Two Views are Better than One: Epistemic Actions May Prime Paul P. Maglio IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, California firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Epistemic actions are physical actions people take more to simplify their internal problem-solving processes than to bring themselves closer to an external goal state. In the video game Tetris, for instance, players routinely over-rotate falling shapes, presumably to make recog- nition or placement decisions faster or less error-prone. Along these lines, an experimental study was performed to test the hypothesis that it is easier to recognize a two-dimensional shape if it is presented in two different orientations than if it is presented in only one. In partic- ular, we tested whether performance on a shape-based video game task was facilitated by multiple views of a shape, and whether game performance (an indirect test of memory) differed from a direct test of memory for previously presented shapes. Results show that indeed task performance is both faster and more accurate when participants see two views of a shape than when they see one, but that more than two views do not improve performance further. In addition, multiple views lead to faster performance on the video game than on the mem- ory test, but only in the earliest stages of training. We conclude that Tetris players may rotate falling shapes manually to see the shapes in more than one orienta- tion, which leads to faster and more accurate placement decisions. Introduction Studies of people playing the video game Tetris have shown players often take actions in the external environ- ment that are not strictly necessary but that serve to simplify or speed up internal cognitive or perceptual op- erations (Kirsh & Maglio, 1994; Maglio, 1995; Maglio & Kirsh, 1996). Playing Tetris involves maneuvering falling two-dimensional shapes into specific arrangements on the computer screen (see Figure 1). It was found that even as players become faster with practice, they also tend to over-rotate falling shapes, leading to backtrack- ing in the task environment as these over-rotations are corrected. To make sense of this backtracking, Kirsh and Maglio (1994) argued that sometimes physical ro- tation can serve the same purpose as mental rotation, effectively offloading mental computation onto the phys- ical world (for other examples, see Clark, 1997; Kirsh, 1995; Maglio, Matlock, Raphaely, Chernicky & Kirsh, 1999). Such physical actions—taken to simplify internal cognitive computation rather than to move closer to the external goal state—are called epistemic actions. Recent work suggests that mental rotation and physi- cal rotation share at least some internal processes (e.g., Michael J. Wenger Department of Psychology University of Notre Dame firstname.lastname@example.com Wexler, Kosslyn & Berthoz, 1998; Wexler & McIntyre, 1997; Wohlschlager & Wohlschlager, 1998). Specifically, physically rotating objects can be shown to facilitate or to inhibit mental rotation under certain conditions. The epistemic function of physical rotation in Tetris, there- fore, might be far more complex than is suggested by the simple idea that physical rotation can substitute for mental rotation. In fact, Kirsh and Maglio (1994) spec- ulated that physical rotation might serve the epistemic function of cueing retrieval. Because physically rotating a game piece (which we call a zoid) in Tetris provides the player two views of it (i.e., in each of two orthogonal orientations), it is possible that seeing two views makes retrieval of relevant information easier than does seeing just one. This idea makes computational sense; for ex- ample, if one conceives of memory in terms of an attrac- tor space, such as a Boltzman machine, the first presen- tation of the shape is like placing the system near the top of the energy sink that represents the target shape in memory, and the second pushes the system closer to this attractor. Of course, if shape recognition is orientation- dependent (Tarr & Pinker, 1989; Tarr, 1995; Ullman, 1989), we would not expect multiple views of a single shape to speed up recognition. However, it has been shown that shape identification can be facilitated when primed with orientations different from the target ori- entation (Cooper, Schacter, Ballesteros & Moore, 1992; Srinivas, 1995). Moreover, numerosity judgments can be facilitated even when test stimuli are not presented at the same orientation as the originally learned pat- terns (Lassaline & Logan, 1993), suggesting memory for the pattern may not require that the retrieval cue be specifically oriented. That an epistemic action might cue retrieval raises the possibility that such cueing might be limited to specific types of retrieval demands. In particular, the effects of cueing might depend on whether the task requires direct or indirect access to memory information. De- mands for retrieval while playing Tetris can be thought of as indirect tests of memory in that they allow for effects of prior experience to be expressed without re- quiring explicit memory for the original experience (e.g., Richardson-Klavehn & Bjork, 1988). Tasks requiring ex- plicit memory for the original event—such as old/new recognition or recall—are referred to as direct tests of memory. Previous work has shown that direct and indi-


The development objective of the Climate Venture Facility (CVF) Project for Kenya is to demonstrate an innovative investment model that addresses the financing gap for promising start-up and early-stage climate technology companies in Kenya. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) using airtight covers for the bio digesters; (2) displaying no smoking sign; (3) providing adequately stocked first aid kit and at least one trained first aider on site; (4) ensuring fire drills are conducted at least once in a year as provided for by the fire risk reduction rules, 2007; (5) recruiting qualified personnel to manage and run the factory; and (6) developing a register for registering incidents, accidents, and occupational injuries.


Is Hamlet really mad or is the world mad? Are the witches in "Macbeth" an embarrassment or do they have a relevance for a 21st-century audience? Is Othello merely gullible or is there something more profound about his place in society that makes him vulnerable? Why can there be no happy ending in "King Lear"? This is a guide to Shakespearean tragedy. Irish theatre critic Fintan O'Toole shows how the plays have been made unintelligible to modern students by being filtered through a series of ideas that have nothing to do with what Shakespeare wrote, and often have everything to do with keeping the world safe for conservative values.


Abstract,
            The objectives of this research are (1) to determine member satisfaction of 'Madani' Business Multipurpose Cooperation, Kotabaru based on the level of need and level of performance in the deminsions of direct evidence (tangible), reliability, responsiviness, assurance and empathy, (2) to determine which attributes belong to the main priority and maintained, or the excessive low priority, (3) to determine the width of the gap or gap between the importance and the performance of services. This type of this research was descriptive quantitative. In this research compared the level of need with the level of performace in producing satisfaction. Data were collected using questionnaires, and the samples of 121 cooperative members were selected by accidental sampling. Data analysis used IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and gap analysis. The analysis result of the suitability level of the lowest attributes of the service quality was responsiveness (responsiveness) with the attribute of quick responsiveness in responding to complaints/problems (87.71%), and the highest dimension was direct evidence (tangible) in the attributes of cleanliness and tidiness of office and employees (101.10%).


A method of using Microsoft Communications Control based on Visual FoxPro6.0 is introduced in this paper. The command of remote communications is described. The programming technology of serial communication between PC and HP34970A Based on Visual FoxPro6.0 is given. The method is applied to testing system.


High-fidelity full system simulations have the potential for revolutionizing the way complex systems, such as propulsion systems for aerospace vehicles, are designed, developed, manufactured, and operated. Significant time and cost savings will result from simulations that will resolve deleterious component interactions early in the design process. In addition, innovative new system configurations will result from the use of new tools that enable designers to challenge traditional rules and practices. The major challenges to developing and implementing high-fidelity systems simulations are in reducing the time and effort required to build, execute, and analyze data for the high complex simulations. In addition, large scale testing with unique instrumentation is required to validate the simulations. The solution to these problems reside in the application of advanced information technologies to assist the user to effectively manage, process, and synthesize the vast amount of data. The following presentation describes in more detail the benefits of high-fidelity full system simulations, the challenges to developing and implementing large scale simulations, and one approach that is being followed by the NASA Glenn Research Center to overcome these challenges. In addition, topics for discussion by the panel and audience are suggested.


A catalyst for the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide was prepared by using acetylacetone and 4,4′-methylenedianiline. The catalyst was characterized as composed of a novel structure of the polymeric diimide Zn complex. The catalyst tended to produce an alternative copolymer with efficiency as high as 128 g polymer/g of catalyst. The obtained copolymers were characterized by IR and NMR. Effects of reaction conditions such as reaction time and temperature, CO2 pressure, and catalyst concentration on copolymerization were investigated. Best results were obtained from the reaction at 90°C for 24 h, with catalyst concentration of 0.13 g/mL, and CO2 pressure of 2–3 MPa. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1123–1128, 2003


The objective of this work was to evaluate the attenuating effect of the nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside -NPS) on the ecophysiological responses of corn plants ( Zea mays L.) submitted to copper toxicity. Corn seeds of the K9606 VIP3 variety were soaked for 48 hours in Germitest paper with a solution containing treatment with sodium nitroprusside Na 2 [Fe (CN) 5 NO] 2H 2 O (0, 200 and 300µM), sodium ferrocyanide Na 4 Fe (CN) 6 (300, 100 and 0 µM) respectively and deionized water (control), sown in buckets with 15 kg of soil incubated for 50 days containing copper concentrations CuSO 4 .5H 2 O (0, 60 and 200 mg kg -1 ). The design consisted of randomized blocks with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions, making a total of 48 plants. The data were submitted to ANOVA, using the Tukey test at 5% using SISVAR. There was no effect of treatments on height, leaf area and number of leaves, observing an increase in stem diameter of plants that received copper concentrations. There was no effect of treatments on the chlorophyll content measured by the SPAD index and gas exchange. The concentrations of 60 mg kg -1 and 200mg kg -1 of copper did not negatively affect the fluorescence variables of chlorophyll a, acting as a micronutrient within favorable limits. The variable chlorophyll fluorescence of the demonstrated the protective effect of nitric oxide present in nitroprusside sodium cyanide and sodium ferrocyanide present in the corn plants of the variety subjected to K9606VIP3 are copper concentrations.


