The quality of public institutions is an essential issue for the proper functioning of the accountability process. In this sense, fiscal transparency, in particular, the availability of complete budget information by the electorate is a key aspect. It is therefore essential to identify and to understand the determinants of fiscal transparency. With this aim, we create a measure of fiscal transparency from the annual reports of the Audit Office of Catalonia for the period 1997–2004 and for 680 municipalities. The main results indicate that the electoral competition positively affects the probability to be transparent, while the propensity to be transparent decreases with the size of the municipality and with the public debt. keywords: Fiscal transparency, electoral competition, accountability Jel codes: H11, O18.


Milenarism and xenophobia combined in the gaucho revolt of Tandil (Argentina), in 1872. At the origins of this movement lie the regional and provincial oposition against the centralism of Buenos Aires, the enclosure of lands which menaced the traditional gaucho itinerancy, the growth of agro-exporting capitalism at the expense of internal markets and commerce, and the decisive growth of European massive inmigration. Prompted by the social and provincial power-groups, the gauchos imagined the emergence of a millenarian utopia only in the Argentine Pampas only after the violent extermination of all foreigners, perceived as major cause for the collapse of their traditional society.


The curriculum development in work-based process is the development direction for the current reform of China's higher vocational education. The reform of the "Routing Technology"course in higher vocational colleges should be based on the principle of curriculum design in work-based process, select the four learning environments,carry out the "six-step"thinking training activities such as information, decision-making, planning, implementation,inspection and evaluation and achieve the transition process from experienced learning to strategic learning so as to promote the upgrading of professional capabilities of the students in higher vocational colleges.


The present paper reports on the optical and spectral results of (0.5 mol %) Pr or (0.5 mol %) Dy 3+ ions containing Li2O-LiFB2O3-ZnO (LBZ) glasses were prepared by a melt quenching technique. These glasses have shown strong absorption bands in visible and near infrared (NIR) regions. Pr 3+ : LBZ glass has exhibited six emission bands in the visible region at 3 P0  3 H4 (490 nm), 3 P1  3 H5 (532 nm), 1 D2 3 H4 (608 nm), 3 P0 3 F2 (652 nm), 3 P0 3 F3 (690 nm) and 3 P0 3 F4 (723 nm) on exciting at 446 nm ( 3 H4  3 P2) and a broad emission band 1 D2 1 G4 (1.46 μm) in the NIR region upon exciting with Ar+ laser (514.5 nm). In the case of Dy 3+ : LBZ glass, three emission bands are observed attributed to the transitions 4 F9/2 6 H15/2 (486 nm), 4 F9/2 6 H13/2 (577 nm) and 4 F9/2 6 H11/2 (662 nm) with an excitation 385 nm ( 6 H15/2 6 I13/2). The emission process has been explained from their energy level diagrams. Besides these, emission decay curves have been plotted for these prominent emission bands, in order to evaluate their emission lifetimes (τ).


The present invention discloses a run in sync with the permanent magnet DC motor control, including frame, a stator, a rotor, brush holders, front cover and back cover, the brush holder mounted on the frame and rear cover between, characterized by further comprising: Hall speed sensor and the permanent magnet magnetic conductor, magnetic field of the permanent magnet mounted on the conductor portion of the rotor shaft is located between the brush holder and the rear cover, said Hall speed inductive sensor is disposed in a location between the seat and the rear cover of the brush permanent magnetic field on the conductor. The present invention is to meet some applications, the advantages of both a permanent magnet DC motor, but also the needs of synchronous operation of the motor.


It is shown here that the Calogero system (1969) of three particles of equal or different masses, interacting in one-dimension via an arbitrary translationally invariant homogeneous potential of order -2 and confined by an external potential, is separable. An explicit solution is given for a case distinguished by the completely degenerate character of the motion.


Objective To investigate the clinical presentations,pathologic features,treatment and prognosis of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma(LELC)in the upper urinary tract. Methods A case with LELC of the ureter was retrospectively analyzed.A 81-year-old female patient was hospitalized because of gross hematuria for 1 month. CTU demonstrated a 2.5cm tumor in the left ureter.Radical nephroureterectomy was performed laparoscopically. Results Pathologic findings showed invasive poorly differentiated carcinoma in a prominent lymphocytic background.The diagnosis was LELC of the ureter.Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridization was negative.No disease progression was noted at 3-month foUow-up. Conclusions LELC of the upper urinary tract is rare.All the cases are diagnosed pathologically.The disease eould be treated with radical surgery.Although the differentiation of the tumour cells is poor,the prognosis of pure subtypes seems to be better than that of other types of urothelial carcinoma.

Key words:
Ureter;  Renal pelvis;  Urothelial carcinoma; Lymphoepithelioma-like; Histopathology


An ultrawideband (UWB) integrated filter antenna (IFA) with enhanced selectivity is proposed. A circular radiating patch is electromagnetically coupled to a UWB filter. The design provides a fractional bandwidth of 109.5% covering the entire UWB region (3.1–10.6 GHz). The peak gain of the IFA varies between 3.0 and 4.0 dBi in the desired band with efficiency of more than 90%. The gain of proposed structure is same as that of a reference standalone monopole antenna in the desired frequency band, with a decrease beyond the cut‐off frequencies. The subsystem described in this article is compact, as it does not involve any additional line to integrate the antenna and filter. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1032–1037, 2017


Previous studies of test coils have demonstrated the high thermal and electrical stability of no-insulation (NI) high temperature superconducting (HTS) coils thanks to the presence of turn-to-turn current paths. These turn-to-turn current paths in a NI coil are significantly influenced by the contact resistivity. In practice, it is very challenging to measure the contact resistivity of a NI coil by direct experiments of short samples, since the contact resistivity of superconducting tapes is influenced by surface roughness and tolerance, stress, temperature etc. A proper simulation model is needed to investigate the contact resistivity of the NI coils with dedicated experiments. Hence, in this paper a distributed circuit model is employed. This model, implemented in Matlab 2018a, considers the local contact resistivity, self and mutual inductance, and HTS resistance, which depends on the supplied current, magnetic field and temperature. To validate the model, experimental results from literature, including sudden discharge, and charge–discharge processes, are employed and the results from simulations are consistent with experimental results. Then the model is used to investigate the equivalent contact resistivity of a 157-turn NI coil. Through the comparison of simulated and experimental results, it is found that the contact resistivity of the NI coil has an inhomogeneous distribution. When the current changes with different speeds, ramping rates or frequency, a different number of turn-to-turn contacts carries radial current. Since the turn-to-turn contacts have different contact resistivity, the equivalent contact resistivity calculated from sudden discharge cannot be used in simulations to reproduce all the experimental data.


This article focuses on Black customers' shopping experiences in both Black and White neighborhoods, drawing on 75 in-depth interviews of Black shoppers in New York City and Philadelphia. Previous research focuses on the prejudicial attitudes of the business owners in predominantly Black neighborhoods, yet none of the studies include the customers' views. Customers report that most merchant-customer interactions in Black neighborhoods are positive rather than negative, and more poignantly, Blacks are treated worse when they shop in predominantly White neighborhoods. Black customers respond to the negative treatment by wearing their class, but this is no guarantee that they will be treated fairly.


In the past years, the employment of carbon dioxide as an alternative is becoming significant. Its compatibility with synthetic compressor lubricants is still a problem far from a solution. In the literature, only a few data on the mutual solubility of the carbon dioxide−lubricant systems are present, although it is one of the main properties affecting the selection of the proper lubricant. At our laboratories, a systematic study on the solubility of carbon dioxide in lubricants has been started, trying to identify its dependence on pressure, temperature, and oil chemical structure. In this work, experimental solubility data of carbon dioxide in pentaerythritol tetra-2-methylbutyrate, i.e., a precursor of polyol ester oil, are presented in the temperature range of (243 to 343) K and pressure up to 10 MPa. The experimental data were correlated by means of the Peng−Robinson equation of state with the Huron Vidal mixing rules in which the excess Gibbs energy at infinite pressure was represented by the UNIQUA...


Objective:To explore the mechanism of the impairments of longterm potentiation(LTP)and learning and memory function induced by chronic aluminum exposure by detecting the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)in rats.Methods:The ablactated Wistar rats were fed with different concentrations of AlCl3 in the drinking water.The cognitive ability and and the activity of MAPK in rat hippocampus were determined by diving tower method and modified Takai method 3 months later,respectively.Results:The levels of aluminum in the blood and brains of rats exposed to different concentrations of AlCl3 were significantly higher than those in control subjects(P0.01).Compared with control subjects,the latent period was significantly shorter and the activity of MAPK significantly lower in rats exposed to different concentrations of AlCl3(P0.01,P0.05).Conclusion:Chronic aluminum exposure can not only increase the concentration of aluminum in blood and brains but also reduce the activity of MAPK,so it may impair the cognitive ability in rats.


