Purpose: Childhood Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph ) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a poor prognosis. Because leukemia cell burden is reduced but not eradicated by polychemotherapy, improved treatment strategies should enhance those immune mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of complete remission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protection of mice challenged with the syngeneic Ph ALL cell line BM185 using genetically modified leukemia cell vaccines and immunomodulating oligonucleotides. Experimental Design: Because retroviral vectors are ineffective at transducing nondividing primary cells from human hematopoietic malignancies, we first evaluated nonviral techniques (electroporation and ballistic transfer) using minimalistic immunogenically defined gene expression vectors to generate B7.1 or granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing BM185 cells. Subsequently, protective vaccination experiments with these cells were performed in a leukemia challenge mouse model. Results: Electroporation yielded a high transfection rate (82.6% for B7.1) with moderate GM-CSF secretion/1 10 cells (228 pg), whereas ballistic transfer led to a lower transfection rate (30.9%) with high GM-CSF secretion (614 pg). Secondly, we immunized mice with B7.1/interleukin 2or B7.1/GM-CSF-expressing BM185 cell vaccines. We observed a better protection of mice that received the B7.1/ GM-CSF vaccine compared with these receiving the B7.1/ interleukin 2 vaccine. Protection was additionally enhanced by application of a double stem-loop immunomodulating oligonucleotide containing CpG motifs. Conclusion: Our data indicate that immunization with B7.1/GM-CSF-expressing cell vaccines generated by electroporation and application of double stem-loop immunomodulating oligonucleotide protected mice against a murine Ph ALL challenge. Ultimately, this approach may also lead to clinical benefit in patients with Ph ALL. INTRODUCTION ALL is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in childhood. In particular, the prognosis of children with ALL and translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), known as Ph ALL is still poor (1). In general, the leukemia cell burden in childhood ALL can be reduced but not eradicated completely by polychemotherapy, and the immune system is likely to participate in the elimination of minimal residual disease. Thus, after reduction of leukemia cell burden by chemotherapy, immunotherapy may prevent an ALL relapse by inducing leukemia-specific CTLs. Although predominantly used for prevention of viral or bacterial infections, vaccines have also been applied recently for the treatment of human cancer (2, 3). This is based on the fact that our immune system, once activated, is capable of developing specific T cell-mediated immunity against neoplastic cells. Lymphoblasts, like most tumor cells, are poor antigen-presenting cells and lack the expression of costimulatory molecules (4). The costimulatory molecule B7–1 triggers a strong T-cell activation through the interaction with the ligand CD28. Interaction of T cells and tumor or leukemia cells without delivery of a costimulatory signal leads to T-cell anergy and apoptosis (5). GM-CSF promotes differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells, and has been shown to enhance the antigen-presenting function (6). The synthesis of IL-2 by tumor cells bypasses the Received 10/31/02; revised 3/19/03; accepted 3/19/03. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 Supported by the Wilhelm-Sander-Stiftung (to J. K. and M. S.), the Deutsche Jose-Carreras-Leukämiestiftung e.V. (to M. S.), and the H. W. and J. Hector Stiftung (to M. S.). 2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. Phone: 49-0707129-87199; Fax: 49-07071-29-5203; E-mail: joachim.koechling@med. uni-tuebingen.de. 3 The abbreviations used are: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Ph , Philadelphia chromosome positive; dSLIM, double stem-loop immunomodulator; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; MIDGE, minimalistic immunogenically defined gene expression; TH, T-helper cell; ODN, oligodesoxyribonucleotide. 3142 Vol. 9, 3142–3149, August 1, 2003 Clinical Cancer Research Cancer Research. on October 16, 2017. © 2003 American Association for clincancerres.aacrjournals.org Downloaded from TH function and has been shown to induce CTL even in a state of T-cell anergy (7). We and others have shown that vaccination of mice with murine leukemia cell lines retrovirally modified to express costimulatory molecules and cytokines induces a systemic immunity against wild-type leukemia (8–10). However, retroviral transduction is dependent on the proliferation of target cells and, therefore, not appropriate for quiescent primary human ALL blasts. Furthermore, recent reports about induction of leukemia after successful gene therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by retroviral gene transfer of the (c) gene into CD34 bone marrow cells raises safety concerns (11). Therefore, nonviral gene transfer methods such as electroporation or ballistic transfer may offer alternative ways to generate genetically modified leukemia cell vaccines. We and others showed previously in clinical trials for treatment of renal cell carcinoma and metastatic colon carcinoma (12, 13), sarcoma (14), and melanoma (13, 15) that autologous tumor cell vaccines generated by nonviral gene transfer were safe and effective. Regular plasmids include bacterial DNA such as the origin of replication or antibiotic resistance markers, which are known to interfere with transgene expression and which in addition might induce immunological responses toward the vector. For this reason, we have developed a novel MIDGE system (16). The linear vector contains only the essential elements, as there are a promoter, the gene of interest, and a termination site. Both the smaller size of the MIDGE vector and the avoidance of bacterial sequences makes this system more favorable for clinical application than conventional plasmids. We have applied the MIDGE vector system to immunize cats against the feline immunodeficiency virus infection (17) and in a clinical phase I/II vaccine study against metastatic carcinoma (13). Besides specific immunization by bacterial or viral proteins, the mammalian immune system can be stimulated by defined prokaryotic DNA sequences (18). It has been shown that DNA sequences containing nonmethylated CpG dinucleotides induce B-cell proliferation, and the activation of dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages (19). In addition, CpG oligonucleotides enhance the expression of MHC class II on dendritic cells and the migratory potential of dendritic cells by reducing E-cadherin-associated adhesion (20), and can directly induce apoptosis through a mitochondrial mechanism in Tlymphocytic leukemia cells (21). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that CpG oligonucleotides can be used as therapeutic agents, especially as immunomodulator for vaccines (22, 23). In view of the poor prognosis of Ph ALL in humans, we used a rather lethal murine Ph ALL challenge model, which has been described in detail previously (10). This model is based on the BALB/c syngeneic pre B-ALL leukemia cell line BM185 expressing the human BCR-ABL fusion protein. For analysis of transfection efficacy we first compared nonviral gene transfer strategies such as electroporation and ballistic transfer with retroviral transduction. Secondly, we evaluated the protective immunization efficacy of leukemia cell vaccines in BALB/c mice using BM185 cells transfected with B7.1/GM-CSF or B7.1/IL-2 encoding MIDGE vectors. Furthermore, we evaluated the protective effect of immunostimulatory molecules containing CpG sequence motifs (dSLIM-4S1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice. Eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were purchased from Harlan and Winkelmann (Borchen, Germany) and maintained under standard conditions. Experiments were performed with at least 5 mice in each group. All of the experiments were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board and by the Animal Care Committee of the Senate of Berlin, Germany. Tumor growth of mice was monitored every second day by measuring two perpendicular diameters of the tumor. When the tumors reached a diameter 20 mm, mice were sacrificed. To detect systemic leukemia, peripheral blood (100 l) from each mouse was collected from the tail vein. Heparinized blood was smeared on glass slides, dried, and stained with the Diff-Quick system (Baxter Dade AG, Düdingen, Switzerland). After fixation (fast green in methanol) blood slides were stained with eosin G and in thiazine dye in phosphate buffer (pH 6.6), and examined for leukemia cells. Cell Lines. The wild-type-BM185 cell line, and the GMCSF, IL-2, and B7.1 transduced BM185 cell lines were generated as described previously (10). In brief, the BM185 cell line was obtained from bone marrow cells of BALB/c mice transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the human Mr 185,000 BCR-ABL fusion protein. IL-3 independent cells were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/liter penicillin/streptomycin, and 10 5 M 2-mercaptoethanol, and clones were selected by limiting dilution. Expression Vectors. The MIDGE gene expression system was designed to contain only the essential elements, as there are a CMV promoter, the gene of interest, and a termination site, hereby avoiding bacterial promoters and sequences coding for antibiotic selection markers (Fig. 1A). As genes of interest, the murine cDNA of GM-CSF, IL-2, or B7.1 were used. Generation of the MIDGE vector system was performed as described previously (16).