Experimental results are presented on the electrical resistivity of lithium‐indium films. The resistivity has been studied as a function of temperature (150–300 K), thickness of the films (570–3300 A) and concentration of Li (11.0–58.7 at. %). The resistivity is observed to be minimum for samples having a Li concentration of 25 and 50 at. %. In general, resistivity varies linearly with temperature but resistivity versus temperature plot shows two distinct regions which have different slopes, i.e., dρ/dT. The role of lithium in indium‐lithium films is discussed.


or not, these two objectives are likely to be quite closely related and to be achieved simultaneously. But to the extent that this is true, the exporting of taxes is likely to be to producers, and in particular to those who would otherwise realize economic rents, and not to consumers, as is commonly expected. In Section I, I review briefly the theoretical analysis of the ability of state and local governments to export taxes. Then in Section II I apply that analysis to a particular case of attempted tax exporting, a proposed tax on the processing of petroleum products in Texas. It will be seen that in the short run a substantial proportion of such a tax could indeed be exported, though not to consumers. The more likely long-run result is the exporting of the Texas refinery industry, rather than the tax.


By using the manual for the Child Behavior Checklist of Achenbach and by presenting stories,this research investigated the relation between 5-7 years old children's understanding of emotions of other persons in violation situations and their external behavioral problems.Results revealed that whether in moral rules story conditions or in non-moral story conditions,children with more behavioral problems attributed less negative emotions to offenders than those with less behavioral problems.In rule violation story conditions,7-year-old children with more behavioral problems attributed more negative emotions and gave more avoiding negative consequence explanations to offenders than 5,6 years old children with more behavioral problems,and while 5-year-old children with less behavioral problems attributed less negative emotions and gave less avoiding negative consequence explanations to offenders than 7-year-old children with less behavioral problems.


Hydraulic fracturing is one of the important stimulation methods to enhance the productivity of coalbed methane (CBM) wells. However, the commonly used water-based fracturing fluids can bring some bottlenecks such as large amount of water consumption, clay-mineral swelling, and poor fracturing performance on ductile coals. Cyclic liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing, as a novel nonaqueous stimulation method, has the potential to solve the above problems. In cyclic LN2 fracturing, supercooling LN2 is injected in a cyclic manner [i.e., alternating high injection rate (or pressure) and low injection rate (or pressure)]. Coals will be subjected to cyclic freeze-thaw, stress oscillation, and fatigue damage, which is expected to improve the stimulated reservoir volume. First, laboratory cyclic LN2 fracturing tests were conducted on coal samples with various coal ranks to investigate the fracture initiation/propagation behavior and fracture network patterns. Cyclic water fracturing tests were also conducted as comparisons. Then, computed tomography (CT) scanning and geomechanical/petrophysical properties tests before and after LN2 fracturing were performed to assist in understanding the cyclic LN2 fracturing mechanisms and implications. Finally, to solve the field application concerns, we investigated the possible fracture geometries at the field scale, temperature distribution of LN2 along the wellbore during injection, and the economic feasibility. The key factors affecting the temperature distribution during LN2 transportation along the wellbore were clarified for the first time. The results indicate that cyclic LN2 fracturing shows the potential to decrease the breakdown pressure and produce complex fracture networks. Different coal ranks have different responses to cyclic LN2 fracturing attributed to the variances in natural fracture development and geomechanical/petrophysical properties. Besides, increasing the cycle number is effective in enhancing the cyclic LN2 fracturing performance on coals with relatively higher geomechanical strengths and tighter rock mass. The suggested cycle numbers from low to high for different coal ranks are listed here: low-rank coal < high-rank coal < middle-rank coal. In field applications, gaseous nitrogen (N2) can be used as the annulus fluid to provide an effective insulation for heat transfer between the low-temperature LN2 and the surrounding environment. In addition, the net present value (NPV) analysis indicates that LN2 fracturing is an economically feasible stimulation method, which can exceed slickwater fracturing in some cases. The key findings are expected to provide preliminary insights into the potential field applications of cyclic LN2 fracturing in CBM or other unconventional oil/gas exploitation.


This study aims to contribute to the hydrogeological knowledge of the region and a better understanding of the functioning of this aquifer system and its interrelationships with other aquifers. The choice of this region for the study was based on a set of characteristics including: geological representativeness, large iron ore reserves and large mining enterprises, existence of studies carried out by mining companies and the importance of groundwater for water supply the municipality. The following aquifer systems were identified: Aquifer System Detritic Coverings, Ultrabasic Rocks Aquifer System, Galho do Miguel Aquifer System, Campo Sampaio Member Aquifer System, Soup Brumadinho Aquifer System, Gneiss-Granitic Aquifer System, Piracicaba Aquifer System, Itabira Aquifer System, Aquifer System Nova Lima Aquifer, Gneiss-Granitic Aquifer System. The most productive wells are those drilled in the Caue iron formations, (Qmedia=41.75 m3/h)), followed by the wells drilled in the Piracicaba Group's quartzites (Qmedia=34.01 m3/h), and, finally, the least productive wells are those drilled in the rocks of the Nova Lima Group and the Granito-Gnaissico Complex (Qmedia=13.30 m3/h).


Coelenterazine‐v (CTZ‐v), a synthetic derivative with an additional benzyl ring, yields a bright bioluminescence of Renilla luciferase and its "yellow" mutant with a significant shift in the emission spectrum toward longer wavelengths, which makes it the substrate of choice for deep tissue imaging. Although Ca2+‐regulated photoproteins activated with CTZ‐v also display red‐shifted light emission, in contrast to Renilla luciferase their bioluminescence activities are very low, which makes photoproteins activated by CTZ‐v unusable for calcium imaging. Here, we report the crystal structure of Ca2+‐regulated photoprotein obelin with 2‐hydroperoxycoelenterazine‐v (obelin‐v) at 1.80 Å resolution. The structures of obelin‐v and obelin bound with native CTZ revealed almost no difference; only the minor rearrangement in hydrogen‐bond pattern and slightly increased distances between key active site residues and some atoms of 2‐hydroperoxycoelenterazine‐v were found. The fluorescence quantum yield (ΦFL) of obelin bound with coelenteramide‐v (0.24) turned out to be even higher than that of obelin with native coelenteramide (0.19). Since both obelins are in effect the enzyme‐substrate complexes containing the 2‐hydroperoxy adduct of CTZ‐v or CTZ, we reasonably assume the chemical reaction mechanisms and the yields of the reaction products (ΦR) to be similar for both obelins. Based on these findings we suggest that low bioluminescence activity of obelin‐v is caused by the low efficiency of generating an electronic excited state (ΦS). In turn, the low ΦS value as compared to that of native CTZ might be the result of small changes in the substrate microenvironment in the obelin‐v active site.


Observations of two experienced teachers of disturbed children suggest the possibility of developing a coding system for differentiating between teaching styles. This paper presents pilot efforts, and poses questions about philosophies of teaching in therapeutic nursery schools which may help to refine training methods in this relatively new field.


The distribution of free and "bound" morphine in dogs and rats is selective for certain tissues and fluids. "Bound" morphine is found in gall bladder bile in concentrations many fold greater than those observed in tissues and other fluids. Spleen, pancreas, thyroid and adrenal contain primarily free morphine, whereas lung, liver and kidney contain both free and "bound" morphine. Brain, cerebrospinal fluid and fat contain very little morphine in any form. Since morphine acts primarily on the central nervous system, and is presumed to be there in some concentration, nervous tissue must be highly sensitive to morphine.

In dog blood equilibrated in vivo, the distribution of free morphine is primarily extracellular, and "bound" morphine almost exclusively extracellular. Slight differences exist in the distribution of free and "bound" morphine between non-tolerant and tolerant animals, particularly if there is a short interval (as ninety minutes) between the administration of drug and sacrifice. Such differences are not of such magnitude that they cannot be explained on the basis of quantitative differences in the vascular responses of tolerant as compared with non-tolerant animals resulting in altered mobilization from the site of administration and differences in the vascular supply to the several tissues.

More than 35 per cent of morphine administered by subcutaneous injection is excreted as the "bound" form in the bile of both non-tolerant and tolerant dogs. Approximately 80 per cent of the subcutaneously administered morphine can be recovered in the urine and gall bladder bile of non-tolerant dogs sacrificed four hours (or twelve hours) after injection. The removal of all bile through a common duct fistula reduces the fecal morphine to such small amounts as to escape detection. Whereas "bound" morphine of intestinal origin (biliary) constitutes only a partial source of urinary morphine during the first 24 hours after subcutaneous injection, probably all of the urinary "bound" morphine excreted after 24 hours originates from this source. Biliary morphine is the principal source of fecal morphine, the total quantity of the latter varying with the rate of passage of intestinal contents, and the fecal bulk. The influence of these factors on the intestinal absorption of biliary morphine is the most logical explanation for the greater quantity of fecal morphine in tolerant dogs.

One "bound" form of morphine in dog urine and bile has been identified to be the phenolic substituted morphine mono-glucuronide. This conjugate is one of the principal metabolites of morphine in this animal species. However, there is present in dog urine a considerable amount of a "bound" morphine with characteristics different from the metabolite noted above, although it is a glucuronide. The suggestion is made that this is a di-conjugated product, a glucuronide of the alcoholic group and ethereal sulfate of the phenolic group of morphine.

It is the conclusion of the author that to date no acceptable evidence has been presented here, or elsewhere, to support the view that altered distribution or fate of morphine is associated with, or responsible for, tolerance development or physical dependence.


A Time Domain Spectroscopy THz system has been built and used to obtain amplitude and time-of-flight contrast THz tomography images of small (5 cm × 5 cm max) Styrofoam phantoms. A comparison of both techniques is presented, emphasizing the different degree of fidelity in the reconstructed images.


