier in use on the station


In order to improve the visual quality of fog-degraded images,this paper proposes a fast image dehazing algorithm based on physical model. The algorithm starts from the atmospheric scattering model,and uses erosion and dilation to infer the atmospheric veil from the fog-degraded image. Then,the rough estimate of the atmospheric veil is refined by guided-image filtering. Finally,the scene albedo is recovered by inverting this simplified model. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve more accurate atmospheric veil,and the edge outline and scenery features of the recovered image are clear,and the halo effect is also inhibited,and the speed of the algorithm is significantly improved,which can be used in real-time fog image processing.


The present study examines factors related to the entertainment-education strategy in addition to revisiting Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior in a narrative context. Entertainment education is a health communication strategy that involves educating and persuading individuals regarding health issues by incorporating health information with a story. In addition, when readers identify with a character in a narrative, they are more likely to adopt the character's attitude, beliefs, and goals. The present study employs Batson et al.'s (1997) method on perspective taking. This study utilizes a 2x2 factorial design. The first manipulation is whether the participant is instructed to remain objective or imagine how the character feels. In addition, Courneya et al. (2000) found that social support was a stronger predictor of intentions than subjective norm in the exercise context. The second manipulation is whether a participant reads a narrative about a student who receives social support to exercise, or a student who receives social pressure to exercise. Results showed that although participants who imagined the character's perspective reported higher transportation and identification, there were little to no differences in attitudes and beliefs due to the manipulations. Participants also perceived support in addition to pressure in the subjective norm narrative. However, perspective taking and type of social influence appear to interact to influence certain attitudes and beliefs. Implications discussed include the potential for narratives to be used as an effective form of entertainment education to promote healthy behaviors. PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE WITH EXERCISE 4 Applying Perspective Taking and Social Influence to Exercise Narratives Although the benefits of exercise are well documented in the physical (Blair & Morris, 2009) and psychological (Hassmén, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000) domains of health, health officials continue to face the fact that over 60% of American adults report not engaging in regular physical activity and 25% report not being active at all (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). Thus, it is fair to conclude that although regular exercise has major benefits, most of the American population find it difficult to adopt a physically active lifestyle that could potentially improve their psychological well-being and overall health. Social psychologists have approached this problem by applying theories of attitude and belief change along with those of goal setting to increase the likelihood of individuals beginning and maintaining a physically active lifestyle. The purpose of this study is to examine how narratives can be manipulated based on theories of persuasion and behavior change to influence participants' attitudes, beliefs, and ultimately their intentions, regarding exercise. One aspect that will be studied in this experiment is how taking on the perspective of a character and identifying with him may affect one's attitudes and beliefs. Another aspect involves examining how participants' attitudes and beliefs are influenced by reading about a character who receives different forms of social influence while making the decision to exercise (social support vs. social pressure). Theory of Planned Behavior The theory of reasoned action is a predictive behavioral theory which links people's beliefs (attitudes and subjective norm) and behaviors (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Ajzen (1991) revised this theory by extending it to include perceived behavioral control as an additional belief construct, thus formulating the theory of planned behavior. The PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE WITH EXERCISE 5 theory states that one of the major predictors of an individual's behavior is his or her intention to perform the behavior. In turn, the theory defines three major determinants of one's intentions: An individual's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Attitudes towards the behavior refer to how one evaluates the specific behavior as either favorable or unfavorable. Subjective norm refer to the individual's perception of social pressure to (more specifically, the perception that significant others think one should) perform the behavior. Perceived behavioral control is defined as an individual's perception of how easy or difficult it will be for him or her to perform the behavior. Subjective norm and social support. Godin and Kok (1996) evaluated eighteen studies which tested the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain. In these studies, it was found that attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control accounted for 42% of the variance observed in intentions to exercise. Further examination showed that in nearly all the studies, attitudes and perceived behavioral control were significant determinants of intentions. However, subjective norms was a significant determinant of intentions in only about one-third of the studies. This finding suggests that more potent social influences other than subjective norm may affect one's intentions. Support for this proposition was provided by a correlational study by Courneya, Plotnikoff, Hotz, and