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Gas-phase ion mobility measurements have been used to characterize the conformations of the +4 to +22 charge states of apomyoglobin. For the +8 to +10 charge states, generated by electrospraying pH ≈3 solutions, two relatively compact conformations were resolved which may reflect the state of the protein in solution. These relatively compact conformations unfold into more extended conformations when collisionally heated. Only extended conformations are observed for the high (>+10) charge states, and they become more extended as the charge increases. Proton stripping of the higher (>+7) charge states to produce the +4 to +7 charge states results in spontaneous collapse into partially folded conformations. Further folding is observed upon collisional heating of the collapsed structures, indicating the presence of an activation barrier for protein folding in the gas phase. The barrier probably results from Coulomb repulsion and the reorganization of secondary structure. For the lower (<+7) charge states, the...


We succeeded in the synthesis of new noria-like macrocycles by condensation of 3-alkoxyphenol as A 2 type monomers, and pentanedial as B 4 type monomer. These condensation reactions were performed using several acids as catalysts in ethanol and CHCl 3 . It was found that these reactions proceeded by DCC to afford soluble polymers, oligomers, and noria-like ladder macrocycles. As the result, the selective synthesis of the targeted noria-like macrocycles was achieved successfully in high yields.


In this paper two robust bus drivers combining low-swing and semi-adiabatic charge recycling technique are presented. The drivers use a novel concept with Schmitt-triggers as voltage sensors. Hence, voltage references are not required. The drivers reduces the power consumption by 55 and 72 percent, respectively.


A nonlinear model of void formation is proposed which includes the dust grain charge variation along with the grain–grain interaction and the effect of neutral density. It is found that the extension of the void decreases if the dust particulate charge is taken into account. Moreover, for larger dust grains, it is seen that the wave-like structure recedes when the charge variation is dealt with. Furthermore, as the grain–grain distance is inversely proportional to density, the grain–grain interaction becomes more important for a denser dust population and is to be included in the momentum equation. The grain–grain interaction affects the depth of the void and the secondary depletion rings. Finally, increasing the neutral density leads to widening of depletion rings and to the appearance of new ones.


Onward transmission of Plasmodium falciparum from humans to mosquitoes is dependent upon a specialised transmission stage called the gametocyte. Despite its critical role in transmission, key questions regarding gametocyte biology remain to be answered, and there are no widely prescribed therapeutics to eliminate them. Advances in our understanding of the biology of the gametocyte in combination with growing information regarding the mechanism of action of anti-plasmodial therapies provide an emerging view as to which of the biological processes of the gametocyte present viable targets for drug intervention and explain the variable activity of existing therapies. A deeper understanding of the gametocyte and transmission stages of P. falciparum is a path to identifying and characterising novel drug targets. This review will examine how a selection of current and potential gametocytocidals mediate their effect.


This paper presents a method for automatic classification of birds into different species based on the audio recordings of their sounds. Each individual syllable segmented from continuous recordings is regarded as the basic recognition unit. To represent the temporal variations as well as sharp transitions within a syllable, a feature set derived from static and dynamic two-dimensional Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients are calculated for the classification of each syllable. Since a bird might generate several types of sounds with variant characteristics, a number of representative prototype vectors are used to model different syllables of identical bird species. For each bird species, a model selection method is developed to determine the optimal mode between Gaussian mixture models (GMM) and vector quantization (VQ) when the amount of training data is different for each species. In addition, a component number selection algorithm is employed to find the most appropriate number of components of GMM or the cluster number of VQ for each species. The mean vectors of GMM or the cluster centroids of VQ will form the prototype vectors of a certain bird species. In the experiments, the best classification accuracy is 84.06% for the classification of 28 bird species.


In order to improve the performance of the traditional optimum space filtering algorithm,a polarization-space adaptive beamforming algorithm based on PSA(Polarization Sensitive Array) was presented in this paper.The signal model and basic idea of the proposed algorithm were given,and then the principle of polarization-space adaptive filtering was discussed.Furthermore,the performance of the proposed algorithm was analyzed and compared through numerical simulations.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the SINR and reduce the effect of pointingerror,and that it obviously outperforms traditional optimum filtering approach.


ABSTRACT Kenzo Tange was deeply interested in the contemporary architectural culture and eager to incorporate, in his own formal register, typical traditional expressions. In his work, the structure of the city and the buildings is reconsidered as a 'space of communications', rich in symbolic values, where every form can have several meanings, and therefore have an impact on the compositional, constructive and functional approach. The plans he designed for Tokyo, Skopje and the Italian directional centres, show the fluid, technological and ever-changing dynamic that Tange experienced in 1987 in the Umbrian city of Spoleto, where he was called to submit a project to improve the urban accessibility for the old town. In Spoleto, he combined technological equipment, mechanised routes on electric sidewalks placed on the surface, in close contact with the city's historical buildings, with particular attention to the conservation of all the stratified architecture of the historic city centre. The dialectic between the tradition and the creation, i.e. between the trend of a traditional repetition of forms and their overcoming, offers a gateway by which it's possible to appreciate the genius of the architect and also to understand the demands of conservation from the perspective of innovation.


Moisture loss rate of Jojoba leaves after drought simulation treated by different marination time with 30% and 50% solutions of PEG-6000 were determined as a parameter of subsistence of Jojoba.And conductivity of Jojoba shoots in vitro was tested after treated by different cold acclimation time or different frozen temperature.The results verified that it was an easy,quick and useful method using moisture loss rate under PEG-6000 treatment and conductivity as parameters of physical state of Jojoba plants under abio-stress.


