"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and sorry I could not travel both" Much like the words of Robert Frost in "The Road Not Taken," we have arrived at a point in the law of Fourth Amendment search analysis where two roads appear before us: privacy or property. Recently, there has been a development in the Supreme Court's jurisprudence that requires a closer examination of the proper direction to take. Specifically, the issue of disputed consent and the appropriate search inquiry in these cases presents a crossroads for the Court. What road will it choose? Does it matter? Beyond this, however, exists a greater problem: what happens when the two rules of search—Katz expectation of privacy and Jones trespass onto property— conflict? What happens when the Katz rule says yes to a situation involving what is determined as an unreasonable search and the Jones rule says no? Do we have a situation of disputed analysis in our disputed consent decisions of our Court? When considering the ambit of modern search law, further complicated by the resurgence of the trespass test by Justice Scalia, three crucial observations appear: (1) Prior to Jones, the key inquiry in cases of third-party consent was grounded in terms of expectations of privacy. In the particular situation of disputed consent by co-occupants, the rule was that a present objector to consent defeated the wishes of another co-occupant (no trumps yes). Since Jones, however, Justice Scalia has called for a reconsideration of this rule in light of trespass. Through his concurrence in Fernandez v. California, Justice Scalia declared that the police, with the consent of a co-occupant, are not liable under trespass when the police enter the home to search, irrespective of an objecting cooccupant. Much like the question of whether no trumps yes in disputed consent  Assistant Professor, Campbell University School of Law. The author would like to dedicate this Article to his daughter, Abby-Kate Boyd. BOYD (DO NOT DELETE) 10/24/2015 11:22 AM 2 SETON HALL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 46:1 cases, the new question for the post-Jones Court will be whether no trumps yes in cases of disputed search analysis. (2) The utilization of the current test for a Fourth Amendment search under a property-based framework supports Justice Scalia's assertion that a consent police search is reasonable. The police are granted a license to enter the property, through the consent of a co-occupant. In light of this determination, the police would stand in the shoes of the grantor of the license and are immune from trespass, despite the objections of another co-occupant. (3) Because of this development, in disputed consent cases, it appears likely that the Court could arrive at a different conclusion depending upon which test for a search the Court chooses to use. Similar to the problem of disputed consent, where one co-occupant says yes and the other says no, we may very well have arrived at a place in our Fourth Amendment understanding where disputed analysis, trespass or privacy, threatens to cloud an already obscured view of search law. For now, we are marooned to fight over the directions. INTRODUCTION 3 I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME AND PRIVATE SPACE: THE LAW OF SEARCHES UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 5 A. In the Beginning, Trespass Was King 6 B. The King Is Dead! Long Live Privacy and the Katz Test 8 C. It's Alive! Justice Scalia Resurrects Trespass Through Jones and Jardines 10 II.THE PATH OF SEARCH LAW ARRIVES AT A FORK IN THE ROAD. DOES NO TRUMP YES?: THE CURIOUS CASE OF DISPUTED CONSENT AS GUIDE 16 A. Georgia v. Randolph (Pre-Jones): No Trumps Yes in Disputed Consent 18 B. Fernandez v. California (Post-Jones): Yes Trumps No When the Objector Is Arrested and Removed from the Scene 21 III.ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT: HAS THE COURT ARRESTED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEARCH LAW BY ITS ADHERENCE TO THE DUAL TESTS FOR A SEARCH? 25 A. Justice Scalia's View of Trespass: All You Need Is Yes? 27 B. It's Not Just About You (or the Police), It's About Me: Co-Occupants and the Right to Exclude Under Trespass 30 C. Are We There Yet? Some Final Thoughts on the BOYD (DO NOT DELETE) 10/24/2015 11:22 AM 2015] ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT IN SEARCH LAW 3 Landscape of the Privacy/Trespass Dispute 36 IV.CONCLUSION 40


This dissertation abstract and the reflection commentary present the work of Dr. Donal Crilly. The dissertation addresses stakeholder orientation of the firm through an "inside-out" perspective. The dissertation abstract explains the research questions, setting, and methods. The reflection commentary discusses the author's views of research process as a junior scholar.


Frequency of black (N), white (6), yellow (A), brown (P), and other (O) colors, estimated through visual observation, was evaluated in 450 does, randomly taken from typical herds located in Paraguana (R1), Pedregal (R2) and Aregue (R3). The model included effects of buck (CF), Region, and Breed Group: Creole (G1), between 5 and 7 (G2), 3 and 5 (G3), O and 3 (G4), and O eighths (G5) of Creole genes. Frequency of colors differs between Breed Groups and Region with P <0.05. The values observed in G1 and G5 were of 0.24 ± 0.02 and 0.31 ± 0.02, 0.36 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.02, 0.25 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.17 ± 0.02, 0.0 ± 0.0 and 0.0 ± 0.0; for N, B, A, P, and O respectively. The higesth difference among nuclei was of 0.36 ± 0.02 vs 0.19 ±0.03 for N in R1 and R2 respectively. White color prevails in R2 and the A in R3. Ratio of s 2 cp / s 2 e goes from 0.20 to 0.40. Results are indicative that coat color can be used to distinguish between populations breed composition and genetic differences among subpoblaciones.


Electrical conductivity of proglacial and supraglacial channels of Dokriani (Bamak) glacier have been studied during August-September 1992 and October-November 1993. Specific conductance of meltwaters of proglacial stream varies inversely with discharge both on diurnal and temporal scale. Observed year to year variations in solute characteristics are probably due to the change in internal channel system of the glacier. The spatial and seasonal variations in solute enrichment of supraglacial meltwaters depend on contact time with surface moraines.


The numerical behavior of different absorbing boundary conditions when applied to the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method is presented. These conditions may be classified into three different groups according to the way they are derived. The first group is obtained by discretizing one-way analytical conditions derived for the analytical wave equation. The second group is a set of discrete conditions directly obtained for the discrete wave equation. The last group is based on appropriate reflection coefficients derived purely from transmission-line theory. Because of their different behaviors, the numerical study is explicitly carried out for both two- and three-dimensional free-space scattering problems. >


The radio base system, the optimal transmission timing position in the slot to move the new user terminal is trying to connect, assigned directly by moving the transmission timing to the new user from the normal transmission timing. Therefore, it is not necessary to narrow the transmission timing to the users connected to the previously said slots in advance.


Results: Three factors with 15 items, including Knowledge management, Attitude management and Practice management of a diabetic diet, were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. The final items explained 51.475% of the total variance, and the content validity index was 0.856. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.815, and the test-retest reliability was 0.742. Conclusion: The questionnaire was proven to be a reliable and valid tool that allows nurses to evaluate the diet management ability of patients with T2DM. The evaluation outcomes can serve as a basis for individualized health education and interventions for patients with T2DM.


Car-sharing program, like Car2go, is an innovative urban transportation mode where the car-sharing company provides a car fleet to offer people with the short-term access of car traveling. As a new traveling service, car-sharing platforms have been struggling hard to trigger initial users and speed up their diffusion process. Unlike new product spreading via geographical proximity people, car-sharing users usually drive sharing cars to different destinations and influence people there, and potential user decision also depends on previous user activity at all their destinations. Car-sharing user connections are mainly affected by their traveling behaviors. The influence of user traveling network on new service/product spreading process has been rarely studied before. Here, we find that the infective rate between users with the same destination is critical to the minimum user base of car-sharing diffusion. Moreover, a city with central user network is more appropriate for car-sharing. It leads to a small critical infective rate for diffusion, and a large stable market size of car-sharing service. Our study can impact car-sharing market strategies ranging from market expansion in one city to optimal market selection among different cities.


The developmental path of Chinese construction project management is investigated by analysis of the Partnering model with the social capital theory.The superiority of partnering model based on the change of the environment of construction project management is indicated,and the characters of partnering model are analyzed.Base on the investigation,the critical success factors of Partnering model are concluded,and the effects of social capital to the partnering model are described.The two developmental path of Chinese construction project management are proposed,the macroscopical creation of social capital and individual creation of social capital.


Despite the recognized stability of the rabies virus (RABV), antigenic and genetic differences among strains isolated from different species have been found. Different factors may be involved in generating heterogeneity in RABV, including duration of infection, virus load and host immune response. This work was carried out in order to examine the antigenic and genetic stability of RABVs isolated from different natural reservoirs and to help the understanding of viral pathogeny after consecutive passages in different systems. In this study were used tree RABV strains, one isolated from canine, one isolated from haematophagous bat and the standard rabies virus strain (Challenge Virus Standard – CVS). These strains were submitted to five consecutive passages in mice and in cells. The consecutive passages in mice were made by intracerebral route, for that, groups of six mice were submitted to five inoculations with each one of the three RABV strains. The inoculated mice were observed daily and the dates of death were recorded. The consecutive passages in cells were made in "Neuroblast albino mouse" (N2a) cell lineage, for that, the strains were inoculated in suspension cells and incubated for 72 hours, subsequently, cells were frozen and thawed three times. Both mice and cell passages were submitted to antigenic and genetic characterization. The antigenic characterization was determined by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) raised to RABV antigens. For the genetic characterization the total RNA was extracted with Trizol and submitted to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers targeting the N and the G genes, the amplicons obtained were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. The RABV sequences were analyzed using Bioedit package.


