The invention relates to a non-isolation step-down LED drive circuit capable of directly obtaining sampling current and a working method. The non-isolation step-down LED drive circuit comprises a control module provided with a switching tube. One end of the switching tube serves as a voltage output end and is connected to an input end of an energy storage unit. The current sampling end of the control module obtains current sampling signals from the cathode of a follow-current tube in the energy storage unit and controls switch-on or switch-off or maintenance of the switching tube by judging the size of the current sampling signals. According to the non-isolation step-down LED drive circuit, a sampling resistor does not need to conduct voltage sampling in the sampling process, components are omitted, and production cost is reduced; the switching tube is controlled and a subsequent energy storage unit is charged or discharged through a hysteresis voltage comparison subunit, the positive threshold voltage and the negative threshold voltage; the structure of the control module is simplified through the hysteresis voltage comparison subunit, and the switching tube can be switched on or switched off without an internal pulse control unit.


Will the regulation of a vaccine for COVID-19 be left in the hands of health standards administrators and research conventions or will an alliance of political and economic imperatives, chorused by a loud philanthropic/humanitarian cadre push both the roll-out and access challenges? This brief review identifies current developments in the vaccine race and reflects on the way that political, commercial, hegemonic and humanitarian realities will influence law's regulatory relevance particularly through intellectual property regimes. The conclusion, because of this speculative moment, is watch this space.The paper accepts the argument that substantive IP rights on their own are not to blame for adverse access outcomes, if they arise. But the need for compulsory licences and TRIPS exceptions reveals that a state cannot rely on the good intentions of successful manufacturers to promote social good when profits are potentially significant and market competition is constrained. The political and economic externalities pressuring more socially responsible commercial decision-making in the vaccine case are unique but even so law's normative framework for justice and fairness is a counterbalance to private property exclusion when world health is at stake.


Plasmas generated over and under the surface of water have immense scope for wastewater remediation due to in situ generation of redox-rich species. Remediation of simulated wastewater using underwater plasma discharge is reported in this paper. During the plasma discharge, an increase in energy coupling from source to discharge channel was noted with an increase in the applied pulsed DC voltage from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Higher energy coupling resulted in elevation of gas temperature and electron temperature. Concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, estimated spectrochemically in effluent water, also increased with the applied voltage. On the other hand, ozone concentration showed a decreasing trend with increasing applied voltage and the peak ozone density was obtained at the lower end of the applied voltage, i.e., at [Formula: see text]. With higher energy dissipation, a pronounced discharge and, hence, greater emission intensities of ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen, and atomic hydrogen were observed in discharge spectra. The oxidative-reductive stress produced by underwater discharge resulted in a degradation efficiency of [Formula: see text] for methylene blue solution (thiazine dye) corresponding to energy yields of [Formula: see text]. Similarly, the degradation efficiency of [Formula: see text] for methyl orange solution (azo dye) with an energy yield of [Formula: see text] was achieved with this discharge. From the considerations of collision theory, activation energies of [Formula: see text] for methylene blue and [Formula: see text] for methyl orange degradation were estimated for the plasma discharge. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to further reveal the possible effects of plasma therapy on different bonds of the dyes. Additionally, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses were used to suggest the possible degradation pathways of the two dyes. Instant dye degradation in flowing samples was compared with contemporary dye degradation results listed in literature to show the effectiveness of the used technique.


Language model plays a pivotal role in large vocabulary speech recognition systems. Providing more syntactic and semantic information, high-level language models hold stronger ability in guiding the search process and hence optimizing the final result. But on the other hand, complex language models, compared with simple ones, usually introduce proportional computing workload that jeopardizes the system efficiency significantly. In this paper, a new approach of applying high-order language models to decoding process will be proposed, and experimental result in our Gallina system will be provided, which demonstrate that, with high-level language models, the system performance is steadily increased while no much more efficacy is being lost as expense. Keyword: Language model, search, speech recognition.


A reaction network for acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon hydroprocessing in the C2 to C12 range has been generated, as part of a larger work to model a naphtha hydrocraking unit at the elementary step level. The structure of the feedstock molecules is stored as Boolean matrixes, facilitating their mathematical manipulation according to the rules of each elementary reaction step during the reaction network generation. Detailed algorithms and examples are shown for every elementary reaction step. Acyclic and cyclic species are considered, up to two fused aromatic, olefinic or naphthenic rings. Besides conventional elementary reactions, algorithms for aromatic isomerization methyl and ethyl migration and dealkylation were developed. It must be highlighted that the complexity of the reaction network should be weighed against the available chromatographic data resolution. Therefore, mathematical restrictions might be added to the generated structures, such as maximum number of ramifications or maximum molecule size within a group of isomers. A sensitivity analysis of these restrictions was carried out, to determine their impact on the dimension of the generated reaction network.


Introduction: Carcinoma of larynx which is linked directly with smoking is emering a very big public heath problem. In our study, we have treated cases of early glottic carcinoma by two different dose fractionation schedules in relation to overall treatment time and have tried to assess the response of two different fractionation schedules. Material and Methods: This is an analysis of 29 patients with invasive, previously untreated T 1 and T 2 squamous cell carcinoma of true vocal cord that were treated by radical radiation therapy. All patients were treated with a continuous course of radiation therapy with once daily fractionation. All the patients were treated 5 days a week from Monday to Friday. The fractionation regime was either: •� 62.5Gy/25fractions/5 firstname.lastname@example.com (Regimen-1) •� 70 Gy/35 fractions/7 weeks@2 Gy/fraction (Regimen-2) Regimen-1 included 15/29 patients (51.72%) and Regimen-2 included 14/29 patients (48.27%).


Conjunction of high-throughput marker technologies and new statistical methods has recently given birth to a new breeding strategy called genomic selection (GS). The method use genome-wide dense marker genotyping for the prediction of genetic values (GEBV) with enough accuracy to allow selection based on GEBV alone. We present here GS for water use efficiency in rice, in the framework of a pedigree breeding scheme. The training population (TP) was composed of 284 accessions belonging to temperate and tropical japonica rice groups. The candidate population (CP) was composed of 99 F5-F7 lines derived from 36 crosses involving 32 accessions of TP. The two populations were genotyped with an average marker density of 4.8 per kb, with MAF 2.5%. Phenotypic traits considered included flowering time (FL), grain yield (GY) and nitrogen balance index (NI) under conventional irrigation (CI) and aerobic system (AS). Phenotypes were modeled using two statistical regression methods: genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) and reproducing kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS). The models were tested with three incidence matrixes corresponding to densities of 4.8, 9.5 and 13.8 marker per kb, and to linkage disequilibrium (LD) thresholds of r2≤1, r²<0.98 and r²<0.81 to investigate effect of the method and level of LD. Results of interpopulation prediction in rice breeding provided accuracies of GEBV prediction reasonably high for GY (0.41; Sd=0.03) and for NI (0.36; Sd=0.04), low for FL (0.26; Sd = 0.07), that need to be optimized by exploring potential effect of population structure within both TP and CP. (Texte integral)


Because foreign policy is rooted in a double dynamic of answering both the needs of national and international pressure groups, we should be particularly concerned with ensuring that government leaders are rightly informed of the real needs of Canadian citizens. The federal hierarchy implies that provincial governments are generally better disposed to address popular concerns regarding foreign policy. Canada must therefore recognize that unity cannot always mean centrality, and should embrace paradiplomacy as a key feature of Canadian trade negotiation strategy. More precisely, provinces should be encouraged to discuss foreign policy outcomes of central decision-making in an institutionalized forum. Over the last decade, the Canadian government has attempted to moderately pivot away from the American market to build ties with other regions of the world, notably Latin America and South East Asia. This change in foreign policy orientation is not a simple choice, as it involves strong political investment and high transaction costs both on the national and international scene. Leadership becomes an essential attribute of the central executive, which must ensure not only that the innovative policy is beneficial to all Canadians, but also, most significantly, that it is perceived as such. As a consequence, leaders of change are constantly playing a two-level game. The game board metaphor developed by Robert D. Putnam is particularly helpful to better appreciate the extent to which international and domestic policies are intertwined. In Putnam's view, political domains may be represented by a variety of game boards—representing either national or international interests—on which political leaders are required to play against different stakeholders. Because a political leader appears on various boards, he is bound to build a strategy, on the one hand, that is consistent with the needs and interests of Roxanne Hamel is a Master's Candidate at the Glendon School of Public and International Affairs at York University where she studies interprovincial and international affairs. She holds a Bachelor of Arts from Universite Laval in Etudes internationales et langues modernes and was the recipient of the York University Graduate Scholarship for Academic Excellence. Roxanne currently works as a junior editor for Global Brief, a prestigious international affairs magazine, and has previously held a position in the Public Affairs section at the Quebec Government Office in New England.


In chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH), the main cause of death is right ventricular (RV) failure. However, the onset of RV dysfunction varies significantly among patients. Early recognition of RV maladaptation would be highly relevant.

 To identify cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived parameters affected in early stages of PH before the development of RV dysfunction.

 Experimental chronic PH was generated by pulmonary vein banding in 76 pigs whereas 14 animals underwent sham operation. Animals were followed-up monthly with right heart catheterization (RHC) and immediate CMR for a maximum of 9 months. CMR exams included a T1-mapping sequence to quantify equilibrium-extracellular volume (ECV) at the RV insertion points. Pairs of RHC and CMR examinations were compared among controls and PH with normal RV ejection fraction (RVEF≥55%) or reduced (REVF<55%) using ANCOVA test with Bonferroni correction. All procedures followed the "Principles of laboratory animal care".