Non-technological problem has been identified as main barriers in knowledge management implementation. Culture and people have been identified as main barriers. Lack of understanding the benefit of using knowledge management system (KMS) makes people unaware about KMS. There are two types of knowledge workers which have different belief in KMS benefit. Benefit from the knowledge seekers perspective will be different with knowledge contributors. Current KMS acceptance model focus in evaluate and understand the user acceptance from knowledge seeker perspective. There is a lack of models that can be used to evaluate and understand user from both knowledge seeker and contributor perspective. Thus, this study proposes a modified model to understand both knowledge worker acceptances of KMS.


for an Invited Paper for the MAR11 Meeting of The American Physical Society Twenty Seven Years of Quantum Cryptography! RICHARD HUGHES, Los Alamos National Laboratory One of the fundamental goals of cryptographic research is to minimize the assumptions underlying the protocols that enable secure communications between pairs or groups of users. In 1984, building on earlier research by Stephen Wiesner, Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard showed how quantum physics could be harnessed to provide information-theoretic security for protocols such as the distribution of cryptographic keys, which enables two parties to secure their conventional communications. Bennett and Brassard and colleagues performed a proof-of-principle quantum key distribution (QKD) experiment with single-photon quantum state transmission over a 32cm air path in 1991. This seminal experiment led other researchers to explore QKD in optical fibers and over line-of-sight outdoor atmospheric paths ("free-space"), resulting in dramatic increases in range, bit rate and security. These advances have been enabled by improvements in sources and single-photon detectors. Also in 1991 Artur Ekert showed how the security of QKD could be related to quantum entanglement. This insight led to a deeper understanding and proof of QKD security with practical sources and detectors in the presence of transmission loss and channel noise. Today, QKD has been implemented over ranges much greater than 100km in both fiber and free-space, multi-node network testbeds have been demonstrated, and satellite-based QKD is under study in several countries. "Quantum hacking" researchers have shown the importance of extending security considerations to the classical devices that produce and detect the photon quantum states. New quantum cryptographic protocols such as secure identification have been proposed, and others such as quantum secret splitting have been demonstrated. It is now possible to envision quantum cryptography providing a more secure alternative to present-day cryptographic methods for many secure communications functions. My talk will survey these remarkable developments.


We have successfully achieved a 4096 QAM (72 Gbit/s) − 160 km transmission with a potential spectral efficiency of 15.8 bit/s/Hz by employing precise digital polarization demultiplexing and an all-Raman amplified 160 km fiber link.


The performance of multi-user detectors in the presence of multiple frequency offsets under a Rayleigh fading channel environment is analysed, and techniques to estimate and remove multiple frequency offsets (FOs) for successive interference cancellation (SIC) and parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receivers are also proposed. The closed form expressions derived for bit error rate (BER) of SIC and PIC schemes in the presence of multiple FOs have been verified using extensive simulation results. The PIC is shown to be less sensitive to frequency offsets as compared to SIC. It is demonstrated through analytical and simulation results that the proposed frequency offset estimation and correction techniques provide approximately 8 dB gain in the BER performance over conventional SIC and PIC schemes in the presence of multiple frequency offsets.


This paper investigated the effects of additives on the photofading of Acid Orange 7 in aqueous solution.The fading was retarded in the presence of diaminoanthraquinones which can quench the singlet oxygen in water.The degree of retardation depends on the positions of the amino groups.Cyclodextrins were also found to retard the fading,because of the azo groups of the dye are surrounded with it.Titanium dioxides greatly accelerate the photofading of the dye due to its catalysis.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the involucrin expression and the differentiation of KB cells and Tca8113 cells after induction by arsenic trioxide(As2O3).Methods The expressions of involucrin in KB and Tca8113 cells before and after induction by As2O3 were examined by immunofluorescence staining technique.ResultsAfter the induction by As2O3,KB cells and Tca8113 cells were differentiated and the expression of involucrin protein was upregulated compared with before induction.Conclusion The level of involucrin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma increased after induction by As2O3.But the mechanism is not clear.


The study examined the effect of motivation on the performance of university staff in Uganda. Specifically, the study established: the effect of monetary incentives on the performance of university staff in Uganda, the effect of organizational climate on the performance of university staff in Uganda, and the effect of recognition on the performance of university staff in Uganda. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive study design with only quantitative approaches. The sample size for the study was 313 university staff from both public and private universities in Uganda. The items/constructs used in this research were measured on a five-point Likert Scale. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy, factor analysis, and principle component analysis was used to extract the appropriate constructs of the study. A multiple linear regression model was used to examine the effect of predictor variables on the outcome variable. The findings revealed that monetary incentives had a positive and significant effect on the performance of university staff in Uganda (B=0.200, P-Value (0.001) <0.05). The findings indicated that organizational climate had a significant positive effect on the performance of university staff in Uganda (B=0.161, P-value (0.007) <0.05). Lastly, findings revealed that recognition had a significant and positive effect on the performance of university staff in Uganda (B=0.200, P-value (0.000)< 0.05). The study concludes that monetary incentives, organizational climate, and recognition play an instrumental role in influencing the performance of university staff in Uganda. The universities are recommended to design a well-structured and fair reward system that includes monetary incentives, such as performance-based bonuses, salary increments, and benefits that align with individual and organizational goals.


The invention relates to a rotating cup bearing shell milling device for a lathe. The device comprises a main moving part and an auxiliary moving part, wherein the main moving part comprises a cutter rod and a cutter disc; and the auxiliary moving part is a multi-clamp fixture. The common lathe can be used for milling operation when the main moving part and the auxiliary moving part consisting of the multi-clamp fixture are combined and arranged on the lathe, so that the application range of the lathe is expanded, and work efficiency is improved; and a plurality of pieces of V-shaped iron are arranged on a bottom plate and matched with an upper part frame pressing plate structure, so that a plurality of workpieces can be fixed in the fixture at one time, and machining efficiency is improved exponentially.


The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) represents a group
of genes of the highly polymorphic loci encoding the proteins
that bind a peptide fragments derived from the foreign antigens
and stimulate an immune response. The specific role of MHC as a
mediator of the adaptive immune response suggests that the MHC
profile could reflect the effects of environmental changes
connected with chemical pollution as well as the indirect
parasite-mediated selection. However, until now MHC variation
has not been often used in the pollutant assays. In our study
we tested whether the immunogenetic profiles measured by
nucleotide and amino-acid substitutions in MHC class IIB (DAB
genes) predominantly in peptide-binding regions vary between
fish populations living under conditions of different
environmental stress and parasite pressure. In the freshwater
fish gudgeon, Gobio gobio, three populations collected from the
localities differing by the environmental pollution (heavy
metals and persistent organic pollutants) were studied. Fish
were investigated for all metazoan parasites and the
representatives of Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and
Acanthocephala were recorded. The differences in presence or
absence of the metazoan parasite species were observed as well
as the parasite intensity infection was different when
comparing three localities. Moreover, the different composition
of parasite communities was observed concerning the proportions
of specialist and generalist parasites. Even several MHC
haplotypes were shared between populations, the specific
alleles (or the specific nucleotide or amino-acid motives
within alleles) were observed in each locality. The
relationships between parasitism and MHC diversity in the
association with different level of environmental pollution
were analyzed and discussed.


