Understanding the formation and physical characteristics of excavation damage of rock mass is critical for the long-term safety evaluation of deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. In order to develop methods for identifying Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ), physical and mechanical properties of 132 rock specimens were measured. All together 32 physical properties were measured, of which Pand S-wave velocity in three orthogonal directions and under six levels of axial loading. Derived properties were then calculated from the measured ones, leading to a total of 277 different properties, when accounting for measurement direction and level of axial loading. Considering that not all properties were measured from all specimens, this led to approximately 30 000 combinations of physical properties to shift through. Using R as a tool for the statistical analysis allowed the treatment of the entire dataset in reasonable time, thus providing a screening of existing correlations between different properties of the rock specimens. Furthermore, detailed interpretation could then be focused only on associations of statistical significance, whether or not this was apparent from the data. Best indicators for excavation damage based on this study appear to be electrical resistivity, S-wave velocity, shear impedance, shear modulus and Young's modulus.


Measurements of spatial and temporal patterns of ongoing (spontaneous) activity in the "resting" (unstimulated) brain provide a valuable insight into the fundamental mechanisms underlying neural information processing. Calculations of information content and signal processing are critically dependent upon the validity of the null assumption — how we defi ne what is "signal" and what is "noise" (Shadlen and Newsome, 1994 ; Gusnard and Raichle, 2001 ). One major issue is the level of structure present in spontaneous cortical network activity. While spontaneous neuronal activity may be thought of as "stochastic" in nature, covariations do exist between neighboring neurons and neurons with similar functional tuning (Cox, 1962 ; Perkel et al., 1967a, 1967b; Ts"o et al., 1986 , 1988 ; Gray et al., 1989 ; Amzica and Steriade, 1995 ; Nowak et al., 1995 ; deCharms and Merzenich, 1996 ; Leopold et al., 2003 ). Furthermore, recent papers have elaborated upon this view by suggesting that noise during spontaneous activity appears as a series of random jumps between different population activity patterns that are linked to the underlying cortical structure (e.g., orientation maps in V1; Softky and Koch, 1992 , 1993 ; Arieli et al., 1995 ; Tsodyks and Sejnowski, 1995 ; Amit and Brunel, 1997 ; Tsodyks et al., 1999 ; Kenet et al., 2003 ). Here, we propose that such "jumps" are not random, but that there are inherent biases (directionality) in the shift from one population activity pattern to another. We predict that such inherent biases


Pulse number dependent evolution from nanodents to nanobumps has been studied on a bearing steel substrate, which was coated with a self-assembled monolayer of silica microspheres and repeatedly irradiated by an 800 nm femtosecond laser. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope were employed to characterize nanopatterns, the dimensions of which were related to the laser pulse number and pulse fluences. The transformation depending on the number of laser pulses could be attributed to the changes of electric field distribution and material property after the impacts of multiple laser pulses, the process of which could be divided into three steps. First, the bottoms of silica microspheres were ablated because of the incubation effects from repeated irradiation. Second, strong plasmonic localization at the edges of the deep nanodents resulted in plasma-chemical reactions between ablated materials, which was confirmed by electromagnetic simulations. Third, recrystallized solid matter from ablat...


Marilyn Strathern, in her collection of essays, Commons and Borderlands (2004: 39-40), reflects on interdisciplinary research collaboration and its products in the contemporary British university setting. She points to two opposed pres sures on such research. One, seeking "undivided outcomes," comes from those engaged in interdisciplinary research who see "an object held in common, the joint product, multi-authored, of diverse efforts." The other comes from those determined to attribute "ownership" as a matter of "undivided origins" to an individual "owner" of the object—its presumed creator—who can be uniquely identified and appropriately awarded, often with legal intellectual property rights in the form of patents or copyrights. While the perspective of researchers connected to the former impetus is one in which several researchers see them selves as bringing their complementary knowledges to bear in an "orientation to a joint project ('problem solving', etc.) [which] takes precedence" (ibid.: 48n4), that of the latter requires that they parse out origins to specify how "col laboration can be unpicked to identify the individual person, or the individual team, with whom the origin rests undivided" (ibid.: 40). Both pressures are, in the case of the British academy, very recent. Calls for interdisciplinary research have been articulated over the same period of the past two decades during which new property claims have been made—by universities, by 'society', and by for-profit corporations—on intellectual creations in the university milieu. Strathern asks us to consider how complexly and tensely constituted such pro cesses of intellectual authorship are by thinking about the concept of 'the com mons'. This is to think "on images of freely available circulation of knowledge for all, notwithstanding the fact that there is never any terra nullus, that inventions are always in part re-invention, and thus always someone else's as well. Yet they may require novel forms of expression. Discovery and inventions (in the sense


In the Industry 4.0, edge industrial services such as smart robotic services are widely used in smart factory. The workflow of these services mainly consists of task decomposition and resource allocation. The long scheduling time, high communication delay and load imbalance among edge nodes are the challenging problems. Traditional cloud manufacturing platforms are difficult to meet the new requirements. It is hard for the existing scheduling methods to maintain a balance between algorithm complexity and performance. Training scheduling data by deep learning has become a feasible method to achieve fast prediction of the scheduling results. In this paper, a cloud edge-based two-level hybrid scheduling learning model is put forward at first. Then an improved bat scheduling algorithm with interference factors and variable step size (VSSBA) is proposed. And then, according to the historical scheduling data, the improved long and short-term memory networks (LSTM) model is put forward for fast prediction of the cloud-edge collaborative scheduling results. Experiments show that our proposed learning model can improve the performance of the cloud manufacturing platform in real-life applications efficiently. Finally, future research issues and challenges are identified.


In this paper a timing synchronization algorithm based on geometry character of synchronization metric is presented. In traditional algorithms, the results of synchronization estimation are acquired from the maximum value of metric. This method produces big variance without statistical and limit computing. In this paper trapezium fitting with those two computing is introduced to synchronization algorithm and the variance is reduced largely. This new method is very important complement of Schmidl's algorithm and largely improves the performance over the Nandula's algorithm.


Rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia that is closely associated with neurodegenerative disorders. RBD is usually caused by neurodegeneration within the brainstem that disables the system responsible for immobilizing skeletal muscles during REM sleep and thus permits motor neurons to activate these muscles during dreaming. The underlying source of the brainstem neurodegeneration spreads over time to other central nervous system regions until it has sufficiently evolved to permit clinical recognition of the underlying neurodegenerative disorder. Longitudinal follow-up of patients with RBD has demonstrated that most patients subsequently develop some neurodegenerative disorder years later, particularly the synucleinopathies. We review the relationship between RBD and dementia with Lewy bodies, which is one of the synucleinopathies. The management of RBD is reviewed with discussion of the relevant considerations in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies.


Editor: Up to 70% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients start dialysis in an unplanned manner without a definitive functioning dialysis access. Hemodialysis (HD) through a central venous catheter (CVC) is the default initial dialysis modality for a majority of such patients (1). This is despite the fact that starting HD through a CVC is independently associated with adverse outcomes and reduced survival. A recent extensive Canadian observational study involving nearly 50,000 incident dialysis patients showed that patients starting HD via a CVC had 80% higher mortality at 1 year as compared with those who began HD through a functioning atriovenous fistula (AVF) or an atriovenous graft (AVG). Survival on peritoneal dialysis (PD) was similar to HD via AVF/AVG in this group of patients. These relationships persisted over a follow-up period of 5 years (2). Furthermore, patients starting HD via a CVC are also more likely to have subsequent dialysis access-related complications, higher incidences of bloodstream infections, a higher number of emergency room visits, and more frequent hospital admissions as compared with PD and HD via AVF/AVG (3). Central venous catheter use can also hamper the maturation of AVF/ AVG and lead to complications such as central venous stenosis, which can often lead to failure of AVF/AVG and make further vascular access creation somewhat tricky. Despite the apparent advantages, PD has not traditionally been considered a viable option for late-presenting ESRD patients. It is usually believed that PD cannot be initiated until at least 2 weeks after the insertion of a PD catheter. Worries about potential complications such as catheter leaks, inability to establish a timely PD access, relative ease to insert HD catheters, and lack of experience in the urgent initiation of PD have been some of the common reasons for not offering PD to late-presenting ESRD patients (1). However, in the last few years, some physicians have tried to clarify these misconceptions. A few reports, including the one by the authors, describing protocols to initiate PD immediately after the insertion of a PD catheter, using modified prescriptions, have been published in the literature (1,4). Our experience and that of others have shown that urgent-start PD is a viable and effective option for latepresenting ESRD patients and can be a safe alternative to HD via CVC. Urgent-start PD has been shown to be as efficient as conventional-start PD, with comparable shortand long-term outcomes. In particular, urgent-start PD is not associated with increased hospitalizations, a higher number of mechanical complications, and greater mortality or technique failure rates than conventional-start PD (1,4). Studies have also shown that urgent PD is comparable to urgent HD regarding effectiveness and efficiency. More importantly, urgent-start PD has been shown to have a significantly lower rate of dialysis-related complications, substantially less probability of bloodstream infections, lesser need for subsequent procedures, and fewer catheter reinsertions as compared with urgent HD via CVC (5,6). Moreover, urgent-start PD is more economical than urgentstart HD via a CVC. Liu et al. reported that the estimated cost of urgent-start PD in the United States over the first 90 days was $16,398 as compared with $19,400 for urgent-start HD via CVC (7). Considering the above benefits, one cannot help but think that a paradigm shift in conventional strategy to manage late-presenting ESRD is overdue. The authors feel that, unless contraindicated, PD should be considered a preferred initial modality for ESRD patients who need to start dialysis urgently


As consequence of the cease of the mining activity, generally is abandoned the geological and mining patrimony, no considering it an element most to take into account to reach the sustainable development, however this reflects notable social, economic, environmental cultural and historical interest data, which should be preserved for the future generations. This work exposes the experiences of authors during visits accomplished to active and inactive mines of various mining regions around the world. Its objective is to emphasize the importance of the rescue of the geological and mining patrimony in the conception of the sustainable development.