 In the presence of PH confirmed by RHC and normal RVEF, the RV displays significant hypertrophy and increased myocardial native T1 and ECV, despite preserved ventricular dimensions and PA flow (Fig 1B). In advanced stages of the disease, RV-AP uncoupling and reduced PA pulsatility develop together with RV dilatation and failure (Fig 1C).
 CMR parameters in sham and PH animals Sham controls (n=25 evaluations) PH with normal RVEF (n=155 evaluations) PH with low RVEF (n=70) RVEF (%) 62±5 61±4 47±8# RVEDV (mL/m2) 73±18 83±17 111±29# RVESV (mL/m2) 28±8 32±8 61±25# RV mass (g/m2) 17±4 23±5* 30±11# PA area (cm2/m2) 5.5±1.2 6.3±1.6 8.7±2.2# Native T1 anterior RVIP (ms) 983±75 1043±78* 1055±90# ECV anterior RVIP (%) 27±5 31±6* 36±7# Native T1 inferior RVIP (ms) 959±68 1022±71* 1032±99# ECV inferior RVIP (%) 25±5 31±6* 36±7# PA pulsatility (%) 29±6 27±7 21±3# Ea/Emax 40±16 47±11 97±65# RVEDV: RV end-diastolic volume; RVESV: RV end-systolic volume; RVIP: RV insertion point. *p<0.05 1 vs. 2; #1 vs. 3.
 NativeT1: control, PH-normal RV, RV dysf

 RV hypertrophy and ECV expansion are early mechanisms in RV adaptation to postcapillary PH, whereas ventricular and PA dilatation, RV-PA uncoupling and reduced pulsatility appear in more advanced stages concurring with systolic dysfunction.

 The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaciόn y Universidades and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence


The solubility of p-toluenesulfonamide and o-toluenesulfonamide in seven monosolvents of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate were measured by using the isothermal saturation method at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 318.15 K under 101.3 kPa. The mole fraction solubility of p-toluenesulfonamide and o-toluenesulfonamide in those selected monosolvents increased with the increase in temperature. The maximum mole fraction solubility of o-toluenesulfonamide was observed in ethyl acetate (0.07748 at 318.15 K), followed by that in acetonitrile (0.07368 at 318.15K), methanol (0.05790 at 318.15 K), ethanol (0.04564 at 318.15 K), n-propanol (0.04271 at 318.15 K), isopropanol (0.04142 at 318.15 K), and n-butanol (0.03879 at 318.15 K). For p-toluenesulfonamide + solvents systems, the maximum mole fraction solubility was observed in acetonitrile (0.1588 at 318.15 K), followed by that in ethyl acetate (0.1329 at 318.15K), methanol (0.1043 at 318.15 K), ethanol (0.09...


Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has disrupted the UK National Health Service (NHS). All surgical specialties have been affected by the diversion of resources to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI) captured the experience of members related to the effect of the pandemic on professional and personal lives using an anonymized online 14 questionnaire survey distributed to its membership. Nine questions (Fig. 1, I-IX) aimed to capture the effect on the provision of surgical services, safety of patients and surgeons, professional and personal wellbeing, career plans, training, research and development; two questions assessed testing strategies and three questions (Fig. 1, X–XII) captured the feelings of pessimism or optimism related to professional and personal futures, as well as the future of the NHS. Participants could also offer open comments. Data were analysed using a mixed-methods approach. The survey was completed by 108 people, 65 per cent at consultant level. Some 74 per cent of participants expressed serious concerns related to the quality of services during the pandemic, with 45 per cent believing this affected patient safety. Forty-two and 45 per cent of respondents felt their own and their colleagues' safety respectively was significantly compromised. Lack of clarity of testing policies was one important contributing factor. Strikingly, 53 and 62 per cent of the participants rated their professional and personal/family well-being respectively as


The work presented in This work focuses on the development of a 'proof-of-concept' fuel cell vehicle prototype using a dynamometer-based test bench. The main objective of this work is the validation of design ideas regarding the combination of two different energy storage devices (i.e., batteries and ultracapacitors) into an ESU for the power management of this vehicle. The implemented prototype is a simplified and scale-down version of the designed vehicle; however, the measured results show that the vehicle could greatly benefit from the combination of energy sources that are different in nature such as batteries and ultracapacitors.


It is clarified based on the analysis of 正oot movement in walking that there is very little danger of stumbling if the height of difference in level is within 5 mm . Sensory and perceptual evaluations concerning the pain at stumbling and the danger of tumb − ling were quantified as evaluation scales by means of a sensory test, Then proper physical quanti − ties corresponding to the scales were established using a newly −depeloped measuring apparatus . Finally the relationship between the scales and the quantities were presented as evaluation inde− xes of the safety of difference in leve正. KegWOizts: evaluatioh method , safety , difference in lenel , stumbling


This paper focuses on one mental mechanism used in alleviating distress viz. illusion. Three patients are discussed with particular reference to their use of this mechanism. Some relevant literature is reviewed.


Abstract Nests and nesting behavior of the Nightingale Wren (Microcerculus marginatus) in Panama are described. Two nests were found at the ends of horizontal burrows in dirt banks, presumably excavated by other species. The nest chambers were lined with dead leaf fragments. Clutch sizes were two and three eggs. Incubation period was 19 or 20 days for one nest, and the nestling period was 16 or 17 days for the second nest. A comparison of nests in the Troglodytidae shows the nests of M. marginatus to be most similar to those of the genera Salpinctes, Catherpes, and Hylorchilus, all of which are secondary cavity nesters. If nest type is a phylogenetically conserved characteristic, then these four genera may be more closely related than is reflected in current classifications.


Classical Swine Fever (CSF) virus has been confirmed for the first time in pig in Bali. The object of thisstudy was suspected CSF cases diagnosed at the diagnostic laboratory assistantship of the Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Udayana University, in 2007-2008. Total number of cases was 12. Case recordsincluded the signalment of case (breed, age, body weight, and the origin of respective case), clinical signs,post-mortem lesions, and histological pictures. CSF virus was confirmed using the standardized reversetranscriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CSF from European Union. One RT-PCR productwas sequenced. CSF virus was confirmed in seven out of 12 cases (58%). The cDNA sequence wasconfirmed to be specific of CSF E2 protein coding region with 98% homology to one isolate from China thatwas available in GeneBank. Further works are recommended to elucidate the sensitivity of RT-PCR, toclarify some differential diagnose, and to find out the genetic variation of CSF virus in Bali.Key words: classical swine fever virus, Bali, RT-PCR


In this chapter, we summarize and discuss methods used to study viral interactions in aquatic environments. These methods to assess interactions between viruses, hosts and the environment (including other viruses) are operationally separated into interactions at the molecular, single-cell, and community levels. Many of these methods benefit from the methodological advancements in the field of molecular biology including the 'Omics area'. There are, however, numerous methods from other fields. We also present examples of unanswered questions along with problems solved by these questions. Finally, we conclude that viral interactions with the abiotic environment have received surprisingly little attention, so far, from a methodological perspective. Introduction This chapter focuses on methodological developments dealing with aquatic viral ecology, viral interactions with hosts, and virus diversity. Although the chapter discusses techniques which are particularly applicable to the study of aquatic viral ecology, many of these techniques can also be applied to viruses found in terrestrial environments (see Chapter 4). In addition, rather than being comprehensive, the chapter focusses on key concepts along with some underor not fully considered research avenues. Techniques to study virus and virus–host interactions In the past, studies on viruses as well as virus–host interactions in aquatic systems have suffered from technical limitations. Today, however, there is a large toolbox available for a variety of analyses in viral ecology, in particular in the probing of virus–host interactions. Elsewhere in this volume we consider insights into aquatic viral ecology (see Chapter 6) which have benefited from this toolbox, but here we summarize existing and potentially new techniques for the study of these interactions. This section is separated into three parts: (1) methods detecting organic molecules and the interactions of such molecules with viral particles (methods at the molecular level), (2) methods focusing on the localization of viruses and viral gene products or their trafficking within a cell (methods at the single-cell level) and (3) methods used at the community level, that is, as consisting of multiple species living within the [217]


ABSTRACT While the world of work has long been juxtaposed against private, domestic spaces, in recent years the line between the two spheres has become increasingly blurred. This is especially the case when considering the relationship between domestic violence and the workplace, which is not only affected by the intrusion of domestic violence into the workplace but compounded by the increasing amount of work conducted from home. These intersections between domestic violence and work have been subject to mounting scrutiny in recent years, resulting in calls for policy changes that acknowledge domestic violence to be a workplace issue and which develop an appropriate employer response accordingly. This article offers a case study of DVFREE, a domestic violence workplace program delivered by specialist domestic violence organisation Shine in Aotearoa New Zealand. DVFREE adopts a systems-approach to instantiate and support structural change within an organisation. We consider the New Zealand specific-context, before offering a series of practice recommendations that address why and how employers can support employees experiencing domestic violence, drawing our conclusions from knowledge gained through the implementation of the DVFREE initiative. This knowledge offers an important, hitherto largely absent, perspective to research in this field, providing much-needed practical steps for employers.