Introduction: Breastfeeding is a natural act and an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants, it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mother. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, practice of exclusive breastfeeding among the married women in Mangalore. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Mangalore for a period of one week. In among 110 randomly selected married women to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards breastfeeding. Results: In our study, 68 (61.8%) belongs to the age group of 20 to 40 years. Of the 110, 90% knew about the importance of colostrums but only 37.3% knew that it helps mothers to lose weight after pregnancy. Around 75.5% were aware that breast feeding can help preventing diseases affecting breast and only 47.3 % knew about its contraceptive advantage. Most of them, 60 (54.54%) women disagreed with the fact that formula-feeding is more convenient than breastfeeding, 45 (40.91%) were of opinion that formula-fed babies are more likely to gain weight more quickly and 40 (36.36%) felt formula feeding is better choice for working women. Among the study participants, only 50.9% of the participants initiated breast feeding within half an hour and only 20(22.47%) women who were home makers exclusively breastfed their babies. 44.5% and 34.5% supplemented newborn with formula to improve babies health and because breast milk was insufficient respectively and it was seen more (79.35%) among women who were literates. Conclusion: The study concludes that even though women have good knowledge and almost all have positive attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding, still not all of them are practicing exclusive breast feeding and many still supplement newborns with formula feeding even though not recommended.


In recent years, snake-inspired locomotion has garnered increasing interest in the bio-inspired robotics community. This positive trend is largely due to the unique and highly effective gaits utilized by snakes to traverse various terrains and obstacles. These gaits make use of a snake's hyper-redundant body structure to adapt to the terrain and maneuver through tight spaces. Snake-inspired robots utilizing rectilinear motion, one of the primary gaits observed in natural snakes, have demonstrated favorable results on various terrains. However, previous variations of the rectilinear gait were inefficient in cyclic displacement. These gaits generated vertical waves traveling along the length of the robot. Generating these waves required significant joint energy for relatively small horizontal displacements. This paper presents analytical and experimental results for a rectilinear gait, which demonstrates significant linear displacement for relatively low joint effort. The low effort gait functions by propagating a wave through the length of the robot via expansions and contractions of the body segments, propelling the robot platform forward. The low effort rectilinear gait is demonstrated on a robot platform that incorporates high speed linear motion and variable traction through friction. We also report the results of a case study showcasing the practical benefits of the low effort gait.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


This book starts with a historical description of the economic development of the various regions within the United States from 1870 together with an analytical discussion of the broad factors affecting the location of economic activity. It then proceeds to a detailed statistical analysis of the state-by-state movement of employment between the 1939 Census of Manufactures and 1958. The last chapter is devoted to programs which may help bring a better balance of labor force and employment opportunity.


Background: Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of Prosopis species in the treatment of diabetes in traditional medicine. This study was performed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of Prosopis farcta (P.farcta) in streptozocin- induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (55mg/kg). Male Wistar rats were treated with either P. farcta (100, 150, and 300 mg/kg.) or glibenclamide (10mg/kg) orally once a day for a period of 28 days. Control rats received saline. Changes in body weight and blood glucose were measured at the end of each week for 4 weeks. Results: The results of this study showed a significant increase in blood glucose, and decrease of body weight in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. P. farcta administration for 28 days in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats suppressed the weight reduction significantly in a dose dependent manner (P<0.001). Also, P. farcta, like glibenclamide, showed significant antihyperglycemic effects and reversed the above parameters significantly in a dose dependent manner when compared to diabetic control rats (P<0.001, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that P. farcta possesses antidiabetic activity in hyperglycemic rat models. The underlying mechanism(s) has not been known yet and needs further investigation.


It has turned out that mass literacy is not as easy to achieve as educational reformers had anticipated. To close the gap between the rather dismal reality and the golden future envisaged, researchers and practitioners are investing their energies in teaching methods modeled on computers and other rational means for processing information? which in turn were modeled on industrial production techniques and on military human systems design. The implicit hope is that if we discover more and more rational ways of selecting, organizing, and conveying knowledge, children will learn more effectively. Yet it seems increasingly clear that the chief impediments to literacy are not cognitive in nature. It is not that students cannot learn; it is that they do not wish to. Computers do not suffer from motivational problems, whereas human beings do. We have not found ways as yet to program children so that they will learn the information we present to them, as computers do. Unfortunately, cognitive science has not taken adequate notice of this fact, and hence the current cognitive emphasis on teaching is missing out on an essential component of what learning is about. This essay will raise some motivational issues involved in achieving literacy, in the hope of reminding educators of the importance of this


Abstract This article explores the quality of the online learning experience based on the Sloan-C framework and the Online Learning Consortium's (OLC) quality scorecard. The OLC index has been implemented to evaluate quality in online programs from different perspectives. Despite this, the opinions of learners are ignored, and it is built using feedback from experts and panelists while ignoring the factors that teachers consider important during their lectures. We propose an alternative way of measuring the quality of online learning programs by analyzing the satisfaction of the learning experience and using teachers and students' perceptions. The 11 categories composing the index were weighted in the teacher and student indices using principal component analysis, and finally these two indices were linearly combined with a parameter that defines the importance of each body. Findings show that while teachers perceive collaborative learning variables as crucial, learners are more concerned with their own learning benefits.


We report about a timing analysis performed on the data gathered by RXTE of the accreting millisecond pulsar XTE J1814‐338 during its 2003 outburst. The first full orbital solution of this binary system is given. Moreover the evolution of the phase of the pulsed emission reveals that the rotating compact object is spinning down at a rate ν = (−6.7 ± 0.7) × 10−14 Hz/s, while accreting. This behavior is considered as a result of the braking effect due to the interaction between the magnetosphere and the inner parts of the accretion disc, in the case of an accretion rate low enough to allow the expansion of the magnetospheric radius to the corotation limit. In this context we derive an estimate of the superficial magnetic field, BS ≃ 8 × 108 G, which lies in the plausible range for the accreting millisecond pulsars to be the progenitors of the radio millisecond pulsar. We also report about a modulation of the phase delays around the mean timing solution, which we interpret as a signature of movements of the...


Based on the analysis of environmental impact factors in real estate investment, it establishes the index system. It also establishes the comprehensive evaluation model of Unascertained measure on the basis of the attribute levels, which is applied to the comprehensive evaluation of investment environment in real estate. The Unascertained comprehensive evaluation result of investment environment in real estate is gained by the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis ,The last example proves that the method is simple , practicality, and scientific. The evidence shows that the attributes Unascertained AHM is an effective environment evaluation way in real estate investment analysis. KeywordsRisk Evaluation;Recognition;Unascertained AHM;Investment Environment in Real Estate


Lattice constants of yttrium and gadolinium iron and gallium garnets and of yttrium aluminium garnet have been measured in the temperature range 296–1400°K. The results show that among these, GdGaG gives the closest match of Δa/a0 vs. T to YIG and to GdIG.


A recovery algorithm is given for the 2 X 2 X 2 problem in diffuse tomography. This three dimensional algorithm is computationally more complex and yields relatively more information than its two dimensional counterpart.


Monzonitic granite porphyry and quartz-phyric porphyry are related to hydrothermal alteration and Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization at the Qiagong skarn deposit in the middle part of the Gangdese mineralization belt, Tibet, China. Both of the intrusions are peraluminous. The monzonitic granite porphyry has a high-K calcalkaline composition whereas the quartz-phyric porphyry is shoshonitic. Zircons from these two porphyries were dated using the LA-ICP-MS method and the U-Pb ages are 68.8 ±2.2 Ma and 64.6 ±1.6 Ma, respectively. The ages and metal associations for these two intrusions are unique in the Gangdese belt, and may lead to new understandings of the geodynamic setting.


In this paper explicit formulas are given for least common multiples and greatest common divisors of a finite number of matrix polynomials in terms of the coefficients of the given polynomials. An important role is played by block matrix generalizations of the classical Vandermonde and resultant matrices. Special attention is given to the evaluation of the degrees and other characteristics. Applications to matrix polynomial equations and factorization problems are made.


The purpose of the study was to evaluate the IMB skills model for its relevance to the Ethiopian context. According to the model, adherence-related information and motivation work through adherence-related behavioural skills to affect adherence to ART. Quantitative, analytical, observational, cross-sectional, institution-based study was conducted to evaluate the model by assessing those patients who have and do not have the right information, motivation, and behavioural skills whether they have or do not have good adherence to ART. Data was collected using structured questionnaires where a total of 400 randomly selected participants provided data on adherence-related information, motivation and behavioral skills as well as adherence behavior per se. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics used in the study. Only 90.75 % of the total sample population reported ART adherence rate of more than or equal to 95% in this study. Free and restricted model tests, through bivariate and multivariate analyses, used to assess the propositions of the IMB model of ART adherence and provided support for the interrelations between the elements proposed by the model. The study has supported the applicability of the IMB model of adherence to the Ethiopian context highlighting its application in adherence-promotion intervention efforts. The findings revealed the need for on-going educational, informational and other interventions to address the knowledge, motivation and adherence behavioural skills of patients in order to improve the current levels of ART adherence behaviour.


Retrieving visual object from a large-scale video dataset is one of multimedia research focuses but a challenging task due to imprecise object extraction and partial occlusion. This paper presents a novel approach to efficiently encode and retrieve visual objects, which addresses some practical complications in surveillance videos. Specifically, we take advantage of the mask information to assist object representation, and develop an encoding method by utilizing highly nonlinear mapping with a deep neural network. Furthermore, we add some occluded noise into the learning process to enhance the robustness of dealing with background noise and partial occlusions. A real-life surveillance video data containing over 10 million objects are built to evaluate the proposed approach. Experimental results show our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art solutions for object retrieval in large-scale video dataset.


