Growing evidence demonstrates that fluctuating metal stressors can have profound impact on the ecophysiological responses in aquatic species. However, how environmental stochasticity affects the complex damage-recovery dynamics in organisms remains difficult to predict. The objective of this paper was to investigate the stochastic behavior in the damage-recovery dynamics in tilapia in response to pulse waterborne copper (Cu). We developed a mathematical framework that allows discrimination between damage and recovery processes in tilapia exposed to designed pulse Cu scenarios. We built deterministic nonlinear models for the damage-recovery dynamics that produce response surfaces describing killing/recovery rate–Cu-pulse interval interactions. Here we showed that the stochastic switching behavior arose from competition among killing, recovery rates, and Cu pulse frequency. This competition resulted in an ultrasensitivity appeared in whole body, gills, muscle, liver, and kidney with Hill coefficients of ≥7, 4, 7, 5, and 5, respectively, at Cu 3 mg L−1, dilution rate 0.05 h−1, and pulse interval 72 h, indicating that a stochastic switch-like response was generated. We argue that the role of gill-associated Hill coefficient as a direct signal of the stochastic switch-like response in the damage-recovery dynamics in response to pulse metal stressor can serve as a sensitive indicator for risk detection in fluctuating environments. Our approach constitutes a general method to identify the stochastic switch-like response for aquatic species exposed to fluctuating metal stressors, which may help to predict and, eventually, expand our understanding of the damage-recovery dynamics. Finally, we implicate that Hill coefficientbased switch-like signal and its damage with hazard response can be linked in an information theoretic framework to handle environmental stochasticity. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. . Introduction The association between aquatic species exposed to fluctuating r pulsed contaminants and their responses has been extensively tudied in a wide variety of systems, demonstrating that fluctuating etal stressors can have profound impact on the ecophysiological esponses (Meyer et al., 1995; Reinert et al., 2002; Diamond et al., 006; Ashauer et al., 2007, 2010; Chen and Liao, 2012; Chen et al., 012a,b). Recently developed model used to describe the survival rocess of aquatic species in response to fluctuating and sequential ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 2 2363 4512; fax: +886 2 2362 6433. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (C.-M. Liao). ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.038 470-160X/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. pulses of contaminants is a process-based threshold damage model (TDM) based on the damage assessment model (DAM) (Ashauer et al., 2007, 2010). They argued that the sequence where organisms are exposed to chemicals could matter as important as the concentration and exposure duration. Chen et al. (2012b) have incorporated a positive damage feedback loop into a toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic (TK/TD)-based TDM to assess susceptibility for tilapia and freshwater clam in response to waterborne arsenic. They indicated that TDM with positive feedback frequently exhibited a switch-like behavior when exposure levels of metal stressor exceed certain thresholds. On the other hand, different metal stressors with specific Hill coefficients evoke different dynamic patterns of damage with hazard. Moreover, Hill coefficient that derived from a mortality-time profile is suggested as a risk indicator for assessing the survival probability for aquatic species exposed to waterborne metals. gical Indicators 67 (2016) 598–610 599 f t b d t d r a a f q o 2 t c fi l i t T q 1 t M ( w b p a C i w w p C i m d i r a s i c


Abstract : The use of hypnotics in Army aviation has become an option for helping soldiers sleep in less than optimal environments and in unusual circumstances preparing for deployment to another time zone, or during high intensity combat. The choice of a hypnotic for aviator use is limited since a grounding period is needed while the medication is effective and performance may be compromised for several hours post-administration. The two hypnotics currently used by the aviation community are temazepam (Restoril) during peace time and triazolam (Halcion during war time. The resent paper briefly reviews laboratory and clinical studies of these two hypnotics. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each medication are discussed as well as the current Army policy concerning the use of such medications. Recommendations concerning studies needed to assess the effects of these medications on pilot, performance are provided. triazolam, temazepam, aviation.


Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is an evergreen plant, a small tree or shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region. In the area of growth since ancient times, various parts (berries, fruits and leaves) of myrtle are used in folk medicine. The therapeutic properties of varies parts of the myrtle can be caused with different biologically active compounds, such as terpenoids (α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, geranyl acetate, linalool, limonene, trans-myrtanol acetate), polyphenolic compounds named flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, myrtocommulones etc. At present time the myrtle is successfully cultivated in the coastal zone of the southern coast of Crimea. We studied samples of leaves of myrtle, harvested in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – National Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from the leaves of were determined. It was established that the appropriate extragent for this raw material is 80% ethanol. The extraction time is 90 min, the ratio of "raw material-extragent" is 1 : 50. The method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids (calculated on rutin) in the leaves of myrtle by the method of differential spectrophotometry, at an analytical wavelength of 414 nm. Using the developed methodic, a number of samples of the myrtle leaves were analyzed, and it was established that the content of the total flavonoids in the leaves of myrtle varies from 2.48±0.08% to 3.64±0.12% (calculated on rutin) .


Analysis of low-abundance components in small samples remains a challenge within bioanalytical chemistry, and new techniques for sample pretreatments followed by sensitive and informative detection ...


This paper provides an asymptotic equivalent to the least upper bound for the random trigonometric polynomial a 1cos t+a 2cos 2t+…+a n cos nt, where a j (j=1,2,…,n) are independent, normally distributed random variables with mean zero and variance one. It is shown that the expected number of K level crossings tends to zero if K/n log n→∞, where K cannot be asymptotically reduced. For the same trigonometric polynomial the level u, such that u/√n log n→∞ as n→∞, is found to be the asymptotic lowest level above which the expected number of maxima tends to zero. It is shown that for the algebraic polynomial a 1+a 2 t+…+a n t n−1, with the coefficients as before, the expected number of K level crossings tends to zero if K/nf n →∞ as n→∞, where f n is some function that tends to infinity as n tends to infinity.


In this study, prescriptions were collected to establish a database based on the traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support system (TCMISS). Such data-mining methods as software's statistical statement module, data analysis module and apriori algorithm were used to analyze the frequency of single drug, the frequency of drug combination, the association rules and the core drug combinations of ostreae concha-containing prescriptions. The results showed that Ostreae Concha-containing prescriptions were frequently used to treat insomnia, vertigo, stomach-ache and other syndromes. The frequently used drugs included Ossis Mastodi Fossilia, Parched Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Polygoni Multiflori Caulis, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Paeoniae Rubra Radix. The frequently used drug combinations included "Ostreae Concha and Ossis Mastodi Fossilia", "Ostreae Concha and Parched Ziziphi Spinosae Semen", and "Ostreae Concha and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis". The drug association rules with the confidence coefficient of more than 0. 95 included "Ossis Mastodi Fossilia-->Ostreae Concha", "Cocos Poria-Ossis Mastodi Fossilia-Ostreae Concha", "Ossis Mastodi Fossilia-Parched Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-->Ostreae Concha", and "Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Ossis Mastodi Fossilia--Ostreae Concha".


In today's world we face many problems and greenhouse gas emissions negatively affect the environment. Non-renewable energy is one of 4444 sources of carbon monoxide. Also, these power plants cause many diseases to the people who live in them. Also, these power plants are not permanent as their energy supply quickly runs out. Chapter large wind turbines use technology such as passives or passive components to increase the speed of the turbine. Chapter Inverters are also used to regulate the output voltage to exceed the grid cost. Because the stage is in front of the bus stage, wind energy can be integrated into the bus network. The bus impedance is negligible, so they can be easily coupled. The main problem sections of wind power options include changes in power output or the quality of the electricity supplied to the grid. Knights are bullies. Conservatively, the wind turbine's AC power output is rectified or coupled to the solar array's output voltage to charge a battery or provide useful power to a load..


This paper describes the effect of the electric field generated by two different high voltage power supplies on a coflowing jet flame. The paper is motivated by the increased availability of low-cost high-voltage power supplies and the question of whether their performance characteristics are suitable for flame-generated chemi-ion current measurements (nano/microamp) in sensitive environments. Economical designs, which may involve removing active current sinking components, can compromise a power supply's ability to respond on the millisecond time scales that have made the electric actuation of flames a unique approach to combustion sensing and control. The influence of several factors on the measured ion current, including rise time to a desired set point, precision and drift of the applied voltage, and voltage ripple, are important. Experiments are conducted using a small coflowing jet flame and two different power supplies; one supply is a high performance laboratory grade device and the other an inexpensive compact and lightweight unit. Methane is selected as the fuel source in order to reduce the potentially confounding influence of soot. Flame behavior is characterized optically and by the measured ion current. Optical measurements show the flame response and the response of the surrounding thermal field.


The intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) and the intracellular pH (pHi) were measured in identified neuropile glial cells in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, using the fluorescent dye fura‐2, and double‐barrelled, neutral carrier, pH‐sensitive microelectrodes. Different stimuli were used to elicit Ca2+i and/or pHi changes, such as application of ammonium, high external K+‐concentration, and low external pH. Ammonium (20 mM) and high external K+ (20 mM), which depolarized the glial membrane by 20–30 mV, evoked rapid and large rises of Ca2+i. In contrast to the Ca2i changes, amplitude and direction of the pHi changes were dependent on the presence of CO2/HCO3− in the saline. The addition of CO2/HCO3−, and the subsequent reduction of external pH from 7.4 to 7.0, had no effect on Ca2+i, but caused significant changes of pHi. The results suggest that the ammonium‐ and K+‐induced Ca2+i rises were due to the membrane depolarization leading to a Ca2+ influx through voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels in the glial membrane, while the pHi changes resulted from movements of ammonia and from the activation or inhibition of the Na+‐HCO3− cotransporter. This indicates that changes of intracellular Ca2+ and pH can occur independently of each other, suggesting that the homeostasis of these ions is not necessarily interrelated in these glial cells.


