We consider a novel approach for suppression of signal propagation at undesirable wavelengths. It is based on distortion and absorption of the operating fundamental mode in highly absorbing rods, inserted into the fiber cladding. As an example, we designed fiber with a high absorption at wavelength of above 1000 nm and low losses near 976 nm – structure, which can be promising for design of Yb-doped fiber amplifiers operated near 976 nm.


The invention discloses a rotary drum device for a chassis dynamometer, relating to the chassis dynamometer for detection of automobile performances. The rotary drum device comprises a motor and a roller assembly. The rotary drum device is characterized by further comprising a long half shaft, a mandrel, a short half shaft and a brake, wherein one end of the long half shaft is connected with a stator disk of a motor; the roller assembly is supported on the long half shaft through a bearing bush; the mandrel is supported in the long half shaft through a bearing; one end of the mandrel is connected with a rotor of the motor; the other end of the mandrel penetrates through the long half shaft and is connected with the short half shaft and the brake; the short half shaft is connected with theroller assembly; and one end of the long half shaft, which is close to the motor, and the short half shaft are respectively supported on an equipment frame through bearing blocks. Compared with a traditional rotary drum device of the chassis dynamometer, the rotary drum device disclosed by the invention has the advantages of compact structure, light weight, small axial size, no need of special motor and low manufacturing cost because the roller assembly is supported on the long half shaft and the load applied by the motor or the brake sequentially acts on the roller assembly through the mandrel in the long half shaft and the short half shaft.


In tumor therapy, estimating tumor growth is crucial to get an early information regarding tumor therapy response and, if neccessary, adapt therapy. We propose a novel deep learning based algorithm using deep convolutional sparse autoencoders to find a minimal representation of tumor shape and texture for colorectal liver metastases. Furthermore, we provide a prediction of future lesion growth based on single slice CT tumor images which prospectively can be used as a prognosis for physicians. The state of the art in tumor treatment assessment for solid tumors mainly uses tumor diameter in single CT slices as the treatment response criterion (RECIST). However, whereas the correlation between RECIST and final treatment outcome was shown to be significant, its effect size is still limited. With our approach we achieve a Matthews correlation coefficient of 52.0% in predicting tumor treatment response compared to 28.2% with radiologic assessment, as well as an AUC of 0.814 opposed to 0.698.


1. The century-plus of investigations into how humans determine a sound's origin has resulted in a fairly robust understanding of the mechanisms involved, especially for localization in the horizontal plane. Three-dimensional localization is perhaps less-well understood, however studies of head-related transfer functions 2 (HRTF) have given a fair deal of insight. A new hypothesis is proposed that is informed and validated through a series of straightforward and repeatable experiments. The experimental findings are compared both to previously published subjectively-based results and to a series of informal listening tests performed recently at the University of Derby using two rooms of disparate size.


Abstract: Activities of TB surveillance at Sukoharjo District Health Office only resulted three indicators of P2TB although the sources of the TB data had been available completely. This condition caused the problems for Head  of the Distric Health Office to know coverage of services, to extend coverage of program, and to know the result of treatment. Therefore, It needs the information system that could overcome the problems. The aim of research is the develop information system of TB surveillance to support the evaluating of P2TB. This was an applied research using a qualitative method and applying the plan of system by steps of FAST (Framework for the Application of System Techniques). Research design was Pre-Experimental using The Group Pretest-Posttest. The Subjects were Head of the District helth Office, Head of Sub department of Prevention and Eradication. The Objects were the procedure and the structure of information system of TB surveillance. Data analysis divided into two methods as follows: Content Analysis was used for in-depth interview data and Descriptive Analysis was used for evaluating the old and the new system. The result of the research shows that information system development of TB surveillance has to be done based on the aspects of a technique, an operation, a schedule, and an economic. The problems in the old system were simplicity, accurateness, and representative. Those problems were caused by input on the system (redundancy data, and file saved separately), process (indicator had not been calculated by Management System of data Basis ), and output (displayed in table, the reports did not adjust a necessity on the management level). The new system could  overcome the old system's problems and weaknesses. It could be used to support the evaluation of P2TB. The total considered average in the old system was 2,29 and the total considered average in the new system is 4,27. The new system could result seven indicators of P2TB, which could be used for a basic of evaluating of program. Therefore, head of the District health Office could make a policy with using the new system. The weaknesses of the new system are as follows: It could not be used for the Health center level, and could not result information about monitoring of drinking a mediine. Key Words : Information System,TB Surveillance


Evaluation of manual dexterity is very important in determining the hand functionality and degree of limitation in activities of daily living. Various tests have been developed for the assessment of manual dexterity. During the application of these tests, there is an expert who determines the duration for each movement while the participant performs standardized tasks. This leads to patients being given appointments days later, especially in overpopulated cities. In addition, various errors may occur due to the human factor in the measurements. In this study, we proposed a system that can calculate the thinking time, disc placement time, disc rotation time and total test time to produce dexterity score during the administration of the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT). The aim of the study is to perform dexterity assessment autonomously with high accuracy using multiple sensors and accordingly reduce the workload of experts and measurement errors. For the autonomous determination of dexterity, data obtained from electromyograph, IMU sensors and a camera were used. The collected data is processed and a score is obtained, and according to this score, an expert system rule base is used to make inferences about the dexterity level of the participant and presented to the experts.


Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations lead to changes in climate. Climate change affects people and wildlife almost everywhere. Due to global sea level rise, coastal areas in particular are affected. The Elbe, Jade-Weser, and Ems estuaries, located in the German Bight (North Sea), form important ecosystems which provide unique conditions for wildlife. They are also used as waterways and represent relevant economic factors. Climate change might restrict estuaries in their function as waterways. For the development of adaptation strategies we need to know how climate change will affect the estuaries. In this paper we focus on the effects of sea level rise. To date, few studies have investigated the impact of sea level rise on the hydrodynamics in the estuaries of Elbe, Jade-Weser or Ems. Grabemann et al. (2001) explore the impact of sea level rise on the hydrography and water quality of the Weser estuary. They simulate one climate scenario using a 1dimensional water quality and transport model. Plus (2004) studies the effects of sea level rise on tidal dynamics in the Elbe estuary. He carries out simulations with different sea level rises using a 3Dhydrodynamic numerical model. His analysis concentrates on water levels. Zorndt and Schlurmann (2014) investigate the effects of sea level rise in the Weser estuary. They also use a 3D-hydrodynamic numerical model. Their analyses focus on changes of characteristic numbers of water level and salinity. Studies of climate change impacts in the Elbe, Jade-Weser, and Ems estuaries that focus specifically on the needs of navigation are not available.


Recent studies suggest that vitamin D may have preventive and therapeutic effects on autoimmune disease, cancer, and diabetes type 1 and 2 beyond the skeletal condition and calcium metabolism. To demonstrate the effects of an over-supplemented single 8 million I.U. vitamin D3 IM injection on the modulation of immune responses and oxidative/antioxidative variables in transition dairy cows, this study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm with about 1500 lactating cows in the Tehran province, Iran. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly categorized into control and treatment groups. In the treatment group, 12 cows received a single dose of 8,000,000 IU vitamin D intramuscularly. In the control group, a placebo (distilled water) was injected into 12 cows 2 to 8 days before the expected calving time. Blood samples were collected on 21 and 7 days before calving and 1,3,7,15, and 30 days after calving. 25(OH)vitamin D3, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), haptoglobin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), ferric reducing the ability of plasma (FRAP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and hemolysate GPx were measured. This study showed that the treatment group had significantly higher amounts of 25(OH) vitamin D3, hemolysate GPx, and IL-6 values than the control group. According to our results, vitamin D3 injection increased the amounts of IL-6 and hemolysate GPx activity and tended to affect serum GPx activity.


Shows landownership.
LC Land ownership maps, 960
Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image.


An edge-coloring is called vertex-distinguishing if every two distinct vertices are incident to different sets of colored edges. The minimum number of colors required for a vertex-distinguishing proper edge-coloring of a simple graph G is denoted by . A simple count shows that where ni denotes the number of vertices of degree i in G. We prove that where C is a constant depending only on Δ. Some results for special classes of graphs, notably trees, are also presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 26: 73–82, 1997


The A-buffer (anti-aliased, area-averaged, accumulation buffer) is a general hidden surface mechanism suited to medium scale virtual memory computers. It resolves visibility among an arbitrary coll...


A good description of new and improved data on the magnetic moments of hyperons is obtained in the relativistic quark model. For the leptonic decays of hyperons in all those cases in which experimental data are available, relativistic effects modify the predictions of the quark model in the required direction leading to agreement with experiment.


We propose a meta-search system that assists users in understanding search results and expanding the search scope. The system assumes that the documents to be searched are tagged and that hierarchical semantic relationships are defined among the tags. It organizes search results generated by a search engine in the form of a table based on the hierarchical relationships and presents them to the user. The user can proceed with information exploration by selecting documents and tags hierarchically arranged in the table. To evaluate the proposed system, we conducted a user experiment using a Wikipedia search service built with the system. The results confirmed that the proposed system is superior to the system using the conventional method of presenting search results in exploratory search support.


In this work we carried out an idiom type identification task on a set of 90 Italian V-NP and V-PP constructions comprising both idioms and non-idioms. Lexical variants were generated from these expressions by replacing their components with semantically related words extracted distributionally and from the Italian section of MultiWordNet. Idiomatic phrases turned out to be less similar to their lexical variants with respect to non-idiomatic ones in distributional semantic spaces. Different variant-based distributional measures of idiomaticity were tested. Our indices proved reliable in identifying also those idioms whose lexical variants are poorly or not at all attested in our corpus.


