Abstract: When applied to the sea, the wilderness concept of preserving large areas from human effects throws light on marine conservation ethics, pragmatism, and practice. I compared problems of land wilderness with those involving the sea, where social and technical preparedness for conservation lags behind that for the land. I describe marine applications related to wilderness and provide examples from various jurisdictions. Daunting marine attributes of scale, dynamism, and connectedness, as well as scientific and cultural uncertainty, weaken maritime application of the wilderness notion. Three main problems with this application are (1) protecting large enough areas, (2) defining desired marine ecosystem states with attendant roles for humans, and (3) addressing society's underdeveloped marine environmental awareness and ethics. The first relates to the practicality of establishing large preserved areas near populated compared with unpopulated areas. The second relates to accommodating coastal‐community subsistence given the ethics and realities of coastal poverty, indigenous peoples' status, and rural lifestyles. The third relates to public confusion over maritime governance, uncertainty over appropriate civility toward marine resources, and cultural expectations of freedom on the seas. These issues foster political indecision and strong opposition from some fishery and coastal‐community sectors to conservation of marine areas. Perhaps the value‐laden wilderness term still carries too much terrestrial preservationist baggage for sea areas that are viewed as commons by many. The wilderness ideal is but one point on a conservation continuum ranging from strict preservation to humans as part of nature. The laudable ideal of wilderness has a role in addressing the need for rapid progress in marine conservation, but we should be circumspect in applying the wilderness concept to the sea.


(54) GAN SELECTIVE GROWTH ON SIC 6,139,629 A * 10/2000 Kisiellowski et al. ....... 117/105 SUBSTRATES BY AMMONIA-SOURCE MBE 6.261,929 B1 * 7/2001 Gehrke et al. .............. 438/462 6,271,104 B1 * 8/2001 Razeghi et al. ............. 438/481 (75) Inventors: Haipeng Tang, Orleans (CA); James B. 6,380,108 B1 4/2002 Linthicum et al. .......... 257/103 Webb, Manotick (CA); Jennifer A. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Bardwell, Ottawa (CA) Tang, H and Webb, James, "Growth of high mobility GaN (73) Assignee: National Research Council of by ammonia-molecular beam epitaxy'. Apr. 19, 1999. Canada, Ottawa (CA) Applied Physics Letters vol. 74, No. 16. pp. 2373-2374.* "InCaN/GaN/AlGaN-based laser diodes with modulation (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this doped strained-layer superlattices grown on an epitaxially patent is extended or adjusted under 35 laterally overgrown GaN Substrate", Shuji Nakamura et al., U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Appl. Phys. Lett., 72(2), Jan. 12, 1998, pp. 211-213. "Pendeoepitaxy of gallium nitride thin films", Kevin Lin (21) Appl. No.: 09/882,048 thicum et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 2, Jul. 12, 1999, pp. 196–198. (22) Filed: Jun. 18, 2001 * cited by examiner (65) Prior Publication Data Primary Examiner Robert Kunemund US 2002/0189534 A1 Dec. 19, 2002 Assistant Examiner Matthew Song (51) Int. Cl." .......................... C30B 23/00; C30B 23/04 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Marks & Clerk (52) U.S. Cl. ......................... 117/84; 117/105; 117/108; (57) ABSTRACT 117/88; 117/103; 117/92 (58) Field of Search ................................. 117/105,108, A method is described for selectively depositing a GaN 117/84; 438/460, 481, 706, 712, 44 epitaxial layer on a Substrate. The Substrate is first patterned with a seed layer, preferably of AlN, and then the GaN (56) References Cited epitxial layer is grown on the resulting patterned Substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) such that growth occurs U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Selectively over the Seed layer.


THE PAPER ON TIRE WEAR INVESTIGATION IS DISCUSSED. THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS HAS NO INFORMATION ON THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ABRASIVE RESISTANCE OF TREAD RUBBERS, BUT THE FACT THAT HIGH TEMPERATURES HAVE A DETERIORATING ACTION IS WELL ESTABLISHED. THE INCREASE IN TIRE COSTS DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS IS PROBABLE DUE LARGELY TO THE DETERIORATION OF THE TIRES AS A WHOLE RATHER THAN TO A DECREASE IN THE ABRASIVE RESISTANCE OF THE TREAD RUBBER. THE AUTHOR REFERS TO THE LOW TIRE MILEAGE OBTAINED BY A CERTAIN BUS LINE WHICH DURING ITS COURSE DESCENDED A LONG STEEP GRADE. IT WOULD APPEAR FROM THE CONDITIONS STATED THAT THIS MIGHT BE DUE TO HIGH ABRASIVE WEAR CAUSED BY THE TANGENTIAL SHEAR ON THE TREAD RATHER THAN TO THE HEAT GENERATED AT THE BRAKE DRUM. THE FAILURES OF TIRES IN HOT DESERT REGIONS, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE PROBABLY DUE TO DETERIORATION INTERNALLY FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE. RURAL TESTS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE ROLLING RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT SIZES OF TIRES PER TON LOAD ARE ABOUT THE SAME. HOWEVER, OVERLOADED TIRES WILL HAVE A COMPARATIVELY SHORTER LIFE DUE TO DETERIORATION BOTH INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY. THE KANSAS STUDY ON TIRE WEAR INVESTIGATION MAKES TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS WHICH SEEM SURPRISINGLY LARGE. HOWEVER THERE IS A WIDE VARIATION IN THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TREAD WEARS IN DIFFERENT SIZES AND TYPES OF BALLOON TIRES. THE FORMULA USED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA TEST FOR AIR RESISTANCE IS QUESTIONED. THE BUREAU'S INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLLING RESISTANCE OF TIRES AGREES WITH THE AUTHOR'S DETERMINATIONS. PROBLEMS IN CONNECTION WITH THE AIR RESISTANCE OF AUTOMOBILES ARE DISCUSSED. AN AVERAGE RESISTANCE CURVE IS OF DOUBTFUL UTILITY SINCE DEVIATIONS OF AS MUCH AS TWENTY PER CENT FROM THE AVERAGE ARE NOT UNCOMMON. IN TESTS MADE BY MEANS OF MOUNTING A FULL SCALE AUTOMOBILE ON A FLAT CAR THE EFFECT OF THE AIR FLOW AROUND THE FLAT CAR INTRODUCES A SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY. IT IS FELT THAT AIR FORCE ON AN AUTOMOBILE CAN BE FOUND MORE CONVENIENTLY, QUICKLY, AND ACCURATELY BY WIND TUNNEL TESTS ON A MODEL. REFERENCES: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC THEORY OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT, T. R. AGG, HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD PROCEEDINGS, VOL 6, PP 45-88, 1927.


Background: Japanese enchepalitis (JE) is a viral disease that considered as zoonotic disease, which transmitted through mosquito vectors that had JE virus. Mainly caused by the mosquito C. Tritaeniorhynchus (the most important vector is the mosquito Culex, which feeds on cattle in preference to human). JE virus disease can also cause disturbances in the central nervous system eg. brain, bone marrow, and meninges which has serious impact on public health. This disease has been reported from Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Western Pacific and Southeast Asia to Indonesia. However, the incidence of this disease in Indonesia has not been well known in various animal species or humans. Aim: The purpose of this study is to develop rapid diagnostic examinations on patient diagnosed JE virus in Surabaya by using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Because, JE disease can lead to dead-end at the patient if not treated immediately. Method: The research methods, extraction method, PCR (1st RT-PCR and 2nd Nested PCR) are conducted using Japanese encephalitis PCR detection kit. Result: The results of the examination showed that 2 out of 17 people (11,765%) are positive with PCR bands 227 bp (basepair). This diagnostic technique to determine and to deal with early onset of the disease. Solutions for preventive actions can be started from the termination of the cycle vectors to vaccination measures. Conclusion: For his own medical factors given to reduce fever and swelling and reduce the pain.


Objective: This study aimed at identifying characteristics of individuals who are most likely to benefit from long-term opioid therapy in terms of reduction in pain severity and improved mental health-related quality of life (mQoL) without considering potential risks. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 116 patients (age=51.3 ±12.5 years, male=42.2%) enrolled in the Quebec Pain Registry between 2008 and 2011 and who initiated opioid therapy after their first appointment in a multidisciplinary pain clinic and persisted with this treatment for at least 12 months. Clinically significant improvement was defined as a 2-point decrease on the PEG 0-10 Scale of pain severity at 12-month follow-up and a 10-point increase on the SF-12 v2 Mental Health-Related Quality of Life Summary Scale which corresponds to one standard deviation of the mean in the general population (Mean = 50, SD = 10). Results: Clinically significant reduction in pain severity was observed in 26.7% of patients while improvement in mQoL was reported by 20.2% of patients on long-term opioid therapy. Older age (OR=1.04 (95% CI: 1.0 – 1.08), p=0.032) and alcohol or drug problems (OR=0.26 (95% CI: 0.07 – 0.96), p=0.044) were weakly associated with pain severity at 12-month follow-up. Baseline higher pain severity (OR=0.62 (95% CI: 0.43 – 0.91), p=0.014) and baseline higher mQoL (OR=0.89 (95% CI: 0.83 – 0.95), p=0.001) were associated with non-improvement in mQoL. Conclusion: The analysis failed to identify clinically meaningful predictors of opioid therapy effectiveness making it difficult to inform clinicians about which CNCP patients are most likely to benefit from long-term opioid therapy.


Abstract The present study used parent-report data to explore cross-cultural similarities and differences in tic severity and reactions to tics across 223 children with Tourette's disorder (TD) from the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands/Norway. Psychometric properties of the TARS-PR and PTQ were also examined and results indicated that both measures may be suitable for assessing tic severity and the consequences of tics in these countries. No differences in parent-reported tic severity were found. However, parents of children with TD from the United Kingdom reported significantly more reactions to their child's tics than parents from the United States and Netherlands/Norway.