Background. In vitro studies have shown that the vasomotor response of internal mammary artery to vasoactive agents differs from that of saphenous vein. Methods and Results. To assess whether the response in vivo to methylergometrine and to nitrates differs in saphenous vein grafts, internal mammary artery grafts, and coronary arteries, 25 patients were studied more than 6 months (range, 6-96 months) after surgery. Angiograms of saphenous vein grafts (n=11) or mammary artery g (n=14) were obtained in basal conditions, after intravenous infusion of 0.4 mg methylergometrine, and after intragraft infusion of 1 mg isosorbide dinitrate. Computerized quantitative angiography was used to assess the changes in luminal diameter ofthe bypass graft and ofthe grafted coronary artery (n=11). Methylergometrine reduced the diameter ofsaphenous vein grafts by 6.9±7.4%, fom 3.26±0.71 to 3.05±0.76 mm (p<0.01), and that ofgrafted coronary arteries by 93+7.2% (NS compared with saphenous vein grafts), from 2.08±049 to 1.89±0A9 mm (p <0.005). The diameter ofinternal mammary artery grafts did not change significantly, from 3.27±0.42 to 3.25±0.44 mm (-03+5.1%o, p<0.02 compared with saphenous vein grafts and p <0.002 compared with coronary arteries). After isosorbide dinitrate, the diameter of both grafted coronary arteries and mammary artery grafts increased significantly (respectively to 2.46±0.62 mm and 3.44±0.43 mm), the vasodilatation being greater (p<0.002) in coronary arteries (+17.8±9.8%o in proportion to basal diameter, p<0.001) than in mammary grafts (+5.5±33%o, p<0.001). The diameter of saphenous vein grafts returned to control values (3.28±0.70 mm, NS compared with basal); the changes in luminal diameter after nitrates (+0.7+3.1%, NS) were significantly smaller than for mammary artery grafts (p<O.Ol) and for grafted coronary arteries (p<0.001). Conclusions. Unlike internal mammary artery grafts, saphenous vein grafts constrict in response to methylergometrine and do not dilate in response to nitrates. These differences in vasomotor response could reflect heterogeneity in the sensitivity ofvascular smooth muscle to these agents or differences in the basal level of vasomotor tone. (Circulation 1992;86[suppl 11]:11-210-11-216)


Disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare fungal infection, which mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients, and the diagnosis is difficult. Therefore, it is less likely to be considered in immunocompetent patients. Here, we present a case of fatal cryptococcal infection of the pleural fluid and ascites in a patient seronegative for HIV. The patient was a 45-year old man who was followed for Crohn's disease and treated with steroids and an immunosuppressant (azathioprine). The culture of pleural and ascites fluids showed the presence of yeasts colonies identified as Cryptococcus neoformans. Bacteriological examination of the blood culture or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was not prescribed. The HIV serology was negative. At the fourth day of treatment, the patient died because of the deterioration of neurological and hepatocellular functions. The main diagnostic problems that led to this fatal outcome were non-suspicion of an at-risk patient, lack of microbiological analysis of the blood or CSF, and inadequate antifungal therapy.


Missing Data Imputation imputes the missing values from the known values. Rather than imputing from the whole dataset, imputation techniques are applied in the clusters generated by using clustering algorithm. In this paper, K-Medoid clustering is used. But when compared the results in terms of accuracy, it seems that K-Medoid clusters are not suited for Missing Data Imputation.


The fiber Bragg grating vibration sensor has received a lot of attention due to its unique performance. However, the natural frequency of the sensor limits its development and application. This paper presents an acceleration sensor with an isosceles triangular cantilever and mass block structure, which has high natural frequency and high sensitivity. The optical fiber sensing system consists of two fiber gratings. One section of the fiber grating is pasted on the cantilever and serves as an accelerometer; the other is used as a reference grating. The first-order natural frequency of the accelerometer is 8356 Hz, and its sensitivity is 0.46 pm g−1. A vibration test confirms the reliability of the sensor, and the resonant frequency of the sensor is 8193 Hz. The principle of light intensity demodulation is adopted in the sensor system and its sensitivity is 45.82 mV g−1 with a linearity of 0.997. The sensor has the advantages of high frequency and sensitivity, and thus can be applied to the rail transit bearing systems


her own contributions from those of contemporary historians and, more importantly, leads to confusion. For example, how is the reader to know that the parenthetical page references to Pulgar's Ezer ha-dat are not to the new critical edition listed in the bibliography, but to the old edition? And how will the reader appreciate certain passing references, such as the one to "the Alfarabi of the Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics" (p. 203), without a brief note of explanation (in the Alfarabi case, a reference to a cited Pines article)? Jewish Philosophy is impressive in its scope. As with any such work, one can question the omission of certain thinkers (e.g., Saul ha-Cohen of Candia and Moses Almosnino in the concluding discussion) and the cursory treatment of others (e.g., Samuel ben Mofni). One might also wonder, in light of Sirat's observation that the "texts that constitute 'Jewish philosophy' are [for the most part] . . . commentaries, either biblical commentaries, or commentaries on philosophical texts by Aristotle, Averroes and others" (p.5), why such texts are so rarely cited in Jewish Philosophy. Yet, to its Credit, the book is filled with accounts of dozens of little-known, unsung thinkers, many of whom play an integral part in the history and development of Jewish thought. Because Sirat recognizes the importance of these thinkers (she has herself written papers on several of them), Jewish Philosophy is able to suggest, better than previous histories, the wide impact of philosophy on medieval Jewish thinking. STEVEN HARVEY


Effect of different packing bags on the quality of Agaricus bisporus during cold storage at (0.5±0.5)℃ was studied. The results showed that the treatment of different thickness of 0.08 mm、 0.05 mm and 0.035 mm PE could maintain content of water and VC, inhibit respiration rate and the change of relative electrical conductivity. According to sensory quality, the commercial quality and flavor were well kept using 0.05 mm PE.


Connecting with the practical work,this paper evaluates,cards and excavates the sub-categories of modern research on TCM under categories of TCM in Classification for CAS Library(third edition) for making better use of category resource to serve the indexing work.


In this article, rice husk fiber/polyvinyl chloride composites were prepared and analyzed. The optimal composition of mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced composites was determined through orthogonal experimentation. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the mixed-particle-size fiber-reinforced composites were compared to unprocessed (100 mesh) rice husk fiber/polyvinyl chloride composites. The surface microscopic appearances of the unprocessed and final composites were observed via laser microscope. Long-term accelerated soil aging caused micro-cracks to appear on the surfaces of the composites. Interfacial adhesion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that mixed-particle-size fibers can better fill interfacial gaps, leading to strong interfacial adhesion. Furthermore, the addition of mixed-particle-size fibers improves the soil aging resistance of composites. The hardness, flexural strength, impact strength, and first onset pyrolysis temperature (after 0 days) increase from 50 HRR, 35.2 MPa, 3.19 KJ/m2, and 258.5°C to 55 HRR, 39.4 MPa, 3.86 KJ/m2, and 261.2°C, respectively. However, the mass loss rate and thickness expansion rate (after 21 days) decrease from 2.9% and 0.79% to 2.21% and 0.74%, respectively. In general, the addition of mixed-particle-size fibers improves the ultimate properties of composites under soil aging conditions.


The study aims to determine whether smartphone cameras were comparable to the digital camera in terms of tooth shade selection and to compare the conventional method with the digital method of taking tooth shade selection. A total sample of Year 4 students (n=45) in the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) were selected. All participants were required to answer a questionnaire consisting of images of the 3D-Vita Classic shade tabs captured by Nikon DSLR D610, iPhone 6 (8MP) and Xiaomi Mi4i (12MP) and direct visualisation of the shade guide. Participants were required to match the images of a tooth shown on the monitor screen with the shade guide provided. Several questions also included a tooth with a known shade guide and participants were required to match the shade via visual approach to the shade guide given. All results were analysed by SPSS Ver. 24 through repeated measure ANOVA. The mean comparison of images from the shade tab investigated were summarised as: Visual Approach (2.0222) > Xiaomi Mi4i (1.1333) > Nikon DSLR (1.0889) > iPhone 6 (0.6000). They were all significantly different (p<0.05) from each other except for the mean result produced between Nikon DSLR versus Xiaomi Mi4i (p>0.05). The images produced by Nikon DSLR, Xiaomi Mi4i and iPhone 6 were less accurate when compared to the conventional visual approach of tooth shade selection. However, images produced by Xiaomi Mi4i were comparable to the images produced by the Nikon DSLR. Experimental article (J Int Dent Med Res 2021; 14(1): 99-104)


Regional disparity study is a core content of both regional economic science and government administration since the 1990s.For a long time,regional economic disparities analysis focuses on a single econmic index or a few integrated indices related to economy.Many of them reveal the driving mechanism of regional economic disparities from the aspects of nature,society and economy.However,from the view of sustainable development,regional development is a pattern that contains the coordination development of society,economy and resource and environment.With theories of sustainable development,the authors set up an assessment framework on regional development disparities research,consisting of 27 sub-indices in three categories—social improvement,economic development,and resource and environment support.Two variables are put forward i.e.comprehensive development index and coordinate development index.Finally, Jiangsu Province is taken as a case study in the assessment and analysis with the proposed framework.


Recently a variety of lattices called low density lattices codes (LDLC) have been studied because they can be decoded efficiently using belief propagation, and can be seen as a Euclidean space codes analogue to low density parity check codes (LDPC). Previous LDLC lattice designs, like Latin square, are based on high-complexity computer search to eliminate 4-cycles. Array codes have been used to construct LDPC codes efficiently. This work describes the design of LDLC based on array codes. This construction is 4-cycle free and a systematic construction of the parity check matrix. For all cases considered, the LDLC based on array codes have a better symbol error rate performance than the latin square. For example, there is a 0.5 dB gain for dimension n = 91.