Cross-functional teams and meetings are recurrent structuring tools in contemporary knowledge organisations. They are recommended as solutions to enhance innovation and creativity. Current research gathers a myriad of reference to the benefits of such tools, but studies of their potential negative effects remain limited. This paper is specifically concerned with the effect of interdisciplinary team meetings on knowledge workers in the context of knowledge-intensive firms. The aim of this research is therefore to provide insights in management studies for modern knowledge-based businesses. Our contribution is to enrich the academic fields of interdisciplinary meetings and identity work in knowledge firms. This study qualitatively explored interactions of knowledge workers within organisational meetings and the psychological impact these interactions may have. Our fieldwork included semi-structured interviews and observations of a recurrent meeting within a high-tech start-up. We paid particular attention to subjective interpretations and perceptions of knowledge workers in the context of an interdisciplinary meeting. Our results show that there is a close relationship between the modern concept of alienation and the idea of identity struggle. We suggest for further research to focus on such linkages and explore them in different contexts. (Less)


This paper presents an experimental implementation and performance evaluation of an indoor positioning system based on visible light communications (VLC). The system hardware, including a VLC transmitter and a receiver, is designed taking into account the illumination flicker, brightness, signal synchronization, noise and path loss issues. In addition, we propose a simple protocol design for location identification (ID), including the location ID format, the ID frame structure and its error control. The experiments are performed to optimize the design of the receiver so that the pulse-error rate (PER) is minimized. Furthermore, we also confirm the location ID detectability in case of with and without Golay error correction code. Experimental results confirm that it is possible to achieve the PER bellow 10-3 at 9 m or shorter distance. In addition, the location ID detectability is higher than 95% when the receiving time of 0.7 seconds, which is equivalent to the walking speed of 1.4 m/sec, under the LED coverage cell of 2 m.


ACQ- and CA-B-treated wood at above-ground and ground-contact retention levels was tested for resistance against four brown-rot fungi, the most common type of decay that attacks structural timber. In many locations of the country, the above-ground retention lumber is the only treatment available in retail stores and it is a concern that the public has been using this lumber in high hazard and ground-contact exposures. Results show that all lumber, even that treated to ground-contact levels, was significantly decayed by at least one of the brown-rot fungi. Decay losses of 20 percent to near 60 percent were observed in above-ground treated wood. This research calls into question the efficacy of these preservative chemicals when used in ground-contact conditions at the retentions typically available to the consumer.


Introduction: Repeating or high-intensity external perturbation is the major mechanism of head and neck injuries in contact sports such as karate. Central nervous system employs postural adjustments strategies against perturbations. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of proprioceptive training on head and neck strategies against external perturbations to reduce sway in these regions in karate athletes. Materials and Methods: Twenty five professional male karate athletes voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into control (n = 12) and experimental (n = 13) groups. Kinematic parameters of head and neck against external perturbations were measured using motion analysis system. CORTEX, MATLAB and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Paired t and analysis of covariance tests were used to compare mean differences within the group and between the groups at significant level of less than 0.05. Results: There were significant differences in angular displacement (P = 0.009) and acceleration (P < 0.001) against second type of external perturbation between control and experimental groups after the intervention. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study show that proprioception training can improve compensatory postural adjustments strategy and increase head and neck postural stability against external perturbation in karate athletes


Activation energy is an important parameter which determines thermal stability of solar selective absorbing coating. In this investigation, a new performance criterion (PC) was defined for solar selective coating according to our modified equation of photo-thermal conversion. Then the activation energy of Cu/stainless steel (SS)-AlN/SiAlOx solar selective absorbing coating was measured. Cu/SS-AlN/SiAlOx tandem films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Accelerated ageing tests were performed on the coating at 500°C and 550°C, under the atmosphere, calculating PC from the reflectance spectrum and measuring the failure time. According to Arrhenius equation, the activation energy and the equivalent life span of Cu/SS-AlN/SiAlOx tandem film at 400°C were determined to be about 187.4kJ/mol and more than 16260 hours, respectively.


Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to report outcomes after combined internal repair and transarticular external skeletal fixation (TESF) for the treatment of tarsocrural joint instabilities (TCI) in cats. Materials and Methods Open reduction of the tarsal joint was performed followed by combined (1) internal repair (tibial/ fibular malleolar osteosynthesis or primary ligament suture and/or prosthetic ligament repair) and (2) temporary TESF. Stability of the tarsus was determined at short-term follow-up (4–8 weeks postoperatively). Short-term complications were evaluated and midterm outcome assessed by an owner telephone questionnaire. Results Fourteen cats were included of which nine had open TCI. Median time for frame removal was 47 days. Eleven patients had satisfactory stability of the tarsus at short-term follow-up. Catastrophic complications occurred in three cats consisting of extensive skin necrosis of the paw with subsequent hindlimb amputation in two and multiple digit amputations in one cat. Major complications occurred in one cat with persistent TCI requiring pantarsal arthrodesis. Nine cat owners indicated a 'full or acceptable' outcome at midterm (median, 1.5 years). Conclusion Close monitoring in the postoperative period until TESF removal is important for early identification of complications. Despite good joint stability at short-term, persistent or recurrent lameness at midterm can occur.


Additive haze model (AHM), due to its high simplicity, has a potential to increase the efficiency of the restoration procedure of images degraded by scattering media. However, AHM is designed for hazy remote sensing data and is not suitable to be used on outdoor images. In this paper, according to the low-frequency feature (LFC) of haze, AHM is modified via gamma correction technique to make it suitable for modeling outdoor images. Benefitting from the modified AHM (MAHM), a simple yet effective method called VROHI is proposed to enhance the visibility of an outdoor hazy image. In specific, a low complexity LFC extraction method is designed by utilizing characteristic of the discrete cosine transform. Subsequently, by constructing the linear function of unknown parameters and imposing the saturation prior on MAHM, the image dehazing problem can be derived into a global optimization function. Experiments reveal that the proposed VROHI is superior to the other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of both the processing efficiency and recovery quality.


Stroke is a sudden loss of brain function due to disturbance in the cerebral blood supply with symptoms lasting at least 24 hours or leading to death with vascular background as its only cause. Stroke can be caused either by rupture of a blood vessel or aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke, HS), or by thrombosis or embolisms (ischemic stroke, IS). In children stroke is defined as any neurological event related to an acute brain ischemia shown by the brain imaging technique. The incidence of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in children (about 2–13 / 100,000 children per year) is much lower than the incidence in the adult population. Still, adverse outcomes of acute brain ischemia in childhood include death, neurological sequel, epileptic seizures, and recurrence. The knowledge of childhood stroke etiology is still insufficient and the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures remain underdeveloped. Ischemic stroke is a heterogeneous condition with many different risk factors, both genetic and biochemical. The authors have reviewed the recent literature on risk factors of childhood ischemic stroke with the focus on biochemical factors like dyslipidemias, protein C deficiency and homocysteine, lipoprotein(a) and fibrinogen excess, and genetic factors like polymorphisms of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, factor V, and fibrinogen genes.


Cholangiocytes not only secrete and resorb fluid, electrolytes, and bile acids, under the regulation of a number of hormones, and paracrine mediators, they also produce a number of peptides and mediators that enable extensive parcrine communication with other nonparenchymal liver cells, particularly in the setting of chronic portal inffammation. Major advances have been made during the past review year. The role of cholangiocytes in bile formation continued to be actively investigated. The membrane polarity of Cl/HCO3 and Na+/H+ exchange isoforms and signaling mechanisms leading to fluid and bicarbonate secretion were addressed using polarized cell models. The pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis-related liver disease continues to puzzle investigators. The endocrine and paracrine control of cholangiocyte secretion was examined. Purinergic, peptidergic, and cholinergic signaling play important roles. The functional heterogeneity of cholangiocytes along the biliary tree is now well established; only medium- and large-size bile ducts participate in secretin-regulated bile secretion. Relationships between bile acids and the biliary epithelium appear more complex. The ileal bile acid transporter is expressed at the apical membrane of large cholangiocytes and is able to mediate functional unidirectional Na+-dependnet tauorcholate uptake. A better understanding of basic mechanisms will certainly lead to cell-specifi phramacologic or genetic approaches to the treatment of cholestatic liver disease.