The study and modeling of the red blood cells flow are of particular importance in medicine and biomedical engineering since they can provide essential information concerning the treatment strategy and the design of micro-scale medical devices. The objectives of the present study are twofold. Firstly, we aim to compare two tracing methods for measuring the blood velocity in-vitro using μ-PIV and secondly we attempt to measure the cell free layer (CFL) during blood flow inside microvessels, whose hydraulic diameter is less than 300μm, i.e., when the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect is significant. The cell-free layer is a near-wall layer of plasma, lacking red blood cells, which in this case tend to migrate towards the center of the microvessel. All experiments are conducted in two channels (160X180μm, 100X100μm) etched on a PMMA plate and sealed with the same material. Since conducting experiments using real blood is difficult to accomplish, we used artificial "blood", a fluid that has similar rheological properties. This "blood" is a suspension of healthy human red blood cells (RBC) in saline water (0.9 % w/w sodium chloride) while two different hematocrits (Hct) 10 and 20% are studied. The addition of a 0.5 % v/v EDTA solution hinders the coagulation of the RBCs. The "blood" flow rate is controlled by a syringe-pump (Aladdin, Al-2000). In the first part of our study a μ-PIV system is used for measuring the axial velocity of the blood resembling fluid. The measuring section is illuminated by a double cavity Nd:YAG laser emitting at 532nm, while the flow is recorded using a high sensitivity CCD camera, connected to a Nikon microscope. A 20X air immersion objective with NA=0.45 is also used resulting to 2.8μm depth of field. As it is known the μ-PIV method is based on measuring the velocity of tracing particles. In our study we choose to use two kinds of tracer, i.e., either micro fluorescent polystyrene particles (with mean diameter of 1μm) or the RBCs themselves after colouring them with a fluorescence dye (Rhodamine B). For the flow rate range used, i.e. 0.5 to 5ml/h, it was found that, regardless of the tracing method employed, the blood velocity distribution in the middle of the microchannel is practically the same (Fig. 1). However, when the mean velocities are of the same order of magnitude with the settling velocity of the RBCs, a slight deviation is observed. This can be attributed to the fact that in this case the settling of the RBCs affects the measurement of the axial velocity, an observation also confirmed by experimental data. In the second part of this study the extent of the CFL is measured. In this case the test section is illuminated by a light source placed under the microchannel. The light intensity is adjusted so as to be fully absorbed by the RBCs when not in motion. When the flow is initiated the CFL develops and is identified as a light stripe at the vicinity of the vessel walls. The flow is recorded by a high speed camera and the width of the CFL is estimated by analyzing the consecutive video frames. Fig. 2 presents typical frames where the width of the CFL can be identified. It is observed that the width of the CFL increases as the diameter of the tube is increased and decreases as the hematocrit is increased. Also for relative low flow rates the width of the CFL is found to increase by increasing the flow rate, while for flow rates higher than 3ml/h it attains a constant value.


Abstract The Islamization of Turkey has been an ongoing process since the 1970s and was exacerbated by the 1980 military coup. The Turkish‐Islamic synthesis had been conceived as an antidote against communism and became a salient policy. The atmosphere became increasingly convenient for Islamists to participate in politics as well as in socioeconomic forums. The ruling AKP defines itself as conservative democratic. Tariqats have been educating young cadres to fulfill the Islamization mission. Prime Minister Erdoğan monopolizes foreign relations, which result in diplomatic scandals and cause people to ask whether Turkey is changing direction. Counterbalancing forces remain confrontational. Paradigm shifts in practicing politics are sorely needed.


and a great admirer of the selfless work of the priest Father Godlewski. Luckily he was able to escape just before the deportation Aktion of July-August 1942, when the remaining members of this parish were transported to their deaths in Treblinka. In her post war novel Hana Krall recalled, "When the Germans cleared the church of all the Christian Jews, there was only one Jew left in the church: the crucified Jesus above the altar."


Interns practice round are the key steps for entering clinical study. The breast department is a rising special section with special characters in teaching. This paper introduces case-based learning method in breast department, including group arrangement, functional distribution, process details, common matters and attentions based on our experience. The case-based learning method can promote the learning effect and learning ability in interns and improve the teaching cases data base.

Key words:
Case-based learning; Breast department; Intern


Self-interference driving technique is one of the most important methods for the highly accurate time-of-flight (TOF) measurement, which was first proposed in 1992. However, since this method is susceptible to noise, its industrialization is still a matter open for debate up to now. To address this problem, this paper presents an optimized ultrasound-driven method of incorporation of the amplitude modulation and phase modulation of the transmit-receive technique. Moreover, this paper proposes two optional algorithms to achieve TOF calculations according to different signal-to-noise ratio situations named the zero-crossing tracking and time-shifted superposition methods. The entire testing process is integrated in a digital-signal-processing-based ultrasonic measuring system. After validation with an ultrasonic ranging experimental platform, the results indicate that a feasible system is provided with the advantages of high noise immunity, accuracy, reliability, and ease of implementation.


Objective To study the diagnosis,prognosis and value of the thyroxine,the glycocholic acid and the hyaluronic acid in liver diseases.Methods Measure the content of the thyroxine,the glycocholic acid and the hyaluronic acid in 155 liver disease examples and 52 healthy examples,using radioactive immunity analysis.The data gained was analysed using chi-square test.Results The thyroxine content of the serum in all kinds of hepatopaths was obviously reduced,compared with the normal group:(P0.05~0.01).But the glycocholic acid and the hyaluronic acid was obviously increased, compared with the normal group (P0.01). Conclusion The measurement of the content of thyroxine,the glycochlic acid and the hyaluronic acid of blood serum can be used as the reference index to diagnose,prognose and estimate all kinds of liver diseases.


The short isothermal aging effect on the dielectric properties of PI thin films in two different atmospheres was studied using two different techniques. A remarkable improvement on the HT dielectric properties is obtained when films are aged in air, while a slight one is obtained during the aging in N2. Those results indicate that the improvement is induced by oxygen that diffuses and reacts with the PI at HT. Hence, with a short thermal treatment at HT under air, better dielectric properties can be achieved. This improvement is most probably dependent from the ion density and/or their vibration frequency.


Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid (RA‐SF) contains a novel biological activity, which selectively induces IgG2b antibody production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated mouse spleen cells in vitro and in vivo. Our previous studies have shown that this activity is not functionally identical to otherwell‐known cytokines and interleukins. In this study we demonstrate the partial purification and biochemical characterization of the IgG2b inducing activity in RA‐SF. Biochemical characterization revealed that the IgG2b inducing activity in RA‐SF has the following properties: it is a protein, sensitive to pH > 11 and < 4, which is precipitated by 50% of saturated ammonium sulphate and has a molecular weight of 50–70 kDa; it binds to Cibacron‐blue and heparin and its activity is not mediated by immunoglobulins or immune complexes, which are present in RA‐SF. Biochemical characteristics of the IgG2b inducing activity also differ from other cytokines and interleukins. The term IgG2b inducing factor is proposed for this novel activity.


Industrial communications have been evolving and, nowadays, in view of the demands for horizontal and vertical integration, the number of applications consuming safety data over IP networks have also been increasing. In light of this scenario, instead of using a safety fieldbus protocol over IP, this paper proposed the use of some principles from IEC 61784 over a common TCP/IP channel. As the optimization of bandwidth use is a key factor in Internet communication, this paper proposes a lightweight safety layer in terms of both computational and bandwidth costs, with the use of concepts from steganography to provide safety. Through the paper, some measures to allow such a safety communication over TCP/IP are presented and, finally, an evaluation of the proposed protocol for safety data is performed, showing it may be able to reach both SIL3 and SIL4 depending on the BER of the considered communication channel.


A method and apparatus for transmitting a digitally modulated Quadrature Phase Keyed (QPSK) audio carrier signal, or a digitally modulated Quadrature Partial Response System (QPRS) audio carrier signal, wherein the audio carrier signal is located 1.2 MHz below the video carrier of an NTSC signal. This places the digital audio signal 300 KHz above the analog FM sound center frequency of the NTSC signal in the adjacent lower channel, 4.8 MHz above the video carrier of the adjacent lower channel NTSC signal and at the edge of the lower vestigal video sideband components of the NTSC signal with which the digital audio signal is associated.


Library OSs have been proposed to deploy applications isolated inside containers, VMs, or trusted execution environments. They often follow a highly modular design in which third-party components are combined to offer the OS functionality needed by an application, and they are customised at compilation and deployment time to fit application requirements. Yet their monolithic design lacks isolation across components: when applications and OS components contain security-sensitive data (e.g., cryptographic keys or user data), the lack of isolation renders library OSs open to security breaches via malicious or vulnerable third-party components. We describe CubicleOS, a library OS that isolates components in the system while maintaining the simple, monolithic development approach of library composition. CubicleOS allows isolated components, called cubicles , to share data dynamically with other components. It provides spatial memory isolation at the granularity of function calls by using Intel MPK at user-level to isolate components. At the same time, it supports zero-copy data access across cubicles with feature-rich OS functionality. Our evaluation shows that CubicleOS introduces moderate end-to-end performance overheads in complex applications: 2× for the I/O-intensive NGINX web server with 8 partitions, and 1.7–8× for the SQLite database engine with 7 partitions.


➤ C urrent theories in cognitive science and mathematics education are challenging deep-seated assumptions about the nature of cognition, mathematics and mathematical activity. Such views reject the idea that mathematics is abstract and objective, and that acquiring mathematical knowledge requires the body only from the 'neck up'. In contrast, knowledge is illuminated as inherently concrete, (em)bodied and live(d). Such thinking raises important implications for early years pedagogy. By making the connections between mathematics and the bodily ways in which we learn, practitioners can enact practices that enable young children's deeper and broader understanding of all things mathematical.


The Mg2NiH4 hydrogen storage metal hydride was prepared by hydriding combustion synthesis under an external magnetic field. The dehydriding kinetics of the hydrides was measured under isotherm condition. The kinetics mechanism of Mg2NiH4 materials was analyzed by model. The calculated results show that the theoretical calculation and the experimental data can reach a good agreement. The rate-controlling step is the diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the solid solution. The dehydriding activation energies of the sample synthesized under the optimized magnetic intensity of 6 T is 104 kJ/mol H2.