There are more subjective factors and their weights can not been accurately decided in evaluation of road traffic safety. In this paper, an evaluation indexes system is advanced for the city traffic safety continual developing, which includes safety policy for road traffic, circumstance of road traffic safety, management of road traffic safety and control levels of road traffic accident. Because a traffic system is very complex, it's quite difficult to evaluate the traffic safety, we set up an evaluation system, and a judging matrix is formed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) based on numerous research works on road safety evaluation, the weights of evaluation indicators are determined by fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and then a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for regional road safety is established. Finally, the practically value of the study of the founded evaluation system and the evaluation model were proved by an example.


Dig Deep or Travel Far? Sebastian Sunday-Grève Timothy Williamson thinks that curiosity naturally leads to all sorts of enquiries including, soon enough, abstract questions of a proto-philosophical or proto-scientific sort. Here are some of his examples of such questions in the form in which they would typically be asked. What is water? What is earth? What is air? What is light? What is space? What is time? What is life? What is death? Williamson points out that initially no separation is felt between questions that are proto-scientific and ones that are proto-philosophical, and that many are actually both (for example, "What is time?"). He then turns to the question of what role common sense may play once philosophy has started. Having previously observed that "curiosity drives us to ask such questions even when we have no idea how to go about answering them (e.g., what is time?)," Williamson notes that "common sense seems a good way to stop philosophy going crazy." He rejects radical scepticism – the position that we cannot really know anything – as well as the phenomenalist view according to which all evidence can only consist of subjective appearances ("the phenomenal") Thoughts


This chapter takes a look at developing countries and confirms whether free trade is beneficial in promoting economic development. It analyzes whether countries such as Japan, Korea, and China grow rich by rejecting free trade and instead pursuing closed markets and industrial policies. The chapter addresses the issue of fairtrade and how rich-country agricultural subsidies and import tariffs harm developing countries. It also assesses how developing countries harm themselves with their own anti-trade policies. It discusses whether protectionist trade policies contributed to the East Asian growth miracle, whether labor standards should be used to address worker exploitation in sweatshops, and whether "fair trade" offers a satisfactory route to development.


This article desccribes the choice of blanking times at turn-on and turn-off for the diode-less SiC JFET inverter bridge. It is also discussed if auxiliary capacitors should be used or not and which capacitance should be used in different cases.


Compression molding process can potentially be used to make high precision glass lenses. In a lens molding process, glass raw material is heated above its transition temperature and is subsequently pressed between the two mold halves into a lens shape. Controlled cooling (annealing) of the formed lens is then carried out with the molds in a closed position in order to enable uniform cooling of the molded lens and avoid residual stresses. Lens is eventually released at a temperature close to room temperature and finally allowed to cool to the ambient temperature. If designed correctly, this process can be easily adapted for high volume production of glass lenses especially aspherical lenses, microlenses, free-form lens and diffractive optics which are difficult to produce using conventional methods. In addition, glass molding is a net shape and an environment friendly process requiring no use of coolant and does not generate any glass debris. Compared to conventional lens making process, part to part variation can be controlled at a higher precision in glass molding and by having a multiple cavity design the process can be customized for high volume lens production. Some of the technical challenges that have prevented this process from being widely industry applicable include: 1) precise form and finish of the molds, 2) lens curve conformance and shrinkage upon cooling and 3) other process issues related to mold wear, mold life and sticking of glass to the molds at molding temperatures.


The frequency of umbilical cord cysts observed in the second trimester is unknown. They are associated with chromosomal and/ or structural defects. Most cysts originating from omphalomesenteric duct remnants are located close to the fetal abdominal wall. They can be single or multiple and of variable size. We report the case of a patient who is detected by ultrasound, in the second trimester, a fetus with multiple and giants umbilical cord cysts, not associated with congenital anomalies. Evolution of pregnancy, without complications, until the end of 38 weeks. Surgical resolution of the umbilical wall defect of the newborn, immediately after his birth with satisfactory evolution.


In the setting of the transformation of our societies to become multicultural ones, we intend in this paper to examine situations in a mathematics classroom where respect for, and exclusion of, the 'diff erent' co-exist. Conducting an instrumental case study, we follow two Grade 4 groups while they are solving a mathematics generalization task. We examine how the interaction that took place between the members of the teams mirrors the two faces of the same coin (i.e. the culture of the classroom) and at the same time refl ects the change in the primary classroom that necessitates openness and genuine respect for the 'diff erent'. On the one hand, we will demonstrate the dynamic of the harmony that was apparent between the members of one of the groups since the 'diff erent' was not a barrier but a source of mathematical ideas that contributed to the solution. On the other hand, the lack of openness in the other group resulted in good opportunities for 'doing mathematics' being missed and put the self-confi dence of one of its members at risk.


Abstract 1670 Among genes that are supposed to be involved in altered molecular pathways leading to leukemogenesis, the CDKN2A/B locus is particularly noteworthy since it encodes for the INK4-class cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p15 INK4B, p16 INK4A and p14 ARF, which act as tumor suppressors. The CDKN2A/B locus has been found to be inactivated in several haeamatologic malignancies mainly due to deletion, aberrant repression or epigenetic silencing, whereas little is known about the potential role of its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in leukemia susceptibility. To investigate whether polymorphisms within this broad genomic region can correlate with increased susceptibility to haeamatologic malignancies, an association study was performed by genotyping 23 SNPs spanning the MTAP, CDKN2A/B and CDKN2BAS loci, as well as relative intergenic regions, in a case-control cohort made up of 332 samples: 149 leukemia patients, including Philadelphia positive (Ph+) ALL (n=92) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples (n=57), and 183 unrelated healthy controls. Ph+ ALL patients showed a median age of 52 years (18-78 years); 24 cases (26%) expressed the p210 oncoprotein, 62 (67%) the p190 and 6 (7%) both the proteins. AML patients showed a median age of 53 years (21-71 years) and they included FAB-M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, miscellaneous cytogenetic abnormalities and normal karyotype subtypes. 6 SNPs were selected on the basis of their previous association with several diseases, such as coronary artery disease (rs2891168, rs518394, rs564398, rs10757278), type 2 diabetes mellitus (rs564398), frailty (rs2811712). The remaining 17 SNPs were selected among those included in the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 to deepen the SNPs coverage for the examined region. Genotyping was performed using iPLEX Gold technology and MassARRAY high-throughput DNA analysis with Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego, CA). Furthermore, all leukemia samples were also previously genotyped using the GeneChip® Human Mapping 250K NspI and Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 (Affymetrix). A total of 17 SNPs, spanning the 9p genomic interval that encompasses the MTAP, CDKN2A/B and CDKN2BAS loci, were successfully genotyped and used for investigating their potential associations with the leukemia phenotypes. Five SNPs (rs1012713, rs10965179, rs34011899, rs3731232, rs3218010) with Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) 20% missing call rates, were instead excluded from the association analysis. Potential population stratification affecting the control sample was ruled out as its genotypes distribution satisfies the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium criterion. Among the 17 SNPs, rs564398, mapping to the CDKN2BAS locus that encodes for ANRIL antisense non-coding RNA, showed a statistically significant correlation with the ALL phenotype, with a risk pattern that was compatible with an overdominant model of disease susceptibility and an Odd Ratio (OR) of 2 (95% CI, 1.20 to 3.33; p= 7.1 × 10-3). Since a co-ordinated regulation of ANRIL and p14/ARF, p16/CDKN2A, p15/CDKN2B transcription has been already observed in both physiologic and pathologic conditions, we hypothesized that rs564398 association reflects a condition of high linkage disequilibrium between such polymorphism and a causative variant that is able to alter CDKN2A/B expression profiles by changing ANRIL dosage, thus leading to abnormal proliferative boosts and consequent increased ALL susceptibility. Supported by European LeukemiaNet, AIL, AIRC, FIRB 2006, PRIN 2008, Ateneo RFO grants, Project of integrated program (PIO), Programma di Ricerca Regione – Universita 2007 – 2009. Disclosures: Baccarani:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria. Martinelli:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy.


Recent approval of Provenge (Sipuleucel-T, Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, WA) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stimulated a new wave of interest in prostate cancer immunotherapy. Sipuleucel-T is an autologous peripheral blood product (APC8015) comprised of partially purified antigen-presenting cells (including monocytes, dendtritic cells, B cells and T cells) loaded in vitro with a recombinant fusion protein PA2024, human prostatic acid phosphatase (hPAP) linked to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatory factor (GM-CSF) (Small et al., 2000). The conceptual development of this therapy was derived from the fundamental achievements in several different areas of life science in the past several decades. First, the discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) has led to the exploration of these cells as vaccines for cancer immunotherapy (Steinman & Cohn, 1973). Second, the pioneer studies in melanoma indicated that lineage-specific "self" differentiation antigens can be recognized by the immune system, and could be the targets for the immunotherapy (van der Bruggen et al., 2002). Finally, the technological advances in the blood products manufacturing as well as a satisfactory safety record of other cell-based therapies provided an opportunity for the smooth transition of the basic research ideas into the clinical science (ADIS R&D profile, 2006). However, the road to the approval of the first immunological therapy product was not straightforward. Significant difficulties and controversies surrounded all steps from the initial characterization of the immunogenic properties of hPAP to clinical trials and final regulatory approval of Provenge for the use in patients with asymptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).