: Allium odorum Linn belongs to the family Liliaceae which is established as a potent medicinal plant in folkware medicinal system. The plant is native to China as well as Japan and also cultivated in North-east part of India as an essential part of culinary. In this study, leaves of this plant were collected from Imphal East district of Manipur and extracted in water and ethanol. The extracts were screened for the presence of various bioactive compounds and its inhibition activity against α-amylase. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts showed presence of bioactive compounds like sterol, tannin, saponin, di-terpines and sugars whereas bioactive compounds like flavonoid, glycoside, and amino acids were present only in ethanol extracts. Major bioactive compound like alkaloid test showed negative result during the study. The sample was also found to exhibit a maximum of 89.27% and 69.79% of α-amylase inhibition activity in ethanol and water extract respectively. When sample was subjected to its antioxidant activity it exhibited 84.85% and 65.88% by DPPH method and a maximum of 67.73% and 57.97% by H 2 O 2 method in ethanol and water extract respectively. Hence, from this study the sample can be used as a potential source for anti-oxidant and antidiabetic agent which will help us to substitute some commercially available synthetic drugs near future. © Comparative Study between Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Allium Antioxidant Alpha-Amylase


Significance The catalytic cycles of metalloenzymes comprise fleeting intermediates, which are challenging to trap and characterize. Their detection, however, can provide invaluable insights into reaction mechanisms. Herein, we focus on SuiB, a radical S-adenosylmethionine (rSAM) enzyme that introduces a carbon–carbon bond at unactivated positions onto its peptide substrate. We present evidence for an unprecedented intermediate, a transient lysine-cross-linked tryptophan radical and its oxidation by a SuiB-bound Fe-S cluster. Our studies provide evidence for a radical electrophilic aromatic substitution pathway, a mechanistic paradigm that is likely common in metalloenzyme-catalyzed carbon–carbon bond formations. They also carry broad implications for the 165,000 rSAM enzymes that contain auxiliary Fe-S clusters. The radical S-adenosylmethionine (rSAM) enzyme SuiB catalyzes the formation of an unusual carbon–carbon bond between the sidechains of lysine (Lys) and tryptophan (Trp) in the biosynthesis of a ribosomal peptide natural product. Prior work on SuiB has suggested that the Lys–Trp cross-link is formed via radical electrophilic aromatic substitution (rEAS), in which an auxiliary [4Fe-4S] cluster (AuxI), bound in the SPASM domain of SuiB, carries out an essential oxidation reaction during turnover. Despite the prevalence of auxiliary clusters in over 165,000 rSAM enzymes, direct evidence for their catalytic role has not been reported. Here, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to dissect the SuiB mechanism. Our studies reveal substrate-dependent redox potential tuning of the AuxI cluster, constraining it to the oxidized [4Fe-4S]2+ state, which is active in catalysis. We further report the trapping and characterization of an unprecedented cross-linked Lys–Trp radical (Lys–Trp•) in addition to the organometallic Ω intermediate, providing compelling support for the proposed rEAS mechanism. Finally, we observe oxidation of the Lys–Trp• intermediate by the redox-tuned [4Fe-4S]2+ AuxI cluster by EPR spectroscopy. Our findings provide direct evidence for a role of a SPASM domain auxiliary cluster and consolidate rEAS as a mechanistic paradigm for rSAM enzyme-catalyzed carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions.


ed from agency records, and the members of the twelve work groups were interviewed. A central focus of the interview, which lasted from one to two hours, was the respondent's orientation toward clients. Only those items which analysis revealed to be salient as well as reliable are used in this paper. Although such interview responses cannot hope to capture all subtle aspects of the case worker's approach to clients, they do indicate some basic differences in approach. "I am indebted to Philip M. Marcus for assistance in the collection and analysis of the data, and to the Ford Foundation as well as to the Social Science Research Committee of the University of Chicago for financial support. I also want to acknowledge William Delany's helpful suggestions for revising the paper. This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Tue, 30 Aug 2016 05:40:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 344 ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE QUARTERLY BUREAUCRATIC CONSTRAINTS Case workers often complained about the bureaucratic restraints under which they had to operate. Many of them felt that the agency's emphasis on following procedures, and particularly the requirement to investigate closely each recipient's eligibility, made it impossible for them to provide the kind of case-work service which would benefit clients most: They always talk about social work, but actually you can't do anything of the kind here. For instance, I had one case which I wanted to send to... [another agency], but my supervisor said, "You can't. You would have to make a case plan first, and we can't do that." These were the words of a worker who had been with the agency only a few months. Newcomers not only voiced such complaints most often (although they were by no means alone in doing so), but they also frequently criticized old-timers for having grown callous and inflexible in the course of having become adapted to the bureaucratic organization. Implicit in the opinions of case workers were two contradictory explanations of compliance with official procedures. On the one hand, compliance was ascribed to externally imposed restraints that prevented workers from following their own inclinations and furnishing good case-work service. On the other, the old-timers' conformity to procedures was attributed to their rigidity resulting from their overadaptation to the bureaucratic organization. As a matter of fact, neither of these explanations is entirely accurate. Bureaucratic constraints actually became internalized, but adaptation to them did not increase rigidity. The impact of the bureaucratic organization on service to clients cannot be directly determined without comparing different agencies that are more or less bureaucratized. While this is not possible in a study confined to case workers in one organization, an indirect estimate of this impact can be made. Since bureaucratic pressures are, in large part, transmitted to workers through their supervisors, their influence can be inferred from a comparison of the orientations of workers under supervisors who stress strict adherence to official procedures and under supervisors who interpret procedures more liberally. On the basis of their description of a day in the field, workers were classified as being primarily oriented This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Tue, 30 Aug 2016 05:40:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Device 100, which includes a check valve may be utilized to avoid passing the liquid to the E- E-vaporizing device from the storage container, the unintended leakage of liquid E- not occur. The device is a liquid pre-E--device 100 including a check valve which is loaded may be used to distribute liquid in an e-vaporizing device.


A comeback to earth requires a paradigm shift in development strategies: a reversal of the urban point of view which means acknowledging, in the values of peculiarity and integrity of our territorial environments, the role and impact of physical, social and cultural factors that allowed the formation and enhancement of landscape in each place. The growth of urbanisation processes and the competitiveness among the great world cities tend to deepen the problems of pollution and health costs and require processes of urban regeneration based on a knowledge of the territorial macro-systems of every major urbanised region. The very tools of parks and preservation of agricultural areas are likely to remain good consumption islands if the multiplicity of factors that must converge in the development choices is not considered by the entire system of public policies. While each planning instrument remains confined within the ambit of mediations between the pressures of real estate markets and the underestimation of too many issues, including the ineffectiveness of urban equalisation, due to the economic crisis and the widespread financialization of real estate industry. We must return priority to the history of territories and places to rebuild the fabric of urban communities and to protect the biosphere reserves still surviving in the waters and the fertile lands of our countryside.


Objective Current medical practice for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions remains a clinical challenge due to the limited self-repair ability of articular cartilage. Both experimental and clinical researches show that moderate exercise can improve articular cartilage repair process. However, optimal timing of moderate exercise is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect of timing of moderate treadmill exercise on repair of full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. Design Full-thickness cartilage defects were drilled in the patellar groove of bilateral femoral condyles in a total of 40 male SD rats before they were randomly assigned into four even groups. In sedentary control (SED) group, no exercise was given; in 2-week (2W), 4-week (4W) and 8-week groups, moderate treadmill exercise was initiated respectively two, four and eight weeks after operation. Half of the animals were sacrificed at week 10 after operation and half at week 14 after operation. Femoral condyles were harvested for gross observation and histochemical measurement by O'Driscoll scoring system. Collagen type II was detected by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expressions of aggrecan and collagen type II cartilage by RT-PCR. Results Both 10 and 14 weeks post-operation, the best results were observed in 4W group and the worst results appeared in 2W group. The histochemistry scores and the expressions of collagen type II and aggrecan were significantly higher in 4W group than that in other three groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Moderate exercise at a selected timing (approximately 4 weeks) after injury can significantly promote the healing of cartilage defects but may hamper the repair process if performed too early while delayed intervention by moderate exercise may reduce its benefits in repair of the defects.


The articles in this special section strengthen our understanding of the relationship between media, collective action, and participation in social change by exposing how knowledge about it is produced. They add to a body of literature that has scrutinized the social organization of public communication — through broadcasting media, the press, or social media — in the attempt to explain why some visions for social change enter into our collective consciousness while others fall short of the mark.


Ms. Verity Keane Local University U.S.A. Hi ,Verity- Sorry I haven't been in touch for a while, but school is very hectic. In addition to the class in elementary mathematics methods, I am also taking a course on teaching elementary music. Have you ever played a record-er? Trust me when I tell you that you'd rather not hear me playing one. Even my dog goes into the other room when I do. That's why I am so thankful for math; it is so much easier. Well, at least that's what I used to think. We "did multiplication" in class today, and you will never guess what happened! First, let me say that I do know how to multiply. Well, at least I have the mechanics of it down straight, that sort of thing. My educational experience in this area was "the multiplication facts" - also affectionately called the "times tables" - all done by rote memorization over lots and lots of time, until they were sufficiently drilled into our heads. We could practically recite them in our sleep. But in class today, boy, did I get a shock! And we have an assignment to do on it, so there may be another delay before I write again. Our professor was smart. He didn't say very much. He just quoted some research by Thomas O'Brien and Shirley Casey, who had looked at children's understanding of multiplication.1 Evidently, when these children were asked if they "knew" 6 x 3, they all responded "18." But when asked to set 6 x 3 in a real-life context, they couldn't do it. Well, about 74% couldn't. So our professor tested it out on us. Here we are in a college-level mathematics methods class for future educators, with our average age being about 29+, and he asks if we know 6 x 3. Can you believe it? Of course we know - it's 18! I have to tell you, we were a bit put off. Then, instead of telling us the answer, he had us get into our cooperative groups and come up with a situation for 6 x 3 =18. That was fun. My partner and I had a bit of a heated debate over what to do, but we settled on six students with three Twinkies each. You know, six lots of three. It was obvious, really, and didn't take us long, so we had a little chat. But here's the kicker. After all that, our professor never asked us what we had decided. Honest, he never asked! Instead, he had us look up the meaning of "multiplication" in our dictionaries that we had brought with us. For heaven's sake, Verity, we all knew it was "six lots of three." No dissent. It is not something you vote on. Mathematics is mathematics is mathematics - all over the world! Why waste time looking it up? So we all looked up multiplication in the dictionary, and wow! You should try it. What a shock! Well, actually at first it didn't help much, as the Living Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary defined multiplication as "the act or process of multiplying; the state of being multiplied; the operation by which any given number or quantity may be added to itself any number of times." Not very clear, don't you agree? Then we found Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary, which said multiplication was "repeated addition in which one number indicates how many times another is to be added to itself." Not a great help either. We wondered which number or quantity is to be added to itself. But Verity, read this one from Webster's 3rd Edition College Dictionary, and read it carefully. It totally blew us away: "Multiplication: the process of finding the number or quantity (product) obtained by repeated additions of a specified number or quantity (multiplicand) a specified number of times (multiplier); symbolized in various ways (ex. 3 x 4 = 12 or 3 [middle dot] 4 = 12, which means 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12, to add the number three together four times)" (my emphasis). We also had a handout about Euclid. You remember him, the mathematician from around 350 BCE - the one who wrote the Book of Elements? Seems an article in the Arithmetic Teacher in 1966 had quoted Euclid as having defined multiplication like this: "One number is said to multiply another when the number multiplied is so often added to itself, as there are units in the number, and another number is produced. …