Since 1972, Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare has been promoting researches on so-called Intractable Diseases, which are chronic, often complicate other diseases and have severe effects and accompanying physical and social handicaps. Beginning with 8 Committees in 1972, they grew to 43 in 1976, and from that time have remained steady in number. The 43 Committees fall into 2 groups; those researching a single disease, for example Behcet's Disease, and groups researching several diseases with a common aspect, for example Autoimmune Diseases. In 1983, 1466 researchers and physicians from 260 organizations, including all medical schools in Japan, were contributing to this project. Diseases under research numbered more than 150. However, although the Annual Reports of the Research Committees are recognized as important primary information resources in medical libraries, sometimes they can't be used effectively, because they are published as government reports, and thus lack the unified form that publishing materials usually have. Also the Committees are re-evaluated every three years and some Committees are changed or discontinued at that time. Furthermore Reports are not indexed in secondary information sources like Igaku Chuo Zasshi. To use there Reports more effectively as a library materials, we have made 2 tools. One is "Table of transitions of Research Committees, 1972-1980". The second is "Index of diseases referred to Research Committees".


Combined with local characteristics,a kind of Promising and healthy drinks of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.Leaves was studied. With the raw material of the Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. Leaves,agar,sugar,and xanthan gum,the processing of jelly was studied and the optimal formula was decided by orthogonal experiments and experiments of single factor. Results showed that the optimal formula was:the added liquid material ratio 1:1000,extraction temperature 95℃,extraction time 25 min,ratio of ingredients agar 1:140,white sugar 5%,xanthan gum 0. 05%. The jelly had the characteristics of transparent surface,good elasticity,special flavor and moderate sweetness by using this formula,which was Nutritional and suits for consumers.


Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a tumor suppressor gene disorder characterized by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. These mutations lead to the development of benign tumors involving smooth muscle cells, causing life-threatening lymphangioleiomyomatosis. We isolated and characterized two types of cells bearing a mutation in TSC2 exon 18 from a renal angiomyolipoma of a TSC patient: one population of -actin-positive smooth muscle-like cells with loss of heterozygosity for the TSC2 gene (A cells) and another of nonloss of heterozygosity keratin 8/18-positive epithelial-like cells (R cells). Unlike control aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, A cells required epidermal growth factor (EGF) to grow and substituting EGF with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 failed to increase the cell number; however, omission of EGF did not cause cell loss. The A cells constantly released IGF-1 into the culture medium and constitutively showed a high degree of S6K phosphorylation even when grown in serum-free medium. Exposure to antibodies against EGF and IGF-1 receptors caused a rapid loss of A cells: 50% by 5 days and 100% by 12 days. Signal transduction mediated by EGF and IGF-I receptors is therefore involved in A cell survival. These results may offer a novel therapeutic perspective for the treatment of TSC complications and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. (Am J Pathol 2005, 167:1093–1103) Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the multiorgan development of benign and occasionally malignant tumors that most frequently affect the central nervous system, kidney, and skin. In particular, the kidney tumors include angiomyolipomas and renal cell carcinomas, of which the former may cause renal failure as a result of the replacement of kidney parenchyma with tumoral tissue, possibly leading to life-threatening hemorrhage. Angiomyolipomas consist of smooth muscle cells, adipose tissue, and disorganized thick-walled vascular channels. TSC is characterized by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, which seem to act together as a complex of the encoded hamartin (TSC1) and tuberin (TSC2) proteins. Mutations in TSC1 on chromosome 9q34 and TSC2 on chromosome 16p13 lead to similar clinical phenotypes, which are more severe in the case of the TSC2 subtype. The loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the wild-type allele corresponding to the germline TSC1 or TSC2 mutation in the TSC lesion can be explained with the two-hit tumor suppressor gene model. LOH of both has been documented in angiomyolipomas, astrocytomas, and rhabdomyomas from TSC patients. The frequency of LOH varies significantly among tumor types, being high in angiomyolipomas and low in central nervous system lesions. TSC can occur in association with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a progressive and often fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by the diffuse proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells and cystic degeneration of lung parenchyma. The smooth muscle cells in angiomyolipomas are very similar to those of


An e-liquid bottle (1) and an electronic cigarette used in conjunction therewith. The e-liquid bottle (1) comprises a bottle body (11), a bottle cap (12), and a control switch (14). An e-liquid outlet (121) is provided on the bottle cap (12). The control switch (14) is provided on the bottle cap (12). The electronic cigarette comprises a cigarette cartridge pipe (21) and an e-liquid refill apparatus (23). An e-liquid storage cavity (A) is formed within the cigarette cartridge pipe (21). An end surface of the cigarette cartridge pipe (21) forms an end wall (223) and a second operating part (222) outwardly protruding in the axial direction. An e-liquid inlet (2231) is provided on the end wall (223). The second operating part (222) corresponds to the position of a press switch (141). The e-liquid refill apparatus (23) is provided at an extremity of the end wall (223). E-liquid refill channels respectively corresponding to the e-liquid outlet (121) and the e-liquid inlet (2231) are formed on the e-liquid refill apparatus (23). The e-liquid refill channels are cut off from the e-liquid storage cavity (A). First e-liquid inlets (2321) are provided on the e-liquid refill channels. When the electronic cigarette is being refilled by the e-liquid bottle (1), the e-liquid bottle (1) presses the e-liquid refill apparatus (23) to open the e-liquid inlet (2231), the second operating part (222) presses the control switch (14) to open the e-liquid outlet (121), the e-liquid bottle (1) comes into communication with the e-liquid storage cavity (A) to refill the e-liquid storage cavity (A); when the e-liquid bottle (1) is separated from the electronic cigarette, the e-liquid inlet (2231) and the e-liquid outlet (121) are closed, thus preventing e-liquid leakage during the refill process, and ensuring the safety of refilling.


Background: Inhibition of glycosidase activity is an effective diabetes therapy and prevention strategy. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of quercetin and its derivatives extracted from Potentilla bifurca on α-glycosidaseinhibited vitality. Materials and Methods: Various chromatographic methods and separation techniques were used to separate quercetin and quercetin derivatives. An enzyme reaction system was established to determine the inhibitory activity of P. bifurca compounds against α-glucosidase and the type of enzyme inhibitor reaction. Results: The changes in activity between quercetin and its derivatives is observed in the following areas: (1) The action of flavonoids is expected to be influenced by the substituents of different molecules. Glycosylation of quercetin reduces its hypoglycemic effect, and the molecule created after adding penta-glycoside is larger than that formed after adding hexa-glycoside. (2) The acylated drugs can possibly reduce their activity. Conclusion: P. bifurca has been shown to inhibit glycosidase activity, making it effective in diabetes treatment.


The specific demands inherent to supply chains built upon large IoT systems, make a must the design of a coordinated framework for cyber resilience provisioning intended to guaranteeing trusted supply chains of ICT systems, built upon distributed, dynamic, potentially insecure and heterogeneous ICT infrastructures. As such, the proposed solution is envisioned to deal with the whole supply chain system components, from the IoT ecosystem to the infrastructure connecting them, addressing security and privacy functionalities related to risks and vulnerabilities management, accountability and mitigation strategies as well as security metrics and evidence-based security assurance. In this paper we present FISHY, as a preliminary designed architecture, designed to orchestrate both existing and beyond state-of-the-art security appliances in composed ICT scenarios and also leveraging capabilities of programmable network and IT infrastructure through seamless orchestration and instantiation of novel security services, both in real-time and proactively. The paper also includes a thorough business analysis to go far beyond the technical benefits of a potential FISHY adoption as well as three real-world use cases where to strongly support the envisioned benefits of a FISHY adoption.


This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of training program to develop positive attitudes towards vocational education of secondary vocational education teachers in Jordan. The study population consisted of 100 teachers, who were distributed across all vocational schools of the educational directorates in Irbid governorate. In order to achieve the objective of the study; the researcher has prepared an attitude scale that consisted of 33 items, that were distributed over seven vocational education areas. The validity and consistency of the study tool were verified; whereas the reliability coefficient of the scale was 0.91. In order to answer the questions of the study, arithmetic means, standard deviations, and T-test were extracted. The study came with the following findings: majority of teachers scored at the middle level as to the degree of interest towards vocational education, and here were significant statistical differences in the average degrees of vocational education attitudes of secondary vocational education teachers between pre and post experiment test due to the effect of the suggested training program.


Abstract Rationale: We report a new scleral buckling technique using a 27-gauge endoilluminator and a wide-field viewing system to overcome the limitations of conventional indirect ophthalmoscope-methods and "chandelier-assisted" surgery. Patient concerns: A 26-year-old female patient visited the local clinic for floaters and lower visual field defects in her left eye that had occurred 5 days prior. Diagnoses: On fundus examination, upper retinal detachment without macular involvement and an atrophic hole was observed in her left eye. Interventions: Under general anesthesia and after perilimbal conjunctival incision, extraocular muscle isolation, and traction with black silk, a 27-gauge trocar-cannula was inserted 90° away from the retinal break, 4 mm away from the limbus. Under wide-field viewing using a contact lens, the fundus was observed through a surgical microscope. Retinal break was evaluated and cryopexy was performed with careful movement of the endoilluminator, paying attention to damage to the lens. The surgeon could accurately and freely control the direction of the illumination tip to obtain a brighter view of the region of interest. Outcomes: There were no complications associated with trocar cannula incision or the illuminator. The retina was successfully reattached. Lessons: Twenty seven gauge endoilluminator-assisted scleral buckling is an easy and safe procedure and provides better control over and free adjustment of the light direction, thus overcoming the limitations of chandelier-assisted surgery.


This research was conducted in the Madura Strait in 2011. The purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of social, economy, ethical and fishing technology in the sustainability of biological and demersal fish resources in the Madura Strait. Ecosystem-based research approach to the social domain, economics, and ethics, technology, biology and fishery resources was then analysed using Partial Least Square with smartPLS software. Environmental knowledge, education level, status of the conflict, the income of fishermen, subsidies, habitat mitigation, co-management affect the use of unenvironment friendly technologies and result in biological and demersal fish resources sustainability of the Madura strait.