Several MRI studies have shown deep white matter and subcortical focal hyperintensities in up to 25% of younger patients with bipolar disorder,


Heracles' cleaning of the Augean stables is the least glamorous of his Labors: we see a paradigmatic hero reduced to the menial task of mucking out animals. As a result, the number of extant accounts and images of this Labor is relatively small. The texts and images that include this narrative often downplay Heracles' contact with the object of his task by focusing on his supernatural ability to redirect the river he uses to clear the dung. Nevertheless, the very fact that Heracles is acting as a servant to Augeas under the orders of Eurystheus means that he is necessarily in a subservient position. Each of the versions of this Labor deals differently with the complex relationship between heroism, status, money, and violence that results from Heracles' position in this myth.


Downloa pose: In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy for lung patients, acquired resistance develops almost inevitably and this limits the improvement in patient mes. EGFR T790M mutation and MET amplification are the two main mechanisms underlying this nce, but the relationship between these two mechanisms is unclear. In this study, we explored their nship using in vitro models and autopsy specimens. erimental Design: Erlotinib-resistant HCC827 (HCC827ER) cells were developed by chronic ure to erlotinib at increasing concentrations. HCC827EPR cells were also developed by chronic ure to erlotinib in the presence of PHA-665,752 (a MET TKI). The erlotinib-resistant mechanisms se cells were analyzed. In addition, 33 autopsy tumor samples from 6 lung adenocarcinoma patients ring multiple gefitinib-refractory tumors were analyzed. ults: HCC827ER developed MET amplification, and clinically relevant resistance occurred at ≥4ET gene copy number gain (CNG). By contrast, HCC827EPR developed T790M without MET Of six patients harboring gefitinib-refractory tumors, three exhibited T790M only, one exhibited mplification only, and the other two exhibited T790M and/or MET amplification depending on ion sites. In these gefitinib-refractory tumors, T790M developed in 93% (14 of 15) of tumors withET gene CNGs, in 80% (4 of 5) of tumors with moderate MET gene CNGs (<4-fold), and in only of 13) of tumors with MET amplification (≥4-fold). clusions: These results indicate a reciprocal and complementary relationship between T790M and Con MET amplification and the necessity of concurrent inhibition of both for further improving patient outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 16(22); 5489–98. ©2010 AACR.


The geological structure of the Makmal deposit composed of metamorphic, sedimentary and intrusive rocks is discussed. The physical and mechanical of rocks ((granites, marbles, silicified ore bodies, marbled limestones, carbonate breccia, quartz-feldspar, etc.) are analyzed. The physical and mechanical properties of rocks sampled in galleries 6 and 11 in Makmal Mine are tested at a laboratory scale.


As part of the Joint FNAL/BNL Future Long Baseline Study, we investigated experimental scenarios which use off-axis neutrinos from the existing NuMI beam to continue the on-going experimental program of measuring the neutrino mass and mixing parameters. This study is directed towards understanding a Phase II experiment, meaning it would commence after the NOνA , T2K(Phase I), and currently planned reactor experiments have completed an initial period of operation and have observed a significant, non-zero result for θ13.


Corporate social responsibility is increasingly being analysed through the stakeholder approach. However, great contradictions appear as soon as the number of stakeholders increases. The firm is then confronted with the dilemma of managing these stakeholders. Recent models have proposed a classification of stakeholder demands according to power, legitimacy and urgency. Indeed, these three criteria enable us to define demand groups and create lists of priorities in the classification of demands, but the problem is far from being resolved. The present article aims at analysing the problem of managing responsibility through stakeholders. It pays special attention to the classification which could result from an ethical mode of action based upon the ethics of care. As such, we shall argue that such a mode of action considerably inverses the usual order of classification.


Although angiosperm plants have a general capacity to react after the immunity elicitor chitin or chitosan treatment by the cell wall callose deposition, this response in particular cell types and its evolutionary conservation is not understood. Here we show that also the growing root hairs (RHs) of Arabidopsis can respond to a mild (0.001%) chitosan treatment by the callose deposition and by a deceleration of the RH growth. We demonstrate that the glucan synthase-like 5 (GSL5)/PMR4 is vital for chitosan-induced callose deposition but not for RH growth inhibition. Upon the higher chitosan concentration (0.01%) treatment, RHs do not deposit callose, while growth inhibition is prominent. To understand the specificities of the low and high concentration chitosan treatments, we analysed the corresponding PTI signalling components, gene expression, and RH cellular endomembrane and cytoskeleton modifications. Importantly, chitosan-induced callose deposition is also present in the functionally analogous and evolutionarily only distantly related RH-like structures rhizophores (lycophytes) and rhizoids (bryophytes). Our results point to the RH callose deposition as a conserved strategy of soil-anchoring plant cells (rhizoids/rhizophores/RHs) to deal with mild biotic stress. At the same time, high chitosan concentration prominently disturbs intracellular dynamics, tip-localised endomembrane compartments and RH growth, precluding callose deposition.


It relates to a pallet belt (16) of the present invention, a moving walkway plate (30) of the base body (31), wherein the pallet belt (16) in its operating position is disposed between the orbiting and comprises two steering region a plurality of identical shape moving walkway plate (30). Moving walkway plate (30) follow one another and hinged to each other before and after the connection. Base body (31) having a base face (33) for at least one foot element (32) is fixed, wherein, immediately followed by the pallet belt (16) of the moving walkway plate (30) is hingedly connected to the base body (31) defining a pivot axis (SA) extends over the width (B). Pivot axis (SA) includes a base surface disposed in a plane (33) in or above the plane of the side facing away from the base (31) is disposed. Base body (31) having a geometrical center of gravity (S) along its width (B) the cross-section is arranged in the base body below the base face (33).


The robustness of the various profile monitoring methods that can perform poorly in the presence of outliers has been heavily debated. To contribute to this strand of the literature, we propose a two-stage outlier detection scheme for non-parametric profile monitoring that can control type-I error rates as well as identify outlier profiles. In the first stage, we define an outlier detection measure by using a non-parametric test statistic and extend the well-known least trimmed squares algorithm to find a clean profile set. Then, in the second stage, the detection of outlying profiles is deemed as a hypothesis testing problem, where the thresholding rule is obtained from the asymptotic distribution of the proposed measure. Furthermore, to enhance efficiency, a one-step refinement algorithm is proposed to determine whether a data point is a real outlying profile. Simulation studies show that the proposed procedure can control type-I error rates, while maintaining reasonably high outlier detection power values. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to a real data analysis to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our approach responds to the fact that in the profile monitoring of statistical process control problems, the dimensionality and complexity of the relationship between the response and explanatory variables can increase the possibility that a profile is outlying and such outlying profiles may influence the data analysis markedly.


Disposing a compartmentation device (10) in a box (12) of a motor vehicle, comprising a mat (14) covering at least partly a floor (15) of the boot (12) and a wall of compartments (16) mounted movable on the belt (14) via hinges (20) between a rest position in which it retracted against the floor 15 and a use position in which it is raised in a transverse plane, characterized in that arrangement comprises removable holding means (44) of a rear edge (40) of the belt (14) on a sill bar (42) of the boot (12), so as to avoid lifting of a rear portion ( 38) of said belt (14).


180 patients with application of modified endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy by the technique offered N. by Masseger et al. are operated (2004). The punched latex container with antibacterial ointment was used in the early postoperative period. Efficiency of use of this container was estimated according to the subjective complaints generalized in the table and also at objective assessment of the local status with application of microscope and rigid rhinoscopes.


Major fatty acid composition of groundnut were analysed by Hayman's diallel genetic model with Griffing's diallel crossing system Ⅱ of eight parents. The results indicated that O/L ratios and content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and behenic acid conformed to "additive-dominant" model. They all had very important additive effect and expressed incomplete dominance. The frequencies and directions of dominant and recessive genes, the ratios of positive and negtive genes and the heritability of various traits were obviously different within researched parents. Luhua No.10 and Fu 8707 were considered to be better parents for the higher O/L ratios breeding, ICG6848 and Qiangdao huasheng were considered to be better parents for the higher linoleic acid breeding.


In this study, the application of four classification techniques for computer vision–based pavement crack detection systems was investigated. The classification methods—artificial neural network (ANN), decision tree, k–nearest neighbor, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)—were selected on the basis of the complexity and clarity of their procedures. These methods were evaluated for (a) prediction performance, (b) computation time, (c) stability of results for highly imbalanced data sets, (d) stability of the classifiers' performance for pavements in different deterioration stages, and (e) interpretability of results and clarity of the procedure. According to the results, the ANN and ANFIS methods not only provide superior performance but also are more flexible and compatible for the crack detection application. The ANFIS method is called a "white-box classifier," and the inferred knowledge from its membership functions can be used to characterize the imagery properties of detected image components.


This Chapter discusses the two main spoofing techniques used in this study, i.e., speech syntheis and voice conversion. The technical details for developing Text-toSpeech (TTS) systems and voice conversion system are discussed along with the different aspects of Synthetic Speech (SS) and Voice Converted Speech (VCS) that contributes to unnaturalness in the speech signals. The main motivation behind this is to understand and analyze the differences between natural vs. spoofed speech. Next, the overall arhictecture of the spoof speech detection system along with each of the individual blocks are discussed. This includes the various databases that have been used in this study, i.e., the ASV spoof 2015 challenge database, two evaluations of the Blizzard Challenge, one in English (Blizzard Challenge 2012) and another in Indian Languages (Blizzard Challenge 2014). Thereafter, as a part of the architecture, the GMM-based classification system is discussed along with Detection Error Tradeoff (DET) curve and Equal Error Rate (EER) as performance measures.