Introduction An established body of literature has identified that PTSD and dissociation are comorbid. Furthermore, the DSM introduced a dissociative subtype of PTSD into their most recent update; DSM-5. Objectives The current study aimed to examine symptom-level associations between PTSD and dissociation using network analysis among UK Armed Forces veterans resident in Northern Ireland (NI) to identify if there are certain symptoms that may act as bridges between the two constructs. Methods A large scale cross sectional survey was conducted examining the physical and mental wellbeing of UK Armed Forces Veterans living in NI. The total eligible sample size was 619 (89.8% male), with a mean age of 55.38 years (SD = 10.41). Two networks were estimated, (1) a network consisting of 20 DSM-5 PTSD items and (2) a network consisting of 20 PTSD items and four dissociative items. Expected influence bridge centrality was calculated to examine symptoms with the most/strongest cross-domain associations (i.e. between PTSD and dissociation). The presence of meaningful clustering among symptoms was also explored. Results The PTSD symptoms 'concentration problems', 'flashbacks' and 'negative emotional state' had the highest relative bridge expected influence centrality. Of the four dissociative items, 'gaps in awareness' had the highest relative bridge expected influence centrality, followed by 'cognitive-behavioural re-experiencing'. A community structure of five clusters was detected. Four clusters reflected each subscale of the PCL-5 PTSD items and the final cluster reflected the dissociation items. Conclusions This study extends our understanding of PTSD and disociation comorbidity by investigating symptom level relationships; potentially informing future treatments and interventions. Disclosure No significant relationships.


A light-emitting diode (LED) can function as a wavelength selective photodetector. To evaluate the potential for a LED-based photodetector, we have investigated the stationary and temporal characteristics of two kinds of LEDs: a Zn-doped InGaN blue LED and a GaAlAs red LED. The application of a high current produced two peaks on the emission spectra of the blue LED, at 380 and 450 nm. The extinction profile of the blue LED was consistent with its UV-emission profile. The red LED showed an emission peak at 660 nm and an extinction peak at 620 nm. The LED-based photodetector responded within nanoseconds of the onset of the light impulse. The application of a reverse bias to the LED caused the time spread of the output current wave form to decrease dramatically and was accompanied by an increase in peak height. At a 75 V reverse bias, the resultant pulse widths were 2.6 ns in the blue LED and 7.4 ns in red LED.


BACKGROUND
Over the past two decades, several quality improvement projects have been implemented in emergency departments (EDs) in the Netherlands, one of these being the training and deployment of emergency physicians. In this study we aim to perform a trend analysis of ED quality of care in Dutch hospitals, as measured by the incidence of medical malpractice claims.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We performed a multicentre retrospective cohort study of malpractice claims in five Dutch EDs over the period 1998-2014. Incidence risk ratios were calculated to demonstrate any relation of specific quality improvement initiatives with the primary outcome, defined as the number of claims per 10 000 ED visits per year.

RESULTS
During the study period, the cumulative number of ED visits increased significantly from 99 145 in 1998 to 162 490 in 2014 (P<0.01). In total, 228 of 2 348 417 ED visits (0.97/10 000) resulted in a malpractice claim. At the same time, the yearly number of ED claims filed decreased with 0.07 (0.03-0.10) per 10 000 each year. The claim rate was higher in the period before emergency physicians were employed in the ED [1.18 (0.98-1.41) claims per 10 000 visits] compared with the period after they were employed [0.81 (0.67-0.97), incidence risk ratio 0.69 (0.53-0.89), P<0.01].

CONCLUSION
Even though the number of ED visits increased significantly over the past two decades, the number of malpractice claims filed after an ED visit decreased. Various quality improvement initiatives, including the training and employment of emergency physicians, may have contributed to the observed decrease in claims.


Hymenolepis nana is a human tapeworm that can complete its life cycle in the small intestine; infection can proliferate for years, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Development of extraintestinal H. nana infection in a 41-year-old HIV-infected man from Colombia prompted a multinational investigation to determine whether malignant …


This research was conducted to determine: (1) The effect of wages on labor absorption in the coal mining sector in Batulicin District. (2) The effect of production on labor absorption in the Coal Mining sector in Batulicin District. (3) The effect of investment on labor absorption in the Coal Mining sector in Batulicin District. This study uses secondary data related to Production, Investment and Wages, data collection techniques using document data, total sampling techniques from secondary data. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis, F test and T test. The results obtained in this study indicate that production has a significant and positive effect on labor absorption in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Investment has a significant and positive effect on employment in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Wages do not have a significant effect and are negatively related to the absorption of labor in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019. Production, investment and wages, simultaneously have in the manufacturing sector in Batulicin District 2010-2019.


We present a new category of unmanned robotic vehicles (URV) based on Three-Wing Planform technology. Due to its low-aspect circular all wing shape, this URV manifests unique flying characteristics which e.g. allow it to fly at extremely low speeds, perform complex maneuvers, take off and land on very short runways (VSTOL), or carry loads higher than most other airplanes or helicopters of similar size. The low-aspect ratio of our URV furthermore gives it an extremely low radar signature. Equipped with various sensors, and/or cameras, this URV can be employed in search and rescue operations or catastrophe missions such as earthquakes, flooding or forest fires and seaport security for ships. These URVs are designated to operate autonomously or by remote control by one or several user(s) employing virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) technology.


Landscape changes or dynamics is one of the central research topics in landscape ecology. The object of this study was to investigate the landscape dynamics of the new oasis in the Jingtai electrical irrigation area in Gansu province. Taking the demonstration region for eco-economic forest-protective construction in an electrical irrigation area, and a desertifying area, in Jingtai County as examples, the oasis landscape pattern was analyzed. The results show that some great changes in landscape pattern have taken place with the development and establishment of the forest-protective system in the electrical-irrigation area. The landscape pattern was changed from desert land dominated by semi-fixed and mobile sand to a desert-oasis landscape, which consisted of three typical patch types, namely farmland sheltered by forest network, transition area between farmland and sand dominated by a forest system giving protection from wind and controlling sand, and semi-fixed and mobile sand. Landscape diversity increased and ecosystem stability was enhanced.


The term o f odontoma is used to identify a tumor that is radiographically and histologically characterized by the production o f mature enamel, dentin, cemendim and pulp tissue. Odontomas are the most common odontogenic tumors. The structural relationship o f the component tissues may vary from nondescriptive masses o f dental tissue (complex odontoma) to multiple well-formed teeth (compound odontoma). An odontogenic keratocyst is a noninflammatory odontogenic cyst that arises from the dental lamina. The most common location o f an odontogenic keratocyst is the posterior body o f the mandible and ramus. It is important to note that, they have a high propensity fo r recurrence, hi this study, a case o f maxillary complex odontoma associated with an dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst was presented.


Magnetorheological suspension based on 20 (v/V) % CoPc-iron composite particles dispersed in sili-cone oil have been obtained, which exhibited dynamic shear stress up to 2000Pa upon application of external magnetic field at 1300 Oe. The response is faster than 0. 15 -with superior reversibility of changes in viscosity induced by external magnetic field at above 12. 5℃. Further, it was found that the MR fluid is in possession of long-term stability a-gainst sedimentation.


The turbulent regime of a simple magnetized toroidal plasma column has been studied in the plasma device Thorello. The detection and the study of the spatio-temporal evolution of structures have been performed by means of conditional sampling techniques as well as other statistical tools. As a result the evidence of plasma blob formation and expulsion from the edge of the main plasma column has been obtained. The relation between structure phenomenology and statistical characteristics of the turbulent regime has been investigated. The motion of the density structures in the edge region of our device does not look ballistic but rather driven by the overall potential profile established in the turbulent state. Potential fluctuations are strongly anti-correlated with density structures, located in the same position and somewhat more extended. They provide a shallow potential well with a flat bottom and quite sharp edges surrounding and co-moving with the blobs. Blob lifetime exceeds the residence time associated with the overall E × B drift field. Then such persistent structures provide a means for a net convection of the charged particles to the limiter, across the magnetic field and beyond the edge region of the plasma.


