The mucous membrane of the glandular stomach of rats fixed in one percent osmium tetroxide was observed with the electron microscope.1. The body chief cell can be identified by the presence of abundant endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules and vacuoles, which are almost transparent to the electron beam. Presumable transitions may be observed, among the inclusions mentioned above. The typical GOLGI apparatus is located at the supranuclear region, and long filamentous mitchondria are numerous at the cell periphery.2. The parietal cell is characterized by the position of the cell, the presence of intracellular secretory capillaries and a multitude of large mitochondria; which are nothing but the so-called oxyntic granules, in which unusually close packing of cristae mitochondriales is recognized. No typical GOLGI apparatus is observed, and the rough surfaced endplasmic reticulum is scanty. Vesicles of the smooth surfaced endosplasmic reticulum, however, are richly contained throughout the cytoplasm. The intracellular capillary is provided with remarkable microvilli. From the free surface into lumen, extend a huge protoplasmic protrusion, which is of fine granular texture of almost homogeneous appearance and contains no mitochondrion. This figure may suggest a possibility of the presence of apocrine secretion in this cell.3. The mucous neck cell may be distinguished from other cells by the irregularity of nuclear outline and the density of secretory granules, which is higher than those of body chief cells but lower than those of surface epithelial cells. The well developed GOLGI apparatus is situated among the secretory granules, to which the apparatus is often applied closely. Sometimes small granules similar in density to secretory granules are observed within the GOLGI area, suggesting an intimate relationship between the GOLGI apparatus and the mucus production. Endplasmic reticulum of the rough surfaced type and long filamentous mitochondria are repelled to the peripheral parts of the cell.4. In the above cell types, i. e., the body chief, parietal and mucous neck cells, a peculiar behaviour of mitochondria was noted. Namely, mitochondria are often attached to the lateral plasma membrane at a thickened part shortly beneath the terminal bar.5. The argyrophile cell (basal clear cell) contains small specific granules and fat droplets. Mitochondria of this cell are extremly slender. The GOLGI apparatus and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum are less developed in this cell type.6. The surface epithelial cell shows a characteristic accumulation of dense secretory granules of somewhat irregular outline at the apical end of the cell. This cell always contains well developed GOLGI apparatus, within which spherical granules of various sizes considered as probable forms of immature secretory granules are contained. Small dense particles presumable to contain the ribonucleoprotein are abundant in this cell. Remarkable foldings of lateral intercelllular boundary, the interdigitations, are observed.


As a key part of western translation theories, the theory of Translation Equivalence has been playing a very important role in the field of translation. In the terms of equivalence of meaning, correspondence of style, correspondence of grammatical form and dynamic equivalence, the theory was analyzed and its use in English-Chinese/Chinese-English was discussed.


The examination of some chemical and antigenic properties of the toxic factors of A. Liquefaciens indicated that there were no remarkable differences in their characteristics between the necrotic factors for guinea pig and eel, and between the hemorrhagic factor for guinea pig and the lethal factor of mouse. The necrosis may be caused by bacterial protein, while the hemorrhage and the death may result from more complicated cellular substance.


Cross-cultural communication is an inseparable part of linguistic theory and application. The present paper discusses cross-cultural communication from a pragmatics perspective. The first section of this paper is a brief introduction to the study of cross-cultural communication. Differences between communicators that come from different cultural background and cultural norms often give rise to misunderstanding. In section two of this paper, I illustrate eight aspects of differences on which cross-cultural communication can falter: talk or silence; what to say; pacing and pausing; listenership; intonation; indirectness; cohesion and coherence; and compliment responses in politeness. From these eight aspects, we can have a better understanding of what is meant by what is said and how communicative failure rises. The last section of the paper makes a summary to the issues discussed preceding it. Keywords—linguistic, pragmatics, listenership, cohesion and coherence, cultural norms


Information technology has been used in Sri Lanka for about 20 years, but to a great extent, its use has been limited to those with a knowledge of English. And as these are a minority of the population, the larger proportion of Sri Lanka's citizens has not been able to make use of the information revolution. A number of initiatives to introduce Sinhala computing have been made from the 1980s. We outline the progress of this work, and describe the work done by CINTEC and ICTA to support Sinhala computing. The encoding of Sinhala in a standard manner to facilitate information interchange, the development of Sinhala fonts, and Sinhala keyboards are described. We present the rationale of the design, and not simply the final standard.


patients with acute (≤1 month after the occlusion was diagnosed) central/hemicentral retinal vein occlusions (C/HCRVOs). Of these patients, 50% had ischaemic C/HCRVOs. Initially, the treatment consisted of 4 consecutive IVB injections, each injection given approximately 45 days apart. Thereafter, the IVB therapy was flexible, and subsequent injections were administered on pro re nata (PRN) basis until stabilization of the BCVA score lasting ≥6 months was achieved. There were no events of endophthalmitis, retinal tears or retinal detachment and no serious non-ocular adverse events. The results of this study showed, for the first time, the evidence suggesting that early treatment applied immediately after the clinical onset of venous occlusion provides significant and sustained improvements in visual acuity and FT in most phakic patients with acute C/HCRVOs, making this treatment option a rational and viable therapeutic strategy. These findings are consistent with the 12-month results reported in the Swedish trials (Epstein et al. 2012a, b). Bevacizumab was more effective in patients with ischaemic occlusions who required a significantly higher number of injections (9.7 versus 8.7 injections). In conclusion, the standard injection scheme during the first year of IVB therapy [1.25 mg (0.05 ml)] for MO due to CRVO was clearly set by the level 1 evidence of the Swedish trials (Epstein et al. 2012a,b), that is IVB injections given off-label every 6 weeks for 48 weeks, which was proven to significantly improve vision and reduce MO. Considering our currently acquired experience with intravitreal injections of 2.5 mg (0.1 ml) bevacizumab (C alug aru & C alug aru 2015), we believe that after an initial aggressive treatment with four consecutive injections administered off-label approximately 45 days apart, the therapy may be continued with subsequent dosing given PRN until stabilization of the BCVA score. CRVO should be considered, and ophthalmic emergency therapy with anti-VEGF agents must be promptly applied as soon as possible after the CRVO onset. Any delay in treatment will adversely affect the restoration of visual functions. References


In a case-history, Ben, a university-graduate blind adult, is shown to draw a cube as if it were folded out, but with slim rectangles for the sides around a central square. This form is drawn by sighted 8-year-olds. It might involve foreshortening and parallel projection, despite the presence of more sides than would be present in parallel projection in a single direction. Also, Ben drew a glass's brim as both a straight line and as an ellipse, a form common in drawings by sighted 8-year-olds that may include the circular brim foreshortened to an ellipse in a ¾ view. In several drawings made later in the testing session Ben only showed aspects of the depicted object facing one direction. In elevation and plan drawings, he showed aspects facing to the side of the object or above the object. Also, Ben's use of foreshortening advanced in sophistication in the testing session. We hypothesize that the blind and the sighted are on the same drawing developmental trajectory.


C onceptual and theoretical norms are at the root of statistical biases leading to the underestimation of women's work in labour force and national accounting statistics. Initially viewed as a way of making women's work more visible, the effort to account for women's work has gradually evolved to include all unpaid work by whomever it is performed (men, women, children). The evolution of this effort illustrates how the questions raised by feminists have a relevance transcending feminism and challenging basic tenets in conventional economic thinking. Ester Boserup, in her classic 1970 book, Woman's role in economic development, pointed out that "the subsistence activities usually omitted in the statistics of production and income are largely women's work" (Boserup, 1970, p. 163). She was a pioneer in emphasizing the time-consuming character of these activities which, in rural economies, include physically demanding tasks such as fetching wood and carrying water as well as food production and the "crude processing of basic foods". Even earlier, Margaret Reid, in her 1934 book, Economics of household production, expressed concern about the exclusion of domestic production from national income accounts and designed a method to estimate the value of homebased work. Then, from the late 1960s, the international women's movement prepared the ground for a new look at the estimation of women's economic activities. The issue was then seen as symbolizing society's undervaluation of women and of their contribution to social well-being. The four world conferences on women held under the auspices of the United Nations since 1975 have been instrumental in getting the topic incorporated into the United Nations agendas and subsequent plans of action. At a different level, Marylin Waring's 1988 book, If women counted, contributed to making the issue better known to a large audience. Over the past 20 years, national governments and individual researchers and activist groups have contributed significantly to this effort.


This research was carried out aiming to improve the nutritional quality of dregs sago (Metroxylon sp) through a fermentation process by utilizing the fungus Aspergillus niger. The treatment applied was the storage time of fermented dregs sago which consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications thats is, P0 (without storage), P1 (7 days of storage), P2 (14 days of storage) and P3 (21 days of storage). The researched variables consisted of the percentage of crude fiber, crude protein and ekstract ether. Laboratory analysis data for each treatment obtained were tabulated in a table and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the F test at the 5% level and continued with Duncan's test if parameters were found to be significantly different between treatments (Steel and Torrie, 1990). The results showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the percentage of crude fiber and ekstract ether, while the percentage of crude protein content did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). 0 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days affected the percentage of crude fiber and ekstract ether but did not affect the percentage of crude protein of fermented dregs sago.