Abstract. In this paper, we give a non-existence theorem of Hopf hyper-surfaces in complex two-plane Grassmannians G 2 (C m+2 ), m≥ 3, whoseshape operator is of Codazzi type in generalized Tanaka-Webster connec-tion ∇ˆ (k) . IntroductionLetus denotebyG 2 (C m+2 ) the setofallcomplextwo-dimensionallinearsub-spaces in C m+2 , which is said to be a complex two-plane Grassmannian. ThisRiemannian symmetric space G 2 (C m+2 ) has a remarkable geometric structure.It is the unique compact irreducible Riemannian manifold being equipped withboth a Kahler structure J and a quaternionic Kahler structure Jnot containingJ, for details we refer to [2], [3] and [4]. In particular, when m = 1, G 2 (C 3 )is isometric to the two-dimensional complex projective space CP 2 with con-stant holomorphic sectional curvature eight. When m = 2, we note that theisomorphism Spin(6) ≃ SU(4) yields an isometry between G 2 (C 4 ) and the realGrassmann manifold G +2 (R 6 ) of oriented two-dimensional linear subspaces inR


Over-criminalization in white collar crime can be viewed as overestimating the harm of fraud, leading to over-reliance on criminal sanctions. In this article, I present evidence that courts instead systematically underestimate the harm of fraud. Since underestimation bias could limit criminal liability to the most egregious cases of fraud, this may be welcomed by critics of white collar over-criminalization. Because this judicial underestimation bias is even stronger in the civil context, however, it ultimately exacerbates over-criminalization. The typical substitute for criminal sanctions is civil and regulatory liability, and the stronger civil bias cripples those sanctions' effectiveness. With a comparatively limited scope for civil fraud enforcement, prosecutors may instead increase reliance on criminal sanctions. Moreover, this civil-criminal bias disparity will sabotage the judicial development of clarity in the white collar enforcement framework.


In this paper, we propose a sub-optimal technique to solve problem of power allocation in cognitive radio (CR) OFDM-based system. This technique called full-filling based on windowing the CR user's signal and maximizing the power allocation at good sub-carrier positions of CR user. Thank to the interference reduction of windowing technique, the complexity of power allocation optimization problem with burden of computation can be reduced by using full-filling power allocation. The simulation results show that full-filling method outperforms the previous methods such as uniform allocation and interference inversion allocation. In the high tolerable interference range to primary user, full-filling method can achieve the optimal capacity performance.


The horticultural teaching method of the applied type is discussed from the constitution of the course,adjusting the content of the course,the construction of teacher's troops,developing the comprehensive quality of student and encouraging the graduate student to start a business independently,carrying on the first step practice and obtaining the good result.


This paper reports the design and microfabrication of a new V-shape MEMS electro-thermal actuators. An electrothermal model for quick device performance prediction has been developed. The results from the model have good agreement with the numerical simulation results. At 1 volt of driving voltage with a low power consumption of ~2.2 mW, these actuators are capable of delivering large inplane displacement of ~2.7 μm and large magnitude force of ~240 μN. The proposed V-shape actuator significantly reduces the maximum undesired out-of-plane displacement to less than ~0.006 μm attributed to the structural symmetry. These V-shape actuators fabricated using PolyMUMPS process are suitable for a variety of applications such as RF switches where large forces and long traveling distances are needed.


Ultrasound (US) technology is rapidly revolutionising the way medicine is practiced at the point of care. US is currently utilised as an integral tool in multiple non-radiologic specialties including emergency medicine, anaesthesia, neurology, general surgery, endocrinology, physical medicine, rheumatology, paediatrics and family medicine.1,–,5 In primary care, in particular, US instruction is routinely incorporated in residency training to facilitate prenatal care in the office, assist in vascular access in the in-patient setting and manage the trauma patient in the emergency room.6 7 The incorporation of some component of US training in the education of medical students and residents in the United States is now considered routine.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) US has largely been ignored in North America for the past 25 years in favour of MRI. The last 5 years, however, has seen a renaissance for MSK US in North America as we strive to catch up to our European colleagues. The re-emergence of MSK US has been driven by technological advances which have made the instruments affordable, portable and practical for the office setting. US can be a cost-effective diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the patient with MSK pain8,–,10 and this has opened up new opportunities for both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions performed at the point of care.

The rush to utilise new technology, however, has created concerns. Who should use US? What type of training is required? How should …


Total intravenous anesthesia usage in children remains relatively unpopular in the UK and Ireland. A postal survey by Hill et al in 2008 indicated that only 26% of Consultants used a propofol infusion at least once a month.


In ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM), extension of the static analytical capabilities of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to the ultrafast temporal domain relevant for many atomicscale processes allows for direct visualization of non-equilibrium structural phenomena [1]. Analogous to pump-probe spectroscopic techniques, atomic-scale spatiotemporal resolution is accomplished by operating a properly-modified TEM in stroboscopic mode. In this mode, an ultrafast laser pulse is divided into a pump beam used to excite the specimen in situ and a probe beam used to produce an ultrashort electron packet in the gun region; precise relative timing of the arrival of the laser pulse and electron packet at the specimen enables acquisition of information at specific time points during the dynamic response of the specimen. In this approach, temporal resolution is ultimately limited by the finite duration of the pump laser pulse and probe electron packet. Still, for dynamics occurring on a time scale comparable to the instrument response function, determination of temporal properties of the pulses in UTEM is critical for isolating the intrinsic dynamics.


EXUDATIVE otitis media is a clinical entity including serous and catarrhal non-suppurative effusion in the middle ear. Clinically it presents as deafness due to fluid which may be very viscous, hence "glue ear". In some untreated cases the exudate will organize and may cause deafness due to chronic adhesive otitis. It is commoner in children than adults, and otologists claim that its prevalence is increasing. The first description of this disease is usually ascribed to Politzer (1862). James Hinton illustrated the characteristic bluish appearance of the drum, sometimes with fluid level in his Atlas of the Membrana Tympani (1874). Jonathan Wathen, a surgeon of Devonshire Square, suspected that a patient "somewhat deaf from cold, and the outer ear found clear from hardened wax" might be deaf because of mucus far up the eustachian tube. "When this disorder is but slight and recent, nature seems to relieve herself; but when more confirmed, her efforts are ineffective for its removal." When one of his deaf patients, a young man of 37, died of small pox in Cold-bath Fields Hospital in August 1747, Wathen took the opportunity to confirm his suspicion of the cause of his patient's deafness. He described his findings to the Royal Society in 1755: both eustachian tubes had been "stuffed quite full of congested mucus".


Used boiled water tea-infusing,dissolved quantity of black tea,green tea,oolong tea and fresh leave manufactured from cocoa tea(Camellia ptilophylla) were studied.After ten times of tea-infusing,the accumulated dissolved rate of green cocoa tea was highest,black cocoa tea was secondary and oolong cocoa tea was lowest.After 5 times of tea-infusing,most biochemical components in different kinds of cocoa tea had been dissolved.


"This study explores parents' experiences of attending an existing group that was developed for
parents and their young babies. The group is located in a rural children's centre. The study aims
to use parents' experiences of attending a 'new baby' group to infulence practice and the
development of a parenting programme. The implications of the findings are examined."


Modified sorghum stalk was applied to the adsorption of phosphate,and the effects of various experimental parameters such as pH,absorption time,temperature and the amount of modified sorghum stalk on the absorption were explored.The results showed that,at room temperature,the modified sorghum stalk had a good adsorption behavior to phosphate in short absorption time.The adsorption behaviors of modified sorghum stalk to phosphate accord with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms equation,and also meet the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation.The adsorption process mainly relies on monomolecular physical adsorption.


This is a compendium of 251 multiple-choice questions, each with a corresponding suggested correct answer, a brief critique that elaborates on the answer, and a current reference. Copyrighted in 1985, this softback book was conceived as a method to help review the voluminous vascular literature from the two previous years. One hundred seventy-three of the most interesting and informative texts and journal articles have been referenced as the resources for the questions. The father-son author team has invoked the editorial expertise of Drs Rutherford, Kempczinski, and Schwartz to produce a smartly challenging quasi—board examination. Questions are divided into six chapters, highlighting vascular hemodynamics, pharmacology, diagnostic modalities, atherosclerosis, grafts, trauma, aneurysms, aortic and peripheral occlusive disease, complications of surgery, carotid disease, renovascular and portal hypertension, venous disease, fibrinolytic therapy, lymphedema, thoracic outlet syndrome, and sympathectomy. The questions address a wide spectrum of critical and timely issues. Selection of the correct answer


Rationale Antibiotic therapy for early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is effective, but the optimal therapeutic regimen and duration for early treatment remains unclear. The EarLy Inhaled Tobramycin for Eradication (ELITE) study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of two regimens (28 and 56 days) of tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) 300 mg/5 ml twice daily for the treatment of early onset P aeruginosa infection in patients with CF. Methods In this open-label randomised multicentre study, patients with CF (aged $6 months) with early P aeruginosa infection were treated for 28 days with TIS twice daily administered by the PARI LC PLUS (PARI GmbH, Starnberg, Germany) jet nebuliser. After 28 days, patients were randomised 1:1 to either stop TIS (n1⁄445) or to receive a further 28 days of TIS (n1⁄443). The primary endpoint was the median time to recurrence of P aeruginosa (any strain). Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients free of P aeruginosa infection 1 month after cessation of therapy and safety


This paper gives a short overview on the major issues that have to be taken into account when formulating e-commerce-related laws and regulations and introduces two model laws relating to e-commerce and e-signatures which were created by the United Nations Commission of International trade Law. The paper has a closer look at e-commerce developments in Asia and the Pacific and gives an overview of the state of implementation of e-commerce laws. In conclusion, it discusses the e-ASEAN Reference Framework for electronic commerce legal infrastructure as example of a regional initiative to harmonize the legal basis for e-commerce.