Based on data of haze days observed by Puyang Meteorological Station of Henan Province from 1971 to 2012,climatic characteristics,causes and prevention countermeasures of haze in Puyang were discussed. The results showed that annual average haze days in Puyang tended to increase slightly over the past 42 years on the whole,and the increasing trend became obvious since the 1990s. Meanwhile,haze days in Puyang showed an obvious seasonal variation,that is,haze mainly appeared in autumn( from September to November) and winter( from December to next February),and it was the most frequent in winter. Haze formation was closely related to meteorological and environment elements. Increase of calm wind in horizontal direction,inversion layer in vertical direction,and increase of suspended particulate matter could lead to aggregation of air pollutants,so that haze days increased. Some countermeasures against haze pollution,such as controlling pollution sources,limiting discharge of vehicle exhaust and industrial gases,and increasing green area,should be adopted to reduce haze harm to air quality and human health.


Nowadays there is a wealth of biological data. The main challenge in the post-genomic era is to interpret and make sense out of these data and ultimately answer important biological questions ranging from determining the function and structure of proteins to elucidating the evolution of species and tumors. Many of these questions can be formulated as combinatorial optimization problems where the goal is to find, given an objective function, an optimal object from a finite set of feasible objects. Typically, the set of feasible objects grows exponentially in the size of the input---thus prohibiting an exhaustive enumeration. By carefully studying the combinatorial structure of the problem and patterns that are common to typical input data, one can often design an algorithm that performs well in practice. My thesis concerns several combinatorial optimization problems in computational biology for which we have developed algorithms that are of practical use.


Barings, P.L.C. (Barings) was the oldest investment firm in Britain and one of its most illustrious. It was a 223-year-old financial institution that financed the Louisiana Purchase and the Napoleonic Wars long before it served as an investment adviser to Queen Elizabeth II. Yet, despite a prominent history, this venerable institution collapsed on February 26, 1995, as the result of a single trader's derivative activities in Singapore. The story of the Barings collapse raises a host of issues in derivatives trading, risk management, systemic risk, and international securities and banking regulation. In the aftermath of the collapse, many questions and concerns have arisen. How could an old, prominent, and stable institution like Barings collapse so quickly? Do other financial institutions face similar risks? What lessons can be learned from Barings and steps implemented to prevent similar, if not more catastrophic, collapses from occurring in the future? More specifically, the collapse raises concerns about the regulation of derivative activities by banks, involving both the proper scope and role of international regulation of derivative activities as well as the proper extent and effectiveness of external regulatory controls. This Note explores these questions and proposes possible solu-


Time dependent properties of angle ply laminated boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy fiber controlled composites were investigated. The main objective of this study was to develop a technique to establish interconversion of different test results using appropriate viscoelastic theory to formulate an accelerated testing procedure. To achieve this aim, forced vibration, constant strain rate and creep tests were performed at different temperature levels. Multiple regression techniques were used to generate response surfaces for significant variables. Master curves using the time-temperature superposition principle were established for individual tests. Mechanical model representation, integral equation formulation and numerical integration methods based on linear viscoelasticity were used to predict constant strain rate and long time creep behavior of composites from nondestructive short time dynamic tests. (GRA)


Abstract : Several computer simulations are described which examine the influence of space charge instabilities on an intense beam propagating down an alternate gradient focused channel. By following the detailed non-linear evolution of this system at various currents it is shown that instabilities can cause emittance growth which, by diluting the phase space density of the beam, can limit the current intensity which can be transported. (Author)


Recent progress of oven wall brick, especially "high density silica brick" developed in U. S. A. was introduced and discussed from the standpoint of a refractory producer.High density silica brick aiming at the shortening of coking time through higher thermal conductivity can be obtained by the addition of titania, copper oxide or metallic siliconHowever, it was recently found that some oven bricks used for a long period had considerably decreased in porosity and therefore increased by 40 percent in thermal conductivity. These phenomena were mainly due to the structural and chemical changes, which were investigated in detail.The result gave a prospect to make high density silica brick with the porosity of as low as 20-17 percent by selecting raw materials and improving manufacturing procedures without any metallic additive. Physical properties of trial products are shown.


Finding multi-path routes in ad hoc networks due to their grid topology seems to be a trivial task, but because of CSMA/CA effects in these networks found paths are not completely disjoint unless an appropriate algorithm have taken into account. If such an algorithm provided and designed carefully it could improve multi-path video transmission over these kinds of networks. By using node-disjoint paths, it is expected that the end-to-end delay and BER in each case should be independent of each other. However, because of natural properties and medium access mechanisms in ad hoc networks the end-to-end delay and also BER between any source and destination depends on the pattern of communication in the neighborhood region. In this case some of the intermediate nodes should be silent to reverence their neighbors and this matter increases the end-to-end delay. To avoid this problem, multi-path routing algorithms can use zone-disjoint paths instead of node-disjoint paths. In this paper we demonstrated a new multi-path routing algorithm that selects zone-disjoint paths that in addition used for video multi-path transmission over ad hoc networks. It is shown that by using this new algorithm along with choosing an appropriate scheme for video transmission over discovered paths, our approach receives enhanced results comparing previously used algorithms.


Unified Parallel C (UPC) is a programming model for shared-memory parallel computing on shared- and distributed-memory systems. The Berkeley UPC software, which operates on top of their Global Addressing Space Networking (GASNet) communication system, is a portable, high-performance implementation of UPC for large-scale clusters. The Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI), a torus-based system-area network (SAN), is known for its ability to provide very low latency transfers as well as its direct support for both shared-memory and message-passing communications. High-speed clusters constructed around SCI promise to he a potent platform for large-scale UPC applications. This work introduces the design of the core API for the new SCI conduit for GASNet and UPC, which is based on active messages (AM). Latency and bandwidth data were collected and are compared with raw SCI results and with other existing GASNet conduits. The outcome shows that the new GASNet SCI conduit is able to provide promising performance in support of UPC applications.


In this paper the ionizing role of isobutane (isoC4H10) in the operation of a N2TE UV laser is analyzed. Laser pulse width value modifications, different laser wavelengths generated in the 2 + system and voltage pulse period modifications are analysed in order to show that isobutane, in very reduced quantities, generates a preionizing effect that can be higher than that produced by a conventional wire preionization system.


The study aimed to determine whether back pain is a clinical manifestation in patients with COVID-19 and whether several demographic and disease characteristics could be an effective indicator of back pain.
Materials and Methods. A total of 99 patients with COVID-19 were recruited from the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Kirikkale High Specialized Hospital in Turkey and divided into two groups depending on the presence (n=50) or absence of back pain (n=49). The primary outcomes included were demographic and disease characteristics, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study Physical Activity Level for Work (HUNT), and the 6-minute walking test.
Results. The most common symptom was fatigue (n=63, 63.6%), followed by back pain (n=50, 50.5%). In the back pain group, the number of patients with sedentary lifestyle, oxygen requirement, pneumonia, and typical pneumonia pattern were significantly higher (p=0.009, p=0.026, p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively), while aerobic capacity was lower (p=0.001). In a logistic regression analysis, back pain was found to be associated with pneumonia presence.
Conclusions. Back pain may be associated with the presence of COVID-19 pneumonia and should be evaluated as its early warning symptom.


This paper studies a sampled-data synchronized output regulation (SSOR) problem with time-varying sampling. By transforming the sampled feedback error into a controll input with a piecewise-continuous delay, the sampled-data system is converted into a continuous one with delayed input. Two issues are addressed: whether a controller designed for continuous system caters to the sampling bandwidth and how to design a sampled-data controller that can synchronize all the nodal outputs. The information exchanged between neighboring nodes is the relative output error. The development is based on input delay approach that converts a sampled-data system into a continuous time delay system. A numerical simulation shows an efficacy of analytic results.