Current evidence on diagnostic value of aneuploidy with DNA image cytometry (ICM) using brushings for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is limited by sample size and inconsistent classification criteria of aneuploidy. This study aimed to explore the optimal cut‐off values of DNA content and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of DNA‐ICM for detecting dysplasia and/or carcinoma in OPMD.


The progress made in recent years was introduced in terms of horsebean hereditary feature, breeding objective,breeding method and breeding program,and the ideas of improving horsebean breeding were put forward.


The creative aspect of designing is often regarded as mysterious. We human beings have a long history of creative design ability, as evidenced in the artifacts of previous civilisations and in the continuing traditions of vernacular design and traditional craftwork. In every design project creativity can be found---if not in the apparent form of a distinct creative event, then as the evolution of a unique solution possessing some degree of creativity. Indeed, some would argue that all design, by its very nature, is creative.


The designing and making of clay model is an important stage in products design.It is the key link of car molding design and main means to express the designer's concept and creative ideas.Clay model is widely used because of its convenience and stability.In this paper we expound the technology of clay model making and analyze the application trend of clay model and its importance in products design.


A whole day to get to know the elephants better. Then, discover the north of Thailand and the ancient kingdom of Lanna, the Golden Triangle, and an incursion to Laos, beyond the…


P rioritization for the allocation of deceased donor organs to children awaiting liver transplantation in the USA and many other countries is currently based on the Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score for children less than 12 years of age and the Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) score for older children. The PELD score was derived from a large cohort of children in the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) database, and was subsequently validated as an accurate measure of 3month mortality among children waiting for liver transplantation. The PELD score includes data elements for age at listing <1 year, international normalized ratio (INR), albumin, bilirubin, and growth failure, in contrast to the MELD score, which is calculated from bilirubin, INR, and creatinine. One strength of these scores was the move away from prediction using variables whose evaluation was in part subjective, including encephalopathy and ascites. Implementation of the PELD score system in the USA in 2002 was followed by decreased deaths among children on the waiting list, and no impairment of outcomes following transplantation. A similar benefit was noted for adults waiting for liver transplantation following the introduction of the MELD score for prioritization. Inspired by this improvement in waiting list outcomes, investigators working in adult hepatology explored ways to further enhance the predictive accuracy of the MELD score. Hyponatremia was identified as an independent predictor of mortality in cirrhotic adults and inclusion of a hyponatremia element in the MELD score (MELD-Na) was found to improve its predictive accuracy in studies of different patient cohorts in many countries. The impact of sodium on the calculated score was particularly notable when the MELD score was low but the patient had ascites. Predictive modeling and one prospective trial suggested that adoption of a prioritization system based on the MELD-Na score would further reduce deaths on the waiting list. However, despite these findings the MELD-Na score has not been adopted by the transplant community in the USA due to several concerns, including the limited number of patients who would benefit from the change to MELD-Na (about 12% of the patients on the waiting list), the reduced predictive role of MELD-Na in the high MELD range, and the potential for manipulation of the serum sodium level by intermittent fluid shifts or diuretic use. For children awaiting liver transplantation, data analyzing the effect of hyponatremia on mortality are scarce. In this issue of HEPATOLOGY, Pugliese et al. provide an important perspective from a large pediatric liver transplant program in Sao Paolo, Brazil. They used data from 522 children under 12 years of age with chronic liver disease listed for liver transplantation over an 11-year period, excluding those with acute liver failure, liver neoplasms, and noncirrhotic metabolic liver diseases. Data about potential predictors were retrieved from medical charts and databases, including ultrasound scan within the month prior to listing during which the presence of ascites was documented. Biliary atresia accounted for 72% of patients, two-thirds were less than 1 year of age when listed, 40% had ascites, and 6% had serum sodium <130 mEq/L. After 90 days on the waiting list, 11% of children had died, 40% had been transplanted, and 49% were still waiting for a donor organ. Univariate analysis showed that death within 90 days was predicted by age under 1 year, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), total bilirubin, INR, albumin, serum sodium levels, and PELD score. Poor growth or weight gain was not predictive. Multivariate analysis excluding the PELD score confirmed the predictive ability of only some of the remaining elements of PELD (age <1 year, INR, and bilirubin), but not albumin or Abbreviations: INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, Model for Endstage Liver Disease; PELD, Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; SPLIT, Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation. Address reprint requests to: S.C. Ling, M.B.Ch.B., Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Received November 26, 2013; accepted December 17, 2013. Copyright VC 2014 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hep.26985 Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report.


At least eight countries in Eastern / Southern Africa and five in West / Central Africa undertook intense developments during the project duration in order to achieve an instrument based classification system for their cotton production, examples of which are through establishing responsible governmental organizations, or through installing laboratories, SITC instruments, and suitable laboratory conditioning. The CFC/ICAC/33 project enhanced awareness about instrument classing of cotton which motivated countries in Africa towards instrument testing. Countries took initiatives independently and the responsible organizations started improving on their own. The project assisted the self initiatives to fulfill their objectives. (Resume d'auteur)


For a system of functional differential equations of an arbitrary order the conditions are established for the initial value problem to be solvable on an infinite interval, and the structure of the set of solutions to this problem is studied.


The cross-correlation function (CCF) and autocorrelation function (ACF) for Great Lakes annual net basin supplies are derived under the assumptions that annual lake outflows and water levels are autoregressive lag 1 processes and that each lake behaves as a linear reservoir. Except for the pairing between Lakes Superior and Michigan-Huron, there is reasonable agreement between the sample and predicted CCFs, especially among net basin supplies to the small lower basin lakes. The derived ACFs reduce to an expression identical in form to the ACF for an ARMA(1, 1) process at all the Great Lakes except Lake Michigan-Huron. At the upper basin lakes, sample and predicted ACFs drop to zero rapidly. At the lower basin lakes the ACFs exhibit a much more gradual decay, suggesting the presence of long-term persistence. Prominent tails in the ACFs of the annual net basin supplies have been attributed to historical shifts in the precipitation regime at the lower basin lakes. Results from this study show that the residual method currently used to estimate net basin supplies can also induce a similar artificial long tail in the ACF. This observation has important ramifications in efforts to simulate Great Lakes water levels, since simulation results are quite sensitive to the covariance structure of the annual net basin supplies.


Subjects drawn from three age bands completed a lexical comprehension test for Cantonese. The test required subjects to select a target word from three distractors. Age effects emerged on the test. Factors which had to be considered in the interpretation of this effect included, in addition to age, educational and occupational level, and language history. Older subjects had particular difficulty in making tonal discriminations. Tonal confusions occurred when tone pairs had similar heights, contours or both. The possibility that older subjects have difficulty in making tonal discriminations when words are presented in isolation is discussed. The importance of placing a lexical item in a linguistic context in order to provide relative tonal information for older subjects is considered. There are many materials to assess components and levels of language functioning in speakers of a number of the Indo-European languages and especially English. Such materials are valuable to the speech-language pathologist in identifying abnormality in communication and planning remediation of that abnormality. Awareness of the need for assessment of communication disorders and the possibility of remediation This content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Mon, 17 Oct 2016 05:02:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms AGE EFFECTS IN TONAL COMPREHENSION IN CANTONESE 77 of those disorders is increasing in areas of the world where the first language of the majority of speakers is not of the Indo-European group. In such instances, there is a need for the development of language assessment measures to assist the work of the speech-language pathologist and also others who are involved in psycholinguistic research. In this paper, we report an attempt to produce a lexical comprehension test for Cantonese. Cantonese is a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is a tone language, i.e. changing the tone of a syllable can lead to a change in meaning. The tonal system of Cantonese consists of six contrastive tones together with three further "clipped" or "entering*1 tones. These, however, are regarded as phonetic variants of the three level tones (Fok 1974). The tones can be differentiated from each other by pitch height and the direction of movement of pitch. There are three level tones (low, mid and high level) and three contour tones (high rise, low rise, and low fall). There are a number of ways of representing these tones. Verbal labels capturing the height and dynamics of the tone can be applied to them as above, or alternatively, Chao (1947) assigned each of the tones a numerical value, which captures the height of the tone (in terms of fundamental frequency) and the direction of movement of the tone. A value of five indicates high fundamental frequency, whilst one would be a lower fundamental frequency. A second system of numerical labels is also available and these alternative systems are presented in table 1. Table 1. Classification systems of Cantonese Tones Chao Notation Label Tone 1 55/53 High level Tone 2 35 High rise Tone 3 33 Mid level


Many networks in the real world are dynamically changing over time, and the community structure also changes accordingly. The community detection in the dynamic and constantly evolving network has received great attention from researchers. In order to uncover the community structure in the dynamic network, this paper proposes an incremental dynamic community detection algorithm based on node participation (NPICD). It defines the node participation to the community and the community fitness. In response to the changes of nodes and edges in the network, different update strategies are proposed to discover the community at different moments in an incremental manner. The experimental results on the real network show that compared with several widely used methods, our algorithm can quickly and accurately mine the community structure in the dynamic network.


The calculated gain of intersubband Raman laser (IRL) consisting of modulation‐doped GaAs/AlGaAs coupled double quantum wells (CDQWs) is presented as a function of external electric field. The maximum Raman gain for the coupled collective intersubband plasmon and the confined LO phonon modes exhibits remarkable dc field dependence. This field dependence is attributed to the variation of both Raman tensor and dynamical response function in CDQWs tuned by external bias. It is pointed out that the application of dc bias is efficient technique to fabricate the tunable mid‐infrared IRL, in addition to optimization of coupled double quantum wells structures.