Contact near‐field and far‐field imaging of multiple quantum well (MQW) structures emitting at 1.54 μm is reported using bent normal force/near‐field optical elements for simultaneous imaging of the light distribution, topography, and modulation of the normal force signal with laser modulation. Excellent registration and correlation of each of these images is reported. Alterations in the distribution of the light emission in going from the near to the far‐field is detected in agreement with theoretical deductions. Nonetheless, differences are also noted in this light distribution from standard understandings.


Applying legal civil customary law to the protection of civil interest is the result of its being law resource.Custom is a kind of customary right.Most customary rights will change to legal rights,but the rest will not,becoming legal interest by exercising the adjusting function of custom.


Both academic and industry are attention Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR), In addition to concerning the benefits of operating, but also pay attention to employee rights, social and environmental issues. Many enterprises are commencing CSR actively. Today, CSR activities have been considered as part of essential business activities. In recent years, along with the environmental awareness gradually gains ground, the airline also realize the importance of CSR, regardless it is on engaging in social welfare activities or carbon reduction and other related activities. However, does the consumer would affect their corporate image of the company and purchase intention due to the airline industry to implement CSR or not. Therefore, this paper administered a quasi-experimental design that use Taiwanese Airlines corporate social responsibility of video and papers as auxiliary tool and compares the effectiveness of two kinds of tool towards students of National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism. After analysis showed that: 1.After watching the airline introduced of CSR (video and paper) the corporate image and behavioral intentions are upgrade 2. Watching the CSR tool, video is better than paper. 3. CSR in the corporate image and consumer behavioral intentions are positive effects.


Common topknots (Zeugopterus punctatus) attach to vertical rock surfaces and overhangs. It has been speculated that attachment is by suction cup, with the median (anal, dorsal) fins providing a peripheral seal. Here we propose that attachment is actually based on a Venturi effect. The rear portions of the median fins continually move in fan-like fashion (at about 4 cycles s-1 ). We suggest that this produces a tailwards fluid flow that ventilates the shallow underbody space between the fish and its rocky substratum. The anterior portions of the median fins seal the space laterally, but the space is open anteriorly (beneath the raised head) and posteriorly to the sea. The mid-underbody space likely has a lower cross sectional area than does the front intake or rear exit, so flow should be faster (and pressure lower) within it than outside, thus providing pressure gradient suction. Topknots attach to rough and heavily biofouled surfaces, presumably because the high numbers of fin rays and their associated membranes plus fine muscle control allow effective sealing. The attachment ability is shared by all members of the flatfish tribe Phrynorhombini; it can be linked to anatomical peculiarities and constitutes a probable synapomorphy for this clade.


The wonderful thing about mirrors is that mirrors are magical objects. They not only reflect the viewer and the physical reality surrounding the viewer as well as provide the viewer a glimpse of how others may perceive her or himself, but they also reveal truths about the viewer-self which are discernable only to the viewer. Yes, that new wrinkle near the eye is really there, but no one else seems to notice it but us, and what it tells us about ourselves is reflective of the truths, fictions, and outright lies we hold about ourselves and the world around us. It is precisely this quality of mirrors which has captivated the interest of artists and poets; just think of Mary Elizabeth Coleridge's haunting 1896 poem "The Other Side of a Mirror." This is also what makes mirrors such valuable objects for historical study. Both the history of their materiality in the human world and their capability to reflect back the inner world veiled behind the viewer's image provide historians with glimpses into the inner workings of a mindset often hidden behind a smooth façade. Rebecca Shrum's slim volume on mirrors and their functions in early America, which takes up this project, packs a powerful punch. Moving deftly over the course of three centuries, she presents an original, interdisciplinary and utterly fascinating reading of the multiple uses and meanings of mirrors among European American, African Americans, and Native Americans. After a brief overview of the advances in mirror technology and the history of their introduction into North America she moves to her main argument. Shrum contends that by casting themselves as "rational" individuals, people of European descent in early America sought to position mirrors and their usage as yet another tool in their project of constructing "whiteness" and disempowering others. Arguing that in their hands it was a trustworthy scientific device, indicative of their visual mastery over the world, European Americans, men in particular, projected onto its use by others pre-modern, irrational, magical and effeminate meanings. This is not to say that these "others" (be they African Americans, Native Americans or "white" women) quietly acquiesced to this "white" masculinist project. Detailing the myriad ways women and African Americans in particular internalized the oppressive messages of inferiority, Shrum hints that by the late nineteenth century all three groups had begun to claim "ownership of and the


Biometrics has been increasingly integrated into wearable devices to enhance data privacy and security in recent years. Meanwhile, the popularity of wearables in turn creates a unique opportunity for capturing novel biometrics leveraging various embedded sensing modalities. In this paper, we study a new intracorporal biometrics combining the uniqueness of i) heart motion, ii) bone conduction, and iii) body asymmetry. Specifically, we design HeartPrint as a passive yet secure user authentication system: it exploits the bone-conducted heart sounds captured by (widely available) dual in-ear microphones (IEMs) to authenticate users, while neatly leveraging IEMs renders itself transparent to users without impairing the normal functions of earphones. To suppress the interference from other body sounds and audio produced by the earphones, we develop a novel interference elimination method using modified non-negative matrix factorization to separate clean heart sounds from background interference. We further explore the uniqueness of IEM-recorded heart sounds in three aspects to extract a novel biometric representation, based on which HeartPrint leverages a convolutional neural model equipped with a continual learning method to achieve accurate authentication under drifting body conditions. Extensive experiments with 18 pairs of commercial earphones on 45 participants confirm that HeartPrint can achieve 1.6% FAR and 1.8% FRR, while effectively coping with major attacks, complicated interference, and hardware diversity.


The dysregulation of long intergenic non‐coding RNA's (lincRNAs) has become an emerging factor in cancer development. Dietary chemopreventive compounds, such as sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables, can alter epigenetic targets for cancer prevention but the impact of diet on lincRNA expression is unknown. Normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells were treated with 15 μM SFN to test the hypothesis that SFN alters the expression of lincRNAs. RNA‐sequencing revealed that hundreds of lincRNAs were differentially expressed in prostate cancer cells relative to normal prostate epithelial cells. SFN treatment significantly altered the expression of ~70 lincRNAs in each cell type. The SFN‐induced response differed depending on cell line and was dynamic over time. In prostate cancer cells, SFN treatment reversed the aberrant expression of some lincRNAs. Preliminary guilt by association work showed that lincRNA's altered by SFN treatment correlate with genes that regulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and the glutathione metabolic process. Studies evaluating the functional role of these lincRNAs in prostate cancer development are ongoing. Ultimately, this data revealed a novel mechanism by which SFN impacts prostate cancer that may be leveraged to develop future successful prostate cancer prevention strategies. Funding: P01CA090890


Socrates´ thought of justice and obedience to laws is motivated by a will to avoid the destructive effects of Sophistic criticisms and theories of laws. He thus requires–against theories of natural law–an almost absolute obedience to the law, as far as this law respects the legal system of the city. But, against legal positivism, Socrates would not admit that a law is just simply because it is a law: he is looking for the true Just. However, as often in Socratic philosophy, Socrates cannot accept that two equally justified and legitimate rights or moral values conflict.


The invention discloses an aptamer of glioma stem cells (GSC) and a preparation method thereof and relates to a nucleic acid and provides an aptamer of GSC with high specificity and high affinity as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The aptamer of GSC is of a stem-loop structure. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: designing and synthesizing a single-stranded DNA random oligonucleotide bank; screening out the target oligonucleotide sequence; and identifying the specificity and affinity of combination with target cells through a flow analysis method. The screened aptamer has small molecular weight and good permeability, is nontoxic and economical and easy to synthesize and mark, can specifically identify GSC and does not have a function of identifying other cell lines.


The paper presents the results of comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations into the increase in bearing capacity in time of various pile foundations in clays. Data on variation of single pile capacity in time as dependent upon pile location within a foundation are cited. The variation of capacity of a pile foundation as a whole depending on the number of piles is also discussed. To determine pile foundation capacity formulae, a regression equation and a nomogram are suggested. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 287689. (Author/TRRL)


As with other sectors of education, further education seems to be locked in endless change with policy unable to resolve what have become to be regarded as intractable problems. In turn, much is expected of teachers who are left to resolve the competing pressures they are placed under. Evidence suggests that they expend much emotional labour and employ a range of strategies, but on the whole, while not ignoring the demands of other stakeholders, they privilege the needs and interests of learners in their adoption of an ethic of care.


In this study, a review on categorization of partial discharge (PD) detection technique is presented. The PD detection is important in order to monitor and diagnosis the insulation health on high voltage (HV) power component. PD at high voltage transformer occurs due to the unscheduled maintenance, aging of equipment, breakdown of insulation, gas bubbles in insulation liquid, manufacturing error and etc. In order to maintain constant and high as possible of the transformer performance, it is essential to control, detect and measure the PD phenomena. There are many methods have been developed based on point of observation; optical, chemical, acoustic and electrical. However, the different methods have their own advantages and disadvantages.