Although existing research evidence establishes positive effect of high performance work system (HPWS) on firm performance, it is deemed worthwhile to advance the field of knowledge further and attain much more profound insights about the subject matter. It is supposed by the contingency theory that the environment within which organizations operates matters most. Therefore, this context-specific and SHRM-based research investigates moderating effect of management philosophy on the relationship between HPWS and SME performance. The study employed cross-sectional research approach in which data were collected from a sample of 518 of SME managers in Nigeria. Partial Least Squares Method (PLS) algorithm and bootstrapping technique were used to test the study's hypotheses. The overall findings signified a positive effect of HPWS on SME performance and management philosophy was found to interact negatively with HPWS in enhancing performance. This result portrays presence of mismatch between SME managers' philosophies and organizational practices (HPWS). It also indicates that firm performance hinges on the effective alignment of managerial attitudes and philosophies with HPWS. Thus, management philosophy and organizational practices (HPWS) should be aligned in order to guarantee enhanced firm performance. Lastly, implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.


The research aim is to analyse the peculiarities for application of immovable property tax in Latvia and to assess the main factors affecting the amount of immovable property tax and contradicting the basic principles for imposing taxes. It is essential to review the methods how the State Land Service determines cadastral values for real estate, since the cadastral value is the base for calculation of immovable property tax. The revision is required as the establishment of a fair tax system is impossible without adequate and comparable cadastral values. In the future, land shall be valued pursuant to lease and not to expropriation transactions in Latvia, while the cadastral valuation of buildings might be done consistent with the method of expenses by determining construction expenses of buildings. The issue on mass inspection of physical condition of buildings and data updating shall be solved in Latvia. In addition, an issue on possibilities to apply the most fair procedure for tax calculation shall be solved on the governmental level, i.e. to calculate taxes consistent with procedure for the use of immovable property registered in the Land Register as well as to cancel the limitation for increase of immovable property tax stated by the municipality and to regulate the tax burden through tax rates.


A simple equation relating hop utilization, price of isohumulone and price of α-acid has been derived. This equation has been converted to graphical form to permit rapid evaluation of potential savings using copper hop extract.


The politics of indigenous identity has become a global phenomenon with numerous groups active at the international level, promoting their claims not just to recognition but to particular rights and interests usually based on prior occupation of territory, asserting a valued way of life associated with the land, and a need to safeguard indigenous heritage for future generations. Particular manifestations of the politics of indigenous identity, however, remain firmly anchored within the realm of individual sovereign states, many of which in fact owe their very existence to the large-scale territorial dispossession of indigenous people. This applies most obviously to the settler states of the Americas and to Australia and New Zealand where an influx of mainly Europeans over a sustained period of time ensured not only territorial dispossession but permanent demographic swamping by larger and more powerful groups as well. Thus many important instances of the subordination of indigenous people can be readily identified as a legacy of European colonialism through settler colonialism. We must also include in the more general legacy, however, the movement of non-European people to provide cheap labor for enterprises such as plantations in other parts of the empire. The supply of large numbers of Indian indentured laborers to places like Fiji, for instance, has generated a different form of indigenous identity politics in the present period for, although indigenous Fijians now enjoy substantial numerical superiority and have maintained political control throughout almost the entire postindependence period, discourses of indigenous identity and rights still play a major role in national politics. Modern European imperialism has therefore played a significant role in indigenous dispossession but is by no means responsible for all cases either historically or in the contemporary period. Histories of the dispossession and subordination of original or at least preexisting inhabitants of


Title: I suggest adding 'practices' to title because 'help-seeking' alone sounds hanging. Minor Essential revisions-Some grammatical flaws require checking. o Background, 2nd para first sentence. o I suggest using some form of punctuation when using a word that is adopted from the interviews or directly translated but perhaps not read similarly in Standard English. E.g. under Family Environment 1st Quote – the word sugar may need to be elucidated or punctuated. o Check spellings under the table.-Abstract: there is no need to mention the 13 women who took part in the study both in the background and in the methods-For a country with high HIV prevalence, it is somewhat curious that this condition is not brought into the discussion. It might help to point out how this clear separation between NCDs and HIV/AIDS was achieved? Also, participants referred to 'this disease of nowadays'; a euphemism for HIV in some settings in Southern Africa. Because use of the term is not clear in this paper, I am wondering if participants were also indirectly mentioning HIV/AIDS in some instances during the study. Major compulsory revisions-The paper does not seem to focus on help-seeking as indicated in the tile, but rather to illuminate experiences of living with NCD for rural women, of which engagement with care is one aspect. o Also under Family Environment' 1st quote is speaking about how the participant attributes her condition, that is, to not having someone to talk to. She mentions how the stress started when her husband died, and this is being worsened by worry and loneliness. These different issues do not seem to be elaborated.-Abstract results section: 'Healer-shopping': this term is used in the abstract, and`not anywhere else in the paper. As the first concept that is raised in the


It is well known that environmental and
development crises have devastating effects.
This article seeks to demonstrate
that the implications of those crises have
repercussions on health and population
migration in Africa. It is concluded that
development inappropriate to the environmental
conditions results in a series
of debilitating conditions for the health
of the population. In turn these conditions
can trigger further crisis in addition
to whatever natural calamities and
population increases occurring.


Educational research is subject to orthodoxies of old and novel kinds. The 'foundations' approach risks becoming stuck in footnotes to received ideas, while new-fangled disciplines seek to legitimate themselves in jargon and deference to new 'authorities'. The critical deficit in both tendencies obstructs responsible enquiry. I begin by sketching the weaknesses and the potential of the foundations approach and go on to identify a range of threats to this potential. The first and major concern is the rise of empiricism, understood as the view that it is only through empirical enquiry that research into education can take place. A second concern is the dominance of English in educational research, in relation not only to the inevitable unfairness this brings in opportunities for publication but also to the substance of thought and enquiry. Exploration of the key terms in David Bridges' '"Rigour", "discipline" and the "systematic" in educational research': and why they matter' (this issue) frames the discussion, raising questions of inter- and multi-disciplinarity. There is an internal relation between discipline, rigour and coherence, and these, though not systematicity, are requirements of argument. The notion of disciplined thought is prised apart from distorted conceptions of rigour and over-reliance on procedure.


AlInAs layers lattice matched to InP were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). To assess the influence of the MBE growth temperature T/sub g/ on the layer quality, T/sub g/ was varied in the range of 200 to 580 degrees C. The Schottky contact quality and the deep level properties were studied by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) measurements and by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), respectively. Two specific electron traps were detected, where a correlation between the growth temperature and the trap concentration has been established. These two traps, labelled TDE 1 and TDE 2, also appeared in AlInAs material grown by different MBE and MOVPE (metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy) equipment.<<ETX>>


Although the central and stable position of female rhesus monkeys in semi-free-ranging bands has been observed and described, the position of the developing male in the social group is not as well delineated. The present study is an attempt to describe interactions of 18 males with members of their families.

Quantitative observations were made on one band (E) of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago. Incidences of behavior recorded were joining, grooming, and threatening. The resulting data were analyzed by comparing the behavior of the males studied toward members of their genealogy as well as unrelated members of the social group. Behavior of family and non-relatives toward the males was also revealed.

Statistical analysis revealed that the male subjects engaged in more positive social interactions within the matrifocal family than with other members of the genealogy, and in turn, more such behavior was observed within the genealogy than with unrelated monkeys. Threatening behavior within the genealogies was infrequent.

Age effects were noted in that family members directed more interactions toward younger males and as males matured, they groomed more but joined family members less frequently.

These data suggest mechanisms of socialization within the genealogy that may be different from those employed within the unrelated social group.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with hematological abnormalities of variable severity. The full blood count (FBC) and leukocyte differential count (DIFF) could facilitate the prediction of disease severity and outcome in COVID‐19. This study aimed to assess the hematological parameters in early severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and their correlation with disease outcome.


In order to create "new theory of resentment" in China,this paper analyzes and summarizes the resentment theory in western countries,which mainly involves the following philosophers' researches——Giordano Bruno and Leon Battista Alberti in Italy;Rene Descartes,Weil and Blaise Pascal in France;Spinoza in Holland;John Locke,David Hume and Adam Smith in England;Benjamin Franklin,Rollo May and Paul Tillich in America;Immanuel Kant,Johann Wolfgang Goethe,Ludwig Feuerbach,Karl Marx,Friedrich Engels,Friedrich Nietzsche,Max Weber,Georg Simmel and Max Scheler in Germany;Soren Kierkegaard in Denmark;Dostoevsky in Russia;Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adiler in Austria.


The shape we're in Since its inception, cell biology has been a fundamentally visual science. Fibroblasts are elongated; neurons are dendritic. Mitotic cells have spindles; apoptotic cells have blebs. The field's clinical cousins—pathology and hematology—also rely heavily on cell shape. Pathologists classify tumors by how far their cells deviate from their normal forms, while hematologists identify and count different leukocytes by sight. This visual approach has driven decades of crucial discoveries and decorated countless labs with stunning wall art, but it's also revealed the limits of traditional techniques. To push the field further, cell biologists have begun borrowing machine-learning and data-mining tools from computer science, while engineers are designing imaging and microscopy systems that enable entirely novel analyses. At the same time, biologists are gaining a better appreciation of the importance of cell morphology. Although researchers have long known that genetic and epigenetic mechanisms can alter cells' shapes, recent work has shown that the reverse is also true. Now, a combination of innovative 3D culture systems, automated image analysis, and sophisticated microscopic shape mapping is driving a rush of groundbreaking discoveries.