We study the shape of eight dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters observed with the Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Using strong and weak gravitational lensing, the shape of the Brightest Cluster Galaxy and the X-ray isophote we study the ellipticity of the cluster halo at four different radii. We find that the proxies probing the inner regions of the cluster are strongly coupled with the BCG shape correlated with both the shape predicted by strong gravitational lensing and the X-ray isophote. Conversely we find no such correlation between the shape as predicted by the weak lensing and the other three probes suggesting any coupling between the inner and outer regions is weak. We also present in this paper the public release of the HST weak lensing shape measurement code pyRRG, directly available from PyPi (this https URL). This python3.7 code, based on Rhodes et al. (2000) adopts an automated star-galaxy classifier based on a Random Forest and outputs scientifically useful products such as weak lensing catalogues suitable for the mass mapping algorithm Lenstool.


The article used Minimization of K-L Information in the Hypothesis Testing,the convergent problems for the error probabilities of likelihood ratio were deeply discussed. The results show that for the error probabilities of likelihood ratio is power series convergent under the Minimization of K-L Information.


The article provides an overview of cases of stiffness, leading to inadequate results of mathematical models of mechanics. An attempt is made to generalize look at this phenomenon for body dynamics, and for the continuum mechanics. Proposed wording of display of stiffness properties of the mechanical systems, the primary cause of unstable solutions and makes recommendations for the development of sustainable calculation metods.


The Hague Protocol considers three parental characteristics of Emergency Department adult patients to identify child abuse: (a) domestic violence, (b) intoxication, and (c) suicide attempt or auto mutilation. This study investigated whether additional parental characteristics could be included to improve the chance of detection. Using a nested case–control design, we compared parents identified as child abusers who were missed by the Protocol with a matched group of nonabusing parents. The parental characteristics used were, among others, all physical injuries possibly resulting from domestic violence, psychological, or mental complaints that might indicate elevated domestic stress levels and the number of Emergency Department visits during the previous year. None of the characteristics were statistically significantly associated with child abuse. The Hague Protocol will not be improved by adding one or more of the characteristics that were investigated.


Disclosed are a method of manufacturing composite material, and an electronic device. A housing forms the appearance of the electronic device. A method of manufacturing the housing includes selecting at least one fiber substrate for securing rigidity and at least one fiber substrate for securing ductility, determining quantity and stacking sequence of the selected fiber substrates, and laminating and attaching the fiber substrates according to the determined quantity and stacking sequence.


Feature selection is a key problem of matching 2D polygonal arcs. The optimal feature sets should have the attribute of geometry and topology. In this paper, we focus on polygonal arcs junction that is two line segments that meet at a single point. We present junctions of polygonal arcs as feature sets; the benefits of using this feature sets include attribute of geometry and structure of topology of polygonal arcs. The number of features used in the matching must be reducing to a minimum without losing geometric information useful for 2D reconstruction. 2D polygonal arcs are represented by the feature sets. This representation is invariant to translation and rotation transformation. The 2D polygonal arcs matching task is reduce into a 1 D string matching problem. The trivial matching algorithm is proposed and use to matching of nonoccluded and occluded 2D polygonal arcs. Experiments with different classes polygonal arcs show that the matching algorithm is efficiency and is robust to digitization errors and noise effects. And can perform well when simple closed curves represented by polygonal arcs.


Traffic management measures aim for improvement of passive and active safety and reduction of congestion and emissions. Therefore knowledge on road vehicle behavior and traffic flows is required. In this paper we present a system that monitors road traffic using cameras alongside the road. The system is able to classify and track vehicles over 100 meters using a single camera with high accuracy on different types of roads in different types of weather. By combining multiple cameras individual vehicles are tracked over more than one kilometer. From the trajectories information about individual vehicles, vehicle interactions and traffic flow is extracted. This data can then be used for traffic management research questions. The ambition for the future is to optimize the system for real-time usage in cooperative driving application, incident detection, real-time traffic information, active safety applications and infra-to-vehicle communication.


At presence in bagenovsky horizon of the abnormal pressure there is a problem of forecasting while drilling the roof of formation with purpose of prevention of the ejections and open fountains.


Failure of brain cancer patients to respond to traditional doses of small molecule inhibitors necessitates a change in the treatment paradigm. We hypothesize that alternate high-dose pulsatile regimens would effectively target brain tumors in such patients. Here, we present the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of high-dose erlotinib in patients with primary glioma or metastatic NSCLC patients. Among the five patients examined, erlotinib concentrations reached up to 131nM in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), when high-dose erlotinib was administered at 600 to 1200 mg every four to six days. Additionally, CSF drug clearance was decreased, with an increased dosing regimen in one of the patients. In one patient, the area under the curve (AUC) estimations increased by 24% for the CSF, but only 2% increase for the plasma, following an increase in dose from 150 mg to 600 mg of erlotinib. Importantly, increasing CSF concentrations of erlotinib directly correlated with effects on kinase activity in tumor cells from the CSF. Thus, our data indicate that high-dose pulsatile erlotinib improves its CSF pharmacokinetics; moreover, this regimen is associated with a corresponding pharmacodynamic effect on tumors. Our approach may overcome the blood-brain barrier, and prove transformative for the treatment of patients with primary and metastatic brain cancers.


Rubber plants have a very important role for the Indonesian economy. Indonesia has a great opportunity to become a major rubber producer because it has very sufficient potential resources to increase production, both through expansion and replanting of plants with superior clones. South Sumatra Province is one of the largest rubber producers in Indonesia. Many farmers want to get the best rubber plants.The problem faced is how to choose the quality of the type of clone or the best rubber plant seeds. With a decision support system in analyzing the quality data of clone types or rubber plant seeds, one of them is by applying the MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis) method which is expected to produce the best prediction of the quality rank of clones. MOORA calculation method will be implemented in a web using MySQL.


The present article, with emphasis on the descriptive-analytic method, is a description of the thoughts of the scholars of the two scientific, westernist and the Philosophy oriented currents، In Iran after the 1979 revolution. The Iranian revolution in the space of modernity as a paradigm dominating the world occred in 1979. During the revolution and afterwards many crises were created in the Iranian society and the new political system. In the wake of the crises, numerous religious and non-religious groups consisting of clerics, intellectuals and academics sought to eliminate them. Each of these groups proposed a solution to these crises according to their intellectual base and community space or various intellectual and philosophical tendencies. Some of these groups saw their solution in embracing scientificism and adherence to it, some embraced Western models, modernity, and harmony with the West, others saw the solution in following traditionalism and distance from the West and the rationality of the new world, And some have considered solutions to managing society based on the Islamic model. Following will explain the thoughts of the thinkers of the two major streams of thought from these currents.


Abstract This essay illuminates the worldwide transition to free labor from various forms of unfree labor by examining that process in the particular conditions of Southern Africa's encounter with Britain. Dr. David Livingstone's servants—whose descendants in Malawi have been called "Magololo," 1 a term used throughout this essay to distinguish them from the "Kololo" conquerors of Bulozi in contemporary Zambia and parts of Namibia—exemplify this global development. Between 1853 and 1861, over a hundred young Magololo men worked as porters, deckhands, and guides and showed Livingstone the very places in southern Africa whose "discovery" (for Britons) made Livingstone famous. Owing tribute labor to their king, Sekeletu, they initially performed these tasks as subjects. But, after Livingstone's return from England in 1858, they labored for wages; they were among the first groups of Africans in the region to make the emblematic modern move from formally unfree labor to formally free labor. This transition, which would form the core conflict of indirect rule in British Africa, radically altered Livingstone's relationship with his guides: They rebelled against him in 1861. This is one side of the story. The other side follows from the fact that one cannot sensibly speak about workers without the story of their employers. Accordingly, this essay revisits the well-known story of Livingstone's life but offers a different perspective than other biographies. It is the first study to combine the long-familiar documentary evidence with oral sources, for the specific purpose of retelling the Livingstone narrative (in its many renderings) from the viewpoint of his relations with the Magololo workers. In that way, it can shed light on the beginnings of the transition to wage labor in this region.


LOCAL PROBLEM Pain, fatigue, and subsequent reduction of quality of life following orthopedic surgical procedures are well-documented and may have a negative impact on an individual's rehabilitation effort. Therefore, adequate treatment of post-operative pain and fatigue is important. While standard of care, opioid monotherapy has potential for over-use or abuse, contributing to the ongoing opioid crisis. Vitamin C requirements in surgical patients are increased as a result of oxidative stress. Studies have reported potential benefit in pain and fatigue reduction due to the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of vitamin C.


Sakoda and Sipser [Sa78] introduced a technique for constructing certain regular languages over a large alphabet and used these languages as candidates for proving lower bounds on the size increase when converting a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) to a deterministic one (DFA). The purpose of this note is to show that their method is quite useful in solving several problems in the theory of regular languages. In view of its intuitive appeal, we recommend it as a pedagogic aid for presenting lower bound proofs.


Results of ground and flight tests carried out at 109 MHz to study the vertical plane radiation patterns of standard VOR and double parasitic loop counterpoise antennas above ground are discussed. The ground tests consist of the measurement of the fields produced in the quasi-radiation zone of the test antenna The flight tests consist of measuring the far field with the help of an aircraft flying at a constant altitude along chosen radial paths to and from the test antenna. The reduced test results are compared with available theoretical values.


Abstract In the paper [Sur la premiére dérivée, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 2 (1940), 17-23], Z. Zahorski designed a way of constructing the real semicontinuous functions. Throughout the present paper, it is shown that a modification of Zahorski's approach is usefull for approximation of a Baire one function by a Darboux Baire one function.


