Data centers are the basis of land management information and the unity of data storage and application.Form view of essence data center should be based on data-centric.In this paper,the land business process architecture at city level,data framework and logical relations between the data of land business were analyzed.The domain model of land management was established.The method of functional analysis was used to analyze data types,data storage and data application in terms of data collaboration and the idea of building a land management data center based on data-centric at city level was put forward.Then,the data-centric model of building data center for the city was given out.Finally,combined with the need of the Golden Land Project of Xuzhou City,the data-centric land management information system architecture was built.


The ultimate strength of a dual-angle cross combined section of high-strength steel was researched based on experimental and theoretical analyses.The influence of slenderness ratios,limb-width ratios and filled plates on the strength was researched.According to thin-plate energy theory and a virtual work principle,the formula of ultimate strength was derived and the calculation method of ultimate strength was proposed and compared with that of normal coded one.The results show that the analysis model and proposed method had theoretical and practical significance for engineering design.


A key debate in numerical cognition concerns the neural code for number representation (e.g., Nieder and Merten, 2007; Roggeman et al., 2007; Viswanathan and Nieder, 2013). One idea is that individual neurons are tuned to individual numbers, with decreasing response to numbers with increasing distance (numerosity-selective coding or labeled-line coding). An alternative, more implicit way of representing number is by summation coding. Here, individual neurons fire either monotonically stronger or weaker to increasing number. The number can then be decoded from the pooled cell activity.

The computational properties of both coding types have been studied. A summation code but not a numerosity-selective code was extracted without number-related training from a visual display in a recent modeling study (Stoianov and Zorzi, 2012). Also, the summation code serves as a precursor for a numerosity-selective code in such models (Dehaene and Changeux, 1993; Verguts and Fias, 2004). Furthermore, each coding type has distinct advantages; summation coding is more suited for smaller-larger (i.e., magnitude) processing, numerosity-selective coding is more efficient for same-different number discrimination (Verguts, 2007).

In a number of papers, Nieder and colleagues demonstrated numerosity-selective coding in macaque monkeys (e.g., Nieder et al., 2002; Nieder and Miller, 2004). However, number was always relevant for the task; in other words, animals were trained on number (e.g., Nieder et al., 2002). The computational modeling work jointly predicts that summation coding is primary and foundational to numerosity-selective coding, and that in the absence of number-relevant training, only summation coding would be observed. Consistently, Roitman et al. (2007) showed that only summation coding was observed in a single-unit recording study in which number was not relevant for solving the task. However, number was relevant for computing the reward at trial offset, so it may still be that number-relevant learning took place during training.

To determine the natural numerical coding system (i.e., without number learning), Viswanathan and Nieder (2013) recorded cells from ventral intraparietal area [VIP, in intraparietal sulcus (IPS)] and from prefrontal cortex (PFC) in two monkeys in a task without number relevance (and hence number learning). They found that neurons in both brain areas responded maximally to a given number (e.g., one neuron responded maximally to 1, another neuron maximally to 2, and so on). They interpret their data as suggesting numerosity-selective coding. They also found that the most frequently preferred numbers for these neurons were numbers 1 and 5, whereas a relatively small set of neurons were classified as tuned to intermediate numbers 2, 3, and 4. However, given the computational primacy of summation coding, we consider the possibility that the authors instead sampled summation coding neurons. Here, we show that the data are consistent with summation coding, and that summation coding can account for subtle and unexplained aspects of the data.


This article has embedded welfare triangle paradigm in empirical research by social exclusion and social policy. Starting from the situation in Sweden and Finland, it has analyzed the convergence and the differences in paradigm content. At the same time, by using the social research to quantitative analysis the data, it has drawn the economic recession and recovery. Based on the above analysis, it is necessary to build a welfare system that in line with the national condition, to select a long-term welfare system mechanism, and to constantly improve the prototype of the welfare system that has begun to take shape.


infections, multiple sclerosis, toxin, trauma, or unknown factors.' In these patients the aetiology ofpure trigeminal motor neuropathy remains obscure, but a possible cause is an infection, probably viral, affecting the motor division of the trigeminal nerve. Differences in the specificity ofmembrane proteins in the trigeminal motor and sensory systems may account for susceptibility ofthe motor neurons to specific viral infections. The first three patients had initial symptoms of a common cold, which might suggest a viral infection. Alternatively, the condition might have been idiopathic. We found no evidence for induction of pure trigeminal motor neuropathy from clinical data, computed tomography of the brain, skull radiographs, or electrophysiological examinations in cases 4 and 5. Recently, Jannetta found that most cases of idiopathic trigeminal sensory neuropathy and trigeminal neuralgia were due to vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve,' which might also apply to our cases.


Virtual Human can hold the possibility of performing a variety of assistive and analysis tasks in 3D virtual environments. However, widespread use of avatars assistants in these environments requires ease of use by individuals who are generally not skilled on designing operators. In this paper we present a method of training virtual human that bridges the gap between designing and building of a virtual humanpsilas action as well as its autonomous learning ability to adapt a certain task. With our approach, we integrate reinforcement learning to the action of virtual humanpsilas path planning to achieve fast policy acquisition. The result of the approach is illustrated in the case of successfully instructing virtual human to cross a terrain with pyramid and a number of obstacles to reach a certain target.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the surface microstructure of chitosan films on the contact angle. Films without plasticising additives made of chitosan or regenerated chitosan were selected for the tests. A sessile drop method based on the European Pharmacopoeia was used to determine the contact angle. Due to the method of film production, the contact angle measurements were made on both the top and bottom surfaces of the film. For chitosan or regenerated chitosan films, the method of preparation slightly affected the difference in wettability between the top and bottom of the films, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand, the wettability of the top and bottom of cellulose films varied greatly depending on the side of the film. Both chitosan and cellulose films had a homogeneous structure. There were differences in the microstructure between the top and the bottom of the sample in the cellulose film, a factor that affected the contact angle and thus the wettability of the surface.


During and after the two Opium Wars,when the Western countries used the military force to compel the Manchu court to get down on its knees,the modern treaty system became the new criterion to deal with the relations between China and Western countries.However,until the eleventh year of Emperor Tongzhi' reign,some countries,such as Korea,Vietnam and Okinawa,were still vassals in the Qing Suzerain-Vassal System.In order to maintain its rule and authority,the Manchu court tried to keep the Suzerain-Vassal System during that period.But the limited national strength decided that this action was passive.


1 Noteworthy references include (but are not limited to) Bierbrauer 1979; Bratož 1996, 2005; Ciglenečki 1992, 2000; Grafenauer 1969; Ibler 1991; Ladstätter 2000, 2001; This article offers a small contribution to this broad, multifaceted issue by focusing specifically on shifts in ceramic technological traditions across this important socio-historical transition.2 Macroscopic and petrographic analyses were conducted on 72 locally produced coarse-ware (kitchenware) ceramic samples drawn from four Late Antique


Abstract A comparison of the monthly mean shortwave surface radiation budget (SRB) obtained from the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) shortwave global dataset with that simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 2.0 (CCM2) is presented. WCRP/SRB data are derived from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C1 data using the Pinker algorithm. Large differences are found in monthly mean surface solar fluxes. The largest discrepancies are found in the summer midaltitude regions where CCM2 overestimates surface solar fluxes relative to Pinker by as much as 100 W m−2. Most of the differences are associated with deficiencies in CCM2's prediction of cloud optical properties and cloud amount. However, significant differences also occur in clear-sky fluxes and surface albedo.


IN APRIL 1995, a month before the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of V-E day, I was in Moscow researching the Russian cinema of another great war, World War I, the sparse fruits of which became an article entitled "A War Forgotten."2 After spending hours in the library, poring over newspaper accounts of that first war, I would return to my apartment and immediately switch on the television to watch the commemoration of the war that followed. Coverage was extensive and intelligent: interviews with World War II veterans, news coverage of the preparations for the festivities, and historical footage of those glorious and terrible days of heroism and anguish. The sheer quantity, and the quality, of the images and artifacts memorializing the second war, as compared to the first, struck me more powerfully than ever before. As a longtime observer of the Soviet scene, I had watched the cult of the Great Patriotic War (as World War II was usually called in the USSR) for many years. Particularly remarkable to the outsider was the touching custom of newlywed couples making a pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier outside the Kremlin Wall in Moscow, the bride placing her bouquet by the eternal flame. By the 1990s, however, this was scorned as just another of the many empty rituals of Soviet power, something to be mocked, not practiced. But although the rites of commemoration had long since been divorced from memory-indeed, even official memory had once again "changed," with Joseph Stalin neatly excised from the fiftieth anniversary celebrations-World War II remains the "War Remembered" in the lands of the former USSR. Given that the USSR suffered the highest losses in the European theater (estimated at 20-27


Right now,more and more graduates enter the employment "new blind" ranks because of the current financial crisis.The college students start their own business in China has experienced more than 20 years,its models have been enriched,each model his its own characteristics,has the bottle-neck constraints of the entrepreneurial's thinking,background,ability and something else.This papar introduces several popular models currently,in order to help students choose the right model at the particular time and across the employment winter,then take the road to entrepreneurial success.