The rare alkaloid casimiroedine and its peracetylated derivative both show complex 1H and 13C spectra with almost all signals doubled owing to slow rotation about the amide bond. Nevertheless, it is possible, using 2D NMR methods, to assign fully the 1H and 13C spectra of the major and minor conformational isomers for each compound. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Based on the data of "First-Level Construction Control Network of First Phrase Project Main Line of South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Line(without the Beijing-to-Shijiazhuang section)",the 1/ 5000 topographic map provided by Water Conservancy Survey General Unit of Henan Province was made as control network layout plan map by this paper.By GPS control network optimization design,the Construction Control Network of South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Line Project was layouted,the survey data was processed and the precision was analyzed.


The one dimensional pseudo-homogeneous mathematical models of methanol synthesis reactor were established and the performances of large scale methanol synthesis reactor under the conditions with different recycle ratios were simulated. The effects of recycle ratio on methanol yield, net value of methanol concentration, pressure drop and hotspot temperature of the reactor, and steam yield of steam drum were investigated. The results showed that higher recycle ratio can't lead to higher methanol yield when other conditions had no changes; the pressure drop of the reactor decreased and the net value of methanol concentration increased with the decrease of recycle ratio; when operating under the condition of low recycle ratio, the hotspot temperature increased and the difference between the hotspot and the outlet temperature of the reactor increased.


Education for all-round development is the main trend for the reform and development of education in China or even for the whole world.As a major part of contents and means of the quality education,the physical education in school should highlight the idea of "Health comes first".Because the physical education and health go hand in hand,the PE will be more close to life if competition method is applied in a proper way.This paper probes how to apply it in the teaching of basketball through the methods of Cultural heritage data,logical analysis and comparison.Some effective methods of competition are provided and the importance of applying them in the teaching of basketball is stated and some problems that should be paid attention to is put forth.


The main purpose of the study is to investigate the possible effect of school teachers' collaborative networks on their individual innovativeness and the innovative school climate. In addition, 174 Greek primary school teachers' views were explored about their collaboration networks (three collaboration types), their perceived individual innovativeness, the possible existence of innovative school climate, and the support they received in order to promote and/or produce new ideas and practices. Results showed that most of the participant school teachers belong to two categories of the five in the individual innovativeness scale, the early adopters and the early majority, although 20% belongs to innovators. Teachers' collaboration network types affect innovative school climate and their individual innovativeness, but there were not found correlation between innovative school climate and perceived teachers' innovativeness. However, collaborative networks within school have a higher effect on teachers' innovativeness, and innovative school climate can be predicted by the network within school and among schools, as well as by the support that school teachers receive.

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Abstract Based on the available data base on the detonation parameters of existing explosives, an observation was made that by proper normalization with the dynamic pressure - ρoD2 the Chapman-Jouguet states of all explosives converge to a single generic point in the pressure-specific volume plane. With the exception of very few explosives, this point in P-V plane has a variance of less than 1 %. The pressure-particle velocity (P-Up) plot of all Chapman-Jouguet states revealed a simple quadratic relationship between P and Up which, together with the nondimensional identities of the generic point, led to a simple relationship between the initial density (ρo) of an explosive and its detonation velocity (D). Thus, having the values of ρo and D of any explosive, one can easily estimate all of its detonation parameters (PCJ, UCJ, VCJ, and ΓCJ) with an accuracy of less than 3%. However, if the detonation velocity is also not known, it too can be estimated quite accurately, increasing the margin of uncertainty t...


Abstract : Present devices do not take into account the reflection of shock waves off free surfaces or wave interference during simultaneous and slow-speed detonation of several charges. The proposed device is distinguished in that in order to expand the class of problems solved it contains a two-input adder having each input joined to an electrohydrodynamic analogy model which in turn are connected with pulse shaping units, which are connected to the control unit while the adder output is tied into the indicating device.


At present, the IEE (innovation and entrepreneurship education) of local applied universities is obviously insufficient, which affects the development of graduate students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability. Although universities have included IEE as a compulsory course as one part of the talent training plan, the number of courses actually implemented in reality is very small, which makes it difficult to effectively train and educate students. In order to carry out real innovation and entrepreneurship teaching, it is necessary to reform the existing IEE model of local applied universities and put it into practice. Cultivate college students' insight, judgment and decision-making ability on opportunities and problems of innovation and entrepreneurship, and at the same time, immerse college students in the atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship in all directions through diversified IEE organizations. This paper analyzes the present situation of China's educational policy system reform, finds out the problems and then finds out the solutions.


In structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil structures, data compression is often needed to reduce the cost of data transfer and storage, because of the large volumes of sensor data generated from the monitoring system. The traditional framework for data compression is to first sample the full signal and, then to compress it. Recently, a new data compression method named compressive sampling (CS) that can acquire the data directly in compressed form by using special sensors has been presented. In this article, the potential of CS for data compression of vibration data is investigated using simulation of the CS sensor algorithm. For reconstruction of the signal, both wavelet and Fourier orthogonal bases are examined. The acceleration data collected from the SHM system of Shandong Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge is used to analyze the data compression ability of CS. For comparison, both the wavelet-based and Huffman coding methods are employed to compress the data. The results show that the values of compression ratios achieved using CS are not high, because the vibration data used in SHM of civil structures are not naturally sparse in the chosen bases.


ABSTRACT Promoting active aging has emerged as a key objective of urban planning and policymaking globally. Our study aims to provide new insights from a time-use perspective. In this paper, we use Hong Kong as a case study to investigate how people aged 60 and older allocate their time in various out-of-home activities. We analyse how personal and household characteristics affect the duration of out-of-home activities among older adults using two decennial time-use surveys. We focus on the influence of employment status and age because of policy relevance, particularly since the Hong Kong Government is considering extending the retirement age from 60 to 65. Comparison of time-use and activity participation between 2002 and 2013 suggests that employment status is positively associated with the duration of out-of-home activities and travel in both cross-sections; it also explains change over time. Findings also underscore the role of gender, age, education, type of housing, tenure of accommodation, household size, and income in determining older people's activity–travel patterns. Our study shows that government policies to increase the share of employed people in the 60-years-and-older cohort and changes in the sociodemographic makeup of older people owing to various economic or societal forces could alter older people's time-use and out-of-home activity patterns. Our study suggests that Hong Kong and other cities in the Asian region and beyond must aim at creating inclusive, age-friendly communities with adequate access to various activity opportunities in order to enhance quality of life in an aging society.


The author has been closely involved with the Vedder River system since the major flood on December 1975. This flood triggered off a series of emergency measures which culminated in the decision to seek a long term solution to control the river with the establishment of a Vedder River Management Plan.The objective of this paper is to relate the progress and problems encountered within both the theoretical and practical fields when implementing a river management plan through the construction phase with such diverse interests as flood control, fisheries, wildlife, recreation and agriculture.The compatibility of fisheries and flood control will be reviewed and the relationship between biologists and engineers while working together on this joint venture will be explored. Finally, the objectives and current status of the Vedder River Management Committee, a relatively new approach in B.C. to river management, will be outlined.


As distance education continues to grow in its popularity, so does the use of social networking. Hindered by concerns associated with privacy and safety, social networking sites (SNSs) are frequently banned from educational settings. The following article presents the implementation of an alternative social networking site in distance education. Findings from this study highlight the benefits and drawbacks of using a safe and secure SNS in an educational setting. More specifically, this manuscript presents the educational value and gains that the use of SNSs can have in distance education.


We find ourselves living in a consumer society that seeks and creates meaning in the consumption of commodities, so much so that consumers are turning to consumerism as a form of expressing their political and social statements and activities. Over the past decade, and prominently in its latter half, a new social development of consumerism has emerged: the pairing of commodities with charities, or what I am terming charitable consumption. Using Foucauldian discursive analysis, I examine (Product) ' as a case study of charitable consumption to uncover how the contradictory concepts of charity and consumption are reconciled and equated within the discourse. I also analyze the role that celebrity personas play in the proliferation of this new meaning of individual consumption and the equation of consumption to an act of charity, social activism and social justice.


Key Points Question Is it possible to predict which patients with cancer will require early acute care after starting systemic therapy? Findings In a cohort study, using population-based administrative databases in Ontario, Canada, a score was developed and validated to predict a visit to the emergency department or a hospitalization within the first 30 days after starting systemic therapy for cancer based on cancer type, systemic therapy regimen, previous emergency department visits, and age. Meaning The findings suggest that patients at high risk for use of acute care after starting systemic therapy for cancer can be identified using a simple score that is available at the point of care.