While purporting to enhance Australia's sustainability, the federal government's Population Strategy rejects the assessment of the limiting factors to future population growth, thus avoiding urgent threshold issues such as resource depletion and environmental destruction. A more forward-thinking and whole-system perspective would assess and incorporate critical biophysical limits into governance processes with suitable prioritisation. It would encourage communities to examine their individual and collective responsibilities in the context of these limits in order to most equitably optimise outcomes; and it would employ both a resource-based examination of minimum population requirements, and an impact-based assessment of maximum thresholds. This carrying capacity approach to planning could help guide society towards a more sustainable future.


Based The food and beverage industry can survive and increase during the time of covid-19. The culinary sector is the largest contributor to PDB in the creative industry. In the midst of the people's weakening purchasing power, the contribution of Indonesian consumer spending on food spending is still the largest, because of this the culinary business in Indonesia continues to grow, one of which is in Lampung. Lampung has a variety of famous culinary. One of the legendary and famous culinary is Bakso Sonhaji Sony Lampung. Sales of Bakso Sonhaji Sony Lampung increased in 2019 - 2020, therefore, customer reviews also increased. There are positive reviews and not a few negative reviews and low ratings given by customers regarding products and services of Bakso Sonhaji Sony Lampung. This study aims to determine the effect of product quality and service quality on customer satisfaction Bakso Sonhaji Sony Lampung. The data collection technique used is primary data by distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale with 100 respondents. The method used in processing the data in this study is multiple linear regression using the SPSS (Statistical Program for Science) application. From the results of questionnaires and data processing, this study shows that product quality has a partial effect on customer satisfaction. service quality has a partial effect on customer satisfaction. There is a simultaneous influence on product quality and service quality on customer satisfaction.


Traditionally, the concern of fatal complication is a major obstacle to transfer patients with unfavorable course of Hodgkin's lymphoma to national transplantation centers. Early mortality after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was assessed in this retrospective multicenter study. Patients and methods. The study included 372 patients with unfavorable course of Hodgkin's lymphoma received HSCT between 01.1990 and 06.2013: 35.5 % patients with primary resistance, 30.6 % with early relapse, 33.1 % with late relapse and 0.8 % during consolidation of first complete remission. Results. During first 100 days after HSCT died 14 (3.8 %) patients, during first year – 31 (8.4 %) patients. During the study period a significant decrease in the 100-day and 1-year mortality rate was observed (p < 0.0001 for both). Among patients received HSCT in 1990– 1995, 1996–2000, 2001–2005 and 2006–2013 the 100-day mortality was 19.4 %, 6.3 %, 1.1 % and 0.6 %, respectively. 1-year mortality for the same intervals was 32.3 %, 14.7 %, 4.5 % and 1.9 %, respectively. Conclusions. Currently HSCT in patients with unfavorable course of Hodgkin's lymphoma in national transplant centers, accompanied by an extremely low risk of fatal toxicity.


1 - Introduction of non-indigenous macroalgae has become a major topic in the last decades. Potential vectors are aquaculture, fouling on hulls, ballast water, aquarium trading, fishing nets. 2 - Within a program of census of macroalgal alien species through DNA barcoding we found a population of previously unreported rhodophyte in Cape Peloro Lagoon and nearby marine coasts (north-eastern Sicily, Italy). 3 - All collected individuals were identified as the alien species Hypnea cornuta based on morphological characters confirmed by the analysis of COI-5' sequences.


Mobile consumer audio applications are demanding higher performance, longer battery life and lower cost. Achieving low out-of-band noise (OBN) is one of the key elements in designing inexpensive, low-power and robust audio DACs. Lowering OBN reduces the sensitivity to circuit mismatch, glitch energy and clock jitter. The need for an expensive analog post filter that requires high bias currents can be eliminated altogether. Requirements on the application clock are relaxed and low-cost PLLs can be used in the system. To reduce OBN, one needs to increase modulator resolution. The popular method is to increase the number of unit weighted elements in an oversampled DAC. This results in high digital complexity, inter-symbol-interference (ISI) and tonal problems when shaping mismatch errors. Reported multi-bit oversampling audio DACs [1, 2] use noise-shaped segmentation to split a main modulator output into binary weighted sub-DACs. This segmentation increases the resolution that can be used in the main modulator with relatively simple digital signal processing to shape mismatch errors outside the audio band.


It is usually considered a paradox that the human brain, although smaller than elephant and cetacean brains, is the most cognitively able. The concept that humans are more encephalized than all other mammals appeared in the 1970s as a solution to that paradox: humans have a brain that is much larger than expected from their body mass. Such an "excess brain mass" would provide increased cognitive abilities across species, thus explaining our cognitive superiority. However, behind the paradox lies the assumption that large mammalian brains are scaled‐up versions of smaller brains, always containing more neurons than smaller ones—an assumption that we have recently shown to be invalid. Here, it is proposed that the absolute number of neurons, irrespective of brain or body size, is a better predictor of cognitive ability—in which case, the cognitive superiority of humans would come as no paradox, surprise, or exception to evolutionary rules.


This research is motivated by the phenomenon of many students who can not interact well in school, don't respond well when invited to join their friends, even students express with anger, say harsh words, and even violence. One of the factors that influence emotional maturity is social interaction. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the emotional maturity of students, (2) to describe the social interactions of students, (3) to examine the relationship between the emotional maturity of students and the social interaction of students of SMP N 1 Ranah Batahan. This research is a descriptive correlational type of research with quantitative methods. The population of this research is students at SMP N 1 Ranah Batahan. The sample size of 157 students was selected using the Purposive Random Sampling technique. The research instruments used were emotional maturity questionnaire and social interaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistical techniques with the help of the SPSS For Windows 20.0 program. The results of this study reveal that (1) students emotional maturity is in the mature category, (2) students social interactions are in the good category, and (3) there is a positive significant relationship between emotional maturity ans students social interaction with an arithmetic value of 0,613. This shows that the value of r count > r table (0,156). These results then the hypothesis Hi: "there is a significant relationship between emotional maturity with social interaction of students in school" can be accepted and Ho is rejected.


This article discusses the work of New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and former Microsoft Corp. chief executive Bill Gates to support efforts to prevent smoking around the world. This program will involve training for tax officials and public health administrators interested in developing antismoking campaigns. The potential for this campaign to reduce smoking rates around the world is described.


Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of central pontine myelinolysis(CPM) following liver transplantation.Methods The clinical data of five cases of CPM after liver transplantation were analyzed retrospectively.Results All of the 5 cases were male with a mean age of 49 years.The primary indications for liver transplantation were chronic severe hepatitis(n=4) and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC,n=1).The patients developed CPM on day 4 to 13 days after transplantation.Clinical manifestation included locked-in syndrome,spastic paralysis,mutism and so on.Four cases had a significant hyponatremia before the operation.All of the 5 cases were diagnosed as CPM by magnetic resonance image(MRI),2 cases cured,1 cases died from severe infections and another 2 cases died from multiple organ dysfunction.Conclusion CPM after liver transplantation can be induced by multiple causes.There is no effective treatment for CPM at present and early diagnosis and prophylaxis of complications can reduce mortality.


Simulation of heating network has important significance for running state prediction, production planning and control strategy making. In past decades, a series of studies are focusing on heating network modeling and simulation. In this paper, we proposed an improved hydraulic-thermal decoupling method for heating network simulation, which is based on steady-state model. The improvement is mainly reflected in the aspect of thermal model solution, where a recursive search method is presented, and about 35% performance improvement is achieved. In addition, we implemented the improved method on CloudPSS, an open cloud computing platform developed by our team. Finally, some numerical experiments were conducted on the platform to analyze the operation characteristics of the heating network.


Abstract Pure and Ga-doped 3 D ordered porous SnO2 (3DOPS) and SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared. The 3DOPS/3% Ga-based sensor exhibits an improved response (61/50 ppm) to formaldehyde (HCHO), and the response is 3 times higher than pure 3DOPS (21/50 ppm) at low temperature (220 °C). However, the response of SnO2 NPs/3% Ga (10/50 ppm) is only 1.25 times that of the pure SnO2 NPs (8/50 ppm). Regardless of the SnO2 morphology, doping with Ga can improve its response. However, after the 3 D ordered porous structure of SnO2 doped with Ga element, its response is improved more obviously than that of the particle structure of SnO2. This may be attributed to the combined effect of the construction of the three-dimensional ordered porous structure and the doping elements. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT A well-organized 3D ordered porous SnO2 nanostructure with an ultrasmall pore size (about 55 nm)


Introduction Injury by violence is the fourth cause of death and the leading reason for a youth to visit an emergency department (ED) in Canada. In Winnipeg, 20% of youth who visit an ED with an injury due to violence have a second visit for a subsequent violent injury within 1 year. Youth injured by violence are in a reflective and receptive state of mind, rendering the ED setting appropriate for intervention. Methods and analysis This protocol describes a wraparound care model delivered by a support worker with lived experience with violence, supported by social workers and links to multiple community partners. Support workers will be on call 24 h a day, 7 days a week in order to start the intervention in the ED and take advantage of the 'teachable moment'. The protocol is of a pilot randomised control trial to assess the feasibility of a randomised control trial designed to assess efficacy. For the pilot trial, we will assess recruitment, treatment fidelity, participant adherence and safety. The intervention arm will receive wraparound care initiated at the time of their visit for injury due to violence. The control arm will receive standard care. We will use an adapted preconsent randomisation methodology. This intervention has been developed using an integrated knowledge translation approach. Discussion Interventions delivered in the ED for youth injured by violence require an approach that is appropriate for the unique situation the youth are in. Ethics The University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board (HS 16445 (Cohort study) and HS 16444 (WrapAround Care study) granted ethical approval. Trial registration number NCT01895738.