Water management - institutions and technology water management - environmental considerations water use and wastewater generation the availability of water water quanitity water quality hydrology and water management surface-water supplies reservoirs groundwater conveying and distributing water types of aqueducts hydraulic considerations design considerations distribution systems pumping wastewater and stormwater systems design of sanitary sewers design of storm drainage systems water quality microbiological quality chemical quality of drinking water quality criteria for surface waters selected pollution parameters systems for treating wastewater and water wastewater treatment systems water treatment systems physical treatment processes flow-measuring devices screening devices hydraulic characteristics of reactors mixing and flocculation sedimentation filtration chemical treatment processes chemical considerations water softening iron and manganese removal chemical disinfection and by-product formations disinfection of potable water disinfection of wastewater taste and odour fluoridation corrosion and corrosion control reduction and dissolved salts nitrate removal volatile organic chemical removal synthetic organic chemical removal biological treatment processes biological considerations characteristics of wastewater trickling (biological) filters rotating biological contractors activated sludge stabilization ponds odour control individual on-site wastewater disposal marine wastewater disposal processing of sludges sources, characteristics, and quantities of waste sludges arrangement of unit processes in sludge disposal gravity thickening flotation thickening biological sludge digestion vacuum filtration pressure filtration centrifugation recovery of chemicals ultimate disposal advanced wastewater treatment processes limitations of secondary treatment selection of advanced wastewater treatment processes suspended-solids removal carbon adsorption phosphorous removal nitrogen removal wastewater reclamation water-quality models.


Abstract : This thesis presents applications for three-dimensional displays of clouds and conventional meteorological observations. Several views of a well developed squall line over the Gulf of Mexico on 9 April 1984 are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of an improved three dimensional displays process. The squall line is analyzed using enhanced GOES infrared imagery, space shuttle photography, and three dimensional cloud scenes to demonstrate the capability of the three dimensional software to highlight the vertical structure of clouds. Also, a procedure to incorporate displays of atmospheric thermodynamic variables into the three dimensional cloud displays has been developed. The surfaces added to the cloud displays include: constant height levels, constant pressure levels, and levels of constant potential temperature. These surfaces illustrate the usefulness of the display technique for the analyzing the three dimensional structure of the atmosphere. Additionally, a technique has been developed to use lifting condensation levels as a first guess for the base heights of the clouds. Cloud bases determined from lifting condensation levels represent a more realistic approach of determining cloud base topography than the previous method of using a single flat base for all the clouds in the three dimensional display. Detailed appendices are included to demonstrate the software used and development in the this thesis.


A prototype FFT processor IC that reduces linearity requirements of analog-to-digital converters in broadband orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) receivers is presented. The processor is based on a time-interleaving bank of sample-and-holds and a discrete- time analog multiplication based FFT. The circuit design of the prototype IC is presented and measurement results from the 0.13 mum test chip are shown. The FFT length-8 prototype successfully demodulates a complex OFDM signal at 1 GSps while drawing 25 milliwatts of power from a 1.2 Volt supply and achieving an error vector magnitude of 2.8%.


Objective To investigate effectiveness of surgical treatment and reconstruction of tissue defects of skin cancers in the head and neck region.Methods 16 patients with skin malignancies in the head and neck region,including 12 basal cell carcinomas and 4 squamous cell carcinoma,were treated with Mohs′micrographic surgery and common surgery.According to the individual characteristics,tissue defects were repaired with primary closure in 6 cases,local skin flap in 9 cases,and auricular composite graft in 1 case.Results 16 patients were followed up for 1 to 6 years.1 case of basal cell carcinoma,which had recurrence in the nasal dorsum 5 months later,received radical resection and skin flap reconstruction again.No recurrence was found in the other cases.All patients survived well.Functional and aesthetic results were satisfactory.Conclusion The key point of prognosis for skin malignancies in the head and neck region is that the should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.Satisfactory functional and aesthetic results can be obtained with suitable surgical treatments and reconstruction techniques for most patients.


Primary school children are included in the vulnerable group because they are still in a growth and development phase. In Indonesia, many accidents involve children due to their lack of knowledge, excessive energy, and high curiosity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the application of safety values in formal education material, in order to evaluate how adequate the current teaching materials in encouraging children to practice safety culture.Petompon 2, one of the primary school used in this study, showed that 60% subjects in grade 1 contain application of safety values, and subjects from grade 2 to 6 showed that 14.3%, 90%, 100%, 87.5%, and 50% subjects, consecutively, already contain safety education.The solutions offered are improving teacher's capacity in learning process and integrating the safety values into education subjects, such as: in sport education, natural science, social science, citizenship education, Islamic religion, mathematics, and Indonesian language. Other methods available are integrating safety values into extracurricular activities and introducing educative game on safety values to primary school students.


The children's influenza vaccine is unlikely to trigger an allergic reaction in individuals with egg allergy and is appropriate for 2-16 year olds with well controlled asthma or recurrent wheeze.


The South African Constitution's Bill of Rights provides children the right to care and protection, yet thousands of children experience abuse daily (physical/sexual and psychological) (1). Not much is known about child homicides in South Africa. Only one South African study using data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) for four urban areas among 0-14 year olds report homicide rates following similar patterns to global rates, with the highest rate among young male children aged 0-4 years (2). Of significance, studies from high income countries indicate that a substantial proportion of child homicides are due to child abuse and neglect, including physical and sexual abuse as well as neglect and negligent behaviour (3). Generally younger children are most at risk of fatal child abuse and neglect due to their dependence on carers and inability to protect themselves (4-6). The Gender & Health Research Unit of the South African Medical Research Council has completed a national study of child homicides in 2009 and this research brief summarises its findings on the magnitude of child homicide and deaths related to child abuse and neglect. Study methods The study was a national retrospective mortuary based survey, collecting data on both male and female child homicides for 2009. All operating mortuaries were stratified based on number of post mortem's performed for 2009. A random sample was drawn using proportional allocation from three strata: small mortuaries <500 , medium 500-1499, large ≥ 1500 post mortem's for 2009. Based on this weights were calculated to allow national estimates for the number of child homicides. In all 38 mortuaries was included.


The lease contract is important because the people need in their life.
The limits of discretion allowed to the tenant in the rented item and situations that require the tenant to ensure the rented item and the transfer by the tenant to ensure that by are important of know. In addition, the amount of the guarantee on offense is also of importance.
The researcher the ruling by a tenant spoke of the obligations of the tenant to the rented item and spoke about the use of the leased premises in such a tenant of the damage. Then, talked about the warranty when leasing tenant rented the rented item and the loan the rented item. Also, he deal with the amount of wages and guaranteed by the value of the rented item when violated.
One of the key findings is that security must be custom case when violating the launch of the Decade for the right tenant lease tenant loan and what the lessor did not stop him from it. The tenant must pay the fare and freight, such as so-called excess benefit when the increase in the use of the type of benefit got agreed upon. Furthermore, he must pay wages such as the use of the lessee when the reverse benefit agreed to the benefit of different type is more harmful ones.


Low-head dams, a.k.a. "killer dams" or "drowning machines," often present a safety hazard to the public because of their ability to trap victims in a submerged hydraulic jump formed just downstream from the dam. Most of these dams, normally producing vertical water surface drops ranging from one to a dozen feet, have been constructed across rivers and streams to raise the water level for the purpose of improving municipal and industrial water supplies, producing hydropower, and diverting irrigation water. Hundreds were built in the 1800s to power gristmills and small industries. Many have fallen into disrepair or been abandoned, posing dangerous conditions to the public. Kayakers, canoers, rafters, swimmers, and other water users are often unaware of the existence of hazards at low-head dams, and sometimes end up getting trapped and drowning in the strong recirculating currents. Although hundreds have been killed over the last four decades, few states regulate these dangerous structures because of their small heights. Moreover, state dam safety regulations focus primarily on structural integrity and prevention of failure, but they do not generally consider public safety issues at or around dams. A recent study of accidents at these dams over the last four decades reflects a sobering reality of the problem from a national hazard perspective. The hydraulic action below low-head dams is reviewed to show how it creates a water hazard, threatening public safety. Structural and non-structural measures to reduce drownings are examined and a drowning case study is presented that the authors have investigated.


A scan lens for a laser printer system consists of an F-θ lens and a scanning element, typically a polygon mirror. Due to mechanical wobble and facet-to-facet misalignment, a polygon mirror tends to steer the focused beam out of the intended scan line and therefore requires some form of optical compensation. The most common method1 makes use of anamorphic optical elements. Traditionally, lenses based on this approach contain either a toroidal surface or a reflective cylindrical field lens, both of which are relatively expensive. It is possible to use a diffractive surface to replace the need for either of these surface types. Non-toroidal hybrid scan lenses have been discussed previously2,3. These designs were limited to rotationally-symmetric geometries and therefore could not be used with polygon mirrors. This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype diffractive scan lens for a 600 dpi laser printer system.


Dish/Stirling technology has demonstrated the highest conversion efficiencies of all solar thermal conversion systems. At the DLR a second generation sodium heat pipe receiver for the Schlaich Bergermann und Partner (SBP) 9-kW{sub e} dish/Stirling system has been developed and constructed. Long-term operation occurred from Oct. 1992 until Aug. 1993 at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA) in Spain, accumulating 950 operating hours. The performance of the SBP 9-kW{sub e} system with a sodium heat pipe receiver is evaluated according to the guidelines for dish/Stirling performance evaluation by Stine and Powel, as proposed to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Tests were stopped due to a leak in the receiver absorber surface. The analysis of this damage is reported.