The orthogonality among the subcarriers of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems may not be preserved under time-varying channels. The system performance becomes degraded due to the loss of orthogonality among the subcarriers, and this effect is called intercarrier interference (ICI). Conventional zero forcing detection scheme can be used to suppress the ICI effect, but noise enhancement also occurs.In order to avoid noise enhancement, a novel Wiener-based successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme is proposed to detect the OFDM signals in this paper. The Wienerbased SIC scheme provides a good ICI cancellation performance. Simulation results show that the performance of the Wienerbased SIC scheme is better than those of both zero forcing and zero forcing plus SIC schemes.


Users of logistic regression models often need to describe the overall predictive strength, or effect size, of the model's predictors. Analogs of R 2 have been developed, but none of these measures are interpretable on the same scale as effects of individual predictors. Furthermore, R 2 analogs are not invariant to the base rate (overall proportion of successes), making it difficult to compare effect sizes across data sets. The authors propose a measure of overall effect size that is interpretable on the same scale as effects of individual predictors and is invariant to the base rate. They explore the properties of the overall odds ratio and illustrate its use through an example. They also provide interpretive guidance and illustrate how statistical software can be used to compute the proposed measure.


Introduction. 1. Telling Stories. 2. Why Stories? 3. Drawing Pictures. 4. Explaining Processes and Finding Requirements. 5. Planning the Story. 6. Creating the Body of the Document. 7. And Finally, the Beginning. 8. Reviewing, Reusing, and Maintenance. Appendix. Software Requirements Document Template.


One serious and persistent case of Crohns colonic disease is presented as a side effect of oral contraception. Such cases being very rare the scarce literature on the subject is reviewed. (Summary in ENG)


This research was related to the experience of family and the closest people of athletes who retired from professional sport. The objective of this research is to have a deep understanding the experience of family and the closest people or friends in managing and interpretting their roles over when the athletes were in retirement period from professional sport. The research method used was depth interview. The subjects were the athletes' family and closest people. Data analysis used was interpretative phenomenology analysis. The results of this research were: (1) there were good relationship between the athlete and their closest people; (2) family support worked positively against the retired athletes, (3) the changes in the behavior and attitude of the athletes were not known by the families and the closest people. Based on the result of research, it can be summed up that family and closest people would strengthen the positive behavior of the


In the first part of this thesis,we examine the preparation of a single-
mode radiation field in arbitrary pure quantum states via resonant inter-
action with a sequence of two-level atoms.The preparation is achieved
by choosing an appropriate (in general entangled)initial state of the
atomic sequence,and does neither require a final state measurement of
the atoms,nor a control of the atom-field interaction.Furthermore,the
method is applicable also when starting from mixed initial field states.
We show how to determine the optimal initial atomic state which pre-
pares the desired field state with the maximum fidelity,and prove the
feasibility of our state preparation method by numerical calculations.
In the second part,we demonstrate the noise-induced control of quantum
jumps in a fundamental open quantum system.Here,in addition to the
subsequent interaction with a flux of two-level atoms,the quantized field
is also coupled to a thermal environment.Under certain experimental
conditions,the photon field exhibits a bistable behavior,with quantum
jumps between two metastable states.In the presence of a small peri-
odic signal (i.e.,a modulation of the initial state of the two-level atoms
crossing the single-mode resonator),the best synchronization of these
quantum jumps with the signal is achieved at an optimal,nonvanishing
temperature of the environment.This stochastic resonance e ffect can
be observed in di fferent components of the atomic Bloch vector on exit
from the cavity.
The third part treats a speci fic problem concerning the characterization
of entanglement between two quantum mechanical two-level systems.
We consider the optimal decomposition of a two-qubit state into an en-
tangled and a separable part,with maximal weight of the latter,and
derive necessary and su fficient conditions for the optimality of the de-
composition.


Summary The effect of androgens on the RCM in the squirrel monkey and the RBC 2,3 DPG and hemoglobin oxygen affinity in the squirrel monkey and in mice was studied. It was found that administration of 19-ND resulted in an increase in RCM, and elevation of the RBC 2,3 DPG and a "right shift" of the oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve. The possible relationship of these phenomena is discussed. It is suggested that the increase in RBC 2,3 DPG is not a result of a direct effect of the androgen on the metabolism of the RBC.


The characterization criteria for the numerical modeling of cement based materials' creep and shrinkage has evaluated. Concrete is modeled as three phased composite system, as mortar, aggregate, and aggregate-mortar interface. The numeric simulation of aggregate shape and grading is evaluted according to Turkish and American Standards. The advantages of using lattice type modeling algorithm for the simulation of the whole concrete cross section are presented. Numerically generation of concretes creep and shrinkage behaviors and of cross section deformed shape evaluated. Thus, the main criteria's for the simulation of cement based materials' time dependent behavior provided.


AbstractMany adults return to formal learning situations to pursue lifelong learning goals because their lives are in transition from dealing with real-life problems such as divorce and re-marriage. The purpose of this study was to describe what couples learned that contributed to the success of their subsequent marriages and how they learned it. The following categories emerged from the data: Divorce Recovery Process, Life Stage Development, Tests, Communication, Spiritual Foundation, Children, and Zestful Companionship. The major conclusions from the study are (a) that a history of unsuccessful relationships can be changed to successful relationships with couples moving from the unsuccessful, divorce track to the long-term, successful marriage track and (b) that this successful transition is grounded in effective learning, utilizing adult learning principles that include self-directed learning, real-life learning, critical thinking, and metacognition.IntroductionMany adults return to formal learning situations to pursue lifelong learning goals because their lives are in transition. Real- life problems such as divorce and re-marriage provide adults with opportunities for learning. A number of educators have proposed that engaging in learning activities is one way in which adults cope with life events and transitions (Aslanian & Brickell, 1980; Knox, 1977; Merriam & Clark, 1991; Merriam & Yang, 1996; Schlossberg, Waters & Goodman, 1995; Tennant & Pogson, 1995; Wolf & Leahy, 1998). Most adults learn in order to cope with some change in their lives, and this learning is tied to a triggering event (Aslanian & Bricknell, 1980). These triggering events are most often related to career and family changes such as beginning a new job, becoming pregnant, or experiencing a divorce and re-marriage (p. 111).Since adult learners who are in transition are likely to pursue educational goals, it is important for the facilitators of learning who are working with these adults to be aware of what other adults have learned during these times of transition that can include divorce or re-marriage. A study of adult learning in self-identified, successful, subsequent marriages found that there are adults who have experienced transitions such as divorce and re-marriage and who have been able to utilize adult learning principles to move from unsuccessful marriages to successful, long-term relationships.The purpose of this study was to describe (a) what couples learned that contributed to the success of their subsequent marriages and (b) how they learned it. This study dealt with both the content of what the couples learned and the processes they used to learn.MethodologyThis study utilized a naturalistic design in order to collect and analyze qualitative data for the purpose of describing what the couples learned that contributed to the success of their successful, subsequent marriages and how they learned it. Interviews were selected as the most appropriate format for collecting the information from the couples because there was a need to find out about feelings and situations which were not able to be observed.Twelve couples were interviewed and were identified through a purposeful sample. Both of the individuals in the couple had been divorced and re-married. It was determined that a couple could include two people who had been divorced twice or one person who had been divorced twice while his or her partner had been divorced once. The couples had to have been married more than five years in order to participate in the study. It was determined that the unit of analysis for this study was the couple, not the individuals within each couple, since the purpose of the study was to determine what the couples had learned and how they had learned it in order to make their subsequent marriages successful. Since the study was about the marriages, it made sense that the unit of analysis was the couple. …


The functions and benefits of road safety audit was studied. It was pointed that it can prevent accident and reduce accident severity, it's cost-to-benefit ratio is about 1∶15~1∶20. According to the characteristics of China traffic engineering, the principles, objects, stages, processes and checklists of RSA implementation procedure were discussed. Through a case study, some safety defects about location, layout, sight distance, signs, lines and safety facilities of the audited intersection were presented and the suggestions for further improvement were given. 3 tabs, 3 figs, 6 refs.


The ability to communicate more effectively with one another is the most
important factor in choosing the suitable technique in wireless communication
system. The effectiveness of communicating covers various aspects including high
data rate transmission, encryption thus protecting against interference or jamming and
also the cost of construction. The main objective of this project is to build a system
that consists of two main modules that can be used in a wireless digital
communication system. The two main modules will be used in a transmitter and
receiver system of a digital communication system, especially in a DSSS digital
communication system. At the transmitter system, module that has been developed is
random data generator, meanwhile at the receiver system, module that has been
developed consists of a data detector and a transmission error detector. The technique
used is based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology which can
analyze its effort as a third generation mobile system that is expected to be foundation
of wireless telecommunication system construction beyond year 2000.


Epidemic SIS Model is to find the number of susceptibles (S) and infectious (I) for given closed group of N members by solving _ S = N SI +I


In the landslide monitoring of three gorges reservoir,the public network signal can not meet the demand of remote monitoring.In order to solve the problem,wireless sensor network is introduced to the landslide monitoring system of three gorges reservoir,and it is also helped by beidou satellite commutation system to cover communication blind district,which construct the model of landslide monitoring system of three gorges reservoir.The monitoring data was implemented by the data transmission process of ' Alarm Reporting and On-time Transmission'.Experiments show that the monitoring system,based on the wireless sensor network,can meet its application requirements.At the same time,the data transmission process of 'Alarm Reporting and On-time Transmission' can reduce the energy consumption effectively,and increase network' s life.