Niacin has been used for decades to help increase levels of "good" HDL cholesterol and to decrease levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in the blood in people at risk of cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and stroke. However, it has a number of side-effects including flushing of the skin. Another drug, laropiprant, can reduce the incidence of flushing by blocking the prostaglandin D2 receptor that is involved in the process. Therefore, the HPS2-THRIVE study investigated whether combining extended-release niacin with laropiprant (ERN/LRPT), given in addition to an LDL cholesterollowering statin, simvastatin, could reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems in people at high risk due to existing occlusive arterial disease.


The present invention relates to a display device for outputting an image and a sound based on a video signal and an audio signal from the display unit and an audio output unit, comprising a signal receiving unit receiving a control signal, each of the pieces of electronic equipment used to generate a video signal and an audio signal sources so as to change the image and change the sound, received video signal and an audio signal as a radio wave and an antenna transmits the transmission control signal; and a control unit having a control signal receiving unit receives a control signal as an electric wave can be emitted becomes and processing the received video signal and audio signal so that video and audio signals to the display unit with the audio output unit respectively discernible features.


The paper proposes a novel approach for optimizing performance of all-to-all collective communication by taking advantage of concurrency available in modern networks such as Infiniband or Quadrics. Using the MPI AllGather operation as an example, we describe how network concurrency can be exploited in an optimized implementation of this operation. For example, compared to leading MPI implementations for a 32-KB message on 128 processors, our new algorithm yields a 65% improvement on the Infiniband at Virginia Tech and an 89% improvement on the Quadrics cluster at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.


: This paper aims to review the current improvements in the grinding process of spices. Grinding is an important step in postharvest processing of spices. Therefore, it requires special attention in preserving aroma and flavor compounds present in them. Overall temperature increases significantly during grinding which results in loss of a considerable fraction of aroma and flavor components in spices. During grinding, quality of spices is often limited by thermal damage to the ground component. The amount of heat entering the workpiece must be controlled in order to avoid thermal damage. This is one of the main limitations of the grinding process which is to be important to understand how to overcome the factors which affect the grinding temperature. There are several methods that are efficient for different types of spices available in the world. Therefore, it is important to use correct technologies and measures to secure the quality of the spice product.


A quantitative analysis is developed for the biases that arise when trip frequencies for a general population are measured through an online survey instrument. Data from a national official survey in Italy, concerning both mobility behaviors and skills in using computers and the Internet, were deployed to assess differences in mobility levels between those who can answer a computer–Internet survey and those who cannot. Positive correlations were found between ability in using information and communications technologies (ICT) tools and trip frequencies. These latter correlations are about 15% to 150% higher for the ICT literate, according to the travel means under consideration. A Heckman sample selection model showed that these biases have different explanations. People who know how to use the Internet are different from others in their car-driving behavior because of a range of self-related factors. Conversely, public transport patterns of use are more similar between the two groups: the observed bias is mainly because of the fact of using the Internet itself, which could, for example, lead to a more active lifestyle. Such a distinction is of practical interest because it can help to define a method to correct these biases. According to the results of this study, the overestimation of public transport frequency of use by an Internet survey could be corrected by looking at the Internet diffusion in the population, whereas corrections for car-driving frequencies are more complex and should be based on differences in attitudinal and personal characteristics between Internet survey respondents and the remainder of the population.


There has been no work done on why statisticians have chosen their particular profession. With the increasing emphasis on the development of biotechnology, it seems important to encourage people to take up statistics and to offer the perspective that the study of statistics brings. This paper is an attempt to develop a preliminary understanding, by open‐ended in‐depth interviewing, of the personal backgrounds that have encouraged present practising statisticians to move into this field, and to see how they experience their work.


Few studies have reported health effects from mercury vapor released at gold mining when using the amalgamation method. This is because the mining sites are often newly developed, without authoriza ...


ABSTRACT In an era where digital data is becoming an increasingly important element in the production of knowledge, wealth, and power, it takes radical solutions to ensure that digital data is not used to merely increase power and profits for the privileged. As the contributions to this Special Issue show, it also takes new regulatory approaches, institutions, and research fields to ensure that the political economy of digital data contributes to justice and wellbeing of people and societies. Rather than merely analysing the shortcomings of the current situation, we need visions and instruments to build new institutions: institutions in and through which human expertise, experience, and interaction are seen as equally important as high-tech precision; where new norms and policy instruments ensure that the benefits of data use accrue for society at large, and in particular for the marginalised and vulnerable; and where the datafication of the bodies, lives, and practices of people who have no realistic chance to opt out is recognised and condemned for what it is: robotic brutality (Mick Chisnall).


Introduction: Up to 20% of Lisfranc injuries can go unrecognised with resultant long-term morbidity. Spontaneous relocation may mask the injury. Standard AP, lateral and oblique views of the foot are the primary radiological views. Weight bearing views may not be possible acutely and stress views may require anaesthesia. The standard AP view does not show the tarso-metatarsal joint clearly with alignment of the medial border of the second metatarsal to the medial border of the intermediate cuneiform all important. Materials and methods: We used a tangential AP view of the tarso-metatarsal joint taken by tilting the x-ray beam cephalad. The degree of tilt was dictated by the declination angle of the first metatarsal seen on the lateral view of the foot (20–25 degrees for most people). Sixteen patients had standard AP, lateral and oblique views of their foot at the time of injury and were not diagnosed to have a Lisfranc injury. They remained symptomatic for an average period of 5 weeks (range, 2 to 15 weeks) before they had the tangential view of the Lisfranc joint. Results: In all 16 patients the first and second tarso-metatarsal joint and the first inter-metatarsal space were more clearly visible. Thirteen patients had abnormal findings to confirm the diagnosis of Lisfranc injury and for 2 surgical treatment would have been appropriate if identified earlier than 14 and 15 weeks respectively. Discussion and conclusion: This view confirmed the diagnosis in 13 patients who would have otherwise been discharged as a minor soft tissue injury. We have also used this view successfully for injecting local anaesthetic in the tarso-metatarsal joints to elucidate the exact source of pain. We recommend this simple view should be routinely used in addition to the standard AP, lateral and oblique views of the foot for mid foot injuries.


* 1. Why Write a Book about Becoming an Ally? * 2. Step 1: Understanding Oppression - How did it come about? * 3. Step 1: Understanding Oppression - How is it held in Place? * 4. Step 1: Understanding Oppression - The Personal is Political * 5. Step 2: Understanding Different Oppressions * 6. Step 3: Consciousness and Healing 7. Step 4: Becoming a Worker in Your Own Liberation * 8. Step 5: Becoming an Ally * 9. Notes on Educating Allies * 10. Step 6: Maintaining Hope * Glossary


Few studies have examined the potential for clearcutting to fragment habitat of area‐sensitive, forest‐dependent mammals such as American marten (Martes americana). We examined relationships among measures of landscape pattern and spatial use of habitat by 33 resident and 32 nonresident, adult marten that were radio‐monitored in an extensively logged landscape. Size and distribution of forest patches (trees over 6 m in height) were associated with patch use by marten. Patches of forest used by resident marten (median = 27 ha, n = 12) were larger ( p < 0.003) than patches with no observed use (median = 1.5 ha, n = 128). Further, patches used by residents were closer to the nearest patch larger than 2.7 ha (38 m versus 55 m;p = 0.057) and to an adjacent forest preserve (2.5 km versus 3.5 km;p = 0.075) than patches with no observed use. At four spatial scales (10, 65, 125, and 250 ha), grid cells used by resident marten comprised a greater percentage of residual forest over 6 m in height ( p≤ 0.008) and intersected forest patches of greater area ( p≤ 0.006) than cells with no observed use. Edge indices were not different ( p≥ 0.490) between used grid cells and cells with no observed use at any of the four spatial scales. Analyses of forest edge associations indicated that marten did not avoid residual‐regenerating forest edge within home ranges or within the study area. Home ranges ( n = 27) of all resident, adult marten were composed of more than 60% forest cover over 6 m in height; median values were 78–80% for both sexes. The median size of the largest forest patch in marten home ranges was 150 ha for females and 247 ha for males. Our results suggest that reducing fragmentation by consolidating clearcuts and retaining large residual patches would help to maintain resident marten in extensively logged landscapes.


The deductibility of an expense has always been determined by whether you are earning income, or enhancing your income-earning structure. Deducting expenses incurred to protect that income-earning structure is not as clear-cut.


The theme of this paper is to explore the effects of the African American cultural identity in the translation of literary prose texts. Due to the growing level of worldwide globalisation, identity has emerged as important issues in public and political debate and the translation of literature plays an important role in transferring cultural heritage across boundaries. Identity in literature highlights differences between cultures and authors deliberately emphasis on identity in their manner of writing. As an effect of technical translation problems arise in terms of style in written literary texts.


The low dimensionality (2D, 1D and 0D) and the localized nature of the electron wave functions (or localized density of state: LDOS) in the metallic oxides are investigated. The single electron effects, the single electron devices of the quantum dot (0D) and LDOS for the metallic oxides are studied. The potential of an important and a broader range applications in nanoelectronics for the metallic oxide is reviewed.


Discussion forums are one of the main avenues for communication, interaction and engagement in the online learning environment, yet are often under-utilized or do not have the desired effect of promoting a sense of belonging and deep learning and collaborative learning for students. Limited use of discussion forums and/or lack of guidelines in how to engage, can leave students feeling isolated. Conversely, extensive use can result in students feeling overwhelmed. This chapter considers some key theories and frameworks for using discussion forums, and presents strategies that an academic can implement to promote effective use of their forums. It is through this effective use that students become part of a Community of Inquiry and valued as a person. Through consideration of hypothetical case studies, this chapter also offers practical ways in which staff can sift through the available data to evaluate and improve their teaching practice and the learning experience of students.