The treatment of cannibalism in anthropology is in a state between myth and reality due to an unresolved debate surrounding the validity of its existence. From one perspective, investigators such as Arens (1979:109, 182) posit that belief in the existence of cannibalism is based on second hand information, not by actually witnessing the practice; and constitutes a myth without any historic reality. Other investigators have speculated that osteological evidence illustrates cannibalism as a form of perimortem terrorism associated with socio-political control (Kantner 1999:37). In modernity cannibalism has occurred as recently as the 1970's, when a group of rugby players were forced to partake in cannibalism as a matter of survival, after a plane crash in the Andes (Lee 2008:D8). Some ethnographers have also documented interviews of individuals who formerly practiced cannibalism based on the compassionate treatment of the dead to help the living cope with the loss of a loved one (Conklin 2001:234-235). The rejection of some cannibalism forms while accepting others calls into question the ability of anthropologists to approach the subject objectively. Arens states, "the significant question is not why people eat human flesh, but why one group invariably assumes that others do," (1979:139). I suggest that Arens is wrong. I suggest there are two significant questions both related to his position. The first significant question is not why one group invariably assumes that others eat human flesh, but why one group assumes that others will not. The second question is precisely what he dismisses; why would people eat human flesh? Perhaps the answer to both questions lies in the naivety of people towards cannibalism in general. Christy Turner, an expert on cannibalism has said, "That which we know little or nothing about is commonly disbelieved, and sometimes considered a dangerous and taboo subject," (Turner 2008:17). Therefore, it is a matter of education, and regarding cannibalism, there are two important points to consider. First, cannibalism exists in two forms: endocannibalism, which is the eating of individuals from within one's own social group; and exocannibalism, which is the eating of individuals who do not belong to the social group (Turner and Turner 1999:460). Second, cannibalism is commonly portrayed in Western culture by the latter form. It is my contention that by contrasting terror and survivor cannibalism against mortuary cannibalism, it will be shown that the disbelief in cannibalism is a product of Western biases towards exocannibalism.


A polycarbonate resin composition which includes a polycarbonate resin, a polyalkylene terephthalate resin, a carbon material, and a graft copolymer, the graft copolymer having a structure that includes a core and a covering portion that covers at least a portion of the core, the content of the carbon material being 10 to 45 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total of the polycarbonate resin and the polyalkylene terephthalate resin, and the content of the graft copolymer being 0.5 to 35 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total of the polycarbonate resin and the polyalkylene terephthalate resin.


The invention discloses a paper concentrating device for concentrating paper. The paper concentrating device comprises a concentrating box, a conveying-in mechanism and a knocking component, wherein the concentrating box is used for stacking the paper and concentrating the paper into the concentrating box; the conveying-in mechanism comprises a conveying guide part, a conveying roller, a feeding roller, a pinch roller and a door roller and is used for conveying the paper into the concentrating box in the vertical direction relative to the stacking direction of the paper in the concentrating box; the knocking component is arranged above the concentrating space of the paper in the concentrating box. The paper concentrating device is characterized in that a paper money code identification and storage module is arranged in the paper concentrating device and used for identifying codes of the paper money and the real and counterfeit paper money. By using the paper concentrating device, the paper is prevented from being blocked in the paper concentrating device and is stably stacked and concentrated.


Based on the questions of fixed structure, difficulty to modify and high data redundancy in the current multimedia courseware storehouse, this paper puts forward a kind of implementation of multimedia courseware storehouse based on material storehouse using EJB technology.It solved the problem of the management, assembly and reuse of the teaching materials effectively, and raised the flexibility of the courseware storehouse and the efficiency of the development of the courseware.


This account of the Ranney Collection may best begin with the history of the two persons responsible for it—Dr. Mark Ranney, to whom it is a memorial, and Mrs. Ranney, who collected the books and gave them to The University of Iowa. Dr. Ranney was born in West Westminster, Vermont, July 7, 1827. His father was of Norman parentage. After taking his degree in medi cine at Vermont Medical College in 1849, Dr. Ranney served for sev eral years at Butler Hospital for the Insane, Providence, Rhode Island. In 1854 he was elected assistant physician of the McClean Hospital for the Insane, near Boston. He came to Iowa in 1865 as superintend ent of the state hospital for the insane at Mt. Pleasant, a position he held except for a two-year period, 1873-75, when he was superintend ent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane, until his death in 1882. In 1870 he was appointed lecturer on insanity in the newly es tablished College of Medicine of The University of Iowa. "He married, October 2, 1865, Martha Wright, daughter of Thomas Sawyer, Esq. of Sterling, Mass." A single sentence in the article on Dr. Ranney in Atkinson's The Physicians and Surgeons of the United States (1878) tells all I know about Mrs. Ranney up to the time of her husband's death. After his death, she decided that a library of beautiful books would be the most suitable memorial that could be devised for a lover of books, and she began the task of forming such a collection as a memorial to her husband. Our knowledge of the progress of this collection is gained from a group of letters and receipted bills relating to its purchase, now the property of the University Libraries. Unfortunately the correspondence is far from complete. It includes what must be only a small part of the letters she received and no copies of her letters. Those that we have cover the period February 3, 1901 to December 13, 1906, showing that Mrs. Ranney spent at least five years in bringing the books to


Objective To evaluate the applied value of functional neuronavigation with magnetoencephalography(MEG) in microsurgery for menigomas in the motor cortexes. Methods Twenty-one patients with menigomas in the motor cortexes received MEG and MRI examination before the operation. These individualized functional brain maps were integrated into a neuronavigation system. Preoperative mapping of somatosensory and/or motor cortex was performed. All the menigomas in the motor cortexes were removed by the neuronavigator-assisted microsurgery. Results According to Simpson standard, the resection of the tumors was grade Ⅰ in 10 cases, Ⅱ in 9 and Ⅲ in 2. The neurological function returned to normal in 17 patients, improved in 3 and became worse in 1 case. Conclusions MEG is an effective method to localize the cerebral functional area. MEG can provide important informations including the relationship between the cortical functional area and meningomas for microsurgery performed in the cortical functional area.


The pioneer of bimanual phaco, Dr. Amar Agarwal, has taken ophthalmology and cataract surgery to new heights inside Bimanual Phaco: Mastering the Phakonit Technique. Technological advances have brought this microincisional surgery to the forefront of the field in safety and accuracy. One of the hottest topics to come about in cataract surgery, this break-through text covers all aspects of bimanual phaco and how one can master the technique. With world-renowned contributions from 25 of the world's experts in cataract surgery and over 200 photographs and illustrations, Bimanual Phaco will launch today's surgeon into the future and new era of 1 mm cataract surgery.


myth and symbol to appeal to the imagination; but they were concerned to express what they held to be truths about God, man and the world that cannot be expressed directly. Those who set it to music in sixteenth-century England, to whom Mrs Warnock refers us, were not stating those truths directly in their music, but clothing them, through their musical imagination, in a form that brings them home to us. (But the tradition in which this was done includes the Roman Catholics Tallis and Byrd, as well as Anglicans like Gibbons. It belongs to the Church as a whole, in a way that transcends particular theologies.) Imagination, as Mrs Warnock reminds us, can help us to see what otherwise we should not see; to make connections which would otherwise be missing; to go on further than reason and knowledge can take us. But the question of truth remains. Where the relevant experience is so various, so mixed, and so hard to define; where nothing can be demonstrated; where no one has the last word, how are we to make good the claim that it expresses truth, not merely our feelings? The truth that it expresses can only be seen as something that emerges in the business of living, something that has to do with the wholeness of man-a wholeness which transcends his fragmentary life. It expresses itself in a shared sense of values: the kind of values that Paul lists in the great summation at the end of Philippians. It asserts (what it cannot prove on the ambiguous evidence) that this sense of shared values is somehow linked with, grounded in the order of things. It is the task of theology to show how this is seen and expressed in Christian experience: a theology illuminated by an imagination which is both rooted in the past and can explore the future, with its promise and its threat, and give us the hope that we need. JAMES MARK


The aim of this study is to apply the zero thickness element approach to investigate the upper bound value of limit analysis with the different failure mechanism of a shallow tunnel excavation in soft clay. This interface is modelled as a contact element with zero thickness and with the Coulomb's friction behaviour. The procedure of numerical analysis adopted the zero thickness element particularly developed and installed into the finite element program in the laboratory. A series of finite element analysis is used to investigate the solutions of stability and simulate the soil progressive failure mechanism due to a shallow tunnel excavation. Four geometry of failure mechanism are taken into account the effects of overburden depth and critical collapse ratio. According to the results obtained, the upper bound values between the limit equilibrium analysis and the numerical calculation are theoretically coincidence, and also the progressive failure mechanism of cohesive soil can be practically predicted. The numerical analyses show that the predicted stability ratio is in reasonable agreement with the analytical solutions in the limit analysis.


This paper presents work done by the Mars 2020 Mission Planning Team to characterize landing site thermal environments. A process was developed to take in ground temperature simulation data for each landing site and efficiently discretize it into six thermal environment bins. The Mars 2020 Thermal Team then performed detailed heater and energy modeling in each of those environments. The heater modeling results were implemented into a Monte Carlo based surface mission model to understand mission performance impacts. The Mars 2020 Instrument Teams used the results to inform their design and to better understand how the thermal conditions at each landing site affected their instruments.


Aim:  To evaluate the incidence, presenting symptoms, diagnostic delay, risk factors and short‐term outcome of childhood stroke in a population‐based cohort of Swedish children.


Sperm competition theory predicts a negative correlation between somatic investment in traits that aid in pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection. Sperm performance is critical for postcopulatory success but is susceptible to damage by free radicals such as superoxide radicals generated during mitochondrial respiration (mtSOx). Males can ameliorate damage to spermatozoa by investing in the production of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which may be act as a mechanistic link for pre and postcopulatory trade-offs. Some male Australian, color-polymorphic painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) possess a yellow throat patch (bib) that females prefer over non-bibbed males and are also more likely to win male-male contests indicating that males with bibs are better at monopolizing females. We tested whether the sperm performance in non-bibbed males was superior to that of bibbed males as predicted by sperm competition theory. We show that blood cell mtSOx levels are negatively correlated with SOD activity in the plasma in all males early in the breeding season but SOD was lower in bibbed males. Non-bibbed males maintain a positive correlation between body condition and SOD activity over time while bibbed males do not. Overall sperm performance was not different between the bib-morphs, however, mtSOx levels negatively affect sperm performance in bibbed males, but not of non-bibbed males. Together these data suggest physiological links between body condition, SOD activity and sperm performance are specific to the expression of a yellow gular patch, which may be related to intrinsic differences in metabolism of bibbed versus non-bibbed males.