On January 10th, 2016, Professor Oleg Kabov, a world renowne d expert in the field of interfacial heat and mass transfer and the founding Editor-in-Chief of the journal Interfacial Phenomena and Heat Transfer (IPHT), celebrated his 60th birthday. To mark the occasion, several of his colle agues conceived the idea of a special issue to celebrate his achievements and to provide an overview of some recent de velopments in the research areas pioneered and/or enhanced by Professor Kabov. We review his contributions to these areas here while also providing some biographical information. Oleg Kabov graduated from Tomsk Polytechnic Institute (now National Tomsk Polytechnic Research University) in 1978, and in the same year he moved to Novosibirsk to join th e laboratory of Professor S.S. Kutateladze at the Institute of Thermophysics. For many decades, this institu te has been one of the leading heat and mass transfer research centers in the world, in part due to the pioneering c o tributions of Kutateladze and his collaborators toward the understanding of physical mechanisms of boiling and con densation. Other important research areas developed at the Institute of Thermophysics include studies of waves o n liquid films, vortex flows, heat and mass transfer in disperse systems, phase transformation at cryogenic tempe ratur s, detonation, rarified gas dynamics, and synthesis of advanced materials. Professor Kabov defended his PhD the sis at the Institute of Thermophysics in 1987 under the direction of Professor I.I. Gogonin by working on proble ms of film condensation on arrays of finned tubes. The photograph in Fig. 1 (left) goes back to the early days at the K utateladze laboratory. The colleagues at the Institute of Thermophysics quickly recognized Oleg's scientific potent ial. In 1987, at the age of just 31, he became the head of a new laboratory for heat transfer enhancement, see Fig. 1 (ri ght). Professor Vladimir E. Nakoryakov, an outstanding scientist who was the Director of the Institute of Thermophy sics between 1986 and 1997, proposed and strongly supported the establishment of this laboratory. In search of novel research directions for his laboratory, P rofessor Kabov turned his attention to studies of gravitydriven liquid films flowing over heated surfaces. This work re sulted in a remarkable discovery (Kabov, 1998). While


This paper aim to describe:1) Form of gender injustice to female characters in Sambal & Ranjang short story by Tenni Purwanti, 2) To describe the image of woman in the Sambal di Ranjang short story by Tenni Purwanti by using a feminist literary criticism approach. The research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. Sources of data in this paper is the short story contained in the book of Sambal & Ranjang by Tenni Purwanti, published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, first edition, October 2020. Instrument research is the researcher himself because the researcher as data collector and also as data analyzer.  The conclusion of this study is the physical, psychological, and social image of the main female characters in the Sambal di Ranjang short story by Tenni Purwanti showing a view of woman.


A small scale fixed-bed throatless rice husk gasifier reactor with internal diameter of 14 cm and height of 60 cm was designed and fabricated. Rice husk as fuel in this study had moisture content around 16% and bulk density of 122 kg/m3. Trial runs were conducted varying the air flow rate. The producer gas which had been produced was then flared, and the flame was visually analyzed. In every test run, the initial weight of fuel, operating time, and weight of solid residue (char and ash) were collected. These datas were then used to determine Specific Gasification Rate (SGR), Percentage of Solid Residue, and Equivalence Ratio (ER). It was found that the gasifier performance (nalyzed from flame stability) was good enough at a specific gasification rate around 19,5 kg/m2.hr. Under the best operating conditions, the equivalence ratio was 0,71 and the gasification process still remaining around 43% of solid residue.
keywords: fixed-bed throatless gasifier, rice husk, specific gasification rate, esuivalent ratio.


This paper proposes that a stage in treatment common in all successful approaches to therapy is the precipitating of some degree of crisis, and that failure to provoke an element of crisis in terms of behaviour or beliefs in the family represents a 'crisis' for the therapist. Before considering the different approaches of three major schools of family therapy, it is first suggested that, at a more abstract level, 'the patterns which connect' (Bateson, 1979) the different schools provide a unifying framework to understand one of the aims of therapy. This is the intention to challenge established patterns to precipitate crisis. Three models of Family Therapy, Structural, Strategic, and Milan/Systemic, are outlined and their manner of precipitating crises described.


Factionalism is an important element in parties' internal life, affecting their policies, strategies, electoral performance and even survival. Yet little is known about how parties manage factionalism. This study examines how radical left parties (RLPs) manage factionalism, drawing on a comparative case study of four RLPs – the Spanish Podemos and United Left (IU), and the Portuguese Left Bloc (BE) and Communist Party (PCP) – from 2010 to 2019. Drawing on original data collection, we find that parties adopt both formal and informal mechanisms to address factionalism. However, their approaches differ significantly. We identify two main approaches towards factionalism: a permissive approach, which allows internal pluralism, in the BE and IU; and a prohibitionist approach, which actively fights factionalism, in Podemos and the PCP, with competitive prohibitionism in the former and pre-emptive prohibitionism in the latter. These approaches strongly correlate with parties' origins and political orientation, but neither fully prevents intra-party conflict or splintering.


Synthesis of asynchronous logic using the tool Petrify requires a state graph with a complete state coding. It is common for specifications to exhibit concurrent outputs, but Petrify is sometimes unable to resolve the state coding conflicts that arise as a result, and hence cannot synthesise a circuit. A pair of decomposition heuristics (expressed in the language of Delay-Insensitive Sequential Processes) are given that helps one to obtain a synthesisable specification. The second heuristic has been successfully applied to a set of nine benchmarks to obtain significant reductions both in area and in synthesis time, compared with synthesis performed on the original specifications.


DNA repair plays a critical, but imprecisely defined role in excitotoxic injury and neuronal survival throughout adulthood. We utilized an excitotoxic injury model to compare the location and phenotype of degenerating neurons in mice (strain 129‐C57BL) deficient in the catalytic subunit of the DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PKcs), an enzyme required for nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Brains from untreated adult heterozygous and DNA‐PKcs null mice displayed comparable cytoarchitecture and undetectable levels of cell death. By day 1, and extending through 4 days following kainic acid‐induced seizures, brains from DNA‐PKcs null mice showed widespread neurodegeneration that encompassed the entire hippocampal CA1–CA3 pyramidal cell layer, entorhinal cortex, and lateral septum, with relative sparing of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer and hilus, as judged by toluidine blue, Fluoro‐Jade B, and terminal dUTP nick end labeling staining. In contrast, seizure‐related neurodegeneration in heterozygous littermates was limited to the CA3 region of the hippocampus. NeuN and calbindin staining revealed a selective decrease in the number and density of NeuN‐positive neurons in the pyramidal layers of degenerating regions in both heterozygous and DNA‐PKcs null mice. To elucidate the mechanisms leading to cell death, we examined an involvement of the p53 pathway, known to be induced by DNA damage. Addition of pifithrin‐α, a p53 inhibitor, or expression of a dominant‐negative p53 rescued neurons from kainate‐induced excitotoxic cell death in primary cortical cultures derived from wildtype, DNA‐PKcs heterozygous, or DNA‐PKcs null neonatal mice. Moreover, pifithrin‐α prevented kainate‐induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, dendrite degeneration, and cell death. Results suggest that NHEJ plays a neuroprotective role in excitotoxicity, within the perforant, Schaffer collateral, hippocampal‐septal, and temperoammonic pathways, in part by repairing DNA damage that would otherwise result in activation of a p53‐dependent apoptotic cascade. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Advances in body-worn sensors and mobile health technology have created new opportunities for empowering people to take a more active role in managing their health. Obesity has been recognized as a target of opportunity that could particularly benefit from this approach. Selfmonitoring of dietary intake is critical for weight loss/management, but currently used tools such as food diaries require users to manually estimate and record energy intake, making them subjective, prone to error, and difficult to use for long periods of time. Our group is developing a new tool called the "bite counter" that automates the monitoring of caloric intake. The device is worn like a watch and uses sensors to track wrist motion during a meal. Previous studies have shown that our method accurately counts bites during controlled and uncontrolled meals in the lab. This thesis describes a study to evaluate the accuracy of the method in a cafeteria setting. A cafeteria booth that can seat 1 to 4 people was instrumented with tethered wrist motion trackers, embedded scales, and video cameras, to enable recording of wrist motion, changes in food weight, and actual activities during eating. A total of 276 subjects were recorded eating uncontrolled meals. The data was manually reviewed and the times of all actual bites taken were recorded as "ground truth". The wrist motion data was then analyzed using the automated bite counting method to determine the times of automated bite detections. These were compared against the ground truth to evaluate the accuracy of the bite counting method. In total, 22,383 bites were evaluated, consisting of 380 different foods, eaten using 4 different utensils from 4 different containers, across a variety of subject demographics. Results show that the method varied in accuracy from 39 % (for ice cream cones) to 88% (for salad bar) across the 39 most commonly eaten foods (>=100 bite occurrences in the data set). The average accuracy found across all bites was 76% with a positive predictive value of 87%. A second test of the bite counting method using modified timing thresholds resulted in 82% accuracy with a 82% positive predictive value. These results indicate that the method works well across a


One of the problems to obtain the source data for the simulation is the determination of the actual volume of the tank and its rate of change during different modes of operation. Aims and Objectives Development and practical approbation of the spherical tank calibration procedure. For this purpose, a method for calibration of spherical tanks using terrestrial laser scanning was developed. Methods In calibrating ball (spherical) tank by the proposed method the tank capacity corresponding to the height of its filling is found by determining the area of its horizontal cross-sections on the constructed 3D model of the interior space. Then, the capacity of the tank is determined by computation methods. Horizontal cross-sections are created based on the built 3D models of the internal walls and structures of the tank according to terrestrial laser scanning. The accuracy of the obtained values of the capacity corresponding to height of tank filling is evaluated using a special program that performs modeling of the scan data obtaining and processing. Moreover, the modeling is done for an ideal sphere with diameter equal to the height of the tank. The obtained values of the tank capacity corresponding to the height of filling are compared with the volume of an ideal truncated sphere. On the basis of this comparison one can make a conclusion about the capacity measurement error in relative units. Conclusion The performance is 2,5...2,7 times higher when using this technique against the analogs for other types of tanks of the same volume; moreover, the volume determination is in relative error by 0.01...0.03 %, that is, the accuracy is higher than that of physical methods.