In this work, our aim is to develop an automated system which provides data useful for football game analysis. Information from multiple cameras is used to perform player detection, classification and tracking. A background segmentation approach, which operates with the invariant Gaussian colour model and uses temporal information, is used to achieve more accurate results. Information derived and matched from all cameras is then used to perform tracking, using an advanced Multiple Hypothesis Tracking algorithm.


Networking unattended sensors is expected to have significant impact on the efficiency of many military and civil applications, such as combat field surveillance, security and disaster management. These systems process data gathered from multiple sensors to monitor events in an area of interest. Sensors in such systems are typically disposable and expected to last until their energy drains. Therefore, energy is a very scarce resource for such sensor systems and has to be managed wisely in order to extend the life of the sensors. In this paper, we study the performance of a novel energy-aware routing algorithm under different load conditions. The new algorithm has three main features: centralized routing decisions, using a multi-objective cost function, and using an accurate energy model for the nodes. We compare the new algorithm with traditional routing algorithms, which try to maximize the throughput or minimize the end-to-end delay, and with other energy-aware algorithms in a simulated environment for target-tracking applications. Network traffic is controlled by changing the target arrival rate, and thus used to study the performance of the algorithms under heavy load. The results show that the new algorithm performs well under different performance metrics and has the best predictability in terms of network lifetime under different load conditions.


A discussion of the production of sound when short microwave pulses are directed at an absorber is presented. Possible mechanisms of the phenomenon are presented. These mechanisms may be important for a better understanding of the so-called microwave "hearing" effect.


observations. In fact, since stress now falls in this word on the last syllable before the relative enclitic, this indicates a reanalysis into a prefix stem organization. If this is correct, it may be that Spanish loans have been more thoroughly integrated into SCA than into WMA. In conclusion I might note that the bulk of the data cited does in fact conform to my original observations about stress in Apache phonology. If we accept Landar's transcriptions, what exceptional cases there are do not indicate a systematic lack of pattern. They imply a residue of forms that either reflect performance errors, transcription errors, or at most the possibility of free variation. If, after a number of sessions of reeliciting these same exceptional forms from several different speakers, it seemed that the stress fell on these in the rather random manner indicated, then I would certainly begin to look for genuine minimal pairs. At this time, however, all we have in Landar's data is a preliminary set of phonetic observations whose significance can only be the subject of subjective disagreement, and whose general patterning conforms to the rules I originally stated.


Recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) are critical in lymphoid cell development and function for initiating the V(D)J-recombination process to generate polyclonal lymphocytes with broad antigen-specificity. Clinical manifestations of defective RAG1/2 genes range from immune dysregulation to severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID), causing life-threatening infections and death early in life in the absence of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Haploidentical HCT without myeloablative conditioning carries a high risk of graft failure and incomplete immune reconstitution. The RAG complex is only expressed during the G0-G1 phases of the cell cycle at the early stages of T and B cell development, underscoring that a direct gene correction would capture the precise temporal expression of the endogenous gene, is a promising therapeutic approach for RAG1/2-deficiencies. Here, we report a feasibility study using the CRISPR/Cas9-based "universal gene-correction" approach for the RAG2 locus in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in healthy donors and one RAG2-SCID patient. V(D)J recombinase activity was restored following gene correction of RAG2-SCID-derived HSPCs, resulting in the development of TCR αβ and γδ CD3+ cells and single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. TCR repertoire analysis indicated a normal distribution of the CDR3 length and preserved usage of distal TRAV genes. We confirmed in vivo rescue of B-cell development, with normal IgM surface expression and a significant decrease in CD56bright NK cells. Together, we provide specificity, toxicity, and efficacy data supporting the development of a gene-correction therapy to benefit all RAG2-deficient patients. KEY POINTS Human hematopoietic stem cells can be corrected to restore endogenous RAG2 gene expression while preserving durable engraftment potential. Gene-corrected RAG2 locus restores V(D)J recombination in RAG2-SCID patient stem cells, promoting T and B-cells' receptor formation.


Introduction: On Earth, biologically mediated reactions enable the occurrence of minerals in geochemical environments which should pose a significant kinetic barrier to their formation. Abundant jarosite and haematite on Meridiani Planum, Mars recorded by Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity indicated that iron oxidation occurred in low pH (~2-3) waters [1-5]; but O2-mediated oxidation of iron is extremely slow in acidic conditions [6-8] and on Earth it is only made viable by iron-oxidizing acidophiles [9]. There are strong mineralogical and geochemical similarities between Meridiani Planum and terrestrial acid mine drainage environments, where acidophiles using Fe 2+


The debate between righteousness and benefit, which originated in the pre-Qin period, is one of the theoretical sources of traditional moral culture. «Righteousness is the benefit brought to the people» [Mozi1, 2006: 317], which is the cornerstone of Mozi's theory, and is a major proposition of his ethical system of «Universal Love, mutual benefit» [Mozi, 2006: 203]. From Confucianism's «Value righteousness and belittle profit» to Mohism's «Homogeneity of benefit and righteousness», a significant change has taken place. Mozi's view of human interests is neither «Selflessness» nor «Profit at another's expense» [Mozi, Mozi, 2006: 143], but rather aims at «Benefit to the state and the people» [Mozi, 2006: 273]. At a time when a socialist market economy and a society based on the rule of law are being built, the reinterpretation of «Righteousness is the benefit brought to the people» [Mozi, 2006: 317] is of both theoretical and practical significance to the critical inheritance of traditional moral culture. It has both theoretical and practical implications.


The discussion about video surveillance in relation to privacy does not simply concern the outwardly apparent circumstances. A camera on the wall may not bother the passer by at that very moment, nor surveillance in the local supermarket or the fact that the pictures are saved for a period of time. It may be claimed that those individuals who have nothing to hide have nothing to fear. However, it has been argued that privacy plays a fundamental role in liberal democratic societies of today as protection of an individual's private life and as a base to human liberty. These assertions are not unchallenged, and the developing trend of camera surveillance shows a more permissive approach to surveillance. Each time a camera has helped to prevent or clear up a crime, the state has fulfilled one of its main tasks; to ensure a safe society. This comprises the core of this essay; namely, the interplay between the right to freedom as a protection of privacy on one hand, and on the other hand the state's mission to combat crime and maintain a safe society in an effective manner. Since Swedish law only allows video surveillance when used as a crime preventing measure if due regard has been given to privacy interest, the essay examines theories and arguments from both perspectives. Further, the essay discusses the balance by examining the current legal texts, court practice, and policy in the field of video surveillance. As the European Convention on Human Rights has a large impact in the area, the Convention and its practice in relation to the Swedish law is investigated further.


Branding is a strategy designed by companies to help patrons or consumers quickly identify their products or organisations and give them a reason to choose their products or organisations over other competitors. In the Old Testament, God identified the Israelites as a unique brand. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ branded the church with the power of the Holy Spirit, miracles, signs and wonders. Reading the Acts of the Apostles, the church developed a brand of being Spirit-filled, communal-living and mission-minded. It was out of this that early believers in Antioch were called 'Christians'. The name 'Christian' therefore became a brand name for believers and followers of Jesus Christ. In view of this, one would expect that the concept of branding would be a major tool for modern-day churches. Although there are several publications on branding from the perspective of marketing and management, there is no such academic research on missional branding, hence this research. This article contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on branding, with specific reference to the missional branding of the Church of Pentecost.


This paper presents a new multivariate elliptical distribution, namely the multivariate generalized Gamma times an Uniform (MGΓU) distribution. Because it generalizes the multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution (MGGD), the MGΓU distribution is able to fit a wider range of signals. For the bivariate case, we provide a closed-form of the KullbackLeibler divergence (KLD). We propose the MGΓU distribution for modeling chrominance wavelet coefficients and exercise it in a texture retrieval experiment. A comparative study between some multivariate models on the VisTex and Outex image database is conducted and reveals that the use of the MGΓU distribution of chromiance wavelet coefficient allows an indexing gain compared to other classical approaches such as MGGD and Copula based model).


Accurate and faster estimation of crop area is very essential for projecting yearly agriculture production for formulating national budget and deciding agriculture policies. The present investigation deals with the estimation of sugarcane crop acreage of Maharashtra state. The cultivation of sugarcane crop in Maharashtra has been increasing steadily because of the increasing irrigation facilities. In the present study, comparison was carried out between conventional (field data) and remote sensing data for the estimation of accuracy about the sugar cane crop area. Tahsils wise data was analyzed from last 30 years for all the tahsils of Maharashtra state. This data used for the analysis and calculation of maximum and minimum concentration of sugar cane crops using Bhatia crop concentration Index and statistically improvised with t – test method. On this basis Western part Maharashtra depicted maximum increase in area and concentration of sugarcane crop. IRS P6 LISS – III multispectral data was used for the determination of total area under crop with the spectral reflectance of sugar cane crops in selected region of maximum concentration in Western Maharashtra. On the of basis spectral responses, appropriate signature of sugar cane was detected and analyzed. The analysis show that the maximum increase in acreage was in Solapur district. Moreover, Digital Image Process for various algorithms was analyzed and compared to the crop data of conventional ground based surveys. J48 algorithm was found to be more accurate 125 percentages and this helped in establishing the accuracy of Remote Sensing data in estimation of crop acreage for high density crop like sugarcane along with being more accurate, cost effective, reliable, timely and faster than the conventional ground based surveys.


The design of upper bit tools has been developed. Such tools provide crushing, sifting and removal of slurry from the bottom when drilling vertical, deviated and horizontal wells with a roller cone bit. The analysis of slurry samples from directional and horizontal wells was carried out to determine rational geometric dimensions of the working channels of the upper bit tool. The design requirements of upper bit tool, ensuring the stability of its operation, are presented.