The present invention relates to bioassays for mutated polyQ proteins associated with disease and their use as diagnostic tools to monitor disease progression or monitor the effectiveness of disease treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the polyQ protein is polyQ Huntington.


Rising complexity in industrial asset and maintenance management due to more volatile business environments and megatrends like Industry 4.0 has led to the need for a new perspective on these management domains. The Lean Smart Maintenance (LSM) philosophy, which focuses on both the efficient (lean) and the learning (smart) organization was introduced during the past few years, and a corresponding maturity model (MM) has been developed to guide organizations on their way to asset and maintenance excellence. This paper discusses use cases, in which the usability and the generic aspect of the LSM MM are validated by using data from three different asset management assessment projects in organizations with different types of production. Research results show that the LSM MM can be used as a basis for management system improvement, independent of production types such as one-of-a-kind industry, mass production and continuous production.


Greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias) was once presumably distributed throughout the colder waters of the South Platte and Arkansas River basins in Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. Primarily a fluvial species, greenback cutthroat trout may have occupied 10,614 to 13,231 km of streams above 1,800 m in these basins. Nevertheless, the distribution of greenback cutthroat trout has dramatically contracted since the mid-1800's, particularly from lower-elevation sites. Rebounding from a low of two populations occupying a few kilometers of small streams in 1970, populations regarded as greenback cutthroat trout now occupy up to 72 streams and lakes, 23 of which meet criteria for populations to count toward delisting under the Endangered Species Act. The bulk of these populations are found on federal lands, and many in the South Platte River basin are in Rocky Mountain National Park. Recent genetic evaluations, however, indicate that many populations considered historical remnants of greenback cutthroat trout may be Colorado River cutthroat trout. Individuals of both taxa were often mixed to develop recovery broodstocks, so the number of non-introgressed wild populations of greenback cutthroat trout is uncertain.


According to the perturbative QCD method, we have calculated the P_⊥ distributive cross sections, the Y distributive cross sections of the large P jets and the final state meson productivities in 800 GeV/c Proton-Nucleus (Be, C, Al, Cu and Pb) collisions. The A dependence of the cross section at a given P_⊥ was discussed by the EMC effect. The dσ/dP(?) differential cross sections vs. P_⊥ for various PA collisions are consistent with the new data.


The results of experimental investigations conducted on glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy composite laminated beams with constrained layer surface-damping treatments are reported. A fast Fourier transform based impulse technique is used for identifying an optimal length of damping tape to be applied for maximizing the structural loss factor.


Harlan Greene has set out to establish that John Bennett was a leading figure in the "Charleston Renaissance," and he brings impressive credentials and a missionary zeal to the project. Greene, a Charlestonian, novelist, and archivist, became fascinated with Bennett while cataloging thirty linear feet of his papers at the South Carolina Historical Society. It's easy to see why. Bennett was born in 1865, the son of a merchant in Chillicothe, Ohio. During several years of ill health as a child he read and drew avidly, and mastered the art of cutting silhouettes. Dropping out of high school, he worked for a newspaper, then went to Cincinnati to prepare for art school in New York until family business reverses forced him to return to newspaper work. Desperate to go to art school, he freelanced articles, stories, poems, illustrations, and silhouettes, and took any other odd jobs he could find. During these lean years, he developed depression, eyestrain, and allergies, which he treated with patent medicines laced with cocaine, becoming addicted. He recovered, and in 1891 sold his first piece to the St. Nicholas Magazine for children. He became a regular contributor, but a bout with cholera brought a return to depression and cocaine. He began going to Salt Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, to rest and recuperate. There he met the Augustine Smythe family, from Charleston, sold them a couple of watercolors, and began a correspondence with Augustine. In 1895 his struggle began to pay off. He published a great deal, including a poem that was widely reprinted, and later anthologized and set to music (ending up in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations). When his sister suggested a story about child actors in Elizabethan England, Bennett wrote Master Skylark, a children's book


Why is there concern? Researchers are concerned that even at low levels, environmental estrogens may work together with the body's own estrogen to increase the risk of breast cancer. An ingredient called bisphenol-A (BPA) is used in certain plastics (polycarbonate plastic) and the lining of canned food and beverages. BPA can leach out of plastics and can liners with heat. BPA is an environmental estrogen. How is BPA used? In the U.S., 2.3 billion pounds of BPA is produced each year. About 60% is used in hard plastics (sports and baby bottles, sports equipment, auto parts, CDs/DVDs) and 40% is used in epoxy resins to line metal food and beverage cans and in dental sealants. Are we exposed to BPA? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a study in 2008 showing that low levels of BPA were detected in 92.5% of the urine samples in a survey of the general U.S. population. Other researchers have detected BPA in human breast milk and one study reported detecting BPA in the body fat of women. The major source of BPA is the diet, e.g. BPA from canned foods and BPA leaching from polycarbonate beverage containers.


Welcome to this new column in HLA News. It follows up on our Professional Development day in Canberra in July on the same theme, with the same aim - supporting the health libraries community to gain recognition for its special expertise and to make its distinctive contribution to the development of ehealth and health informatics in Australia. This column builds on efforts over many years by some members of HLA; now, how can we develop a clearer voice and foster wider influence within and beyond HLA?


Oxidation reactions are fundamental processes widely applied in organic synthesis. Elemental selenium and more often its compounds have been successfully used as stoichiometric reagents and catalysts for oxidation of different organic substrates. Selenium(IV) oxide, areneseleninic acids and their anhydrides are widely used as stoichiometric oxidants or as oxygen-transfer agents for oxygen donors, particularly hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Organic diselenides (the precursors of seleninic acids) have been used as oxidation catalysts while dimethyl and diphenyl selenoxides are stoichiometric oxidants. Selenenamides, such as 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (ebselen) and its analogues, known as glutathione peroxidase mimics acting via active hydroperoxide intermediates, are efficient and selective oxidation catalysts. Selenium(IV) oxide and some organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied for various oxidations useful in practical organic syntheses such as epoxidation, 1,2-dihydroxylation, and α-oxyfunctionalization of alkenes as well as for ring contraction of cycloalkanones, conversion of halomethyl, hydroxymethyl, or active methylene groups into formyl groups, oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acids, sulfides into sulfoxides, and secondary amines into nitrones, regeneration of parent carbonyl compounds from their azomethine derivatives and for other reactions. The oxidation mechanisms depend on the substrate and oxidant or catalyst used. The electrophilic center localized on the selenium atom or the nucleophilic center localized on the oxygen atom of the selenahydroperoxide group are involved in the reaction mechanism. In both cases the selenium-containing moiety is a good leaving group. Exceptionally oxidation can proceed via free radical selenium species. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)


1PG Scholar, Dept. of EEE, Govt. Engineering College-Bartonhill, Kerala, India 2Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE, Govt. Engineering College-Bartonhill, Kerala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract This paper presents a Modified DC-DC boost converter for fuel cell vehicle application. In fuel cell vehicles, the output voltage of the fuel cell source is typically much lower than the voltage required by the DC bus and also this output voltage drops significantly as the output current increases. In order to match the output voltage of the fuel cell source to the DC bus voltage, a new DC-DC boost converter with a wide input range and high voltage gain was proposed to act as the required power interface, which reduces voltage stress across the power devices and operates with an acceptable conversion efficiency. Also a novel optimization technique for the closed-loop controller design of a boost type DC-DC converter based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed.


In 1998, a year which saw the origination of a record volume of single-family mortgage loans, at least 12 of the top 20 home equity lenders experienced severe problems related to their business models, accounting practices, and access to the debt and equity markets. In march of 1999, Banc of America Securities (BAS) sponsored a conference to explore the causes of and possible solutions to these problems. 1999 Morgan Stanley.


Based on the technology of system on a programmable chip (SOPC), an Ethernet to fiber bridge IP core is developed and implemented in Xilinx FPGAs. The IP core provides a way to interconnect between Ethernet port and optical port, which can be used to address the needs of remote connection and break the transmission distance restriction of cable. The logic design of IP core is done in Xilinx development tools ISE, and then encapsulated into custom IP core in EDK tools, so that the user-defined IP core can be used in embedded system. Build SOPC system with Micro blaze soft-core processor, and add the IP cores into processor platform through Axi4-Stream bus interface. By testing and validating, the results show that Ethernet to optical fiber bridge IP core fulfills the purpose to transmit Ethernet data on optical fiber.


The teachers' value orientation,due to the specialty of the teaching profession,has a profound effect on both students and the whole society.Under the new situation,it is a must to improve the college teachers' political,psychological and cultural self-cultivation,etc.


Because the operation frequency of high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) for target detection is selected by the monitoring of outside noise level,the optimal detection performance can not be achieved.To solve the problem,the multiple factors that affect the target detection performance are analyzed based on HF surface wave radar equation,and then a frequency selection method is presented by numerical simulation to calculate the relationship curve between SNR(SCR) and frequency.With the operation frequency selected by this method,the better detection performance can be achieved.Then the author implemented the simulation for different kinds of targets detection,analyzed the simulation results,and made corresponding conclusions.