The forced-exhaust ventilation is an important way to control the concentration of radon and its progenies in long-distance blind driving roadway.It is of great significance for guiding the design of ventilation and radiation protection to study distribution characteristics of the concentration of radon and its progenies in the wind of roadway adopting the forced-exhaust ventilation.Therefore,according to the decay relationship of radon and its progenies,a simplified mathematical calculation model was built,which relates to the radon activity concentration and the potential alpha concentration of radon progenies.The paper also analyzed the sources of radon and its progenies in the limited space of the blind roadway.Then,based on the turbulence mass transfer theory of ventilation air flow,the paper established mathematical calculation models of distribution characteristics of the radon activity concentration and the potential alpha concentration of radon progenies in blind roadway with forced-exhaust ventilation,respectively.Finally,the paper applied the calculation models to a special blind roadway,and discussed the influence of the ventilation air inflow and the radon exhalation rate of rock wall on the distribution of radon concentration and the potential alpha concentration of radon progenies in the roadway.Meanwhile,some protective measurements were put forward to reduce the radiation dose of worker caused by radon and its progenies in the blind roadway.


Endurance failures are classified into three groups, all of which originate from the atomic transport of GST due to electromigration in molten phase. Based on the analysis, cell structure insusceptible to the atomic transport and for better cycling performance was proposed.


Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by an apicomplexan protozoa of. Cryptosporidium parvum is the specific infective agent in human . The present study aimed to search for the presence of C. parvum and to determine the prevalence of this parasite among children in Kut city, Iraq. Six hundred stool samples were collected from children less than twelve years old from October 2011 to May 2012. Stool samples were inspected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain and ELISA. Results indicated that 203 cases gave positive results (33.83 %) and 397 cases gave negative results (66.17%) with Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain . The higher infection, 115 (19.17%) appeared in age (<1) year while the lower infection 37 (6.17%) appeared in age (1-6) years. There was association between anemia 66.01% (134/203), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 66.01% (134/203), White Blood Cells Count (WBC's) 66.01% (134/203) that showed increase in number, and infection with cryptosporidiosis, respectively. The high percentage of positive cases (100%) was recorded in microscopic examination compared to 72.5% (129/178) of positive cases detected by ELISA assay. The present study is the first record of cryptosporidiosis among children in Wasit Province, Iraq. It demonstrated clearly a high prevalence rate of C. parvum among children of less than 12 years old in Iraq. ELISA technique will be of great value in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of C. parvum in human fecal materials.


Daylighting can significantly affect human health & well-being in buildings. This article presents an experiment of the impact of several coloured/neutral glazing systems on visual performance, alertness, mood and wellbeing of occupants in a daylit office in Beijing, China. From 10:00 to 16:50 in four days of spring 2016, a total of 15 participants (age: 28.53±5.07) attended the experiment. Both visual and non-visual performances have been assessed using subjective evaluation measures. In the meantime the daylighting/colour conditions were also recorded. It has been found: the bronze glazing was given the least preference when compared with the blue and clear glazing; the blue glazing can achieve similar visual and non-visual performance as the clear glazing, even though there were big differences of spectral transmittances in between. In addition, this study indicated that further investigations would be required to clarify the preference of glazing colour, taking into account human-beings' biological performances, cultural and ethnic backgrounds.


Fission and cluster decay of 76 Sr nucleus in the groud-state and formed in heavy-ion reactions Abstract: Calculations for fission and cluster decay of 76 Sr are presented for this nucleus to be in its ground-state or formed as an excited compound system in heavy-ion reactions. The predicted mass distribution, for the dynamical collective mass transfer process assumed for fission of 76 Sr, is clearly asymmetric, favouring α-nuclei. Cluster decay is studied within a preformed cluster model, both for ground-state to ground-state decays and from excited compound system to the ground-state(s) or excited states(s) of the fragments. 76 38 Sr is a superdeformed nucleus with an estimated quadrupole deformation β 2 = 0.44 (see Fig. 1 in [1]). From the point of view of known spherical shell closures at Z=N=40, such a large ground-state deformation for 76 Sr means the natural breaking of these spherical shells and hence nuclear instability against both fission and exotic cluster decay processes. However, we shall see in the following that, like the other superdeformed nuclei in this mass region [1], though this nucleus is naturally stable (negative Q-value) against only light clusters with masses A 2 < 12, the calculated cluster decay half lives for A 2 ≥ 12 are also large enough (T 1/2 > 10 80 s) to term this nucleus as a stable nucleus against all cluster decays. This kind of stability could apparently be due to stable deformed shell closures at Z=N=38, predicted earlier in many other calculations [2,3]. Alternatively, if these nuclei are prepared in heavy-ion collisions, then, depending on the excitation energy of the compound nucleus formed, both fission (also called, fusion-fission) and cluster decay are the viable processes. The present day experiments are directed at these studies (see e.g. [4-7] and earlier references there in). It now seems accepted that compound systems with A ≤ 42 are characterized by nuclear orbiting phenomena (the deep inelastic process), although a considerable amount of yield due to fusion-fission could not be ruled here too [8,9]. On the other hand, the systems with A ≈ 47 − 60 are strongly the cases of fusion-fission process (fully energy-damped fragments) since for all the cases studied so-far the observed yields are independent of nuclei in the


Budi Sulistyo En-Nafi' s Nadzar-Nadzar Jiwa describes main character 's religiosity. This study intends to gain information r egarding main character 's religiosity depicted in the stor y. The study employs a descriptive method. The method is as consider ed suitable to the pr oblem and the aim of the study . This method attempts to describe a number of r eligiosity problems in Budi Sulistyo En-Nafi's Nadzar-Nadzar Jiwa. The data sour ce of this study is Budi Sulistyo En-Nafi' s novel "Nadzar Nadzar Jiwa" published in 2009.The r esult of the analysis r eveals that the attitudes of main character's religiosity wer e depicted in the form of God' s relationship with the main character , the relationship of main character with fellow human beings, and the r elationship of main character with the essence of life. Based on the findings, it is concluded that Budi Sulistyo En-Nafi' s NadzarNadzar Jiwa contains the stor y of Anas' life struggle, as the main character , in his expectation to succeed in life.


The hexagonal silica mesoporous material SBA-15 with ordered 2-dimensional channel structure was used as a suppport to the immobilization of emzyme. α-Chymotrypsin, an enzyme, was assembled in the channel of SBA-15 by immersion method. The absorbed amount of enzyme in SBA-15 and the activity of the immobilized enzyme were studied. It was found that there was more absorbed enzyme in SBA-15 than in other carrier and the activity of the immobilized α-chymotrypsin was increased compared with the free enzyme. It suggests that silica mesoporous material SBA-15 is a good support for immobilization of enzyme.


How does user's media preference vary with communication situation, and does media preference in a certain situation, and does media preference in a certain situation predict actual performance? Preference study shows that user's choice of communication medium seems to follow a common pattern, relatively independent of the communication task at hand - Video being most preferred, text chat the least. Parallel effect studies of person-person communication show, however, that actual task outcome varies with the type of task performed.


Lyn Lifshin has published eleven books of poetry and her poems have appeared in numerous anthologies. She has given readings and poetry workshops at colleges and universities around the country and has been the recipient of fellowships at Yaddo, among others. Lifshin recently edited an anthology of mother-daughter poems, Tangled Vines, and her latest book is a book-and-record set, Offered by Owner.


As an outcome of traditional Chinese society,native complex is closely related to the idea of land and clan.In the process of modernization,especially since the start of reform and opening up,native complex has been changing as the flow of farmers is growing.The impact of modernization on native complex starts the cognitive conflict of farmers about themselves,which is a major psychological obstacle puzzling migrant farm workers about their townspeople identity.To unbind the migrant farm workers from native complex,we should make efforts on related policies,townspeople's recognition and self-recognition.


Police violence against people who inject drugs (PWID) is common in Russia and associated with HIV risk behaviours. Sexual violence from police against women who use drugs has been reported anecdotally in Russia. This mixed‐methods study aimed to evaluate sexual violence from police against women who inject drugs via quantitative assessment of its prevalence and HIV risk correlates, and through qualitative interviews with police, substance users and their providers in St. Petersburg, Russia.


This study was undertaken to explore new antifungal compounds from the methanolic extract of G. sinaicus. Two cardenolide compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS as cardenolide glycoside, 15-hydroxy-3,4,5,6-dehydrocalotropin and cardenolide genin, 3,4,5,6-dehydrocalotropagenin. The antifungal activity of these compounds was assessed. Results revealed that both compounds showed pronounced fungicidal activity against both soil borne fungi, R. solani, F. oxysporium, and postharvest fungi, R. stolonifer, P. digtatum, compared to the standard fungicides, flutolanil and copper oxychloride, respectively. The EC50 values of the cardenolide genin were 0.703, 13.63 and 4.22, 8.403 µg/mL for R. solani, F. oxysporium and R. stolonifer, P. digtatum respectively. On the other hand, the EC50 values of the standard fungicide, flutolanil, were 9.49 and 61.22 µg/mL against R. solani and F. oxysporium. While the EC50 values of copper oxychloride were 279.94 and 187.13 µg/mL against R. stolonifer and P. digtatum, respectively. The results showed that cellulase, PME, PPO of the tested fungi was more sensitive than to cardenolide genin. The strong antifungal activity of cardenolide genin reported in this study indicated that has a potential to be used as fungicides.


A considerable amount of research has been dedicated to understanding the relationship between teacher behaviors in the classroom and student learning. Three theories (i.e., arousal theory, depth‐of‐processing theory, and muscular movement theory) have been proposed to explain increases in cognitive learning. Both arousal theory and depth‐of‐processing have been empirically tested. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the viability of muscular movement theory. A field experiment was conducted to determine if the use of tactile stimulation in conjunction with gross motor movement exercises would increase cognitive learning (i.e., examination scores) of college students. The results of the study support the hypothesis.