A comparative study on the foaming properties and behavior at the air-water interface of soy and whey protein isolates were made. Foams were obtained by the method of gas bubbling. The initial rate of passage of liquid to the foam (vi) and the maximum volume of liquid incorporated to the foam (VLEmax) were determined. The destabilization process of the formed foams was analyzed by a biphasic second order equation. Measurements of equilibrium surface tension (water/air) and surface rheological properties were carried out in a dynamic drop tensiometer. The foaming capacity (vi and VLEmax) and the stability of foams prepared with the whey protein isolates (WPI) were better than those formulated with the soy protein isolates (SPI). WPI foams were more stable showing the lower values of rate constants of gravity drainage and disproportion. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the dilatational modulus in the surface rheology measurements, which were higher at the interface with WPI, implying greater resistance of the film formed to collapse and disproportion. In conclusion, WPI formed better and more stable foams than the SPI.


In order to seek a high-efficiency and easy-to-operate method for treating wastewater containing cadmium,macromolecule flocculant PEX containing sulfur was synthesized.The trapping performance of PEX on Cd2+ was evaluated with different pH values and different initial concentrations of Cd2+,and some influencing factors on removal of Cd2+ were also investigated.The results show that flocculant PEX has a very good effect on removal of Cd2+;pH value has a certain influence on removal of Cd2+,a better removal rate of Cd2+ can be obtained at pH 5.0;the influence of co-existing cations and organic coordination agents on removal of Cd2+ is not quite the same;existence of turbidity would remarkably promote the removal of Cd2+;compared with PEI and DDTC,PEX has a notable superiority in removal of cadmium.


Abstract The aphid genus Yamatocallis is reported from China by three species: Y. acerisucta, sp. nov., Y. hirayamae Matsumura and Y. sauteri Takahashi. A key to species including two others related to the new species is provided. The type specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.


Objective:In order to explore the antibacterial activity of the novel fusion defensin gene BH. Methods:The HEK293 eukaryotic cells were transiently transfected with VR-BH which was wrapped with chitosan nanoparticles. The total RNA was isolated from the transfected eukaryotic cells after 24h,48h and 72h and the cell supernatant was collected. Then the experiment which was done to test the antibacterial activity was conducted in 96-well plates. The expression products in the supernatant of transfected cell were added to E.coil liquid and staphylococcus aureus liquid. The OD595 values of bacteria were tested by ELISA Reader. Results:The results show that the eukaryotic expression products of the novel fusion defensin gene BH have significant inhibition effect to suppress the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. Conclusion:These suggested the constructed BH fusion defensin might be employed to develop a novel effective and safe antimicrobial agent and substitute for antibiotics in the future.


p hydroxyphenyl) 3 butene 2 one was synthesized and confirmed by means of IR and 1HNMR. The complex of it and β cyclodextrin was also prepared. The IR spectra show they interact on each other by hydrogen bonding. The complex was reduced to alcohol by NaBH 4 and the reduced products were analyzed by using GC spectra. The results show the enantiomeric excess is 16.546%.


The groundwater always rich in corrosive ions such as sulfate and chloride in coastal or industry developed regions. Exposing to the corrosive groundwater environment could cause the secondary contamination of the cement solidified/stabilized heavy metal contaminated soils. Corrosive ions may change the deformation behaviors of the solidified soils by binding into the cement binders. To investigate the stress-strain properties of the cement stabilized/solidified chromium contaminated soils that had been soaked in the sodium chloride solution, a series of triaxial stress-strain tests were performed. The results showed that the stress-strain curve of the specimens included three phases: 1Elastic deformation;2 Plastic yield deformation ;3 failure-deformation. Both the failure stress and failure strain increased with the confining pressure increased. The presence of corrosive caused the failure stress decrease and the slope of the stress-strain curve in failure-deformation stage decline. Compared with the short-time soaking specimens, the failure stress increased and the failure strain decreased of the long-time soaking specimens. Generally, the stress-strain curves of the specimens presented strain softening, and belonged to brittle failure.


The conductance of two interacting dots connected to leads is studied. The configuration is such that one dot is embedded into the leads while the other is tunneling-coupled only to the first dot. The effect of the tunneling interaction strength on the conductance is discussed. As the two dot levels cross the Fermi level the low temperature conductance of the system cancels out, due to interference effects. This cancellation persists over a range of gate potential that depends upon the interaction strength: the greater the interaction the larger the range of gate potential where the current vanishes.


The noise spectroscopy in a frequency domain has been used as a diagnostic tool of high-voltage varistors consisting of grained ZnO. The electrical properties of tested specimens have been described. In this experimental study, we present the applied measurement system and the results of noise spectrum measurements for the selected structures of 280 V varistors. Noise properties are related to electrical characteristics of measured samples. It is suggested that the proposed procedure can be applied as an effective non-destructive testing method focused on defects and structural inhomogeneity detection in tested objects.


Abstract A new polyacetylene-based polyelectrolyte with the ferrocene-containing pyridinium substituents was synthesized by the quaternization polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine using (6-bromo-1-oxohexyl)ferrocene. The analysis results on the chemical structure of the resulting polymer revealed that it contains the conjugated polymer backbone system with the bulky N-(6-ferrocenyl-6-oxohexyl)pyridinium bromide substituents. The absorption spectrum exhibited the maximum peak of 519 nm which comes from the π → π∗ transition of the conjugated polyene group. The overall redox current shape showed irreversible results and the related values were very stable in the range of −1.5 V to 1.5 V under up to 50 cycles. The oxidation peak value was 0.5 V and 1.25 V and the reduction peak value was −1.3 V.


The invention discloses an one-step forming processing method of a magnesium alloy small-diameter thin-wall capillary tube used for a vascular stent. The method comprises the following steps: thermally treating a thermally-extruded magnesium alloy blank for 240 to 480 hours at the temperature of 400 to 500 DEG C; directly thermally extruding the blank under the conditions that the extruding ratio is 100 to 400 and a die is preheated to reach the temperature of 350 to 450 DEG C, so as to obtain the magnesium alloy small-diameter thin-wall capillary tube used for the vascular stent by one-step forming production. According to the method, the limitation of an existing extruding process is broken through the thermal treatment, high extruding ratio and one-step forming processing, and the magnesium alloy small-diameter thin-wall capillary tube used for the vascular stent can be formed by one step, and moreover, the generally-used drawing or rolling and other processes are saved. The method has the following advantages: the cost is low, and the efficiency is high; the processed capillary tube is high in size accuracy, high in flatness, uniform in structure and uniform to corrode; the elongation percentage of the capillary tube is more than 10%, the tensile strength is more than 210 to 260 MPa, and the yield strength is 50 to 90 MPa.


A mathematical model developed earlier for the time-dependent circular tube flow of compressible polymer melts subject to pressure-dependent wall slip [Tang and Kalyon, J. Rheol 52, 507–525 (2008)] was applied to the tube flow of polymeric suspensions with rigid particles. The model relies on the apparent slip mechanism for suspension flow with the additional caveat that the polymeric binder slips at the wall according to a pressure-dependent wall slip condition. The numerical simulations of the tube flow of concentrated suspensions suggest that steady flow is generated when the flow boundary condition at the wall is a contiguous strong slip condition along the entire length of the tube wall. The findings of the simulations are consistent with the experimental flow curves and flow instability data collected on suspensions of a poly (dimethyl siloxane), which itself exhibits wall slip, compounded with rigid and hollow spherical particles in the 10–40% by volume range. Increasing the concentration of rigid ...


This paper presents the cloud infrastructure of the AEGLE project, that targets to integrate cloud technologies together with heterogeneous reconfigurable computing in large scale healthcare systems for Big Bio-Data analytics. AEGLEs engineering concept brings together the hot big-data engines with emerging acceleration technologies, putting the basis for personalized and integrated health-care services, while also promoting related research activities. We introduce the design of AEGLE's accelerated infrastructure along with the corresponding software and hardware acceleration stacks to support various big data analytics workloads showing that through effective resource containerization AEGLE's cloud infrastructure is able to support high heterogeneity regarding to storage types, execution engines, utilized tools and execution platforms. Special care is given to the integration of high performance accelerators within the overall software stack of AEGLE's infrastructure, which enable efficient execution of analytics, up to 140× according to our preliminary evaluations, over pure software executions.


This study aims to systematize and critically analyse existing indices and frameworks on digital capabilities with the focus on consumers' digital capabilities, identify opportunities for their further development and suggest agenda for future research.,A sample of 18 frameworks and indices of consumers' digital capabilities were compared based on their purposes, stakeholders, scope and application areas.,The study concludes with propositions that generalise current views on conceptualisation, measurement and management of consumers' digital capabilities. Each proposition is further investigated in terms of possible implications for research and practice.,The study indicates opportunities for businesses not only to consider consumers as recipients and adopters of digital technologies but also to aim to understand how to proactively involve consumers in value co-creation, help them be better educated and have a comprehensive understanding of potential outcomes of their participation in the digital economy.,Highlighting individual consumer perspective in existing indices and frameworks will help consider the interests of society and provide win-win opportunities for everyone involved in the digital marketplace through bottom-up engagement in addition to top-down regulation and monitoring.,This study contributes to the extant literature threefold: firstly, existing digital capability frameworks and indices are systematized and critically investigated using criteria of stakeholders, purpose and aims; secondly, consumers are identified as principal stakeholder group whose interests are insufficiently presented in existing indices; thirdly, an integrative approach is suggested for a crucial comparison of existing indices, frameworks and their methodology with the focus on consumers' interests.