Immunocytochemical methods ofte n encounter difficulties with both solubl e antigens and with processing larg e numbers of samples efficiently. As a complement to in situ hybridization (5) , western blotting and ultrastructural im munolocalization (3), we searched for a suitable method to gain information o n the overall subcellular localization o f highly soluble extensin-like glycopr o teins in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco ) pistils at various stages of development . Whereas the cryofixation technique tha t is used in conjunction with embedding , sectioning and immunofluorescence l a beling (1) limits the risks of transloc a tion or loss of epitopes during th e preparation procedure, this technique i s time-consuming and not appropriate fo r autofluorescent organs like tobacco pi s tils. The tissue print-alkaline pho s phatase (AP) detection method (se e


A similitude relationship for the oxygen transfer that occurs in a vented hydroturbine is developed with reference to scaling between a homologous turbine model and a full-size turbine installation (prototype). Three basic parameters are identified as important for the scaling of oxygen transfer: the liquid film coefficient, the specific surface area, and the contact time. The similitude relation is then developed with existing theories on turbine hydrodynamics, bubble hydrodynamics, and interfacial mass transfer. The only model-prototype data set currently available is used to empirically fit one coefficient and to test the theory. Model-prototype similitude for oxygen transfer is primarily a function of gas-void ratio, rotational speed, and runner diameter with diffusivity, surface tension, and density playing a lesser role.


Introduction and spread.-Following the introduction of plague into the port of Callao in 1903, the disease spread rapidly north and south along the west coast of South America infecting most of the principal ports of Peru and Chile within a period of two years. From the ports the disease invaded inland communities of Peru and finally reached its greatest height in 1908, or six years after its introduction. In the 28 years from 1903 to 1930 over 20,000 human cases were officially reported from 193 towns and an unknown number of small farm communities. With the exception of a few short-lived outbreaks, plague has been confined to the narrow strip of seacoast Provinces extending the entire length of Peru and to adjacent mountain Provinces north of 120 south latitude. Character of human plkgue epidemics from north to south.-North and south of a central coastal zone extending from 70 to 130 plague has only occurred in seaports and the larger towns and has not invaded the small isolated rural communities. North of Paita, which is located at 50 6' south latitude, plague has never gained a firm foothold in even the larger Peruvian ports. The incidence of human plague has been very high in the infected towns of the northern sector. In the northern Department of Piura the disease spread very slowly between railroad towns. North of 70 the epidemics have been severe but have shown a marked tendency toward voluntary disappearance which has actually taken place in the coast Provinces of the Department of Piura. In the southern sector, or colder area, plague epidemics have been mild and of short duration in the few places that have been infected with the exception of Mollendo.


The paper analyzes the Chinese urban tourism industrial efficiency by the DEA-BCC model based on the input-output panel data of 16 cities from 2005 to 2009. The results show that: the comprehensive technical efficiency of urban tourism industry is low,however,it was gradually becoming higher; the problem of spatial disequilibrium between urban tourism economic scale and the comprehensive technical efficiency is obvious,and the urban comprehensive technical efficiency shows a certain intra-regional differentiation characteristic; the comprehensive technical efficiency among urban hotel industry,travel agency industry and scenic industry is different,and the efficiency of travel agency industry is the highest,the efficiency of hotel industry is the second,while scenic industry is the third,and the efficiency rank of 16 cities in three industries exists varying degrees of correlation.


This paper presents a subspace system identification for estimating the stiffness matrix and flexural rigidities of a shear building. System matrices are estimated by LQ decomposition and singular value decomposition from an input-output Hankel matrix. The estimated system matrices are converted into a real coordinate through similarity transformation, and the stiffness matrix is estimated from the system matrices. The accuracy and the stability of an estimated stiffness matrix depend on the size of the associated Hankel matrix. The estimation error curve of the stiffness matrix is obtained with respect to the size of a Hankel matrix using a prior finite element model of a shear building. The sizes of the Hankel matrix, which are consistent with a target accuracy level, are chosen through this curve. Among these candidate sizes of the Hankel matrix, more proper one can be determined considering the computational cost of subspace identification. The stiffness matrix and flexural rigidities are estimated using the Hankel matrix with the candidate sizes. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through the numerical example of a five-story shear building model with and without damage.


Rural electrification is the lifeblood of rural development in Bangladesh. The study was conducted to examine the socioeconomic conditions of sample households, investigate the impact of rural electrification on user's livelihoods, and identify the problems and constraints faced by the households. A total of 70 households were randomly selected from Chargobodia and Charkalibari villages of sadar upazila under the Mymensingh district. All of the respondents were clients of the Mymensingh Palli Bidyut Samity-1. Primary data were collected through field survey using an interview schedule. Simple statistical techniques were employed to analyse the data. The DFID livelihood approach was carried used to determine the impact of the rural electrification on livelihood. The findings revealed that the highest 74.29% of the selected respondents belonged to the age group 30 – 64. About 47.14% farmers ended their primary level education and 44.28% did not receive institutional education. About 65.71% respondents's main occupation was agriculture and 21.43% respondents considered agriculture as subsidiary for their earnings. The overall average family size in the study area was 5.15 persons in a family with dependency ratio 3.33. The average farm size was 237.21 decimal. On the basis of farm category, 5.71% of the respondents belong to landless, 75.72% respondents belong to small, and 12.86% respondent's medium and 5.71% respondents were a large farm category. An average income and expenditure of the respondents were Tk.270485.71 and Tk.236500 respectively. The all five types of assets such as human, natural, social, physical and financial were positively changed after rural electrification in the study area. Wrong bill, load shading, the high price of electricity, low voltage, damage of electric equipment and difficulty of new meter set up were the main problems and constraints. So, the government should address these issues in the development policies and programmes for rural Bangladesh.


Objective
To investigate the current situation and influence factors of innovation ability of nursing graduate students.

Methods
A total of 270 nursing graduate students from 42 universities were surveyed using the Innovation & Creativity Effectiveness Assessment (ICEA) by convenience sampling between March 2016 and November 2016.

Results
There were 88.1% of nursing graduate students with a total innovation ability score of lower than 4 points, which was at a lower level. Ages, international conferences, other academic activities and the time of supervisors on supervising students significantly affected scores of innovation ability on nursing students (P<0.05) .

Conclusions
The current cultivation situation of innovation ability of nursing graduate students was not optimistic. The cultivation of the innovation ability is a systematic and complicated program which acquires multiply strategies to improve students' innovation ability.

Key words:
Nursing care; Education, graduate; Innovation ability


The college newspaper is not only an important position for the ideological and political work in colleges,but also an important mass media for promoting the reform and development in colleges,thus it plays an important role which cannot be substituted by other media.Having accomiting in detail into functions,this paper puts foruard the new snbject of broadening the views of college newspapers and in light of new changes in the world economy and politics and the great impact on the development and reform.This paper also puts forward the plan for strengthening the construction and development of colleges newspaper.


Banking industry is the fastest growing sector in the economy of world. Banks are the dynamic institution in any society as they significantly contribute to the development of an economy through facilitation of business. In the recent years, banking sector has been adopted wide-ranging organizational and structural changes worldwide. Especially bank plays a significant role in developing society. A developing country is a transiting society where a rapid transforming from low income to middle income status is happening. The term "developing" describes a currently observed situation and not a changing dynamic or expected direction of progress. A developing country is relatively poor agriculture country that is trying to become more advanced economically. It is also seeking to become more advanced socially. Since the late 1990s, developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than developed countries. It is noted that special effected banking service is essential for strengthening sustainable development of developing country. So a successful service in banking sector is a must needed and like other organizations the successes of bank depend on her committed employees. There is crucial matter to manage the human resource since it is most vital factor to satisfy the employees' desire. Employees' productivity will be in expected level if they are highly satisfied with their job. On the other hand banking sector could not expect profit as unsatisfied employees are less committed to their organization. Job satisfaction is very important factor in any kind of organization because most of the people spend a major portion of their lives in work place. So job satisfaction of employees is an important determinant in increasing the productivity and efficiency of organization. Moreover stable and satisfied workforce is one of the pre-condition for the survival and development of the organization in the long run. Voon, M. L., & Ayob, M. C. (2011) defined job satisfaction as feeling and perception of an employee concerning his/her work and how he or she feels himself well in an organization. Similarly Davis and Newstrom (1999) told that job satisfaction is an understanding which has several characteristics. The utmost important aspects are those which are relevant to working conditions and the nature of work. No recognition & rewards, less training & development facilities, low wages and lack of expectation for promotion negatively affect job satisfaction of employees. Job satisfaction is one of the most popular and widely researched topics in the field of organizational psychology (Spector, 1997). Locke (1976) defines job satisfaction as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. Job satisfaction has been studied both as a consequence of many individual and work environment characteristics and as an antecedent to many outcomes. Employees who have higher job satisfaction are usually less absent, less likely to leave, more productive and show additional organizational commitment. Then they become more Information of Article


(...) A total of 384 accessions (231 from Yugoslavia, 86 from Romania, 43 from Poland, and 12 each from Hungary and Czechoslovakia) were collected as budwood and propagated at the National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center in Glenn Dale, Md. Following 8 years of exposure to the fire blight bacterium, 17.4% of the accessions remained uninfected, 11.2% rated resistant, 6.8% moderately resistant, and 64.6% blighted severely (26% to 100% of tree blighted). Some of the superior accessions have been released for use in the pear breeding program


By 2050, the population of the world will surpass 9.6 billion people [1]. Such increase in the global population will be accompanied by increase in income and changes in diet. Global need for crop is expected to increase by 100 to 110% and the demand for food by 60% [2,3]. One of the challenges with a growing population is environmental pressures especially habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emission. Rising demand for food increases greenhouse gases from agricultural use of fossil fuels, fertilizer and intensive animal production [4]. It is well known that the agriculture business is cost sensitive and any new discovery which could have a positive impact on costs should be shared in a timely fashion.