Climate driven changes and anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment have been shown to favor the increase in certain potentially harmful species. Among them, Noctiluca scintillans, a common dinoflagellate, often blooms during warm summers and is known to affect plankton communities. In this study, we assessed the dynamics in abundance and cell size of N. scintillans as well as the relationship between N. scintillans and small soft-bodied zooplankton in the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS), since negative correlations between these plankton groups have been previously reported for nearby regions. This study is the first to present consistently counted N. scintillans cell numbers and measured cell lengths, through the analysis of ZooScan images from samples taken monthly at stations throughout the coastal zone of the BPNS. The results show that N. scintillans demonstrated clear seasonal dynamics with both high densities and large cell sizes in spring/summer (May-July). The occurrence of N. scintillans in the analyzed plankton samples and the abundance of N. scintillans at the observed peak intensities nearly tripled over a period of 5 years. A zero-inflated model showed a correlation of N. scintillans abundance with temperature as well as with phosphate concentrations, suggesting that anthropogenic influences such as climate change and riverine nutrient inputs could affect the temporal dynamics of the species. The results, on the other hand, did not show any negative impact of N. scintillans on the soft-bodied plankton community.


This article investigates how to handle amplification of resonance frequency through variation of PHC volume, and it also studies the Compensator Induced Vibration (CIV), which induces longitudinal oscillations of frequencies higher than the heave motion by modifying the damping friction coefficient. The methodology of this article consists of analyzing the frequency response of a lumped mass model of drill string with a linear PHC force, and their validation through temporal simulation of the validation model that considers the nonlinear PHC forces. As the main results, it is shown that the reduction of accumulator volume is a feasible option to mitigate the amplification in the case of resonance frequencies, and a requirement is put out to determine if the CIV may appear in the top drive heave motion.


Interoperability between heterogeneous wireless access networks will help the operators to improve the quality of service offered to the users and the networks resource utilization. Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard is designed by IEEE to optimize the handover between heterogeneous networks. This paper presents a solution for mobility management in heterogeneous networks which is based on the MIH framework. It is presented the architecture and the simulation testbed used for system validation. QualNet simulator was chose to implement the proposed solution.


Eight systemic and nonsystemic fungicides were used for the dontrol of Sclerotinia white rot of B. juncea. A significant reduction in the percentage of disease development and also in the size of diseased spots was noted. Benlate and topsin-M were the most effective fungicides followed by difolatan, plantvax, brassicol, vitavax, demosan and ceresan. No phytotoxicity was observed with any of the treatment.


Hard carbons are promising anode candidates for sodium‐ion batteries due to their excellent Na‐storage performance, abundant resources, and low cost. Despite the recent advances in hard carbons, the interpretation of the Na‐storage mechanism in hard carbons remains unclear, with discrepancies over a general model describing the corresponding structure–property relationship. For the rational structural design of high‐performance hard carbon anodes, a thorough understanding of the charge storage mechanism and the relationship between microstructure and Na‐storage performance is critical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the known models to describe the Na‐storage mechanism in hard carbons with a discussion focused on Na‐storage active sites such as interlayer space, pores, heteroatoms, and defects. The present models, including the "insertion‐filling", "adsorption‐filling", "adsorption‐insertion", and "multistage mechanism" and the associated analytical characterization, are elaborately discussed with a view to the present challenges and the prospects for unveiling Na‐storage mechanism in hard carbons. The review serves to clarify the Na‐storage mechanism in hard carbons with guidance toward the design of high‐performance anodes for sodium‐ion batteries.


This article is the first part of a review of the Business Information Review Annual Survey, which has been published annually since 1991. The article explores technological change as it has been revealed by the surveys. It uses a combination of content and thematic analysis to develop six key themes, which are discussed by reference to the original surveys: the telling case of CD-ROMs; the Internet and the World Wide Web; changing information formats; the impact of digital technologies on information work; intranets and knowledge management (KM); and newer technologies. The article aims to summarise and consolidate longitudinal trends revealed by the survey, act as a guide to the rich data contained within the surveys themselves and provide a testament to the wealth of professional experience captured in the BIR Annual Surveys. Its findings relate to the nature of technological change and the incorporation of new technologies by the information and KM profession.


Ofsted's new inspection framework for children's social care services places greater emphasis on councils' own approaches to self-evaluation and sector-led improvement, reports Jo Stephenson


In this paper, the discovery of neutral hydrogen moving at high speed perpendicular to the disk of the nearby spiral galaxy M101 is reported. This material is found in two locations where the spiral structure itself seems particularly disturbed. The mass involved is (1-10) x 10 to the 7th solar. The velocities appear redshifted by up to about 150 km/s with respect to the local H I disk of M101, and yet they seem to connect smoothly to other features seen in that disk. The origin of these high-velocity H I structures is not clear. The observations also confirm that the H I layer of M101 extends far beyond the optical image in radius. This exended disk seems to become more symmetric in its faint outer parts, very much as hinted by previous single-dish observations. The velocity field suggests that the rotation curve of M101 has started to decline slowly in those outer regions. 20 references.


cotton fibers, usually called lint * by laymen. There may be several other contaminants in the textileplant atmosphere which become entrained by the cotton during growth-such as insecticides, fungi fragments, and bacteria. During cleaning, these, too, may be dispersed into the workroom air. The amounts of waste materials (substances other than proper-length cotton fibers) in baled cotton can be considerable. It is well known that the amount of trash in cotton depends principally upon the cot-


Compressive behavior of fruit flesh has been studied using mechanical tests and microstructural analysis. Apple flesh from two cultivars (Braeburn and Cox's Orange Pippin) was investigated to represent the extremes in a spectrum of fruit flesh types, hard and juicy (Braeburn) and soft and mealy (Cox's). Force-deformation curves produced during compression of unconstrained discs of apple flesh followed trends predicted from the literature for each of the "juicy" and "mealy" types. The curves display the rupture point and, in some cases, a point of inflection that may be related to the point of incipient juice release. During compression these discs of flesh generally failed along the centre line, perpendicular to the direction of loading, through a barrelling mechanism. Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM) was used to examine the behavior of the parenchyma cells during fracture and compression using a purpose designed sample holder and compression tester. Fracture behavior reinforced the difference in mechanical properties between crisp and mealy fruit flesh. During compression testing prior to cryo-SEM imaging the apple flesh was constrained perpendicular to the direction of loading. Microstructural analysis suggests that, in this arrangement, the material fails along a compression front ahead of the compressing plate. Failure progresses by whole lines of parenchyma cells collapsing, or rupturing, with juice filling intercellular spaces, before the compression force is transferred to the next row of cells.


This paper discusses a software tool called the Reuse_System. The tool was developed using the Ada language to promote software reuse. It automates concepts designed to aid in both the storage and retrieval of existing software. Its own design emphasizes end user activities in finding and then extracting software for reuse.


ABSTRACT

This is a qualitative descriptive and comparative research of news text based on Systemic Functional Linguistics. The problem statements of the research are (1) How is the register system applied in each text in news reported on Indonesia This Morning Program and in The Jakarta Post? (2) What is the genre applied in each text in news reported on Indonesia This Morning Program and in The Jakarta Post? (3) What is the ideology applied in each text in news reported on Indonesia This Morning Program and in The Jakarta Post? (4) What are the similarities and differences of each text in news reported on Indonesia This Morning Program and in The Jakarta Post?. The objective of the research is to describe and compare the register, genre and ideology of both texts.
The research was conducted by analysing the data based on lexicogrammar, cohesion system and text structure analysis, interpreting the register, genre and ideology, and finally comparing the analysis result of both texts to find their similarities and differences.
The register analysis is composed of three aspects, namely field, tenor and mode. The interpretation of field shows that both texts have the same function to report the issue of Indonesia's election credibility. From the analysis of tenor, it can be interpreted that the status between the writer and the audience or reader of both texts is equal. The judgment of the writer of both texts towards the audience or reader is neutral. Moreover, the degree of familiarity and readability of text 1 is higher than text 2. The mode interpretation reveals that both texts have written style. The medium of both texts are also appropriate with the content and text structure characteristic of the texts.
Both texts employs recount genre. It is supported by the employment of dominant Attributive Relational Process and Material Process. In addition, the using of indicative; declarative; proposition Mood system strengthens it. However, the text structure of both texts are different. Text 1 consists of 2 events, while text 2 consists of orientation and 17 events.
The ideology analysis reveals that both texts have left protagonist ideology. It is because the writers of both texts write the texts to report an issue and have power to gain
In conclusion, having written the thesis, it is recommended that the writer of news texts simplify the news text in order to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the readers towards the issue reported.


As III-V nitride devices advance in technological importance, a fundamental understanding of device processing techniques becomes essential. Recent works have exposed various aspects of etch processes. The most recent advances and the greatest remaining challenges in the etching of GaN, AIN, and InN are reviewed. A more detailed presentation is given with respect to GaN high density plasma etching. In particular, the results of parametric and fundamental studies of GaN etching in a high density plasma are described. The effect of ion energy and mass on surface electronic properties is reported. Experimental results identify preferential sputtering as the leading cause of observed surface non-stoichiometry. This mechanism provides excellent surfaces for ohmic contacts to n-type GaN, but presents a major obstacle for Schottky contacts or ohmic contacts to p-type GaN. Chlorine-based discharges minimize this stoichiometry problem by improving the rate of gallium removal from the surface. In an effort to better understand the high density plasma etching process for GaN, in-situ mass spectrometry is employed to study the chlorine-based high density plasma etching process. Gallium chloride mass peaks were monitored in a highly surface sensitive geometry as a function of microwave power (ion flux), total pressure (neutral flux), and ion energy. Microwave power and pressure dependencies clearly demonstrate the importance of reactive ions in the etching of wide band gap materials. The ion energy dependence demonstrates the importance of adequate ion energy to promote a reasonable etch rate (≥ 100-150 eV). The benefits of ion-assisted chemical etching are diminished for ion energies in excess of 350 V, placing an upper limit to the useful ion energy range for etching GaN. The impact of these results on device processing will be discussed and future needs identified.