The present invention relates to a plastic electric dust collector. According to the present invention, the plastic electric dust collector comprises: a body whereby an exhaust gas is fed; a discharging unit which electrically charges the microparticles of an exhaust gas by means of an applied voltage by including a discharging unit body made of plastic material and installed in the body in order to be separated therefrom, and a discharging projection discharged to protrude from the discharging unit body and separated along the length direction of the discharging unit body so as to be coupled in order to be capable of being attached and detached; a dust collecting unit made of plastic material, arranged in turns with the discharging unit by having a surface treated through any one of sand blasting and nanoparticle coating in order to be hydrophilic, and having a water film formed on the surface; and a water film generating unit which generates a water film by spraying a liquid onto the surface of the dust collecting unit. When the discharging unit is discharged, an electric field is formed between the discharging unit and the water film such that microparticles which are charged on the water film can be collected. The dust collecting unit and discharging unit are made of plastic material such that the collecting unit and discharging unit are not even ionized by high heat which is generated during high voltage application and are not corroded by microparticles even when used for a long time. The discharging projection formed in the discharging unit is produced in order to be capable of being attached and detached such that servicing and maintenance can be conveniently performed.


Although intentionality may be a valuable spectrum on which to categorically distinguish instances of discrimination, we consider whether or not differences on this construct actually reveal differing impacts for targets. Specifically, we wonder whether intentionality is very relevant to the experiences of targets of discrimination or whether the negative consequences stemming from the discriminatory interactions occur regardless of the perpetrator's intent. Further, we explore the potential consequences related to a target attempting to confront discrimination of ambiguous intent. Finally, we discuss discrimination of ambiguous intent from the perspective of the perpetrator, outlining theories related to intentional versus unintentional subtle discrimination.


Introduction: Cystic lesion of the liver is not an uncommon condition. These conditions are increasingly being diagnosed because of improved diagnostic facilities. Hepatic cysts may be non-parasitic and parasitic. The nonparasitic cysts may be simple, polycystic liver disease and neoplastic. The incidence of simple liver cyst is approximately 5% of the general population, and most of them are asymptomatic, diagnosed incidentally during imaging study for other abdominal conditions or at laparotomy. These cysts may again produce symptoms due to pressure on adjacent organs. The parasitic cyst caused by the larval stage of Teniaechinococcus. Echinococcosis is wide-spread, and it is not confined to sheep-raising countries. Increasing migration, high mobility of troops and a growing incidence of world travel make hydatidosis a global problem of increasing importance. In Bangladesh the exact incidence of cystic lesions of the liver is not known, but these conditions are increasingly being diagnosed and treated Materials & Methods: A prospective study was carried out form September, 2000 to May, 2005 in the Dept. of Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU, Dhaka and Islamic Bank Central Hospital (IBCHK), Dhaka. The study was carried out on patients of cystic disease of the liver who underwent operative treatment in 136 patients This study revealed the cystic lesions of the liver are not uncommon. Because of improved diagnostic technologies a good number of cases are now seen. This study was mainly done to find out the common causes. In several countries, parasitic aetiology is common because of obvious reasons. Results: Of the total of 124 patients evaluated 92 patients were female and 32 patients male. Therefore, female-male ratio was 3:1. The incidence of cystic lesion of the liver in different age groups showed mean age 36.7±9.8 years range 17-61 years. Majority (42.8%) of the patients in the age group 30-39 years and 2nd highest (30.2%) in the age of group 40-49 years. Among hepatic cysts, Neoplastic 8(6.46%), Parasitic 62(50%) Simple 40(32.25%), Polycystic 14(11.29%). The neoplastic cysts were cystic degeneration in malignant tumor. Conclusion: This study proved that parasitic (hydatid) disease is the common cause of hepatic cysts in our country. Improved diagnostic technologies were also helped by the surgical procedures e.g. hepatic resection, excision of the cyst, deroofing etc. followed by histopathological confirmation. These were possible, because of special interest in hepatobiliary surgery, use of CUSA and above all.


Given the widespread use of methanol by different industry sectors and high toxicity associated with this substance, it is necessary to use an analytical method able to determine in a sensitive, precise and accurate levels of methanol in the air of working environments. Based on the methodology established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), it was validated a methodology for determination of methanol in silica gel tubes which had demonstrated its effectiveness based on the participation of the international collaborative program sponsored by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA).


OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of Human Papillomavirus infection in routine gynecologic examination and to detect whether there is a relationship between the presence of Human Papilloma Virus and cytologic and gynecological findings. STUDY DESIGN: Four hundred women applying to Gynecology outpatient clinic for routine gynecologic examination were included. Conventional Pap smears of 400 patients were stained by Papanicolaou technique and examined cytologically. HPV DNA was detected by in-house PCR . Also HPV positive samples were evaluated for HPV 16 and 18 by same method. RESULTS: Eleven (2.75%) of 400 women were HPV DNA (+). Two of which were type 16 and 18 and one of which was type 18. Nuclear membrane irregularity, hyperchromatism, koilocytotic cell, vacuolisation and post partum period corralated with HPV infection (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Pap smear examination is a value of detection of cellular changes belonging Human Papillomavirus and if in this examination it is need to, these patients refer to Human Papillomavirus DNA screening it would be more cost effective.


a variety of drugs was often required, preparations of thiazides with enteric-coated potassium chloride are the one common factor. Indeed all 36 patients in a series reported from Stockholm' were taking these drugs. Animal experiments indicate that potassium chloride is the offending substance, possibly because of the speed with which it is released from enteric-coated tablets,4 and that it acts either directly on the mucosa or via the submucosal blood-vessels. However, it is as well to bear in mind the recent suggestions 6 that thiazides may sometimes cause vasculitis of the skin and kidneys. Ulceration of the small bowel may represent a hypersensitivity reaction similar to that provoked by aspirin. Consequently it would be wise to warn patients taking thiazide-and-potassium preparations to report any gastrointestinal symptoms. There are several objections to the use of such combinations, and where potassium is needed it is best given separately in an effervescent form. Moreover, the need for long-term medication with thiazide and potassium in the individual patient should be constantly reviewed. The greatest danger from potassium depletion is in patients with chronic heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver, and for them diuretics other than the thiazides may be preferable.


The structural and dynamic analysis of permanent mental violations of 151 patients with epilepsy of the child is presented in article. Four groups of changes of mentality depending on expressiveness and the sphere of mental violations are allocated: a) lack of permanent mental violations of mentality; b) easy atypical violations of mental activity; c) the expressed organic changes of the personality; d) the expressed are atypical changes of the personality.


Methods: This randomized prospectively controlled trial compared outcome in dysphagic stroke patients based on route of feeding. Patients were recruited over 1 year from general medical and geriatric practices in Britain. Inclusion criteria required an acute cerebrovascular accident in a patient to have resulted in 8 or more days of dysphagia. Patients exclusion required a contraindication to gastrostomy because of gastrointestinal disease or endoscopy. Patients were entered over a 1-year period. Standard methods were used to place nasoenteric tubes or a gastrostomy by a pull through percutaneous technique. A protocol standardized feedings and patient positioning. Outcome measures included mortality at 6 weeks and success in delivering nutritional goals as set by a dietitian.Results: Thirty patients were recruited: percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) group (n = 16) and nasogastric tube (NG) group (n = 14). All patients were comatose at the time of referral. The mortality rate was high in the NG fed ...


The solubilities of lanthanoid iodates in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–water mixtures at 25 °C were measured. Thirteen lanthanoid iodate dihydrates Ln(IO3)3·2H2O (Ln=Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) were used. From the measured solubilities, the Gibbs free energies of the transfer of the iodates from water into aqueous DMSO solutions were calculated. The tetrad effect behavior reported by Peppard et al. was observed in both the variation with the lanthanoid atomic number of the solubility data and that with the atomic number of the free energies of transfer. The tetrad effect behavior seems to depend on a change in the solvation of the lanthanoid ions in variation with the crystal radii of the trivalent lanthanoid ions. In each system the logarithm of the solubility of the iodates decreases almost linearly with the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of the mixtures, as is expected from the Born equation or its modification when dealing with mixtures with narrow dielectric constant, ...


Based on the purpose of primary and secondary teacher training and the importance of the quality of training,this paper analyzes the main problems in the current teacher training management model.To improve the quality of teacher training,this paper tries to explore a more convincing scientific method.By building a digital platform,an inteligent analysis of the training advantages and disadvantages is conducted.We should construct a three-dimensional management system of primary and secondary teacher training,which includes training analysis,training program,training process,training effectiveness and training quality evaluation.


This study aims at the issues of evaluating the effectiveness of organizations and determining significant factors for its improvement. Effectiveness valuation is measured by the distance of the organization to the efficient production frontier (EPF). We consider two main approaches to the construction of EPF: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). We analyzed and compared these approaches, applying the developed procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of two groups of organizations from different production sectors (mechanical engineering and oil refining). We conducted 1) building empirical estimates of technological efficiency, 2) identifying factors that contribute to the technological inefficiency of the organization, 3) comparing efficiency factors and inefficiency factors for two groups of enterprises.


The intent of this study was to locate a school that used computers within the curriculum rather than as an ancillary supplement to instruction. It is a study of best practices at one middle school. A case study method was used in order to create an account of how teachers used multimedia computer technology. Six different teachers were observed in the computer lab. Interviews were conducted with the teachers, the computer lab coordinator, and middle school principal. Documents were collected, with the majority of the documents being student projects such as Web pages, PowerPoint presentations, brochures, and newsletters. Member checks, peer debriefing, data and researcher triangulation, and an audit trial were used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data. According to teachers and evidence of student work, it seemed that students who do not normally perform well in class, performed better in the computer lab.