Abstract The Author gives a critical abridged account of the vast bibliography concerning the reserve substances of pollen and points out the contrasting deductions that the various Authors drew from casuistry, trying to find a general ecological signification. In the experimental part, the Author refers to the researches made in Cuba, Rio de Janeiro, Sanremo, on reserve substances (starches and lipids) observed in 1170 species and varieties, originate from tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold zones. Regarding the starches, of which she studies the forms and the hydrolisis during the germination of the pollen, the Author concludes that the species with amilaceous pollen are mostly anemogamous, but that there are also amongst them some entomogamous, a few ornitogamous and a few hydrogamous ones. On the contrary, the species with fatty pollen are all zoogamous. Regarding carotinoids of pollen, the hypothesis is set forth that their presence is colligated to entomogamy, the carotinoids being soluble in ...


menoides) is a drought-resistant, cool-season bunchgrass common throughout the western United States, western Canada, and northern Mexico. It is particularly well adapted to sandy soils and is somewhat tolerant to alkali. ln common with other native species which have occupied a wide area during a long period of time, natural selection has developed geographic strains or "ecotypes" showing wide variation in growth habit, size and shape of leaf, forage production, size and shape of seed, and other characters.


Variety of biomarkers that are related to the Alzheimer's disease and its diagnosis and progress have been found. However, research lacks in predicting the reaction of the treatment. In addition, there is no definite treatment reaction to the disease but rather it is varied. The purpose of this revi...


Clustering is a method which can be helpful in retrieval of relevant information from databases [9, 1]. Businesses use databases to gather information about completed transactions. Huge part of it has a linguistic form or categorical attributes, which do not have a natural order. Data in that form can be clustered by using of the measure of similarity [6]. Most of earlier work focused on form can be clustered (for Web search engines). In this paper we discover similarity measure based of name of goods. This method adapts cosine correlation by use the thesaurus and new algorithm to compute weight of terms.


A general equivalent model is introduced based on the convex relaxation model of a class of vector-valued minimization problems.The presented model can be solved by split-Bregman algorithm.The computational efficiency is greatly improved.The method is applied to the Vese-Chan multi-phase segmentation model and Mumford-Shah model.Numerical experiments show our method has fast computing speed and good segmentation results,and is robust to the initial condition.


Using 753 station's precipitation daily data in China and NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data from 1980 to 2017, the lead–lag correlations between 10 and 20 days low‐frequency (LF) precipitation and LF water vapour transport are comparatively analysed in the pre‐flood season of South China during typical flood and drought years, and verified using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model. The same features during both the flood and drought years include that, (a) the primary LF water vapour sources are the south side of Lake Baikal, the northern Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea, the South China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean. (b)The key LF water vapour circulation systems are the Lake Baikal anticyclone (LBAC), the Northeast China cyclone (NECC), the Philippine Sea anticyclone (PSAC) and the South China cyclone (SCC). The different features between the flood and drought years include that, (a) the southern Sea of Japan is another water vapour source and the Australia anticyclone (AAC) is another key LF water vapour circulation system in the flood years. (b) There are two southwest warm water vapour flows and one southeast cross‐equatorial water vapour flow in the flood years, while there is only one southwest warm water vapour flow in the drought years. In addition, most of notable predictive signals start appearing at approximately −4 days in both the flood and drought years. However, there is a difference in the time of occurrence of similar predictive signals, and some predictive signals only appear in the flood years.


1. Litigation systems as office technology V. Mital. 2. Document image processing R.G. Allison. 3. The litigator's perspective on being supported T.J. Heiden. 4. Computers in support of litigation R. Susskind. 5. The application of EIM/OCR technology to litigation case management P.V. Deets. 6. Applying imaging: A survey of the U.S. law office scene J.M. Howie, Jr. 7. The document worker and productivity G. Pearson. 8. Understanding the detailed economics of imaging J.B. Massopust. Managing the firm's knowhow P. Illion. 10. Design and implementation of litigation support centre in the law office P.S. Eyres. 11. Document image processing the first step ... and beyond J. Mackintosh. 13. Setting up an in-house facility H. Field. 14. Workflow and case management applications N. Cameron. 15. Support for the collaborative working of the litigation team M. Macdonald. 16. Litigation support for construction cases M.C. Gowen. 17. Data processing in financial investigation and litigation support M.E.F. Fitzmaurice.


This paper proposes recommendations for improving the implementation of a Project Management Office (PMO) in a government organization. Such organizations can face uncertainties due to unpredicted and unexpected environmental events. The methodology used here was based on review of the literature, experience of the authors, and analysis of the process to be employed to create a PMO in the Department of Municipal Water and Sewage Systems (SEMAE), Brazil. This study aims to show how implementing a PMO can ensure proper management of strategic projects related to conservation of water resources. The PMO plays an important role in the implementation of strategic projects for public sanitation. This study also shows that the effectiveness of actions taken by the PMO is strongly influenced by how this process is implemented. Classification-JEL: M20


Introduction Anecdotal evidence suggests that many companies are using web sites, together with the Internet, in their efforts to satisfy customers. This is supported by the fact that 'Internet income for businesses in Australia has increased from $5.1 billion in 1999-2000 to $33 billion in 2003-2004, representing an increase of 55% over a period of 4 years' (NOIE, 2003). Additionally, the ability of web site features to influence company image is not only playing a significant role in how these companies cater to their customers' needs, but is a reflection of how important it is to have a website that is easy to navigate, has rich content, and is capable of keeping customers longer on the site. As time is of the essence it is vitally important for the web site's visitors to complete the task efficiently, to obtain information or conduct a transaction in a timely manner. This has been emphasized time and again by Huizingh and Hoekstra (2002), who are of the opinion that the ease of --navigation has a large impact on usability and perceived ability of the web sites. This allows companies to attract the so-called "right" customers, instead of being focused on attracting large numbers of customers. Furthermore, the design of the web site that is capable of helping people to move through information efficiently by providing appropriate links is adding to the company's ability to increase revenue and profit (Block, 1999; Vredenburg, 2003). Some researchers, such as Chatterjee, Grewal, and Sambamurthy (2002), believe that businesses are starting to focus on facilitating more effective transformations to the web-enabled business environments, as well as on the improvement of the user experiences (Vredenburg, 2003). Research conducted by Rose and Straub (2001) found that there is an influence of download time on consumer attitudes toward web retailers. First impressions are one of the most important features of company web site's (McKnight & Charles, 2007). Companies are aware of the importance of first impressions, which are capable of forming consumer mind-set and future implications for use of the web site (Giffin, 1967). Tsalikis, Ortiz-Buonafina and LaTour (1992) also agree that first impressions can be powerful indicators about web sites credibility, as people tend to rely on these. In addition, it is important for companies to understand that the easier the web site use, the better it is received by clients (Melius & Mongezi, 2004). Literature Review Image can be described as a mental representation; idea; conception (Dictionary.com). In another words, the image is a form of cognition. Company image, on the other hand, is 'the immediate mental picture that audiences have of an organization' (Gray & Balmer, 1998). Thus, a company image is an accepted view of what a company stands for. A company image can be roughly divided into three categories: interior and exterior image, physical and virtual image, and internal and external image (NOIE, 2003). A good company image will help a company build close relationships with its clients while a bad one is likely to keep the clients away. Indeed, a good company image can generate many advantages for the company. It is almost impossible to overstate the significance of a good image to a company. In this case, 'a good image is virtually a valuable asset to an organization' (Dowling, 1994). Company image is definitely designed to be appealing to its clients, so that 'it can spark an interest among consumers, create share of mind, generate brand quality, and thus facilitate sales' (Prtz, 2008). Thus, it is important to develop an effective website that can support a good company image and reputation. Ultimately, the survival of the company could, to a certain extent, be attributed to its ability to attain and retain a good image in today's sensitive business world (Gray & Balmer, 1998). In the electronic commerce environment nowadays it is almost expected that customer quality perceptions of web sites play a vital role in a company's success (Zhang, vonDran, 2002). …


Analyzed 83 patients during 1950 — 2001 years. The 37 patients operated (34 — open surgery, 1 — combined transvasal and open surgery, 2 — percutaneous vertebroplasty). Among open surgical intervention — 2 were transthoracic, other — utilized posterior approaches. In 2 patients intervention accomplished spinal instrumentation. In 6 patients we used vertebroplasty during open surgery. The 29 patients irradiated, 17 — following with observation or medical treatment. The one surgery resulted in cord decompression, 22 — partial removal, 5 — subtotal, 8 — total removal or hemangioma obliteration. In 14 patients we observed no neurological improvement, 18 — partial improvement, 3 complete regression neurological signs. The follow up obtained in 16 operated patients. We concluded that treatment method must have been depending from hemangiomas aggressiveness, cord compression. The long—term result depends of tumor resection radicalism.


Food adulteration has become a threat to many countries as most individuals have consumed food items without knowing that it has been adulterated, leaving the consumer with various ailments. This study identifies the degree of adulteration in some commonly used food items bought by consumers and the means of detection. The study comprised 384 women who patronized various food items for food preparation. They were asked if they have come into contact with adulterated food products before and to illustrate how they detect if a food item is adulterated. From the findings of this study, the respondents indicated that they will not consume a food item if they get to know that it has been adulterated, and 50.5% indicated that they have come into contact with adulterated food during preparing food. Various reasons were given by the respondents why they will not consume adulterated food, and the reasons included the following: the food may be dangerous to consume and not healthy for consumption and can cause stomach disorders. Few numbers (11 out of 384) of the respondents also indicated that they will still go ahead and consume adulterated food items since not all adulterants are toxic. Food items that are prone to adulteration as mentioned by the respondent included groundnut paste, chilli pepper, tomato powder, and honey with their adulterants ranging from flour, colour, Sudan IV dye, chalk powder, foam, cola nut powder, avocado pear seed powder, and many more. Means of detecting the presence of adulterants as indicated by the respondent were sensory and textural characteristics due to the cost involved in the use of other advanced techniques.