The infinitesimal stability of inviscid, parallel, stratified shear flows to two-dimensional disturbances is described by the Taylor-Goldstein equation. Instability can only occur when the Richardson number is less than 1/4 somewhere in the flow. We consider cases where the Richardson number is everywhere non- negative. The eigenvalue problem is expressed in terms of four parameters, J a 'typical' Richardson number, α the (real) wavenumber and c the complex phase speed of the disturbance. Two computer programs are developed to integrate the stability equation and to solve for eigenvalues: the first finds c given α and J, the second finds α and J when c ≡ 0 (i.e. it computes the stationary neutral curve for the flow). This is sometimes, but not always, the stability boundary in the α, J plane. The second program works only for cases where the velocity and density profiles are antisymmetric about the velocity inflexion point. By means of these two programs, several configurations of velocity and density have been investigated, both of the free-shear-layer type and the jet type. Calculations of temporal growth rates for particular profiles have been made.


Legs ulcers are one of the most difficult Problem to solve in modern medicine. Although a wide variety of drugs and mechanical methods have been developed to treat ulcers, no marked improvement has yet been discovered in either wound healing or the social status of patients. Leg ulcers are not only a common, difficult to treat, but also economically unprofitable health condition requiring a lot of care, work and knowledge.
Study aim – to evaluate peculiarities of nurses work for nursing patients with chronic leg ulcers.
Study methods.  Quantitative research method using an anonymous questionnaire for nurses caring for patients with chronic leg ulcers. Descriptive statistics of results.
Results. Nurses working in a hospital at least once a week care for patients with chronic leg ulcers, which are usually localized in the calf, foot, ankle areas. Patients with other comorbid conditions (e. g. diabetes, arterial hypertension and other) are needed specific nursing needs – longer wound healing, prevention of infections and bleeding, balanced diet and temperature control. Nursing patients with chronic leg ulcers the body position of the nurses mostly is forced, they work bent over. The work of nurses is most complicated by the lack of nursing assistants.


Japanese conservatives and right-wingers have long used the jurisdiction problem to discredit the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for the trial of Japanese war criminals,advocating that the trial violated the principle of non-retroactivity of law and the principle of justice.Although the court had dismissed such claims and the domestic scholars have also published articles to criticize this opinion,the reasons for rebutting were mostly fundamental and too general,and some arguments even came from the perspective of abstract nature justice.This paper has made an empirical study of historical facts to expose the Japanese right-wingers have fictionized the existence of punitive norms for war crimes in order to deny the applicability of the crime of aggression.Demonstrating both the prohibitive norms of war crimes and crimes against peace are punitive.The article describes the legal effect of international law comes from the common will of the parties.Punishment was creatively inflicted on war criminals who had destroyed the world peace based on the existing prohibitive norms between the allies and defeated,which was exactly in accordance with the basic features of international law.


by polarization to the first one: the gain fell down to 4.8% principally due to quenching of fluorescence. Then we dewased the thermal load by pumping the crystal with one diode at each side (Fig. 1). We obtained a higher value of go equal to 10.2%. We used this last pumping configuration to produce nanosecond pulses. We added in the cavity an acousto-optic modulator to operate in a (2-switch regime. We obtained 7-pJ pulses with a duration of 230 ns at a repetition rate of 5 kHz at 850 nm. The energy per pulse remained above 5 pJ between 820 and 900 nm. The energy per pulse remained above 7 pJ up to 20-k.Hz repetition rate. We are currently investigating a theoretical model describing the unsaturated gain that takes into account the influence of up-conversion and thermal quenching of fluorescence. In conclusion, owing to in situ small signal gain measurement we succeeded in the realization of an efficient Qswitched diode-pumped Cr:LiSAF laser operating at high repetition rate (up to . -


This thesis deals with the image of Faculty of Technology at Tomas Bata University in Zlin and its perception by their students. The theoretical part describes the theoretical knowled-ge of image and internal communication in the context of the environment of the educatio-nal institution. Second part is devoted to marketing research and to the methodology which is the base for the practical part of the diploma thesis. Practical part is dedicated to faculty introduction, qualitative and quantitative research. The aim is to map the perception of stu-dents regarding the faculty´s image. Based on the findings from previous chapters, the final part contains suggestions and project which recommends how to improve the image of the faculty. The project is subjected to time, risk and cost analysis.


In the current context of profound involvement of technology in different areas of science, our research approaches the medical field, aiming to help the physical recovery process of people having a temporary handicap at the upper limb. The result of our research is a software application called MIRA (Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant) that uses the Microsoft Kinect sensor, which, having an RGB camera, an IR camera and a depth sensor, makes possible the detection of the arm and its movement relative to the body. The application comes in the help of doctors, who receive important statistics and data about the performance of the patients during the exercises and games. Furthermore, receiving accurate data about the moves, the patients do not need to be supervised by a medical professional at all times, as the correctness of the exercises are verified automatically.


Background: Previous research has indicated that women with a chronic inflammatory disease (CID) are likely to discontinue treatment during pregnancy. [1] Reasons for this are complex, including sub-optimal integration of shared decision-making (SDM) into practice. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess: 1) physicians' competencies in risk assessment, treatment and management of women of reproductive age (WoRA) with a CID, and 2) clinical gaps, barriers and challenges to SDM with these patients. Methods: A mixed-methods needs assessment was conducted. [2] Participants included rheumatologists and dermatologists practicing in Germany, United Kingdom, or United States, with at least three years of experience. Exposure to patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis or psoriasis was required. A first phase involved collection and thematic analysis of data from semi-structured interviews to identify main challenge areas. The second phase consisted of online surveys to validate and quantify identified challenges, gaps and barriers. Chi-square and Kruskal Wallis H statistical tests were performed to assess differences by specialty, country and gender. Qualitative and quantitative findings were triangulated with insight from experts in medical education and relevant behavioural and clinical fields. [3] The present summary reports data pertaining to rheumatologists only. Results: A total of 24 interviews and 173 surveys were completed with rheumatologists. Depending on the country and specific item, 22% to 64% reported having sub-optimal knowledge of treatment options, patient education aids, and strategies to assess treatment adherence among WoRA with a CID (see figure 1). In addition, 36% reported having sub-optimal knowledge of methods to achieve SDM. Unplanned pregnancies were reported as a barrier to prescribing biologics to WoRA with a CID. Yet, 61% of rheumatologists reported having sub-optimal skills discussing contraceptive methods with patients. In addition, 41% reported having sub-optimal skills adjusting treatment according to changes in pregnancy status or child-bearing aspirations. Few differences in clinical gaps were observed by gender. Notably, a greater proportion of male rheumatologists reported having sub-optimal skills approaching WoRA in a way that makes them feel comfortable discussing their health concerns, compared to female rheumatologists (52% vs. 30%, p=0.046). This skill gap was identified as a contributing barrier to SDM with these patients. Conclusion: This study identified multiple challenges, gaps and barriers relevant to rheumatologists that prevent optimal SDM, risk assessment, treatment and management of WoRA with CID. Findings may be used to develop medical education and continuous professional development interventions for target learners. References: [1]Tsao NW, Lynd LD, Sadatsafavi M, Hanley G and De Vera MA. Patterns of biologics utilization and discontinuation before and during pregnancy in women with autoimmune diseases: a population-based cohort study.Arthritis Care Res., 2018;70(7):979-986. [2]Creswell JW, Klassen AC, Plano Clark VL, Smith KC. Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences, 2nd Ed. Bethesda: NIH, 2018:541-545,. [3]Turner SF, Cardinal LB, Burton RM, A triangulation-based framework and roadmap. Organ. Res. Methods, 2017;20(2): 243-26. Acknowledgments: This research was financially supported with educational funds from UCB BioPharma SRL. The authors thank T. Kellner for his contribution. Disclosure of Interests: Suzanne Murray: None declared, Rebecca Fischer-Betz Consultant of: UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, MSD, Novartis, Roche, UCB, Pfizer., Monica Augustyniak: None declared, Jenny Murase Consultant of: I have led advisory boards for UCB., Speakers bureau: I have done non-branded talks on psoriasis management in women for UCB., Catherine Nelson-Piercy Consultant of: I have received consultancy fees from UCB, Speakers bureau: I have received fees for speaking from UCB., Ivo Vlaev Consultant of: For UCB., Speakers bureau: For UCB, Pfizer, Novartis and boehringer Ingelheim., Cecile Ecoffet Shareholder of: UCB, Employee of: UCB, Morgan Peniuta: None declared, Dean Jenkins Employee of: UCB


Severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes fulminant deaths in common environment as well as neurological sequelae to survivors. Prevention of delayed neurological syndrome (DNS) after exposure to CO, the most important sequela, is based up to date on hyperbaric oxygen administration. Nevertheless, its use remains controversial due to the lack of evidence regarding its efficacy. The aim of this review is to report therapies under investigation for preventing or improving DNS, some of them with promising results in humans.