Photograph of mule ears and other desert vegetation from the western part of Big Bend National Park. A mountainous landscape is located in the distance.


[Objective] To observe the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)features of acute Vogt Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) eyes before and after treatment.[Methods] Twenty-eight patients (56 eyes) with acute VKH diagnosed by slit-lamp microscopy,B mode ultrasound and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were enrolled in this study.All the patients were treated with steroid after diagnosis.SD-OCT was performed in all the patients before and after treatment.The follow-up was ranged from 12 to 32 weeks with a mean of (21.30±8.53) weeks.The foveal retinal detachment height,inner and outer segments (IS/OS) of photoreceptors,and the changes in retinal structure within the vascular arcades before and after treatment were comparatively analyzed.[Results] OCT examination results showed that before treatment,all eyes had retinal neural epithelial detachment.The average neural epithelial detachment height in the fovea was (635.44±340.04) μm.Forty-three eyes (76.8%) had different types of subretinal exudates; 41 eyes (73.2%) had strong granular reflection in the subretinal space.Twenty-two eyes (39.3%) had paraforveal outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickening with finger-like protrusions attached with membrane-like structure.Thirty-three eyes (58.9%) had wavy lines of the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE).After the treatment,these exudates dissolved within one week and RPE line became straight.Theretina reattached after (2.33±0.82) weeks.In most patients external limiting membrane and IS/OS became intact after (5.01 ± 6.71) weeks and (11.40 ± 7.89) weeks respectively.However,at the end of follow-up,46 eyes (82.1%) still had focal areas of IS/OS defect and 11 eyes (19.6%) had focal ONL thinning.[Conclusion]s Before the treatment,the OCT features of acute VKH are serous retinal detachment at fovea,different types of subretinal exudates and wavy RPE.After the treatment,the OCT features of acute VKH are exudates dissolving,straight RPE line and early recovery of external limiting membrane.

Key words:
Uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome;  Tomography, optical coherence;  Diagnostic imaging


Medium-term air quality assessment, benchmarking it to recent past data can usefully complement short-term air quality index data for monitoring purposes. By using daily and monthly averaged data, medium-term air quality benchmarking provides a distinctive perspective with which to monitor air quality for sustainability planning and ecosystem perspectives. By normalizing the data for individual air pollutants to a standard scale they can be more easily integrated to generate a daily combined local area benchmark (CLAB). The objectives of the study are to demonstrate that medium-term air quality benchmarking can be tailored to reflect local conditions by selecting the most relevant pollutants to incorporate in the CLAB indicator. Such a benchmark can provide an overall air quality assessment for areas of interest. A case study is presented for Dallas County (U.S.A.) applying the proposed method by benchmarking 2020 data for air pollutants to their trends established for 2015 to 2019. Six air pollutants considered are: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene and particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometres. These pollutants are assessed individually and in terms of CLAB, and their 2020 variations for Dallas County compared to daily trends established for years 2015 to 2019. Reductions in benzene and carbon monoxide during much of 2020 are clearly discernible compared to preceding years. The CLAB indicator shows clear seasonal trends for air quality for 2015 to 2019 with high pollution in winter and spring compared to other seasons that is strongly influenced by climatic variations with some anthropogenic inputs. Conducting CLAB analysis on an ongoing basis, using a relevant nearpast time interval for benchmarking that covers several years, can reveal useful monthly, seasonal and annual trends in overall air quality. This type of medium-term, benchmarked air quality data analysis is well suited for ecosystem monitoring.


Russian poetess of Silver Age Marina Tsvetaeva in her early poems pondered deeply on the theme of death. In part of her poetry,she had hoped that death can freeze up the happy life of childhood and make it become eternal; while in some of her other works,she wanted to get rid of earthly pain and trouble and obtain permanent peace through death. Whether holding a positively accepting or confrontational attitude,the poet displayed her love and cherish for life.


Water becomes, every day, more scarce. Reliable information about volume and quality in each watershed is important to management and proper planning of their use. Data-intensive science is being increasingly needed in this context. Associated analysis processes require handling the drainage network that represents a watershed. This paper presents an ongoing work that explores geographic watershed data using graph databases - a scalable and flexible kind of NoSQL databases. The Brazilian Watershed database is used as a case study. The mapping between geographic and graph models is based on the natural network that emerges from the topological relationships among geographic entities.


This paper presents a wideband miniaturized implantable antenna operating at the industrial, scientific, and medical band (902–928 MHz) and a short-range band (868-868.6 MHz) for telemetry applications. A biocompatible and flexible material named Rogers ULTRALAM 3850HT (ε r=3.14, tanδ=0.002) is used as substrate and superstrate. This antenna with the thickness of 0.2mm and high flexibility can be used for capsule endoscopy. This antenna is proposed by applying slots in radiating patch and ground plane with introducing a shorting pin technique. This antenna has the miniaturized volume of 7mm × 7mm × 0.2mm with a size of 9.8 mm3, It has the bandwidth of 156 MHz ranging from 844 to 1000 MHz having a maximum gain of -24.9 dBi.


Universities can play an important role in the high school educational system. In particular, New Mexico Tech has developed a robotics outreach program to provide high school students exposure to engineering concepts via building small robots. The authors have developed an integrated approach for incorporating robotics into secondary education with the objective of further engaging students through an exciting application of math, computers, and science. One of the principal objectives of this outreach effort is to promote the creation of programs at the secondary school level in New Mexico by providing a resource base for the teachers and students. These resources include an adaptable mobile robot kit, training, significant web-based materials (course offerings, an assembly/user manual,...) directed to both secondary students and teachers, and a personnel support structure including college engineering faculty, secondary teachers, practicing engineers, undergraduate engineering students, and junior-high and high-school students.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the quality of the adaptation procedures as well as the clinimetric testing of the shoulder disability questionnaires available in Portuguese that has occurred for each adaptation.

METHODS
Systematic literature searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCIELO and LILACS were performed to identify relevant studies. Data on the quality of the cross-cultural adaptation procedures and clinimetric testing were extracted. All studies were evaluated according to the current guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties.

RESULTS
Seven different questionnaires adapted into Brazilian-Portuguese (DASH, WORC, SPADI, PSS, ASORS, ASES and UCLA) were indentified from eleven studies. Most of the studies performed the cross-cultural adaptation procedures following the recommendations from the guidelines. From a total of seven instruments, two were not tested for any measurement property (PSS and ASES) and two questionnaires (DASH and WORC) were evaluated for almost all of properties. None of the questionnaires were fully tested for their measurement properties.

CONCLUSIONS
Although most of the shoulder disability questionnaires have been properly adapted into Brazilian-Portuguese, some of them were either inadequately tested or not tested at all. It is recommended that only tested instruments can be used in clinical practice, as well as in research.


Two new species of Eotrechus are described: Eotrechus pilicaudatus sp.n. from northeastern India and Eotrechus luaae sp.n. from China (Hainan Island); both are closely related to Eotrechus pingae Andersen, 1998 from China (Guangdong). The occurence of Eotrechus kalidasa Kirkaldy, 1902 in northeastern India is confirmed. Eotrechus terrestris Andersen, 1982 is recorded from Nepal for the first time.


A Mobile phone in operation emits a pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field which is absorbed into the user's body particularly the head region. Contradictory scientific reports on the health effect of nonionizing radiations on biological tissues have prompted to undertake the present study to evaluate the damage in the developing lens of a chick embryo following exposure to radiation emitted from a 2G cell phone. Fertilized chick embryos were incubated in two groups in a standard egg incubator. The experiment group was exposed to radiation emitted from a 2G cell phone. On completion of scheduled duration, the embryos were collected and processed for routine histological studies. The 9th to 12th day chick embryo eyes were processed for assessment of DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay technique. The lens thickness and the equatorial diameter were measured using oculometer and statistically compared for both groups. In the present study, the exposure of chick embryos to a 2G cell phone caused structural changes in lens epithelial cells, formation of cystic cells and spaces, distortion of lens fibers, and formation of posterior aberrant nuclear layer. The DNA damage in the developing eyes of the experiment group assessed by comet assay was highly significant.


Objective
To compare the biological characteristics of two Adriamycin-resistant breast cancer lines induced in different methods.

Methods
The MCF-7/ADM1 and MCF-7/ADM2 of breast cancer resistant cell lines were induced by low-concentration continuous increasing method and high concentration impact increasing method respectively.The morphological characteristics of the two cell lines were observed microscopically. The resistance index of the cells was determined with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The cell growth curves were drawn, and calculate the cell double time. Cryopreservation in different concentrations of adriamycin (ADM), the resistant index (RI) changes were detected and the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry.

Results
We succeeded in inducing drug-resistant breast cancer cell lines, which were cross-resistance to paclitaxel and cisplatin. The RI of MCF-7/ADM1 was higher than that of MCF-7/ADM2 (P 0.05). Compared with MCF-7 cell line, cells of drug-resistant cell lines decreased in S, G2/M phase, while that in G0/G1 phase increased.

Conclusions
The two methods can induce drug-resistant cell lines, and the resistance was relatively stable, but its biological characteristics were partially different. Its resistance mechanism and reversal target need to be further studied.