Aim. To identify profibrogenic mediators, markers of endothelial dysfunction and hemostasis in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronickidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods. The study included 120 patients with DM and 20 age-matched normotensive subjects without DM showing the glomerularfiltration rate (GFR) > 60 ml/min/1.73 m3. Four groups of patients were distinguished: 1 - DM2 patients without renal pathology (n=33), 2 - DM2 patients with diabetic nephropathy (n=24), 3 - DM2 patients with ischemic nephropathy (IN) (n=33) verified by contrast visualization techniques(multispiral CM of abdominal aorta and renal arteries, abdominal angiography of renal arteries or MR angiography of renal arteries and abdominal aorta), 4 - DM1 patients with DN (n=30). Clinical examination included assessment of complaints, analysis of medical history of the main diseaseand concomitant disorders, determination of the main clinical and biochemical characteristics of blood and urine, measurement of НbА1с and 24-hralbuminuria (AU) by standard methods, estimation of GFR by the MDRD formula, ECG, echocardiography, 24-hr AP monitoring, counseling bycardiologist and ophthalmologist (fundal examination by ophthalmoscopy). Standard kits were used to detect profibrogenic mediators and markersof endothelial dysfunction including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), angiotensin II (AT II), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1),regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), adhesion factors (intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular celladhesion molecule (VCAM-1) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), asymmetric dimethylargnine (ADMA), homocysteine(HCYST), metalloproteinases (MMP), von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I). Results. DM patients with CKD had elevated blood profibrogenic cytokine (MCP-1, TGF-1b, IL-6) and extracellular matrix degradation factor(MMP-9) levels compared with patients without CKD and healthy subjects. These changes were unrelated to the type of diabetes or the cause ofnephropathy, which suggests their contribution to renal pathology through the universal mechanism of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Activation of profibrogeniccytokines in DM patients with CKD was closely associated with endothelial dysfunction manifest as enhanced production of blood adhesive angiogenic, thrombogenic factors (FW, PAI, VICAM, sICAM, VEGF), and endothelium-affecting factors (ADMA, homocysteine). Mediators of inflammationand fibrogenesis in these patients negatively correlated with GFR and positively with AU, the main markers of renal dysfunction. Hyperuricemia,TGF-1b, ADMA, and MCP-1 are considered to be the risk factors of impaired renal filtration function. Conclusion. The level of profibrogenic cytokines and ndothelial dysfunction factors in DM patients with different renal lesions reflects severity of tubulointerstitialfibrosis. It may be used for the purpose of prognostication and substantiation of intensification of secondary prophylaxis of renal insufficiency.


Mitochondrial DNA was obtained from prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda by conventional PCR and long PCR amplification,and then the mitochondrial genome was acquired using shotgun sequencing and sequence assembly.Altogether with freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and M.lanchesteri mitochondrial genomes,the basic features of mitochondrial genome,including gene order,protein-coding genes and gene mutation were analyzed in Palaemonidae.Two Macrobrachium mitochondrial genomes have same arrangement with the pan-crustacean ground pattern,while E.carinicauda mitochondrial genome have two tRNA gene translocation.Gene variation analysis of Palaemonoidea mitochondrial genes revealed that cox1 has the lowest proportion of polymorphic loci(only 25.5%).While the proportion of polymorphic loci in three genes(nad2,nad4 and nad5)is higher,and the length of those genes is longer,resulting in most extensive polymorphic sites in those genna.Therefore,nad2,nad4 and nad5 genes can be used as molecular markers to analyze genetic diversity among different groups in Palaemonoidea,which provides more protection for conservation of Palaemonoidea biodiversity and for rational utilization of biological resources.


The HERMES III accelerator, which is located at Sandia National Laboratories' Tech Area IV, is the largest pulsed gamma X-ray source in the world. The accelerator is made up of 20 inductive cavities that are charged to 1 MV each by complex pulsed power circuitry. The firing time of the machine components ranges between the microsecond and nanosecond timescales. This results in a variety of electromagnetic frequencies when the accelerator fires. Testing was done to identify the HERMES electromagnetic noise signal and to map it to the various accelerator trigger events. This report will show the measurement methods used to capture the noise spectrum produced from the machine and correlate this noise signature with machine events.


The feasibility of laser-abůlation based analytical methods for
quantitative and qualitative microspatial analysis of different
samples has been reported by several autors. In particular,
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Ablation
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP MS) allow
fast multielemental analysis in a broad variety of matrices.
Furtermore, the excellent spatial resolution of these methods
offers the possibility to study the chemical distribution,
namely chemical mapping, of the elements constituents.
Additionaly, LA ICP MS provides high sensitivity and low
detection limits. Here the feasibility of LIBS and LA ICP MS
for microspatial analyses of a fossil snake vertebra will be
discussed. The microchemical analysis is coupled to the
synchrotron radiation hard X ray microtomography measurements.


Carbon replicas of germinating sporangiospores of Linderina pennispora show the outer wall complex to break open basally, during the phase of swelling, and the surface of the germ tube to be smooth. Chemical treatment reveal the microfibrillar wall of the germ tube to be continuous with the microfibrillar inner wall complex of the spore. Microfibrils of the germ tube are randornly arranged and appear to be finer than those of the spore wall. Ultra-thin sections reveal the wall of the germ tube to consist of an outer electron-dense layer and an inner microfibrillar electron-transparent layer and both layers originate in the basal region of the spore between the plasmalemma and the inner wall complex of the spore.


Abstract The acidic volatile components in Midwest Scotch spearmint oil (Mentha gracilis Sole) were investigated by means of GC, GC/MS and other analytical techniques. A total of 46 acidic components (35 carboxylic acids and 11 phenols) were identified from the oil. Among them, three carboxylic acids peculiar to spear mint oil, cis-2-pentylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 3-isopropenylpentane-1,5-dioic acid, and 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid were newly assigned by spectral data and by synthesis. The absolute configuration of one of the compounds was determined to be (IS, 2R)-(+)-enantiomer by an enantioselective multidimensional GC. The quantitative comparison of the major acidic components in the other three types of spearmint oil, in two types of peppermint oil, and in cornmint oil were discussed.