In history curriculum design in England, currently at least two loci of authority – the history teachers' 'extended writing movement' and the national awarding body Pearson Edexcel – present somewhat contrasting portrayals of the narrative mode for the purposes of historical causal explanation. Nonetheless, both loci suggest they are reappropriating academic knowledge for the purposes of secondary schooling in a fashion similar to what Basil Bernstein (1986) dubs 'recontextualisation'. As a practising history teacher, I provide a phenomenological critique of Pearson Edexcel's specifications for the national GCSE and A-level examinations from the perspective of the extended writing movement's realisation of the Bernsteinian model, with a specific focus on the narrative mode for the purposes of historical causal explanation. In order to characterise the status of historical narrative in the academic field of production, I draw on analytic philosophies of history, theories of history by practising historians and historical explanations from one historiography: the Salem witch trials. Finally, I make recommendations for future reforms in national history examinations in England: constant revaluation with reference to academic knowledge; the avoidance of specific yet unsustainable claims about the discipline of history generally; and the abandonment of a genre-led assessment in favour of an epistemology-led alternative.


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of edaravone for the treatment of early-stage severe craniocerebral injury.Methods:48 patients with early-stage severe craniocerebral injury were randomly 1:1 assigned to one of two treatment groups;one group was treated with conventional regimens,and the other group received the adjunctive therapy of conventional regimens with intravenous infusion of edara- vone 30 mg twice daily for 14 days.The efficacy was assessed based on the Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) and Glasgow outcome scale(GOS)post the therapy.Results:Compared with the conventional therapy a- lone,the edaravone-added on patients experienced significant improvements of GCS at the end of therapy [(130.9±28.4)% vs.(90.8±21.6)%],P<0.05]and GOS in 3 months after the therapy [(4.52±2.68)vs.(3.78±2.24),P<0.05].The edaravone-treated patients had a significantly higher cure rate,higher respond rate and less vegetative state or mortality rate,respectively,than the pa- tients in the conventional therapy alone[(29% vs.17%),(87.5% vs 79%)and(12.5% vs 20. 8%),P<0.05].No significant adverse events were reported in edaravone group.Conclusion:Edara- vone showed an add-on efficacy in the treatment of sever craniocerebral injury.


It is becoming apparent that information technology is having a profound effect on today's workplace. The diffusion of technology is changing not only the procedural methods used to conduct business, but also the way companies relate to customers, suppliers, and employees. The revolution is no longer solely a technological phenomenon. It is also a social phenomenon that will necessitate a comparable revolution in how we structure organizations (Reynolds, 1989). Information technology is bringing about fundamental changes which will take years to work through and become fully integrated into our workplaces and culture (Wagel and Levine, 1989). The most significant implication of the evolving nature of information technology concerns the structure of the organization. When the organization's structure changes, decision processes, managerial roles, reward systems, communication systems, and types of people attracted to the organization also change. (Beer, 1980) Decision Support Systems (DSS) are just one of many types of technological tools for improving enduser performance that are available to modern business professionals (LeBlanc and Kozar, 1990). Microcomputer-based productivity software, electronic messaging systems, integrated office systems, video-teleconferencing, and computer-conferencing are just some examples of relatively recent technological innovations designed to make organizations more efficient and effective in the marketplace. There is no doubt that the use of any of these tools, in lieu of their traditional counterparts, affects the organization's work environment. However, it is more difficult to assess the impact of DSS on the environment than these other technologies. This paper will discuss some potential impacts of decision support Organizational Impact of Decision Support Technology: What's Ahead for the '90's?


This paper describes a new coupling procedure of two boundary element methods aimed at computing propellerinduced hull-pressure fluctuations. The first method computes the incompressible potential flow of a propeller operating in a ship wake field. The second method computes the propeller-radiated pressures by replacing the incompressible-flow solution on the rotating propeller blades by a set of rings of stationary sources. This source system is used as input in an acoustic scattering analysis of the wetted ship hull and undisturbed free surface based on the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral equation. Thus, hull pressures are obtained in the frequency domain on the basis of a time-domain source description. Computed hull pressures for non-cavitating conditions are presented for a container vessel that was successively fitted with two different propellers, one being a six-bladed propeller designed for the vessel, the other a two-bladed propeller. Comparisons are made with scale-model tests performed in a towing tank. For the two-bladed propeller, the computed results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The six-bladed propeller shows somewhat larger variations in correlation.


Abstract : In the early 1980s, the Department of Defense began a quality improvement based principally on W. Edwards Deming's philosophy of continuous improvement. Quality management has since been implemented agency-wide. Global economic and political forces are causing enormous changes in the U.S. military and effecting the success of individual programs. This article illustrates, via a case study, now top DoD level decisions have affected one defense research laboratory and driven changes at the lowest field level.... Quality, Total quality management, TQM, Financial management, Military budget, Air Force budget, Libraries, Continuous improvement, Process action team.


Abstract Because the existing infrastructure no longer fits the travel demands of women with multiple roles at work and in the family, there may be consequences for access to employment and to community facilities. While comparisons of travel patterns of women to those of other groups have shown fewer and shorter trips, and a lesser use of automobiles, a newer indicator, travel time over the twenty-four hour day, reveals that working women with children may have shorter time durations for work, household, and leisure trips. Since travel is traded off as a discretionary activity in favor of obligatory time requirements, compensatory policies should be designed to release time for travel directly by alteration of work and household organization, and indirectly by changes in land use and transportation programs.


This paper examines a labor market with two professional groups both cooperating and directly competing with each other: certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) and anesthesiologists (MDAs). We develop a model where the supply of MDAs endogenously determines (1) the earnings of CRNAs and MDAs, and (2) the extent of supervision of CRNAs by MDAs. We also analyze how MDAs may lobby to limit the scope of practice of CRNAs, and the resulting market equilibrium. Our theoretical model can be applied to the analysis of relationships between other hierarchical professionals with overlapping responsibilities, such as nurse practitioners and primary care physicians.


A thermal‐mapping technique is presented which, when applied to a p‐n junction, can locate hot spots that are only slightly warmer than surrounding regions. Among the Zn‐diffused GaAs devices to which this method has been applied, these hot spots have always been found to be associated with an irregularity (usually a microplasma) in the I‐V characteristic. Furthermore, etching has revealed a crystal imperfection coinciding with each hot spot. Selective etching at these sites causes the removal of the imperfect region and a corresponding significant improvement in the diode reverse characteristic, though less than 4% of the total diode area has been removed.


To avoid the "over-maintenance" or "under-maintenance" in generator set maintenance decision,a maintenance strategy based on Markov chain state estimation model is presented.In the model,generator set state is described as state probability vector,and is associated with two abutting state probability by one-step transfer probability.The effect of generator load on transfer probability is considered by step factor.On the basis of estimating the critical fault state of generator set,the optimal maintenance schedule is determined according to minimal sum of the maintenance cost and the income loss.


Water law is essentially state law. There is, however, a large and growing body of federal water law that many state officials and private users in the West would like to have subordinated to state law, as exemplied by EDF v. Armstrong.1*^ This effort has continued in proposed legislation and in litigation as, for example, in United States v. District Court for Eagle County, Colorado.2 Other examples are now pending on certiorari3 before the US Supreme Court. The eventual outcome in one case is crucial, as indicated by the fact that sixteen states joined Colorado in seeking certiorari.


e24162Background: Platinum-based drug use in cancer treatment is restricted by dose-limiting side effects, including nausea/emesis, anorexia and weight loss that reduce patient quality of life and ...


This paper mainly introduces the design of a test equipment for large-inclination screw conveyor, especially focuses on the structure, function and the hydraulic control system. The test equipment can work well under the condition of the variable speed and angle, and even under different structural parameters and different conveyed materials. PLC programmable controller with the hydraulic control system can control the electro-hydraulic proportional valve automatically and eliminate the problems such as dead zone and hysterics of electro-hydraulic proportional valve itself, which helps us to develop a set of the electro-hydraulic control system, and also can be used as a platform for big dip screw conveyor experimental research.


Cavitation noise of marine propellers is an important component of the ship's radiating underwater sound.Given the flat-slope characteristic of the source spectrum level of propeller noise,the spectrum decay index is presented,and the dependent parameters of the peak frequency and its spectral peak are analyzed at the same time.The cavitation noise spectrum formulations within part frequency band for the two special speed under propeller cavitation condition can be used to construct ship's propeller cavitation noise spectra at any speed by linear regression.Uniting the function of spectrum level at the given frequency versus propeller diameter under a given tip circumferential velocity condition and the increment of the spectrum level at the given frequency due to the change of tip circumferential velocity at some frequency,the spectrum level at the given frequency under non-cavitation can be derived for submarine,while the sound level increment on account of spectral level getting into the sharp spectral peak regime and the additional increase of rotating speed above the critical valve should be added under the cavitation condition,in which case the submarine propeller noise spectrum can be predicted at any speed within the whole band.Finally,the derived equations are validated by the exist data and the error is less than 4dB.The tip cavitation inception index used during the prediction and the existence of narrow band tonal noise should be determined by the cavitation tunnel experiment.


A compact CMOS linear transconductance (LiT) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in 65 nm CMOS process is presented. The proposed LiT technique is realised using NP core without a choke inductor to reduce die area and avoid dual resonance problem. The measured output frequency of the proposed VCO shows 11.18–11.98 GHz and phase noise is −112.62 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. DC power consumption of the VCO core and the buffer is 5.86 and 6 mW, respectively. It achieves a high figure of merit normalised to the area of 198.6 dBc/Hz.