Recent developments in IT industry lead to the notion of a Service, as an abstraction for an encapsulated business activity, hidden behind a well-defined interface. This abstraction fosters the view of complex business activities, as interactions between Services, allowing for an agile business activity modification. Furthermore, a breakdown of the monolithic business activity, into cooperating services, enables a simpler identification of Service's capabilities, needed to accomplish given business goal. This fosters a clearer view of the overall process, in regard to outsourcing opportunities for external allocation of Services. The description of Services and collaborations between them, leads to the definition of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). In our understanding of SOA, a business activity is a set of messages being exchanged between Services, to enable the achievement of a common business goal. To allow for a correct business activity execution, well-defined choreography of, and coordination between, participating Services is necessary. To enable the coordination, the participants (Services) of a business activity have to exchange messages, representing the coordination flow. Thus, the services are being controlled by a coordination protocol. It is not advisable to create a coordination protocol from scratch, due to the large number of pitfalls concealed in this undertaking. An amount of well understood and researched protocols exists, ready for usage during business activity coordination. The utilization of standardized protocols raises the safety of the resulting system. Nevertheless, it is a non-trivial task to identify the appropriate protocols and use them as distributed building blocks for the emphasized business tasks. In this paper we show an approach to business activity modelling, with emphasis on identification of Services, messages being exchanged between them, collaboration scenarios and coordination protocols to be considered for the fulfilment of those scenarios. The modelling technique has been developed during business process analysis at Lufthansa Technik AG. An airframe related components overhaul process has been researched, in order to advise the concerned department, on application of loosely coupled systems. The analysis provides a basis for the inception of a SOA-based system, for the handling of airframe related components. The presented technique is not limited to the aerospace industry, but constitutes a generic approach to Service-Oriented Modelling. The main focus of this technique is the transformation from traditional, activity-based model, towards a model based upon message exchange between the participating Services. Further transition leads to the identification of collaboration patterns involved in the business activity. Given those patterns it is possible, to prove the applicability of standardized coordination protocols to the particular collaboration. We derive a methodology for structural approach to the management of business activities in SOA context, based on our experience gathered during the described analysis.


Between October 2003 and July 2004, Arup, in a joint venture with the Dutch airport planners NACO and the architects Foster & Partners, designed the Terminal and Ground Transportation Centre needed for the 2008 Olympic games at Beijing Airport. Work commenced on site in March 2004 and ended almost four years later with the opening ceremony in February 2008. This was the team's third airport together, the forerunners being Stansted Airport, London, in the late 1980s and Chek Lap Kok Airport, Hong Kong, in the late 1990s. For each terminal the basic engineering diagram is similar.


ABSTRACT The construction of railroad infrastructure in East Siberia and the Russian Far East was a key aspect of Soviet industrialization during the 1970s and 1980s. Although built primarily for freight transportation, the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) and the Amur-Yakutsk Mainline (AYaM) have also been used for passenger transport and have thus contributed to increased mobility and heightened local expectations about future mobility. This article presents the results of an extensive survey carried out in the BAM/AYaM region, which maps experiences of individual mobility, including usage-related needs, practices, and expectations. The findings show low levels of satisfaction differing across the region's social and spatial diversity. The paper argues that hierarchies of mobility prevail at two related levels in the BAM/AYaM region: 1) the state's regional development policies favor industrial development, focusing on freight transportation while neglecting local passengers' needs for improved individual mobility; and 2) intersectional structural conditions along lines of diversity, such as gender, age, ethnicity, and place of residence, result in mobility disadvantage and lower mobility satisfaction. These hierarchies are embedded in the broader social and spatial inequality structures in the Russian Federation.


Footwear impressions deposited on various types of surface were developed using magnetic flake powder and several conventional dusting powders. Although comparable results were achieved when glass was the receptor surface, the magnetic flake powder proved superior for revealing footwear impressions on rough or porous surfaces such as linoleum, polythene and paper.


Objective: The mortality rate of patients with cutaneous combined burns with smoke inhalation injury is reported to be much higher than that of patients with either injury alone. Patients with such combined injury need a more intensive and aggressive nutrition supply to help them survive. The present study was designed to test amino acid flux in cases of combined injury (smoke inhalation injury and cutaneous burns). The purpose was to understand the amino acids flux after such combined injury. Methods: Adult male rats were divided 3 groups, non-injury control, smoke inhalation injury and smoke inhalation injury plus cutaneous burns groups. Rats received smoke inhlalation injury with/without major cutaneous thermal injury (40%BSA). Blood was taken from the tail and storaged along with plasma daily for 5 days. Four different amino acids, glutamate, glutamine, arginine and methionine were tested by HPLC and statistically analyzed. Results: Our preliminary results showed that smoke inhalation injury alone did not cause a significant change in amino acids flux during the first 5 days after injury, and the only increase in arginine was observed on the 3rd day after injury (↑ 27~30%, p>0.05, non-significant). In the cutaneous burn plus smoke inhalation injury group, all four amino acids decreased immediately and significantly. Conclusions: These results suggest that the four non-essential amino acids (glutamine, glutamate, methionine and arginine) are all conditionally essential amino acids in this combined injury (cutaneous burn plus inhalation injuries). However, in the simple smoke inhalation injury group, the amino acids supply was not as important, at least, in the first 5 days after injury.


Cultural attractions are often linked to unique features of the host population, and are often related to a national minority or a segment of the population that preserved their traditions. Ethnically or religiously varied countries may often have such unique attractions, that seem exotic and appealing to tourists. Multiculturality is often an attraction for tourism, offering generally an authentic experience for visitors of different backgrounds. Besides, an ethnically or linguistically varied population can also provide a linguisticaly more skilful labour force, that is more sensitive to the needs of visitors coming from different cultures, and thus create a more comfortable environment for them. The issue of multicultural societies has recently become a sensitive issue, due to global mass migration. There is a belief that ethnic or cultural fractionalisation would necessarily bring about difficulties of understanding and cooperation, leading to lower economic performance, less stable economic and social processes and, ultimately a slowdown of economic output. The resulting conflicts, difficulties may frighten away tourists and lead to the vulnerability of the tourism sector in very heterogeneous countries. On the other hand, ethnic fractionalisation and the resulting cultural diversity can be welcome as valuable resources as the varied pool of knowledge, traditions, skills, customs, that can enhance innovative ideas and creativity. In the present paper evidence is looked for the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity and tourism performance in a cross-country statistical analysis of 155 countries of the world. Statistical analysis of 155 countries show, that although there is a tendency of lower tourism performance with greated fractionalisation of the society, the most popular and successful tourism destinations are often multicultural and multiethnic societies.


We propose a multichannel PMD mitigation scheme using forward-error-correction (FEC) and distributed fast polarization scramblers that randomize PMD during each FEC burst-error-correcting-period. Numerical evaluations show substantial improvement in PMD tolerance and reduction in outage probability.


The feasibility of manipulating the single molecule absorption-emission cycle using picosecond stimulated emission depletion (STED) is investigated using a stochastic computer simulation. In the simulation the molecule is subjected to repeated excitation and depletion events using time delayed pairs of excitation (PUMP) and depletion (DUMP) pulses derived from a high repetition rate pulsed laser system. The model is used to demonstrate that a significant and even substantial reduction in the occurrence of 'dark states' in the fluorescence emission can be achieved using stimulated emission depletion. Variation in the PUMP-DUMP window allows precise control of the fluorescence yield with substantial increases in the fluorescence intensity observed at early PUMP-DUMP delays.


In September 2008,Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection,which then caused a great uproar to the whole world.Some issues about concealing financial reporting and failure of external supervision soon became the hot topics.Based on the investigation report issued by the U.S.Federal Bankruptcy Court in March 2010,the essay analyzes in detail how Lehman takes advantage of unreasonable valuation of Commercial Real Estate asset portfolio and extensive use of "REPO 105" to conceal the deteriorating financial result,and then focuses on the the problems raised when Ernst Young had been providing auditing service to Lehman Brothers.It comes to a conclusion that the EY auditors had been lack of due professional care and the audit procedures had not been properly performed during the auditing period.Only when certified accountants uphold to the audit objectives,maintain due professional skepticism and persist to the basic principle of "substance over form",can they take a place in the competitive and challenging market.


We examine an important case study of the controversial use of the initiative process in California: the colorful "Ham and Eggs" movement of 1938, a misguided attempt to provide elderly Californians with a weekly pension. Our analysis focuses on a collection of postcard survey responses recently discovered at the Huntington Library in Pasadena, California. This survey, conducted in 1938 by the Research Institute, posed questions about a series of pressing issues, including the various Ham and Eggs initiatives. We provide a qualitative study of the open-ended responses provided by survey participants along with a quantitative analysis of the fixed-choice questions. As best as we are aware, this is the only survey data on California politics of this period. Thus our analysis, while necessarily limited, sheds additional light on this important period of California politics. * Professor of Political Science, California Institute of Technology. ** Professor of History, University of Southern California. *** Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University.