Key words:
Breast neoplasms; Drug resistance; Doxorubicin; In vitro


Strong epidemiologic evidence supports a role for vitamin D insufficiency as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), shown by increasing disease prevalence with increasing latitude, and inverse correlation with duration and intensity of ultraviolet B (UVB) sunlight exposure and vitamin D serum concentration.1 Moreover, MS risk seems to decrease with migration from higher latitudes to lower ones.2 The Nurses' Health Study II, in research focused on latitude and sunlight, demonstrated dietary vitamin D supplement use (estimated dose ≥400 IU/day) was associated with 40% less risk of MS development, compared to non users.3 MS risk among study participants was reduced by approximately half, in women born to mothers with high vitamin D levels in breast milk or taking supplements during pregnancy, compared to women born to mothers whose intake had been low, suggesting that MS risk is related not only to recent vitamin D levels but also to levels present during childhood or in utero. A prospective nested case-control study among US military personnel demonstrated 41% decrease in MS risk in Caucasian individuals, for every 20 ng/ml increase in serum-measured vitamin D levels.4 Likewise, in patients with pediatric-onset MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) every 10 ng/ml increase in adjusted 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level was associated with a onethird reduction in subsequent relapse rates.5 There is accumulating data documenting the capacity of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and B cells, to contribute physiologically to autocrine and paracrine regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, via the vitamin D receptor (VDR) expressed in these types of cells.6,7 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3favors induction of DCs with tolerogenic properties, shaping T cell activation and development. In addition, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 can have a direct effect on T cells and B cells. On B cells, it inhibits the proliferation of memory B cells, plasma-cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Under appropriate conditions 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the proliferation of CD4+ T cells favoring the development of IL-10 producing cells, and also inhibits pro-inflammatory, pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells inducing differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Collectively, vitamin D affects the immune system at different levels, through varied mechanisms conferring an immunosuppressive effect on the whole which may ultimately be applied to treat autoimmune diseases such as MS. However, it is important to note that the majority of these immunological effects have only been demonstrated in animal models, or in vitro experiments, using supra-physiological doses far superior to normal levels. Altogether, emerging literature has strengthened the association between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of developing MS. Therefore, intervention with vitamin D supplementation could have an important impact on MS development risk, as well as subsequent disease activity and severity. Nevertheless, this remains unconfirmed without prospective randomized control trials to determine the most efficacious, safe and minimum required dose. To date, there have been no controlled trials designed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation could benefit individuals with CNS demyelinating diseases. Different investigators have however conducted small studies, primarily to determine the safety of increased vitamin D doses. Given its stability in the serum and superior correlation with vitamin D sufficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration is considered the best indicator of vitamin D status. Importantly, "normal" vitamin D levels have been determined on the basis of bone-health measures without reference to "extracalcemic" actions of vitamin D. Available data suggest that MS risk is minimized at 25-hydroxyvitamin If I had clinically isolated syndrome with magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic of multiple sclerosis, I would take vitamin D 10,000 IU daily: Yes


This article deals with a theoretical study of methods of electrical stimulation therapy which is one of the physical therapy used to treat pain and increase the strength of the weak muscle where the treatment is done by connecting electrodes to the patient which in turn deliver electrical impulses through nerve paths at specific intervals. Also, the relationship between methods of electrical stimulation and types of electric current has been shown in this review, Stimulation methods were divided according to the type of current used where continuous current is used in the case of galvanic with high frequency and low current. Methods (Trabert, Leduc, Faradic, H-wave, Micro-current) use the pulse current with a frequency not exceeding 1000 Hz, while methods like Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), Four-pole interfering, Two-pole interfering, Isoplaner interfering, Neuromuscular, dipole interfering, diadynamic use alternating current with a frequency between (3600 Hz - 10000 Hz) and the value of the current is between (50 mA - 140 mA). The most important effect or use of electrical stimulation is to reduce pain (Analgesic effect), as well as, 2-pole and 4-pole interference effect on myorelaxation and spasmolytic. Finally, there are many studies that show that there are no long-term side effects of electrical stimulation, only some temporary effects resulting from the misuse of electrodes for the stimulation device or resulting from the use of high currents.


Raman analysis of the A1 (LO) mode of AlGaN-like phonons of the InAlGaN/GaN heterostructures in the composition range 1.38% ≦ In ≦ 2.73% and 8.01% ≦ Al ≦ 13.97% is presented. The line shape of A1 (LO) mode of AlGaN-like phonons was observed to exhibit a significant asymmetry and Raman linewidth toward the lower energy side. The spatial correlation model is discussed and is shown to account the line shape. The spatial correlation model calculations also indicate the lack of a long-range order in the higher Al to In ratio of InAlGaN/GaN alloys. These results were confirmed by x-ray diffraction and the correlation length L decreases as the increasing of Al to In ratio corresponding to the absence of the long-range order in the alloy. The Raman linewidth of the AlGaN-like A1 (LO) mode was found to exhibit a maximum at the higher Al to In ratio indicative of a random disordered alloy system.


Introduction: Geomorphic features such as valley networks, fans, and deltas indicate that there were fluvial processes acting on Martian surface some time in the past [1-6]. While geomorphic and mineralogical evidence for an early "wet Mars" has strengthened with recent Mars missions, the question remains as to the magnitude and duration of environmental conditions that could support surface liquid required to create observed channels and other fluvial features. The Great Basin as an analog of Martian terrain: Many terrestrial geomorphic processes have been seen as analogs for former Martian conditions. The Great Basin (GB) province in the southwestern U.S. (including the Basin and Range and Mojave regions) has many similarities with Mars, thus was chosen as the study site to validate and calibrate our flow routing and lake simulation model [7]. Like Mars, the GB consists of many enclosed basins and lakes. At present it supports an extremely dry environment with an evidence of wetter conditions in the past. Moreover, the GB has been strongly shaped by fluvial erosion and paleolacustrine deposits and shorelines indicate that the climate has fluctuated greatly during the late Quaternary [8-10]. Application of the model to this region has several benefits: 1) it allows testing of model water balance and routing, 2) it demonstrates sensitivity of lake levels and drainage network integration to variation in climatic parameters, 3) it can be incorporated into the General Circulation Models (GCMs) to model the lake-atmosphere interactions, and 4) though GB Pleistocene climate has been studied extensively, work on spatially explicit flow routing is limited. Furthermore, the GB has modest vegetation so that its influence on hydrological cycle is minimal. Data sources: Producing a hydrological model requires spatially explicit estimates of runoff and evaporation, which are in turn functions of precipitation, temperature, latitude, and elevation. Model validation in turn requires comparative data on the spatial distribution of modern and paleolakes. Relevant data were collected for California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming and reduced to the GB region (34-44° N, 109-122° W). Modern environment. Many of the data used for this study were available via websites. The digital elevation data and mean annual precipitation data were obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and National Resources Conservation Services (NRCS), respectively. Both data files were converted to ASCII surfer grid format with reduced resolution of 1000 m per pixel. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) provides mean annual temperature (MAT) data along with the deviation form the historical average for each year for 318 stations that are within the GB. For each station, the MAT, geographic coordinates, and elevation were recorded. Microsoft Excel was used to conduct a multiple regression analysis between the MAT and latitude (lat), longitude (lon), and elevation (elev) in meters, which had resulted in a following relationship with regression R of 0.87: 137.721 1.556 0.00263 0.117 MAT lat elev lon = − − + . Lake evaporation rate is hard to estimate owing to difficultness of accurately measuring its controlling parameters like wind speed, atmospheric moisture content, and cloud cover [11]. A simpler method for estimating evaporation rate was suggested by [12], using a graph of evaporation against elevation for two different latitudes for Nevada. Using this graph as a basis, we estimated the mean annual evaporation rate, E, as a function of latitude and elevation: 4.976 0.0744 0.00062 E lat elev = − − . Similarly, mean annual runoff (Q) was expressed as a function of mean annual precipitation (P: in m yr) and MAT (F), using another graph provided by [12]:


Electoral corruption is mostly seen in Nigeria as a direct subversion of the electoral process by individuals, who are greedy for personal enrichment that electoral success underwrites in Nigeria. While not questioning the personal enrichment thesis of electoral corruption, as it is true, the paper adopts a more nuanced approach to the understanding of electoral corruption. It focuses on the realities of existence of godfathers, political parties and voters in Nigeria. It argues that electoral corruption is the result not just of the avariciousness of godfathers and politicians but of the logic of electoral competition (zero-sum) which demands that political parties in Nigeria, incapacitated by a  weak voters' mobilization capacity  derived from their elite/caucus nature, resort to individuals (godfathers) possessing of certain attributes such as an "intuitive grasp of  and control of local voting structure," to effect electoral success through activities that distort the electoral process or through electoral competition. Electoral corruption is further entrenched by the political and social existential demands of the godfather, which can only be met by further exercises in electoral corruption, though this time in favor of the godfathers themselves.

 Key words: Godfathers, political parties, elections, corruption, Nigeria.


Anionic surfactants sodium lauryl ether sulfate(AES) was added to glufosinate aqueous solution.The performances such as low-temperature stability,thermo stability,surface tension,penetration and efficacy of the preparation were investigated.The results showed that the low-temperature stability and thermo stability met the quality standard of aqueous solution,the surface tension was reduced greatly,the penetration was increased and the biological activity to Eleusine indica and alligator weed was high when 20% glufosinate and 20% AES were consisted in the formulation.