Sectio Caesarea has various complications during the postoperative period, one of which is a decrease in body temperature, if not handled properly it can cause hypothermia and cause discomfort to the patient. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of warm infusion fluids and warm electric blankets on the body temperature of post-sectio caesarea patients in the recovery room. This research is a true-experimental study with pretest and post-test with control group design approach. The research sample was divided into 4 groups, each group was given treatment for 60 minutes. The results showed that warm infusion fluids and warm electric blankets were adequate compared to other groups, with p-value = 0.000 (p<0.05). Based on this study, it can be concluded that the combination of warm infusion fluids and warm electric blankets effectively increases the body temperature of post-sectio caesarea patients.


In the twenty years since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, an entire society has been transformed and politicized. In this process, no group's experience has been more drastically altered than that of urban, middle-class Iranian women. This is especially true for those women, now in their forties, who were in their early to midtwenties at the time of the Iranian Revolution, who were old enough to have come of age before the revolution, but not yet old enough to have established themselves as independent adults. The most basic aspects of their lives-expectations about education, work, and family-were significantly changed by political upheavals (the civil war, the closing of the universities and the subsequent purges known as the Cultural Revolution, the IranIraq War, the monopolization of the political arena by Islamic ideology and a new repressive state apparatus), economic decline (including the U.S.-led economic embargo), and national cultural shifts. Having grown up expecting one set of practical and personal opportunities, these women found themselves facing a completely transformed national landscape, in which political, economic, and cultural changes altered the specific opportunities available to them as young adults. Many of them left the country. But many stayed and made a life as best they could under new circumstances.


A new ultra-low-background spectrometer based on a HPGe detector with a sensitive volume of 600 cm 3 was developed to investigate rare nuclear processes, such as resonant neutrino-less double electron capture (0νEC/EC) and double beta decay processes (2ν2β, 2νβEC, 2νEC/EC) to the excited states of daughter nuclei. The spectrometer was installed at the Modane underground laboratory (LSM, France, 4800 m w.e.). Sensitivity of the spectrometer and its background were tested. A new method for the efficiency calibration in measurements of low-active samples was developed. A spectrometer was used for the measurements of low active materials and samples. Results obtained in 395 h investigation of resonant 0νEC/EC decay of Cd to the 2718 keV and 2741 keV excited states of Pd with ~23.2 g of enriched Cd, βEC, EC/EC decays of Ni in measurements of ~21.7 kg sample of natural nickel and 2ν2β decay of Mo sample with the mass of 2588 g to the 0 + , 1130 keV and 2 + , 539.5 keV excited states of 100 Ru are presented.


Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza, SM) is one of the most popular medicinal herbs in China. A variety of formulations are currently used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases [1], including stroke [2], the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability [3]. Danshen has many protective effects including antiinflammation, free radical scavenging, and antioxidation [4], which might be beneficial for stroke treatment [5,6]. Results from clinical trials on stroke, however, are not consistent.


We demonstrate a novel bidirectional add/drop amplifier (BADA) module by using only one N/spl times/N arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG). For the effective transmission of bidirectional signals, it is essential to suppress the relative intensity noise caused by Rayleigh backscattering, multiple reflection, and/or AWG crosstalk. The proposed amplifier module can suppress the relative intensity noise simply by using two optical bandpass filters. No degradation was observed in the receiver sensitivity when these amplifier modules were used for the bidirectional transmission and add/drop multiplexing of wavelength-division-multiplexing signals.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to novel individual diarylalkanes, to method of preventing treatment of diseases and states, associated with tyrosinases, method of preventing treatment of diseases and states, associated with overproduction or uneven distribution of melamine, method of inhibiting tyrosinase activity and method of melamine synthesis suppression, in which claimed diarylalkanes, as well as compositions for local application based on novel diarylalkanes, are applied. EFFECT: increased efficiency of composition application. 30 cl, 5 tbl, 14 dwg, 18 ex


Feed is blocked at the first bearing and the connecting flange of the screw conveyor.This article analyzes the reason for feed blockage.It suggests to use sleeve connection insteed of flange connection.


Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate semi-rigid retrograde ureteroscopic pneumatic stone lithotripsy complications and to compare between the stone-related factors associated with the occurrence of these complications. Settings and Design: The Study design was a prospective study. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-one patients (143 male and 108 female) who underwent (266) ureteroscopic procedures for their ureteral stones in Basra Teaching Hospital and also in communication with the other local centres at the south of Iraq extending from January 2015 to August 2017. Full medical and surgical history, routine laboratory investigations and imaging study were done preoperatively. After taking informed consent, pre-operative antibiotic was given, procedure done under general or regional anaesthesia using (8 or 9.5) ureteroscopy (URS) and lithotripsy, double j stent inserted when indicated. Stone-free status was reached when all the stones were destructed and extracted while gravels and fragments <2 mm left for spontaneous passage. The patient was discharged home after 24 h unless complications occurred. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics were done to measure the frequency of intra- and post-operative complications using SPSS version 21. Results: Stone-free status was achieved in 81.95%. Regarding intra-operative complications, perforation occurred in 10.1%, of them 8.6% were minor and 1.5% were major, mucosal abrasions occurred in 7.1%, false passage in 2.25%, stone retropulsion in 4.1% and intraoperative bleeding in 1.8%. Post-operative complication includes fever (6.4%) and ureteral obstruction (6%). Conclusions: Semi-rigid URS has gained wide acceptance worldwide and seems to be safe and efficient in managing ureteral stones with low rate of intra- and post-operative complications.


Calculation of accurate vector winds from scatterometers requires knowledge of the relationship between backscatter cross-section and the geophysical variable of interest. As the detailed dynamics of wind generation of centimetric waves and radar-sea surface scattering at moderate incidence angles are not well known, empirical scatterometer model functions relating backscatter to winds must be developed. Less well appreciated is the fact that, given an accurate model function and some knowledge of the dominant scattering mechanisms, significant information on the amplitudes and directional distributions of centimetric roughness elements on the sea surface can be inferred. accurate scatterometer model functions can thus be used to investigate wind generation of short waves under realistic conditions. The present investigation involves developing an empirical model function for the C-band (5.3 GHz) ERS-1 scatterometer and comparing Ku-band model functions with the C-band model to infer information on the two-dimensional spectrum of centimetric roughness elements in the ocean. The C-band model function development is based on collocations of global backscatter measurements with operational surface analyses produced by meteorological agencies. Strengths and limitations of the method are discussed, and the resulting model function is validated in part through comparison with the actual distributions of backscatter cross-section triplets. Details of the directional modulation as well as the wind speed sensitivity at C-band are investigated. Analysis of persistent outliers in the data is used to infer the magnitudes of non-wind effects (such as atmospheric stratification, swell, etc.). The ERS-1 C-band instrument and the Seasat Ku-band (14.6 GHz) scatterometer both imaged waves of approximately 3.4 cm wavelength assuming that Bragg scattering is the dominant mechanism. Comparisons of the C-band and Ku-band model functions are used both to test the validity of the postulated Bragg mechanism and to investigate the directional distribution of the imaged waves under a variety of conditions where Bragg scatter is dominant.


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Rationale Severe asthma (SA) patients are a heterogeneous population with diverse clinical characteristics and biomarkers, including eosinophils and IgE. It is of clinical relevance to understand the relationship between different severe asthma phenotypes and thus eligibility for biologic therapies. The IDEAL study (Identification and Description of Severe Asthma Patients in a Cross-Sectional Study) aimed to define the proportion of patients in England and Wales who are eligible for anti IL-5 (mepolizumab) or anti-IgE (omalizumab) targeted therapy, and those who may be eligible for both, given current NICE guidance. Methods IDEAL, an observational study, included SA subjects aged ≥12 years defined according to ATS/ERS guidelines by treatment with high-dose ICS plus additional controller(s) for ≥12 months. A post hoc analysis of IDEAL was conducted to identify eligibility to mepolizumab and omalizumab in accordance with current NICE guidance for each. Mepolizumab eligibility was defined as per NICE guidance: 'severe refractory eosinophilic asthma patients who have eosinophils≥300 cells/microlitre (0.30 × 109/L) or more in the previous 12 months and have had ≥4 asthma exacerbations needing systemic corticosteroids in the previous 12 months, or have had continuous oral corticosteroids of at least the equivalent of prednisolone 5 mg per day for the previous 6 months'. Omalizumab eligibility defined as 'evidence of severe persistent allergic asthma and need for continuous or frequent treatment with oral corticosteroids (defined as ≥4 courses in the previous year), and meeting bodyweight and IgE criteria for omalizumab treatment'. Results Of 748 SA subjects enrolled in the study, 670 met the analysis criteria and were included in this post-hoc analysis (mean age=50.9 years; 62% female). 90 subjects (13%) were eligible for mepolizumab and 184 (27%) were eligible for omalizumab. Of the 90 mepolizumab eligible patients, 31 (5%) were receiving omalizumab therapy, while of the remaining 59 (9%) patients not on a biologic 11 (2%) were also eligible for omalizumab. Conclusions This is the first cross-sectional study providing estimation of the proportion of SA patients eligible for biologic therapy in accordance with NICE guidance, indicating 13% mepolizumab-eligibility and 27% omalizumab-eligibility with limited overlap. (Funded by GSK; 2 01 722.)