This paper proposes an analysis of the English auxiliary system in Hybrid TLG. Our proposal differs from related approaches in lexicalist syntactic theories (such as HPSG and earlier variants of categorial grammar) in taking auxiliaries to be higher-order operators that syntactically (and not just semantically) scope over the local clauses in which they appear. We formulate an analysis of the familiar NI(C)E properties of auxiliaries in this approach. An advantage for the higher-order analysis comes from the fact that it offers a straightforward solution for a long-standing puzzle for earlier lexicalist approaches pertaining to the distribution of the unstressed do.


I think of my pain as a betrayal by my senses. In this painting, the body is a work of art [David] and it is an empty vessel. The body is a vessel for the spirit. To go beyond the senses, I go to a place in my mind that is empty and still, represented here by the desert. The mind goes beyond the body, quieting the pain. In this place of stillness my spirit is lifted up, represented by the rainbow light energy that travels upward through the doorway, "beyond the beyond." When I think of the universe and a star, I think of them as one. In this meditation, I become one with the universe. Pain is alleviated. To manage my pain throughout the day, I remember, "I am not the body."


Characterization of the elasticity of biological cells is growing as a new way to gain insight into cell biology. Cell mechanics are related to most aspects of cellular behavior, and applications in research and medicine are broad. Current methods are often limited since they require physical contact or lack resolution. From the methods available for the characterization of elasticity, those relying on high frequency ultrasound (phonons) are the most promising because they offer label-free, high (even super-optical) resolution and compatibility with conventional optical microscopes. In this Perspective contribution, we review the state of the art of picosecond ultrasonics for cell imaging and characterization, particularly for Brillouin scattering-based methods, offering an opinion for the challenges faced by the technology. The challenges are separated into biocompatibility, acquisition speed, resolution, and data interpretation and are discussed in detail along with new results.


The existence of class of algebro-geometrical codes laying on Graismer's border is shown in this paper. This class is distinguished among algebro-geometrical codes of genus one which are sometimes called elliptic codes.


Despite its public health importance, the causes of small vessel disease (SVD) are not fully understood. The presence of SVD in monogenic twins indicates the involvement of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of this disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms with SVD risk.


Abstract During the reign of the Nasrid sultan Muhammad V in 14th-century Granada, the renowned literary figure Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib rose to the office of vizier and chief dignitary. A text on Graeco-Arabic philosophy and Sufism that he wrote under court patronage, Rawdat al-Taʿrif fi al-Hubb al-Sharif (The Garden of Knowledge of Noble Love), became the centerpiece of a famous court case against him that led to his downfall. Historians have had difficulty interpreting the case because of its political context. Was Ibn al-Khatib's demise really about his philosophical and mystical ideas given his entanglement in power rivalries at the court? Scholars have suggested that Ibn al-Khatib's text was used merely as a pretext to remove him from power. In contrast, I argue that the specific power rivalry between the chief qadi and Ibn al-Khatib only escalated into a court case because, at a time when Sufis were controversial, the qadi read Ibn al-Khatib's Sufi-inspired doctrines as a claim on his religious authority. Ibn al-Khatib's ideas, rather than a pretext for prosecution, were the necessary condition for the power rivalry to erupt into a court case. This reading of the case highlights the way intellectual debates shaped contingent political processes in the medieval Islamic world.


The purpose of this research is real case analysis of the mobile character design in the mobile and suggestion of the development orientation. According to the mobile phone market grown up, users who want to present the personality through their character in more clear graphic environment are increased. To preoccupy the market, mobile contents enterprises developed various characters and showed bell ringing, game and animation using the character. The mobile character design of the three mobile communication (SK Telecom(picture friend), KTF(picture world), LG Telecom(picture photo)) through the internet was classified into three types and analyzed As a result of the analysis, every classification according to type, use purpose and target audience has some simple and sympathy that is a main design factor of the mobile character but the originality isn't presented clearly. In other words, the research and effort is needed for utilization of various items and new matters when mobile character is produced. In future the active research will be performed, various contents will be produced in the mobile environment and new type service of the character will be realized.


This paper presents the author's point of view with regard to such problems as the embedded depth of the mat, valuation of allowable bearing capacity in test pile, detemination of bearing stratum for piles, and the integrated design of peium and towr foundation existing in the conventional design of pile and mat foundation of highrise buildings in Shanghai for designer's reference.


This investigation has the purpose of determining how planning as an executive function influences in the academic performance of BGU First Year Students, parallel "D", at "Santo Tomas Apostol" Educational Unit Riobamba, Academic period March-July 2017. Theoretically, it can be revealed that planning as an administrative function is the ability to order a sequence of events with the purpose of achieving a specific objective; Academic performance is related to the progress made by students according to the objectives established. Methodologically it is a non-experimental design research, through the deductive-inductive and analytical-synthetic process; its level is diagnostic and correlational which measures the degree of relationship between variables; by type it is transversal because its variables were not manipulated; bibliographic since the information was taken from texts; of field to work in the place of the facts with a population of 49 students, being not probabilistic intentional, the technique used was the psychometric test through the instrument the "Test of the Rings" for the evaluation of the Executive Functions of JA Portellano and R. Martinez Arias, For the process of observation it was the instrument that let us to haven the report thought cards, the same ones that helped us for the interpretation and the analysis of the results, this allowed us to reach the conclusion that planning as an executive function if it is related with the academic performance in the students.


AbstractTwo recent articles in the Journal of Field Archaeology by John J. Shea ("Spear Points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant," 15 [1988] 441–450) and Simon Holdaway ("Were There Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian?" 16 [1989] 79–86) have arrived at quite different conclusions about whether the Mausterian populations of SW Asia possessed stone tipped projectiles. Further evidence is presented to support the author's identification of spear points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant.


The paper makes a discussion over the impact of the scale of contractual savings on both shareholders protection and the development of the stock market based on the eighteen countries. The results indicate that the scale of contractual savings has no significant impact on shareholders protection, while a significant positive effect is presented when the scale and liquidity of stock market are considered. The results of the paper have important enlightenment on the development of China′s contractual savings institutions.


with a white coating which persists for several days. The treatment is not followed by any untoward symptom, although attacks of sneezing may occur during the subsequent twenty-four hours. The nasal tissues, however, remain definitely shrunken. The twenty-five patients treated by this method include three with vasomotor rhinitis and twenty-two with seasonal hay fever. All the latter had suffered annual attacks, and between them had tried every known method of treatment. The ages ranged between 19 and 39, excepting two children aged 10 and 14, and one medical man, aged 57. In the latter case a septal deflection had to be corrected to enable the nose to be packed. Three patients treated in 1925, one in 1927, and one in 1929, have been free from attacks and required no further treatment. Unfortunately the result is not always permanent, and although the patient may be free during the subsequent hay fever season, the attack may recur the following year.


The result of comparative analysis of economic benefits under effect of shelterbelts of Cninese jujub and poplar in Minqin oases indicated,that the wheat yield under Chinese jujub shelterbelt is 7.9% higher than that under poplar shelterbelt,and the corn yield is 4.2% higher than one of the latter,the soil coerced scale is reduced by 3 m to 6m.The annual average income under Chinese jujub shelterbelt is 6384.23 yuan/hm 2,the ratio of input and output is 9.28,that is 16.7 and 3.78 multiples of the poplar ,s.The economic benefit under the Chinese jujub shelterbelt is higher obviously than poplar shlterbelt.It is suitable to spreading Chinese jujub shelterbelt in Minqin oasis.


Summary Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), is a common food-product pest widely found in homes. This paper investigated the relationship between the number of infesting cigarette beetles and the phenolic content of pennywort tea made from young and mature leaves during one-year storage. It was found that cigarette beetles started to appear in tea bags after six months of storage. More adults were found than larvae and pupae. In addition, the number of cigarette beetles infesting pennywort tea made from mature leaves was higher than when it was made from young leaves. The amount of phenolic compounds in pennywort tea was analyzed by Folin–Ciocalteau assay. The results of a regression analysis indicated that the number of adult cigarette beetles correlated negatively with the amount of phenolic compounds in pennywort tea made from young leaves – when the total phenolic content decreased, the number of infesting cigarette beetles increased (r2 = 0.80). The number of larvae and pupae showed a weak negative correlation with the amount of phenolic compounds (r2 = 0.40 and r2 = 0.56, respectively). Similar correlations were found in pennywort tea made from mature leaves, but the number of infesting beetles was higher due to the lower phenolic content of the mature leaves.