Purpose Damage along the visual pathway results in a visual field defect (scotoma), which retinotopically corresponds to the damaged neural tissue. Other parts of the visual field, processed by the uninjured tissue, are considered to be intact. However, perceptual deficits have been observed in the "intact" visual field, but these functional impairments are poorly understood. We now studied temporal processing deficits in the intact visual field of patients with either pre- or post-chiasmatic lesions to better understand the functional consequences of partial blindness. Methods Patients with pre- (n = 53) or post- chiasmatic lesions (n = 98) were tested with high resolution perimetry – a method used to map visual fields with supra-threshold light stimuli. Reaction time of detections in the intact visual field was then analyzed as an indicator of processing speed and correlated with features of the visual field defect. Results Patients from both groups exhibited processing speed deficits in their presumably "intact" field as indicated by comparison to a normative sample. Further, in both groups processing speed was found to be a function of two factors. Firstly, a spatially restricted (retinotopic) influence of the scotoma was seen in longer reaction times when stimuli were presented in intact field sectors close to the defect. Secondly, patients with larger scotomata had on average longer reaction times in their intact field indicating a more general (non-retinotopic) influence of the scotoma. Conclusions Processing speed deficits in the "intact" visual field of patients with visual system damage demonstrate that visual system lesions have more widespread consequences on perception than previously thought. Because dysfunctions of the seeing field are expected to contribute to subjective vision, including visual tests of the presumed "intact" field may help to better understand vision loss and to improve methods of vision restoration and rehabilitation.


Powder neutron diffraction measurements of PrNi 5 Sn performed in the temperature range 1.5–76 K indicate that the compound crystallizes in a hexagonal CeNi 5 Sn-type crystal structure (space group P 6 3 /mmc ). The a lattice parameter and the unit cell volume V increase while the c lattice parameter does not change with increasing temperature. No long range magnetic ordering was detected down to 1.5 K, in contradiction to bulk magnetometric results.


Chlamydomonas sajiao Lewin with different doses were added to liquid culture medium,the living number of 7 different bacterium and 7 different plant fungal pathogens were detected with the method of turbidimetry.The results showed that Chlamydomonas sajiao Lewin had high antibacterial activity on the 7 different bacterium and 7 different plant fungal pathogens tested and the effects of inhibition were raised with concentrations.The origination inhibition concentrations were 0.2×10-3 g/mL~0.5×10-3 g/mL and full inhibition concentrations were 30×10-3 g/mL~40×10-3 g/mL against bacterial growth;but the origination inhibition concentrations were 1.5×10-3 g/mL~2×10-3 g/mL and full inhibition concentrations were 60×10-3 g/mL~80×10-3 g/mL against fungal growth.Therefore it had more antibacterial activity against bacterium than fungus.


Previous research suggested that women's employment and fertility reciprocally influence each other. However, this research almost exclusively on labor market exists as a result of childbirth, while neglecting the possibility of taking up part-time employment. Additionally, it is often assumed that fertility and job characteristics combine additively regarding the employment career, rather than that they interact. Using a longitudinal sample of 154 young full-time employed Dutch women who were living with a male partner and who were childless at the start of the study the authors sought to re-examine the relations between fertility and employment, by means of semi-parametric survival models and structural equation modelling. Their results supported the notion that job characteristics, values and human capital variables interact with fertility where it concerns the course of the employment career, while there were also interesting differences regarding the predictors of employment exits vs. taking up part-time employment. Implications of these findings are discussed


This study evaluated the efficacy of flonicamid 50%WG (50, 75 and 100 g ai ha-1) along with imidacloprid 17.8SL (25 g ai ha-1), thiamethoxam 25%WG (25 g ai ha-1 ), chlorpyriphos 19%ME (180 g ai ha-1) and fipronil 5% SC (75 g ai ha-1) against the rice ear head bug Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) in rice. The results revealed that flonicamid @ 100 g ai/ ha was the most effective (1.0 bugs hill-1) followed by flonicamid @ 75 g (1.13 bugs hill-1). Imidacloprid (1.22 bugs hill-1) was statistically on par with that of flonicamid @ 50 g (1.23 bugs hill-1) and thiamethoxam (1.24 bugs hill-1). The yield and cost-effectiveness were maximum in the flonicamid (48.93 q ha-1 @ 100 g) and imidacloprid (B: C; 2.43:1).


The distribution of plant species over continents changes drastically during climatic cycles. The range of temperate species in Europe has expanded and retreated several times during the last few climatic cycles. Mapping these ranges over a period of time (such as the last 15,000 years) helps visualize the distribution changes (oak map by Brewer et al., 2002, Fig. 1). However, time series are a more appropriate tool for estimation of the rapidity of these changes. During the last glacial maximum, most temperate tree species survived the extremly cold and dry climate within a few limited areas known as refugia. In Europe, such refugial areas have been identifi ed in Spain, Italy, Greece and the Balkans. They are localized in mountainous regions, usually with southern exposure, where suffi cient moisture and warmth existed for plants to survive glacial periods. At the end of each glacial period, temperate trees migrate, with different rates, from their refugia to occupy more extensive areas. The same species do not necessarily survive in the same refugia from one glacial to another. A given species may propagate from it's refugium during an interglacial and not be able to return to it during the following glacial. Thus, it is diffi cult to compare the rates of distribution change over several climatic cycles for the same species. Here we focus on the last deglaciation during which oak forests underwent dramatic changes in both population density and distributional range. Roughly, the deciduous oak started to migrate from its glacial refugia between 15 and 14,000 years BP and reached its northern climatic limit during the Holocene around 6000 years BP. During deglaciation, Oak forest «boundaries» moved at a maximum rate of approximately 100 km/century. Fossil pollen records provide quantitative information about the rates of change in oak forest distribution throughout this period of time. Jacobson et al. (1987) showed that the difference of the square root of pollen percentages over prescribed even time intervals provides a good measure of the rate of change in species prevalance in the landscape. Application of this method requires that paleo proxydata be interpolated onto an evenly time spaced scale whereas pollen records are often unevenly sampled and their chronological frame is based on a few 14C dates. Lotter et al. (1992) pointed out that «rates of change [derived] from proxy-data are critically dependent on a reliable chronology». Such caution should be applied to reconstruction of any abrupt event, irrespective of proxy type, when the chronology is based on the 14C time scale. The comparison of the rates of change estimates from two sites with very different geographical locations relative to glacial refugia from which oak originated may be interesting. The Padul pollen record (southern Granada, Spain) is located in an area where a glacial refugium for deciduous oak has been identifi ed. Lac Noir (Massif Central, France) on the other hand was surrounded by open vegetation where oak did not survive during the last glacial maximum. Genetic studies have shown that the deciduous oak now growing in France originated from the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas (Petit et al., 2002). The chronological time frame (Figs. 2 and 3) for the two pollen records indicate that there was 3000 year time lag required for the expansion of oak between the two sites. � � � � � �


The equations for the brake mechanism electromagnetic drive allowing to calculate electromagnet parameters with the guaranteed operation speed are received. Recommendations for definition of initial data and independent variables are obtained at calculation of the electromagnetic.


Because of difficulties associated with field experiments, reported results on laser propagation in ice have been obtained primarily in the laboratory. To avoid changes that occur in optical characteristics of inhomogeneous natural ice when removed from its environment, we conducted laser propagation experiments in situ. We constructed an optical rail to allow a device (either an underwater laser or an underwater detector) to be positioned horizontally at known locations under the ice cover of a frozen lake. By mounting a picowatt detector on the rail, we mapped spatial profiles of a surface-mounted 2XNd:YAG laser beam pointing vertically down through the ice. Profiles were measured as a function of both detector depth and detector angle of view. After stripping layers from the ice surface, we measured additional spatial profiles of the downward-looking laser beam. By mounting an underwater 2XNd:YAG laser on the rail under the ice, we also mapped the spatial profile of an upward-looking laser. At the conclusion of the mapping experiments, blocks of ice near the test region were removed and studied to identify structural features in the ice that affect laser scattering. Spatial profiling results were analyzed to determine the optical properties of specific ice features.


Extended thermodynamics commonly uses polynomial moments to model non-equilibrium transportation, but faces a crisis due to sub-shocks, which are anomalous discontinuities in gas properties when predicting shock waves. The cause of sub-shocks is still unclear, challenging the validity of extended thermodynamics. This paper reveals, for the first time, that sub-shocks arise from intrinsic limitations of polynomials leading to a discontinuous phase transition. Therefore extended thermodynamics necessitates alternative moments beyond polynomials to avoid sub-shocks.


The effect of phosphorus in the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of piperidine and pyridine over NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts was studied. In the absence of H2S no effect of P was found, but in the presence of H2S the HDN activity of NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts decreased as the P content in the catalysts increased. It is concluded that phosphorus has a negative effect on the C-N bond cleavage in piperidine, as well as on the subsequent hydrogenation of the C5 alkene intermediates. Also the influence of Ni was found to depend on the reaction conditions. A substantial promotion effect of Ni could only be observed in the presence of H2S, both in the C-N bond cleavage of piperidine and in the pyridine hydrogenation. The activity for the HDN of piperidine of NiMo(P)/Al2O3 catalysts increased with increasing H2S concentration up to H2S/H2 = 12.5 × 10−3 mol/mol.