This paper reviews the past study on the markets of Jingdezhen Yuan blue-andwhite and proposes a new picture in the light of archaeological discoveries and recent studies. The aim of this present study is three folds. First, I will investigate the markets of Yuan blue-and-white porcelains and look at the conclusive features of different markets based on recent archaeological findings. Secondly, I will analyze these features according to their consumption in different markets. Thirdly, I will explore the emergence of Yuan blue-and-white porcelains in the existing markets to see their role in the history of ceramic trade.


Elshayal Smart software is an almost First Arabian GIS software which completely developed by Arabian developers team and independent of any commercial software package. The software current Features are View and Edit shape files, build new layers, add existing layers, remove layers, swap layers, save layers, set layer data sources, layer properties, zoom in & zoom out, pan, identify, selecting features, invert selection, show data table, data query builder, location query builder, build network, find shortest path, print map, save map image, copy map image to clipboard, save project map, edit move vertex, edit move features, snap vertexes, set vertex XY, move settings, converting coordinate system, applying VB script, copy selected features to another layer, move selected features to another layer, delete selected features, edit data table, modify table structure, edit map features, drawing new features, GPS tracking, 3D view, etc... The software expected Features are: Viewing raster image and image geo-referencing, read other map formats such as DXF Format and Tiger Line Format.


In this paper the metropolitan delta of North-western Europe is compared to others in the world. The main spatial problems are discussed


Hungarian statesman and financial policy maker Sándor Popovics was one of the most renowned and influential figures of his time. József Radnóti praised him with the following words in his work describing the life of several bank leaders and the domestic economic environment of the period: "If I have faith in the divine mission and earthly commitment of men, it is because of Sándor Popovics. He was a most extraordinary man who, under the most adverse circumstances, created the National Bank of a defeated and mutilated country, forged a stable national currency, and as a result of his assiduous and successful work, now the Hungarian pengő and the National Bank of Hungary represent unshakeable solidity and unswerving trust both at home and abroad. […] Sometimes I find myself lifting my hat – unconsciously, as if under compulsion – when I pass by the building of the National Bank. On such occasions, it is him I am thinking of and my salutation is for him."


This chapter has presented a unified approach to yield and reliability modelling. Fundamentally, the successful integration of yield and early-life reliability results from the fact that latent early-life reliability defects, while smaller and placed differently, are essentially the same in nature as those killer defects that cause wafer probe failures. Yield models that accurately describe the distribution of killer defects will therefore also describe the distribution of latent defects.


The invention discloses a signal to interference ratio computing method for eliminating the iteration ICI (inter channel interference) of an STBC (space time block coding) synergistic OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system. The method specifically comprises the steps: (1) building a signal transmission model of the STBC synergistic OFDM system according to the loss characteristic of a coach of a high-speed railway train; (2) building an ICI model of the STBC synergistic OFDM system; (3) performing the ICI elimination on the STBC synergistic OFDM system by a fast iterative algorithm, and computing the signal to interference ratio; and (4) comparing the txuq-iterated signal to interference ratio with the theoretical value of the signal to interference ratio, defining a comparison value as the relative error of the signal to interference ratio when the txuq iteration is preformed, and analyzing the error. The method can be used for timely computing the signal to interference ratio when the ICI is eliminated under the condition that the complexity of the ICI elimination algorithm is lower, so that the computation problem of the signal to interference ratio when the system performance is appraised by the signal to interference ratio is solved, and the signal to interference ratio judgment method is preferably utilized.


RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely conserved gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes. Small regulatory RNAs (20–30 nt in length) are widely present in nearly all eukaryote cells. These small regulatory RNAs are engaged in many essential biological processes, including but not limited to heterochromatin formation, maintenance of genome integrity, spatiotemporal developmental regulation, cell fate decisions, DNA repair, and antiviral reactions. Dysregulation of the biogenesis and homeostasis of these small regulatory RNAs can often lead to a variety of severe human diseases. In the cytoplasm, RNAi usually act through inhibiting protein translation or inducing mRNA degradation. In the nucleus, RNAi can act via a number of mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of small RNA-mediated gene regulation in the nucleus, including heterochromatin formation, epigenetic modification, chromosome segregation, transcriptional regulation, and alternative splicing.


Polypropylene (PP)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites are prepared by melt mixing using two types of CaCO3 of different sizes. The electrical resistivities of the composites with the two types of CaCO3 are all lower than those of the corresponding PP/MWCNT composites at various MWCNT loadings (1 wt%–5 wt%). The morphology of the composites is investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The crystallization behavior of PP in the composites is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The storage modulus, as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), increases significantly by the presence of CaCO3.


Nonlinear absorption of femtosecond kilovolt x-rays in Neon is investigated. A possible two-photon Ionization is observed with the presence of Ne9+ at photon energies below the Ne8+ 1s2 ionization threshold.


Incidence rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have been rising, but little is known about which patients will develop invasive breast cancer or what types of tumors these patients may develop.


The invention provides an opening device for a stereo loom. The opening device contains healed frames and is characterized in that at least one healed frame is connected with multi-hole palm fiber; at least one healed frame is connected with a push rod, which is connected with a servo electric cylinder; and the servo electric cylinder is connected with a driver, which is connected with a computer. By the adoption of the opening device, the number of heddles can be minimized and high-speed and digitalized control is carried out on the motion of the healed frames, thus greatly expanding types and specifications of fabrics and reducing abrasion of palm fiber to warp yarn.


means and SDs of age, body height, and body mass in the subjects were 22.2 ± 1.5 yrs, 1.70 ± 0.04 m, and 64.2 ± 4.2 kg, respectively. The measurement was performed on the right leg. Firstly, the participants performed isometric MVC tasks. Torque during MVC was measured using a force-measurement device with tension/compression load cells (LUR-A-SA1; Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan). In the MVC tasks, as well as subsequent maximal voluntary cocontraction tasks, the EMG activities of knee extensors (rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, averaged), knee flexors (biceps femoris), plantar flexors (gastrocnemius and soleus, averaged), and dorsi flexors (tibialis anterior) were also recorded. After a process of sufficient warmingup and a rest period, the subjects performed MVCs of knee extension, knee flexion, plantar flexion, and dorsi flexion for 5 s twice for each task with at least 3 min between trials. In the knee extension/flexion MVC tasks, the subjects were seated in an adjustable chair with support for the back, shoulders, and hips. With the hip joint and knee joint angle at 90 deg (180 deg = full extension), the subjects performed the MVCs. In the plantar flexion/dorsi flexion MVC tasks, the subjects were seated in an adjustable chair with support for the back and hips. With the hip joint angle at 90 deg, knee joint angle at 180 deg, and foot joint angle at 90 deg, the subjects performed the MVCs. Additional trials were performed if the differences in the peak torques of the two MVCs of each task were more than 5%. The trial with the highest peak torque was selected for analysis. After the completion of MVC tasks, the subjects performed maximal voluntary co-contraction tasks for 5 s twice for each of the knee extensors/flexors pair and the plantar flexors/dorsi flexors pair with at least a 3-min interval. The postures for maximal voluntary cocontraction tasks were the same as for the MVC tasks of each muscle pair, but the force-measurement device was removed so that the subjects could extend/flex their knee joint and plantar flex/dorsi flex their foot joint without restriction. An examiner vis ually checked the subjects' posture during the tasks to ensure that there were no joint


This paper describes the use and meaning of a Smith chart when used on automatic network analyzers. Dispersion characteristics, frequency sensitivity and device resonances are discussed along with how to determine exactly what the display is telling us.


Switching devices of the network-on-chip system, and is disclosed in his scheduling method. Switching devices of the network-on-chip system according to the present invention, the plurality of input ports and a plurality of output switching unit having a port, and an input port and output an input port set a transmission path between the ports, and holds the data of the plurality of input ports determining a code length based on the number and the code length determined to the input port and the output port corresponding to the set transmission path includes a scheduler for assigning a predetermined code. As a result, since the flexibility to determine the code length depending on the transmission number of packets, it is possible to improve the performance of the switch. CDMA switch, scheduler, arbiter round robin


Background: Muscle weakness is a common comorbidity of several severe diseases which results in a reduced independence and quality of life and for the afflicted patients. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disease characterized by a chronic inflammation of the joints, commonly report of muscle weakness as a complication. Muscle weakness is the result of reduced muscle size and intramuscular impairments (i.e., intrinsic muscle dysfunction).


A systematic approach for automatically generating derivational variants based on the SPECIALIST Lexicon was proposed and implemented in Lexical Tools [1]. This approach addressed the prefix (PD), zero (ZD), and suffix (SD) derivations from nominalizations (nomD). This paper describes the generation of SD (not from nomD) based on the Lexicon in the Lexical Tools, including both SD-Facts and SD-Rules. New derivational features, such as negation, derivation types, and enhanced algorithms are also included in the Lexical Tools 2013 release for better precision and recall in NLP applications. (-f:d) will map it which Metathesaurus for more details. This approach provides a maintainable and scalable system for generating derivations with the Lexicon 's annual release and results in comprehensive derivational features in the Lexical Tools for better precision and recall. Lexical Tools is distributed by NLM via an Open Source License agreement.