4-Substituted octahydroinden-5-ones and the corresponding hexahydroindene derivatives are important intermediates in the stereoselective synthesis of 1 9-n0rsteroids[~]. Moreover, they can serve as intermediates for the synthesis of 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4H-indenes, which have been successfully employed as chiral templates in the asymmetric synthesis of allylic alcohols by Diels-Alder reaction, diastereoselective adduct transformation and retro Diels-Alder reaction sequenceE41. Recently, we reported the synthesis of enantiomerically pure estradiol-3-methyl-17-tert-butyl diether via the zinc chloride mediated thioalkylation['l of an aluminium enolate, which was generated by a diastereoselective 1,4-reduction[*] of the Hajos-Wiechert ketone lI5]. Nevertheless, the 1,4-reduction of the a,P-unsaturated ketone 1 remains cumbersome since the toxic and carcinogenic HMPTA is still necessary for the activation of the 1,4reducing agent. All attempts to replace HMPTA by other cosolvents like TMEDA or DMPU failedC21. Therefore, the substituent at C-4 should be introduced prior to the hydrogenation of the C-3a-C-4 double bond. The hydrogenation of 4-substituted hexahydroinden-5-ones 5 can usually be achieved highly diastereo~electively[~~~1. Until now, a base-induced alkylation of the a,&unsaturated ketone 1 affords the 4-substituted hexahydroinden-5-ones 5 in only moderate yields[7] due to the high basicity of the corresponding alkali dienolate~[~~]. Moreover, the undesirable 0-alkylation cannot be a v ~ i d e d [ ~ ~ , ~ * ~ ] . Usually, the Cand 0-alkylated products are formed in a 3:l ratio. Only the use of highly SN2-reactive[8] electrophiles like a-bromoacetophenone affords the 4-substituted hexahydroinden-5ones 5 in reasonable yieldsr91. Consequently, we were interested in employing the thioalkylation method['] for the preparation of 4-substituted hexahydroinden-5-ones 5. This method allows the alkylation of zinc enolates under mild acidic conditions in a SN1 fashion. OtBu


Background: To evaluate the feasibility of "hourglass-sign" fascia iliac block and sacral plexus block for elderly femoral neck fractured patients with multiple complications. Methods: A total of 32 patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing closed reduction and internal fixation for femoral neck fractures were included. Ultrasound-guided "hourglass-sign" fascia iliac block and sacral plexus block anesthesia were applied to all patients. The success rate of anesthesia, the hemodynamic parameters, VAS scores, general clinical data and perioperative information would be collected. Results: 30 patients were included and analyzed into the study finally, all patients were diagnosed with different systemic diseases before surgery. The successful rate of "hourglass-sign" fascia iliac block combined with sacral plexus block guided by ultrasound and nerve stimulator was 93.8%. The change of MAP at different time points was about 5% of the baseline values, and the heart rate was about 7%. VAS scores decreased significantly after anesthesia and continued at least 1 hour after surgery. The anesthesia evaluation degree of most patients was satisfactory. There were no complications or adverse reactions associated with anesthesia. Conclusion: This combined nerve block provided effective anesthesia for closed reduction and internal fixation for femoral neck fractures of elderly patients, rarely caused instability in the circulatory system, had fewer adverse reactions and could be widely used in clinical practice. Trial Registry: This trial was registered at Chinese clinical trial (ChiCTR2000034114) ABBREVIATIONS: ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body Mass Index; ECG: Electrocardiogram; NIBP: Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure


Nowadays concerns regarding fossil fuel resources depletion as well as environmental issues attributed to CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere force communities toward utilizing biomass as a substitute fuel source which is environmentally secure and renewable. Pyrolysis bio-oil from biomass comprises varieties of undesirable oxygenate and heavy compounds and has to be treated before feeding to bio-refineries. Catalytic biomass pyrolysis vapor upgrading presently seems to be a techno-economical process toward production of fuel-like components. However, selection of stable and productive catalyst(s) to yield desirable chemicals with low coke formation is a great challenge. The three most important classes of catalysts comprising microporous zeolites, mesoporous catalysts and metal based catalysts are utilized for vapor phase bio-oil upgrading. This study offers a comprehensive review on catalytic biomass pyrolysis vapor upgrading by emphasizing particularly on catalyst types and properties, coke formation over catalysts and catalytic process conditions.


The invention relates to a plastic injection mould for a mobile phone shell. The plastic injection mould comprises a male mould plate and a female mould plate, wherein the female mould plate and the male mould plate are encircled to form a cavity; a fixed plate is fixedly provided with a first inclined stretching tip and a second inclined stretching tip, the female mould plate is provided with a first sliding block and a second sliding block, a first avoidance hole matched with the first inclined stretching tip is formed in the first sliding block, and a second avoidance hole matched with the second inclined stretching tip is formed in the second sliding block; the male mould plate is provided with a third sliding block, a wedge-shaped hole is formed in the third sliding block, and the female mould plate is fixedly provided with a guide post with a wedge-shaped end. According to the plastic injection mould of the mobile phone shell, mutually matched avoidance mechanisms are arranged on the male mould plate and the female mould plate, so that the plastic injection processing of inverted buckle parts of the mobile phone shell becomes simple and feasible. Moreover, the mould is simple in mould opening working procedure and high in processing efficiency.


The invention discloses polyimide, a lithium ion battery as well as a preparation method and application of the lithium ion battery. The structure of the polyimide is as shown in the formula I in the specification, and the number-average molecular weight of the polyimide is 100000-140000. The polyimide disclosed by the invention is used as a lithium ion battery adhesive, and defects that conventional polyimide is poor in wettability and large in impedance to electrolyte, particularly under a condition of high-current density power charge and discharge, a conventional lithium ion battery which adopts polyimide as the adhesive is poor in rate capability and cycle performance and the like can be overcome. The polyimide disclosed by the invention is relatively good in wettability to electrolyte and can be used as the lithium ion battery adhesive; and with the combination of a polyimide diaphragm, a prepared lithium ion battery is low in impedance, good in rate capability and good in cycle performance.


Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems are well known for their high efficiency and relatively low emissions. Existing CHP economic dispatch schemes do not use the energy buffer to minimize the average cost in the long term. Motivated by the queueing analysis and buffer management solutions in data communication systems, in this paper, we investigate how to use a battery pack and a water tank to optimize the average cost for the CHP systems by jointly considering the real-time electricity price, renewable energy generation, energy buffer states, etc. We first formulate the queueing models for the CHP systems, and then propose an algorithm based on the Lyapunov optimization technique which does not need any statistical information about the system dynamics. The optimal control actions are obtained by solving a non-convex optimization problem. We then discuss when it can be converted into a convex optimization problem. Since the battery pack queue and water tank queue are correlated by the CHP, the capacity relationship between them is further explored. Through the theoretical performance analysis, we also show the tradeoff between the cost saving and the energy buffer capacity. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is evaluated with practical data.


Epidermolysis bullosa is probably not a single disease but rather a group of closely related pathologic states which differ both in clinical features and genetic origin. From the clinicogenetic point of view there is the simplex type, which is dominant, and the dystrophic type, which occurs in either a dominant or a recessive form. In addition, in a small number of cases of the dystrophic type peculiar clinical or genetic features are present; i. e., in the cases of Wende 1 and Guy, 2 in that of the macular type described by da Costa and Van der Valk 3 and in the cases in infants reported by Heinrichsbauer 4 in which the disease is rapidly fatal. The following tabulation illustrates the different clinical features of the chief types 5 : The common feature of all types of epidermolysis bullosa is the formation of bullae. Various theories, based chiefly on the patho


The rapid growth of renewable energy has increased the requirements of the smart grid for communication and processing capabilities. As an effective solution to collect and manage information, the wireless network can improve the efficiency of renewable energy management. But due to the wireless data transmission risk and centralized power trading, the smart grid employing wireless networks cannot guarantee the security of the electricity market and the high consumption of renewable energy. Recently, as an emerging data-sharing technology, the blockchain has attracted widespread attention and is considered to have the potential to solve above problems. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-enabled secure power trading mechanism for the smart grid employing wireless networks. The blockchain is introduced to record power data collected by the wireless network, and the smart contract can make reasonable trading decisions based on this. The dual-chain structure composed of local energy trading blockchain and renewable energy trading blockchain improves the efficiency of power trading and renewable energy consumption. To strengthen the stability of renewable energy producers and expand their scale, we also design a blockchain-enabled renewable energy incentive mechanism. Finally, the modified Southern California Edison 56 bus test feeder model validated our mechanism.


Various versions of a typical control panels are experimentally analyzed both from the effectiveness and efficiency point of view. The stimuli differed in objects' locations within a panel, and the type of the expected response to the presented stimuli. The results of users' performance are investigated using classical analyses of variance. Moreover, visual activity of all examined persons gathered by means of eye tracking system were presented and formally analyzed.


Ion pairing is the main driving force in the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes, which find widespread use in micellar assemblies, drug carriers, and coatings. In this paper we examine the actual ion pairing forces in a polyelectrolyte complex between two oppositely charged polyelectrolyte brushes. Using colloidal probe AFM, we study the effect of salt on the strength of the model complex. We find a strong dependence of attractive force on salt concentration up to a critical salt concentration beyond which no attraction can be measured. By changing the salt concentration, the time allowed for formation of the complex, and the rate at which the complex is disrupted, we are able to measure the kinetics of complex formation and to estimate the ion pairing forces in equilibrium polyelectrolyte complexes. We use a kinetic model for the dynamics of complex disruption as a function of disruption rate to find a typical force of ion pairing in the complex. The model shows that our model polyelectrolyte complex...


In winter scenes, the degradation of images taken under snow can be pretty complex, where the spatial distribution of snowy degradation is varied from image to image. Recent methods adopt deep neural networks to directly recover clean scenes from snowy images. However, due to the paradox caused by the variation of complex snowy degradation, achieving reliable High-Definition image desnowing performance in real time is a considerable challenge. We develop a novel Efficient Pyramid Network with asymmetrical encoder-decoder architecture for real-time HD image desnowing. The general idea of our proposed network is to utilize the multi-scale feature flow fully and implicitly mine clean cues from features. Compared with previous state-of-the-art desnowing methods, our approach achieves a better complexity-performance trade-off and effectively handles the processing difficulties of HD and Ultra-HD images. The extensive experiments on three large-scale image desnowing datasets demonstrate that our method surpasses all state-of-the-art approaches by a large margin both quantitatively and qualitatively, boosting the PSNR metric from 31.76 dB to 34.10 dB on the CSD test dataset and from 28.29 dB to 30.87 dB on the SRRS test dataset.