Comprehensive income and net income are both consistent and different,the former is wider than the latter in range.The comprehensive income takes multiple measure modes of historical cost,fair value,net realizable value,and present value of future cash flows to break the principle of realization,reflect appropriate cautious principle,improve quality of accounting information,provide more relevant and reliable information for decision,and increase evaluating and predicting functions on profit information through improving recognition methods,standards and principles,and thereby recognize comprehensive income definably,accountably,relevantly,and reliably.


This paper expounds how to improve the quality of the service of the medical college library from three aspects of changing the service conception, expanding the service mode and optimizing the service ranks.


Education Options of Existentialism are not to oblige students to adapt to the society passively, nor to sacrifice everything so as to integrate into the society, but rather to enhance students' comprehensive abilities by means ofstudying, reflecting, criticizing and demonstrating. The task of education is tohelp students develop their decisive and creative abilities, help them search into and find out their egos. The key to education is to develop their self- reliance spirit so as to ensure their free and individual development, and consequently,promote social progress and prosperity.


Difficult Diagnosis in Pediatrics is written by approximately 40 well-known American pediatricians and edited by Professor James Stockman, Chicago. The book is not an encyclopedia of syndromes but a good complement to such books and to ordinary textbooks of pediatrics. It deals with the adequate logical approach to disease entities that are diffuse at first appearance, e.g. fever of unknown origin, failure to thrive, persistent stridor, chronic diarrhea, growing pain and floppy child. The approach to objectively observed abnormal signs are also discussed and recommendations are given for e.g. hypertension and hyperbilirubinemia. Algorithms and tables with classification of etiology and differential diagnosis are very frequent. They are mostly very detailed but highly didactic. The text is clear and free from extravagant speculations. Rare diagnoses are not forgotten but they are never given a disproportionate space. The continuous thread all through is to create the optimal base for further decisions by a careful story and proper physical examination. Nonorganic causes of symptoms are not forgotten. In the chapter on failure to thrive for instance, valuable, concrete advice is given on how to question parents and how to recognize nonverbal responses in order to evaluate environmental deprivation. The book is a valuable complement to libraries in pediatric departments and out-patient offices. pp., €32.50, ISBN 0-7216-2472-3.


Hydrogels and clay slurries are the materials most commonly applied to roots of pines in the Southern United States. Most nursery managers believe such applications offer a form of "insurance" against excessive exposure during planting. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of root dip treatments to (1) support fungal growth and (2) protect roots from injury during exposure for 1, 2, or 4 h. Four treatments were tested: kaolin clay, two grades of polyacrylamide hydrogels, and a cornstarchbased hydrogel. In petri dish tests, kaolin clay was the only treatment that inhibited the growth of three soil-borne fungi (Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia). When applied to roots, however, the clay slurry did not effectively prevent permanent root damage during exposure and subsequent mortality. Gel treatment provided some protection when roots were exposed to air for 2 or 4 h. If a gel treatment reduces the need for replanting only 1 ha in 3,333, the benefit/cost ratio might equal 2 (assuming a cost of $500 ha -1 for replanting and a gel treatment cost of $250 per 3.3 million seedlings).


In order to solve the problems as resonance,impact and etc.occurred when the hang type centrifuge crosses its critical speed during its operation,the dynamic analysis on drum system of hang type centrifuge was carried out by using the finite-element method in this paper.The relationship of dynamic performance influenced by various drum structural parameters was also discussed and the dynamic performance of the drum system was optimized on the basis,the analysis on the effect of the dynamic performance by each structural parameter of the drum was carried out.The optimized critical speed of the drum is clear from the operating speed,and the separation capability was improved by 16%.The obtained relationship of the dynamic performance influenced by various drum parameters has laid a foundation for further improving the drum system.


The measurement of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reflects the complicated nature of the disease: elements include the number of tender and swollen joints, pain, function, inflammation, and an overall assessment by both the individual and the physician. Historically, RA clinical trials assessed and reported a variable number of these components, making it difficult to compare therapies; this approach also allowed discretion regarding which measures to report. However, in the last 15 years, it has become standard to use composite indices such as the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) core set of disease activity measures (i.e., ACR20, ACR50, ACR70)1 and the Disease Activity Score (DAS)2 in the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials of RA. As a consequence, trials use a common standard outcome (e.g., ACR20 or DAS), improving our ability to differentiate effective treatments from ineffective ones and to compare results across trials.


Background/Objectives: CFRP has been utilized as composite material at various industrial fields. This paper investigates the fracture behavior at the part joined with adhesive of the structure for Mode 2. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The bonded structure for Mode 2 composed according to thickness is applied under the tensile load. As the fracture behavior is investigated by the finite element method, the previous data are secured before experiment. The contact condition is maintained on the area touched with each other until the maximum tensile bonding strength. So, the bonding condition on this model is cleared when the occurred stress becomes beyond this stress. Findings: As the thickness is increased, the reaction force and the displacement are increased until falling off at the bonded interface. By the separation at the adhesive interface of the joined part with an increase in thicknesses of the two joined specimens, an increase in structural stability for the joined structure could be seen. The various stress distribution and the transferred direction of load at bonded interface can be investigated. As the thickness of a specimen applied to the joined CFRP was increased, equivalent stresses due to displacement could be seen to be gradually increased. At this time, the stresses produced at the adhesive interface could be seen to affect the specimens and the equivalent stresses could also be seen to be increased. However, since the fracture of specimen could be seen not to occur at a lower value than the tensile strength of the applied specimen, the stability of the structures could be seen as being guaranteed. Application/Improvements: On the basis of this study result, the safety of bonded structure can be evaluated and the safe design data can be obtained by applying this result.


With the rapid development of China's higher education,the scale of the college enrollment continues to expand,the trend of campus socialization has become prominent and brought new challenges to the college students' security work.This paper suggested some corresponding countermeasures as following:to set up a perfect leadership responsibility system for the students' security work; to build up a team of cadres with a strong sense of responsibility,high quality; to strengthen the safety education and consolidate the safety consciousness of self prevention on the part of college students.


The crystal structure of μ-methylene-bis[(dibromo)(diethyl ether-κO)aluminium(III)] has established that the Al—CH2—Al angle, 118.4 (2)°, is the smallest observed for structure where this moiety is not part of a ring.


The gas-phase protonation of alpha,omega-diphenylalkanes ranging from diphenylmethane to 1,6-diphenylhexane and of 1-phenyl-2-(m-tolyl)ethane has been examined by FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Their gas-phase basicities (GB) at 300 K are consistently higher than that of toluene, as expected from their higher polarizability, and depend on the length of the methylene chain joining the two phenyl groups. This noticeable structure dependence is ascribed to an intramolecular solvation effect exerted by the second phenyl ring on the protonated one, allowed by a proper conformation of the linking chain. This effect is confirmed by a ca. 2 kcal mol(-1) decrease in basicity when the protonated and the neutral phenyl rings are separated by the same number of C-C bonds in a rigid trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diyl unit versus a flexible chain.


An outright ban on the sale of tobacco products at local markets and fairs has been urged. Fine Gael Seanad Health Spokesperson Senator Colm Burke said: "Shops, bars and off-licences have proven to be extremely compliant and responsible in ensuring that the controls placed on the sale of tobacco products are in place."

"Unlike shops, which can be easily checked on by the HSE, it is extremely difficult to monitor the sale of tobacco at markets and fairs. Limiting the sale of tobacco products to shops and bars is the most effective means for the Department of Health and the HSE to regulate the implementation of its policies.".....


Studied are maximum displacements at the edges of the plan of elastic structural systems subjected to seismic motions that include accidental inputs: rotational seismic component and variations of center of mass location. The system properties that influence the responses are identified and assessed. Evaluated are the torsional provisions of Venezuelan and Mexican Seismic Codes, International Building Code, and De la Llera and Chopra Procedure; they can be either conservative or unconservative depending on the values of the system properties. A proposal that improves the mentioned procedure leading to a better agreement with the theoretical values, and including limitations concerning torsional stability, is presented.


Objective: Sustained psychological stress may result in a state operationalized as "vital exhaustion." Exhaustion predicted coronary artery disease (CAD) events whereby increased inflammatory activity might mediate this link. Moreover, there is an emerging importance of gene–environmental interactions in CAD. We investigated the effect of exhaustion severity on plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and whether exhaustion might regulate CRP levels via the −308G/A polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene. Methods: We assessed exhaustion in 275 industrial employees (mean age ± SD, 41 ± 9 years, 88% men) using the Maastricht Questionnaire. Subjects were stratified as per exhaustion severity: none (N = 80), moderate (N = 128), and severe (N = 67). The TNF-α polymorphism was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and plasma CRP levels were measured by a high-sensitivity immunoassay. Results: There was a significant interaction between exhaustion and the TNF-α polymorphism, explaining 4.5% in the variance of plasma CRP values (F (5,271) = 2.47, p = .033); the result held after controlling for classic cardiovascular risk factors. Adjusted mean CRP levels across exhaustion strata in GA (N = 70) and AA (N = 3) carriers combined were 0.91 mg/l (none), 1.78 mg/l (moderate), and 2.61 mg/l (severe) as compared with 1.24 mg/l, 1.61 mg/l, and 1.36 mg/l for the GG wild-type (N = 202). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the A allele of the TNF-α −308 G/A polymorphism may mediate inflammation with exhaustion in a dose-response relationship, while with the GG wild-type exhaustion severity seems unrelated to CRP levels. The finding provides a rationale for gene-environmental interactions by which psychosocial factors may promote atherosclerosis and CAD.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of maize as a function of the plant population and line spacings, in a Red Yellow Argisol in northeast Brazil. The experiment was carried out in an area belonging to the Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, with a randomized complete block design in the 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with 20 replications, with two populations (45,000 and 65,000 plants ha-1) and two spacings (0.45 and 0.90 m). It was evaluated the yield per hectare, number of spikes per hectare, plants per hectare, height of the plant, height of insertion of the first spike, total dry mass, number of grains per row, number of rows, emergence and stem diameter. Significant differences were observed between population and spacing for yield per hectare, spikes per hectare, plants per hectare, and emergence. The population of 65,000 plants ha-1 in the 0.90 m spacing provided an increase in yield per hectare, spike per hectare and emergence, when compared to the population of 45,000 ha-1 plants and row spacings of 0.45 m.