This paper deals with the stochastic modeling of the normalized least-mean-square algorithm for bilinear forms (NLMS-BF), which is defined from the temporal and spatial impulse responses of a multiple-input single-output (MISO) spatiotemporal system. Specifically, considering a system identification problem with stationary plant and Gaussian input data, model expressions are derived describing the mean weight behavior of the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal adaptive filters, the learning curve, as well as some correlation-like matrices required. Simulation results are shown confirming that the model predicts satisfactorily the algorithm behavior for both transient and steady-state phases.


Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the normal physiological functions of an organism, ultimately leading to mortality. Metabolic changes throughout the aging process disrupt the balance and homeostasis of the cell. The kynurenine metabolic pathway is the sole de novo biosynthetic pathway for producing NAD+ from ingested tryptophan. Altered kynurenine pathway activity is associated with both aging and a variety of age-associated diseases, and kynurenine-based interventions can extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our laboratory recently demonstrated knockdown of the kynurenine pathway enzymes kynureninase (KYNU) or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (HAAO) increases lifespan by 20-30% in C elegans. However, the mechanism of how these interventions may modulate response against different stressors during the aging process has yet to be explored. Fluorescent reporter strains show the stress-responsive transcription factors skn-1 (ortholog of NRF2/NFE2L2; oxidative stress response) and hif-1 (ortholog of HIF1A; hypoxic stress response) to be highly upregulated when the kynurenine pathway is inhibited. We also demonstrated the increase expression of gst-4 and gcs-1 (transcriptional targets skn-1), which are involved in production of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of cysl-2 (transcriptional target of hif-1), a regulator of cysteine biosynthesis from serine. We hypothesize that lifespan extension resulting from kynurenine pathway inhibition is mediated, at least in part, by upregulation of these transcription factors, providing elevated defense against oxidative stress and hypoxic stress.


In this paper, we review the outcome of the latest UK auction for "less established" low-carbon generation technologies, such as offshore wind. The auction resulted in record low costs, with prices paid for offshore wind in the mid-2020s now not much higher than the government's expected wholesale price. The results are in line with other auctions in Europe, where the costs of renewable power have fallen sharply, owing to cost efficiencies. Such lower prices raise the prospect of a "zero subsidy" future, in which solar, onshore wind, and offshore wind compete directly against each other and against other forms of power generation. These developments will bring with them increasing costs of integration, and increased risk for both governments and investors—for example, the risk that projects will not be delivered, as well as the risks associated with greater exposure to market prices.


Over the last thirty years there has been increased interest in utilizing thorium as nuclear fuel, primarily because, this potential actinide is three times more abundant in the earth's crust. Many countries, particularly those rich in thorium resources, have focused on research and development on thorium-based fuels. In the last three decades the use of Th-based fuel cycles has been extensively studied in Germany, India, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States of America and significant experience has been gained on the performance of the fuel in power generation and breeding. India accounts for one-third of the world's thorium reserves and is implementing thoria utilization through the three-stage fuel cycle concept: plutonium (Pu) generation from uranium in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR), U breeding from Th in Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR), and U burning for power production. India is also exploring the possibility of direct utilization of thorium in the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) configuration.


Following the analysis of cloud computing security in the paper,a framework of security service cloud computing was proposed based on cloud computing service pattern,which provided consistent standard model.Furthermore,the mechanism of the framework was introduced and analyzed,and a deployment algorithm of security service was proposed based on selection of the best computing server.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is better than random algorithm in terms of system load balance and service time.


The doctor who finds difficulty in eliminating the less essential facts and in simplifying his knowledge sufficiently for presentation to the average working-class mother will be helped by this small book. All the important advice necessary for a woman during pregnancy is contained in the fifty outline talks designed to cover the 40 weeks of pregnancy. The majority of the talks are simple and short, conveying one lesson only and there is much repetition of essential points. Doublless Colonel Birdwood's experience as a professor of midwifery in Lucknow and as medical officer to a child welfare clinic has taught him that attention to these points is very necessary in successful teaching. Even when the standard of intelligence is not high, the adult will respond better to suggestion accompanied by explanation than to suggestion alone aud it hardly seems enough to make bald statements such as ' Washing the body keeps the skin healthy and acting well' and ' Danger in confinement may arise from diet' without


Selling Style: Clothing and Social Change at the Turn of the Century Rob Schorman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. In Selling Style, Rob Schorman examines the intersection of gender, mass media, and consumer culture at the turn of the twentieth century. Schorman reveals the importance of clothing and images of clothing in creating and maintaining social norms, especially expectations of sex role differentiation. The focus of the book is the 189Os, a "restless time" "when there was the sharpest contrast in the manner in which men's and women's clothing was produced; American men wore ready-made clothing, "while "women still wore custom-made clothing. Schorman poses several questions: What accounts for this contrast? What connection do clothing and the making of clothes have to broader cultural issues such as gender? In answering these questions, he contrasts the development of the men's ready-towear industry with the custom-made traditions of women's "wear and examines the cultural meanings associated with each. He analyzes the impact of social Darwinism in supporting notions of sex differentiation and the ways in which dress became symbols of masculinity, citizenship, and femininity, as well as the influence of advertising in helping shape these cultural categories. Schorman observes that during the 189Os, many Americans linked fashion to individual identity and social power, ideas that resonated in the social presentation of the self. It was believed that inner truths could be determined by appearance -that is, outward garb was an indication of the inward personality. Dress also denoted class and citizenship, but most important, clothing served to symbolize and maintain gender role distinctions. It "was through consumer goods, especially clothing, that people constructed their identities. Men's clothing, especially the sack suit, evoked notions of a new masculinity and modernity. According to Schorman, ready-made suits were testament to American industrial prowess and democratic freedom. Unlike the frock coat, cutaway, or tailcoat, there was nothing frivolous about the aesthetic of the sack coat. It was square and solid. Ready-mades became popular, not only because they were inexpensive, but because they also offered a decent fit and eventually gained respectability. The manufacturers, clothiers, and retailers drew on advertising to make favorable comparisons to custom clothing. Schorman notes, however, that the attributes of custom clothing became linked to women's identity, character, and gender role. …


In this paper, the radial and axial vibrations of rigid shaft supported by ball bearings are analyzed. In analytical formulation, the contacts between the balls and races are considered as nonlinear springs, whose stiffness is obtained by using Hertzian elastic contact deformation theory. The governing differential equations of motion are obtained using Lagrange's equations. The implicit type numerical integration technique Newmark-ß with Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the nonlinear differential equations iteratively. The effects of two important parameters viz., preload and the number of balls are investigated in perfect bearings.


Edwin Thomas Melley ("Eddie") was born in Redditch, Worcestershire, where he was to practice medicine for most of his professional life. Having turned down an offer to read veterinary science in London, he qualified from Birmingham University Medical School in 1954.

His house jobs at Birmingham General Hospital were followed by two years of national service, during which he was stationed mainly in Hohne, west Germany. While there he married Barbara. They had two daughters and a son, but sadly their younger daughter died from …


In wireless sensor networks, clustering is effectively used for many applications, including environment monitoring, because it promises efficient energy consumption for inexpensive battery-operated sensors. The most famous clustering protocol, LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), enables the balanced consumption of energy to prolong a network lifetime. In LEACH, however, extra energy and time are consumed to reform clusters at the setup phase of every round. This side effect is worse as the number of clusters increases. This paper presents a novel energy-efficient clustering scheme called COTS (Clustering with One-Time Setup) which removes the cluster-reforming process required at every round after the first round. The proposed COTS allows that the role of the cluster head is rotated among members in a cluster without cluster reforming. By removing the cluster-reforming process, the number of transmissions per round is decreased accordingly. As a result, energy consumption is significantly reduced, resulting in prolonged network lifetime. The simulation study shows that the network performance and lifetime are much improved as the number of clusters is increased.


A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil.) in Art Education, 2005


In the title compound, [RuCl(C10H8N2)(C6H12S3)]NO3·H2O or [RuCl(bpy)([9]aneS3)]NO3·H2O, ([9]aneS3 is 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine), the RuII cation has a slightly distorted octahedral environment composed of three facially coordinated S atoms from ([9]aneS3), two N atoms from bpy and a chloride anion. The nitrate counter-ion and the water molecule of crystallization are engaged in O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions, leading to a supramolecular chain running parallel to the c axis.


Let q be a power of the prime p and Fq be the q elements finite field.For tow residue rings R1=Fq[u]/(um)(um=0,m≥ 2) and R2=Fq+uFq+vFq+uvFq,the formula for the depth distribution of a linear code over Ri(i=1,2) is obtained.It is also proved that for any subset A∈{0,1,…,n} there exists a linear code over Ri(i=1,2) with the depth spectrum A.


For some simple differential equations, it is possible to calculate exact expressions for a solution. However, for most of the differential equations, it is impossible to obtain their closed-form solutions. Our purpose is to make an approximation to solutions of differential equations, i.e., to look for a function (or some discrete approximation to this function) satisfying a given relationship between various of its derivatives on some given domain of space and/or time with some boundary conditions. Generally, only rarely can an analytic formula be found for the solution. A finite difference method proceeds by replacing the derivatives in the differential equations with finite difference approximations. In this paper, we mainly focus on the forward Euler method and its implementation. We show how to solve the ordinary differential equations by the forward Euler's algorithm through two instances.