The invention provides a low-hardness and high temperature resistant rubber material with excellent tensile and fatigue performance and is characterized in that the formula of the rubber material comprises the following components of: by weight, 175 parts of a terpolymer EP rubber, 1-3 parts of a benzimidazole antiager, 1-3 parts of a p-phenylenediamine antiager, 1-3 parts of a keto-amine antiager, 1-2 parts of paraffin, 6-12 parts of an activator, 0.5-5 parts of stearic acid, 62-92 parts of a strengthening agent, 38-68 parts of a plasticizer, 6-8 parts of a vulcanizing agent and 1-2 parts ofan auxiliary crosslinking agent. The rubber materials and the product provided by the invention won't be damaged after they undergo tensile and fatigue destruction for 5.92 million times at a high temperature of 125 DEG C; the rubber material reaches the national advanced level, requires no special production and processing technology as well as no special raw materials, and has low cost and a wide market value.


The method of Resonant Transmission Lines (RTL) is introduced for the generic Sturm-Liouville problem. This is then used to derive a fast, non-perturbative algorithm for obtaining eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger operator. Solutions are obtained via a special recursion from a fine tuning condition equivalent with a functional Continued Fraction Expansion or an equivalent set of Möbius transforms. We apply this technique in the case of an external electric field excitation into a long thin wire modeled as a 1D quantum trap for the electron gas. Some associations with previously reported experimental results in exploding wires under high power, high voltage but low energy exploding wires is discussed. Keywords—Sturm-Liouville, Schrödinger equation, nonperturbative, Stark effect.


Mami Bakery is a bread/sponge-making business located in Pulo Village, Rembang District, Rembang Regency by producing various kinds of cakes, bread and sponge cakes. This business was founded by Mrs. Chulfiyah and has been operating since 2016. The business of making bread/sponge on its way must have faced many obstacles. As for some of the obstacles found during the observation, among others, (1) the lack of promotional facilities used which resulted in less-than-optimal sales (2) do not have a business license (3) do not have a menu book, (4) do not have clear business legality. Based on these problems, the authors made several programs as a solution to Mami Bakery, including (1) creating a Facebook account as a means of promotion media (2) adding business locations in the Google Maps application so it's easy reached by the customer (3) the application for a business license includes the NIB (Business Identification Number) and P-IRT. The various program activities that have been implemented have succeeded in increasing the competitiveness of MSME Mami Bakery as evidenced by the increasing market share which has an impact on the turnover generated. The series of activities that have been carried out are very supportive of Mami Bakery's MSMEs in the midst of increasingly fierce business competition today.


The idiosyncratic range of dates announced in this essay's title signals the temporal scope of the studies examined here, a scope that necessarily complicates historical connotations of the "medieval."1 "Drama" is similarly capacious, signifying the broad range of embodied social practices and material phenomena that these works investigate. Coupled together in my title, the terms "medieval" and "drama" identify a vibrant field of scholarly inquiry that, in the past decade, has creatively extended the limit points of historical, generic, and other analytic categories that have shaped the study of premodern theater in France and England.2 One such category is performance, a primary mode of cultural activity whose centrality to medieval societies is hardly breaking news. Bruce Holsinger's 2003 survey of medieval cultures of performance provided both an essential mapping of the territory and a trenchant critique of contemporary performance studies' antipathy to history. More recently in the pages of this journal, Seeta Chaganti has revisited the relationship of medieval studies to performance studies, identifying new sites where premodern practice and postmodern theory may fruitfully intersect. The daunting bibliographies appended to these two essays themselves bear witness to Holsinger's notice that "the term performance has in recent years undergone a striking mutation into one of those voracious master categories ... that promises to subsume practically every sphere of human action into its compass" (274). My remarks here trace how three recent studies of medieval drama and theater implicitly and explicitly come to terms with this "voracious" master category. Despite the widely divergent subjects that these books investigate — thirteenth-century Picard drama; aristocratic and urban entertainments written by a fifteenth-century English Benedictine monk; radical reinventions of medieval theater for the modern French republic — their shared engagement with performance enables a conversation that cuts across genres and histories, national and local cultures. Although performance as master category, in Holsinger's arresting image, may threaten both to


Recent work in cultural studies has strongly called into question any easy division of "public" and "private," "political" and "psy chological" realms, importantly adopting and furthering femi nist critique of the unexamined maintenance of a distinction between the "personal" and the "political." Thus, for instance, in continuing Foucault's excavation of the complex and often self-contradictory ways in which large social entities?regimes of sexuality?are constituted, queer theory has insisted on the importance of "psychological" process, bringing psychoanalytic thinkers into the Foucaultian investigation and examining how individual identity formation is implicated with the operation of larger social and cultural forces.1 My current project, pursuing such an approach, situates itself at a point of intersection between "psychology" and "politics" in order to interrogate the mutual dependence of medieval "personal" and "political" constructs. As much work in cultural studies has shown, both a society's self-constitution and an individual sense of "self depend upon the casting out of "others," the definition of areas of exclusion that secure realms of inclusion.2 Here, I am concerned with such processes as they operate in relation to medieval religious categories, and I mean to explore the ways in which medieval representations of difference operate both in the construction of a religious hegemony crucial to Western European hierarchical (Christian, masculinist, heterosexist) society and in the securing of a "self within that larger sociopolitical structure. For medieval Latin Christianity there were a variety of possible religious (and racial) "others" that might serve the purposes of dis identification: at "home," there were Jews and "heretics," at a greater


This paper describes the architecture studies, technology studies, and testbeds that demonstrate the viability of an infrared interferometer mission architecture for the Terrestrial Planet Finder project.