: In the context of the rural revitalization strategy and food security strategy, it is urgent to accelerate the construction of an agricultural income insurance system for reforming and empowering the upgrading of China's three agricultural industrial structures in order to achieve the goal of a strong agricultural country. This paper discusses the urgency and necessity of optimizing China's agricultural income insurance under the rural revitalization strategy, analyses the difficulties and shortcomings encountered in the piloting of agricultural income insurance in China, draws on the institutional arrangements and operational management experience of agricultural income insurance in the United States, and puts forward policy recommendations for the innovative development of agricultural income insurance in China under the rural revitalization strategy


Particleboard and medium density fiberboard are primary composite panel products used in the manufacture of furniture, cabinets, millwork, molding, door parts, floor underlayment, laminate flooring, and many otherproducts. The objectives of this study were to understand the southern U.S. furniture and cabinet manufacturer perspective in using these composite panel products relative to plywood (a non-composite panel) and to determine their selection criteria. The study addresses technical, economic, and performance characteristics. It was found that nearly halfofthe total value ofraw materials used by respondents in 1997 was comprised ofthese three panel products. In all but one industry sector studied, respondents said they planned to increase usage of all three panel types. The main reason respondents use these products is that they are economical to use, while the main reason they are not used is customer objections.


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting a CAN frame. A method for transmitting a CAN frame according to one embodiment of the invnetion includes receiving an input of a transmission file containing a plurality of CAN frames; detecting the number of the CAN frames contained in the transmission file; comparing the number of the CAN frames with the number of transmission buffers; mapping, when the number of the CAN frames is less than or equal to the number of the transmission buffers, the CAN frames onto the transmission buffers in a one-to-one mapping manner; and mapping, when the number of the CAN frames is greater than the number of the transmission buffers, the CAN frames onto the transmission buffers in a many-to-one mapping manner. The method is advantageous in that, in order to automatically reflect network FIBEX-based design information to an AUTOSAR CAN communication module, the CAN frames can be automatically mapped to the transmission buffers contained in the a controller for a vehicle.


Preface Introduction Part I. Sanctuaries: 1. The anthropomorphism of the earthly temple: the idols of Terah's family 2. The aniconism of the celestial temple: the abode of the divine voice 3. The corporealism of the demonic temple: the Kavod of Azazel Part II. Rituals: 4. The priestly settings of the text: the Yom Kippur ceremony 5. The transformation of the celebrants 6. The mysteries of the throne room Conclusion.


Finnish architects, Heikki and Kaija Siren, built a small chapel in 1957 on the Otaniemi Technology Campus, expressing Nordic linkage to the landscape, under the values of naturalistic rationalism. They created a space of intimacy, in the middle of nature, where the faithful could delve inside. The chapel that Erik Bryggman had previously built for the Turku Cemetery, with its side glass screen, served as an essential reference, and the Sirens, in the development of their project, gradually modified the opening to the landscape until they reached a full spatial sequence, which begins and ends in the forest. The research deepens into this masterpiece of modern post-war architecture and the relevance it has had in the creation of other contemporary and later liturgical spaces, until reaching contemporary Vatican chapels, where the religious space is also singularly linked to the place, dissolving its limits significantly.


The traditional use of plants for treatment of animal diseases is important for its potential use in medicinal pastures, the potential development of new veterinary pharmaceutical formulations for organic farming and the preservation and promotion of traditional knowledge of the Alentejo A preliminary ethnoveterinary survey was carried out in Alentejo, based on 56 semi-structured interviews conducted between July 2011 and April 2012. The profile of the informant is: male, over 70 years, the frequency of primary and professions related to agriculture. The citations are intended primarily to treat diseases of cattle, horses, sheep and goats. The treatment of external injuries and gastrointestinal disorders were the most cited. The most frequently mentioned botanical families were Malvaceae, Asteraceae and Hypericaceae. Distinguished by frequency of citation: Malva sp. and Lavatera sp, Hypericum tomentosum, Olea europaea and Xolantha tuberaria. Were also mixtures of these various plants. In most cases (78%) of the uses described are no longer used for over 30 years, which justifies the collection of this traditional knowledge.


P rosthetic foot development over the last 30 years has attempted to mimic the anatomical foot. Early prosthetic feet designers tried to create a foot shape that was reasonably natural in appearance and provided a stable base of support. As post–World War II biomechanical understanding and manufacturing capabilities evolved, component designers moved toward simulating additional functions of the foot-ankle complex. The original design concept for articulated feet was to try to mimic sagittal plane motion only. Civil War-era amputees either used a "peg leg" or a foot shaped to match the shoe but with little function. As materials changed, different bumper materials evolved and passive flexing of the distal end of the foot would occur at the metatarsal level. One problem with early articulated feet was the substantial amount of maintenance necessary to maintain their function. In the 1950s, studies on the biomechanics of walking resulted in the creation of the patella tendon bearing, transtibial prosthesis including the concurrent development of the SACH (solid ankle, cushioned heel) foot. This foot's rigid keel provided a stable weight-bearing platform. The cushioned heel softened the impact of weight transfer during loading response. The flexible belting material of the toe allowed smoother rollover at the end of stance. To accommodate to uneven ground, a number of multi-axial feet were designed. In theory, they also helped reduce unwanted ground reaction forces from being transmitted up through the prosthesis to the limb. The designs attempted, in part, to mimic some of the functions of the subtalar joint of the natural foot. These designs often had the same problems with wear and durability that many single axis feet had. During the late 1970s, Vietnam-era veterans and other younger, active amputees stimulated the development of both the Seattle FootTM and the Flex-Foot,TM designed to allow faster ambulation and possibly assist in running. These functional goals were very difficult to achieve in either the singleaxis foot or the solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) foot. Originally these two designs were mislabeled by many as "energy saving" feet. Subsequent analysis has not shown that these feet or any other versions introduced since the early 1980s have reduced metabolic cost at normal walking speed. A parallel development during the early 1980s focused on simulating passive subtalar joint motion within the prosthetic foot. The SAFETM foot and the College ParkTM foot are examples. The former is based on University of California at Berkeley Laboratory studies and the latter is based on podiatric theories. In subsequent years, prosthetists, engineers and manufacturers expanded the use of the new foot designs. It seemed that every 6 months another foot design was marketed, often with the promise of unrealistic functional benefits. Often scientific evidence did not support these new designs. Still, sports opportunities for amputees grew as did the athletic, leisure and professional accomplishments of prosthetic users. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, several evaluation studies were conducted by prosthetic residents at Southern Illinois University and physical therapy students at the University of Iowa to clarify the functions of emerging foot designs. Despite limited numbers and less-than-perfect science, these evaluations did provide insight into the functional gains and functional limitations offered by these new feet. So how can prosthetists use the literature that is available to them? It is recommended that the clinic team that evaluates the patient review the literature regularly to be aware of the specific limitations that a particular foot is intended to address. Biomechanical studies and comparisons of foot function in gait labs are among the most common studies done on the topic of prosthetic feet. All should be readily available and reviewed by clinicians. At a minimum, manufacturers provide specifications, offer training courses, and in most cases will supply test data. Historically, the SACH foot is being used when a condition of midstance stability is required, but that may not be the best option for the sedentary, geriatric amputee. A foot that is too stiff can be just as debilitating as one that is too flexible. The same holds true of the higher forces necessary to create the returned energy in the dynamic response style foot. The desire to have the function of the subtalar joints also may be more applicable to the sedentary patient than has been understood in the past. Arguably, for some patients, power to advance their leg, a more accommodative ankle, or dynamic stimulation for balance may be just as desirable as a rigid forefoot for stability from mid to late stance. From this author's viewpoint, the Functional Category K-levels used by Medicare have not truly addressed the multifaceted functional needs of individual amputees. For example, a sedentary Category I individual may not be a community ambulator, but could possibly benefit from a more responsive foot than the traditional SACH foot or single-axis foot. A category II community ambulator who typically walks only at a very controlled and defined speed, may still need to vary cadence at critical moments (such as when crossing a busy intersection) and, therefore, might benefit from a more dynamic foot. To make such decisions with greater confidence, it is critical that more clinically relevant studies be performed that might form the basis of a more accurate functional classification scheme for the provision of prosthetic components. Development of an improved tool for assessing the potential functional capabilities of amputees that could be used consistently across the country would help the clinic team make more objective and consistent choices about components based on how effectively they enhance outcomes for individual amputees. TERRY J. SUPAN, CPO, FAAOP, FISPO, is affiliated with Orthotic & Prosthetic Associates of Central Illinois, Springfield, IL.