Abstract This study was conducted to examine the variation and growth performance among eight and nine provinces at age 15 years in two trial sites in Myanmar. At the Ngalaik Reserved Forest (Ngalaik RF), the survival rates of provenances ranged from 62.4 % to 80.8 %. The Kanbalu followed by the Oaktwin and Nattalin provenances had the best survival rates at 80.8 %, 79.2 %, and 77.6 % respectively. Likewise, the survival rates ranged from 25.6 % to 74.4 % at the Yenwe Reserved Forest (Yenwe RF). The Nattalin followed by the Bago and Oaktwin provenances had the best survival rates at 74.4 %, 65.6 %, and 63.2 % respectively. The differences in stem form were found to be significant at both sites, whereas 36.24 % of teak in Ngalaik RF and 20.23 % in Yenwe RF were recorded in the class of straight tree. Based on the overall assessment of traits, teak trees in the provenances of Ngalaik RF had much better traits quality than that of Yenwe RF. According to analyses, the Bago provenance was outstanding among the provenances, followed by Phyu, Nattalin, and Paukkhaung provenances at both sites. The best-performing Bago provenance likely grew 10 % betterthan the average volume at Ngalaik RF, 1.4 % more than the average at the Yenwe RF. Among all provenances at both sites, the Thabeikkyin provenance was likely to separate as the poorest one. Based on the results, the selection of mother trees (plus trees) would make a great contribution to the application of future tree improvement programs in Myanmar.


Pertussis has long been known to cause severe disease and death in infants, especially in those who are unvaccinated or who are too young to be immunized. With the number of pertussis cases in the United States increasing,1 those of us who care for susceptible infants are looking for solutions to this dangerous problem.


INTRODUCTION A dynamic positioning machine for nanoscale engineering has been developed. The system comprises of a 2 DOF long range translation stage carrying a 6 DOF short range stage. The long range stage can traverse an area of 50 mm x 50 mm while the short range stage can provide up to 17 micrometers of linear positioning and 160 x 10 -6 radians of angular motion to compensate errors generated by the long range stage during traverses. Currently, positioning of the xand y-axis along with angular motion about the z-axis is monitored by laser interferometers, while positioning of the z-axis and angular motion of xand y-axis are monitored by 3 capacitance gages. Figure 1 shows the positioning stage and the two different measurement systems. While long range traverse is achieved using a polymeric slideway and feedscrew drive, the fine motion is achieved using a piezoelectrically actuated stage. This design exhibits a number of attributes such as: vacuum compatible assembly, maintains position of long range stage after turning off power, varying load capacity for versatility of applications, nanometer level polymeric bearing noise, low cost components of assembly, high bandwidth scanning for small displacements and low moving mass of the fine motion control. There are, however, a number of challenges associated with the performance characteristics of the actuators and the integration of these two systems having very different dynamic characteristics. This abstract will present current studies to assess these issues. For more details of the stage mechanisms and systems integration, see Buice et al. [1,2,3].


A new etchant which is able to selectively etch(112)faces of AgGaS2 crystals at room temperature was reported.The SEM observation shows that the etch pits on the(112)face of AgGaS2 exhibit a triangular pyramidal shape.The formation of the etch pit pattern was analyzed preliminarily.The electrochemical inhomogeneity of the specimen is the factor which cause the etching.The {100} planes with lower etching rate will gradually appear,and the(112) faces of AgGaS2 crystal exhibit a triangular pyramidal shape eventually.


3 DeBakey ME, Lawrie G. Intimal intussusception: unusual complication of dissecting aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 1984;1:566–568. 4 Simons AJ, Arazoza E, Hare CL, Smulyan H, Lighty GW, Parker FB. Circumferential aortic dissection in a young woman. Am Heart J 1988;123:1077–1079. 5 Reitknecht FL, Bhayana JN, Lajos TZ. Circumferential intimal tear causing obstruction of the aortic arch: an unusual complication of aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 1988;46:100–101. 6 Kastan DJ, Sharma RP, Keith F, Shetty PC, Burke MW. Intimo-intimal intussusception: an unusual presentation of aortic dissection. Am J Roentgenol 1988;151:603–604. 7 Farah MG, Suneja R. Diagnosis of circumferential dissection of the


Computer interlocking system is an important part of high-speed railway signal system, and it is a station control system directly related to traffic safety. With the comprehensive rollout of high-speed railway construction and the continuous opening of passenger dedicated lines, how to effectively train front-line technicians and students on the operation principle, operation method and signal interlocking test of high-speed railway computer interlocking system has become an increasingly prominent problem. This paper mainly based on artificial intelligence Web computer interlocking simulation system design. Based on the computer interlocking system, this paper studies and designs a computer interlocking simulation system based on B/S structure. According to the functions of the designed system, the integrity, availability and practicability of the computer interlocking remote monitoring system are verified.


Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) screws have been introduced into maxillofacial trauma practice to reduce operation time and the complications associated with the placement of wire ligatures around teeth. Wires continue to be used to secure arch bars to teeth, form eyelets and long ligatures prior to putting a patient into maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). The application of wires to dental arches may result in sharp injuries to the operator, whereas injury to roots and nerves may arise from incorrect positioning of IMF screws in the jaws. The purpose of this technical note is to demonstrate how 3D patient specific (PS) surgical guides can be planned and fabricated to assist in the safe placement of IMF screws in the maxilla and mandible. It is proposed that PS IMF screw guides can be further developed to incorporate removable spoons and semi-circular access ports that not only facilitate safe screw placement but allow the guide to remain in position until all screw are secured. The potential benefits of PS IMF surgical guides include diminished risk of injury to facial structures and reduced operation time. The technique also lends itself to the placement of IMF screws via a robotic arm contributing to a safer operating environment for the maxillofacial surgery team.


In the old economy of railroads and electric power companies, the public utility concept was frequently employed to justify monopoly as natural, to turn state granted privileges into property rights, and to immunize business practices from antitrust enforcement. In the new economy of information industries, a similar concept is now evolving, one which we can call the intellectual property concept. Built vaguely around intellectual property law, the new intellectual property concept turns out to be remarkably similar in its rhetoric and economics to the old public utility concept. And, like the public utility concept, the desired effect of the intellectual property concept is to provide an immunity from antitrust law. This article explores the evolution of this new intellectual property concept, describing the concept through the lens of two antitrust prosecutions brought against the Microsoft Corporation - perhaps the paradigm new economy firm - and showing how the intellectual property concept might properly be used in cases raising a conflict between intellectual property rights and antitrust. The article begins by examining the role that intellectual property issues played in the liability and remedy phases of the monopolization case that the Department of Justice and the states brought against Microsoft. The second part of the article discusses the more central role that intellectual property issues are playing in the proceeding that the European Commission brought under Article 82 of the EC Treaty. The third part of the article, drawing on the experience in these two cases as well as on our past experience with applying antitrust to regulated industries, suggests five specific principles for applying an evolved intellectual property concept to antitrust cases and shows how those principles could have been applied in several recent court of appeals' decisions.


From the end of 1996, two legally authorized centres realize in vitro production of bovine embryos in Wallonia. Ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization (OPU-IVF) is mostly applied on cows from the Belgian Blue breed. During the first sixteen months of OPU-IVF activities (initial period), the production results in each center were lower than the ones obtained in other laboratories using that biotechnology, the average international production level being of 1.30 embryos per session and per cow. Since embryos were concomitantly sold to breeders at an incentive price, this led to a financial deficit in each center at the end of the initial period. However, that negative situation should normally disappear within the two following years, owing to the expected improvement of the technical results. To conclude, the financial balance of each center will be attained provided that almost 10 cows may be punctured per week and also that from 0.85 to 1.25 embryos may be produced per session and per cow.


The aim of this study is to explore how entrepreneurs assess their self-efficacy in relation to their amount of monthly income, years of entrepreneurial experience, and job satisfaction. Moreover, the relationship between entrepreneurs' self-efficacy and the indicators of entrepreneurial skills was explored. A total of 335 entrepreneurs aged between 25 and 64, who were mostly men (70.1%), participated in the study. The participants answered 10 questions from the pilot version of the Checklist of the Indicators of entrepreneurial skills and General Self-Efficacy (GSE). The results have shown that the amount of monthly income and job satisfaction both have a significant effect on the entrepreneurs' assessments regarding their self-efficacy. Moreover, the results have shown that two indicators of entrepreneurial skills singled out as significant predictors of self-efficacy. The indicator "I have a hard time dealing with stressful situations at work" has a negative relationship with the entrepreneurs' assessments self-efficacy, while the predictor "I learn from wrong business moves" has a significant and positive relationship with entrepreneurs' assessments of self-efficacy. The relationship between self-efficacy and stress management is discussed in the context of successful and sustainable entrepreneurship. It is concluded that the entrepreneurs' assessments of self-efficacy are "stress sensitive", whether the challenge is imposed or defined by the social surroundings, e.g., the amount of monthly income, or the entrepreneur's personality, e.g., job satisfaction, risk management and self-confidence.


It is shown that direct laser-diode pulse-code modulation at 2.24 Gbit/s can be performed by a fast Si monolithic integrated bipolar circuit (2.5 µm design rules, pn-junction isolation, f/sub T/ /spl ap/ 7 GHz at V/sub CE/ = 1 V) : The current switch output stage of a 4:1-time-division multiplexer IC feeds a modulation current swing of 4 mA into a TJS injection laser biased above threshold. The measured laser diode response for different static data input patterns are reported.