Some compounds used for phenotyping of cytochrome P450s are substrates of P-glycoprotein (pgp). It is likely that in these cases, the level of pgp modulates the metabolism of in vivo probes. To address this important issue, we have analyzed the effects of pgp on CYP3A4-mediated reactions in two newly established cell lines (3A4/HR/MDR and 3A4/HR/MDR), which express CYP3A4 in the absence and presence of pgp, respectively. In cultured cells, the presence of pgp increased the apparent Km for the 6b-hydroxylase activity of CYP3A4 toward testosterone and cortisol by a factor of 1.7 and 4, respectively. These steroids are poor and good substrates of pgp, respectively, and cortisol 6b-hydroxylase has been frequently used as an in vivo probe for CYP3A4. Interestingly, we also found that pgp modulated the inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism by several compounds in intact cells. Although quinidine inhibited testosterone 6b-hydroxylase activity in membranes or in intact cells that expressed recombinant CYP3A4 in the absence of pgp, low concentrations of this compound increased CYP3A4 activity in intact cells that expressed pgp. These results imply that pharmacokinetic drugdrug interactions involving CYP3A4 can be influenced by pgp. Drug disposition may be conceptualized as consisting of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion (Parkinson, 1996). The latter three processes also control the disposition of several endogenous compounds such as steroids. Phase I of drug metabolism is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (P450). The cellular uptake and export of xenobiotics or their metabolites is mediated by drug transporters. P450-mediated metabolism displays interindividual variability either due to genetic polymorphisms, which affect the catalytic properties of the various P450 isoforms, or due to differences in the level of P450 enzymes, which are determined by endogenous and exogenous factors (Daly et al., 1993; Kroemer and Eichelbaum, 1995; Smith et al., 1998). Because interindividual differences of P450-catalyzed drug metabolism have important implications for drug therapy and also determine disease susceptibility (Wormhoudt et al., 1999), genoand phenotyping of these enzymes have become important issues. Ideally, the metabolism of the in vivo metabolic probes should be only dependent on the level and the catalytic properties of the P450 that metabolizes them. Phase II metabolism of the resulting metabolites would interfere with accurate phenotyping. Similarly, drug uptake or export is likely to affect the probe reaching its target P450, thereby influencing these assays. This can occur with compounds that are simultaneously substrates of drug transporters and of P450s. Most studies have investigated the interaction of CYP3A4 or orthologous CYP3A enzymes, and an important drug transporter, namely, P-glycoprotein (pgp, human MDR1), which share many substrates and/or inhibitors (Kivisto et al., 1995). For example, cortisol, quinidine, and erythromycin, which are substrates of in vivo phenotyping assays for CYP3A4, are also substrates of pgp (Ged et al., 1989; Barnes et al., 1996; Kim et al., 1999). Several reports have addressed the important question of how the combined action of CYP3A4 and pgp influences the pharmacokinetics and the cytotoxicity of therapeutic drugs and how drug-drug interactions impinge on this process (Gan et al., 1995; Wacher et al., 1995; Lown et al., 1997; Watkins, 1997; Hall et al., 1999). However, it has been extremely difficult to evaluate the contribution of each component to these parameters, mostly because selective inhibitors that discern between both processes have been until recently unavailable. One attempt to circumvent this problem has been to correlate the levels of CYP3A and pgp in tissues with pharmacokinetic data (Lown et al., 1997). Another approach used transgenic mice in This work was supported by a grant of the German Research Council (to J.M.B). ABBREVIATIONS: P450, cytochrome P450; pgp, human P-glycoprotein; calcein AM, calcein acetoxymethylester; EMS, ethylmethanesulfonate; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; IC50, concentration of inhibitor that reduces metabolism of substrate by 50%; IC50, concentration of cytotoxic compound that reduces cell survival by 50%. 0022-3565/01/2962-351–358$3.00 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 296, No. 2 Copyright © 2001 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 3077/877576 JPET 296:351–358, 2001 Printed in U.S.A. 351 at A PE T Jornals on A ril 0, 2017 jpet.asjournals.org D ow nladed from which the mdr1a and the mdr1b genes have been inactivated by homologous recombination, resulting in changes in bioavailability and the toxicity of several compounds (Schinkel et al., 1995). However, to our knowledge, no data are available on the effect of pgp on CYP3A-mediated metabolism in this model. This approach may also be problematic because the catalytic properties of rodent P450s differ from those of human P450s (Gonzalez, 1992). It has been also demonstrated that human and mouse pgp have different substrate specificities (Tang-Wai et al., 1995). Consequently, the interplay between P450 and pgp in rodents is likely to be different from that in humans. The development of cell lines that coexpress pgp and CYP3A4 was hampered by the rapid repression of CYP3A4 in vitro. One study achieved culture conditions that lead to CYP3A4 expression in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 (Schmiedlin-Ren et al., 1997), which expresses low levels of pgp. Another report described the heterologous expression of CYP3A4 in Caco-2 cells. These cell lines could be used to study the influence of pgp on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism, by comparing metabolism in intact cells with that in membrane fractions. However, no data are available on this issue. This approach has also the disadvantage that other factors such as membrane permeability, cellular milieu, and cofactor availability may contribute to differences in intact cells compared with lysates. Some pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions are often a composite, resulting from the interplay of pgp and CYP3A4, which unfortunately complicates interpretation of the observed effects. In one study, it was shown that the antifungal ketoconazole or the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A increased the area under the curve for vinca alkaloids, most likely by inhibiting pgp and CYP3A. However, the contribution of both pathways to the increased bioavailability of vinca alkaloids is not clear (Chan, 1998). Similarly simultaneous inhibition of pgp and CYP3A has been postulated to be responsible for the effects of ketoconazole on the bioavailability of digoxin or the cysteine protease inhibitor KO2 (Salphati and Benet, 1998). Because the impact of pgp on CYP3A4-mediated reactions and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions is difficult to dissect in vivo, we developed an in vitro model to address this important issue. Experimental Procedures Materials. Bovine serum albumin, verapamil, cortisol, testosterone, a-naphthoflavone, ketoconazole, and quinidine were obtained from Sigma (Poole, UK). 6b-Hydroxytestosterone was kindly provided by Steraloids Inc. (New Port, RI) and 6b-hydroxycortisol was obtained from Research Plus (Bayonne, NJ). The multidrug resistance modulator LY335979 was provided by Lilly (Windlesham, UK). Cell culture media and the Lipofectin reagent were purchased from GIBCO (Paisley, Scotland). Calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon). [H]Vinblastine (12.7 Ci/mmol) was obtained from Amersham (Cardiff, UK). Other reagents were of highest grade commercially available. Cell Culture, DNA Transfection, and Isolation of Cell Lines. 1847 human ovarian cancer cells (Louie et al., 1986) were grown under standard cell culture conditions in 1640 RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (50 IU/ml), and streptomycin (50 mg/ml). This cell line was made resistant to paclitaxel (Taxol, BristolMyers Squibb, Stamford, CT) by initially treating the cells with the mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) for 24 h, allowing the cells to recover in the absence of EMS for 48 h before treating with 1 nM paclitaxel. The cells were allowed to adapt to this concentration of paclitaxel for three passages before the paclitaxel concentration was increased to 2.5 nM. This incremental exposure to drug was continued until cells became resistant to 10 mM paclitaxel. Expression of pgp in different clones was analyzed by immunoblotting. 1847 cells overexpressing human pgp (termed MDR cells) as well as parental cells (termed MDR cells) were cotransfected with the plasmids pDHFR/3A4 carrying the CYP3A4 cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter and pCDNA containing the G-418 resistance gene (Ding et al., 1997) using the Lipofectin. In brief, 2 3 10 cells were incubated in 60-mm tissue culture plates in 4 ml of standard growth medium for 24 h. Plasmid DNA (2 mg) and 20 ml of Lipofectin reagent were each diluted in 100 ml of Opti-MEM I medium. Both solutions were allowed to stand at room temperature for 45 min, mixed, and incubated at room temperature for further 15 min. Opti-MEM I (1.8 ml) was added and the 1847 cells were overlaid with this solution after being washed with Opti-MEM1 once. After 24 h of incubation at 37°C, the DNA-containing medium was replaced with 4 ml of normal growth medium and the incubation continued for another 48 h. Finally, cells were split and selected by G-418 (400 mg/ml). Cells derived from MDR clones were grown in the presence of additional paclitaxel (1 mM). Expression of CYP3A4 was detected by immunoblotting. Lipofection was also used for the cotransfection of cells with the vectors pcDNAHR and pcDNA/Zeo1 carrying the human P450 reductase cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter (Ding et al., 1997) and, respectively, the mark


(Family: Simaroubaceae) have been used medically. The extracts of the leaves and the branches showed in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Several chromones, peucenin-7-methyl ether, O-methylalloptaeroxylin (perforatin A), perforatin B, perforatic acid, perforatic acid methyl ester and perforatin C—G and two limonoids, perforatin and perforatinolone, have been isolated from the roots, leaves, branches and wood of H. perforata. From our ongoing study on the biologically active constituents of H. perforata, we now report the isolation of four new chromones, perforamone A, B, C, and D (4—6, 9) together with six known chromones, compounds 1—3, eugenin (7), saikochromone A (8) and greveichromenol (10) from the branches of this plant. Compounds 1—10 were tested for antimycobacterial and antiplasmodial activities. The EtOAc-soluble fraction of the ethanolic extract was subjected to successive CC and prep. TLC on silica gel. Three major chromone derivatives, peucenin-7-methyl ether (1), O-methylalloptaeroxylin (2) and perforatic acid (3) and seven minor ones, perforamone A, B, C, and D (4—6, 9), eugenin (7), saikochromone A (8), and greveichromenol (10) were isolated. Compounds 4—6 and 9 are new natural products. Perforamone A (4) was isolated as colorless needles, which was shown to be optically active ([a ]D 19.4°, c 0.07). The compound gave a parent ion by HR-MS at m/z 290.1151, corresponding to a molecular formula C16H18O5. Its IR spectrum showed absorption bands corresponding to the hydroxyl group and an aryl ketone at 3413 and 1666 cm , respectively. The H-NMR spectrum (Table 1) revealed signals of two singlets at d 1.30 (3H) and 1.44 (3H), and an ABX system at d 2.87 (1H, dd, J 7.2, 13.2 Hz), 3.10 (1H, dd, J 4.2, 13.2 Hz) and 2.95 (1H, dd, J 4.2, 7.2 Hz), which are due to the presence of a 2,3-epoxy-4-methylbutyl group. This was consistent with the C-NMR data (Table 2) of 4, which exhibited two methyl carbons at d 19.1 (C-4 ) and 24.8 (C-5 ), a methylene carbon atom at d 22.3 (C-1 ), an oxymethine carbon atom at d 63.2 (C-2 ) and a quaternary carbon atom at d 59.5 (C-3 ). The signal at d 12.90 (1H, s) in the H-NMR spectrum was ascribed to a phenolic group hydrogen bonded to a carbonyl group. Two singlets of three hydrogens each at d 2.39 and 3.91 and two singlets of one hydrogen each at d 6.05 and 6.42 were assigned to an olefinic methyl (2-Me), a methoxyl (7-OMe) and two hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 of the chromone nucleus, respectively. The C-NMR spectrum of 4 (Table 2) showed 16 signals which were assigned by the DEPT, 2D HMQC and 2D HMBC spectra. The position of the phenolic at C-5 was established by 2D HMBC correlations between phenolic proton OH-5 and C-5, 44 Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54(1) 44—47 (2006) Vol. 54, No. 1


The village of Chiclana de Segura in Jaen, which belonged to the Campo de Montiel shire, was the scene in which inquisition kept a process against the local priest Juan de Dios Santoyo because of his incorrect connivance living with two who were said to suffer visions, stigmas, and other miraculous facts.


In Iraqi patients with Oral Sequamou cell cancer, little is understood about the expression of Mmp7 and Fox protein. Fox 's positive expression was significantly associated with the location (p=0.016) and clinical appearance. Positive expression of Fox has been noted in all cases of oral sequamoucell carcinomacases that represent their essential function in inflammation, indicating that it can be used as inhibitors for head and neck malignancies to improve anti-inflammation therapies.Oral sequamou cell carcinoma mucocutaneous uncertain cause (of a disease) with an ability (to hold or do something) for harmful change is considered to be oral oral sequamous cell cancer. In Iraqi patients with Oral Sequamou cell cancer, little is understood about the expression of Mmp7 and Fox protein. The current research was aimed at assessing the expression of Mmp7 and Fox protein in the portion of Oral oral sequamou cell carcinomausing immunohistochemical teqnique in Iraq. Parts of 22 embedded formalin-fixed paraffin blocks of Oral oral sequamou cell carcinomawere immunostained to determine the expression of Mmp7 and Fox. The term Mmp7 and Fox in both oral sequamou cell carcinomacases was positive (100 percent). Fox 's positive expression was significantly associated with the location (p=0.016) and clinical appearance (p-value=0.003). The positive expression of Mmp7 was substantially statically associated with the location of tumors (p-value = 0.002). There was a non-significant association between Mmp7 and Fox, on the other hand (p-value=0.021). The positive expression of Mmp7 And Fox has been noted in all cases of oral sequamou cell carcinomacases that represent their essential function in inflammation, indicating that it can be used as inhibitors for head and neck malignancies to improve anti-inflammation therapies.


living pattern of those people living on the border area. At the time of the fencing of India and Bangladesh for defining their territory, that particular situation became lot worse for the people situated in those places of fencing. While dividing these two nations, many a house and areas of people were also divided into two halves. One part of their property fell into Bangladesh and another part of their property fell into Indian Territory. This particular aspect gave birth to a lot of ambiguity and contradictions among the people living on the Bangladesh-India border. People living in these places were left stunned as they had to share boundaries with both the nation. And the mode of life and community took a different shape and mechanism. Life in these areas became much more different and in times difficult in comparison to other parts of India. Thus the lifestyle and society in these areas cultivated different aspects in living because they had to face several peculiarities and obscurities in their day to day life. People in these areas adapted a different path and mode of living in the field of economy, politics, education, sports, transportation. Thus the socio-economic picture of such territory projects a different view point. And because of such peculiar conditions in the socio-economic fields there arose a different set of practices and cultural activities, often shared characteristics and often differed significantly. Their economic pattern and way of earning money, as well as business activities were very much different from other parts of the nation for both these countries. The gender roles differed in these places and the man-woman relationship in the society were also different from other parts of these two nation and particularly of Indian territory situated near the Bangladesh border. Other chief and primary social practices in cases of religion had a different role and activity all together. The language of such places also differed. And the issue of caste happened to be also a chief concern for this people.