Research institute is one of the key elements of the social capital of Small-and-Medium-Sized Enterprises(SMEs).By cooperat- ing with research institutes,SMEs can get technological support and knowledge which facilitates their development.As their cooperation is characterized by high information asymmetry and uncertainty,the cooperation is not likely to be successful without a good base of mutual trust. The paper discusses how the trust structure is influencing the pattern and efficiency of SMEs-Research Institute cooperation,and how this trust structure is changing in the period of social transition in China.


The kinetics of oxidation cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol and cyclooctanol using Chloramine T in NaOH has been studied in the micellar phase using sodium dodecyl sulphate in the temperature range 30°C to 50°C to correlate the oxidation rate with the ring size of the cyclic alcohols. The effect of alcohol concentration, concentration of oxidising agent, ionic strength and temperature on the oxidation rate have been studied in detail. The oxidation rates follow the sequence: Cyclooctanol > Cyclopentanol > Cyclohexanol, A suitable reaction mechanism has been suggested for the oxidation of the cyclic alcohols under study. From the effect of temperature on reaction rate the thermodynamic activation parameters have been evaluated


"Tongzhi" as a social appellation is a typical Chinese usage, whose collocates patterns in different contexts reflect the alteration of its semantic prosody as a meaning unit. This paper describes the actual phenomenal use of "Tongzhi" under different pragmatic backgrounds and analyzed the semantic preference on a corpus basis. KEYWORD: Social appellation; "Tongzhi"; Semantic prosody International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education (SSEMSE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1107 (Nygaard, Herold, &Namy, 2008). Semantic prosody resides in a particular phraseological pattern rather than a single word. "Tongzhi" as a social appellation is a typical Chinese usage, whose phraseological patterns in different contexts reflect the alteration of its semantic prosody as the meaning unit. 2.2 The meaning and cultural connotation of "Tongzhi" as a social appellation The meaning and cultural connotation of "Tongzhi" in Mandarin Chinese experienced historical changes. There have been some researches on its multidimensional meanings. Hu (2000) discussed the semantic and pragmatic conditions of "Tongzhi", he believed that the semantic and pragmatic conditions of "Tongzhi" had changed with the change of society. "Tongzhi" is frequently used as the appellation of the Chinese Communist Party members in formal occasions in political languages. And in other social backgrounds, it was increasingly being replaced by other appellations, which included traditional Western appellations (such as "Sir" and "Miss") and the professional appellations (such as "master", "teacher", "the boss"). This was not only the result of social economic activities development, but also a sign of social and ideological changes. Wang (2005) studied the historical evolution and semantic features of "Tongzhi", then pointed out that "Tongzhi", "teacher", and "Mr." were the main members of social appellation system. Lin (2012) explored the semantic rheological meaning of "Tongzhi", and she came up with that the changes of appellation were closely linked with the development of social changes. "Tongzhi" has different meanings in different historical periods. The semantic changes of "Tongzhi" were not only the microcosm of social changes, but also the needs of social languages development. Wong (2003) studied the relationship between the semantic changes and ideology since the eighties of the last century in the Hong Kong area. Jun (2001) explored the evolution of "Tongzhi" and its cultural significance, he pointed out that the initial meaning of "Tongzhi" was "the person who has the same political ideas or the appellation of the same party members"; and it became one of the highly frequently used word in China at the beginning of the founding of the country. However, "Tongzhi" gradually alienated people, and "Mr.", "boss" and "Miss" gradually became popular. "Tongzhi" was used in the 20th century within a certain range, and is widely used at the beginning of founding of PRC, then is limited to a particular scope (in some special occasions or meeting) after the Reform and Opening up. Yi (2005) discussed the evolution of "Tongzhi". Initially, the meaning of "Tongzhi" was "friends, like-minded people". Then it gradually changed into "people especially who are in the same party striving for the common ideas". After the liberation, the meaning of "Tongzhi" emphasized the common goal of the revolution. And the political color was further strengthened during the Cultural Revolution, "Tongzhi" was a kind of appellation among people, and could be used to alienate the enemy on a certain degree. But nowadays, "Tongzhi" has been reduced to a limited scope, especially formal and official occasions, such as the national conference or official newspaper and some specific institutions (such as the army). Jiang (2011) studied the "Tongzhi" and its cultural meaning. Pei (2007) investigated the evolution of "Tongzhi" in modern Chinese history. Because "zhi" was meaning of "the same ambition", people explained "Tongzhi" as "people have the common aspirations". With the Marx doctrine spread into China, it meant "people especially in the same party have the common political ideal", and brought people the exciting and inspiring revolutionary ideas. After the victory of revolution, "Tongzhi" represented the equality of a common reform goal and political ideas, catering to the common pursuit of people at that time. Most of the studies mentioned above focus on the semantic and pragmatic analysis of the single word "Tongzhi" rather than on the word with collocates as a unit of meaning. The authenticity and abundance of corpus data might enhance the depth of study in this paper. Therefore the historical meaning changes of "Tongzhi" can be described by means of semantic prosody approach.


A modern campus landscape with traditional Chinese medicine characteristics was created by analyzing the feature of traditional Chinese medicine culture and the spirits of modern college in the landscape planning of Changqing campus of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The landscape planning tried to create a campus space which intergrated the traditional and modern culture to shape a featured campus culture. The concept, approach and space layout of landscape planning are introduced in this paper.


This research explores the relationship between science classics, science textbooks, and popular science books from Lakatos's 'Scientific research programmes'. This 'programmes' includes two parts: hard core and protective belt. And, this 'programmes' includes two methods: negative heuristic and positive heuristic. We find: science textbooks and popular science books are compatible in the creativeness of science classics. In other words, science classics have both scientific knowledge and scientific enthusiasm. Finally, we believe in diversification of science classics curriculum from Lakatos's 'diversification of theory'.


cooperation without which our modern society would be impossible would in turn be impossible without a large measure of standardization. It might almost be said that the degree of standardization in any nation is a measure of its civilization, certainly in the material sense of the word. Even in the tribe a common language was necessary, namely a standardization of the meaning of words. A dictionary is merely


Cadmium (Cd) is an important industrial pollutant, even though its mechanism of toxicity has not been completely clarified. Although Cd2+ is toxic to a wide range of organs and tissues, liver and kidneys are the primary target organs of cadmium toxicity. Cd2+ induces apoptosis, mitotic activity of cells and also causes necrotic cell death in certain pathophysiological situations. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench stimulates the production of immunoglobulins and/or interferons by stimulating one or another link of the immune system. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the liquid extract ofEchinacea purpurea on the accumulation of Cd2+ in liver, kidney and on the mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells after the chronic intraperitoneal intoxication by Cd2+. The experiments were performed on white laboratory mice using intraperitoneal injections of 0.05 LD50 of cadmium chloride solution. Two groups of mice were injected with Echinacea purpurea liquid extract of different concentrations - 0.05 LD50 and 0.1 LD50. Mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells was expressed as an estimated number of mitotic and apoptotic liver cells in randomly selected reference areas in a histological slide. Cd 2+concentration in mice liver and kidney was detected using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Long-term injections of Echinacea purpurea extract combined with CdCl2 lead to a significant increase in cadmium concentration in the liver and kidney of experimental mice.Echinacea purpurea decreased the cadmium-induced mitotic activity of liver cells, and increased the apoptotic activity of these cells. Long-term exposure to Cd2+ results in the formation of the foci of necrosis in liver, which may be reduced by the application ofEchinacea purpurea extract.

 Key words: cadmium, Echinacea purpurea, mice, mitotic and apoptotic liver cells, atomic absorption spectroscopy.


As a symbol of electronic government affair,the informationalization of the government is the objective demand of the present social development.In the construction of the informationalization of the government,the experience of advanced countries is worth using for reference.The informationlization of our government has started relatively late.In order to fit in with the needs of social development,importance must be attached to the existing problems in the knowledge,ideas,system guarantee and information source management of the informationlization of the government,so that the course of the informationlization of the government can be smoothly carried forward.


Functional materials are directly ejected and a maskless pattern is written with electrohydrodynamic printing technology,which proves to be an important and promising process to manufacture microelectronics.Electrohydrodynamic printing can eject smaller droplet than the nozzle diameter so that it can deposit micro-scale droplet under large nozzle size and prevent the nozzle jam.In the paper,basic principle of electrohydrodynamic printing,jet formation,jet stability,and its potential applications are analyzed and elaborated.