Phytochemical investigation of the fruits extracts of Trichilia elegans and Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae) has led to the identification of the limonoids 11β-acetoxyobacunone, cedrelone, methylangolensate and epimeric mixture of photogedunin besides known coumarins (scoparone, scopoletin, umbeliferone) and the steroids stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, sitostenone and campesterol. The structures of the compounds were proposed by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. An evaluation of the insecticidal activity of the fruits extracts of Trichilia ssp. was carried out and the extracts of T. elegans revealed to have strong insecticidal activity and the extracts of T. catigua showed moderate larval mortality on Spodoptera frugiperda.


cases of a disease, fatal in infancy, apparently different from juvenile systemic hyalinosis. Pediatr Pathol 1986; 6:55–79. 4 Keser G, Karabulut B, Oksel F et al. Two siblings with juvenile hyaline fibromatosis: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18:248–52. 5 Bell SE, Mavilla A, Salazar R et al. Differential gene expression during capillary morphogenesis in 3D collagen matrices: regulated expression of genes involved in basement membrane matrix assembly, cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation and G-protein signaling. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:2755–73.


This paper analyzed the characteristics of expansion of build-up area in Tai′an City spanning from 1979 to 2006,using RS,GIS and other related information.The build-up area were extracted from Landsat MSS and TM satellite images in 1979,1987,2002 and 2006,and characteristics of the expansion built-up area were analyzed using the expansion intensity index,compaction degree changes index and directions of expansion.The results indicated that the build-up area in Tai′an City increased rapidly.Expansion intensity index of build-up area decreased gradually.Both Taishan Mountain in the north and Dahe Reservoir in the west was restrict the expansion of build-up area.The physical geography affected urban expansion when it developed to a certain stage,while the socio-economic factors were the key factors in guiding the expansion,such as the capital assets investment,development of tourism,and increase of population by analyzing related statistics of Tai′an.Based on the above-mentioned analysis,the authors put forward that Tai′an City should insist on the rational layout of urban,and strengthen the intensive utilization of land.


As is the case with any local government, there are many misconceptions about the role of parking enforcement in the city of Santa Fe. Much of this stems from a misunderstanding of the role of parking enforcement and its importance in maintaining a high quality of life for city residents and visitors. Yet public attention frequently focuses solely on the negative or punitive aspects of enforcement. In Santa Fe, however, as elsewhere, the heart of the parking enforcement program is to ensure compliance with the city's Uniform Traffic Ordinance. The primary objectives of enforcement are: 1) encourage compliance of parking regulations; 2) promote traffic and pedestrian safety; 3) maximize on-street parking through increased turnover; 4) protect access needed for commerce and public convenience; and 5) keep residential areas free of downtown commuters and visitor parkers. In order to accomplish these objectives, an increased awareness and support of enforcement objectives on the part of both government officials and the general public is required.


A qualitative descriptive technique is employed in the research, and methods for gathering data include interviews, observation, and documentation. The Wisma Kalla Building and Lae-lae Island were the sites of this investigation throughout its one-month duration. The planning, execution, evaluation, and reporting stages of the CSR program have all been completed by the Kalla Lines firm, according to the study findings from that program's implementation. The results of the research from the implementation of the CSR program, namely the implementation of the four stages carried out by the Kalla Lines company, have been carried out, including the planning, implementation, evaluation, and reporting stages. In addition, there is the application of the Triple Bottom Line concept by the company in improving its image and providing space for stakeholders. As for the communication pattern that exists between Kalla Lines companies, namely the CSR program implementing committee as a communicator in conveying messages by saying information regarding facilities and infrastructure in the implementation of the CSR program, which will be carried out through direct and indirect communication, In this case, direct communication is visiting the implementation site and indirectly using a smart phone to contact the coordinator of the Lae-lae island community, Dg.H.Bahar. As a result, the community can well accept the concept of implementing CSR and is willing to provide facilities and infrastructure to make it easier for companies to carry out programs.


This paper addresses the importance of singer-songwriters to understanding China9s contemporary folk music ethos. Instead of considering singer-songwriters as those who perform their own material, this paper examines them as a discursive field that involves the notion of authorship. The first part of the paper revisits the history of singer-songwriters as a thickening process of the aesthetic and sociological voices in their singular authoritarian role. Drawing on Negus9s "unbundling" concept, the myth of singer-songwriters9 heightened investment of authorship is deconstructed via analysis of the dynamic relationships between the song, the performance and the real author. We then demonstrate three kinds of authorship across three phases of the making of folk singer-songwriters, namely confession, parody and scenius. The analysis reveals why and how the making of singer-songwriters and the issue of authorship are useful to the understanding of contemporary folk ethos in China. Overall, the transformation of authorship in the making of singer-songwriters reveals the complexity of textual narratives, the expansion of performance approaches, and the enhancement of sociological agency in the evolution of contemporary folk music. Folk music carves out a distinctive space for reflection on the process of urbanization and its effects on the thought and practice of people of different cultural, social and ethnic backgrounds.


A common elemental analyzer system connected to a temperature-controlled gas chromatography (GC) column and coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer was improved to decrease the determination limit for a simultaneous stable isotope ratio measurement of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The additional use of a special ashtray system to collect the combustion residuals permitted more time-efficient work. These modifications to the elemental analyzer allowed precise measurements to be made down to 1.5 µg nitrogen and 10 µg carbon for stable isotope analysis. Low system background values and an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio have made an additional blank correction for these low sample measurements unnecessary. We provide a precision of this stable isotope analysis for lowest amounts of 1.2–2 µg nitrogen with a standard deviation of ±0.496‰ (n = 27) and for 8.2–15 µg carbon with a standard deviation of ±0.257‰ (n = 31) across different sample runs under stipulated conditions. This application can be established in an automatic mode without cryofocusing procedures.


This paper is the first to present an estimate of the relationship between compulsory schooling laws and school quality in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. To arrive at this estimate I use previously unused city-level data on pupil-teacher ratios, expenditures per pupil, length of school term, and attendance rates. My results indicate that compulsory schooling laws negatively affected school quality. This suggests that the effects of government policy to increase education levels during this period should be tempered since each year of education after the stricter laws were passed was of lower quality. Moreover, this negative relationship persisted for several years after the laws were passed. As an important aside, my results imply that returns-to-schooling estimates that use compulsory schooling law changes as an exogenous source of variation in educational attainment are potentially biased downwards.


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This paper summarizes the story of the Serbian competitions in informatics. The annual cycle of these competitions is described along with the selection and training process. The structure and work of the Serbian Scientific Committee for high school competitions in informatics, which is responsible for selection of Serbian IOI team, is given. We address content and problems of our general education in computer science in schools. Examples of problems are also provided in Appendix.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which originated in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health challenge for all countries around the world. The World Health Organization stated that the epidemic of the novel coronavirus has characterized a public health crisis of international concern. Infection control methods are compulsory to inhibit the virus from further spreading and to help manage the epidemic state. The dental office is not exclusion for the risk of transmitting and acquiring the infection between staff or persons; in fact, the dental office/hospital could be a riskier setting for distribution of virus as there is close contact with patients owing to the nature of most forms of dental treatment. Therefore, dental settings are at high risk of cross-infection between dental professionals and patients.


Amplitude variations with offset (AVO) analysis which is primarily applied to the prestack seismic gathers has been a topic of great interests as it is expected to provide us with more confident indication of hydrocarbon accumulation than simple investigation of the specific anomalies in the stacked seismic section does.AVO analysis was evaluated for potential indicator of gas sand reservoirs on the seismic data of an area onshore East Malaysia of which the stratigraphy is dominated by sand-shale sequence under deltaic environment of Tertiary age. There are two prospects of interests of which one has been confirmed that hydrocarbon be accumulated in a number of sandstone reservoirs and the other remains untested. AVO has been modeled at the tops of three gas reservoirs, which indicates significant increases in amplitude with offset (AVO anomalies) to be expected for all gas reservoirs.Seismic data was processed to be suitable for AVO analysis. Specific data conditioning and enhancement techniques to preserve amplitudes of the data were employed. These techniques include true amplitude FK filtering and time and space variant offset dependent residual amplitude correction.AVO was analyzed by investigating restricted angle stack sections and partially stacked angle traces of the processed data. Significant AVO anomalies were correlated with some of the tops of hydrocarbon reservoirs particularly gas reservoirs which exhibited considerably high amplitudes on stacked section. However, any significant AVO anomalies were not observed in the seismic data acquired on the untested structure.


This paper discusses the state-of-art and trend of molten metal online analysis based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS).Three kinds of analysis have been realized in industry fields.The first is continuously analyzing C,S,P,Si,Mn in molten iron in BF iron gutters.The second is continuously analyzing one to three elements among C,Si,Mn,Cr,Ni in molten steel in BOFs or AODs.The last is continuously analyzing Al,Cu,Fe,Mg,Mn,Si,Cr in molten aluminum alloy in Aluminium smelting furnace filter bowls.In laboratory,it is realized that continuously analyzing one to five elements among C,S,P,Cr,Ni,Si,Mn,Cu,Mo,Co in molten steel and five to seven elements among Al,Mn,Cr,Mg,Zn,Cu,Si,Fe in molten aluminum.Two aspects of trend are worthy of attention.One is to popularize the existed LIBS-based analysis technology among AODs,BF iron gutters,and aluminum smelting furnace filter bowls in industry.The other is to develop discrete online multiple-element LIBS-based analysis technology of molten metal for various smelting furnaces,especially steel smelting furnaces.