A critical step in changing organizational structures and systems is the design of models that prescribe future configurations. However, little research has been done on the development of such "to-be" models. It appears that improving this step can have a significant impact on the success of the change effort as a whole. Using the focus theory of group productivity, we developed and evaluated a process for creating "to-be" models and tested it with an organization undergoing reengineering. Results suggest that the combined use of collaborative technology and animated simulation gives organization members a better understanding of current processes and problems associated with them and helps to generate significant ideas for process improvement. Special attention is required for facilitation methods and idea generation techniques that are designed to elicit radical change ideas in order to prevent a dominating focus on incremental improvement ideas.


The CLLLC resonant converter naturally has symmetrical bidirectional power transmission characteristics due to its symmetrical circuit structure, but the transmission power and efficiency will be reduced when resonant network is detuned. In this paper, a mathematical model for the CLLLC resonant converter is established based on the first harmonic approximation(FHA) method. Then, a variable-frequency multi-phase-shift control strategy that can achieve bidirectional power transfer over a wide voltage range and reduce the adverse effects of detuning of the resonant network is proposed. Finally, through simulations and experiments, the proposed control strategy is proved to be able to reduce the adverse effect of detuning.


Xindacheng second-line tunnel was close to the existing line tunnel.In order to ensure the safety of the existing line tunnel and the transportation,some measures has been taken,such as the advanced three-step excavation of pit,large diameter hollow vertical holes cutting,perforation hydraulic blasting and real-time vibration monitoring technology etc.The project was completed safely with the construction progress of 59 m per month.


High penetration photovoltaic power generation system (PVS) would cause some negative impacts on the stable operation of electric power system. On the other hand, when PVSs are widely dispersed, the total power output fluctuation would be smoothed. In order to evaluate the spatial average insolation fluctuation by using the insolation data observed at the limited number of points, we have developed the method to take the smoothing-effect around the observation point into account. Then, by using the insolation data observed at 61 points in the Chubu region in Japan, this study statistically evaluated the long-cycle fluctuation of the spatial average insolation. As the results, the absolute value of the maximum fluctuation width (MFW) of ensemble average insolation calculated with 120 min width window ranges mainly between 200 and 300 W/m2, while it is larger than 400 W/m2 in 6 days (1.7%). The results suggest that the reliable forecast method of spatial average insolation is needed to mitigate the impact of total power output change due to the insolation change of 400 W/m2 in 120 min.


A theory of very high-energy gamma-ray generation in fast rotating radio pulsars with strong surface magnetic fields is developed. Acceleration of charged particles takes place on the Alfven surface in the vicinity of the light cylinder. Gamma-rays are generated by inverse Compton scattering of relativistic electrons on X-rays emitted by the pulsar. The theory describes both the form of the observed spectrum and the absolute fluxes of very high-energy gamma-rays from PSR 0531+21, 0833-45 and 1509-58. Lower limits to the fluxes of the gamma-rays are estimated for some other pulsars


Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been always used in aerospace, Sandwiched structures composed by a honeycomb core between two multi-layer CFRP facesheets are very common on aerospace parts. As to the application of the CFRP sandwiched facesheets is extended, The demand for quality control of CFRP sandwiched composites is increasing, Infrared thermography is one of several non-destructive testing techniques which can be used for defect detection in aircraft materials such as carbon-fibre-reinforced composites. Infrared thermography can be potentially useful, as it is quick, real time, non-contact and can examine over a relatively large area in one inspection procedure. The technique is based on heating the sample surface with different heat sources and monitoring the surface temperature of the sample with an IR camera, any abnormal behavior of the surface temperature distribution indicates the subsurface defect. This kind of structure is normally affected by anomalies such as delaminations, disbonding, water ingressing to the core. in this paper, several different kinds of defects which are of various size and depth below the test surface are planted in the CFRP composites, the Teflon inserts between the plies in the facesheet represents the delaminations, the Teflon inserts between the inner facesheet and adhensive or between adhensive and core are simulated disbonding in the composites, they are all tested by pulsed thermography, meanwhile, these samples are also inspected by ultrasonic testing, compare with each characteristic and the results got by these two different methods, it shows that pulsed thermography is an effective nondestructive technique for inspecting CFRP composites.


Because of the unpredictable course of rheumatoid arthritis, a special protocol was devised for a clinical trial of naproxen, a new, nonsteroidal, anti‐inflammatory agent, in 117 patients. Trial design included an open titration phase, permitting individualization of dose and minimizing positive placebo reactions, and a subsequent double‐blind phase during which patients took either naproxen, in the previously established dose, or placebo. Naproxen proved effective in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis at a dose range of 400 to 500 mg a day. At these doses, naproxen was well tolerated and produced no significant gastrointestinal irritation. Extensive laboratory evaluation uncovered no changes suggestive of drug toxicity. Our findings confirm that this is a powerful and efficient trial design that should be considered in the early evaluation of new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


The performance of machine-tractor units depends on many factors and production conditions, and primarily on the energy intensity of the process. The main indicator of the energy intensity of the process is the traction resistance of the aggregated agricultural machine. The absence of a simple and reliable method for determining this indicator leads to the heterogeneity of the devices used, often manufactured on their own, and this entails different reliability of the results. Therefore, the development of methods and means of determining the traction resistance of agricultural machines, acceptable not only for testing stations, but also for specific farms, is very relevant and of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose an operational method for determining the traction resistance of mounted agricultural machines, based on the analysis of parameters of transient acceleration modes of machine-tractor units with an instantaneous increase in fuel flow. The aim of the work is to develop and complete the measuring and computing complex, as well as to conduct experimental studies to determine the values of acceleration of the tractor and its reduced weight on one of the increased gears, allowing to implement this method of determining the resistance of agricultural machines. For the realization of left targets was developed and assembled measuring and computing complex determine the dynamic characteristics of machine-tractor units, through which with the aid of patented techniques on the base station «Kislyakovskaya» Kushchevskaya district of Krasnodar region was carried out experimental studies to determine the acceleration values of the tractor MTZ-80 and its given mass in one of the elevated gear. The obtained results allow to implement the proposed method for determining the traction resistance of agricultural machinery.


react to such changes in one of two ways. Some blsze blindly forward with the determination and authority of military despots. They insist on making every decision and handling every crisis. Others, exhausted by the climb toward success, adopt a laissez-faire attitude as the business continues to grow and evolve, but are loath to allow anyone else to move into the managerial spotlight they've stepped out of. Family entrepreneurs of both types are reluctant to relinquish absolute power; they have no desire to share the responsibilities of managing the companies they've founded. Further, they often fail to prepare subordinates and successors to take over at their retirement or death.


South Africa and Australia, both wilting from the effects of chronic water shortages, have much to learn from each other in the development of ideas and technology to conserve vital water resources. This is according to Basil Bold, MD of water metering specialist Sensus Metering Systems, who was recently invited to address water metering and management seminars in Brisbane and Sydney


The evidence-based memory aid for the periodic health examination1 looks wonderfully user-friendly and convenient. I would like to comment on the strategy for the detection of problem drinking and alcohol addiction. The approach noted in Figure 1 of the article appears to be that recommended by the College of Family Physicians of Canada.2 A nice study showed that the CAGE questionnaire's sensitivity is enhanced if preceded by a simple open-ended question rather than by pointed questions about the drinking pattern.3 It might be prudent to inquire about drinking volume and frequency following rather than before the CAGE questions.


The authors have demonstrated scintillation of rare earth (RE)-free Sn-doped oxide glass by excitation of ionizing radiation. It is notable that light emission is attained for RE-free transparent glass due to s2-sp transition of Sn2+ centre and the emission correlates with the excitation band at 20 eV. We have also demonstrated that excitation band of emission centre can be tuned by the chemical composition of the host glass. The present result is valuable not only for design of RE-free inorganic amorphous oxide scintillator but also for revealing the band structure of oxide glass by irradiation of ionizing radiation.


In this paper I examine the Okun–Friedman hypothesis of the link between inflation and inflation uncertainty using historical international data on the monthly CPI. An indicator of inflation uncertainty at the two-years-ahead horizon is derived from a time-series model of inflation with time-varying parameters by means of Monte Carlo simulations. This indicator is compared to other uncertainty measures, with the short forecast horizon and based on simpler GARCH-type models. The analysis convincingly demonstrates that both the longer horizon and changing parameters are important for the regularity. The evidence obtained strongly supports the Okun–Friedman hypothesis both in the time dimension for most countries and across countries.


When crystals grow under convection conditions, the hydrodynamic environment can promote the formation of inclusions in the rear side of the crystals, downstream in relation to the fluid flow. An experimental study of this mechanism of fluid trapping is presented, and the conditions under which hydrodynamics influences growth behaviour are discussed. Crystal growth experiments have been carried out with aqueous solutions in a convection system under controlled conditions of temperature, solution velocity Vs and supersaturation (J� • Growth rates of {Oll) faces of ADP crystals have been measured for different orientations, in relation to the solution flow and for different values of (J� and Vs• It is concluded that hydrodynamics can produce an anisotropy in the contribution of material to crystallographically equivalent faces. At low solution velocities and moderate supersat uration, the growth rate depends on the flow "impact" angle. In contrast, at high solution velocities (Vs> 3 cm.s-l for (J� = 2.45 %) the hydrodynamic configuration has no influence on the growth kinetics. Hydrodynamics can also play an important role in the formation of fluid inclusions during crystal growth. However, this effect only occurs at low solution velocities, when the growth kinetics is controlled by the hydrody namic configuration. Crystals grown at low solution velocities (Vs < 3 cm.s·l for (J� = 2.45 %) show large fluid inclusions in the rear zone. At high solution velocities the mass-transfer is high enough to avoid the hydrodynamic control of growth, and no inclusions are generated by this mechanism. Key-words: fluid inclusions, crystal growth, hydrodynamics, supersaturation.