Musculoskeletal pain is a consequence of repetitive strain, overuse, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. In 2020, due to the new coronavirus pandemic, social isolation started, and so did online classes in a remote study strategy to replace classroom-based study routines. Thus, students adopted a different physical posture from the usual one for a longer time than usual, representing a possible risk factor for musculoskeletal pain. In this sense, this research aimed to identify the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in medical students subject to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was applied through an online questionnaire, using the Google Forms application, to 154 students from the first to the fourth year of the medical course at a university in the countryside of the state of S?o Paulo. Among the participants, 99 (64.3%) were female, and 54 (35.7%) were male individuals with ages ranging from 18 and 34. In regards to the daily study time in sitting position, 83 (55.0%) reported staying more than 4 hours, 39 (25.8%) between 2 and 4 hours, and 29 (19.2%) less than 2 hours still. As for musculoskeletal pain before the pandemic; 98 (63.6%) reported not feeling it, while 56 (36.4%) reported being affected by this type of pain. However, after the pandemic, 51 respondents (33.1%) continued not to feel anything, whereas 103 (66.9%) kept on having some type of musculoskeletal pain. The results obtained suggest an increase in musculoskeletal pain during the pandemic however other studies may confirm these findings.


Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the index of consciousness (IoC) in monitoring the depth of anesthesia with sevoflurane inhalation in children,by comparing it with the bispectral index (BIS).Methods Forty-two ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ children,aged 8-12 yr,scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia,were studied.Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane inhalation.The patients were endotracheally intubated.The concentration of sevoflurane was then adjusted to maintain the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (CETSev) at 1.6%,2.1%,2.6%,3.1%,3.6%,4.1% and 4.6% for5 min.The IoC and BIS values were recorded simultaneously.Results When CETSev < 3.1%,CETSev was negatively correlated with IoC and BIS values,and the correlation coefficients between CETSev and IoC and BIS values were-0.927 (r1) and -0.869 (r2),respectively (P < 0.01).When 3.1% ≤ CETSev ≤ 4.6 %,CET Sev was negatively correlated with IoC and BIS values,and the correlation coefficients between CETSev and IoC and BIS values were-0.808 (r3,P< 0.01) and-0.430 (r4,P < 0.05),respectively.Comparison of the absolute value of correlation coefficients:there was no significant difference between r1,r2 and r3 (P > 0.05) ; r1,r2 and r3 were significantly larger than r4 (P < 0.01).Conclusion IoC can accurately reflect the depth of anesthesia with sevoflurane inhalation in children and when 3.1% ≤ CET Sev ≤ 4.6 %,the accuracy of IoC in monitoring the depth of anesthesia is superior to that of BIS.

Key words:
Monitoring, intraoperative;  Anesthetics, inhalation;  Electrical trace technique;  Children


S u m m a r y . The ~and y-radiations from 185W have been invest igated by me,~ns of an intermediate image ~-spectrome, ter, a proport ional counter spectrometer and a scintillation spectrometer. The disintegration has been found to be complex. I t was found tha t the maximum energy of the main ~-spectrum (90 per ceat) was 426 keV and tha t the ~-transition goes to the ground s ta te of ~SSRe. A faint -:-ray of 55.6 keV was detected and found to correspond to an excited level in ~8~Re. The -,'-ray arises from a magnetic dipole transition. Spin and par i ty have been assigned; a decay scheme is proposed.


A semilinear age dependent time varying population system considered ispt+pr+μ(r,t)p+Φ(N(t))p=-v(r,t)p, p(0,t)=∫ A 0m(r,t)p(r,t) d r, p(r,0)=p 0(r), N(t)=∫ A 0p(r,t) d r,Here p(r,t) denotes the age density distribution at time t and age r, v(r,t) is the control of harvesting. By applying Mazur theory of functional analysis and the ideal of separation, we get the existence and uniqueness for the solution and the existence of the optimal control for given cost function under some assumptions.


It is widely accepted that the key to successful sub-basalt imaging in the Atlantic Margin region is to generate as much low frequency energy as possible. Whilst recent acquisition in the Faroe-Shetland Basin (FSB) has seen the towing of sources and streamers at increasing depth to concentrate more energy into the low end of the amplitude spectrum, a large volume of data exists with a more conventional and shallower towed configuration such as TGS's FSB 1999 and 2000 surveys. Through the reprocessing of these datasets we demonstrate that a significant improvement can be made to image potentially prospective Mesozoic and Palaeozoic sub-basalt structures. This is achieved without compromising the relatively high resolution of the overlying Tertiary section. We describe three key processing approaches which in combination are seen to provide a dramatic uplift over the original time processing. These are the enhancement of available low frequencies through a propriety spectral manipulation technique, multi-domain noise attenuation and a method we term 'Full Sequence Migration Multivel Analysis'. The latter adopts strategies analogous to those used in pre-stack depth imaging and is seen to greatly enhance the interpretability of previously concealed structures at depth.


This paper addresses MMS and real time issues. The requirements for real time systems are introduced. The paper also presents briefly MAP, and in particular, the MMS standard in real time environments, emphasising its weaknesses and goes on to show our approach to making MMS more suitable for a real time context. The approach consists of modifying the existing objects, services and protocol to satisfy real time requirements.


Abstract Two new species of the genus Pseudidonauton Hering (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae), P.sinensissp. nov. and P.puerasp. nov., are described from China. The new species are illustrated with images of the adults and male genitalia, and compared with similar species. Distribution maps of these species and a key to all known species of the genus are provided.


The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of corporate debt maturity on performance volatility and examine the role of size and sales growth in moderating the relationship between corporate debt maturity on performance volatility. Based on the data adequacy criteria, The final sample of the study consisted of 239 observations. Companies in this study are companies in the basic and chemical industries registered from 2014-2018 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The type of data used in this study is secondary data obtained from IDX. Analysis of this research uses multiple linear regression analysis by using the SPSS program. The results of multiple regression analysis show that corporate debt maturity has a negative and significant effect on performance volatility. If performance volatility is measured using SDPBV, It has no significant effect if using SDROA. Furthermore, ize can strengthen the relationship between corporate debt maturity and performance volatility as measured with SDPBV, Meanwhile sales growth cannot moderate this relationship.


This chapter concentrates on Mateja Peter's experiences of doing embedded research in Darfur, Sudan. It analyzes the distances between researcher and research participants that are created through physical access restrictions to the field, which may arise from the dangers of an active conflict. It also illustrates how practical considerations of accessing sites of conflict are entangled with ethical considerations for scholarly work and for interventions. The chapter highlights how a combination of practical and ethical constraints impacts what can be said about places that are studied. It also provides a narrative of Peter's fieldwork in Darfur, laying out the context and practical considerations, as well as the ethical challenges of the research.


Antelope bitterbrush is one of the most studied western range shrubs. The browse of this species is a highly preferred and highly nutritional forage for native ungulates and domestic livestock. Antelope bitterbrush occurs from British Columbia to Montana, and south to New Mexico, and California. Using records from the U. S. Forest Service, August Hormay estimated that antelope bitterbrush occurred on over 340 million acres of rangeland in 11 states. It is found on 7.5 million acres in California alone. Arthur W. Sampson, one of the fathers of range management, reported in 1924 that antelope bitterbrush is a strong feed that produced a solid fat on lambs. This is the first report describing antelope bitterbrush as an important browse species, and as an important shrub on winter ranges for mule deer, elk and antelope. In the late 1930s and early 1940s studies of key browse species began as it was recognized that browse species contributed to the forage base of rangelands, and were essential in the diet of mule deer. Joseph Dixon studied the food habits of California deer in different regions of the state and reported that antelope bitterbrush was very important to mule deer in northeastern California; thus the management of antelope bitterbrush was deemed critical for mule deer habitat.


As the first nonpeptidic agonist of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, Boc5 can invoke sustained glycemic control and weight loss in diabetic C57BL/6J mice, and has become a promising hit compound for antidiabetic drug. Boc5 displays good efficiency via i.v. administration but loss efficiency via oral administration, thus its ADME properties should be studied. In the present study, the in vitro investigation on metabolic stability of Boc5 was first reported. Both phase I and phase II metabolic studies were carried out by using a series of tissues and microsomes from human and three experimental animals including pig, rat and C57BL/6J mice. Significant species difference in metabolism of Boc5 was presented, Boc5 can not be metabolized by human plasma, liver and intestine microsome, as well as rat and pig liver microsomes. In contrast, Boc5 can be rapid metabolized by C57BL/6J mice liver microsome (~50% conversion at 1 h), and three metabolites (M-1, M-2, and M-3) were detected by using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). M-1 was confirmed as 2-thenoic acid, and M-3 and M-2 were assigned as two metabolites after hydrolysis of one and two thenoic acids from Boc5, respectively, based on the retention times and mass spectra by comparison with standards. These results revealed that the hydrolysis of thiophene carboxylic ester bond was the major metabolic pathway of Boc5, indicating esterases invlolved in this biotransformation. Further studies have shown that carboxylesterase in C57BL/6J mice liver display the key role in rapid hydrolysis of Boc5 by using a range of inhibitors. All of these results were very useful to develop the next generation nonpeptidic agonists and to choose suitable experimental animal for whole tests.


Thank you for downloading structural reliability probabilistic safety assessment. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this structural reliability probabilistic safety assessment, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.