The article reviews the exhibition "Shadow Is the Queen of Colour," featuring the paintings of Derek Jarman at the Amanda Wilkinson Gallery in London, England.


To study the predictive factors for the development of clinical manifestations in poisoning due to the erroneous taking of low‐dose methotrexate (MTX).


Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technologies have recently become a popular research topic. The hole transport layers (HTL) are important in establishing stable and efficient PSC by regulating charge absorption, interlayer recombination losses, and band alignment. Spiro-OMeTAD was extensively used as the HTL to fabricate highly efficient PSCs. Despite Spiro-OMeTAD having the benefit of providing high PCEs, it is costly, hazardous to the ecology, and cannot provide high efficiencies in the lack of additional additives that can reduce their stabilities. Inorganic HTL, specifically nickel oxide (NiO), has garnered much interest due to its low-cost, enhanced mobility, and strong stability to attain high efficiency. This study investigated different precursor solutions of NiO synthesis (Method I, II, and III) and deposited using the spin coating approach. The films were annealed at different annealing temperatures (400°C, 550°C, and 700°C) and evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to test their structural, morphological, and optical characteristics, respectively. The findings of XRD revealed that a higher annealing temperature increases the crystallite size and decreases the microstrain through the study from Scherrer's and Williamson-Hall's (WH) equations. From the SEM analysis, the films show uniformity, large crystals, and agglomeration of particles. The annealing temperature from 400°C to 700°C reduced bandgap energy from 3.6 eV to 2.1 eV. According to the result, NiO produced at an annealing temperature of 700°C (Method I) exhibited the best characteristics and might be a viable option for HTL in PSCs.


A disposable feeding bottle package (10), which is easy to assemble and have a reduced risk of contamination of the bottle. Disposable bottle kit comprising: a container (1) and a second part (2) of the first portion, disposed within the first portion of the compressible bottle container (3) and a second portion of the pacifier assembly fitted to the container (4) . The first and second portions of the container to form a seal bonded to each other void spaces, the compressible bottle and teat assembly encapsulated therein.


The data presented here form part of the observations made on the vital capacity in cases of hyperthyroidism. Although a number of such observations have been made in a wide range of similar cases of varying severity, it would be unwise at the present time to formulate definite conclusions of too sweeping a character. Sufficient has, however, been done to demonstrate the clinical utility of the test, and to stimulate further studies. Although this laboratory procedure is old 1 it has not received, relatively, the same consideration as have many other laboratory methods. This, in great part, was due to the lack of knowledge of certain factors which must govern the interpretation of findings, presenting such wide, and at times irregular variations, even in the normal subject. The very thorough work of Dreyer, Peabody and Wentworth, Lundsgaard and Van Slyke, and West 2 in establishing "normals" as units for comparison demonstrates that


Purpose: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in glioma patients confer longer survival and may guide treatment decision making. We aimed to predict the IDH status of gliomas from MR imaging by applying a residual convolutional neural network to preoperative radiographic data. Experimental Design: Preoperative imaging was acquired for 201 patients from the Hospital of University of Pennsylvania (HUP), 157 patients from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), and 138 patients from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and divided into training, validation, and testing sets. We trained a residual convolutional neural network for each MR sequence (FLAIR, T2, T1 precontrast, and T1 postcontrast) and built a predictive model from the outputs. To increase the size of the training set and prevent overfitting, we augmented the training set images by introducing random rotations, translations, flips, shearing, and zooming. Results: With our neural network model, we achieved IDH prediction accuracies of 82.8% (AUC = 0.90), 83.0% (AUC = 0.93), and 85.7% (AUC = 0.94) within training, validation, and testing sets, respectively. When age at diagnosis was incorporated into the model, the training, validation, and testing accuracies increased to 87.3% (AUC = 0.93), 87.6% (AUC = 0.95), and 89.1% (AUC = 0.95), respectively. Conclusions: We developed a deep learning technique to noninvasively predict IDH genotype in grade II–IV glioma using conventional MR imaging using a multi-institutional data set. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1073–81. ©2017 AACR.


The work presents the brief exposition of the proof (in ZF) of inaccessible cardinals nonexistence. To this end in view there is used the apparatus of subinaccessible cardinals and its basic tools -- reduced formula spectra and matrices and matrix functions and others. Much attention is devoted to the explicit and substantial development and cultivation of basic ideas, serving as grounds for all main constructions and reasonings


Efficient temperature estimation is vital for designing thermally efficient, lower power and robust integrated circuits in nanometer regime. Thermal simulation based on the detailed thermal structures no longer meets the demanding tasks for efficient design space exploration. The compact and composable model-based simulation provides a viable solution to this difficult problem. However, building such thermal models from detailed thermal structures was not well addressed in the past. In this article, we propose a new compact thermal modeling technique, called ThermComp, standing for thermal modeling with composable modules. ThermComp can be used for fast thermal design space exploration for multicore microprocessors. The new approach builds the composable model from detailed structures for each basic module using the finite difference method and reduces the model complexity by the sampling-based model order reduction technique. These composable models are then used to assemble different multicore architecture thermal models and realized into SPICE-like netlists. The resulting thermal models can be simulated by the general circuit simulator SPICE. ThermComp tries to preserve the accuracy of fine-grained models with the speed of coarse-grained models. Experimental results on a number of multicore microprocessor architectures show the new approach can easily build accurate thermal systems from compact composable models for fast architecture thermal analysis and optimization and is much faster than the existing HotSpot method with similar accuracy.


The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of merocyanine dye molecules in ionic liquids of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) with different purity grades were investigated. The absorption spectra for this dye in all the ionic liquid solvents investigated looked very similar while the PL emission spectra differed markedly depending on the type of ionic liquid and the impurity content. In all purity grades of [BMIM]BF4 and the ultrahigh grade of [BMIM]PF6, the PL spectra of these merocyanine solutions showed a single peak around 480 nm. However, when a lower grade of [BMIM]PF6 was used as the solvent, an additional PL peak appeared around 575 nm. The deprotonation from the hydroxyl group of the merocyanine molecule after photoexcitation is proposed to explain the phenomenon in this unique solvent system.


The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for recording and analyzing extensive amounts of data about substance abuse obtained during interviews with subjects abusing drugs and alcohol. The data recording and analysis method described has been used in a 5-year prospective follow-up study by personal interview of 100 male and 100 female narcotic addicts. To facilitate the readers' understanding, we have included a case example and a discussion of some preliminary results of data analysis in addition to a detailed description of the method.


The stated scope of this book is to provide simple explanations of the rules and tools used by most public and academic libraries in North America to catalog and classify materials in a variety of formats. The authors indicate that this book is designed for beginning catalogers, library technician programs, and for those working in areas where formal cataloging training is not available. The authors suggest that the book could be used also as a supplementary workbook for students enrolled in cataloging courses in schools of information studies. The book consists of eight chapters. The first two chapters explain the processes and functions of library cataloging and cataloging-in-publication. Chapters 3 and 4 are devoted to the use of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR) to create firstand second-level bibliographic records, including the choice of main and added entries. Chapters 5 and 6 are concerned with the process of subject cataloging, including the selection of appropriate Sears or Library of Congress subject headings, and Dewey Decimal or Library of Congress classification numbers. Chapter 7 focuses on the coding of bibliographic records using MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging). The book concludes with a chapter that explains the process of copy cataloging. Most of the chapters follow a standard template: The basic processes involved in the relevant aspect of the cataloging process are explained, accompanied by several illustrative examples, and followed by sets of exercises to be completed by the reader, the answers to which appear in an appendix. The authors do a commendable job of explaining clearly and succinctly the processes involved in descriptive and subject cataloging. Focus is placed on the overarching principles of cataloging and classification processes, rather than on detailed explanations of how to use the standard library cataloging tools. The chapter on descriptive cataloging, for example, explains each of the eight ISBD (International Standard of Bibliographic Description) elements that form the underpinning of a standard bibliographic record. For each element, the authors explain basic rules of required punctuation, as well as general guidelines for deciding what should populate each element


The total disk surface density is a fundamentally defining feature of protoplanetary disks. We present a novel method for determining the total disk surface density through assuming that the process of particle drift controls the radial scale of the disk. We use TW Hydra as our fiducial disk and find that the disk size and ice line locations can be accurately reproduced using a simplified self consistent model that relies on the disk surface density derived from the 'dust lines' which indicate the disk radial scale at different observational wavelengths. We apply our simplified model to a large disk parameter space and find several observational diagnostics of our physical assumptions. In particular, we predict that across a given CO fraction we should find that disks with large radial scales have shorter ice lines. We also provide an updated and expanded method of determining the impact of drift in modeling the molecular ice lines in a disk.


Objective: Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been the most empirically studied pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a need remains for the investigation of additional pharmacological agents in the treatment of PTSD. The present study examined the use of bupropion sustained release (SR) as compared with placebo for symptom reduction in patients with PTSD: approximately half who were already prescribed an selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and half who were not. Method: Thirty patients (mean age, 50 years) with civilian- or military-related PTSD enrolled in an 8-week evaluation of bupropion SR versus placebo assigned in a 2:1 ratio in addition to their usual pharmacological care. Statistical tests included analyzing both study completers and using an intent-to-treat analysis, as well as post hoc examination of responders versus nonresponders. Results: Although no between-group differences were detected, both groups reported a reduction in PTSD symptoms. In a hypothesis-generating post hoc analysis of responders versus nonresponders in the bupropion SR condition (defined as a Clinician Global Improvement score of at least minimally improved), it seemed that younger patients not currently on another antidepressant were more likely to benefit from bupropion. Conclusions: Bupropion SR in the treatment of PTSD had no significant effect in the current sample. Factors contributing to the absence of an effect need further study. Our analysis points to the inclusion of age and concomitant antidepressant treatment as important variables in any future larger-scale study.