I t's no secret that the free and open exchange of information that represents the noble ideal of scientific inquiry do�sn'� always exist in the real world-especially after the appearance of a Feb. 8 ed1tonal m the New England journal of Medicine by NCI's Dr. Steven A. Rosenberg. Chief of the Surgery Branch and prominent scientifically as well as publicly (for his much-publicized service as surgeon to former President Ronald Reagan), Rosenberg charges, in the magazine's "Sounding Board" column, that progress in medical research is being compromised by an increasingly common and accepted practice of secrecy about methods and results. "The complex legal arrangements that are often required before reagents are shared impedes scientists from acquiring the materials needed to perform their work," he writes. "These impedimenrs ... appear to be arising more frequently." But others claim that secrecy in biomedical research may be a small enough price to pay when the government-industry partnerships that demand quietude (because of eventual opportunities for profitmaking) may yield breakthroughs and therapies otherwise unobtainable. Rosenberg outlines the battlefront where business ethics collide with medical ethics, and gives each side its due, concluding that discussion can heighten awareness of this issue and laws can be written to protect intellectual property rights while allowing for free exchange of information and reagents. His colleagues on campus who are familiar with the issue have been happy to be party at least to the discussion, if not the lawmaking. Dr. Michael Gottesman, NIH deputy director for intramural research, agrees with Rosenberg that secrecy is harming the open atmosphere that ought to characterize scientific inquiry. "But the impact of secrecy generated by commercial interests in slowing down the exchange of information is countered to some extent by other D r. Eva J. Neer of Harvard Medical School, a biochemist who is internationally recognized for her contributions to the understanding of signal-transducing molecules, will present the NIH Director's Lecture on Wednes day, Apr. 3 at 3 p.m. in Masur Audito rium, Bldg. 10. The tide of her talk is "Heterotrimeric G Proteins: Transmit ters and Tuners for Membrane Signals." _


The goal of energy cost-aware routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is to minimize the total electricity expenditure in an optical network. While effective, simply aiming to reduce the electricity consumed does not necessarily mitigate the environmental impact. A new approach is required to simultaneously reduce both the electricity cost and emissions produced as a by-product of RWA. We present a method for doing so through the use of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), which can find the optimal solution that minimizes the electricity cost of RWA for a static set of requests while keeping emissions under a specified cap. This objective is quantitatively compared to alternative goals, including directly minimizing the emissions produced, reducing the length of established paths, and balancing reductions in both emissions and electricity cost simultaneously. As MILP computation is costly and the results are required in near real time to react to changing prices, we present a solution that employs a well-known supervised machine learning algorithm, logistic regression, that predicts the cost saving paths in real time. Using a dataset of 808,024 records (70% for training and 30% for testing) output from the MILP, we find that this logistic regression model predicts the most cost-efficient path with 92.5% accuracy.


The property of an amino acid is different according to the variation of protein secondary structure. Each central amino acid corresponds to several conditional probability distributions of amino acid on the specific positions surrounding it. Based on this property, we get amino acid distance matrices for helix, sheet, coil and turn conformation. It is observed that, for different protein secondary structure, the discrepancy of amino acid distance is evident. Some obvious differences between the distance matrix and blocks substitution matrix(BLOSUM) are found which can tell the difference of amino acid property between in certain protein secondary structure and the whole protein database. The classification of amino acid alphabets for different protein secondary structure is performed. It provides a clue for observing the similarity of amino acid in different protein secondary structure. PACS number(s): 87.10.+e,02.50.-r


Biological Research Institute of St. Petersburg State University, RussiaKey words: Cienkowski, Dogiel, Gorjaninov, Kutorga, Schewiakoff, protistology inRussia, history of protistologyOn the threshold of a new century and millennium itis useful to look back. In St. Petersburg, the city where theRussian Academy was founded and where Russian scien-tists have traditionally occupied a leading place in naturalsciences, a look back opens a great panorama of the his-tory of national natural sciences. St. Petersburg University,my alma mater , the oldest Russian University, whose foun-dation dates back to 1724, has always been one of thecentres of natural sciences development. The subject ofthe present article is protistology – the science studyingunicellular organisms – the development of which in Rus-sia is closely connected with St. Petersburg.More than 30 phyla of unicellular animals, fungi andalgae are the objects of protistology (Karpov, 1990; Illus-trated glossary of Protoctista, 1993). Its rise, developmentand formation, as well as that of some other filial branchesof science – embryology, evolutionary morphology, com-parative physiology and biology of development – at firsttook place within the framework of classical zoology andbotany. One of the first protozoological investigations,carried out in St. Petersburg, was that of professor of zo-ology of St. Petersburg University Stepan SemenovichKutorga (1805–1861) "Natural history of the developmentof Infusoria" (Eutorga, 1839, Figs 1, 2). The German trans-lation of this book – "Naturgeschichte der infusionsthiere"was published in 1841.Some information on microorganisms, mostly ciliatesand molds, as well as fungi, was given already in the bookof Pavel Pheodorovich Gorjaninov (1796–1865): "Zool-ogy and Zootomy used for the general benefit, especiallyfor medicine" (Gorjaninov, 1837, Fig. 3). P.Ph.Gorjaninovwas professor of botany of St. Petersburg Military Surgi-cal Academy, and, it seems, a biologist with a wide rangeof interests. It is especially important that Gorjaninov, longbefore Darwin, was a transformist, considering the systemof nature to be based on "a common natural connectionand progressive development" (Raikov, 1951). He thoughtplants and animals to have common origin. According toGorjaninov, the kingdom of "animals-plants" or "zoo-phytes" corresponded to this common phylogenetical root.He placed ciliates (which at the time also included bothsarcodines and flagellates) at the basis of the animal king-dom, on the whole correctly constructing the phylogeneticaltree from the lower to the higher forms.In the Europe of that time protozoological views ofChristian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876) predominated.Ehrenberg treated ciliates as very small but perfectly or-ganized animals with all the organ systems of multicellularanimals (Ehrenberg, 1838). This approach was non-criti-cally shared by Kutorga, who in his work of 1839 actuallygave a synopsis of Ehrenberg's famous research "DieInfusionsthierchen als vollkommene organismen" (1838),stating, among other things, that there was absolutely noconnection between animal and plant world.An undoubted service of Kutorga was that he madeRussian scientists familiar with the cellular theory ofSchwann, having written in 1841 an article where he un-derlined that Schwann's book "opened a new field ofmicroscopical investigations, provided new views andnotions on living and plant organisms and in some waychanged the direction of natural sciences" (Kutorga, 1841).Kutorga himself, however, later left zoology and concen-trated mostly on geology and palaeontology. It was onlyin the beginning of the 50ies that Kutorga, in his univer-sity lectures, attributed protozoa – rhizopods and ciliates– to the group of "primary animals", underlining their uni-cellular nature and lack of complicatedly organized organs(Banina, unpublished manuscript).A great stimulus to the development of biological sci-ences in the second half of the 19th century was the triumphin natural sciences of evolutionary principle, stated byDarwin in his famous book of 1859. In this situation, thestudy of lower life forms, including unicellular animalsand fungi, acquired a special interest and importance. L.S.Cienkowski (1822–1887), professor of botany of St. Pe-tersburg University (1854–1861), was one of the first torecognize this, even before the publication of Darwin's"The origin of species". He must be justly considered oneof the founders of Russian protistology and microbiology(Raikov, 1949).Protistology 2 (1), 68–72 (2001)April, 2001


Abstract : The report describes development of a borehole vibropacker system and a technique for applying the apparatus for generation of vertically polarized shear waves at any predetermined point within an existing borehole.


Abstract The Ream National Park (Preah Sihanouk National Park) in southern Cambodia harbours some of the most vulnerable and threatened ecosystems in South East Asia. At least 16 Red-List fauna species are found in the Park. On a regional scale the surrounding areas and neighbouring city, Sihanoukville, have experienced a rapid growth in domestic and international visitors seeking 'nature-based' tourism experiences. A growth in the number of visitors and tourism facilities in Ream National Park seems therefore inevitable within a few years, requiring a Park Management Plan that incorporates the development of tourism. Until a sufficient Park Management Plan and Environmental Management Scheme are in place, this paper recommends that tourism facilities are developed on a small scale e.g. eco lodges and snorkelling at the islands included in the Park.


ABSTRACT
There is always a concern about the survival of new-borns undergoing corrective surgical procedure early in life. Perioperative care, especially in sick babies, is challenging, and this makes ascribing outcomes to care given difficult.
This study was aimed at determining and evaluating factors associated with poor outcomes in new-borns undergoing surgery and anaesthesia. This was a retrospective case notes review of 37 neonates who received general anaesthesia during surgical care over a three-year period. After ethical approval for the study, the demographic data, indications for surgery, American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) classifications, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative challenges present in these neonates as well as their outcome were extracted. A total of 48 neonates were operated over a three-year period, and only 37(77.1%) case files were available for review. Male: Female ratio was about 2:1, the two most common procedures performed were bowel resection and anastomosis in 7(18.9%) and colostomy 7(18.9%). Overall mortality was 29.7%. Neonatal mortality was significantly higher in patients with postoperative sepsis (p=0.006) and respiratory challenge (p=0.035). The median time to death was 9 days. Only one (9.1%) patient died within 24hours postoperative. Mortality in neonates undergoing surgical procedure early in life is very high in this study. However, it is difficult to implicate anaesthesia in our study as the cause of mortality as most occurred very late after many days of surgery. Availability of postoperative elective ventilation for selected patients may improve outcome


We derive a large-scale hydrodynamic equation, including diffusive and dissipative effects, for systems with generic static position-dependent driving forces coupling to local conserved quantities. We show that this equation predicts entropy increase and thermal states as the only stationary states. The equation applies to any hydrodynamic system with any number of local, parity and time-symmetric conserved quantities, in arbitrary dimension. It is fully expressed in terms of elements of an extended Onsager matrix. In integrable systems, this matrix admits an expansion in the density of excitations. We evaluate exactly its two-particle–hole contribution, which dominates at low density, in terms of the scattering phase and dispersion of the quasiparticles, giving a lower bound for the extended Onsager matrix and entropy production. We conclude with a molecular dynamics simulation, demonstrating thermalisation over diffusive time scales in the Toda interacting particle model with an inhomogeneous energy field.