Criticism of the new methods of homeopathy is unjustified. A systematization of the Materia medica is allowed. The generalization of symptoms can already be found at Bonninghausen. Empiricism complements the theory. It is a logic further development of homeopathy. Without the empiric basis by drug testing and clinical experience, a group analysis is inconceivable. The testing of new remedies extends the empiric basis.


In this paper, formal definitions of the concepts relevant to non-stationary fuzzy sets are provided, as well as definitions of the basic non-stationary fuzzy set operators with proofs of selected properties of these operators. Among the novel terms introduced are the footprint of instantiations, the domain of instantiations and the temporal histogram. Further, we discuss the correspondence between non-stationary and type-2 fuzzy sets, and make the first attempt at proposing a set of comparable terms.


Provided is a shallow groove isolation structure and a formation method thereof. The formation method of the shallow groove isolation structure comprises the steps that a semiconductor substrate is provided, and a mask layer is arranged on the surface of the semiconductor substrate; the mask layer is patterned, an opening is formed in the mask layer, and the partial surface of the semiconductor substrate is exposed out of the opening; the semiconductor substrate is etched along the opening so that a groove is formed; a first dielectric layer is formed in the groove, and the surface of the first dielectric layer is lower than the surface of the semiconductor substrate; an epitaxial layer is formed on the surface of the side wall, which is not covered by the dielectric layer, of the two sides of the groove, and the partial surface of the first dielectric layer is exposed out of the epitaxial layer; and a second dielectric layer is formed in the groove, and the second dielectric layer fully fills the groove. According to the formation method of the shallow groove isolation structure, width of an active region between the shallow groove isolation structures can be enhanced.


Weather proof steels are used for steel bridges due to its high corrosion resistance under atmospheric conditions. However, instead of forming stabilized rust layers, general rust occurs on weather proof steels under high humidity condition close to seawater or shady places. In Japan, therefore, they perform rust stabilization treatment instead of unpainted treatment due to severe atmospheric conditions. However, most of domestic weather proof steels were constructed unpainted in the form of closed box-girder, which makes the periodical repetition of dry and wet hard to occur. For the steel bridges constructed on the Han river, the evaporation of water, dew condensation due to temperature change, and stagnant water due to rain affect harmfully on the formation of passive film on weather proof steels. Thus, in this research, in order to analyze corrosion properties inside the closed box-girder for the unpainted weather proof steel bridge in the waterworks safety zone, multiple ways of analysis such as observation with eyes, cellophane-tape test, steel thickness measurement, surface corrosion potential measurement, electron microscope analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis of the rust were performed. As a result, unstable rust layer was observed inside the closed box-girder, and severe corrosion was observed on the top and bottom of the flanges due to the effects of stagnant water caused by rain, dew condensation, and de-icing materials.


Online intrusion alert aggregation with generative data stream modeling uses generative modeling approach. It also uses probabilistic methods as one of the type of method. We assume that instances of an attack are similar as a alert producing process. This process may be a random process. This paper summarizes the process of collecting and modeling these attacks on some similar parameters such as source, destination etc., so that attack from beginning to completion can be identified. This collected and modeled alert is processed through different types of layers through generative data stream modeling. With some data sets, we will show that it is easy to decrease the number of alerts and count of missing meta alerts is also extremely low. Also we show that generation of meta alerts having delay of only few seconds even though first alert is produced already. Also we send these Meta alerts on registered mobile so that admin will get messages as soon as possible.


The fifth generation (5G) wireless networks aim at providing a wide range of time-sensitive multimedia services and applications to satisfy users' stringent requirements on delay-bounded quality of service (QoS). One of the important requirements for 5G multimedia wireless networks is to efficiently support the ultra-reliable and low- latency communications (URLLC). Finite blocklength coding (FBC) is a promising candidate technique to support URLLC services, where mobile users transmit short packets to upper-bound the transmission delay of multimedia traffic. In this paper, we model and analyze the packet-block error rate for URLLC under the Nakagamim fading channel in the finite blocklength regime. Then, we derive the minimum energy per bit for data transmissions in the Nakagami-m fading channel under the constraint of block error rate. To derive closed-form expressions for the minimum energy per bit, we obtain achievability and converse bounds on the minimum energy per bit, and show that these two bounds are equal to each other. Finally, we evaluate our derived minimum energy per bit in the finite blocklength regime through numerical analyses, and compare it with those under the Rayleigh fading channel and the wideband approximation, validating our derived analytical results.


Accurate modelling and simulation of ship motion in seaway is essential to test applications of ship motion control strategies. In this report, we review the mathematical description of ocean waves, and their effect on the motion of marine vehicles. We present a simple method suitable for accurate simulation that incorporates parameters related to the recommended spectral family and particular vehicle being considered. Based on this method, we also present a simple algorithm to tune the commonly used shaping filters to model wave induced motion. This allows different simulation scenarios to be identified with given sea states and particular sailing conditions. Introduction Automatic control strategies for marine vehicles and structures are designed to improve their functions with adequate reliability and economy. It is essential to the design and development of such strategies that accurate and relatively simple mathematical models be available to describe the loads exerted and the motions of vehicles. On one extreme, the state of the art in maneuvering simulation of marine vehicles incorporates sophisticated models to describe the motion of the ship in different environments. These models are based on free-running model tests data, databases, and numerical simulation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods (CFDM)—see for example (Simonsen, 2000). These models are typically too complex to be used for testing control strategies. On the other extreme, the literature on marine control applications such as autopilot, dynamic positioning and rudder roll stabilization, report very simple models utilized to design the control control algorithms. The latter models usually describe the sea state and the motion of the vessel by filtered white noise, i.e., shaping filters. In this report, we review the description of ocean waves and propose a method to simulate ship motion in seaway that incorporates parameters related to the recommended spectral family and particular vehicle being considered. Then we present a simple algorithm to tune shaping filters that allows different simulation scenarios to be readily identified with given sea states and particular sailing conditions. The rest of the report is organized as follows. In section 1, we introduce the stochastic mathematical models for describing sea states, and their properties. In section 2, we describe the relations between the sea elevation and ship motion components giving a stochastic mathematical description of the phenomena. In section 3, we present a simple algorithm to tune shaping filters and we show some simulation results. Finally, in section 4, we summarize and discuss the presented material.


Experimental evaluations based on statistical and scientific criteria play fundamental role in identification of optimal performance parameters in manufacturing engineering. Based on this premise, the Doehlert's experimental planning method was applied to external cylindrical turning process of ABNT 1045 steel, with the purpose of determining the roughness correlation as a function of the cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). The Doehlert's matrix was defined with five levels for feed rate and three levels for cutting speed, according to coded variables. From these experiments the correlation between input and output variables was determined. The best model is in agreement with the analysis of variance and Fischer's test. Graphs were obtained for both response and contour surfaces. In addition, the optimal point for the best model was determined by the Lagrange criterion, which corresponds to a feed rate (f) of 0.0880 mm rev-1 and the cutting speed (Vc) of 155 mm min.-1, resulting in a minimum roughness average value (Ra) equals to 0.8916 μm.


Estimation of chlorophyll content and the leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing technology is of particular use in precision agriculture. Wavelengths at the red edge of the vegetation spectrum (705 and 750 nm) were selected to test vegetation indices (VIs) using spaceborne hyperspectral Hyperion data for the estimation of chlorophyll content and LAI in different canopy structures. Thirty sites were selected for the ground data collection. The results show that chlorophyll content and LAI can be successfully estimated by VIs derived from Hyperion data with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.20–10.49 μg cm−2 for chlorophyll content and 0.55–0.77 m2 m−2 for LAI. The special index derived from three bands provided the best estimation of the chlorophyll content (RMSE of 7.19 μg cm−2 for the Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index/Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MCARI/OSAVI705)) and LAI (RMSE of 0.55 m2 m−2 for a second form of the MCARI (MCARI2705)). These results demonstrate the possibilities for analysing the variation in chlorophyll content and LAI using hyperspectral Hyperion data with bands from the red edge of the vegetation spectrum.


We report a 32‐year‐old woman diagnosed with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and Behcet's Syndrome. Suspicion of SIH was based on cervical MRI findings, and magnetic resonanace (MR)‐cisternography revealed dural leaks bilaterally at lumbar region. MR‐cisternography is a recently performed technique and gaining importance in demonstration of CSF fistula.


Nonlinear optical effects arise when one applies to a material system optical fields that are on the order of or larger than the atomic fields that exist within the system. Quantum size effects appear when the dimensions of a system become comparable to or even smaller than the natural length scale governing its quantum mechanics. Much recent progress has resulted from the combination of these two very productive areas of physics. Because of advances in semiconductor and laser technologies, it is now possible to apply very intense, ultrashort pulses of light to nanometer‐scale semiconductor heterostructures. These conditions produce many new and exciting effects. This article aims to give the reader a flavor of the status of this quickly evolving field of research, with a special emphasis on the most novel and unexpected results.


In this randomized, controlled study of 128 employed people in Sweden, researchers compared the outcomes of endoscopic release for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (ECTR; 65 patients) and open surgical release (63 patients).