One of the main purposes of music recommendation system is how to recommend the songs that users expect from the massive song data. Most people will use the search function of the software to search for some singers or favorite song categories they have known before. However, the search results do not consider that users are different individuals and have different preferences for songs, which leads to low user satisfaction. Driven by big data, this article proposes a individuation recommendation algorithm for pop music based on deep learning. At present, the music resources on the Internet are extremely rich, and users of various music platforms are facing the troubles of too many kinds of music and difficult to express their emotions while enjoying the leisure time brought by music. By analyzing the music files in the system and the massive user behavior records saved, the user's interest preferences are obtained, and personalized music service content is provided to users. The simulation results show that the individuation recommendation algorithm of pop music in this article is better than the traditional Collaborative Filtering (CF) in recommendation accuracy and user rating.


Dysphagia is a common symptom experienced by people living with dementia (PwD), particularly for those with advanced disease progression. However, we lack understanding of the discrete changes in swallowing physiology seen in this subset of the population, leading to questions surrounding optimal management approaches during late stages of the disease. This prospective study sought to describe the pathophysiology of dysphagia in PwD presenting with severe cognitive impairment using videofluoroscopy swallowing studies (VFs). Purpose: Sarcopenia is a condition in aging subjects exacerbated by motor impairment and loss of functional mobility in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Dysphagia, often present in PD, is also worsened by sarcopenia. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the association between dysphagia and sarcopenia risk in PD patients through distinct risk assessment instruments and to determine their correlation with sociodemographical and clinical variables. - Define how sarcopenia impacts swallowing in the PD population. a widely applied metric for identifying the presence and severity of airway invasion during swallowing, yet variability exists in the scoring conditions used by raters across clinical laboratories. The impact of scoring conditions on PAS reliability has not been investigated and may impact conclusions drawn from study results. This project examined differences in PAS rater reliability and score accuracy between two scoring conditions in student and clinician raters. is reported to occur in 85% of people with ALS (pALS), with unsafe swallowing characterized by impairments in airway kinematics and timing (Waito, 2020). We aimed to compare temporal and kinematic physiologic metrics of swallowing in pALS to established normative reference values and examine relationships between swallowing physiology and safety. to


One of the most exciting targets for cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization measurements is the faint signal from the primordial gravity waves predicted by inflationary models. Currently existing experiments and those under construction would constrain or detect such a signal at around r = 0.01, where r is the tensor to scalar ratio. In order to further improve the measurement, experiments for the next generation have to combine the following three: 1) excellent sensitivity, 2) multi-frequency measurement for the removal of galactic foregrounds, and 3) well-controlled systematics. We propose the Multimoded Survey Experiment (MuSE), which uses highly multimoded polarization-sensitive bolometers developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). MuSE, consisting of 69 pixels, will achieve a sensitivity equivalent to several thousand single-moded bolometers. Each pixel can be configured to be sensitive to a different frequency band, allowing very wide frequency coverage by a single focal plane. This enables us to clean galactic synchrotron and dust components with our data alone. MuSE achieves an effective array sensitivity to the CMB of 8 μK√s even after accounting for the sensitivity degradation from foreground removal and reaches a 2-σ error on r of 0.009 with two years of operation.


Coal is the largest fossil energy resource and, in spite of its 19th century image, coal has proven itself in the last quarter of the 20th century as a modern and remarkably cost-effective fuel for generating electric power. Today, with increasing concern over greenhouse gases, coal needs to overcome the obstacle of being the most carbon intensive energy source there is. To clear this hurdle and provide a modern and environmentally viable energy resource based on abundant coal reserves is the goal of Vision 21. The strategy of Vision 21 rests on the production of high quality gaseous fuels like hydrogen that could either leave the plant or be used in the production of electricity by highly efficient fuel cell stacks. Here the authors outline three processing steps, that combined or separately can greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal. First, they propose to perform the gasification and water-gas shift reaction for producing hydrogen from coal with calcium oxide as a getter for carbon dioxide. This provides an efficient means to collect the carbon dioxide for reuse or disposal. Simultaneously, the carbonation facilitates the formation of hydrogen and provides the energy necessary to drive the hydrogen producing reaction to completion.more » In the second step, the calcium oxide would be regenerated either by a conventional calcination process or, as they propose to investigate, in a solar furnace. The latter approach would lead to a novel hybrid solar/fossil power plant that derives about 30% of its energy output from solar energy. Finally, they propose to develop a solar driven process, that generates methanol from waste carbon dioxide. In a photolytic process, CO{sub 2} is broken up into CO and O{sub 2}. The CO is then reacted with water in a conventional process to form methanol.« less


Diabetes is characterized by vascular and kidney damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that vasoactive substances such as 5‐HT stimulate these pathological processes and plasma levels of 5‐HT are elevated in diabetes. In recent clinical studies 5‐HT2A receptor antagonists substantially decreased albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients suggesting 5‐HT is mediating pathological processes in vivo. The molecular mechanisms behind the role of 5‐ HT and expression of 5‐HT receptors in vivo in normal and diabetic conditions are currently unknown. Utilizing male Sprague‐ Dawley rats in a type I model of diabetes we used Western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses to show a significant increase in the expression of 5‐HT2B and 5‐HT2A receptor proteins but not the 5‐HT2C receptor in the diabetic rat kidney. Furthermore, our ex vivo myograph data suggests an increase in the activation of the 5‐HT‐induced intracellular signaling that can stimulate a potentiated contractile response in both thoracic aorta and renal artery in type‐1 diabetic rats which may lead to cardiovascular complications. Investigating both the mechanisms of 5‐HT‐induced intracellular signaling, functional consequences and the expression of 5‐HT receptors, is critical because targeted inhibition may reduce the risk of both kidney damage and vascular abnormality; critical in the treatment for chronic diabetic patients. (NHLBI R00 AKLB)


The three dimensional crystal structure of the B800-820 light harvesting complex, an inte gral membrane pigment-protein complex, from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, has been determined to a resolution of 2.8A. This thesis outlines the processes by which the structure was solved; gives an initial compar ison between it and the crystal structure of the B800-850 LH complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 100501; and suggests reasons for the observed spectroscopic differences between the two complexes. Additionally, biochemical investigations performed on a further three light harvesting com plexes are described, and a novel spectroscopic method for monitoring the purity of the complexes is introduced.


On Sunday, 6 August 2006, at 2.30 a.m., the Hong Kong Legislative Council, after a prolonged and at times litigious debate, passed the Interception of Communications Surveillance Ordinance (ICO) in Hong Kong with a vote of 32–0. The ICO is the first successful attempt to regulate the interception of citizens' private communications by the Hong Kong government. A review of the literature shows that there has been no comprehensive, systematic and critical assessment of the IOC since its passage. This article provides a critical assessment of ICO, with a twist. Instead of evaluating the ICO based on preconceived and conventional Western jurisprudential principles and foreign legal practices, the article assesses ICO with reference to prevailing (Chinese‐Hong Kong) cultural standards from within, i.e. that of Qing‐Li‐Fa (QLF).


A case is presented of the rare adult form of Niemann-Pick disease occurring in a Cantonese. The diagnosis was verified by biochemical analysis of the affected tissues.


Introduction: reading W. W. Greg 1. The discovery of 'foul papers' 2. Redefining foul papers 3. Playhouse MSS: what bookkeepers did not do 4. Playhouse MSS: what bookkeepers did 5. Behind the stage/in the tiring house Conclusion The manuscripts Appendix A. Characteristics of Gregian 'foul papers' in playhouse texts Appendix B. Knight's placement of stage directions in Beleeue Appendix C. Physical evidence of dramatist-bookkeeper collaboration.


Prevention New Insights Into the Progression of Aortic Stenosis: Implications for Secondary Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539 Copyright © 2000 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Circulation doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.21.2497 2000;101:2497-2502 Circulation. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/101/21/2497 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the


IL-23 has been shown to play a pathogenic role in autoimmunity through the promotion of Th17 cells. However, its role in tumor development remains controversial. Some studies demonstrated that IL-23 could activate T cells and NK cells to suppress tumor metastasis and growth. However, it has also been shown to promote tumor growth in colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. In the current study, we established a murine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model and found that IL-23 could promote HCC development. The in vitro study demonstrated that IL-23 could directly promote HCC cell proliferation but not affect its apoptosis. Furthermore, although IL-23 could significantly increase the percent of Tc17 (CD8+IL-17+), the majority of IL-17-producing cells induced by IL-23 in the liver was innate lymphoid cell type 3 (ILC3). IL-17 could further suppress anti-tumor immune responses through the recruitment and promotion of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that IL-23 could enhance HCC development through direct promotion of tumor cell proliferation, as well as suppressing anti-tumor immune response by inducing IL-17-producng ILC3.


This paper considered a data rate maximization problem of relay satellite network and aimed to overcome the difficulty of direct transmission between the satellites and ground station. The proposed optimization problem was first formulated as a mixed integer non-convex programming which is difficult to solve. Then, to design an efficient solving method, the proposed optimization problem were approximately decoupled into two subproblems including relay selection problem and power allocation problem. Through a node virtualization method, the relay selection problem was converted to a maximum weighted matching problem. However, the power allocation problem was still a non-convex problem but could be approximated as convex problem by using difference of convex (DC) programming. Moreover, an iterative algorithm was designed to acquire the optimal solution of approximated convex problem based on the Lagrangian dual method. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm.