The Abadie CQ (ACQ) for convex inequality systems is a fundamental notion in optimization and approximation theory. In terms of the contingent cone and tangent derivative, we extend the Abadie CQ to more general convex multifunction cases and introduce the strong ACQ for both multifunctions and inequality systems. Some seemly unrelated notions are unified by the new ACQ and strong ACQ. Relationships among ACQ, strong ACQ, basic constraint qualification (BCQ) and strong BCQ are discussed. Using the strong ACQ, we study calmness of a closed and convex multifunction between two Banach spaces and, different from many existing dual conditions for calmness, establish several primal characterizations of calmness. As applications, some primal characterizations for error bounds and linear regularity are established; in particular, some existing results are improved.


Objective To investigate CT and MRI findings of the lymphoma of Waldeyer ring and the clinical values. Methods CT and MRI findings of 23 cases of lymphoma of Waldeyer ring were analyzed and compared with the operative and pathological findings. Results Eleven cases of lymphoma of the tonsil and 3 cases of lymphoma of the bases of tongue displayed regular soft tissue mass protruded into pharynx. Five cases of lymphoma of nasopharynx and 4 cases of lymphoma of the lateral of pharynx displayed irregular soft tissue mass in nasopharynx or oral pharynx. The density and signal of the lymphoma were homogeneous and were slightly enhanced in CT and MRI. All lesions did not appeared necrosis or cyst. Fifteen cases of cervical lymphoid metastases were found in 23 cases of lymphoma of Waldeyer ring. In 5 cases of lymphoma of nasopharynx, 3 cases invaded into the nasal cavity. Conclusion CT and MRI can provide the informations of the position, shape and range of lymphoma of Waldeyer ring and metastases in lymph nodes and its surrounding tissue invaded changes. They have high clinical value in diagnosis and treatment of lymphoma of Waldeyer.


In the city of Helsinki additional panels warning of cyclists were attached to the posts of triangular GIVE WAY or STOP signs at crossings without signal controls on two-way cycleways running parallel with main roads. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of this additional panel on the cycling safety. The effects were studied by interviewing motorists before the introduction of the additional panel in order to find out whether it would be understood, by observing the behaviour of motorists as they approached cycleway crossings before the installation of the additional panels, by interviewing motorists who had seen the additional panel, and by analysing accidents that have occured in the Helsinki area.


This paper describes our ongoing project to build a platform that enables real-time multimodal interaction with embodied conversational agents. All of the components are in modular design and can be switched to other models easily. A prototype listener agent has been developed upon the platform. Its spontaneous reactive behaviors are trained from a multimodal data corpus collected in a human-human conversation experiment. Two Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) based models are switched when the agent is speaking or is not speaking. These models generate the agent's facial expressions, head movements, and postures from the corresponding behaviors of the human user in real-time. Benefits from the flexible design, the utterance generation part can be an autonomous dialogue manager with hand crafted rules, an on-line chatbot engine, or a human operator.


The impetus for this new journal came from many sources. At the SIGHCI pre-ICIS workshop held in Milwaukee in 2005, Joe Valacich gave the keynote speech. He focused on the paucity of high quality outlets for IS-related research, parting with the comment, "The IS discipline is eating its young." We agree. Over the years, Ping Zhang and other leaders of SIGHCI have bounced around the idea of a journal, but never felt the timing was right until now.


As nurses, we don't always receive the respect and recognition we deserve. Here are some ways to remedy that situation.


Provided is a structure for mounting a fuel cell on a predetermined object. Said structure is equipped with a fuel cell stack (100), a motor (200), and a drive shaft (300). The fuel cell stack (100) is provided with end plates (110, 120) at both ends. The motor (200) is driven by the electric power generated by the fuel cell stack (100), and is secured to the fuel cell stack (100). The drive shaft (300) is connected to the output shaft of the motor (200), and extends on both sides of the motor (200). The first end plate (110) of the fuel cell stack (100) is provided with a support section (112) which supports the drive shaft (300). The drive shaft (300) is supported by the support section (112) and the motor (200).


The method for remaking the XK5040 vertical milling-machine by digital control technology was introduced in this paper and so were the working principles of a digital-controlled machine tool and its maintaining and adjusting main points discussed.


Let G(V, E) be a n-vertex graph with V = { , ..., } and each edge e = ( , ) is associated with two real weights, W( → ) and W( → ). Let P be a path from any source vertex s to any destination vertex d and assume that P is s = → → ... → = d, t ≥ 2. The length of P, denoted by Len(P), is defined as ∑ . Given any two distinct vertices s and d, the length from s to d is defined as Len(s ⇒ d) = min{Len(P) | P is a path from s to d.} Len(d ⇒ s) can be defined similarly. We define Len(s ⇒ s) = 0, for all s ∈ V. In [8], Dr. M. R. Henzinger et. al. shown that Len(s ⇒ d) and Len(d ⇒ s), for all vertices s and d, can be computed in O( ) time on planar graphs with nonnegative edge-weights. But the time-complexity soon increases to O( 1 v


This article examines captions found in the various personal albums in the KITLV photo collection (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Carribean Studies). The article shows that two types of captions can be distinguished: descriptive or identifying and commentary or reflective captions. These captions are an important part of the albums' materiality and composition. Hence, captions turn the albums into autobiographical objects for both compiler and intended audiences. It is argued that photo albums and their image content should not be read separately from the captions either physically or digitally in image databases.