The use of prototyping is considered in the context of advanced military computing projects. One concern is the lack of a formal control process to monitor progress. To address this concern, a software development methodology is proposed that integrates evolutionary prototyping techniques and traditional planning and review activities. The methodology, Tri-Cycle, prescribes a framework that promotes a disciplined approach to better plan, monitor, and evaluate software development without impeding development progress. Early versions of the methodology are being integrated into existing projects. These versions have been well received by customers.<<ETX>>


Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of drug loading and entrapment efficiency of four isoflavones in pueraria flavonoids(PF)loaded solid lipid nanoparticles(PF-SLN). Methods HPLC determination was performed on a Kromasil C18 column(4.6mm×250mm, 5 μm) and detected at 250 nm. The mobile phase was consisted of methanol and 0.1% citric acid solution with gradient elution. Flow-rate was 1.0mL/min, and column temperature was 40℃. The free drugs in solid lipid nanoparticles were separated by high-speed centrifuge. Results 3'-hydroxypuerarin, puerarin, daidzin and daidzein had a good linear relation and the average recoveries were(100.28±2.52)%,(100.26±2.33)%,(100.08±3.35)% and(100.44±3.48)%, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of 3'-hydroxypuerarin, puerarin, daidzin and daidzein in PF-SLNs were(84.35±0.45)%,(86.84±0.48)%,(89.52±0.86)% and(93.80±0.50)%, and drug loading were(10.37±0.36)%,(14.19±0.52)%,(16.79±0.34)% and(20.00±0.97)%, respectively. Conclusion Results obtained showed that it's a convenient, accurate and reliable method. The method has been successfully applied to determination of drug loading and entrapment efficiency of four isoflavonoids in PF-SLNs.


In order to buildsoftware security defense system that is easy to keep and hard to compromise, based on the idea of moving target defense, a binary software randomization method was designed and implemented to resist the attacks of software vulnerabilities. Firstly, the binary software was represented by function equivalence LLVM IR, then the converted LLVM IR was processed by procedures such as instruction replacement, redundant inserting, and CFG reconstruction, finally, the processed LLVM IR was compiled to binary software, so the generated binary software has characteristics of randomization to effectively resist the attacks based on software vulnerabilities. By carrying out random transformation on the binary software, the transformed software shows uncertainty from static analysis and dynamic aspects, which makes it difficult to analyze and attack, effectively resist the traditional attack methods based on software vulnerabilities.


BACKGROUND: Transplanted mononuclear cell(MNC)of umbilical blood can survive in central nervous system (CNS)of host through blood brain barrier,differentiate into nerver cells,migrate to damaged site and integrate morphological strucgh and function with nerve cells of host so as to improve deficiencies of sensatory function,motor function and cognitive function and influence on stroke sequela.OBJECTIVE: To observe the vein transplantation of human umbilical cord blood stem cells(HUCBSC) for improving neurological function,limb funtion and activity of daily living of patients with stroke and evaluate the reliability.DESIGN: Self-controlled study.SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery,the Second People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City;Red-crossed Blood Center of Henan Province;Department of Neurosurgery,the Fist Affiliated Hospital of Zhenzhou University.PARTICIPANTS:A total of 10 patients with stoke sequela were selected from Department of Cerebral Surgery,the Second People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City from April to December 2005.There were 9males and 1 female aged from 35to 75years with the mean age of 56 years.All of them were diagnosed with CT and MRI examination and coincidence with diagnostic criteria of stroke established by the Fourth National Academic Meeting for Cerebrovascular Disease.All patients provided informed consent. METHODS:80-140 mL umbilical blood of term birth of newborn was selected hermetically and maintained in sterile plastic bag.And then,the blood was centrifugated at the speed of 1500 r/min for 30 minutes at 22℃ in order to separate MNC,i.e.,HUCBSC.In addition,after final diagnosis during hospitalization,stroke patients were perfused with HUCBSC through superficial vein of back of the hand.Each patient was averagely penfused with 6 portions of HUCBSC(cellular numbers≥1×108/portion)and the interval between each portion was 1-7 days with the mean interval of 4 days.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Neurological function of stroke patients was evaluated with neurological function deficiency(NFD)befor


Education of future doctors is key for better global health, including musculoskeletal health. A central strategy of the Bone and Joint Decade (BJD) is to improve the education of health professionals so that it reflects the burden of musculoskeletal conditions and meets the needs of people with or at risk of musculoskeletal problems1. This is not the case at present1,2. Musculoskeletal conditions affect one in 5 adults and are the commonest cause of physical disability3, the commonest reason for longterm treatment in Europe4, and the second most common reason for consulting a doctor. In many countries musculoskeletal conditions constitute 10%–20% of the reasons for primary care visits5 and they are also common as comorbidities. Despite this, the basic education of doctors about musculoskeletal conditions is lacking, and it is possible to graduate from medical schools around the world without proper training in musculoskeletal medicine. Primary care training programs often do not include specific experience with musculoskeletal conditions. There is a range of specialties involved in the management of the spectrum of musculoskeletal conditions, including rheumatology, orthopedics, pain physicians, geriatrics, sports medicine, and occupational medicine. However, at the specialist level there is a lack of common education between these specialties, although integrated multiprofessional and multidisciplinary care is recommended4,6,7. Training programs for these different disciplines are seldom linked and do not have similar learning objectives, despite often relating to the management of identical problems. In addition, there are few multidisciplinary educational activities at local, national, and international levels that bring together all the relevant disciplines. This lack of basic education in musculoskeletal health and disease and lack of coordination between different disciplines is clearly not the best way to achieve effective management of musculoskeletal problems. As a result many people do not get the best treatment2,8 in either primary or secondary care, as clinical skills and understanding of all treatment options by the different disciplines are insufficient. For example, approaches to management of osteoarthritis of the knee may be very different between primary care, rheumatology, and orthopedics; and the patient journey can be prolonged by inadequate management along the way7. Ways to improve the situation include standardized learning objectives for musculoskeletal conditions at all levels from undergraduate to the different disciplines involved in their management, and improved coordination between different specialist training programs. In this issue of The Journal, a study by Wadey and colleagues9 describes a high degree of commonality between learning objectives of the different specialties and asserts that it is possible to develop a multidisciplinary core curriculum for specialist training programs. The initial step in the improvement of care is to establish recommendations for core competencies that all doctors should have when qualifying, irrespective of their future clinical practice. These competencies can then be built upon in the specialist training programs depending on specific needs. Such global recommendations for core content of an u n d e rgraduate musculoskeletal curriculum have been developed by the Bone and Joint Decade Education Task Force and persons with an interest in education from all parts of the world and from the spectrum of relevant specialties2. All possible knowledge, skills, and attitudes that may be relevant to musculoskeletal conditions were prioritized, according to commonality of the problem in society and urgency of management to identify a minimum level of competence for managing patients with musculoskeletal problems. These core competencies aim to strengthen the foundation for future clinical practice and to delineate between core competence when leaving a medical school


In this work there is underlined how the Francophone area has developed from historical and political points of view, with an economic and geographic extension at the global level. Its economical growth was imposed by local and global politics, as well as a general economic evolution in terms of progress or gaps. The francophone area has influenced the global society in many ways and directly contributed to 'the phenomenon of Europeanizing' consolidation.


An analysis of the provisions of the Land Registration Act 2002 concerning the protection of third party interests, including the provisions on overriding interests and questions of priority.


Introduction: The pattern of cerebral atrophy characteristic of Alzheimer' s disease (AD) has been extensively studied. However, relatively less is known about the patterns of atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies (LBD), some studies showing patterns of atrophy that overlap with AD, and others showing a distinct pattern with greater atrophy in subcortical regions; moreover the pattern of cortical thickness is unknown.


Erica mackayana occurs only in western Ireland and N Spain. In Ireland, where it spreads only by cuttings, it has a very disjunct and localised distribution. Erica tetralix , however, is very common and where Erica mackayana occurs, the hybrid E. x stuartii , is frequent, though never more than 1–2 km from Erica mackayana. The restricted distribution in Ireland of parent and hybrid raises questions as to their origin. Like Erica erigena , Erica mackayana may have been introduced from Spain by traders as packing for goods; the remote location of the sites suggests it may even have arrived with smugglers.


Using the determinant representation of gauge transformation operator, we have shown that the general form of tau function of the q-KP hierarchy is a q-deformed generalized Wronskian, which includes the q-deformed Wronskian as a special case. On the basis of these, we study the q-deformed constrained KP (q-cKP) hierarchy, i.e. l-constraints of q-KP hierarchy. Similar to the ordinary constrained KP (cKP) hierarchy, a large class of solutions of q-cKP hierarchy can be represented by q-deformed Wronskian determinant of functions satisfying a set of linear q-partial differential equations with constant coefficients. We obtained additional conditions for these functions imposed by the constraints. In particular, the effects of q-deformation (q-effects) in single q-soliton from the simplest tau function of the q-KP hierarchy and in multi-q-soliton from one-component q-cKP hierarchy, and their dependence of x and q, were also presented. Finally, we observe that q-soliton tends to the usual soliton of the KP equation when x -> 0 and q -> 1, simultaneously.