The results of the clinical monitoring of patients with injuries and inflammatory diseases of maxillofacial area proved that the presence of nicotine psychophysiological addiction is a significant factor for the effective treatment of patients with maxillofacial area injuries, and in the case of extended treatment and rehabilitation complex greater efficiency is possible due to the reduction of periodontium treatment need by 27.6% in post-mobilization period. In patients with nicotine physiological addiction on the background of inflammatory diseases, in case of its use it is possible to achieve greater efficiency due to the reduction of the periodontium treatment need by 21.8%. Thus, diagnostics and consideration of the type of psychophysiological addiction can be considered as additional criteria of complex treatment individualization taking into account the psychophysiological state of patients in the course of prescribed treatment and rehabilitation complex application.


The interconnectivity of nations and their economies have converted the global economy into a village where it is easy for nations within the global economic system to interact and explore investment opportunities. The foreign companies that have direct investment in other global economies owe the communities the obligation of providing social investment that are to take care of the social well being of the inhabitants/citizens of the area affected. This paper identified among others the problem of selecting the right type of social investment or mix of investment that will benefit the community and give the organization maximum return, in some cases neglecting the communities to suffer after depleting their natural resources and left the land barren. The objectives are to evaluate how corporate social investment can enhance global foreign direct investment in the global village, assess the role corporate social investment plays in helping an organization achieve its global investment, assess the corporate social investment activities corporate entities can invest in to reduce society disturbance of operations and enhance productivity and to determine the ways corporate social investment will integrate good relationship with the community. The Nigerian economy is the population and selected profit making organizations as sample representatives. We employed the Analysis of Variance for the result of the research work. Some of the findings are that Corporate Social Investment will improve the local economy, develop the environment, promote community peace, enhance organizations productions income, eradicate distress syndrome in their businesses, protect resources and create shareholders satisfaction. We recommend that the multinational corporations should embark on various corporate social investment while the Nigerian Accounting Board should create an accounting standard that will take care of its accounting system and subject part of the investment to tax exemption. The economic operational disturbances in Nigeria calls for this paper at this critical period.


We saw seven patients with an idiopathic progressive loss of rotation of the forearm, occurring primarily during adolescence and manifested principally by a gradual loss of supination. There were secondary developmental abnormalities of the radial head and of the ulna (distal bowing) in four patients. Six surgical procedures were performed on five of the seven patients, consisting of combinations of sectioning of the quadrate ligament, release of the interosseous membrane, and osteotomy and compression-plate fixation of the distal end of the ulna. There was functional improvement in four patients. Release of the quadrate ligament provided the greatest improvement, but that release alone was of minimum value. We concluded that a contracted quadrate ligament may be an important deterrent to supination of the forearm, but distortion of the radial head, curvature of the ulna, and contracted soft tissues in the interosseus space and distal radio-ulnar joint also are contributory factors. Loss of rotation of the forearm has been noted after Volkmann ' S ischemia , #{176} , chondrodysplasia, congenital flattening of the radial head, posterior dislocation of the radial head1'5'6, congenital synostosis, poliomyelitis21 8, Erb's paralysist3"6, and spastic paralysist. Recently, impaired pronation and supination of the forearm as an inherited condition was ' . The loss of motion may be compensated for by abduction of the arm and flexion of the elbow, but for many tasks that require rotation of the forearm, loss of supination represents a distinct disability. We are presenting yet another cause for loss of supination, as seen in seven young patients. They all had progressive idiopathic restriction of rotation of the forearm. In two patients the condition was bilateral. All seven patients noted a progressive decrease in rotation of the forearm dur* Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW. , Rochester, Minnesota 55901. Please address reprint requests to Dr. Bert, do Section of Publications. ing late childhood or adolescence. Initially the patients had no evidence of musculoskeletal abnormalities, and with one exception there was no history of significant trauma.


The design of a robust control for the second generation of FACTS devices such as STATCOM, SPFC and UPFC using a H/sub /spl infin// loop-shaping design via a normalised coprime factorisation approach, where 'loop-shape' refers to the magnitude of the loop transfer function L=GK as a function of frequency is presented. Since this method is based on classical loop-shaping ideas, it is relatively easy to implement. Furthermore, comparing it with the other methods of H/sub /spl infin// robust control, it is more flexible and is not limited in its applications. Simulation of the system following a disturbance is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.


We present an elementary proof of the cross theorem in the case of Reinhardt domains. The results illustrates the well-known interrelations between the holomorphic geometry of a Reinhardt domain and the convex geometry of its logarithmic image.


This paper presents an efficient area and power multiplication part of radix-2 FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) architecture. The butterfly plays a central role in the FFT computation, and the multiplication part dominates its complexity. It is composed by a product of complex data and complex coefficients named twiddle factors. The proposed strategy consists on the decomposition of the real and imaginary coefficients of the twiddle factors into less complex ones, so that the multiplication part of the butterfly can be implemented with less area, what leads to the reduction of its power consumption. The strategy also includes the use of Constant Matrix Multiplication (CMM) and gate level approaches in the decomposed coefficients. A control unit is responsible for selecting the correct constant to be used after the decomposition. The proposed architectures were synthesized using SYNOPSYS Design Compiler and the UMC130nm technology. The results show that reductions of 10% in area and 8% in power could be achieved on average, when compared with state of the art solutions.


The advent of printing heralded changes that have rightly been described as revolutionary. The invention of printing, its subsequent course, its effects and the ways in which it was exploited, raise issues that have little to do with the more immediate circumstances of invention. The application of metallurgical, chemical, calligraphic and engraving skills to the production of a printed page. Documentary sources, and close examination of surviving copies of books, have revealed a great deal of the background and financial and practical details of the beginnings of printing at Mainz in the 1450s. In general, printing was slow to take root in university towns; and where it did, as at Paris and Cologne, the earliest printers either showed little interest in local teaching needs, or moved on to other themes once a patron's initial enthusiasm waned. The potential of printing technology, linked to the exploitation of paper, was rapidly recognised for its religious, scholarly and social value.


It seems true that personal letters and notes are very like conversation: what is written has life and meaning only in its situation. To understand personal letters is more like understanding an action than it is like deciphering a text. But of course it is a main part of a historian's business to understand actions. He has neither the special concern nor the special advantages of the correspondent or interlocutor. But he can in his own way attempt to reconstruct the context in which the words have meaning. This is a far, far harder thing to do than most biographers seem to suppose. If a human character is to be an object of contemplation it must surely be studied—faults and all—by reference to all the available data. How otherwise can we do justice to it as an achievement? Karl Britton


A system that can deliver tactile sensation despite an object existing between an actuator and human was developed. This system composed of a control part, power part, output part, and coil. The control part controls the overall system using a microcontroller. The power part generates electric current to create a magnetic field. The output part delivers high energies to the coil. The coil generates a time-varying magnetic field to induce current flow within the body. Through the tactile sensation recognition test, delivery of tactile sensation was confirmed in the air even an object existed between actuator and human skin.


Li Deyu's political ideology primarily features the following ideas:First,respecting the Emperor and strengthening the imperial power.This was the core of Li Deyu's political thought,and all other political activities should be organized around this core.Second,by staying close to the elite gentlemen and far away from those mean persons,the Emperor should put trust in the former and exhibit craftsmanship in managing them to the benefit of the state.Third,both the Emperor and his subjects should rid verbosity and be concrete in work style,with the monarch tolerant of differing opinions and courtiers respectful and specific in admonishing the monarch.Fourthly,Li Deyu laid stress on the reputation,integrity and exploits of officials and was firmly opposed to clique formation.Fifthly,due flexibility must be shown in political affairs so that change can be effected when the political situation called for it.Sixthly,those in power must have firm control of the political situation,for it was the guarantee of success in political affairs.


Universities need to respond to a change in the mix of student profiles from a majority of the traditional academically committed student to a majority of the students who seek a qualification for a job. The latter type of student lacks study skills such as an ability to structure his learning experience and to engage actively and continuously with the material to be learnt. This study reports on the application of one formative assessment strategy in response to the change in the mix of student profiles. The aims were to encourage students to engage in deep learning; increase a student's responsibility for learning by providing a structure for the learning effort; and encouraging continuous study. The results indicate that the aims were to some extent achieved. Consideration of formative assessment, alternatives that might improve our response to the change, and areas for further research are identified.


The equivalence of grey prediction models based on modified initial values is studied in this paper.By analyzing the structure of solutions for some grey prediction models,the authors prove that equivalence of grey prediction models,which modified initial values are x(0)(1) + α and βx(0)(1),is related only with exponential structure of solutions,but has no influence on construction of background values and estimation of model parameters.The results reveal that the equivalence of grey prediction models based on modified initial values is an essential characteristic existed in grey prediction model.


Increased plant growth due to protozoa-bacteria interactions in the rhizosphere is well documented. Protozoan stimulation of plant growth has generally been attributed to nutritional effects based on release of nutrients during grazing on bacterial biomass, i.e. the microbial loop. Here I review our recent findings indicating that protozoan effects on plant growth are more complex than previously assumed. Protozoan grazing alters microbial diversity and function in the rhizosphere and also strongly affects root architecture and root foraging abilities of plants. Instead of regarding protozoa merely as consumers of bacterial prey, they should be also seen as mutualists, affecting plant growth by stimulation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This has important consequences for other plant mutualists like mycorrhizal fungi; plants presumably allocate their carbon resources to optimize simultaneous exploitation of both mutualistic relationships.