A wavelet technique is adopted in image communication in this paper. With the development of The Internet of things and 3G, more and more image information used in communication. Therefore it is necessary to take wavelet technique to image compression. Firstly, wavelet is used in sending image to decomposition, Then decomposed image is sent ,Finally ,the recessive image is the decomposed image, so those decomposed images will be reconstruction. We test the one, two and three layer wavelet transform, Experimental results show that the two layer wavelet transform compares favorably in high-compressive ratio and the rapid processing speed, and the reconstruction image is better.


Dopamine plays an important role in several brain functions and is involved in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography allow us to quantify dopaminergic activity in the living human brain. Combining these with brain stimulation techniques offers us the unique opportunity to tackle questions regarding region-specific neurochemical activity. Such studies may aid clinicians and scientists to disentangle neural circuitries within the human brain and thereby help them to understand the underlying mechanisms of a given function in relation to brain diseases. Furthermore, it may also aid the development of alternative treatment approaches for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.


Using a geometrically motivated 8‐parameter ansatz through the thickness, we reduce a three‐dimensional shell‐like geometrically nonlinear Cosserat material to a fully two‐dimensional shell model. Curvature effects are fully taken into account. For elastic isotropic Cosserat materials, the integration through the thickness can be performed analytically and a generalized plane stress condition allows for a closed‐form expression of the thickness stretch and the nonsymmetric shift of the midsurface in bending. We obtain an explicit form of the elastic strain energy density for Cosserat shells, including terms up to order O(h5) in the shell thickness h. This energy density is expressed as a quadratic function of the nonlinear elastic shell strain tensor and the bending‐curvature tensor, with coefficients depending on the initial curvature of the shell.


The comb separator is a screening device primarily for installation on CSO chambers. It screens out the visible solids from spills and later returns them to the sewer for onwards conveyance to the WWTP. Comb separators have now been installed for several years in both Germany and Australia. During this time they have been monitored leading to design modifications aimed at reducing maintenance needs whilst improving reliability. The paper describes the workings of the comb separator before identifying the operational problems that have arisen over this period. It then discusses the simple yet effective design modifications either carried out or proposed for future comb separators.


Abstract
1 Residual effects of nitrazepam 2.5, 5 and 10 mg, and lactose dummy administered at night (23.00 h) on performance and subjective effects the following day, were measured in two groups, ten sound sleepers and ten light sleepers. Treatments were given orally at weekly intervals in a balanced order with double-blind conditions.

2 Auditory vigilance of sound sleepers was unaffected by treatments. Light sleepers, by contrast, showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement after nitrazepam (5 mg) and impairment after 10 mg.

3 Auditory reaction time was prolonged after nitrazepam (10 mg) in light sleepers and also by 5 mg in the sound sleepers. Tapping, short term memory and digit symbol substitution were all impaired by nitrazepam (10 mg) but there was no difference in response of the two groups.

4 Mental sedation was rated higher by light sleepers after lactose than by sound sleepers. After nitrazepam (10 mg) sound sleepers had significantly higher ratings than after lactose, but light sleepers did not. Ratings of mental sedation indicated that after nitrazepam (2.5 mg) light sleepers were more alert than after lactose, and after both 2.5 and 5.0 mg they were more alert than after nitrazepam (10 mg).

5 The implications of the findings that subjects with unsatisfactory sleep patterns may be rendered more alert, and perform certain prolonged monotonous tasks more efficiently, after an optimal dose of hypnotic are discussed.


Herbs and farm produce are stored after harvest for different durations and have the potential to support microbial growth on them which can lead to shorter shelf life and enhancing food safety issues due to pathogens and allergens. The present study investigated the native microbial loads and aflatoxin contents on Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf samples collected from different cultivar in Odisha during various seasonal harvesting processes. There is a clear indication that the total microbial populations in the leaf samples in the monsoon were significantly higher than summer and winter seasons. Therefore, different measures may be needed to handle and process these samples to minimize food safety risks of the product. Determination of AFB1 levels in stevia leaf samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure revealed that there is consistence presence of aflatoxin AFB1 in all most all samples collected from the region. There was no significant difference in contents within the different types of samples collected. The level of microbial population and aflatoxin contents of all the cultivars irrespective of cultivation cycle or duration needs to be reduced and appropriate post harvest measures needs to be taken for further application of the produce.


Abstract A 2 × 4 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with 768 laying hens for 308 days to examine the effect of 1) softened versus unsoftened water, 2) four types of watering devices (cone-shaped, trigger-cup, fount-cup, and vertically activated nipple drinkers), 3) diets with three percentages of added sodium chloride (0, .35, and .7%), and 4) interactions of these factors on laying hen production parameters. Water softening improved performance of hens consuming unsupplemented rations as compared with performance of hens consuming unsupplemented diets and drinking unsoftened water. Added sodium from the water softening process had neither a beneficial nor detrimental effect on production parameters when the diets were supplemented at .35 or .7% dietary salt. Although there was a negative effect of the nipple drinker on laying hen production, there was no indication of an interaction between the drinking of softened water and watering devices on laying hen performance.


We describe a case of fatal systemic amyloidosis presenting with mucocutaneous bullous lesions in a patient with IgA κ monoclonal gammopathy. The amyloid plaques were composed of an unusual mixture of immunoglobulin κ light chain and amyloid A proteins. Whereas oesophageal and oropharyngeal blisters are known to occur in several types of bullous dermatoses, to our knowledge this is the first report of oesophagopharyngeal blisters complicating bullous amyloidosis.


Acquired hemophilia A is a rare disease caused by the acquisition of factor VIII inhibitor. Its incidence is reported to be 1.48 cases per million persons, and is often diagnosed on sudden bleeding of subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue. Here, we report a case of acquired hemophilia A diagnosed with submucosal hematoma of the oral cavity. A male patient in his 70s was referred to our hospital due to growth of an oral hematoma. He did not have any prior history of bleeding. On laboratory tests, the platelet count and prothrombin time were almost normal. However, the activated partial thromboplastin time was longer than normal. We suspected coagulopathy and further examination was done. Then, a decrease in coagulation activity of factor VIII and the presence of factor VIII inhibitor were detected. On hospital day 5, we diagnosed him with acquired hemophilia A and began immunotherapy with prednisolone. On hospital day 16, the submucosal hematoma disappeared. On hospital day 28, factor VIII inhibitor was not detected on laboratory tests. Prednisolone was gradually decreased and there are no longer any symptoms of bleeding and hematoma.


Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice ("CIAJ"), "Terrorism, Law & Democracy: How is Canada Changing Following September 11?" produced an excellent collection of articles and comments from a wide range of perspectives and opinions. That collection-published as a book under the same name as the conference-is the subject of this review essay.


Objective: To investigate the wound-healing potency of the Lakshadigana Taila on the excisional wound healing process in experimental study of albino rats, in comparison to 5% Povidone Iodine solution and untreated group. Materials and Methods: Albino rats of either sex weighing between 200 and 300 gm were divided randomly into three groups (n=6). The animals were anesthetized with anesthetic agent Thiopentone Sodium 25 mg/kg intra peritoneal. The skin of albino rats was saved on one side of paravertebral region. The skin was disinfected using cotton and alcohol wipes. Excisional wound, full thickness skin wounds of diameter 10 mm were created in the paravertebral area. The following medications were applied topically to the wound once daily for a maximum of 16 days. In Group I (trial group) Lakshadigana Taila was applied on rats, in Group II (positive control), 5% Povidone Iodine solution was applied on rats and Group III (negative control) served as untreated. Wound was measured on days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 of the experiment and histopathological of H and E stain study done on day 4 and 8, 12 and 16. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Test and P <0.05 was considered significant and <0.001 highly significant. Result: Area of wound was measured in all three groups at different intervals and found that the rate of wound contraction was statistically highly significant in all groups (p <0.001). Rate of wound contraction was faster in Group I than in Group II and III. Conclusion: In the present study, topical application of Lakshadigan Taila accelerated healing of excisional wound in albino rats. repair is the effort of injured tissue to restore their normal function and structural integrity after injury. All wounds undergo the basic step: inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, epithelization phase and maturational phase. Acute wounds proceed in an orderly and timely reparative process to achieve sustained restoration


Amino acid (AA) was used as a green grafting agent to functionalize polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), and three AA-modified PESA (AA-PESA) CaCO3 scale inhibitors were obtained to change the structural singleness of PESA and further improve its comprehensive properties. The structures of AA-PESA were characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR. The molecular weights of AA-PESA were analyzed by GPC. The synthesis technology of AA-PESA was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The CaCO3 scale inhibition performance of AA-PESA was studied by static-scale inhibition method, and the scale inhibition mechanism was analyzed. Results showed that AA-PESAs had the same synthesis process: n(PESA):n(AA) = 1:0.625, reaction temperature of 95 °C, and reaction time of 2 h. In the water system with pH 7.0-8.5, agent concentration of 8-10 mg/L, action period of 10-14 h, ambient temperature <80 °C, and ρ(Ca2+) < 250 mg/L, the inhibition rate of three AA-PESAs on CaCO3 could reach 100%, and GIN preferred for the graft modification of PESA. FTIR, XRD, and SEM results showed that the addition of AA-PESA could control the nucleation sites of CaCO3 crystal, had important influence on the growth of calcite (104) crystal planes, and had a good inhibitory effect on the CaCO3 scale.