The present paper is a probe into the similarities and differences between English and Chinese parodical devices in terms of their generative mechanisms,communicative purposes and application priorities.Exploring the linguistic causations for such similarities and differences,it argues that,as far as the generative mechanisms and communicative purposes are concerned,they are more similar to than different from each other,and that their differences in application priorities are chiefly attributed to their distinctive features that mark English as a phonographical and Chinese an ideographical language respectively.It concludes that an understanding of the features of English and Chinese parodies and their linguistic causations proves important to the translation of parodies between the two languages.


Background. One lung ventilation (OLV) has become a standard procedure for the vast majority of interventions in pulmonary surgery. The most commonly used are left sided double-lumen tubes (DLTs) which are placed into the left main bronchus and the right or left lung can be isolated. The aim of our study was to compare DLTs with and without a hook. Materials and methods. Fifty-four patients undergoing lung resection were included in the randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. Recruited patients were randomly allocated to each group (hook/without hook). Demographic data, procedural data, type of tube used, and difficult intubation criteria were recorded. Complications, according to intubation and position of the tube, were also recorded. After the operation, we aske patients about a sore throat, hoarseness, haemoptysis and their satisfaction with the procedure. Results. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between groups. Time to place DLT was shorter in the group without a hook (47.7±45.5 vs 15.8±15.1s; P=0.01). The incidence of adequate positioning at the first attempt was higher in the group with a hook and the repositioning rate was higher in the group without a hook (22.22 vs 59.25%; P=0.004). Patients in both groups suffered similar incidences of hoarseness, sore throat or postoperative haemoptysis (5/5/1 vs 3/3/0; P = 0.44). Patient satisfaction was higher in the group without a hook (31.85% vs 34.81%;0.03). Conclusion. The study showed the advantage of DLTs without a hook in comparison with DLTs with a hook. In our institution we decided to use DLTs without a hook, with fiberoptic control.


This paper proposes a novel 3D mesh segmentation algorithm. The idea is to transform the mesh segmentation as a spectral graph partition problem. The nodes of the graph represent faces in the mesh, the weights on the edges connecting nodes represent the similarities between faces. We then exact some geometric features for each face in the mesh to build weighted matrix. By performing multi-way spectral cut of the graph, we can find an optimal segmentation for the input mesh and apply the graph cut method to refine the boundaries between the segments. Finally we evaluate our approach on the Princeton shape benchmark and compare to other existing segmentation algorithm.


Normal universities are "machine tools" for training the teachers of primary and secondary schools.Thus the quality of teachers from normal universities has an direct influence on that of primary and secondary schools' teachers.The paper has analysed several approaches to achieving the professional development for math teachers of normal universities from aspects of professional ethics,continuing education,teaching practice,cooperation and communication,and scientific evaluation,so it is very significant for improving the educational quality of normal universities.


The energy release rates of different crack paths at interfaces were estimated by using virtual crack closure technique(VTTC).An energy criterion based on the energy release rates was used to study the crack deflection of ceramic matrix composites.Meanwhile,and the effects of elastic mismatch parameters α and β,the crack growth length a and the relative crack growth length ad/ap on the crack deflection were analyzed.The VCCT results were compared with those obtained by integration method.The results show that,VCCT can accurately calculate the energy release rates of crack growth,providing a reference for study of failure mechanism of ceramic matrix composites.


This paper discusses the use of integrated monitoring of the territorial technosphere to collect primary environmental information for the work of the system of environmental and economic accounting and maintenance of the system of national accounts. An information-measuring system is given, which includes this subsystem and collects this information. It was proposed to integrate environmental factors of the territorial technosphere objects into environmental-economic groups depending on the similarity of the technological processes used at the territorial technosphere objects, production equipment, raw materials and materials, taking into account the standards for the cost of their environmental impact.


The dual role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in global atmospheric change, and the related feedbacks between ozone-layer depletion and greenhouse warming, reflect the complexity of climate-change issues. Science instruction that targets such issues can make a vital contribution to global scientific literacy from an Earth-systems perspective. This study focused on global atmospheric change instruction for eighth-grade students. Pre-instructional interviews revealed that over 60 percent of students had little to no understanding of CFCs; about 30 percent connected them to ozone-layer destruction, and a few had misconceptions about the ozone hole heating up earth. An analysis of students' post-instructional concept maps suggested that knowledge about CFCs was limited to their role in ozone-layer depletion. Post-instructional interview transcripts corroborated these findings and revealed further that about 30 percent held the misconception that CFCs cause global warming by depleting the ozone layer and letting...


The central management platforms in traditional crowd-sourced software testing networks are easy to become the target of attack by the enemies, and when the central management platform is attacked, it is easy to cause a single point of failure and bring the whole system down. In addition, when selecting software testing engineers for crowd-sourcing software testing tasks, most mechanisms select engineers based on their credits. This approach is too one-sided and fails to achieve fine-grained engineer selection. In order to solve above problems, we have proposed a non-interactive and fine-grained crowd-sourcing software testing engineer selection mechanism. In our mechanism, the task publisher can select engineers according to their attributes. Next, we have given an implementation of our non-interactive software testing engineer selection mechanism by applying QAP. The privacy of task publisher and engineers is protected. The security proof is also given. Simulation results show that our mechanism is feasible.


This paper introduces monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale into a monetary real business cycle (RBC) model to re-estimate the welfare costs of inflation. We first calibrate the model and show that it is capable of generating the observed aggregate fluctuations even when there are no shocks to the fundamentals. In particular, we demonstrate that this model matches the stylized U.S. business cycles facts as well as two more standard models. Then, we find that in this model the scale parameters and the intensity of competition significantly affect the welfare cost of inflation. Specifically, the cost is considerably higher than that in a standard RBC model with competitive markets and constant returns. Moreover, the stronger the increasing returns and the less intense the competition, the higher the welfare cost. These results are confirmed in a number of model specifications.


Giuseppe Cerboni (1827-1917) in 1861 stated as an accountant with his report on the military condition of Tuscany, proposing a model of "returns of accounts", arousing particular interest and broad consensus. Years of study and experience led him to the development of new accounting concepts, that he transposed in a succession of works among which "Accounting Science" and "Double Entry synoptic." This system of accounts, for which Tommaseo suggested the name Logismografia, consisted in keeping two sets of parallel scriptures which considered each transaction in two different ways, in one was reported the prediction of the annual budget, in the other the relationship with inventory sheet.


In his well-known The Trojan Discourse, Dio of Prusa disproves the Homeric version of the Trojan War, not as a formal accusation against Homer, but rather to show the poet's audacity. In the Second Sophistic period, in which the Muse is not anymore the authority for the narrative voice and Homer has started being a target of criticism; in which literary fiction has been brought up to the table and the metaliterary discourse is common currency; Dio tries hard to defend the poet, whom he admires unconditionally, although he also discredits him as a historian. The reason is that retrieving the Trojan account for use by a new society requires undermining the authority of poetry and establishing prose as the new bearer of truth.


This paper presents a new design method for ultra-wide stopband waveguide low pass filter based on asymmetric inductance unit structure. Firstly, the initial design of the filter can be completed quickly through the inductive unit and capacitor unit circuit simulation and the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation. Secondly, through the analysis of the field distribution of the typical resonance frequency of the filter parasitic passband, it is determined that the high-frequency parasitic oscillation of the filter inductance unit is the main reason for the deterioration of the filter stopband. Therefore, based on the design idea of the asymmetric inductance unit structure, the staggered distribution characteristics of the out-of-band resonance frequency points of the filter are optimized, and the structure design of the X-band wide stopband waveguide low-pass filter is realized. Simulation and measurement results show that the filter has a passband frequency response of 9.7~11GHz, and the stopband frequency range of 11.8GHz~43GHz achieves the suppression greater than 50dB.


FIELD: control devices. SUBSTANCE: system (1) comprises wireless on-board diagnostics device (OBD) (20), plurality of inspection computers (30) that wirelessly communicate with wireless OBD (20) and are provided for each corresponding inspection step, and barcode reader (40) which may be provided in inspection computer (30), recognises a barcode of vehicle (10) and transmits information about vehicle (10), on which the inspection may be performed, to inspection computers (30). Method for controlling an inspection system for a vehicle is also provided. EFFECT: enabling inspection of operation of electronic components. 11 cl, 2 dwg


In article the analysis of economic safety of the construction enterprises for a technique of an assessment of possibility of raider capture is carried out. The corresponding integrated indicator is calculated.


Carbon brushes for starters are used under severe conditions of high electric current density, high contact pressure and high sliding velocity. Lead has traditionally been added to carbon brushes to improve their performance and durability. Because lead is an environmentally hazardous substance, after January 2005 the EU will prohibit adding lead to carbon brushes for electric motors installed in vehicles. The purpose of our current study is to develop materials of lead-free carbon brushes for starters. Analyzing the effects of adding lead has shown that lead inhibits the brush resistance from increasing under high temperatures, or a combination of both high temperature and high humidity. This is because corrosion of lead precedes that of copper, which is one of the materials comprising the brush, and this prevents the copper from corroding. Moreover, lead functions as a solid lubricant and reduces brush wear. We developed the leadfree brush material, by adding soft metallic substances that corrode prior to copper and are also oxidation-resistant, as well as possessing low hardness and solid lubricant properties. The developed lead-free brush surpasses the conventional lead-added brush in durability and permanence. key words: carbon brush, lead free, starter, wear, corrosion


The construction of computer models of two-dimensional random surfaces and their application to the study of ejections of these surfaces are considered in the work. Conducted computer experiments demonstrate the appearance of ejections on the example of sea waves.