Stereography is the art and science of three-dimensional vision. 3-D imaging techniques are created by science and given expression through art. Artists have for centuries attempted to give their images the effects of volume and depth. The scientific use of perspective in art roughly parallels the rise of the printing press and the scientific revolution which has transformed the world. Through their use in the mass media of commercial photography, newsprint and film, 3-D images have become a significant part of American, and international, popular culture. Simultaneously, a wide range of 3-D imaging techniques have applications in medicine, industry and science as well as entertainment and the fine arts. Stereopsis, the perception of depth, is a result of the fact that our vision is binocular. Since our eyes are separated by a distance of about two and a half inches, we perceive any object from two separate viewpoints at the same time. 3-D imaging techniques involve the mechanical reconstruction of binary stereopsis. As early as 1584 Leonardo da Vinci, one of the great scientific artists, studied the perception of depth.


With the rapid development of social economy, there is a rapid increase in material manufacturing and processing industries, and new types of structural materials and functional materials appear. Magnesium could be alloyed with zinc, aluminum, manganese and other metals to yield an alloy which is superior in properties. Magnesium alloy has been widely used in light industry, communication, military and other fields. With the wide applications of magnesium alloy, there is an increase in production enterprises of magnesium alloy. Production processes of magnesium alloy mainly include smelting and foundry. In these processes, magnesium alloy may easily react with oxygen and oxygen-containing compounds releasing enormous energy even bringing on explosion causing great loss of lives and properties. According to the properties of magnesium alloy, the causation of explosion in processes of smelting and foundry of magnesium alloy is analyzed and some preventive countermeasures are formulated.


The application of self-regulation techniques forms a long tradition in Russian work and organizational psychology. The recent research line in this domain focuses on the elaboration of multilevel health promotion programs that provide for efficient learning of self-regulation skills and enlarge individual repertoires of coping strategies. Obtained data allowed to extract two main principles of self-regulation programs' adaptation: 1) taking into account the grade of fit between self-regulation means and the nature of human functional states' (HFS) negative transforma tions in work process; 2) acceptance of individual sensitivity to various self-regulation means. An individualized approach in using self-regulation techniques promotes higher effectiveness in their application and can be considered as a promising way for improving HFS and human reliability in different work settings. This paper investigates dominant sensory modality of imagery as one of individual traits on which selection of the most adequate and individually efficient self-regulation technique depends.


PURPOSE: A power cable for having a sheath of a laminated copper plate is provided to reduce the external diameter of a cable by forming a smoothing copper tape into a metal shield layer. CONSTITUTION: A core unit(100) is composed of an inner semi conductive layer, an insulating layer, and an outer semi conductive layer. The inner semi conductive layer is formed around a core conductor(11). The outer semi conductive layer is formed around the insulating layer. A metal shield layer(20) includes a coupling neutral conductor line(16) and a copper tape layer(18). An external sheath(200) is composed of an anti-corrosion layer(19) coated around the metal shield layer.


This paper examines the performance of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roofing system commonly available to residential markets. In particular polycrystalline Si PV roofing tiles were integrated with concrete roofing tiles in two mounting configurations being used by roofing contractors. In the first configuration the tiles were directly mounted to the roof sheeting allowing little to no airflow under the PV modules. In the second configuration furring strips were attached to the roof deck to create a counter-batten system to which the roofing and PV tiles mount. This counter-batten system provides an air gap between the roof deck and the PV/concrete tiles which allows for convective cooling. A complete data acquisition system was applied to both mounting configurations and they were monitored for a summer period in Golden, Colorado. A performance comparison is presented for the systems while both are gauged against free-standing ack-mounted polycrystalline Si PV modules. As expected, modules mounted directly to the deck operated at higher temperatures and produced less power than those on a counter-batten system while both systems operated at higher temperatures than rack-mounted modules.


The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a crucial experimental animal that shares many genetic, brain organizational, and behavioral characteristics with humans. A macaque brain atlas that identifies anatomically and functionally distinct regions is fundamental to biomedical and evolutionary research. However, even though connectivity information is vital for understanding brain functions, a connectivity-based whole-brain atlas of the macaque has not previously been made. In this study, we created a new whole-brain map, the Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), based on the anatomical connectivity profiles provided by high angular and spatial resolution ex vivo diffusion MRI data. The new atlas consists of 248 cortical and 56 subcortical regions as well as their structural and functional connections. The parcellation and the diffusion-based tractography were comprehensively evaluated with multi-contrast MRI, invasive neuronal-tracing, and Nissl-stained images collected from a single subject and with open-access datasets from other cohorts. As a demonstrative application, the structural connectivity divergence between macaque and human brains was mapped using the Brainnetome atlases of those two species to uncover the genetic underpinnings of the evolutionary changes in brain structure. The resulting resource includes (1) the thoroughly delineated Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), (2) regional connectivity profiles, (3) the postmortem high resolution macaque diffusion and T2-weighted MRI dataset (Brainnetome-8), and (4) multi-contrast MRI, block-face, and section images collected from a single macaque. MacBNA can serve as a common reference frame for mapping multifaceted features across modalities and spatial scales and for integrative investigation and characterization of brain organization and function. Therefore, it will enrich the collaborative resource platform for nonhuman primates and facilitate translational and comparative neuroscience research.


FIELD: building and metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to the field of building and metallurgy. The charge material for production of porous, nonshrinking, flameproof heat insulating material includes, weight %: aluminum 5,0-5,5, periclase 15,0-28,0, high-alumina cement no more than 6,5, densifier 1,0-2,0, electrocorundum no more than 100 and a phosphate binder in the amount of 47-82 % over 100 from the mentioned mixture of the powdered components, as electrocorundum - a mixture of powders of different grades with the fraction content of the powders, weight %: grade F280 with the average grain size d av =30-40 µm - 18-25; grade F150 d av =80-100 µm - 13-15; grade F80 d av =160-200 µm - 22-25; grade F54 d av =300-400 µm - 7-10; periclase in the powder form of PPTI-92 grade with continuous particle-size distribution with the screening residue 05 of no more than 15 %, as a densifier - mortar of molten periclase-chromite of MPHV grade, as a binder - alumina-borophosohate or aluminophosphate. Fine-grain powder with a spherical shape of grains is used as aluminum with the maximum size of the particles that does not exceed 50 µm in diameter. EFFECT: reduction of minimum shrinkage of materials, increase of ultimate compressive strength at higher usage temperatures. 2 cl, 3 ex, 1 tbl


We give effective bounds on the higher Hilbert coefficients of finitely generated modules over Noetherian local rings (A, m) with respect to m-primary ideals, in terms of the multiplicity, dimension and the lengths of local cohomology modules. We similarly bound the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the associated Rees modules.


Subject. The article substantiates and develops a new method for assessing the economic performance of fixed assets.
Objectives. The aim is to develop a method for assessing the return on the use of fixed assets enabling to correctly assess the balance between resources invested in fixed assets and the conditional return on resources generated by these assets.
Methods. The study relies on methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, specification, and generalization.
Results. We reviewed the existing methods for assessing the return on the use of fixed assets, underpinned a new method, enabling to reveal an adequate ratio of invested and repaid resources spent on fixed assets. The paper offers a new way to assess the return on fixed assets utilization, which meets the management objectives that are achieved through economic analysis. The offered method provides reliable information about the real ratio of investments in fixed assets and the result from their utilization.
Conclusions. The new methodological solution helps calculate the return on fixed assets utilization. It has certain advantages, like comparability of factors used and correlation of investments in a particular type of resource and results from its use.


Separately excited dc motors (SEDCM) are generally used in laboratory and industrial applications due to their high efficiency, performance response and high torque. An idea is proposed in this paper by applying the PI and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) to control the speed of SEDCM. Simulink model with and without PI and FLC has been developed in Matlab to analyze the performance of dc motor. Based on simulation results it is said that control characteristics of FLC are better than the conventional PI controller. The modeling of SEDCM and execution of the controllers is carried out in MATLAB.


Active Infrared Thermography (IRT) tests are conducted on test specimens made from materials commonly used in building elements which contain thin defects located at various depths. The results are analysed using a phase contrast approach. Then, numerical simulations will be carried out using a boundary elements method (BEM) model formulated in the frequency domain to model 3D heat diffusion in a multilayered system containing a thin defect. The purpose of this work is to compared and discuss the numerically and experimentally obtained phase contrast results and therefore provide numerical applications for experimental IRT in defective multilayered building systems.