Summary form only given. In the last decades the world economy has been undergoing an intense globalization process, resulting in a growing internationalization of production and a highly competitive market. For companies to survive and prosper they must use new technologies for competitive advantage. Thus, the companies can develop, transfer or buy several types of technologies, among them the advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT). This work has as an objective to propose a strategic model for choice, justification, adoption and implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies, as well as the responsible factors for the success or failure of such implementations and its relationships with the other elements of the organization. Through a strategic approach, the choice of AMT should conform with the competitive strategies and consequently with the manufacturing strategies of the company. In this way, AMT can be taken advantage of in its potential total, besides generating a synergy among several elements of the organization. The implementation of AMT should be seen as a part of a process. To implement them, it is not enough to change the lay-out of the factory and to arrange a physical space for installing them and to put them to work. The technology should be based on the business strategies or competitiveness of the company.


Objective To explore the clinical significance of three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound(3D-TVS) to digagnose tubal pregnancy early.Methods fourty-nine cases with tubal pregnancy were examined by 3D-TVS and 2D ultrasound then compare the two methods.The digagnosis for the 36 cases were confirmed by operation,the other 12 cases accepted the conservative treatment successfully.Results 3D-TVS gives a clear stereoscopic view the abnormalities and prove the diagnosis of tubal early pregnancy.Conclusion 3D-TVS is useful for early diagnosis of tubal pregnanacy.


FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: light trap has reservoir filled with water and fish, and pipeline with fan and light source disposed at its upper end. Lower end of pipeline is connected with reservoir above its base. Insects attracted by light are sucked by fan into pipeline. Then insects are conveyed by air flow into lower part of reservoir, where they are soaked while passing through water. As a result insects lose flight ability and they are eaten by fishes. EFFECT: increased efficiency of insect control. 1 dwg


Water aquality and community structure of aquatic organisms in chin- sha River were evaluated from December2010 to June 2011. A total of 127 species of phytoplankton belonging to 7 phylum,26 family and 47 genus were collected. The bacillariophyta exhibited the highest species diversity,with 73 species(57. 48% of the total). And 31 species of zooplankton belonging to 3 phylum,15 family and 19 genus were found. The protozoa exhibited the highest species diversity,with 15 species(48. 39% of the total.). 43 species of periphytic algae were caught,belonging to 4 phylum,12 family and 16 genus.,and the bacillariophyta exhibited the highest species diversity,with 34 species(79. 07% of the total). 8species of zoobenthos were collected,and the annelids exhibited the highest species diversity,with 3 species. By the analysis,the water quality of ShuiFu section in Chin- sha River was Ⅲ- level.


When annealed metals are cold worked, their diffraction lines broaden due to nonuniform lattice strain and small particle-size. The broadening of the diffraction line caused by plastic deformation was measured by using the Gaussian curve parameter (GCP), which is a constant in a Gaussian curve fitted to the diffraction peak and can be determined from only five to fifteen X-ray intensities around the diffraction peak. Annealed mild steels were plastically deformed by tension, compression, and torsion. The GCP increases with increasing logarithm of equivalent strain along a straight line for all the specimens. The use of the GCP allows a rapid and nondestructive measurement of plastic strain in annealed mild steels. The relationship between the GCP and the half-width is also given.


Perspectives on the Internationalization of R&D: internationalization of research and development: empirical trends and theoretical perspectives, M.G. Serapio, Jr. et al knowledge exchange and cross-border innovation in the multinational corporation, I. Zander, O. Solvell. Investment motivation, location decision, and global R&D Networks: analysing the locational pattern of international corporate technological research, J. Cantwell, E. Kosmopoulou globalization and networking of R&D activities by 19 electronics MNCs, Takabumi Hayashi globalization of R&D: a survey of foreign companies in Japan and some comparisons with foreign companies in the United States, Satoshi Iwata, D. Methe the location choices of R&D activities in Canadian multinationals, J. Niosi. Management and organization of international R&D: differentiation, integration, and organizational tension: some evidence from R&D internationalization by Japanese firms, Kasuhiro Asakawa network centrality and power among nationally dispersed technology units, J. Medcof NEC Research Institute after ten years - design considerations and lessons learned, Mitsuhito Sakaguchi.


This paper adopts an atomic-scale model based on the nonlinear finite element formulation to analyze the stress and strain induced in a very thin film during the nanoindentation process. The deformation evolution during the nanoindentation process is evaluated using the quasi-static method, thereby greatly reducing the required computation time. The finite element simulation results indicate that the microscopic plastic deformation in the thin film is caused by instability of its crystalline structure, and that the magnitude of the nanohardness varies with the maximum indentation depth and the geometry of the indenter.


Abstract  Fourteen of 1000 consecutive kidney transplant patients had congenital malformations affecting the bladder or urethra: six had congenital valvulus of the urethra, two congenital sclerosis of the bladder outlet, and six a neurogenic bladder. Pretransplant surgey had been performed in all patients: reimplanta‐tion of ureter (n= 11), resection of congenital valvulus (n= 7), and ne‐phrectomy (n = 6). Four patients had an intestinal bladder. Age was 0–17 (median 1) years at diagnosis. Follow‐up time was 3–10 (median 5) years. Special transplant surgery techniques were required in five patients. Patient survival after 2 years was 100 % and graft survival 93 %. No graft was lost due to outflow obstruction, infection or other causes related to the underlying disorder. Late technical problems were seen in two patients. Urinary tract infections were reported in 13 patients before transplantation and in eight after. Results of transplantation were excellent. Infections and surgical problems had a minor impact on outcome.


One of the commonest complications of cirrhosis of the liver is the formation of ascites. While in some patients the ascites can be easily controlled with sodium restriction and the use of diuretics, in others these measures are ineffective. In this latter instance, rigid restriction of dietary sodium is mandatory if frequent paracenteses are to be avoided. Even with a restricted sodium intake, if the use of diuretics is ineffective in enhancing urinary sodium excretion there is usually a very slow progression in the accumulation of ascitic fluid. These patients, with cirrhosis and ascites resistant to treatment with potent diuretics, present a very difficult therapeutic problem. Such radical measures as a surgical portacaval shunt (1) and bilateral adrenalectomy (2) have been applied in an effort to control the ascites formation in this type of patient. The organomercurial diuretics are frequently ineffective in promoting a sodium diuresis, and potentiation of their


Introducing fuzzy logic in knowledge representation is a general technique to improve flexibility and performances of knowledge based and control software. Many researchers propose to introduce fuz...


Objective: Psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits occur more frequently for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One mechanism that may reduce the likelihood of these events is the utilization of home and community-based care. Using rich commercial claims data and a rigorous analytical framework, this study examines whether spending on outpatient services for ASD, including occupational, physical, and speech therapies and other behavioral interventions, reduces the likelihood of psychiatric hospitalizations and ED visits. Methods: The study sample comprised over 100,000 children with ASD and commercial insurance in 50 states between 2008 and 2012. The authors estimated maximum-likelihood complementary log-log link survival models with robust standard errors. The outcomes of interest were a hospitalization or an ED visit with an associated psychiatric diagnosis code (ICD-9-CM 290 through 319) in a given week. Results: A $125 increase in weekly spending on ASD-specific outpatient services 7 to 14 weeks prior to a given week reduced the likelihood of a psychiatric hospitalization by 2% in that week. ASD-specific outpatient spending during the 6 weeks prior to a psychiatric hospitalization did not decrease its risk. Spending on ASD-specific outpatient services did not reduce the likelihood of a psychiatric ED visit. Conclusions: The financial burden associated with ASD is extensive and psychiatric hospitalizations remain the most expensive type of care, costing over $4,000 per week on average. Identifying the mechanisms by which psychiatric hospitalizations occur can reduce the likelihood of these events.


This study proposes an optimised controllable pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme suitable for multilevel inverters. Seeing the need for improving the output voltage characteristics such as total harmonic distortion, low-order harmonic and distortion factor, an improved harmonic injection PWM variable frequency triangular carrier modulation technique is employed for off-line mode. For this purpose, the carrier signal frequencies at each level (carrier-based), and also amplitudes and orders of the harmonic-injected signal (reference-based) are considered as controllable parameters. The proposed technique benefits are operating with considerably fewer numbers of the pulses per cycle, low switching losses, and improvement in the output voltage characteristics. However, selective harmonic elimination and optimal switching angles are the most common modulation techniques, but they employ only one angle as a control parameter at each level of the output waveform. Hence, the modulation scheme can consider more angles at each level as controllable parameters by applying multi-objective particle swarm optimisation and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Simulations are conducted in 5-, 7- and 9-level inverter. Finally, the effectiveness of the studies is validated by obtaining experimental results on a single-phase 1 kW 7-level inverter prototype.


Olyset net is incorporated with 2% permethrin during manufacturing of yam. It has a long lasting effect on mosquitoes for more than 7 years. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme evaluated the efficacy of Olyset net and highly recommended its use for malaria control. Roll Back Malaria initiated by WHO with its partners set the objective at 50% reduction of malaria burden by 2010 and is requesting a huge number of long lasting insecticidal nets for scaling up the campaign, especially in Sub Sahara. Since an affordable price for African people is essential for scaling up, collaborative work for losal production of LLIN in Tanzania to reduce costs is in progress among partners of RBM.