The primary outcomes were the severity of postoperative scar pain and its effect on activities of daily living. Secondary outcomes were length of absence from work, severity of carpal tunnel symptoms, and functional status. …


The purpose of this study is to introduce and enrich the importance of historical knowledge for the analysis of choreographic art. Research methodology. In conducting this research, a comprehensive analysis of historical knowledge was carried out. The interaction between historical context, cultural influences, and artistic innovations was examined, emphasising the critical significance of historical understanding in studying the evolution of choreographic art. Scientific novelty. During this investigation, it was determined that the combination of historical knowledge with choreography establishes a standard criterion for the development of choreographic art, which serves two functions: enriching objective and scientifically valuable information and facilitating the practical realisation of choreographic creativity aimed at achieving goals related to the analysis of choreographic art's development. Conclusions. The significance of historical knowledge in analysing the development of choreographic art is difficult to overestimate. Studying the historical context, cultural influences, and artistic innovations provides a deeper understanding of the evolution of choreographic practices. Historical knowledge shapes modern choreography, providing a platform for artistic research and innovation. It also helps us comprehend our heritage and the origins of various aspects of contemporary life, including political structures, social norms, cultural traditions, and scientific achievements. They demonstrate how the past influences our present and shapes our values and identity. Embracing historical understanding is of utmost importance in assessing the richness, diversity, and continuous development of choreographic art. As we delve deeper into the process of related research, the use of historical knowledge will play a crucial role in shaping future directions of this captivating art form.
Keywords: history, historical knowledge, choreography, choreography history, cultural influence, artistic innovations.


Kasoma, P.M.B. 2000. Duirnal activity patters of three heron species in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Ostrich 71(1): 127–130. Observations of activities were carried out over 12 h periods on the Goliath Heron, Grey Heron and Great White Egret along the shores of Lake Edward and Kazinga Channel. Behaviour was classified into three major categories: foraging, loafing and other behaviour. For all three species, foraging went on throughout the daylight hours but the level was variable both in the dry and wet seasons and between species. For all three species, foraging basically consisted of standing-and-waiting. The Great White Egret spent more time foraging than the other two species. Overlap between species in foraging activity on an hourly basis was high during most hours of the day implying that ecological separation through temporal partitioning of daylight hours is negligible.


David Hare and his play writing colleagues, weaned on 1960s British university radicalism, have continued the expression of chronic social discontent begun so scathingly by John Osborne's 1956 play Look Back in Anger. But in an effort to spread their message to a broader audience, these writers have been working increasingly in the mechanical media. The primary distinguishing characteristic of Hare's films and plays lies in his insistence on linking political and ethical decline to his characters' personal lives. To understand how Hare accomplishes this connection onscreen, it is necessary to look closely at his habit of placing his characters in recognizable genres; they operate as psychologically-rounded people and as types. The nostalgia inherent in using established genres-and often American ones at that-is a sign both of Hare's willingness to break from the leftist pack and of his increasing frustration with the ineffectiveness of sixties-style radicalism in the face of England's political reactionism. Tracing his use of genre is an important first step to understanding Hare's aesthetic and philosophical development. All but two of Hare's films exploit cinematic genres. The narratives of two of Hare's television films, Dreams of Leaving (1980) and Heading Home (1991), however, are based on the literary genre of the Bildungsroman-the novel of development.l The Bildungsroman form allows Hare to link personal decision-making with political possibilities, because the idealism of his youthful characters corresponds to that of their eras. Although the genre originated in a cultural philosophy which assumed the desirability of the maturing individual's incorporation into social institutions, Martin Swales has convincingly argued that from the beginning it also questioned such incorporation through ironized endings. Hare employs the genre, but in the ironic way described by Swales. Both films follow the stories of young people newly-arrived in the big city of London. William in Dreams of Leaving and Janetta in Heading Home are searching for fulfilling careers and personal relationships and face climactic choices in their lives, but neither finds a satisfying vocation as a result of his or her decisions. Both drift into compromise and unhappiness, their maturity marked by greater age but not greater knowledge. Looking back over the results of his youthful decisions, William expresses a despair that is deeply felt but finally incurable: "Our lives dismay us. We know no comfort. . . . We have dreams of leaving. Everyone I know" (41). Janetta Wheatland similarly guides us through her past from the viewpoint of 1988 and expresses the same bewildered sadness about the central relationship in her life: "I understand to this day that people like Leonard do not speak their feelings. But I still to this day am not wholly sure why" (65). While this genre allows Hare to link his characters' lack of development to his society's, the central problem Hare faces when working with a genre that was originally literary is that its narrative convention approaches first-person even if it is literally third-person. This makes social criticism difficult since such criticism will always be seen as rooted in the perhaps-idiosyncratic protagonist's mind and not in an objective material condition. As Franco Moretti notes in his study of the Bildungsroman in Western culture, this focus can be frustrating. As a rule, the classical Bildungroman has the reader perceive the text through the eyes of the protagonist.. .. The reader's vision hinges then on that of the protagonist: he identifies with the hero, sharing the partiality and individuality of his reactions. But-at a certain point-he wishes to free himself from this position, because he discovers that the protagonist's viewpoint, contrary to his hopes, does not allow him to see, or not enough, since it is too often mistaken. (56) Hare transfers a literary narrative to a new form-film-but he also uses the particular premises of the mechanical media to transform this genre, by simultaneously suggesting and refining this focus on a single character's mind. …


Opponents to state regulation of natural health products won a major victory when the London High Court gave a coalition of industry and consumer groups the go-ahead to appeal a European Union (EU) directive restricting food and vitamin supplements.

The challenge was granted in February and is


The construction materials that contacted with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and the desorption solutions obtained when treating the contaminated surface of metals and alloys with water and reagents were studied by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Neutralization of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine was studied using ozone and shungite. Ozonation makes it possible to destroy the toxicant molecules chemically and physically adsorbed on the surface of metal constructions, due to which they can be reused and utilized. Shungite effectively adsorbs and catalytically decomposes not only unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and its transformation products, but also oligomer compounds formed during the storage of hydrazine fuel. Ozonation of spent shungite can increase the efficiency of destructive processes and completeness of its regeneration.


The launch of a new journal is a step into the unknown, but a rewarding experience. It has been encouraging to receive papers covering such a wide range of subjects, and it has been interesting to see just how many interpretations of the word 'design' there are.


The Denoising autoencoder (DAE) has been successfully applied to acoustic emotion recognition lately. In this paper, we adopt the framework of the modified DAE introduced in that projects the input signal to two different hidden representations, for neutral and emotional speech respectively, and uses the emotional representation for the classification task. We propose to model gender information for more robust emotional representation in this work. For neutral representation, male and female dependent DAEs are built using non-emotional speech with the aim of capturing distinct information between the two genders. The emotional hidden representation is shared for the two genders in order to model more emotion specific characteristics, and is used as features in a back-end classifier for emotion recognition. We propose different optimization objectives in training the DAEs. Our experimental results show improvement on unweighted accuracy compared with previous work using the modified DAE method and the classifiers using the standard static features. Further performance gain can be achieved by structural level system combination.


The paper investigates the power control problem in a frequency-selective interference channel. A centralized power control algorithm is developed with the objective of maximizing the achievable rate region given an average power constraint for each user. The proposed algorithm is based on the multi-user discrete bit-loading algorithm that considers the power allocation over frequency and users simultaneously. Simulation results for very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) systems show that the proposed algorithm achieves a larger rate region than that achieved by a power control algorithm based on iterative waterfilling.


Braille displays have been used for a while to present symbolic information to blind persons' fingertips. However, these displays could not convey schematic information such as figures. For the presentation of schematic information, we need to develop a tactile display that consists of a pin array of higher resolution. To attain higher resolution we propose a novel actuation mechanism using metal with a low melting point. The low melting point metal is used to fix each pin; usually, the pin is clutched because the metal is solid, once a heater melts the metal, the pin is released and pushed up or down using compressed air. We implemented prototype display devices that have 10/spl times/10 pin array, with a pin interval of 2 mm and a pin diameter of 0.5 mm, actuated by the proposed mechanism, to evaluate the characteristics of the devices.


The micropropagation technique of Tripteryginum wilfordii Hook. F was developed from the explants of young stem nodes with axillary buds. The results showed that the percentage of axillary germinated buds was over 95% on the solid MS medium supplemented with 2. 0 mg/L BA and 0. 1 mg/L IB A; the solid MS medium with 3.0 mg/L BA and 0. 1 mg/L IBA was suitable for multiplication of shoots on the subculture, the proliferous ratio of shoots was up to 5. 21.


The pharmacokinetics of theobromine after four i.v. administrations was investigated in male rats submitted to an increasingly "stressing" experimental design. Calculated parameters agreed with those previously described. No difference was found between baseline and pathological conditions, or between dosing and sampling at different sites. The findings raise consistent objections about the general utility of widely applied small mammal trauma models.


We provide a criterion that for an equivalence group G on holomorphic germs, the discriminant of a G-versal unfolding is a free divisor. The criterion is in terms of the discriminant being Cohen– Macaulay and generically having Morse-type singularities. When either of these conditions fails, we provide a criterion that the discriminant have a weaker free* divisor structure. For nonlinear sections of a free* divisor V , we obtain a formula for the number of singular vanishing cycles by modifying an earlier formula obtained with David Mond and taking into account virtual singularities. 2000 Math. Subj. Class. Primary: 14B07, 14M12, 32S30; Secondary: 13C12, 14B10.