Marketing is one of the main departments within an organization and its duty is to identify customer needs and wants and to produce or modify products in attempt to respond to market demand. Often it is found that the marketing department will work with the management in order to meet the market demand, create new markets and in many cases satisfy consumers' wants. It can be considered as the bridge between satisfying consumers and the management in attempt to create profit for the company. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the growth strategies of food producers in Kosovo and to provide clear recommendations for companies in developing their products, penetrate or develop new markets or niches.During the research the paper finds that most of the producers we have analyzed have not yet developed nor established a marketing department, and in many case most of them are missing a marketing or sales personnel. According to our data, only 45% of companies, (thirteen out of thirty, part of this study), have an established marketing department or have hired someone to work as head of marketing. This is a sign that food producers still do not see marketing as core function in their activities. They think more about productivity than sales and marketing. We find that the behavior of most companies is geared towards productivity and not so much towards marketing. Of course productivity is important, but marketing can help in increasing the sales, which could directly result to additional productivity needs.We also find out that there seems to be little courage in entering and exploring new markets; investing in offering new products to the market; or improving the design and quality of the products; and/or adding value to the existing products. Their growth strategies in terms of the above are still undeveloped. Therefore, there should be continuous insistence of


In this paper we analyze the results of a survey conducted by the Bank of Italy during the spring of 2012 on Italian science and technology parks. We begin by describing the main features of such parks in Italy and we then investigate whether they have been effective in improving both the economic performance and the innovative capacity of the firms located within them. We find a pronounced heterogeneity among science and technology parks, whose cooperation with public research institutions is characterized by physical proximity. Although the business situation of firms located in science and technology parks tends on average to be better than that of similar non-park firms, a difference-in-differences estimation shows that entering in a science and technology park did not generally improve the firms business/innovating activity with respect to outside counterparts. J.E.L. Classification: C31, L25, O31.


It has ben observed that there is a difference in the percentage of subjects suffering from allergy of the respiratory tract in different regions of the same country. As a matter of fact, damp localities are generally considered unfavorable to allergic patients (Urbach). Research 'work on this particular aspect of allergy has been carried out in various countries: a higher incidence of respiratory allergy in humid climates has been observed by Van Leeuwen in Holland; by Jimenez Diaz., Sanchez Cuenca, and others, in Spain; and by Rowe, Curry, and Metzger in the United States of America. Comparative investigations, undertaken in Great Britain and in Cierniany, have given similar results. It has also been noticed that some patients living in humid climates obtain relief by changing their residence to a drier area (Godin). More recently, Harsh in the United States and Maunsell in England, have drawn attention to the fact that the greater incidence of respiratory allergy in humid climates might he due less to "the climate per se", but rather to the degree of humidity present in the air, rendering house-dust more allergenic (Harsh). Even in the same town, it is possible to observe a different distribution of patients with respiratory allergy, as has been


In the frame of an ESA-ESTEC Technological Development Program (ASTP-3), Alenia Spazio has designed, manufactured and qualified a 1 meter diameter dichroic subreflector for multifrequency antennas working at Ku and Ka frequency bands. A description of the configuration as well as design assumptions for electromagnetic and thermomechanical aspects are presented. The engineering efforts involved in materials selection and manufacturing processes are also presented. The most important results of the performed qualification campaign are presented for sinusoidal and random vibrations and thermal cycling tests. Furthermore a comparison between physical/ environmental requirements, predictions and achieved results is presented.


Spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the area 0.30°S, 130–180°E are examined for the period of 1956–1987. Sea-surface temperatures in this region are high throughout the year with an annual range of only 0.5°C close to the Equator, increasing to 5.0°C, south of 24°S. Interannual variability of SSTs is highest and year-to year persistence of anomalies is lowest in October-November. Interannual variability is lowest and year-to-year persistence is highest in April-May. Sea-surface temperature anomalies developed in June-July are more likely to persist through subsequent seasons than SST anomalies developed in December-January. Interannual variations of SSTs are related more closely to Queensland rainfall variations in the winter season than in the summer season. In the summer season, SST-rainfall linkages are dominated by co-variations of these two variables with the Southern Oscillation. In the winter season, significant associations between SSTs and rainfall are present in the absence of large variations of the Southern Oscillation.


Odell, J. D., Pollock, C. M. J. (2016, April 22). Open Peer Review for Digital Humanities Projects: A Modest Proposal. Working paper presented at THATCamp Indiana 2016. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.


Tests were carried out on both synthetic and real wash water derived from clothes laundry to determine the utility of reverse osmosis in recovering the water for recycle use. A blend membrane made from cellulose di- and triacetates, and a cross-linked cellulose acetate/methacrylate were evaluated. Both were found acceptable. A number of detergents were evaluated, including a cationic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium palmitate, and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The tests were all made at a temperature of 165 F to minimize microbial growth. Long-term (15 to 30 day) runs were made at 600 and 400 psi on laundry water which was pretreated either by alum addition and sand filtration or by filtration only through 0.5 micron filters. A 30-day run was made using a 2-in. diameter by 22-in. long spiral module at 400 psig with filtering as the pretreatment. The membrane fouling by colloidal matter was found to be controllable. The unit produced initially 55 gal/day and 27 gal/day after 30 days.


Abstract Conclusion: A 20 mm hole made backwards from the midpoint of the asterion to the mastoid process is suitable for a retrosigmoid keyhole approach with the aid of an endoscope. The endoscope-assisted retrosigmoid keyhole approach can be considered an effective and safe method for removal of vestibular schwannoma. Objective: To investigate the feasibility of the endoscope-assisted retrosigmoid keyhole approach for exposing the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and internal auditory canal (IAC). Methods: With the aid of an endoscope, we simulated surgical procedures in 30 sides of 15 formalin-fixed cadaver heads. Results: (1) For 24 (80%) sides, the midpoint of the top notch to the mastoid process was in the anterior edge of the sigmoid sinus; for 27 sides (90%) the midpoint of the asterion to the mastoid process was in the posterior edge of the sigmoid sinus. (2) The IAC and CPA were exposed by the retrosigmoid keyhole approach with the aid of the endoscope.


A series of semiconductor CdS clusters coordinated by thiophenolate,such as (Me 4N) 2[Cd 4(SPh) 10 ] 、(Me 4N) 4[Cd 10 S 4(SPh) 16 ]、 (Me 4N) 8[Cd 20 S 13 (SPh) 22 ] and Cd 32 S 14 (SPh) 36 ·DMF 4 have been synthesized. The structure of clusters consisting of CdS core and surface capping thiophenolate via Cd—S bonds were indicated by Raman spectra measurements. Absorption spectra show the pronounced size quantum effects and absorption peaks of exciton presented in Cd 20 (1) and Cd 32 (1).The broadening of luminescent peaks was observed in the luminescence spectra. The absorption and luminescence spectra were not affected by the use of mercaptoethanol and dimercaptopropanol as the substitutes of organic ligand for thiophenolate.


Between 1939 and 1948, Sudan had a Commissioner for Archaeology and Anthropology, a post that remained unique throughout the existence of the Antiquities Service and successor organisations. The combination of both disciplines was created – and allowed – only for the sake of Anthony John Arkell (1898-1980), and 'Anthropology' was already dropped from the title for Arkell's successor, Peter Lewis Shinnie. The latter later noted in a short memoir that anthropological studies, much encouraged by the Sudan Government at that time, were to be supervised by Arkell, but that he did not 'remember much of this work being carried out whilst [he] was Arkell's assistant' (Shinnie 1990, 223). Although Shinnie noted a – practically often inconsequential – continued debate of such interdisciplinary attempts, he also highlighted that his own arguments for 'the integration of archaeology, social anthropology, ethnography and linguistics' (Shinnie 1990, 231) were ignored in the early 1950s by British officials in charge of 'the intellectual climate of government' (Shinnie 1990, 231). It seems still relevant for the history of both disciplines in Sudan to have a closer look at how this short experiment came about and what its main protagonist achieved during its course. Accordingly, this article recounts how Arkell came to take this position and examines whether, and how, he succeeded to relate its 'anthropology' part to his main archaeological work. The text is based on Arkell's correspondence and papers held at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Archives,1 London, UK as well as his published writings.