Background: The patterns of activation of the leg musculature can be altered after suffering from a sprained ankle, which can contribute negatively to the biomechanics of the leg. Ankle sprains can generate changes in muscle electromyographic activity in both the thigh and ankle regions, for which physiotherapy is the most common treatment. This study aimed to determine the effect of a low-intensity isometric contraction of the proximal thigh muscles (gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), tensor fasciae latae (TFL) on the electromyographic response of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus muscles (SL) in a sudden ankle supination.
Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers were subjected to 2 series of three trials on a sudden ankle supination platform (50°). This involved a multiple analysis of variance per trial and muscle for the dependent variables and an analysis of variance in the measures repeated under study for the different time windows evaluated, according to the intended factors and muscle studied.
Results: No significant differences were observed in the variables concerning the time of activation, the moment of maximum EMG registration or registered peak value.
Conclusion: Inducing a low-intensity isometric contraction of the abductor leg muscles did not generate changes in the muscular values studied.


During the recent floristic exploration to Anaimudi and its surroundings, the highest peak in southern India, one of the authors collected a gesneriad herb from Pettimudi at an altitude of 2000 m in the Idukki District of Kerala State. The taxonomic identity of the specimen has been determined as Henckelia macrostachya (E. Barnes) A. Weber & B. L. Burtt (Didymocarpus macrostachya E. Barnes). Subsequent perusal of the literature and consultation of different herbaria (CAL, K, MH, TBGT), the present collection proved to be a rediscovery of the species after a lapses of 75 years from its original collection. The species was collected at Ottaparai Ridge at an altitude of 5500 feet near Munnar, the foothills of the Anaimudi Range. The species could not be located although the area has been well explored by various authors and therefore was treated recently as possibly extinct. The rediscovery of the species confirmed its existence in the wild and hence assumes significance from conservation point of view. Based on the field observation, morphological assessment, and a nomenclatural review, a detailed description is provided with illustration and photographs to facilitate its identification.


Metis, the space coronagraph on board the Solar Orbiter, offers us new capabilities for studying eruptive prominences and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Its two spectral channels, hydrogen Lα and visible light (VL), will provide for the first time coaligned and cotemporal images to study dynamics and plasma properties of CMEs. Moreover, with the VL channel (580–640 nm) we find an exciting possibility to detect the helium D3 line (587.73 nm) and its linear polarization. The aim of this study is to predict the diagnostic potential of this line regarding the CME thermal and magnetic structure. For a grid of models we first compute the intensity of the D3 line together with VL continuum intensity due to Thomson scattering on core electrons. We show that the Metis VL channel will detect a mixture of both, with predominance of the helium emission at intermediate temperatures between 30 and 50,000 K. Then we use the code HAZEL to compute the degree of linear polarization detectable in the VL channel. This is a mixture of D3 scattering polarization and continuum polarization. The former one is lowered in the presence of a magnetic field and the polarization axis is rotated (Hanle effect). Metis has the capability of measuring Q/I and U/I polarization degrees and we show their dependence on temperature and magnetic field. At T = 30,000 K we find a significant lowering of Q/I which is due to strongly enhanced D3 line emission, while depolarization at 10 G amounts roughly to 10%.


Several years have gone by since extra- and endo-cranial complications of suppuration of the ear and para-nasal sinuses were commonplace: indeed, since the introduction of antibiotics which, overcoming the initial infection, led to almost complete disappearance of the complications. At that time - the second world war was only just over - we were still medical students but, immediately afterwards, when we started to frequent the ENT Units, our Professors spoke to us of mastoiditis, petrositis, cerebral abscess, meningitis, cerebral and jugular thrombo-phlebitis, as if they were monsters that they encountered almost daily, in their professional practice, and which they had fought by means of aggressive and demolitive surgery. Some of these cases, we too were actually in time to see and to follow ourselves, during the long course of our professional lives but these complications had gradually become more and more rare.

Diagnostics, at that time, were based primarily upon subjective and objective semeiology and upon instrumental investigations, X-rays and laboratory tests which were still somewhat primitive. Thereafter, efforts of clinicians were focused on detecting and defining symptoms and signs in order to reach a diagnosis, as precisely and rapidly as possible. One great Italian Otologist, Giuseppe Gradenigo (1859-1926) – one of the few Heads of an ENT Chair, at that time, operating in Turin – in 1904, described a syndrome which carries his name, related to suppurations of the ear 1–3. This comprised a triad with diagnostic significance of infection, more or less severe, of the apex of the pars petrosa temporalis and of the adjacent meninx, derived from the middle or internal ear:

acute or chronic suppuration of the ear;

paresis or paralysis of the homolateral abducent nerve;

homolateral trigeminal neuralgia.

Nobody contested the value of this syndrome, but fierce discussions arose concerning the pathogenesis of the involvement of the VI cranial nerve.

In Gradenigo's opinion, this was due to the limited areas of leptomeningitis both purulent and serous, triggered by the inflammatory process of the cavum tympani. According to Mongardi 4, involvement of the VI occurred in the more distal endocranial portion, i.e., the intra-cavernosal area, due to the spread of the phlogosis from the tympanic cavity across the tegmen. A meningitic process had arisen, limited to the median cranial fossa, with infection of the inside of the cavernosal sinus or in the tissue surrounding the abducens. Citelli 5 suggested a more proximal pachymeningitis, i.e., limited in correspondence to the tip of the pars petrosa temporalis. Others suggested a central origin of the lesion: Moos, Urbantschitsch, Loubet-Barbon and others6, based upon the relationships between the nuclei of the VIII and VI. Geronzi 7, not excluding the possibility that, in some cases, the disorder was due to a lesion resulting from leptomeningitis, hypothesized that, in most cases, the origin was of a reflex nature. He attempted to explain the long-standing cases of paralysis, referring to the presence of trophic lesions of the cells of the central nuclei not being immediately repaired.

These interpretations did not convince the anatomist Primo Dorello who undertook a meticulous study, focusing on dissection, regarding the course of the abducent and, in 1905, published his outstanding findings.


Responding to the increasing needs for charged particle ca nce r t her apy, a prot on ac ce l era t or fa ci l i ty dedi c at ed for cancer therapy has been developed. A combined function proton synchrotron with the maximum energy of 250 MeV has bee n des i gne d wi t h an unt uned R F ac ce l era t ion ca vi ty powe red wi t h a s ol id s t at e am pl i fi er by a new ly i nvent ed multifeed coupling. Enlargement of irradiation field by a s ca nni ng m et hod has al s o bee n s t udie d bec aus e of i t s hi gher bea m ut i li z at i on ef fi ci e ncy and pos s i bil i t y of precise dose distribution.


In this letter, a small target detection method in sea clutter background is proposed based on multiview polarization features and localized one-class support vector machine (LOCSVM). In the proposed method, three views of features that represent the divergence between the small target and the clutter are extracted: 1) the study of the target scattering characteristics shows that the dominant scattering components of the small target cell (TC) are sphere scattering and diplane scattering, while the scattering mechanism of the clutter cell is varied and affected by the sea conditions. Therefore, the relative powers of the sphere and diplane scattering components are extracted based on the polarimetric scattering matrix; 2) Because the target is a definite shaped object, its cell does not exist in the fractal characteristics, while the clutter cell is on the contrary. Therefore, the average Tsallis entropy (TE) is extracted from full-polarization channels to reflect the fractal characteristics of the cell; and 3) As the generalization of the Doppler entropy, because the frequency spectrum of the TC is more congregate, the TE can reflect the Doppler characteristics. Then, in the detection stage, a novel one-class classifier, referred to as LOCSVM, is designed as the detector. LOCSVM is a combination of $k$ -means clustering and OCSVM and can enhance the detection performance of OCSVM. The experimental results on the IPIX data show the effectiveness of the proposed method, especially in the case of short observation time.