This article seeks to expand the notion of translation based on the theories of Walter Benjamin, Haroldo de Campos, Nestor Garcia Canclini and John Milton. From this expanded concept of translation, approaching it to cultural criticism, it also seeks to analyse the work of Douglas Diegues, whose poetry is carefully composed and grounded on the concept of creative translation. The Brazilian poet writes in wild Portunhol (a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish and Guarani), a disobedient literary language that functions as a bridge which brings together diverse cultures that coexist in Latin America; a poetic narrative culminating in the translation of canonical works into a wild Portunhol, a practice he has baptized as "transliteration", thus composing a rhetorical and subjective dialogue codified in a frontier language.


In a building design attempt which is full ofnational charm, the author tried to use the way ofthinldng which is different from theprevious, through the introduction of "alternative" national culture element to express the opinion of regional culture architecture. Using the wayofbuilding and space's" conversation ", the sentimentally emotion attached to a long histow of hometown in the Prairie cuiture were expressed.


The concentration of greater than 1 ..mu..m coal fly ash particles in Lake Michigan surface waters was found to be 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ per liter. With an expected residence time of one year, this concentration implies a flux to the sediment of 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 7/ particles/cm/sup 2//yr, or about 10/sup -6/ to 10/sup -5/ g/cm/sup 2//yr. The release of trace elements from fly ash and sediment has been studied using Chelex-100 resin to simulate leaching at high dilutions in natural media. Mn, Pb and Zn, but not Fe, are released more readily from Lake Michigan sediment than from fly ash.


Recently, design models that precise behavior of objects is specified are proposed. Though, currently, they are mainly used for their execution and automatic source code generation, they also have potential to allow us to verify them in the design phase. In this paper, we propose a method to verify such design models in the design phase. In addition, we adopt theorem proving systems to rigorously and efficiently verify it.


Objective To evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Methods From January 1991 to December 2002,clinical data of 1829 patients who had been histologically proven to suffer from colorectal adenocarcinoma were statistically analyzed using a model of Cox with SPSS 10.0 software,the effect of independent factor on prognosis was determined. Results The mean survival time of 1829 colorectal cancer patients was 76.8 months and the overall 5 year survival rate was 56.9%. Univarite analysis showed that the predictors of survival in colorectal cancer patients were age,the onset time,tumor location,operative types (radical resection or non radical resection),histological type,diameter of the tumors,depth of tumor invasion,lymphatic invasion,distant metastases and Dukes staging. Multivariate analysis showed that only tumor location,radical resection,histological type,diameter of the tumors,depth of tumor invasion,lymphatic invasion and Dukesstaging were independent factors. Conclusion Early diagnosis and early treatment of colorectal cancer can achieve maximal improvement of survival rate and the quality of life.


Very little information is available in the literature on storage of fish sauce. Therefore, microbiological and chemical chracteristics during storage and quality of fish sauce were investigated and discussed to present data about the optimum storage condition. The chopped sardine meat was mixed with equal amount of water and (w/w) of vital wheat gluten and then hydrolyzed by addition of commercial proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, papaya protease, ficin and a enzyme mixture (Pacific Chem. Co.) for 4 hours at . The reaction mixture was heated for 30 min at for enzyme inactivation, pasteurization and color development and then centrifuged for 20 min at 4,000 rpm. Table salt and benzoic acid were added for bacteriostatic effect and stored for 80 days at and . The results were summarized as follows: 1. The amount of amino-nitrogen and pH of fish sauce were almost unchanged during storage. 2. Mininum concentration of salt for bacteriostatic activity was (w/w) regardless of addition of benzoic acid. 3. the yields of amino-nitrogen were for the hydrolysate prepared without enzyme, for that with bromelain, with ficin, with papaya pretense, and with enzyme mixture, respectively. 4. The contents of amino-nitrogen were on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis, for that prepared with bromelain, with ficin, with papaya protease and with the enzyme mixture, respectively. 5. The contents of crude protein were on the dry basis for the product prepared by autolysis and 55 to for prepared with commercial enzymes. 6. The hydrolysate prepared with the enzyme mixture revealed a little stronger meaty taste than any other products. 7. The level of crude protein in residues was still high ( on the dry basis) and might be originated from the added vital wheat gluten.


Abstract This study aims to increase duck population in their origin distribution area Sempu, Ngadirojo Village, Secang, Magelang district. The increasing is evaluated by Magelang duck reproduction performance in this area. Ngadirojo was the origin area of duck Magelang distribution but unfortunately the population has begun to decline due to the presence of commercial farmers who sell this type of duck out of the region. Most of the people in Ngadirojo also maintain semi-intensive methods so that reproduction and maintenance performance is poorly controlled due to low performance including reproduction. The data evaluated includes mature age, mature sex weight, egg laying, egg production per week, egg fertility, egg hatchability, incubation time, mating method, and reproductive technology that had been applied. Data collection was grouped on intensive and semi-intensive farms in Sempu sub-village, Ngadirojo village, Secang sub-district, Magelang regency. Evaluation has been carried out through the manufacture of histological preparations for female reproductive ducks of production age (6-12 months) on intensive and semi-intensive farms. Reproductive performance data were analyzed descriptively and data on histology preparations were displayed as support. The results obtained by farms in the Sempu sub-village are semi-intensive duck breeders, ducks are carried out in to the rice fields at certain hours. No intensive breeders were found in the Sempu hamlet, therefore comparative data as intensive breeders were obtained in the Tempuran area, Magelang district. Based on the survey, Magelang duck farmers in Sempu hamlet had normal reproductive performance but when evaluated through histology preparations it was found that the reproductive organ tissue of Magelang ducks which were intensively maintained were more productive. Key words : Magelang duck, histological preparation, Secang sub-district, Reproduction.


Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is being increasingly applied to the analysis of metal ion complexes (Macka and Haddad 1997). However, it remains a challenge to directly analyse metal complexes in biological samples, due to their stability being critically dependent on the type of biological matrix. In the present study, a CE method was developed to analyse the major iron complex of l-(L"carboxyethyl)-2-methyI-3 -hydroxypyridin-4-one (CP38) in rat bile, urine, blood and liver homogenate. A fused-silica capillary with 70 cm total length (55 cm effective length) and 75 pm I.D. was utilised. The carrier electrolyte consisted of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 0.5mM) and phosphate buffer (1 OOmM, pH7.4). Samples were introduced hydrodynamically for 2 or 5 s and the temperature of the capillary was maintained at 25'C. A reversed field (-30kV) was applied for the separations and a built-in diode array detector was utilised for monitoring the analytes. The ML3 complex is formed by CP38 with iron(II1) in phosphate buffer at pH7.4 (hmax 459nm). This complex has a migration time of about 10 min under the CE conditions employed (Figure 1). The method permitted resolution of the complex from the free ligand CP38 which possesses a migration time of about 11 min (Figure 1). The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 501000 pM (calculated as iron concentration and monitored at 460 nm). The limit of detection (LOD) of the ML3 complex was 11.2 pM at 460 nm and 1.3 pM at 285 nm. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 37.2 pM at 460 nm and 4.4 pM at 285 nm. The within-day coefficients of variation (CV) for 100 pM and 1000 pM were 1.9% and 2.3%, respectively. The inter-day CVs for 100 pM and 1000 pM were 6.7% and 2.2%, respectively. These results indicated that the present CE method was reliable, sensitive, and repeatable for analysis of the ML3 complex of Fe (111)-CP38. CP38 is the major metabolite present in bile and urine after rats are orally administered with 1-(3'hydroxypropyI)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (CP4 1). After normal rats were orally administered with CP41 (450 pmole/kg), the bile, urine, blood plasma and liver homogenate were analysed using the CE method. The Fe-CP38 (ML3) complex was found in the bile samples (Figure 2) at much higher concentration than in urine, whilst it was undetectable in plasma and liver homogenate.