Fuel cell electric vehicles have earned substantial attentions in recent decades due to their high-efficiency and zero-emission features, while the high operating costs remain the major barrier towards their large-scale commercialization. In such context, this paper aims to devise an energy management strategy for an urban postal-delivery fuel cell electric vehicle for operating cost mitigation. First, a data-driven dual-loop spatial-domain battery state-of-charge reference estimator is designed to guide battery energy depletion, which is trained by real-world driving data collected in postal delivery missions. Then, a fuzzy C-means clustering enhanced Markov speed predictor is constructed to project the upcoming velocity. Lastly, combining the state-of-charge reference and the forecasted speed, a model predictive control-based cost-optimization energy management strategy is established to mitigate vehicle operating costs imposed by energy consumption and power-source degradations. Validation results have shown that 1) the proposed strategy could mitigate the operating cost by 4.43% and 7.30% in average versus benchmark strategies, denoting its superiority in term of cost-reduction and 2) the computation burden per step of the proposed strategy is averaged at 0.123ms, less than the sampling time interval 1s, proving its potential of real-time applications.


The highly cationic nanoparticle [Au(225)(TEA-thiolate(+))(22)(SC6Fc)(9)] adsorbs so strongly on Pt electrodes from CH(3)CN/Bu(4)NClO(4) electrolyte solutions that films comprised of 1-2 monolayers of nanoparticles can be transferred to nanoparticle-free electrolyte solutions without desorption and ferrocene voltammetry stably observed. (TEA-thiolate(+) = -S(CH(2))(11)N(CH(2)CH(3))(3)(+); SC6Fc = S(CH(2))(6)-ferrocene; Fc = ferrocene). The Fc(+/0) redox couple's voltammetry is used to detect the adsorption. The apparent formal potential (E(o)'(APP)) of the Fc(+/0) couple depends on the electrolyte--its anion, cation, and concentration--in the contacting nanoparticle-free solution. A 10-fold change in electrolyte concentration shifts the Fc(+/0) E(o)'(APP) by 48-67 mV, depending on the electrolyte. The dependency is interpreted to reflect the energetics of transfer of charge-compensating anions from the electrolyte solution to the monolayer nanoparticle "phase", promoted by the formation of Fc(+) sites in the nanoparticle film. This interpretation is supported by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance results. Some further aspects of the results suggest adsorption of electrolyte cations at the nanoparticle film/electrolyte solution interface. The interface mimics a liquid/liquid interface between immiscible electrolyte solutions, in which the ion transfer approaches permselective behavior. The experimental results show that even 1-2 monolayers of highly ionic nanoparticles can behave as a polyelectrolyte "phase".


This paper discusses the importance of Magnetic Induction (MI) and compares it with other underwater communication technologies. Internet of Underwater Things (loUT) provides higher data rate, lower propagation delay, increased conductivity and enables underwater wireless power transfer. Review of underwater technology using different shapes is analyzed. Basic information is provided for the Underwater Wireless power transfer between coils, and simulated in ANSYS Maxwell. This was not done previously as it was simulated in air. The results demonstrate improvement in the output characteristic of underwater coils in terms of coefficient of coupling, mutual inductance, and detection range (value of tesla in meters). The above shows that MI for underwater communication using multiple coils is implementable and has scope for conducting future research in fisheries, underwater oil drilling etc.


This special symposium issue contains articles based on talks given at a recent 2 day symposium in honour of Roger A Nicoll, Professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Roger initially trained in medicine but became interested in neuroscience as a result of reading the work of Sir John Eccles. From 1973 to 1975, he worked with Eccles in Buffalo, New York, and then took a faculty position at UCSF in 1975. Here he initially studied synaptic transmission in the olfactory bulb (Jahr & Nicoll, 1982) and hippocampal formation (Alger & Nicoll, 1982) but soon moved almost exclusively to the hippocampus where his laboratory has been studying the neurons and their synaptic connections for the last 30 years. These studies have examined the properties of both excitatory and inhibitory systems and led to fundamental changes in our understanding of both forms of synaptic transmission. His laboratory has been at the forefront of understanding the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that underpin synaptic plasticity, particularly long-term potentiation. He has trained dozens of scientists, many of whom are now are senior lab heads spread over the world. This symposium was a celebration of Roger's life in science, bringing together people who have been in his laboratory as well as his closest colleagues to discuss their areas within the lab as well as areas of their own current research. It was a wonderful event with Professor Eric Kandel giving the keynote address.


We explicitly write down the {\it Eisenstein cycles} in the first homology groups of quotients of the hyperbolic $3$-spaces as linear combinations of Manin symbols for the imaginary quadratic field. They generate the Eisenstein part of the homology groups. We also study the Eisenstein part of the dual space (the cohomology groups) and give a formula for the trace of complex conjugation on the Eisenstein part of cohomology groups for the congruence subgroups of the form $\Gamma_1(N)$ inside the {\it Bianchi group}.


Dichotomies between individuals' attitudes and behaviors have been noted in the privacy literature. In this article the author draws on behavioral economics research to investigate individuals' decision-making processes with respect to privacy in electronic commerce. He shows that it is unrealistic to expect individual rationality in this context. The modeling of problems of self-control and immediate gratification offers a more realistic description of the decision-making process, which is more consistent with currently available data. The author maintains that individuals who may genuinely want to protect their privacy are unable to do so, due to psychological distortions, which the behavioral literature has studied in depth.