Among the 17,504 islands in Indonesia, there are a number of volcanic islands with active volcanoes amid human inhabitation. These conditions can be dangerous when the volcano erupts. This paper provides a review of eruptions on Indonesia's volcanic islands, especially in potential hazard, fatalities, and management. There were 22 Indonesia's volcanic islands with records of volcanic eruptions during the Holocene era. Seventy three percent of them are classified as active and have a high potential to endanger the surrounding population who generally live on small islands. More than 150,000 people have been evacuated in 25 volcanic unrest of 9 volcanic island during 1966 to 2017. The largest human fatalities from eruption on volcanic island was caused by volcanic tsunami. Since 416 to 2018 there were 19 volcanic tsunami events on Indonesia's volcanic islands, resulting in 41,328 death tolls. With this review, we hope that our knowledge of volcanic eruption on Indonesia's volcanic island can be improved and the community living around the volcanoes can be more prepared to face a volcanic crisis that can occur at any time.


This article presents techniques to reduce the static and dynamic memory requirements of routing algorithms that target field-programmable gate arrays. During routing, memory is required to store both architectural data and temporary routing data. The architectural data is static, and provides a representation of the physical routing resources and programmable connections on the device. We show that by taking advantage of the regularity in FPGAs, we can reduce the amount of information that must be explicitly represented, leading to significant memory savings. The temporary routing data is dynamic, and contains scoring parameters and traceback information for each routing resource in the FPGA. By studying the lifespan of the temporary routing data objects, we develop several memory management schemes to reduce this component. To make our proposals concrete, we applied them to the routing algorithm in VPR and empirically quantified the impact on runtime memory footprint, and place and route time.


Criteria are presented for predicting the long-term shoreline response to a single detached breakwater. The criteria, expressed as two algebraic equations, distinguish tombolo formation, salient formation, and limited shoreline response, and were developed by calculationintensive application of the shoreline change numerical model GENESIS for a large number of wave conditions and structure configurations. A unique feature of the modeling effort is explicit incorporation of wave transmission at the structure. The two other major non-dimensional parameters in the criteria are the length of the structure divided by the average wavelength at the structure and the average deep-water significant wave height divided by the depth at the structure. Prediction of the generalized criteria agree with available field data. INTRODUCTION The response of the shoreline and beach to detached breakwaters is difficult to predict. For example, Seiji, Uda, and Tanaka (1987) in a survey of 1552 breakwaters constructed in Japan found that 60 percent produced accretionary developments and 35 percent did not. A frequency diagram for the data set shows shoreline advance ranging from zero to 140 m. Although some empirical guidance is available to design the basic configuration of detached breakwaters, the criteria are crude and based on a few, typically two to four, out of as many as 14 governing variables. A major variable missing in previous work is wave transmission through the breakwater. The objective of the present study is to perform a generalized calibration of the shoreline change numerical model GENESIS against observed field response to a single shore(1) Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Water Resources Engrg., Lund Institute of Technol., University of Lund, Box 118, Lund, Sweden S-221 00. (2) Sr. Res. Sci., Coastal Engrg, Res. Center, U.S. Army Engr. Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199. 2034 SHORELINE RESPONSE TO BREAKWATER 2035 parallel and transmissive detached breakwater for a wide range of structure configurations and wave characteristics. PROCEDURE Governing Parameters By inspection, at least 14 parameters can be identified which control the response of a sandy beach to a single or multiple detached breakwater system (Fig. 1): Beach Resp. = F[(X, Y, KT, G), (D, AD, S) , (H, T, ff, 0S, <rH, ag, af)] or (1) Beach Resp. =F[ (breakwater properties), (beach properties), (wave properties)] where X = length of structure segment; Y = distance of segment from original shoreline; Kj = structure segment transmissivity; G = gap distance between segments; D = depth at structure segment; AD = variation in depth at the structure, as from the tide; S = sediment availability; H — wave height; T — wave period; 0 = predominant wave angle to trend of coast; 9S = orientation of structure to trend of coast; <JH = standard deviation (SD) of wave height; ae = SD of wave angle; and <TT = SD of wave period. In a practical situation, the engineer has control over the first group of parameters only. In GENESIS, the equilibrium beach profile shape is calculated as D = A(d50) Y , where A is an empirical scaling parameter depending on the beach median grain size d50. Once the beach grain size is


The critical behavior of an m‐vector model with random impurities is investigated through the use of renormalization group techniques near four dimensions. For almost all values of m, this disordered model has two stable fixed points and a single nontrivialy unstable fixed point. The model exhibits sharp phase transitions with exponents which do not depend continuously on the concentration of impurities. The familiar m‐component fixed point, which is normally assumed to characterize the critical behavior of the pure m‐vector model, is unstable whenever m%4.


. This study was restricted to the trophozoite stage of Endamoeba terrapinae. The most striking feature found was lack of cellular components such as are found in Amoeba proteus and the giant amoeba. No structures resembling mitochondria, Golgi bodies, or fat globules were observed. The only defined structures with the exception of the nucleus were vesicles containing bacteria and electron-dense granules. These cytoplasmic components stained lightly with hematoxy lin.


r SINCE 1970, Canada ostensibly has followed a flexiMe exchange rate policy that should have allowed their monetar authorities to focus directly on controlling the Canadian inflation rate. Since 1975, the Canadian monetary authorities have been publicly committed to reducing inflation by a polic of gradually reducing the rate of monetary' growth. Yet Canada has fared no better than the United States amid other industrialized economies incontrolling inflation during the 1970s. As table 1 shows, the average rate of Canadian mommev growth decreased from about 13 percent in 1971—75 to S percent in 1976—SO, while the average rate ofinflation resnained unchanged at about 8~/zpercent in these two periods.


A sequence of non-negative integers is exactly realizable as the fixed point counts sequence of a dynamical system if and only if it gives rise to a sequence of non-negative orbit counts. This provides a simple realizability criterion based on the transformation between fixed point and orbit counts. Here, we extend the concept of exact realizability to realizability of integer sequences as differences of the two fixed point counts sequences originating from a dynamical system and a topological factor. A criterion analogous to the one for exact realizability is given and the structure of the resulting set of integer sequences is outlined.


In developed countries, clean and safe drinking water is taken for granted, and water treatment processes used to mass-produce drinking water have been hailed as one of the top five engineering achievements of the 20th century. However, in the last decade, several waterborne disease outbreaks have made us painfully aware of the personal, economical, societal, and public health costs associated with the impact of waterborne disease. There is evidence to suggest that the prevalence of waterborne disease may be dramatically underestimated in developed countries and that routine endemic exposure to waterborne pathogens may occur more frequently than originally perceived. A variety of demographical, societal, environmental, and physiological emergence factors likely play critical roles in enhancing the frequency of transmission of pathogens to hosts. This review focuses on the scope and impact of waterborne disease in developed countries and identifies issues surrounding the potential for rapid global emergenc...


Single diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum dots are studied by means of photoluminescence spectroscopy and magnetoluminescence. The sp-d exchange interaction between a single electron-hole pair and roughly 100 Mn spins within the dot is demonstrated to result in (i) a significant enhancement (more than one order of magnitude) of the emission linewidth and (ii) a strongly modified magnetic field dependence of the polarization degree in a single DMS quantum dot as compared to a non-magnetic reference sample.


Summary: We report long‐term clinical, neurochemical, and electrophysiologic data of γ‐vinyl GABA (GVG, vigabatrin) in three groups of patients. GVG was started as add‐on therapy for 75 patients with refractory complex partial seizures (group A) and for 36 mentally handicapped patients with severe epilepsy (group B). The third group (C) consisted of 20 patients with carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy, in half of whom GVG monotherapy was substituted. After 3 months, 55% of patients in group A and 42% in group B were responders (reduction in seizure frequency >50%). After 6 (group A) and 3 years (group B) of follow‐up, 27 and 33% of the patients, respectively, still had good response to GVG. Neurochemical measurements showed a twofold increase in CSF GABA concentrations and minimal or no changes in other neurotransmitter‐related parameters. In group C, substitution of GVG as medication tended to normalize the lengthened latencies in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) observed during CBZ treatment.


The effects of radiation exposure on an analog neural network devices are examined. The neural network implements a fully parallel architecture integrating 10240 analog nonvolatile synapses fabricated in a CMOS process. Graceful degradation of forward propagation performance was observed in units that were exposed to absorbed doses of up to 26 krads (Si) of 10-MeV electrons. The units were exposed without bias, except for that due to the floating gates. Single-chip solutions to two pattern recognition problems representing two levels of difficulty are employed for testing. Over the weeks following exposure, postirradiation effects due to a latent charge trapping mechanism in the oxides of the nonvolatile floating gate structures are observed. It is shown that units with apparently permanent damage can be retrained to 100% recognition performance. >


Aiming at the situation that the Siamese tracking algorithm is easy to track drift or loss under complex conditions such as target deformation and similar object interference, a target tracking algorithm combining DeblurGAN deblurring module and spatiotemporal attention mechanism is proposed. First, the input video frames are removed. Fuzzy preprocessing. After simple data enhancement, CIResNet, a feature extraction network embedded with the attention module, enables the model to spontaneously and adaptively perform weighting operations on different semantic target feature channels, thereby enhancing the generalization ability of the tracking model. Finally, online reorganization and independent training are used to train the modified algorithm, and the target tracking benchmark data set OTB100 is used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze and evaluate the improved algorithm. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, experiments are carried out to compare and analyze with six typical tracking algorithms in the current field. The results show that the proposed algorithm has obvious advantages in tracking indicators such as accuracy and success rate under the interference of multiple different attributes.