We present empirical measurements of the upstream throughput of a DOCSIS 1.1 link. In contrast to all previous simulation-based studies, our measurements have been obtained from actual cable-modems (CMs) and head-ends, each from two different vendors. We have constructed an exhaustive database of measurements of a large subset of the space of parameters affecting upstream throughput. Using a well-known non-parametric hypothesis test, we query this database for obtaining statistically robust answers to key questions about the effect of parameter changes on the throughput. Our results indicate that, for a single CM scenario, packet concatenation is most effective, whereas piggybacking is effective and better than concatenation only in some cases. Using both enhancers decreases throughput for a single CM scenario. Our results are robust across head-end implementations and are of immediate interest to network and protocol architects as well as device developers.


Congenital chylothorax is the most common cause of pleural effusion in newborn infants. These infants show signs of respiratory distress at birth. Chemical pleurodesis with OK-432 has recently been proposed for cases of persistent congenital chylothorax as an alternative method to surgery. Here we report a case of neonate with congenital chylothorax who developed hemothorax and shock as received OK-432 pleurodesis. Finally, his congenital chylothorax responded to high dose of octreotide. Although very rare, clinicians should be aware that OK-432 intrapleural instillations may be complicated with hemothorax.(J Pediatr Resp Dis 2014;10:5-7)


The distributed energy resource (DER) can provide abundant flexibility to help the power system integrate the renewable energy. However, due to the DER's characteristics of large number, scattered geographical location and time-varying state, the conventional "top-bottom" dispatching method is not suitable. Thus, based on the "bottom-top" idea, this paper proposes an autonomous cooperative method of DERs. Firstly, the customer directrix load (CDL) is used to guide DERs to integrate the maximum renewable energy. Secondly, the CDL-tracking strategy of DERs is formulated based on consistency evaluation and the benefit distribution mechanism is designed for the latent DER coalitions. Thirdly, the autonomous cooperative method of DER coalition is elaborated based on a set of aggregation/disaggregation conditions. Finally, the case study demonstrates that the decentralized DERs can automatically aggregate into some coalitions to approach to the CDL and improve the integration of renewable energy. Compared with centralized optimization and independent response, this method is more accurate, efficient and profitable.


This study is a venture in empirical research. Starting with some theoretical considerations on reader-oriented studies, this paper reports on the findings of the readings of Luke 12:35-48 by first-year students in Biblical studies. The purpose was to obtain a better understanding of the reading process itself and in this way to contribute to an evaluation and possible revision of existing theoretical frameworks of reception. The findings of this study suggest that there is a correlation between the potential (Wirkung) of the text and its actualisation (Rezeption) by concrete readers. This is a facet of the autonomy of texts which should be explored in further empirical studies.


Using Danville, Virginia, which was dominated by planter-entrepreneurs and tobacco, as an example, Siegel refutes traditional arguments that the South's retarded development was caused by the Civil War. Comparing Danville and it surrounding county with a similar county in Virginia, a successful wheat and dairy county, he demonstrates that the Danville region's monocultures, products of the South's peculiar climate and soils, were responsible for its economic underdevelopment.Originally published in 1987.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.


The mean-shift algorithm is an efficient technique for tracking 2D target through an image. The classic mean-shift algorithm has a fixed spatial template. Therefore, the tracking result is affected by changes of the tracked object. This paper presents an adaptive template modification strategy which overcomes the influence. The proposed method adjusts adaptively template orientation during the mean shift procedure according to the analysis of the moments of the tracked target. Therefore, the tracker has the ability to handle target rotation. Experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness


Stroke. 2022;53:1399–1401. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.037448 April 2022 1399 The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. Correspondence to: Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom. Email joanna. firstname.lastname@example.com For Sources of Funding and Disclosures, see page 1401. © 2022 American Heart Association, Inc. ADVANCES IN STROKE


Introduction: Precise knowledge of the location of the apical constriction is essential to root canal treatment and long-term prognosis. Considering the differences in the apical constriction and size of the roots in single- and multiple-root teeth in various races, examination and comparison of the location of the apical constriction in single-root and multiple-root teeth are of paramount importance. The present studies aimed to measure and compare the distance of the apical constriction from the apical foramen and anatomical apex in single-root and multiple-root teeth. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 roots of single-rooted teeth and 60 roots of multiple-rooted teeth were collected from the patients referring to the health centers in Isfahan, Iran. After cleansing and disinfecting the surface of the roots, the surface of the teeth was washed with hypochlorite. Based on the direction of the apical foramen, a longitudinal cut was made in the same direction, and the roots were examined microscopically at the magnification of 25. Following that, the distance of the apical constriction from the apical foramen and anatomical apex was measured using a digital camera. In addition, mean and standard deviation of the obtained distance values were determined. Distances in the single-root and multiple-root teeth were compared using independent t-test, at the significance level of Results: Mean distance between the apical constriction and apical foramen was 0.86±0.33 mm in the single-root teeth and 0.072±0.27 mm in the multiple-root teeth. Mean distance between the apical constriction and anatomical apex was 1.14±0.36 mm in the single-root teeth and 1.03±0.36 mm in the multiple-root teeth. Moreover, the results of independent t-test showed the distance of the apical constriction from the apical foramen to be significant between single-root and multiple-rooted teeth (P=0.013). However, the distance between the apical constriction and anatomical apex was not considered significant in single-root and multiple-root teeth (P=0.095). Conclusion: According to the results, the termination of root canal treatment should be 0.86 and 0.024 mm shorter than the apical foramen, while it should be 1.14 and 1.03 mm shorter than the anatomical apex in single-root and multiple-root teeth, respectively.


The electrolytic reduction of a spent oxide fuel involves the liberation of oxygen in a molten salt LiCl–Li2O electrolyte, which creates a corrosive environment for typical structural materials. In this study, the corrosion behaviors of Al–Y-coated specimens in a Li molten salt kept under an oxidizing atmosphere at 650 °C for 72 and 168 h were investigated. The weight loss fraction of the coated specimen to bare specimen was approximately 60% for 3% Li2O and 54% for 8% Li2O at 72 h, and approximately 38% for 3% Li2O and 30% for 8% Li2O at 168 h. Corrosion was induced in the LiCl–Li2O molten salt by the basic oxide ion O2− via the basic flux mechanism, and the corrosion product was found to be dependent on the activity of the O2− ion. The increase in weight loss may have been caused by the increase in the O2− concentration due to the increase in the Li2O concentration rather than being because of the increased reaction time. The Al–Y coating was found to be beneficial for hot corrosion resistance, which can be useful for handling high-temperature lithium molten salt under an oxidizing atmosphere.


This paper aims to assess major contributing factors to problems that developing countries are facing at the present time, and to suggest the way in which those factors are addressed to build Korean ocean policy towards developing world. Five types of economic failure found in developing countries were investigated to understand difficulties and needs of them, including poverty, state bankruptcy, financial difficulty, civil war, and structural transition. Those state failures could bring great socioeconomic impacts on Korean interests, such as national security, economic stakes, international crimes, infectious diseases, and resource wars. In conclusion, five bullet points that Korea needs to fully address in making international ocean policy are suggested: 1) focusing more on human and social assets; 2) protecting social and environmental problems; 3) streamlining assistance institution; 4) improving national image; 5) management based on sustainability. As a G-20 chairmanship nation in 2010, Korea should be serving a bridge between developed and developing world to make them better off the sustainable international cooperation in marine sectors.


Fire impingement on vessels containing pressure liquefied gases can result in catastrophic failure of the vessel leading to a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). If the gas is flammable, this can result in the formation of very large fireballs. In safety assessments where catastrophic vessel failure is identified as a real possibility, the risk of death from a fireball tends to be higher than that from missiles or blast. Since many of the physical processes which take place in a BLEVE are scale dependent, a series of tests were undertaken at a large scale where 2 tonne propane vessels were taken to failure in a jet fire and the vessel response, mode of failure and consequences of failure characterized. The measurements taken by the Health and Safety Laboratory and BG Technology relating to fireball formation are described.


In this paper, we study the optimal energy management policy of an energy harvesting transmitter by taking both battery degradation and finite battery constraints into consideration. We consider a scenario where the sensor is able to harvest energy from the ambient environment and use it to power its transmission. The harvested energy can be used for transmission immediately without entering the equipped battery, or charged into the battery and discharged later for transmission. When the battery is charged or discharged, a cost will be incurred to account for its impact on battery degradation. We impose a long-term average cost constraint on the battery, which is translated to the average number of charge/discharge operations per unit time. At the same time, we assume the capacity of the battery is finite, and the total amount of energy stored in the battery cannot exceed its capacity. Our objective is to develop an online energy management policy to maximize the long-term average throughput of the transmitter under both the battery usage constraint and finite battery constraint. We propose an energy-aware adaptive transmission policy, which is a modified version of the optimal policy for the infinite battery case. Our analysis indicates that the energy-aware adaptive transmission policy is asymptotically optimal when the battery size is sufficiently large. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical analysis.


The rocket is one of the main vegetable crops produced in Brazil through hydroponics. Nevertheless, besides the application of an appropriate nutrient solution for the crop, the knowledge and control of intrinsic variables for the management of the nutrient solution is essential. The accumulation of fresh biomass of the aboveground part, roots and the yield of rocket grown in three flow rates of nutrient solution during six crop cycles was studied. The treatments consisted of three flows rates of nutrient solution, V1= 0.75, V2= 1.00 and V3= 1.50 L min-1. We also evaluated six cycles of cultivation (from July to December). The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight replications. Harvest occurred 30 days after the transplanting date to the hydroponic channels. The yield of biomass of the aboveground part and of roots was higher in the months of November and December, due to the higher temperatures into the greenhouse. The lowest value of aboveground part biomass was registered in the lowest flow rate of nutrient solution. The aboveground part and total (aboveground part + root) biomass were higher in the warmer months. An increase of yield was observed with the improvement of the flow rate of nutrient solution through the channels.