Context . In Sweden, mixtures of 80 – 85% ground limestone and 15 – 20% slaked lime (hereafter, 'structure lime') are used in subsidised environmental schemes to improve aggregate stability and mitigate phosphorus losses on clay soils. Aims . This study investigated different rates of structure lime application and soil variables on aggregate stability on clay soils, and whether soil properties can predict aggregate stability following structure liming. Methods . Increasing application rates of 0 – 16 t ha − 1 of structure lime (SL0, SL4, SL8 and SL16) were tested in 30 fi eld trials in Sweden. Soil aggregates (2 – 5 mm) were collected 1 year after liming and subjected to two rainfall events in a rain simulator. Key results . Leachate turbidity after the second simulated rainfall event decreased signi fi cantly (13% and 20%, respectively, in SL8 and SL16) compared with SL0, indicating improved aggregate stability. There was a near-signi fi cant interaction ( P = 0.056) between treatment and trial. Grouping by initial pH ð H 2 O Þ (range 6.2 – 8.3), clay content (10 – 61%), soil organic matter content (SOM, 2.2 – 7.1) and clay mineralogy (SmV index, 0.2 – 3.8) revealed different effects on turbidity. Discriminant analysis of soil characteristics and four tillage variables correctly classi fi ed the outcome for 27 of the 30 trial sites. Conclusions . Results show that structure liming can improve aggregate stability 1 year after liming, and can thereby prevent particulate P losses from soils with high clay and SOM content, low SmV index and low initial pH. The discriminant analysis also showed the importance of tillage for the outcome of structure liming. Implications . Clay soil characteristics such as SOM and pH signi fi cantly affected aggregrate stability after structure liming.


This paper introduces a new learning technology for in-classroom and remote learning. The system and practice is called "Livenotes" and is motivated by the empirical success of peer learning methods, and by theoretical considerations of distributed dialogue among student peers as a facilitator of learning. The technical part of Livenotes is a collaborative whiteboard running on wireless handheld computers. We describe the system and the affordances we have developed for it to support the distributed dialogue model. We then examine the interactive dialogue that resulted from two classroom trials, using transcript captures, and analyze how users developed ways to navigate between pages, organize space on screens, determine whether the system was operational, and create social rapport. Finally, we suggest several issues that researchers can consider in designing collaborative software.


Based on the properties of the space of star-shaped sets,a class of starshaped differentiable functions,whose directional derivatives are representable as a difference of two nonnegative positively homogeneous continuous functions,is defined.The necessary optimality condition of Fritz-John type for an optimization problem with star-shaped differentiable inequality constraints is given.


Over the past several years, the use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased. The primary advantage of venovenous (VV) over venoarterial (VA) ECMO is preservation of the carotid artery. Its primary disadvantage is that it does not provide circulatory support. While VV ECMO is technically similar to VA ECMO, clinical application of VV ECMO is quite different from VA ECMO. Recent clinical data show that VV ECMO is safe and effective. The purpose of this review is to discuss these differences between VV and VA ECMO, to review the various forms of VV ECMO, and finally to offer recommendations on the safe clinical use of VV ECMO.


The experimental determination of the viscosity of slags proves to be difficult. Therefore models for calculation have been developed. The Urbain-III-model is very often used for slags. In order to further improve its accuracy, the Forschungsgemeinschaft Eisenhuttenschlacken (FEhS) modified this model by adjusting the coefficients of Weymann's temperature relation in dependence of the CaO/SiO 2 -basicity of the slag: η = A.T.exp(10 3 .B/T) with A = f (C/S-basicity); B = f (X oxides ). Viscosities calculated by means of this modified model fit well with measured values. It has been shown that the application of this model enables the optimisation of metallurgical reactions and processes. Furthermore it should be possible to optimise those properties of the solidified slag which are influenced by the viscosity of the liquid slag. Thus the production of construction materials could be further improved to fulfil the highest quality requirements.


By the survey of learning interest in Probability and Mathematical Statistics in independengt college, we can find the basic situation of students' learning interest, analyze the reasons causing the low interest ,and suggest ways to improve students' learning interest.


We simulate the central reactions of nearly symmetric, and asymmetric systems, for the energies at which the maximum production of IMFs occurs (E$_{c.m.}^{peak}$).This study is carried out by using hard EOS along with cugnon cross section and employing MSTB method for clusterization. We study the various properties of fragments. The stability of fragments is checked through persistence coefficient, gain term and binding energy. The information about the thermalization and stopping in heavy-ion collisions is obtained via relative momentum, anisotropy ratio, and rapidity distribution. We find that for a complete stopping of incoming nuclei very heavy systems are required. The mass dependence of various quantities (such as average and maximum central density, collision dynamics as well as the time zone for hot and dense nuclear matter) is also presented. In all cases (i.e., average and maximum central density, collision dynamics as well as the time zone for hot and dense nuclear matter) a power law dependence is obtained.


"Films from East" signalling the political breakdown in the middle of the 1980s (the Gorbachev era) were welcom ed in the offi cial circulation system. Th e fi lms were screened not only in festival cinemas, but on TV as well, and were discussed in newspapers and magazines. Soviet fi lms were especially important because they were able to carry new information about the changes taking place in Eastern Europe. If independent ideas appeared in a Polish fi lm, it could be banned from screening, as censorship was sensitive to works "threatening socialism" and "disturbing the alliance". Th e only country in our part of Europe which did not need to be afraid of "disturbing the alliance" was the Soviet Union. We can distinguish three groups of such documentaries: analyses of social life (for example: Is It Easy to be Young? by Yuris Podnieks, Borderline by Tatiana Skabard), fi lms about contemporary threats, provoked by the Chernobyl disaster (An Unpublished Album by Victor Kripchenko and Volodymyr Taranchenko, Chernobyl the Chronicle of Diffi cult Weeks by Volodymyr Shevchenko) and documentaries "squaring accounts" with history, fi lling in so-called "blank spots" (Termination of an Agreement by Murat Mamedov, Solovki Power by Marina Goldovskaya).


The threat profile facing organizations has evidently moved from network layer exploits to more impressive attacks against applications, basically Web and Web administrated applications. This radical change has been perceived by various IT security services providers/vendors, which have raced to convey products that protect Web applications from another era of attacks. As anyone might expect, this whirlwind of development has brought about broad commercial centre perplexity not just about the threat confronting mission-critical Web applications, additionally about the most suitable innovation to secure these key online assets. This research paper will give clarity with respect to necessities that must be fulfilled by any feasible Web application security management solution.


In the next few years the landscape of the information and communications technology (ICT) industry will be subject to many changes. New and advanced ICT services will be brought to the market, offered over large and highly distributed infrastructures consisting of a heterogeneity of information systems and communication networks, each owned by different parties. The business of many companies will increasin gly depend on the performance of their ICT systems. T he unbundling of the telecommunications world will become reality, the classical role models and value chains will be subject to change, and third party service providers will enter the market. Network and service providers will need to negotiate Service Level Agreements (SLA's) in order to offer high and predictable service levels to their customers in a cost -effective manner. In this paper we give an overview of trends and development in the ICT industry, and address new research challenges for performance analysts, both for practitioners and theorists.