Harold Bloom, a monumental and legendary figure of literary criticism at Yale University, a name that cannot he avoided in poetry criticism, is one of the strongest and definitely the most prolific critics of his generation or of several past generations. Professor Xu Jing, correspondent of Foreign Literature Studies, interviewed Professor Bloom in May 2006. This interview focuses on his Theory of Poetry that was explosively brought forth in the 1970s by his famous tetralogy: The Anxiety of influence, A Map of Misreading, Kabbalah and Criticism, and Poetry and Repression. Bloom regards his theory of "The Anxiety of Influence" as his most important contribution to literary criticism, and uses "dancing" to explain his famous yet baffling six rations of "misprision."Always preoccupied with his own theory, Bloom here again traces the precursors of Emily Dickinson and makes a brief comparison between Walt Whitman and Wallace Stevens. Looking back to his past, Bloom gives a summation of his life's trajectory as a critic: a revivalist of Romantic poetry, a theoretician of poetry, and a critic for the general public. Bloom began his career as a critic of British Romantic literature in the afterglow of the New Criticism. In the 1970s, Bloom brought forth his explosive "Theory of Poetry" in the tetralogy publised in very quick succession in the 1970s. Since the l980s, Bloom has become less technical and hopes to reach a wider readership. His literary criticism and what he calls his "criticism of religion" for the general public have made Harold Bloom a household name in America as well as in the world. At present, the 76-year-old Harold Bloom is intensely engaged in the writing of what he hopes to be his masterpiece, The Anatomy of influence, which is to be published in 2008 by Princeton University Press.


We present total intensity radio images of a collection of 48 radio galaxies and quasars, drawn from a combined sample of the 3CR catalogue and the overlapping 6C and B2 catalogues. The 6C and B2 samples are selected at a flux density level at which the differential source counts exceed by the greatest amount the counts predicted for a non-evolving Friedmann cosmology. The new observations presented here complete a set of high-quality radio data for these samples: in conjunction with new optical/infrared data they should provide new insight into the cosmological evolution of this source population. The sources were observed with the VLA, at one or more of the following frequencies: 1.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 8.4 GHz. Basic source parameters are derived from each image. Images of individual sources are briefly discussed. The sources are classified morphologically according to their degree of core dominance R. The distributions of morphologies for 3CR and `6C/B2' sources are compared and discussed.


A data symbol reading device (1) is provided with a white light source (412), a monochromatic light source comprises an LED (411), and mode selection switches (130), and is controlled so as to allow symbol reading mode, a image scanning mode in colors, and a scanning mode of monochrome image based on the position of the switches, and to enable the transmission of data appropriately to a host computer (17). Alternatively, the data symbol reading device is provided with light sources monochromatic red, green and blue and has the same modes. In addition, the data symbol reading device may have a disc with three or four color filters and a white light source to generate color images and monochrome.


A measurement of B0‐ B0 mixing from a sample of ∼500 000 hadronic Z0 decays recorded with the OPAL detector at LEP is presented. A signal for mixing is observed and an average B0‐ B0 mixing parameter          χ=0.125−0.016+0.017±0.015 is extracted from the excess of like sign lepton pairs in events containing two lepton candidates.


This study was performed to investigate the hand size growth of Korean adolescents boys. Subjects were between 14 and 19 years (n=352). We collected the right hand size data of 19 measurements from each subject using 3D hand scanner. The total 26 hand measurements were analyzed including seven calculated measurements. Subjects were divided into three age groups (early, middle and late). Their hand size were compared. The results showed that all hand length measurements were significantly difference among age groups. Adolescent boys hands were sharply grown at age 16 years old. The hand dimensions of middle age group were compared with twenties men (n=215). There were significant differences between two groups. The middle age adolescents' hands were shorter and thicker than twenties men. Subjects were also divided by weight and height. Weight and height was closely related to hand size. The heavier and taller subjects had the thicker hand. Their fingers were longer than others. The adolescent boys and twenties men who were taller than the twenties' average height (173.4cm) were compared. Twenties men's hands were longer and thinner than that of adolescent boys. These results imply that the male adolescent hands grow short and thick in the adolescent period. Fingers continuously grow up as a long and thin shape after adolescent period.


Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have a heterogametic sex chromosome system with females carrying ZW chromosomes and males ZZ. The lack of W chromosomes in early diverging lepidopteran lineages has led to the suggestion of an ancestral Z0 system in this clade and a B chromosome origin of the W. This contrasts with the canonical model of W chromosome evolution in which the W would have originated from the same homologous autosomal pair as the Z chromosome. Despite the distinct models proposed, the rapid evolution of the W chromosome has hindered the elucidation of its origin. Here, we present high-quality, chromosome-level genome assemblies of two Hypolimnas species (Hypolimnas missipus and Hypolimnas bolina) and use the H. misippus assembly to explore the evolution of W chromosomes in butterflies and moths. We show that in H. misippus the W chromosome has higher similarity to the Z chromosome than any other chromosome, which could suggest a possible origin from the same homologous autosome pair as the Z chromosome. However, using genome assemblies of closely related species (ditrysian lineages) containing assembled W chromosomes, we present contrasting evidence suggesting that the W chromosome might have evolved from a B chromosome instead. Crucially, by using a synteny analysis to infer homology, we show that W chromosomes are likely to share a common evolutionary origin in Lepidoptera. This study highlights the difficulty of studying the evolution of W chromosomes and contributes to better understanding its evolutionary origins. Significance Butterflies and moths have a sex determination system in which females carry two different sex chromosomes, Z and W, while males carry two copies of the Z. The evolutionary origin of the W chromosome has been elusive, with many possible scenarios being suggested, such as the independent evolution of W chromosomes in many butterfly and moth species. Here, we present genome assemblies of two Hypolimnas butterfly species and use one of them to shed light on the evolution of the W chromosome. We show that W chromosomes across butterflies and moths are very similar which suggests a shared common origin.


Embodied resources and pollution in international trade have been drawing attention in environmental policies research area in the context of increased level of world economy integration. However, transfer pattern of embodied pollution of China is lack of detailed research. In this study, firstly, phenomena and modes of embodied pollution transfer across regions were analyzed from the geographic perspective. It was suggested that the primary reasons for embodied pollution transfer were regional division of labor and separation of production and consumption locations. Secondly, based on a multi-regional input-output table of 30 provinces of China in 2007, an assessment model was built to assess embodied pollution of regions and that in the trade across regions. Then, four types of industrial pollutants, namely SO2, COD, solid waste and heavy metal were selected as typical pollutants and quantified according to the model, after which the spatial pattern of embodied pollution transfer of China was clarified. The results revealed that China's mainland was a net exporter of embodied pollution due to international trade. On the other hand, embodied pollution was transferred from central and western regions to eastern region within domestic trade, while eastern China was much more developed than other regions in economy and urbanization. Actually, the burden of pollution abatement of eastern region was transferred to central and western regions through inter-regional trade. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang were main regions of inputting embodied pollution, while Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Guangxi were main regions of outputting embodied pollution, where the development at the expense of environmental quality would be unsustainable. The spatial pattern of embodied pollution transfer of China, which goes against regional equity, will turn regional economic differences into regional environmental differences in the future. Finally, some suggestions on pollution abatement were made accordingly based on the analysis.


Risk analysis and risk management are the main disciplines of science of risk used in crisis management in aviation. The article stated in brief form, their categorization and methods used in the analysis, as well as basic aspects of risk management towards its domination, required the elimination of the negative consequences of crisis situations and opportunities creating positions to prevent their occurrence.


In this paper we study the problem of optimal advertising expenditure in a dynamic duopoly. Non-price competition represents a crucial aspect of interfirm rivalry, and in some markets advertising may be considered as one of the most important competitive tools. An important feature of our model is that we consider explicitly the competitive and informative contents of advertising, allowing advertising to have market size and business stealing effects. We use a differential game framework and analyse the open loop and Markov feedback equilibria.


This paper proposes to integrate the diachronic dimension to the typological study of gender complexity, and focuses on the morphosyntactic encoding of gender distinctions via agreement patterns. A ...


be around 3% of the population above 20 years of age, and increases with age, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Besides a 1.5to 2-fold increase in mortality in people suffering from AF, they also have an increase in morbidity from heart failure and stroke. In fact, 20-30% of all ischaemic strokes are thought to be secondary to AF. The CHA2DS2-VASc score is a useful tool to quantify the yearly risk of stroke. One should note that the risk of stroke is independent of whether the AF is paroxysmal, persistent or permanent.1 Guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology2 (ESC) give a class I A indication for the prescription of oral anticoagulants (OACs) to males with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2 and females with a score ≥ 3. One should also consider giving OACs to males with a score of 1 and females with a score of 2 (IIa B indication). No anticoagulants should be given to males or females with no additional risk factors, and anti-platelet monotherapy is not recommended whatever the stroke risk. A careful analysis of the patient's bleeding risk should be carried out before prescribing these drugs. Naturally, OACs should be avoided in patients with active bleeding, and concomitant antiplatelets should only be prescribed if indication is strong. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin have been used for many years to reduce the risk of stroke and mortality in patients with AF. VKAs are limited by their narrow therapeutic interval, with patients needing frequent monitoring and dose adjustments. They are only effective optImIzIng antIcoagulant therapy In non-ValVular atrIal fIbrIllatIon andrew cassar


In the fourteenth century, it was evidently a familiar principle in the law of torts that no one was liable to make compensation for injuries attributable to some entirely providential cause. Tenants were therefore not liable in Waste for damage caused by tempests,l earthquakes,2 or fires of spontaneous origin.3 The identical principle obtained in trespass: 4 Fires that arose "suddenly" or "unbeknownst" to a defendant could not furnish a basis for fixing him with liability, even if they originated in his house.5 For example,