This study examines the effect of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State visits to a country on institutional quality, particularly on economic freedom. Hence, the study develops a model that predicts the conditions under which official visits can enhance the quality of institutions. We compile variables on official visits from 1960 to 2019 from the archives of the U.S. State Department to test the predictions of our model. In addition, we use the endogenous treatment model estimation to deal with potential endogeneity. The estimation results show that the official visits have a statistically significant negative effect on economic freedom, particularly in non-democratic countries with less political freedom. The estimation results are robust with different types of visits and samples. The study presents multiple explanations for these results, including the possibility of the following: First, some American administrations adopt a pragmatic approach aimed at achieving strategic objectives while overlooking practices that do not enhance institutional quality. Second, these official visits may improve other aspects of institutional quality that are more observable to the international community than economic freedoms. Third, American policymakers care more about achieving short-term objectives from their visits that can be presented as accomplishments to their electorate rather than institutional reforms that will only yield benefits to the United States in the long run. Finally, economic freedoms are associated with political freedoms per the Hayek-Friedman hypothesis.


Summer 2009, Notes From The Field Editor. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Like most schools, the school where I teach has a summer reading program. I have always thought of this program as a mere supplement to our curriculum--a way to encourage reading and lifelong learning that somewhat complements, in a very minor way, what we do in the classroom from September to June. Recently, I have realized that seeing summer reading in this light vastly underestimates its importance. I came upon this new point of view after reading Malcolm Gladwell's recent book, Outliers (2008). Among the fascinating anecdotes Gladwell offers up is his description of research into the socioeconomic achievement gap--why children from underprivileged families traditionally lag behind in academics. His conclusion: "Virtually all of the advantage that wealthy students have over poor students is the result of differences in ways privileged kids learn while they are not in school" (p. 258). Looking at reading scores of elementary students, Gladwell notes that underprivileged children actually learn just as well during the academic school year as those from a higher socioeconomic status (SES). In fact, they "out-learn" the wealthiest students during the school year. But while summer learning loss is common among all students, it dramatically affects lower SES youth. It is during the summer--when lower SES students may have less access to books and other learning opportunities--that they fall behind. This dramatic conclusion might seem overstated and far-fetched, until you look at the research that forms its foundation. In over a decade of research with Baltimore schoolchildren, Johns Hopkins researcher Karl Alexander and his colleagues found that about two-thirds of the achievement gap between lower- and higher-income youth can be attributed to unequal access to summer learning opportunities. (Interestingly, most of the remaining one-third can be attributed to pre-first grade home experiences.) The low SES group actually raises its test scores a bit more than the higher SES group during the school year, but this favorable outcome is more than offset by the summer losses. The result? According to Alexander's research, by the time they reach high school, the low SES students are 5 times less likely to be enrolled in a college preparatory program, 8 times less likely to attend a four-year college, and over 10 times more likely to drop out of school (Alexander, Entwisle, and Olson 2007). As Alexander points out, the seasonal nature of the achievement gap flies in the face of some widely held assumptions about the deficiencies of public schools. …


Excerpt Three hundred and eighty-four years before Christ came to Bethlehem Aristotle was a babe in ancient Macedonia. From the womb of Phoestis had sprung the master mind of all ages "The sovereig...


Prescriptional predication, predicational substantiation, determinational disambiguation, substantiational validation Abstractional- generalization, statement and observation, principle statement, blanket universality Contradictional disallowance, disclaimed refutation, substantiated establishment support, validated sustainment certification and circumstantiation of systems that are characterised by the pen chance, predilections, proclivities and orientationalities of Discontinuous and epochal, isochronal and isochronous, punctuated and recurrent, recurring and rhythmic, infrequent and interrupted, spasmodic and sporadic, punctuated and recurrent, recurring and rhythmic..... The full paper: http://www.iiste.org/PDFshare/ APTA-PAGENO-198450-203061.pdf


The second open-enrollment period for coverage through the Health Insurance Market place extends from November 15, 2014, to February 15, 2015; millions of people in the United States are once again choosing from a menu of plans. Although federal law dictates some aspects of the plans, shopping for coverage—even on health insurance exchanges that are well organized—can feel like little more than educated guesswork.


Support vector regression (SVR) is based on statistical learning theory (SLT)and structural risk minimization (SRM)principle, is a powerful tool of solving a small-sample regression problem, and selecting approporiate parameters are very crucial to learning accuracy and generalization ability of SVR. In this paper, the seletion problem of SVR parameters is considered as a combinatorial optimization problem, clonal selection algorithm (CSA) is employed to solve this optimization problem, further, to select approporiate parameters of SVR, and SVR based on CSA is used to annual electric consumption forecasting problem, at same time, comparing forecasting methods based on BP networks is studied. The forecasting example shows that the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of BP networks method in terms of easier realization, higher forecasting accuracy.


This paper presents a new carrier sensing mechanism called DVCS (Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing) for wireless communication using directional antennas. DVCS does not require specific antenna configurations or external devices. Instead it only needs information on AOA (Angle of Arrival) and antenna gain for each signal from the underlying physical device, both of which are commonly used for the adaptation of antenna pattern. DVCS also supports interoperability of directional and omni-directional antennas. In this study, the performance of DVCS for mobile ad hoc networks is evaluated using simulation with a realistic directional antenna model and the full IP protocol stack. The experimental results showed that compared with omni-directional communication, DVCS improved network capacity by a factor of 3 to 4 for a 100 node ad hoc network.


Software project artifacts such as source code, requirements, and change logs represent a gold-mine of actionable information. As a result, software analytic solutions have been developed to mine repositories and answer questions such as "who is the expert?,'' "which classes are fault prone?,'' or even "who are the domain experts for these fault-prone classes?'' Analytics often require training and configuring in order to maximize performance within the context of each project. A cold-start problem exists when a function is applied within a project context without first configuring the analytic functions on project-specific data. This scenario exists because of the non-trivial effort necessary to instrument a project environment with candidate tools and algorithms and to empirically evaluate alternate configurations. We address the cold-start problem by comparatively evaluating `best-of-breed' and `profile-driven' solutions, both of which reuse known configurations in new project contexts. We describe and evaluate our approach against 20 project datasets for the three analytic areas of artifact connectivity, fault-prediction, and finding the expert, and show that the best-of-breed approach outperformed the profile-driven approach in all three areas; however, while it delivered acceptable results for artifact connectivity and find the expert, both techniques underperformed for cold-start fault prediction.


MERCURY FULMINATE, the super-sensitive explosive with a nefarious 300-year history, has been so difficult to handle in the lab that only now have scientists determined its crystal structure. Wolfgang Beck and Thomas M. Klapotke, professors at Ludwig Maximilians University, in Munich, Germany, and their colleagues report that, as expected, the molecule Hg(CNO) 2 is nearly linear. The mercury atom is bound to two carbon atoms, with the bonding arrangement 0-NΞC-Hg-GΞN-0 ( Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem . 2007 , 633,1417). This connectivity and linear structure was predicted by a number of groups, including Beck's and Klapotke's. Other groups, however, had predicted that the O atoms were bound to Hg. Mercury fulminate is sensitive to friction, heat, and shock, and it decomposes violently into mercury, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The word fulminate derives from a Latin term meaning to strike with lightning. Since the 17th century, alchemists had noticed the explosive properties of ...


Introduction Taiwan's Modernization: Its Achievements and Challenges by Peter C.Y. Chow Democracy-Its Strengths and Challenges in Taiwan and on the Global Stage by Robert A. Scalapino Constitutional Reforms and Development of Rule of Law Constitutional Reforms and Modernization in Taiwan, 1945-2000 by Jiunn-Rong Yeh Think Globally, Do Locally--Internationalizing Taiwan's Human Rights Regime by Fort Fu-Te Liao and Jau-Yuan Hwang Economic Implications of the Rule of Law: The Case of Taiwan by Wang Wen Yeu Global Markets, Virtual Buisness, and Local Law: ROC Regulations of E-Commerce by Jane Kaufman Winn, Jimmy Chi-min Yu, and Spenser Y.C. Hor Democratic Transition and Consolidation Demmocratization and the Evolving Nature of Parties, Issues, and Constituencies in the ROC by Cal Clark Structural Obstacles to Democratic Progressive Party Success by Shelly Rigger Economic Performance and Democratic Transition: Stylized Paradoxes and Taiwan's Experience by Steve Chan State-Business Relationship in Taiwan: A Political Economy Perspective by Tun-jen Cheng and Yun-han Chu Globalization and International Status Globalization and Modernization: The Predicament of Sovereign Status for Taiwan by Thomas Bellows The Two-State Theory and Cross-Strait Relations: A Two-Level Game Perspective by Chia-Lung Lin Taiwan Can Say NO by Edward Chen Experiences and Major Policies in Taiwan's Development by Kuang-sheng Liao Modernization and Social Developments Family Planning and Taiwan's Modernization by Hui-Sheng Lin The Effect of Modernization on the Family and Kinship Patterns of Three Generations of Taiwanese by Robert M. Marsh Taiwan's Modernization--Women's Changing Role by Ching-chun Yi Modernization and the Emergence of Social Welfare Programs in Taiwan by Wen Hui Tsai


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Abstract A series of α-aminophosphorus derivatives have been synthesized utilizing benzofuran-2-carbaldehyde, 2-aminobenzothiazole, and dialkyl phosphite as starting materials via Mannich reaction. The target compounds were characterized by MS techniques, elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR. The results of bioassay revealed that all compounds exhibited good against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity at the concentration of 500 mg/L, especially the compounds 2f and 2i displayed best in vivo protective effect with an inhibition rate of 57.64% and 58.92%, which were superior to that of the commercial reference Ningnanmycin (54.12%).