That some of the potassium added in the form of fertilizers or otherwise becomes fixed in the soil had been known for a long time. With the clarification of the phenomena of base exchange in soils by Gedroiz it was revealed that the K-ion is fixed in the exchange complex not only in replaceable but also in non-replaceable form. A review of the work in this connection may be found in the paper by Voile (7) . The latter made the important observation that drying of the soil is conducive to the non-replaceable type of K-fixation. His work advanced the problem of K-fixation, but offered no satisfactory solution of this peculiar phenomenon. Volk suggested that the potassium added to a soil reacts "with the so-called silicates and becomes fixed in the form of muscovite, thus converting added available potassium into difficultly available form." He based his conclusion primarily on X-ray analyses of two soils from the Pennsylvania Experiment Station fertility plots. The evidence, however, is not conclusive. The muscovite lines of the X-ray pattern noted in the treated plot might have formed because of its inherent mineralogical composition, having had at the start of the experiment 6678.pounds of K more than the check plot. Why ascribe the. muscovite lines to the K added in the course of the history of these plots? It seems somewhat far-fetched to think of the formation of silicate minerals of K, like muscovite, under the conditions of temperature and pressure prevailing in the soil. The work of Volk was repeated, with slight modifications, by Gorbunov (3). He saturated the soils of several soil zonal types with K by treating them with KC1. After removing the excess of KC1 the soils were dried for eighteen hours, moistened with water and kept moist for seventy-two hours, and dried again for eighteen hours. Such treatment was repeated three times. Three sets of samples were prepared each one having a different temperature of drying: 40, 75, and 105°C. After the last drying the soils were electrodialized and the quantity of K determined by titration. The results of Gorbunov are very similar to those of Volk. The X-ray photographs made by Gorbunov do not indicate any differences between the treated and untreated soils. His explanation of the fixation phenomenon is associated with the aging of the soil gels during the intermittent wetting and drying of the soils. To quote Gorbunov:


Abdullah Quilliam and Marmaduke Pickthall are arguably the most significant British converts to Islam in the period of their lifetimes. Much has been made of both men's attempts to balance loyalty to Islam with their membership of the British nation. This chapter discusses the context of their leave-taking from Christianity before situating them as international Muslim actors. It probes their divergences, notably over the issue of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II's Caliphate and pro-Turkish agitation during the First World War, and their similarities on the Ottoman issue and its relation to their visions of Islam as a living faith


Sovereignty has two aspects of attribute and connotation,namely right of status and concrete power,which have their characteristics,meaning and function respectively.On the one hand,right of status defines and represents subject position and the correlation of subjects,establishing and supporting international society of identity order and its interest structure;on the other hand,the sovereignty power indicates physical domination and manipulation towards objects,thus providing means and guarantee for individual benefits of state.The correlation of both sides should not be derivative.The two aspects,parallel and dialectic form integrity of sovereignty.


In this paper, multiple sources of data are used to study the profile and labour market outcomes of young men and women aged 25 to 34 without a high school diploma. The data sources include the Labour Force Survey (LFS), the Canadian Income Survey (CIS) and the Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD). Key findings include: (1) in 2016, 8.5 per cent of men and 5.4 per cent of women aged 25 to 34 had less than a high school diploma, representing about 340,000 young Canadians; (2) lone parenthood was more prevalent among young women with less than a high school diploma (19 per cent) than it was among young women with no more than a high school diploma (10 per cent); moreover, 11 per cent of young men and women with less than a high school diploma reported that they had a disability, compared with six per cent or less for those who had no more than a high school diploma; (3) in 2016, the employment rate of young adults aged 25 to 34 with less than a high school diploma was 67 per cent for men and 41 per cent for women; in 1990, 75 per cent of men and 50 per cent of women in the same educational category were employed; (4) in 2016, 51 per cent of women with less than a high school diploma were not in the labour force, up from 40 per cent in 1990; the proportion of non-participants also increased among men in the same educational category, from 12 per cent to 22 per cent; (5) construction trade helpers and labourers and transport truck drivers were the two occupations employing the most men with less than a high school diploma; among women in the same educational category, the top two occupations were light duty cleaners and cashiers; and (6) on average, more than 60 per cent of the income of young women with less than a high school diploma came from government transfers; this proportion was two times higher than that of young men with a similar level of education.


We examine how fishes with contrasting reproductive modes (egg-laying versus live-bearing) differ in geographic range size and distribution. One hypothesis based on dispersal suggests that egg-laying taxa should occupy a wider range of latitudes than live-bearing, whereas the opposite prediction has been derived from the idea that enhanced maternal input and a 'safe harbor' during development will enable live-bearers to occupy a wider range of latitudes and depths than egg-layers. Cross-species analysis supports the first hypothesis for teleosts, with egg-layers living in a wider range of latitudes than live-bearers but at lower latitudes, across a narrower depth range and at shallow depth. However, elasmobranchs show the opposite pattern, live-bearers having wider latitudinal ranges. Phylogenetic paired comparisons of sister egg-laying and live-bearing taxa confirm these contrasting patterns between teleosts and elasmobranchs. However, depth range, maximum latitude and depth do not differ with reproductive mode. Latitudinal range size increases with body size among all taxa. However, only teleosts have a positive relationship between body size and maximum latitude, depth and depth range, but this does not differ between reproductive modes. Egg-laying elasmobranchs have low dispersal, but live-bearers have not extended their maximum latitude or depth, despite the benefits of sheltered offspring. The differences in range size between egg-layers and live-bearers and the distinction between teleosts and elasmobranchs is consequence of contrasting mechanisms of dispersal and benefits of maternally buffered transport of developing offspring.


This report discusses the current political conditions of Uganda, which have long been ravaged by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an armed rebel group backed by the government of Sudan. In particular, the report focuses on largely unsuccessful Ugandan efforts to resolve the conflict with the LRA, as well as talks with the U.S. under the Bush Administration and the recent suicide bombings in Kampala, Uganda, in July 2010.


The objective of the study was to investigate the potential application of beta-glucans obtained from yeast sediment resulting from the manufacture of local Viorica wine (2018 harvest). To determine the amount of beta-glucans in the yeast sediment, two were used: the calculation method and the laboratory method, obtaining similar quantities, 29.92 ± 0.47 and 28.17 ± 0.32 respectively. The beta -glucans obtained were incorporated in various concentrations (0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3%; 0.4% and 0.5%) in the yogurt obtained from skimmed milk. The effect of beta-glucan addition on the physicochemical properties of freshly prepared yogurts was investigated. The addition of beta-glucans positively influenced the formation of the gel relay resulting in a decrease in the fermentation time of yogurt. The final pH point of 4.5 was reached one hour earlier (in 4 hours) compared to the control sample (in 5 hours). The results showed that there are no significant changes in physicochemical properties (titratable acidity, pH, viscosity and syneresis). The results obtained report that beta-glucans can be used as a thickening agent for low-fat yogurts by shortening the fermentation period and not essentially changing the sensory characteristics. Experimental results showed that the glycemic index of yogurt samples with the addition of beta-glucans have similar values in the range of 28-30. Respectively, the yogurts under study are attributed to food category with low glycemic index.


The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the quality of the existing course book used in Islamic Junior High School, and (2) the development of Contextual Writing Book. This research was conducted at SMP Muhammadiyah Boarding School Prambanan. This research was categorized into Research and Development (R & D). It was conducted in two steps, including exploration and development. The exploration step consisted of literature review, field study, need analysis, and product planning while the development step comprised prototype development, field testing, and final product. Data reduction, data display, and conclusion proposed in Miles and Huberman's model was used to analyze the data. After conducting needs analysis through interview, questionnaire, observation, and document analysis, the researcher concluded that there was a need of supplementary English material to fulfil the students' needs toward the material at Junior High School. The existing course book did not provide sufficient writing assignment and focused on speaking assignment only, instead of four English skills that were required. In development stage, the researcher designed a prototype of Contextual Writing Book referring to Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach. Then, it was validated and reviewed by five experts. To get the feasible product, the prototype was implemented three times in the classroom. The final try out, class observation, questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approved the draft's feasibility and appropriateness as supplementary material to teach students of Junior High School.


CeO2 nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal method with diameter of 25 nm,X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) were used to characterize and observe the product.Effects of precipitant,agent types and other factors on the synthesis of nanowires were investigated,and the optimum conditions for synthesis of nanowires were determined as cerium chloride and NaOH as the precipitating agent,and CTAB as dispersant.


SOME ELEVEN YEARS AGO, AT THE INCEPTION OF THE IRA F. BRILLIANT CENTER FOR BEEThoven Studies at San Jose State University, we made the decision to emulate other arts organizations in the area by forming an Executive Board. The Board's responsibilities would include support for the Center's activities, consultation with the Center's Director, and oversight of the activities of what would become the American Beethoven Society. The first individual to be nominated for board membership was Mrs. Paul Davies, known to her friends as Faith. Her name was wellchosen. Her devotion and tenacity in support of those activities with which she was identified, the Beethoven Center, the San Jose Museum of Art, the San Jose Symphony among innumerable other organizations, were legendary. Faith Davies always came through when the Center stood in need whether it was with regard to the Bibliography Project, the purchase of first editions, the in-school program, the Young Pianist's Beethoven Competition, or any one of the Center's numerous other programs. Until the last, Faith was always a loyal attendee at Board meetings, and she always contributed wisely and valuably to the matters under discussion. And finally, although she was increasingly noted for "reticence to accept recognition," as her obituary in the San Jose Mercury News put it, she nevertheless put aside those scruples when it came to the Beethoven Center. No one privileged to have been there will forget the gala fundraiser in her name held at Teske's Germania Restaurant in November 1992. Faith Davies passed away at her home on Wednesday, March 13, 1996 at age ninety-one. Her presence, her graciousness, and her generosity will never be forgotten. The Beethoven Center and the American Beethoven Society owe much to her loyal support; she will be sorely missed. And yet, as we carry on without her, we have the memory of her faith in our enterprise to give us strength. Finally, I can just hear Faith's response to all of this: "Oh, get on with it." Yes, that is what we will do. We will "get on with it" inspired by her example and enriched by our having known her. Thanks, Faith, on behalf of the staff, the Board and the membership of the American Beethoven Society. Tom Wendel, President A GREAT DEAL HAS BEEN WRITTEN AND SAID ABOUT FAITH DAVIES, THE CONSUMMATE PHILANthropist, and indeed she exemplified this role. Much of her generosity continues beyond her death. …