The solid state structures of the carboxylic acid substituted pillar[5]arene PA5 host–guest complexes with ethanol and the anesthetic drug tetracaine are reported. PA5 forms an inclusion complex with ethanol in a 1 : 2 stoichiometry that assembles into hydrogen-bonded polymeric chains in the solid state. The macrocyclic cavity of PA5 can include large pharmaceutical molecules like tetracaine via a combination of different non-covalent interactions.


diatoms and insects; Jonsson reports on rich vertebrate faunal remains; Persson and Persson document human skeletal remains and Alexandersen describes aspects of their dentition; while Newell and Constandse-Westermann comment on the European significance of the cemeteries, and Juel Jensen describes analysis of polishes on flake axes. Several Mesolithic sites are now known from the area around a former Atlantic period coastal lagoon. Skateholm I and II had cemeteries as well as occupations, and a similar situation is suspected at Skateholm III. In the Atlantic period, from about 7000 BP, broad-leaved forest came up to a coastal lagoon, which had within it a varied environment of alder carr, fen, reed swamp and open brackish water. With the Littorina transgression in the Late Atlantic period, sea level rose and the lagoon became more saline. Skateholm II, the older site, and others were located on a small islet within the lagoon. Skateholm I, from about 6000 to 5500 BP, was located on another small but slightly higher islet. Skateholm III, on the mainland, may also belong to the later phase of occupation. Skateholm II had zz graves, Skateholm I 65. The inhabitants of the occupations deposited a great range of vertebrate bone, from dryland game, terrestrial birds and fur-bearing animals, to aquatic birds, freshwater and sea fish, and seals. Aurochs are represented only by incisors made into beads and may already have been overhunted. Occupation could have been maintained through the year. Forest coppicing is possible. Men, women and juveniles but only a few children were buried in formal graves. There appears to be a relative preponderance of middle-aged and old adults. Grave goods, however, appear not to correlate with age or sex. Inherited characteristics of dentition cluster in part of Skateholm II, but were more scattered at Skateholm I; unfortunately, these characteristics could not be studied across the whole population.


In this note, we give the definition of the minimal centre of attraction for self-mapping on a compact metrizable space (for the case of flow, see Ref. [1]) and prove that the minimal centre of attraction coincides with the measure centre. Let (X, d) be a compact metrizable space and f: X→X be continuous.


This paper is concerned with how refugee stories can be used as the means of exploring values and developing intercultural understanding in the English classroom. To illustrate this possibility, Andre Dao's (2005) 'Vuot Bien - The Search for Freedom: Huong Thi Nguen's Story', about the impact of war and oppression on people's lives, together with the experience of seeking freedom and acceptance in Australia as a Vietnamese refugee, is selected as the text for a Year 9 English class. In examining the features of this short story, we also consider how recent efforts to foster intercultural understanding in the new national curriculum in Australia might be advanced in the English classroom. We argue that this text and others in the genre of refugee narratives written by young people, provide vicarious opportunities to analyse how valuing freedom and having the courage to seek it can be brought to light when an individual survives one life and begins the challenges of creating a new life in another country. Examining the values dimensions of such texts also allows young people to unpack and critique the ways in which cultural experiences, including their own, shape and form identities and how engaging with the experiences of others can be the vehicle for valuing difference. We hope our discussion might encourage teachers in other countries undergoing cultural shifts in response to the diaspora of people will be encouraged to consider this 'double entendre' in which the refugee experience is shaped not only by 'the journey' but also by 'the arrival' and the degree to which newcomers, refugee or asylum seekers, are made welcome by the receiving community.


[Ten adult feral cats, four males and six females, living in group in an urban environment, were tested measuring their reaction to six different types of urine placed, one by one, within the group territory. i) The six types of urine were: 1) sprayed urine of a strange male; 2) sprayed urine of a male from the group (sprayed urine = urine emitted raising the tail between 45° and 90°, and directing a fine spray of liquid from the anal/urogenital region on to a vertical object (CORBETT, 1979; DE BOER, 1977)); 3) 'excretory' urine of a strange male; 4) 'excretory' urine of a male from the group; 5) 'excretory' urine of a strange female; 6) 'excretory' urine of a female from the group ('excretory' urine = urine emitted from a squatting position, described by CORBETT (1979) and DE BOER (1977) as a behaviour that aims to empty the bladder). ii) The reaction of each animal was assessed by recording the amount of time (seconds) spent sniffing the six different samples of urine. iii) The amount of time spent sniffing the six different types of urine was analysed by means of analysis of variance and t-tests. iv) The response depended on the type of urine presented. Both males and females spent more time sniffing urine sprayed by a strange tomcat than either excretory urine from a strange tomcat or urine sprayed by a male from the group. v) The reaction of males was significantly more prolonged than those of females. vi) These results suggest that the function of inspecting urine marks may be to detect characteristics of the individual donor, especially its membership to the group., Ten adult feral cats, four males and six females, living in group in an urban environment, were tested measuring their reaction to six different types of urine placed, one by one, within the group territory. i) The six types of urine were: 1) sprayed urine of a strange male; 2) sprayed urine of a male from the group (sprayed urine = urine emitted raising the tail between 45° and 90°, and directing a fine spray of liquid from the anal/urogenital region on to a vertical object (CORBETT, 1979; DE BOER, 1977)); 3) 'excretory' urine of a strange male; 4) 'excretory' urine of a male from the group; 5) 'excretory' urine of a strange female; 6) 'excretory' urine of a female from the group ('excretory' urine = urine emitted from a squatting position, described by CORBETT (1979) and DE BOER (1977) as a behaviour that aims to empty the bladder). ii) The reaction of each animal was assessed by recording the amount of time (seconds) spent sniffing the six different samples of urine. iii) The amount of time spent sniffing the six different types of urine was analysed by means of analysis of variance and t-tests. iv) The response depended on the type of urine presented. Both males and females spent more time sniffing urine sprayed by a strange tomcat than either excretory urine from a strange tomcat or urine sprayed by a male from the group. v) The reaction of males was significantly more prolonged than those of females. vi) These results suggest that the function of inspecting urine marks may be to detect characteristics of the individual donor, especially its membership to the group.]


The present invention provides a kind of display base plate and display device, this display base plate includes first substrate, second substrate and the organic luminescent device between this first substrate and this second substrate, it is characterized in that, also include the first solaode, between this first substrate and this second substrate, for the light that this first solaode receives being converted to the electric energy of this organic luminescent device。The present invention is by integrated solar cell inside display base plate, and the light of reception is converted to the electric energy of this organic luminescent device by this solaode, thus providing the extra energy and then the working time of effective prolonged display part for organic luminescent device。


The imperative of multidisciplinary practice has been identified as one of the effective ways to make technological innovation. The main incentives underlying are limitation of disciplinary knowledge, increasing challenges in the constantly changing market, and changing of traditional working flows. Multidisciplinary practice forms collaborative environments and encouraged interactive design activities between practitioners with varying knowledge backgrounds. It helps the establishment of social nexus, encouraging creativity and technological innovation. The consequence of multidisciplinary practice provides an opportunity to re-shape the mode of practice, to re-distribute power relationships between people, to re-allocate financial benefits, even to transcend the profession towards a cross-boundary paradigm. Through the comparison the Sydney Opera House and the Watercube Beijing, this paper reviews the difference between two traditional cooperation and multidisciplinary collaboration, and argues how multidisciplinary practices encourage technological innovation in the profession. Keywords—Comparative study, Collaboration, Multidisciplinary practice, Engineer innovation.


Plants often show remarkable elevational distribution patterns in arid‐montane ecosystems. However, it is not clear if soil microbes follow elevational diversity patterns, even though they represent the majority of biodiversity and drive varieties of ecological processes. Here, we conducted a survey of fungal and bacterial communities across an elevational gradient from 2350 to 3850 m in a typical mountainous grassland of arid northwestern China. Our results revealed co‐ordinated alpha and beta diversity patterns for soil microbes and plants along the elevational gradient, and the richness and Shannon diversity of bacteria, fungi, and plants exhibited a unimodal elevational pattern. The unimodal diversity pattern for soil microbes was further confirmed by the shifts in the relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Nitrospirae) and fungal phyla (Zygomycota) along the elevational gradient. Soil variables (soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen) explained the largest proportion of the variability in both bacterial and fungal communities, followed by plant (richness and Shannon diversity) and climatic (mean annual temperature and precipitation) variables. These environmental factors together explained a larger proportion of variability in bacterial communities (54.88%) than in fungal communities (24.15%). Our results strongly supported the existence of co‐ordinated elevational diversity patterns for soil microbes and plants in arid‐montane ecosystems, and highlighted that the importance of soil pH in microbial elevational patterns was also apparently in alkaline soils.


In this paper, the issue of path planning is addressed for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) cooperative joint-forces electronic attack operating in a hostile environment. Specifically, the objective is to plan path to a target location in a way that minimizes exposure to threats while keeping fuel usage at acceptable levels. We consider a scenario where a group of UAVs flies in a close formation and cooperates in their use of jamming resources to prevent being tracked by Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) tracking radars. The main goal of this research effort is develop cooperating UAVs within multi-agent simulation environment. Simulations were generated to test the path planning and control strategies given UAVs/SAM tracking radar network scenarios, and overall UAVs cooperative electronic attack performance in each simulation was analyzed.