The expansion of smart grids and increased participation of energy management programs have to deal with the large amount of data transferring, processing, and storage. Large amount of data increases the cost of communication and possibly data loss. Updating the communication protocols to accommodate the increased memory size and computational processing incurs additional expenditure for implementation. This paper developed a Quantized Gradient Multiplier (QGM) based energy management algorithm with limited data communication. This method is studied on IEEE 13-bus and 15-bus network. The simulation results are compared with the Lagrangian Multiplier method and show that the QGM based energy management performs better with the reduced energy data set. Thereby, the suggested method benefits to the load aggregators in a real-time energy market operation with limited energy data communication.


Ella Ilir administratively located in Melawi Regency, West Kalimantan. Regional geology of Ella Ilir area is composed of metamorphic rocks in Triassic–Carboniferous age which are intruded by Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic rocks. Radioactive minerals occurences in the area are indicated by magnetite veins radioactivities on Triassic to Carboniferous metamorphic rocks whose values range from 1,000 c/s to 15,000 c/s. Goal of the study is to determine the type of ore mineral deposits and to identify the presence of radioactive mineral in magnetite veins in Ella Ilir area. The methods used are geological mapping, radioactivity measurements, analysis on uranium grades, and mineragraphy analysis of severe magnetite veins samples. Lithologies of the study area are composed by biotite quartzite, metatuff, metasilt, metapellite, biotite granite, and ryolite. The east-west sinistral fault and the north-south dextral fault are the developed fault structures in this area. Mineral composition of magnetite veins are consists of iron ore, sulfide, and radioactive minerals. Iron ore mineral consists of magnetite, hematit, and goetite. Sulfide minerals consist of pyrite, pirhotite, and molybdenite, while radioactive minerals consist of uraninite and gummite. The occurences of magnetite veins are controlled by lithology and geological structures. The magnetite veins in metasilt are thick (1.5–5 m), filled the fractures in the fault zone. Meanwhile, the magnetite veins in metapellite are thinner (milimetric–centimetric), filled the fractures that are parallel to the schistocity. The ore deposits in the study area are iron ore deposits or magnetite ore deposits formed by magmatic hydrothermal processes.


NLM's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a very large ontology of biomedical and health data. In order to be used effectively for knowledge processing, it needs to be customized to a specific domain. In this paper, we present techniques to automatically discover domain-specific concepts, discover relationships between these concepts, build a context map from these relationships, link these domain concepts with the best- matching concept identifiers in UMLS using our context map and UMLS concept trees, and finally assign categories to the discovered relationships. This specific domain ontology of terms and relationships using evidential information can serve as a basis for applications in analysis, reasoning and discovery of new relationships. We have automatically built an ontology for the Nuclear Cardiology domain as a testbed for our techniques.


The publication introduces into scientific circulation the report of the Kuznetsk Coal and Metallurgical Joint-Stock Company, sent to the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR on May 18, 1918, as well as the note attached to it on the activities of the Company on the territory of the Kuznetsk coal basin in 1912–1917. On the eve of the First World War, the company began to develop coal in the Altai mining district. By the beginning of the revolutionary events, the Society managed to outline the prospects for creating a huge complex of coal and metallurgical production, which included smelting of the iron ores of the Telbes mine on the coking coals of the Kolchuginsky and Kemerovo mines. The Company actively carried out the construction of railways to solve these problems. The Board of the Company did not stop its work even after the October Revolution. In the spring of 1918, after the German occupation of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog coal and metallurgical region, which dominated Russia, the activities of the Company turned out to be in demand by the state. It was not nationalized and even received government loans in 1918 to continue its activities. In the conditions of the industrial crisis, the Soviet government considered projects for the reorganization of the territorial distribution of productive forces in the Asian part of Russia similar to the plans of the Society. By the end of the 1920s, these projects evolved into the Ural-Kuzbass project. Publishing document is of interest to specialists in the history of business, the Soviet and late imperial economy, and the civil war as well.


This study aimed the qualitative and quantitative determination of the diatom community, and for this it was necessary to identify and monitor the diatom flora of the Bârzava river. Further processing, targeted specific abundance and genres, as well as synthetic assessment of their saprobic preferences. Following determinations resulted 89 species divided into 25 genres. The richest in species, is the Cymbella genre, followed by Navicula and Achnanthes.


Abstract:Tree Elven, the founder of the website ADDS (addvertising.org), talks about how to achieve advertising literacy through edutainment, i.e., learning tools that involve interactive discussion and entertainment formats, such as games. During the interview, many topics were covered: Elven's career as a journalist; advertisers' changing tactics as media have become more digital; the opportunities and dangers of digital advertising; the ADDS website; the importance of having open and nuanced discussions about advertising; what people can learn by looking at advertisements from around the world; notable ads on the ADDS site; how to use the site for teaching; practitioners' responses to the ADDS site; the site's focus on controversial and taboo topics; advertising's role in society and culture; the need for advertisers and marketers to be cautious when representing cultural, social, and political issues; and advice for advertisers and marketers to be more human-centered going into the future.


The paper is devoted to the influence of standard treatment of patients with post-traumatic osteoarthtosis of hip joints at the first stage of pathology development. Efficiency of the standard treatment during the pathological processes in hip joints was shown to be low.


Alternating current in flux tubes is one of the possible contributors to the heating of the solar corona. The mechanism of the generation of alternating currents in flux tubes by turbulent pressure fluctuations in convective zone is proposed. The thin-flux-tube approximation shows, that the linear and weakly nonlinear torsional waves in twisted flux tube, are accompanied by tube cross section fluctuations. Consequently, external pressure fluctuations generate not only slow MHD waves but torsional waves as well. The torsional waves are nothing else than alternating current.


Methodical support of modeling of determinants of state institutional regulation of open economy is offered, which is directed on compositional regulation of processes in macroeconomic environment taking into account permanent turbulence, influence of risks and supercomplex, multilateral and multilevel interdependencies of processes of globalization and state regulation. Modeling the determinants of state institutional regulation of the open economy provides methodological support for the system of strategic development of the national economy. The main determinant that will promote socio-economic growth in the macroeconomic environment is concentrated in the flexibility of inflation targeting, i.e. deviation of inflation from the set parameters and this phenomenon will not prevent its return to the parametric range on a balanced horizon of macroeconomic policy of state institutions of the country. It is proved that a significant direction of global shifts is the change of power systems, models and mechanisms that ensure the formation of modern adequate organizational and functional structures of state institutional regulation, to identify which no stable and dominant definitions have been found.


Aims: The Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) takes responsibility and leadership in the Bicol region's agriculture and allied technological sciences field. This study determined the possibility of offering short-term courses in Organic Agriculture at the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture.
Study Design: Descriptive design was used in the study.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines, for six months in 2019.
Methodology: A survey questionnaire was used to determine the demographic profile, motivations, reasons, and learning areas of interest among prospective enrollees on short-term courses in organic agriculture. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling, including 30 SHS teachers, 58 School Administrators, and 91 home gardeners. The data were tabulated through frequency count and percentage.
Results: Results revealed that most prospective enrollees are from the old age bracket (42.25%), interested in home gardening (50.84%), want to learn about basic competencies of organic agriculture (29.05%), and earn a National Certificate for teaching purposes (25.69%). Their main reasons if they are to enroll in the program was health or personal well-being (22.91%). Most respondents wanted to learn about crop and animal production (44.69%) among the learning areas in organic agriculture.
Conclusion: This study indicates that short-term courses in organic agriculture have the possibility to be offered at the University.


m order to understand the difficulties experienced by the Belgian agricultural industry, it should be noted that it is composed principally of very small enterprises. The area of agricultural land under cultivation is 1,740,000 hectares and the number of agricultural enterprises is 252,000 units. The average area under cultivation is 6.8 hectares (17 acres). Holdings of less than 10 hectares represent 82 per cent of the total number of units and 46 per cent of the land under cultivation. The average area of holdings is the smallest in Western Europe. There are 412,000 people employed in agriculture and 1,100,000 Belgians draw their livelihood directly from "t0 The enterprises are almost entirely of the family type: most of them are cultivated by the farmer and the members of his family. Only one-tenth of the labour force are wage earners.


An exploratory descriptive research was carried out with an aim to determine the knowledge, perspective & factors influencing on initiation of CPR among the clinical nurses. Self administered 200 questionnaires were anonymously distributed in the nursing service department. About 89 staff nurses willingly participated in the study. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The finding revealed that only 3.4% had very good knowledge and 32.5% had good knowledge level. On the perspective of CPR 100% agreed that it was necessary to learn CPR. However about 4(4.5%) expressed initiation of CPR was the responsibility of the doctors and 12(13.55) reported it as the responsibility of Combination of health care members or CPR team. About 25(28.1%) expressed the need for Consent 85(95.5%) but subjects agreed that CPR order sheet/Algorithm available in the clinical area was helpful to perform CPR. The confidence in providing CPR was shown by 23(25.8%) subjects with 80% confidence level when situation demands. The factors influencing initiation of CPR shows 13.5% with the fear of harming the client, 6. % with lack of confidence, 21.3% lack of training, and 5.6% nurses with fear of infection whereas 33.7 % subjects expressed CPR as responsibility of the employer. Only 34.8% nurses willingly to undergo repeated training to develop skill as a self responsibility as a health care member. Therefore the study concluded that it's necessary to update their knowledge regarding the CPR through in-service education programmes and training on cardiopulmonary resuscitation to improve the knowledge, confidence and skills of the staff nurses in general care settings.