Different from the traditional way of striking balls hardly,Taiji softball is featured as touching and driving the ball out by circling the bat.It is a new sport with unique national features.This thesis does a profound research to the origin,development and features of Taiji softball,and offers the corresponding strategies for difficulties.It can also serve as essential reference for its better further development.


Target detection is an important area in the applications of hyperspectral remote sensing. Due to the full use of information of the target and background, target detection algorithms based on the statistical characteristics of an image are always occupy a dominant position in the field of hyperspectral target detection. From the perspective of statistical information, we firstly presented detailed discussions on the key factors affecting the target detection results, including data origin, target size, spectral variability of target, and the number of bands. Further, we gave the corresponding strategies for several common situations in the practical target detection applications.


The rise of the cell church model in British churches since the 1990s has been noted not just by church growth enthusiasts, but also by the wider ecclesiastical world. This paper provides a preliminary examination of the background, status, and characteristics of cell churches. It links the rise of the phenomenon to the church growth movement and to the current trend of rationalisation in society. Using recent written material and interviews with cell church leaders, the author places cell church in the continuum of evangelical 'experiences'. From a sociological point of view, Ritzer's 'McDonaldization' model is used to show how a rationalised structure can exert considerable control on its members.


This paper reports the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of 4 objects of cold weapons of the 19th and early 20th centuries, made of iron – bayonet knives and sabers. This makes it possible to establish the signs of authenticity of cold weapon samples made of iron in that chronological period.
An authentic procedure has been proposed for examining the chemical composition of the surface of historical objects of cold weapons by rubbing the samples with cotton wool swabs and their subsequent investigation. This makes it possible to explore objects of cold weapons, whose size is large, as well as simplify the very procedure for studying objects of historical and cultural value.
Using the X-ray fluorescent chemical analyzer Expert Mobile, chemical elements were found at the surface of samples of cold weapons made of iron. The presence of such elements is the result of the process of re-crystallization and self-purification of metal during a long history of its life. Elements found in almost every rubbing sample were identified: calcium, ferrum, zinc, cuprum, and chlorine.
The studies of cold weapons samples testify to the heterogeneity of the composition of patina formations on their surface, which confirms the authenticity of ancient objects. In addition, the studies have shown a difference in the chemical composition of surface layers of different parts of individual samples of antique cold weapons, which may indicate different times or different technology for their manufacture.
The fluorescence spectra of the obtained rubbing of individual samples of cold weapons were compared with "pure" material, which made it possible to identify elements removed from the surface of objects. The study results are important indicators to confirm the authenticity of cultural monuments and the technology of their manufacture in the past.


Serums were prepared using strain A, first in rabbits, then in horses. Later strain B was substituted for the immunization of horses. Cultures examined subsequently were found to react differently with serums prepared from these 2 strains and also with serums prepared with C, D and E strains. The 13 strains shown in table 1 fall into 3 groups; in the first group of 2 cultures, the strains are agglutinated strongly by


THE MOTIVIC COFIBER OF τ AND EXOTIC PERIODICITIES by BOGDAN GHEORGHE August 2017 Advisor: Dr. Daniel C. Isaksen Major: Mathematics Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Consider the Tate twist τ ∈ H(S) in the mod 2 cohomology of the motivic sphere. After 2-completion, the motivic Adams spectral sequence realizes this element as a map τ : S0,−1 GGA S. This thesis begins with the study of its cofiber, that we denote by Cτ . We first show that this motivic 2-cell complex can be endowed with a unique E∞ ring structure. This promotes the known isomorphism π∗,∗Cτ ∼= Ext BP∗BP (BP∗, BP∗) to an isomorphism of rings which also preserves higher products. This structure allows us to consider its closed symmetric monoidal category of modules (CτMod,− ∧Cτ −), which happens to live in the kernel of Betti realization. This category has surprising applications, and moreover contains many interesting motivic spectra. In particular, we construct exotic motivic fields K(wn), detecting motivic wn-periodicity. This theory of motivic wn-periodicity can be roughly seen as perpendicular to the vn-periodicity story, detected by the motivic Morava K-theories K(n). Finally, we also explain why the category CτMod is so computable. The above isomorphism comes in a more structured version. In work that is joint with Zhouli Xu and Guozhen Wang, we show that there is an equivalence of ∞-categories Db(MGL∗,∗MGLComod ) ∼= GGGA CτCell comp between an algebraic category, and the subcategory CτCell comp of cellular Cτ -modules that are complete with respect to a version of the algebraic cobordism spectrum MGL.


This reference profiles 800 British poets, novelists, playwrights, essayists, and other writers of the 19th and 20th centuries, from the early romantic poets to contemporary novelists born in distant parts of the former British empire. Each entry includes details of the author's life and work and suggestions for further reading. Entries on major writers include a critical analysis section that discusses one or more of the author's works in greater detail. Each volume also features an author timeline, and entries on key terms and movements of the century.


A robust active noise controller is proposed to effectively linearize nonlinear distortions in the secondary path and be applied for attenuating the noise. In real applications, the overall active control system is nonlinear and the performance of noise attenuation is decreased by the extent of nonlinearities, so an active control system compensating nonlinear distortions is needed. Through computer simulations, the proposed controller had better capability of controlling the noises than the conventional LMS controller.


Many citizen science developers agree that participants in citizen science projects need to receive feedback on project outputs and that they should be recognized in results and publications. However, little research has thoroughly investigated the extent to which citizen scientists find communication of scientific output to be important. Citizen science studies rarely investigate this topic as their main goal. Therefore, we conducted a review on participants' preferences for communication of data, findings, and scientific publications in papers that focus on participant motivation but which also contain relevant evidence about communication in parts of the results. We reviewed 32 peer-reviewed papers that contained relevant evidence in quantitative analyses (e.g., Likert scale-type questions) or in qualitative analyses (e.g., interviews with participants). From this review, we conclude that participants value accessibility of their collected data, communication of project findings, and acknowledgement in publications. Taking this into account can pay off, as sharing data and findings can enhance the motivation of participants to engage in the project, thereby sustaining their participation, imparting the feeling that they spent their time well, and increasing a project's learning impact. Some practical and ethical issues such as privacy concerns, however, need to be taken into account. This literature review is the first to provide an overview of citizen scientists' preferences for communication of scientific output, and is a starting point for further research that should investigate the impact of different options for data sharing and communication of findings to participants.


This paper describes the methodology used for system integration and testing far the Integrated Flight and Fire Control System. This system provides a coupling between the flight control system and fire control system to steer out tracking errors based on information derived from an onboard sensorltracker. Three primary test facilities were used: the Software Test Facility, the Manned Air Combat Simulator, and the aircraft itself equipped with the Onboard Simulation capability. The Onboard Simulation feature provided a unique capability to perform closed loop system checkout on the a i r craft both on the ground and in airworthiness test flights.


The catjpdoc polarization characteristics indicate that the presence of a pre-adsorbed surface layer of CoTSPc innibits the reduction of O2 to O2- on an ordinary pyroiytic graphite electrode (OPG) in AN and DMF solution of 0. 1 mol/L, TEAP, The transfer coefficient a and the heterogeneous rate constant k for this reaction or, OPG with and without pre-adsorbed CoTSPc obtained by rotating disk electrode method were found to be fairly close to thar obtained by cyclic voltammetry. The a remains almost the same, bat the k de creases by a factor of 2-5 with CoTSPc as compared with OPG alone. The possible reason is that the adsorbed CoTSPc as an anion renders the effective potential diffaence less negative, which thus lowers the rase of O2 reduction.


This paper will discuss how the computer may be tailored to the problem it is solving while still programming the problem in a higher level language. The vehicle to illustrate the technique is the "Stack machine," which is a virtual machine implemented in firmware on a Burroughs microprocessor. The "Stack machine" was designed to compile and execute programs written in Algol. Since, the microprogram memory of the microprocessor is read/write, the stack machine can be extended by special purpose firmware operators designed for a particular application program. This system permits jobs to be programmed and debugged in Algol, and then fine tuned to run at a much greater speed.
 This paper describes the stack machine, the methods used to fine tune a program, and some sample results of fine tuning.


We give an explicit construction, for a at map X ! S of algebraic spaces, of an ideal in the n'th symmetric product of X over S. Blowing up this ideal is then shown to be isomorphic to the schematic closure in the Hilbert scheme of length n subschemes of the locus of n distinct points. This generalizes Haiman's corresponding result for the ane complex plane. However, our construction of the ideal is very dierent from that of Haiman, using the formalism of divided powers rather than representation theory. In the nonat case we obtain a similar result by replacing the n'th symmetric product by the n'th divided power product.


A full-wave vector finite element method is implemented in this paper for modeling three-dimensional (3D) unshielded microwave circuits. A two-dimensional (2D) eigenvalue analysis is first applied at the input and output ports to evaluate the dominant field distribution, reference voltage, propagation constant, and characteristic impedance of the corresponding transmission line. The field distribution at the input port is used to excite the 3D circuit. The propagation constant is used in the implementation of first-order absorbing boundary conditions at the two ports, whereas the reference voltage and characteristic impedance are both used in the evaluation of the corresponding S-parameters.