The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) is a drug target for oncology, and many studies are ongoing to identify compounds that inhibit its tyrosine kinase activity. IGF1R is highly homologous to the insulin receptor (IR) and IGF1R inhibition might be beneficial for patients, while IR inhibition may lead to limiting toxicity. Therefore selectivity for IGF1R over IR is the aim for drug design in this context. A few compounds that selectively inhibit IGF1R over IR in cells have been identified, but none of them show the same levels of selectivity in enzymatic assays. To deter- mine whether this discrepancy is linked to the conditions used in the enzymatic assays, we have studied the interaction be- tween known IGF1R inhibitors (NVP-AEW541, OSI906, AG538, NVP-TAE226) and phosphorylated/unphosphorylated IGF1R/IR proteins with both biophysical (isothermal calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance) and enzymatic methods. In this report, we describe the results of this study and comment on the different degrees of selectivity IGF1R versus IR measured in biochemical and cellular assays. Finally, our study provides new information on the biochemical and mechanism of action of these small molecular weight IGF1R inhibitors.


This report presents the development of an active braking system for a go-kart. The active braking system is a noble invention where its benefit is significant to improve driving safety and to save human life during an emergency situation. The development of this electromechanical brake system is significant to the progress of the automobile technology towards the eco-friendly or green technology, as the electromechanical braking system mitigates the usage of hydraulic fluid; whereby common problems such as improper disposal of used hydraulic fluid or leaked hydraulic fluid pollutes our environment. Besides, driving safety of a vehicle greatly
improves when active braking system such as anti-locking brakes, traction control system and vehicle stability control is implemented in a vehicle. The active braking
system is implemented by designing an electromechanical braking system. The basic requirement of an active braking system is that actuators component in the system has to be electrically powered and controlled using electronic controllers. The electromechanical brake system consists of a linear actuated stepper motor as the
brake actuator, an Arduino Uno R3 as the brake system microcontroller, IR coupling sensor as the wheel speed sensor and a potentiometer as the brake pedal, whereby
certain conventional brake components such as brake disc and brake pads are being used as well. The linear actuated stepper motor must be able to provide strong thrust force and quick response time for a good braking performance. The brake caliper assembly has to be light weight and easy to assemble or disassemble for regular
maintenance work. An IR sensor coupling is used to provide signal pulses for wheel speed measurement for the Anti-locking Brake System (ABS) and wheel slip control
(TRC) that was implemented in the active braking system. To achieve the objective of this project, an active braking system for a go-kart will be developed and a test bench will be fabricated to test the completed electromechanical braking system.


A computer assisted technique for TKA Revision is presented. It is based on the use of a navigation system, RTKANav consisting of anl optical localizer, a dedicated software specifically done for TKA revision and some navigated tools developed for this application. The system doesn't use any patient model derived from medical images, but on the system interface patient anatomy model is represented with dots and lines corresponding to acquired landmarks and data derived from them. These data describe the main anatomical features and provide the surgeon with the main references for the intervention; angles between the mechanical axes can be controlled and monitored at any time. Even if during acquisition phase some specific points can not be identified, since for each prosthetic component several criteria to set each degree of freedom are considered and compared, the system is always able suggest an intervention plan. The system provides the surgeon with tools to analyse and modify the proposed plan, and to reproduce it on the patient. Navigated technique validation is under development. Till now it was used on two patients by an expert surgeon. Computer guidance showed early promising results providing the surgeon with useful indications achieve a satisfactory prosthesis implant.


The author discusses the phenomenon of religion in the context of culture's ideal forms movement in the historical process. The methodological basis of religion's analysis is the outstanding Soviet philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov's concept of ideal. The culture self-consciousness' ideal forms (including religion) are considered as human way of life's essential components, expressing and serving its historical stages. It is stated that religion in this development process is a necessary but illusory and historically transient form of consciousness.


The present invention provides a method and apparatus for implementing a transmission path switching. In the present invention, the same next hop optimal path, and all identified the same purpose next-hop sub-optimal paths can share a virtual next hop. Among them, the virtual next hop in an optimal next hop can be used as a real-hop, in order to achieve a normal path forwarding. When there is a link failure and lead to network topology changes, for all purposes identified share the same virtual next hop, you only need to switch to the virtual next hops used as a sub-optimal next hop's next jump, you can jump to achieve the common purpose of all paths identified by the virtual next hop switch next hop by switching a virtual reality, without waiting for the next update after each identification purposes and optimal path By jumping one by one hair, it is possible to identify the purpose of reducing the number of paths on the convergence of time, thereby reducing traffic loss.


This paper proposes a software toolkit that Physiotherapists can use to integrate physical therapy exercises with a variety of video games. The toolkit will support a variety of motion tracking technologies and the data from these sensors will help the therapist monitor the performance of the patients and control parameters to advance the therapy appropriately. This technique will be especially useful for disabled patients in developing nations with little access to quality rehabilitation facilities but where computers and mobile phones have penetrated extensively. Using popular games for therapy helps the patient become motivated enough to perform therapy exercise steps repeatedly.


Since achieving first light in December of 2005, the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) has been involved in seven field campaigns, accumulating over 450 hours of science data across more than 120 flights. Data from the instrument have been used in a variety of studies including validation and comparison with the Cloud- Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite mission, aerosol property retrievals combining passive and active instrument measurements, aerosol type identification, aerosol-cloud interactions, and cloud top and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height determinations. Measurements and lessons learned from the HSRL are leading towards next-generation HSRL instrument designs that will enable even further studies of aerosol intensive and extensive parameters and the effects of aerosols on the climate system. This paper will highlight several of the areas in which the NASA Airborne HSRL is making contributions to climate science.


The distribution of the Colombian population according to marital status has changed dramatically during the past decades, and this has happened in different ways across the income distribution. When in marital unions, people in lower income groups tend to prefer cohabitation over marriage more often than people in the upper part of the income distribution. If differences in well-being exist between married and cohabiting households, these trends have potentially adverse feedback effects on the income distribution. In this paper we evaluate whether there are, in fact, differences in adult and child outcomes between cohabiting and married households, once differences in demographics and other observable characteristics are controlled for and possible endogeneity biases due to selection issues are taken into account. We find that cohabiting households are in fact worse-off in various dimensions including home ownership, ownership of durable goods, earnings, and child outcomes such as schooling and cognitive and non-cognitive tests. In addition, we attempt to understand the reason why these differences arise and find evidence that cohabiting households exhibit less stable and forward looking behaviors and are characterized by less income sharing and specialization within the household.


This article examines the contingent value of entrepreneurs' networks to survival likelihood of Internet ventures, and the dynamics of entrepreneurs' networks over time. The empirical data are composed of the longitudinal surveys of 94 Internet ventures in Beijing, China. The study found the positive and the negative contingent effects of structural holes on the survival likelihood of new firms. The study found that networking skills of entrepreneurs are associated positively with the changes in networks over time. Improved social skills lead to greater firm legitimacy.


The Viennese obsession with sex at the fin-de-siècle was vividly expressed in the artworks of Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele. Their depictions of women demonstrated their fascination with and fear of female sexual pleasure and desire, reflecting a wider societal anxiety and erotic fixation. This paper will analyse selected paintings and drawings by both Klimt and Schiele to explore this dynamic of 'erotic neurasthenia.'


In November 1997, more than 150 reinsurance underwriters, claims persons, executive officers, solvency analysts, actuaries, and lawyers met at the first Mealey's Environmental Reinsurance Conference. The speakers and attendees focused on the effect that asbestos and environmental claims, and other long‐tail torts, are having on U.S. reinsurers. The conference began with a discussion of where things stand, including whether reinsurers have adequately reserved for these losses. The conference then moved on to how these claims have affected the confidentiality of reinsurer communications, reinsurer‐insurer litigation and arbitration, reinsurance doctrines such as follow‐the‐fortunes and follow‐the‐settlements, and auditing practices. The conference featured presentations on underwriting environmental impairment liabilities and concluded with a look at what reinsurers can expect in the years ahead.


The present issue of the Demographic Yearbook features household and family statistics as the special topic. Although previous issues of the Yearbook (1955, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971,1973, 1976, 1982) have shown data on households by size and number of family nuclei, this is the first time that this topic receives extensive treatment including a review article on definitions, uses of headship rates and nine tables on the number, size and composition of households and population living in households and institutions.


ABSTRACT The article identifies changes in Namibia's society linked to China's new role. To understand such changes, it is important to avoid isolating 'Chinese actors' from their host society. The author analyses links between Chinese and Namibian actors in three domains: 'soft power', Chinese traders and the construction industry. In all three, the presence of Chinese actors does not simply change Namibia's relations with the world. It has important repercussions on Namibian society, it influences the distribution of capital within Namibia and it engenders shifts in the internal balance of power. Since Chinese influence does not remain external, the line between 'Chinese' and 'Namibian' actors has long become blurred – turning Namibian political elites into constituent parts of the 'external' dynamics they are charged with regulating.


High-quality InAs0.86Sb0.05P0.09 epitaxial layers lattice-matched to InAs substrates were grown by liquid-phase epitaxy employing a supercooling technique. The epitaxial layers exhibit a shiny and mirror-like surface morphology and a flat interface. The energy gap of InAs0.86Sb0.05P0.09 epitaxial layers is 0.4 eV estimated by Fourier-transform infrared reflectance. The InAs0.86Sb0.05P0.09 diodes have an ideality factor of 1.1 and a breakdown voltage of 3.5 V. The background electron concentration, measured by capacitance-voltage measurements, is 1.1×1016 cm-3 for the undoped InAsSbP layers.