It was proved in evidence that on a previous occasion B had acted as A's agent, and had received commission from A. But McKinnon J. had little difficulty in deciding in favour of A. He held that B was not A's agent in any sense; and that the words italicised amounted to a "different intention" under Section 18, and that the property therefore had not passed. This further case on construction of terms and conditions was confirmed by the Court of Appeal (Bankes, Scrutton and Sargent, L.JJ.)


The invention discloses a fabric with a denim character and a preparation method of the fabric. The fabric is characterized by comprising a filling rib fabric weave formed by interweaving weft yarn of two systems and warp yarn of one system. The warp yarn is 21 S ring spinning cotton yarn and is located on the face layer of a woven fabric structure. In the weft yarn of the two systems, first weft yarn composed of filament polyester fiber twisted and wrapped spandex fiber is adopted in the middle layer of the woven fabric structure, the weft yarn of the other system is bottom wefts, and weft yarn located on the face layer of the fabric is face wefts. Due to the fact that one kind of yarn is adopted in the warp direction, two kinds of yarn are adopted in the weft direction, the face wefts and the bottom wefts are arranged according to the ratio of 2: 1, and the minimal circulation number of the warp yarn is 10. The fabric is simple in structure, not prone to deformation, good in formability, soft and close fitting.


Online customer reviews are an important assessment tool for businesses as they contain feedback that is valuable from the customer perspective. These reviews provide a significant basis on which potential customers can select the product that best meets their preferences. In online reviews, customers describe positive or negative experiences with a product or service or any part of it (i.e. features). Consumers frequently experience difficulty finding the desired product for comparison because of the massive number of online reviews. The automatic extraction of important product features is necessary to support customers in search of relevant product features. These features are the criteria that make it possible for customers to characterise different types of products. This article proposes a domain independent approach for identifying explicit opinionated features and attributes that are strongly related to a specific domain product using lexicographer files in WordNet. In our approach, N_gram analysis and the SentiStrength opinion lexicon have been employed to support the extraction of opinionated features. The empirical evaluation of the proposed system using online reviews of two popular datasets of supervised and unsupervised systems showed that our approach achieved competitive results for feature extraction from product reviews.


We study the step meandering instability on a surface characterized by the alternation of terraces with different properties, as in the case of Si(001). The interplay between diffusion anisotropy and step stiffness induces a finite wavelength instability corresponding to a meandering mode. The instability sets in beyond a threshold value which depends on the relative magnitudes of the destabilizing flux and the stabilizing stiffness difference. The meander dynamics is governed by the conserved Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, which display spatiotemporal coarsening.


A orossing-symmetric Regge-behaved amplitude is proposed. With arbitrary Regge trajectories, it avoids ancestor and ghost difficulties and possesses second-sheet resonances which may be finite in number* The ST-point and rnr amplitudes are given, MIRAMAHE TRIESTE June 1971 * To be submitted for publication. ** Permanent address; Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. *** On leave of absence from the Department, of Physics, University of Khartoum, Sudan.


Changes in labour market conditions over the last ten years have led to renewed speculation about the future of collectivist attitudes. In Britain, the most striking change has been the sharp rise in the level of unemployment which doubled between 1979 and 1981. However, many commentators have also suggested that profound changes are occurring in the character of employment, in particular through the rise of more precarious types of work. On one estimate, fully a third of British employees could now be considered part of the 'flexible' workforce (Hakim 1987). Overall, there has been an increase in the level of insecurity and a marked accentuation of financial inequality.


A magnetic separator was designed to selectively separate fine-liberated magnetite. The conceptual design was simulated using CFD techniques. A separator tank was fabricated and a magnetic drum was used to capture magnetic particles. The initial tank design was modified to eliminate application oriented problems. The new separator was able to produce a fine product as a concentrate at relatively high feed rates. A plant simulation showed that such a device could lower circulating loads around ball mills by 16%, thereby creating room for a 5-8% increase in throughput at the same energy level. However, it was concluded that further improvements in terms of both size and mineral selectivity are needed to have a marketable product.


Fischer, Lynch and Paterson showed in a fundamental paper that achieving a distributed agreement for N > I processors is impossible in the presence of one faulty processor. This result was later extended by Moran and Wolfstahl who showed that it holds for any task with a connected input graph and a disconnected decision graph (whcrc a vcrtcx in the input [decision] graph is an N-tuple of input [decision] values of the processors, and there is an edge connecting two vertices if and only if they differ in exactly one component), In this paper we extend that latter result, and in fact we set the exact bordedine between solvable and unsolvable tasks, by giving a necessary and sufficient condition for a task to be solvable in the presence of a faulty processor. We present a universal protocol which solves any task which is found to be solvable by our condition. Using our characterization, we derive a novel technique to prove lower bounds on the number of messages that must be sent due to processor failure; specifically, we show that for each fixed JV > 2 there exist distributed tasks for Iv processors that can be solved in the presence of a faulty processor, but any protocol that solves them must send arbitrarily many messages in the worst case.


The fingerprint of magnolia.was established,based on chromatograms of 12 batches of samples,which obtained from different sources.Result shows that there are some differences in constituents and contents among these 12 batches of samples.An accurate,stable and repeatable determination method was obtained,it is useful for quality evaluation of the crud druge of Magnolia..


Study of a comprehensive evaluation of interaction mechanism of the doxorubicinwith affibody to prevent the cytotoxicity of the drug when such complex molecule are used as an specific targeted drug delivery, by an in silico approach such as interaction mode,binding constant and binding site.The analysis of DOX binding site to affibody suggested that the types of interactions that contribute in this binding are hydrogen bonding and vanderwall interactions.Our observation is that back bone oxygen atom of Ile31is involved in hydrogen bond interaction with OH atom of the Doxorubicin. The bond distance between donor hydrogen atom and acceptor oxygen was1.994Å.The binding free energy and docked energy of the complexwere-5.72and-13.6kcal/mol.


Introduction 18FDG PET/CT imaging may be a useful tool to study COPD and lung inflammation; however the optimal protocol for this imaging biomarker has yet to be established. Method We aimed to develop a combined 18FDG-PET/CT imaging protocol optimised to quantify lung inflammation. Six patients with moderate-to-severe COPD underwent dynamic 18FDG-PET imaging combined with blood sampling (both arterial and venous over 60 min) to determine the localised plasma activity time curve. High resolution CT (HRCT) was utilised to segmentate the lung and determine areas of emphysema. 3 sets of comparative input functions were analysed (arterial, venous and image derived arterial input functions). 18FDG kinetics was fitted using the Patlak method. Results Similar results were obtained using time activity curves from all three input functions. The arterial input was always found to be slightly higher than the others (Figure 1). Patlak analysis of the time-activity curves for each of the CT derived lung lobes allowed generation of images of slope (influx constant Ki) and intercept (initial volume of distribution) (Figure 1). The acquisition of HRCT co-registered to FDG-PET allows more accurate demarcation and quantification of FDG in emphysematous areas of the lung. Attempt to improve the signal by excluding voxels without COPD tissue (-935 to -300 HU) has been undertaken as well. The reproducibility of this technique is currently being studied where 20 patients are being scanned twice 4 weeks apart and compared to a baseline scan from 5 healthy controls. Abstract S20 Figure 1 Shows an example of time activity curves from arterial, venous and image derived techniques (on left) and (on right) a Patlak image from venous plasma slope (1st row), intercept (2nd row) and CT (3rd row) Conclusion 18FDG PET/CT imaging has the potential to be a non-invasive biomarker of lung inflammation in COPD.


A prevalent belief that the intravenous method of cholecystography is consistently and definitely superior to the oral method in diagnostic results has stimulated me to reiterate my own convictions to the contrary and to recount certain rather common errors in the oral technic which may foster the opinion that it is less reliable than the intravenous method. For a long time I accepted the view that the intravenous method was somewhat more trustworthy, although I preferred to give the dye orally as a routine and reserved the intravenous test for cases in which the oral was indecisive. However, with added experience and the adoption of an appropriate oral technic I have become thoroughly convinced that, when the oral method is properly executed, its efficiency is equal to that of the intravenous method and that adverse comparisons of the two methods are usually based on results derived from faulty oral technics.


In this paper, we are concerned with the fast solvers for higher order finite element discretizations of H(div)-elliptic problem. We present the preconditioners for the first family and second family of higher order divergence conforming element equations, respectively. By combining the stable decompositions of two kinds of finite element spaces with the abstract theory of auxiliary space preconditioning, we prove that the corresponding condition numbers of our preconditioners are uniformly bounded on quasi-uniform grids.


Clinical studies of a combination of BCNU and Ara‐C were conducted in 170 patients by the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Phase I studies were conducted in 17 patients with metastatic cancer, and phase II studies in 153 patients with acute leukemia, predominantly myeloblastic. Four different dosage schedules were employed. The majority of patients received a dose of 50‐100 mg/m2 of BCNU followed by a 3 day infusion of 30 rag/m2 of Ara‐C. Only 1 of 17 patients with metastatic cancer responded to treatment. Of 153 patients with acute leukemia, 140 were evaluable and 107 lived 21 days. There were 17 complete and 10 partial remissions. Factors favoring remission were a higher initial platelet count, no prior therapy, female sex, and age greater than 60 years.