Nanning traditional sports of minority nationalities(hereafter referred to"Nanchuan Sports") is an exotic and wonderful flower in culture of Guangxi minority nationalities.Some traditional sports have been introduced into local tourism and economic development,such as embroidered ball,dragon-boat regatta,fireworks and firecrackers and firecracker-dragon, which are going to the markets in Guangxi or other provinces,as a characteristic resource industry.The article analyzes the status quo and prospect of"Nanchuan Sports"and its disadvantages and shortages,which are meaningful to its development.


one may seriously question whether agrarian principles have anything of value to say to the corporate and consumerist culture of contemporary america, or whether rustic philosophers and poets should be dismissed as dreamers out of touch with reality. lewis P. simpson observes that World War ii made impossible the recovery of the rural society he refers to as old america. the war "had concluded in the technological holocaust created by american atomic bombs, a demonstration of the disintegrative principle far more awesome that the deluging of the tennessee Valley [by tva]. the agrarian movement was by this terrible moment in history far past any conceivable revival." that sounds final. even contemporary defenders of property and rural life acknowledge that most battles have been lost and that there are now fewer vestiges of that traditional life left to be defended. a short drive into the country reveals treeless subdivisions sprouting in cornfields; and, even on the farms that remain, hedgerows are bush-hogged for edge-to-edge planting. Wendell Berry writes that "we agrarians are involved in a hard, long, momentous contest, in which we are so far, and by a considerable margin, the losers." It is also undeniable, however, that secular consumerism offers nothing to build a life or raise a family on, and some thoughtful people look for better ways to live, seeking forms of human society that are fully human. In 1938 Donald Davidson published a prophetic indictment of mass culture entitled The Attack on Leviathan. In defending traditional sectional and regional cultures Davidson writes,


A recent theoretical description of interactions between surface waves and currents in the ocean is extended to allow density stratification. The interaction leads to a convective instability even when the density stratification is statically stable. An unspecified random surface wave field is permitted provided that it is statistically stationary. The instability can be traced to torques produced by variations of a 'vortex force'. Non-diffusive instabilities produced by this mechanism in water of infinite depth are explored in detail for arbitrary distributions of the destabilizing force. Stability is determined by an eigenvalue problem formally identical to that determining normal modes of infinitesimal internal waves in fluid with a density profile that is not monotone and thereby has a statically unstable region. Some tentative remarks are offered about the problem when dissipation is allowed. Application of the present theory to Langmuir circulations is discussed. Also, according to the present theory, internal wave propagation should be modified by the vortex force arising from the interaction between the surface waves and the current.


BACKGROUND
Birth rates among women living with HIV (WLHIV) have increased recently, with many experiencing multiple pregnancies. Yet, viral suppression is often not sustained between pregnancies. Additionally, protease inhibitors (PIs) have been associated with preterm birth, but associations between integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and preterm birth are less well characterized.

METHODS
We studied WLHIV with ≥2 liveborn infants enrolled into the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) Surveillance Monitoring for ART Toxicities (SMARTT) study between 2007-2018, comparing CD4 counts and viral loads (VLs) between two consecutive SMARTT pregnancies. We evaluated associations of covariates with CD4 and viral suppression, and the association of PI/INSTI use during pregnancy with odds of preterm birth.

RESULTS
There were 736 women who had ≥2 liveborn children enrolled in SMARTT (1695 pregnancies). Median CD4 counts remained stable over repeat pregnancies. While > 80% of women achieved VL suppression during pregnancy, more than half had detectable VL early in their subsequent pregnancy. In adjusted models including all singleton pregnancies, an increased odds of preterm birth was observed for women with 1 trimester PI initiation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.97; 95% CI 1.27, 3.07) compared to those not receiving PIs during pregnancy, and for 1 trimester INSTI initiation (adjusted OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.04, 5.46) compared to those never using INSTIs during pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS
Most WLHIV achieved VL suppression by late pregnancy but many were viremic early in subsequent pregnancies. First trimester initiation of PIs or INSTIs was associated with higher risk of preterm birth.


Voluntary base reduction -104,000 Center for Governmental Research and 8trvien (4 petitiont) ';'. . .VJ'.;.~ 70,000 State Management Institute (2 positions) . . . . . . . . . 84,700 Reduction of 12 campus school positions to complete planned phase out of the school -134,000 Reduction of 8 faculty positions -16 ,800 Reduction of 8 facultysupport positions -86 ,800 Reduction of 6 Educational Communications Center positions —71,400 Reduction of 8 custodial and 3 grounds-keeping positions, supplies and expenses -87,700 Reduction of 4 etudent services positions -27 ,000 Change in summer session revenue/expenditure ratio -40 ,000 Reduction in rental expenditures , -18 ,800 Reduction of 1 organised research position to change revenue/expenditure ratio -11 ,800 Reduction of I librarian position 8 , 8 0 0 General price adjustments 283,000 Library acquisition price increases 104,000 Equipment replacement 78,000 Utility and fuel price increases 80,000 Moving costs 78,000 Handicapped student renovations 20,000 Reduction in travel funds -32 ,000 Reduction of 18 vacant positions and shortened work year savings —184,000 Carey's Budget Slashes SUNYA


Terahertz Nonlinear Ghost Imaging is a novel approach that allows for the spatial-temporal sampling of objects with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit. We present our experimental campaign that aims to exploit Nonlinear Ghost Imaging to harness field-level waveform control via complex propagation in scattering media. Agile waveform control is possible at a fundamental level and it is enabled by near-field coupling between a distribution of terahertz source and a scattering medium.


Based on the problems existed in teaching computer assembly and maintenance,author combined with the teaching experience,and used virtual machine technology to resolve practice problems in the computer assembly and maintenance. Virtual machine environment results a distinct advancement in teaching implementation and effectiveness.


Some important information of the induction motor which cannot be measured directly can be obtained by state reconstruction.However,the mathematical model of a full order observer is a four order differential equation,which is not easy to analysis and digitally implemented.Different discretization methods have different effects on the system performance.Four methods of full order observer digital realization are proposed based on the single footwork principle in numerical integration.These are first-order Euler method,second-order Trapezoidal method,and third-order and fourth-order Runge-Kutta methods.Validity,efficiency and precision of the four methods are shown with results of experiments on a 2.2 kW induction motor platform.


The motorway project to connect Western and Central Europe with South-Eastern Europe and the Middle East is being implemented. Analyses have shown that the Trans-Yugoslav brotherhood and unity route lie at the core of highway routes connecting Northern and Western Europe with South-Eastern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. According to the agreement of Yugoslav republics and autonomous provinces, priority in the construction of the arterial highway network should be given to the Trans-Yugoslav route - the backbone of the entire system. Croatia has observed the agreement in every respect and, according to its current position the completion of the section of the Trans-Yugoslav motorway which crosses this republic can be expected by the end of 1985. It is to be hoped that Slovenia and Vojvodina complete their sections within the corresponding period of time. (TRRL)


THE THEORY AND PRACTICE of social work in rural areas, after a hiatus during the 1940s and 1950s, have reemerged as a relevant concern for the profession. Part of the stimulus for this renewed concern is the perception that social work practice principles derived from urban settings may not be relevant to rural problems.' If the rural context is different in terms of its needs, culture, and value systems, then the logical assumption would be that social work must be practiced differently if it is to be appropriate to its context. The literature on rural social work specifies that rural social workers emphasize different professional roles, are generalists rather than specialists, and rely more upon the use of informal networks than do their urban counterparts.? However, little empirical evidence suggests that social workers in rural areas actually differ


The purpose of this research is to develop Piconet Pervasive system using client-server point to point topology tomultipoint connection using Android operating system on client side and optimize data transmission rate(throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss) that meet Cisco streaming video QoS standard, on streaming videoover a Bluetooth network, by utilizing mobile phones and computer media in an environment that has Wi-Fi andWi-Fi. Research methods include; analysis of BluetoothPiconet Pervasive network system, system design, audiovideocompression, trail hints, system testing, system performance measurement, and measurement analysis,expert performance appraisal, system optimization and implementation of learning activities. The expected resultof this research is to produce the best performance and optimal parameters in the video streaming rate data thatmeet the Cisco QoS video streaming standard for throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss.This research resultedin 3.5% packet loss value in non-Wi-Fi and 4.01% environments in Wi-Fi environments at a distance of 5 mclient-server, by analyzing and optimizing Piconet Pervasive performance. The results of this study can beimplemented as a learning media at the university based on Bluetooth technology that is power efficient, low costand easy to use.


An integrated compensation device consists of detection control unit, thyristor switched capacitor module connected to power network and active electric power filter. It is featured as calculating out reactive volume required to be compensated onto load by said device according load current and system voltage as well as object power factor then issuing different switching commands to thyristor switched capacitor module for realizing the switching operation of compensation branch and confirming command signal of compensation current on said filter to make actual output current of said filter track with variation of command current.


Low-salinity water-alternating-CO2 (CO2-LSWAG) injection has been widely studied and employed due to its capability to promote enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, there is no consensus on the dominant mechanisms for oil recovery in carbonates due to the extreme complexity of the oil–brine–rock interactions. This work proposes a comparative investigation of the physicochemical and geochemical effects of continuous CO2 and CO2-LSWAG immiscible injections on oil recovery in a carbonate core. Simulations were carried out using oil PVT properties and relative permeability experimental data from the literature. A comparison of SO42− and Mg2+ as interpolant ions, oil, water and gas production, pressure, and rock and fluid properties along the core and in the effluent was made. The results show a high recovery factor for CO2 (62%) and CO2-LSWAG (85%), even in immiscible conditions. The mineral dissolution and porosity variations were more pronounced for CO2-LSWAG than CO2. The simulation results showed that Mg2+ as an interpolant improves oil recovery more than SO42− because Mg2+ concentration in the aqueous phase after LSW injection leads to relative permeability values, which are more favorable.