Birkett (2000), which found that social support was a stronger predictor of intentions to exercise than subjective norm, after controlling for other theory of planned behavior variables. Social support is generally defined as aid, assistance, help, or support that one receives from others. Weiss (1974) offered a more detailed definition which included major subcomponents: Guidance, reliable alliance, reassurance of worth, attachment, social integration, and opportunity for nurturance. Courneya and McAuley (1995) demonstrated external and PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE WITH EXERCISE 6 discriminant validity between social support and subjective norms, indicating that they have relative independence in the exercise domain and each taps a separate aspect of social influence. With this distinction in mind, the results from the study by Courneya et al. (2000) suggest that individuals forming an intention to exercise may be more heavily influenced by perceived social support rather than perceived social norms. The present study aims to take an experimental approach to determine if perceived social influence can be manipulated such that perceived social support for a role model within a narrative results in improved attitudes, beliefs, and intentions regarding exercise than perceived social pressure. Self-efficacy. Ajzen's study of perceived behavioral control was greatly influenced by a Bandura's (1991) study on self-efficacy, in which he defined self-efficacy as "people's beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over their own level of functioning and over events that affect their lives" (p. 257). Although self-efficacy was not listed as a determinant of intentions previously in the discussion of the theory of planned behavior, this construct still plays a large role in predicting intentions via the determinant of perceived behavioral control. Ajzen (2002) demonstrated that perceived behavioral control is comprised of separable subcomponents which include self-efficacy and controllability. Ajzen (2002) defined controllability as an individual's "beliefs about the extent to which performing the behavior is up to the actor" (p. 672). In the health domain, Pertl et al. (2010) demonstrated in a correlational study that selfefficacy was a significant predictor of subjects' intentions to apply sunscreen while controllability was not. This is consistent with findings by Motl et al. (2002) which showed selfefficacy's influence on adolescent girls' intentions to be physically active. These studies suggest that self-efficacy should be targeted in further studies and interventions. PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE WITH EXERCISE 7 Entertainment-Education Entertainment-education (EE) is a rising health communication strategy that has been implemented in recent years. EE programs seek to educate people about health issues by incorporating important health information (such as symptoms and treatments for a disease) with entertaining stories. In addition to educating individuals about health issues, EE seeks to promote healthy and prosocial behaviors as well (Moyer-Gusé, 2008). EE often employs narratives, television, and radio programs as mediums to convey health information and influence individuals' attitudes and beliefs. Mechanisms such as transportation (when an individual is so absorbed into a story that her or her attitudes and beliefs are influenced) and identification (when an observer takes on the identity, goals, and perspective of a character) allow EE to arouse less resistance to persuasive messages conveyed through a narrative than traditional persuasive messages (Moyer-Gusé, 2008). In particular, narratives often provide characters whom readers can identify with and view as role models for desired behaviors. In the context of physical activity, most people are aware of the physical and psychological benefits that follow from regular exercise. Thus, EE programs in the exercise context may benefit more by focusing on persuading individuals to exercise rather than reeducating them on the benefits of exercise. Based on this rationale, the present study will examine the roles that perceived social influence and perspective taking play in persuasive narratives when influencing attitudes and beliefs regarding exercise. According to Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior, an individual's attitudes and beliefs regarding a target behavior will lead to the formation of an intention about whether or not one will perform the behavior. PERSPECTIVE TAKING AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE WITH EXERCISE 8 Social Cognitive Theory Bandura (1989; 1994) has stated that self-efficacy can be increased through vicarious experiences provided by soc


Hand sanitizer is mainly produced using 60% of alcohol as an active substance. Therefore, many hand sanitizers' products are highly dominant with the alcohol smell. This research was aimed to formulate a sweet-scented hand sanitizer using a combination of orange essential oil as the addition of fragrant substance. A randomized block design (RBD) method was used, consists of one factor of essential oils proportion (i.e. baby orange (BO): sweet orange (SO)) in the formulation of hand sanitizer (P) with five levels. All treatment combination was carried out in five replicates. Physical properties (i.e. pH, density, and viscosity) and microbiological tests (i.e. total plate count and area of bacterial inhibition) were performed, as well as sensory tests to determine consumer response. The best results of the physical properties and the microbiological test were obtained from A2 treatment with proportion of BO: SO (0.75: 0.25), with the average of bacterial inhibition area of 6.77mm more efficient than that of the control. The sweet scene of the hand sanitizer product was clearly shown, as much as 77% of respondents favoured its aroma. The current study clearly shows that orange peels were potential as the additional ingredients in giving the sweet smell to the hand sanitizer.