BACKGROUND
One of the possible ways of improving the activity and selectivity profile of anticancer agents is to design drug carrier systems employing nanomolecules. Calix[4]arene derivatives and chlorambucil and ibuprofen are important compounds that exhibit interesting anticancer properties.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this article is the synthesis of new calix[4]arene-derivative conjugates of chlorambucil or ibuprofen with potential anticancer activity.

METHODS
Cytotoxicity assays were determined using the protein-binding dye sulforhodamine B (SRB) in microculture to measure cell growth, as described [19,20]. Conjugates of chlorambucil and resorcinarene-dendrimers were prepared in 2% DMSO and added into the culture medium immediately before use. Control cells were treated with 2% DMSO.

RESULTS
Thus, calix[4]arene-derivative conjugates of chlorambucil or ibuprofen showed good stability of the chemical link between drug and spacer. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the calix[4]arene chlorambucil or ibuprofen conjugates employing a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay in K-562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells) and U-251 (human glioblastoma cells) demonstrated that the conjugate was more potent as an antiproliferative agent than free chlorambucil and ibuprofen. The conjugates did not show any activity against the COS-7 African green monkey kidney fibroblast cell line.

CONCLUSION
In the paper we report the synthesis and spectroscopic analyses of new calix[4]arene derivative conjugates of chlorambucil or ibuprofen. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that at 10 μM, the conjugates were very active against K-562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells) and U-251 (human glioblastoma cells) cancer cells' proliferation. In order to explain the molecular mechanisms involved in anticancer activity of calix[4]arene chlorambucil or ibuprofen conjugates, our research will be continued.


Objective: To assess the ability of inducing humoral and cell mediated immune responses of HPV16 L1E7 chimeric virus like particles for immunization in mice. Methods: Chimeric virus like particles (CVLPs) constructed by fusing HPV16 E7 sequences into the C terminus of the viral L1 gene were used as the preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccine. Animals received the vaccine intraperitoneally, and were detected for antibodies with ELISA, DTH reaction and serum IFN γ level five weeks after the first immunization. Spleenic T cells extracted from experimental mice were stimulated with HPV16 L1 E7 protein in vitro to show the activity of T lymphocytes two weeks after the second immunization. Results: Animals that received the cVLPs vaccine intraperitoneally developed systemic anti L1 IgG antibodies. And the level of antibodies was much higher after the second immunization. HPV16L1 specific DTH responses were induced by immunization with this vaccine. Serum IFN γ was much higher than that of the controls. Spleenic T cells extracted from experimental mice showed a specific T lymphocyte activity. Conclusion: The results suggest that HPV16 L1 E7 based protein vaccine may be useful for the prevention and therapy of primary infections by HPV16 and HPV associated tumor.


In conventional underwater coal ash disposal, the major concern is to increase the disposal capacity by increasing the density. Underwater placement of coal ash slurry is thought to be one method to achieve this. The properties of the slurry and its density compared to the conventional disposal method, however, have not been studied. In this paper, the properties of a new high density slurry, the density of which is 96% of the maximum dry density, are shown from results obtained through laboratory tests. Since the density decrease during underwater placement is less than 4%, this slurry is expected to dispose of coal ash at 92% of the maximum dry density, even underwater. That corresponds to the same density as the field compaction, and 159% of the conventional disposal. The advantage of the new slurry method with regards to strength suggests new possibilities in the utilization of coal ash for stable fills.


In this brief, we present a novel pipelined architecture for real-valued fast Fourier transform (RFFT), which is dedicated to processing serial input data.  An optimized algorithm of the stage division for RFFT is proposed to achieve an area-efficient RFFT computing structure with full hardware utilization. A single path butterfly (SBF) and a real rotator are merged into one processing element (PE) in each stage except the last stage to save latency and hardware resources.


With the vigorous development of the database and other online resources,the libraries have been greatly influenced in the acquisition of paper-based books and journals.In order to raise the quality of books and journals purchased,the university libraries should exert direct control of the book acquisition of paper-based materials in the environment of the price rising of books and of the shrinking of funds year by year.Starting from the fund allocation,the determination of the acquisition of books,this article discusses the concrete methods for acquisition process control in book purchasing.


Surface forms are caused by boundary-phenomena of the Earth's crust. In this connection, one has to distinguish between solid and loose rock, as well as between rock-walls and debris-covered slopes. Exogenic as well as endogenic processes are implicated in the fluvial and glacial formation of valleys and ridges; this is also the case in connection with the backwards weathering of wall-slopes. A selection prin ciple can be deduced from the frequency of certain forms.


Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, $19.95, paper, 321 pages, 2012. Alexander investigates how criminalization and incarceration policies of the past several decades have "redesigned" the racial caste system in the US. She argues that the disproportionate numbers of black men and women involved in the criminal justice system, even when released from prison, have starkly fewer rights and opportunities than their counterparts during the Jim Crow era; this legally and economically enforced disenfranchisement has led to the destabilization of African American communities.


Focusing on large scale and thin disk machining in aerospace industry,a combination of methods"residual stress release slotting"and"vibration aided aging"is proposed to solve the distortion problem in the machining process. The method is validated by the satisfaction of design requirement in product machining,from which the proposed method can be proven to extend to other aerospace components with similar structure.


Enhanced population transfer from the lowest to the highest level in the three-state ladder 5s→5p→5d of the rubidium atom by frequency-swept ultrashort laser pulses is observed if the frequency sweep first makes the pulse resonant with the 5s→5p transition, and later with the 5p→5d transition. With this «intuitive» scheme it is possible to achieve complete population inversion via the intermediate level by two successive adiabatic passages. Complete inversion is also obtained by a «counterintuitive» direction of the frequency sweep, in which case population of the intermediate level during the pulse is strongly reduced


For over a decade there has been immense public, political, and academic concern regarding the need for improvement in both general and special education. In the field of general education, response to this concern has centered primarily on addressing the capability of the educational system to respond to the economic, social, cultural, and ethnic complexities found in society at large, on the role and appropriate response of education in doing this, and on the impacts of these changes on the educational enterprise. In special education, restructuring has increasingly emphasized the use of inclusionary practices and improving the social experience and engagement of students while downplaying the importance of acquisition of knowledge and skills. Contemporary trends involving anti-science and postmodern methodologies (e.g., social constructivism) among many academics have fueled resistance to monitoring of individual instructional effects (Bateman, 1995) and antagonism to the scrutiny of the relationships between different instructional procedures and outcomes (Wang, Haertel, & Walberg, 1993a) in the development of better public accountability in local education. This philosophical stance has had a powerful influence on education, especially on educational training institutions. Its proponents exert considerable pressure on educators to adhere to an "educationally correct" model which not only strongly opposes the systematic instruction of specific skills but also the objective evaluation of attainment of these skills. Heward and Cooper (1992) state:


Research in materials science and solar energy at the physics department of Makerere University supported by the International Program in the Physical Sciences started in 1989. The research has been mainly on selective surfaces for solar energy applications. This poster paper presents the planned research activities of the group. For the short-term research is mainly on normally and obliquely deposited metal films in the presence of magnetic fields. In the long-term the area of research will be widened to include amorphous and other photovoltaic materials and devices.


This paper reviews the influences of nanotechnology on the property enhancement of polymeric fiber materials. Nanosize entities (i.e. clay, metal oxide, carbon black and carbon nanotube) and their functions on the structure and property of fiber materials are discussed. Novel fibers (i. e. nanocomposite fiber, nano-foam fiber and electrospun polymeric nanofiber) and their preparation methods (especially the technology of electrospinning) are introduced. Furthermore, the applications of nanotechnology in the process of fiber finishing are also briefly elucidated. In the end, perspectives about the future development of polymeric fiber materials are addressed.


High homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC has been performed in a home-made horizontal hot wall CVD reactor on n-type 4H-SiC 8° off-oriented substrates in the size of 10 mm × 10 mm, using trichlorosilane (TCS) as silicon precursor source together with ethylene as carbon precursor source. Cross-section Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman scattering spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to determine the growth rate, structural property and surface morphology, respectively. The growth rate reached to 23 ¿m/h and the optimal epilayer was obtained at 1600°C with TCS flow rate of 12 sccm in C/Si of 0.42, which has a good surface morphology with a low Rms of 0.64 nm in 10 ¿m×10 ¿m area.


To carry out a chemical clean by the simplified technique it is advisable to use a solution of disubstitution ammonium salt of EDTA at a concentration of 0.03-0.05%, a temperature scavenging solution of about 150 C and a velocity of 1.5-2 m/s. Under these conditions, cleaning the LRS of a PK-41 boiler in an open system takes 4-6 h. Putting the boiler back into operation immediately after clean enables separate passivation of the metal to be avoided; passivation takes place during the process of bringing the boiler up to working parameters.