One of the most important requirements of a teacher's role is the ability to make decisions. The study of teacher decision-making shows that such decisions reflect the beliefs, attitudes, and values of the teacher, as well as the context and constraints of their working environment. Many trainees find the multitude of decisions they have to make when teaching over whelming. They have insufficient knowledge and experience of the likely outcomes of certain decisions, and do not have time to consider those decisions in any depth. The use of mazes is suggested as one way of offering trainees on teacher education programmes an opportunity to choose a particular course of action, and to reflect on its likely outcomes.


The development of the nuclear and nuclear fusion energetics, as well as of the atomic and cosmic technique , stimulated the investigation of the influence of nuclear radiation upon the solid state properties. Related to this, in early 50-s in the USSR and abroad intensive study of the radiation defects in solids was begun. Such studies allow one to obtain an important information on the nature of the disordering structure in crystals, related to the formation of various defects and impurities, with rather sensitive and subtle quantitative technique. Modification of properties of solids with the help of the nuclear radiation turned out to be a powerful tool for the controlled change of the solids to create materials and devices with special characteristics. In this respect the most interesting objects were semiconductors, which, among other kinds of solids, were the most sensitive to the presence of highly small amounts of defects and impurities. Various defects and impurities determine completely the electrophysical and optical properties of semiconductors, since any distortion of the periodic structure of the crystal potential, caused by the defects and impurities, leads to the appearance of the local energy levels in the forbidden band of the semiconductor and to the change of its basic properties. Wide usage of the semiconductor devices and materials in the vicinity of the nuclear power plants under the high radiation conditions required a detailed study of the nature of the radiation damage in the semiconductors and in other solid ststes. 1. Radiation defects in semiconductors Initially it was suggested that the observed changes in the properties of semiconductors are related to the formation of almost stationary vacancies and interstitials atoms, while the irradiation process is similar to a chemical doping, when replacing atoms create a spectrum of deep levels in the forbidden band. Wide studies of the radiation defects which began in sixties, led to deep understanding of the mechanisms of the formation of simple defects, when irradiating the semiconductors by gamma quanta and by low energy electrons. It was then shown that during irradiation the elementary intinsic defects, vacancies and interstitial atoms have extremely high mobility and effectively react quasi-chemically with each other as well as with impurity atoms even at the extremely low temperatures. At the same time, from general considerations it was clear that the second stage of the defect formation (quasi-chemical reactions) should be different, when irradiating by light and …


Approaches to noisy speech recognition are developed by considering the direct extraction of the phonetic information from the noisy speech measurement. The proposed approaches are based on a statistical representation of the noisy measurement information directly in terms of the phonetic information to be recognized. Recognition is done based on a maximum a posteriori formulation of the noisy speech recognition problem.<<ETX>>


Adsorption of benzene from air and aqueous systems by several non-polystyrene hypercrosslinked resins was firstly studied in terms of batch and dynamic tests.The results showed that the equilibrium adsorption and breakthrough adsorption capacity of CMB-CMB-XDC resin were up to 874.6mg/g and 41.59mg/g in the aqueous(C0=1722.6mg/L) and air system(C0=181.4mg/m3),respectively.The adsorption capacity for benzene floating on the water could reach above 4360mg/g in 3 minutes.The novel adsorptive resins exhibited high adsorption capacity,rapid adsorption rate and fine recycle operation property,and could be potentially applied in the treatment of the waste gas and solution containing non-polar aryl compounds.


In the bustling European debate on migration and integration, literary writers are constantly intervening. They warn for bureaucratic arguments, rigidity and superficiality. They point at the fragility of local communities, and follow historical traces. They emphasize freedom of speech and satire. In short, they are true public intellectuals, fusing literature and politics. Odile Heynders, author of Writers as public Intellectuals, Literature, Celebrity, Democracy, talks about the role of literary writers in the European public sphere.


Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms require accurate relative localization to safeguard flight missions in the global navigation satellite system-denied environment due to a lack of absolute position information. The existing work of relative localization faces challenges, such as the ranging information loss and the low localization frequency caused by long-distance ranging and large-scale characteristic of the UAV swarm. This article proposes a clustering-based cooperative relative localization scheme for UAV swarm, which contains a two-level framework: inter/intra-cluster localization. In order to investigate the tradeoff between intracluster cooperation and intercluster packet loss, the clustering-based problem is constructed as a coalition formation game (CFG) model. Given the designed coalition value, preference relation, and the coalition formation principles, it is proved that the proposed CFG model has a Nash stable partition. The designed coalition formation algorithm includes coalition heads and beacon drones selection mechanism. Simulation results show that the proposed CFG algorithms shorten the ranging time compared with global localization and achieve better localization performance (localization error and success rate) than contrast algorithms.


Soma plant has been a mystery since long time. A number of plants as Soma were proposed as a candidate by various authorities in the past and present. Wasson in 1968 proposed with a scientific findings that Amanita muscaria, a mushroom was the Soma of the Vedic Aryans, when they were at their original home in Central Asia, and used to compose hymns to record their day to day experiences of life and the adoration of their deities including Soma. These hymns were later known as Rig-Vedic hymns. They also used Sheyen, or Falcons birds to collect and bring the Soma plant from far away distances and from the mountains to their masters, which is well recorded in the Rig-Vedic hymns. Perhaps Mr.Wasson did not give any importance to this fact, which actually well supports his findings as small plant like 'fly-agaric', which was red and colourful and quite distinguishable could easily be brought by the Falcons. The Vedic Aryans migrated to Margiana in Turkmenistan, and they used ephedra, cannabis and poppy together for preparing Soma drink as revealed by the archaeological findings. Again, they had to leave Marigiana and moved to Bacteria. In Bacteria, they used only ephedra to prepare Soma drink. as other plants were not available. From Bacteria they divided into two groups, the Indo Iranian, who moved to Iran, and the other group of Indo-Aryans, who came to India. In India, when they were in the mountain region they used ephedra, which was available to them but when they reached the Indian plains eastwards and southwards they had to use other plants as substitute or surrogates. The paper deals in detail the plants used as Soma in different periods of time, which are either psychoactive plants or hallucinogenic; or the plants which yielded alcohol on fermentation or which are neither psychoactive nor yielded alcohol on fermentation. Lastly, the present status of 'Soma" in Indian religion & culture is discussed, where it is no more than a worshipping deity.


Americans like to keep tabs on the typical. Giant corporations search for average cities in which to run market tests for new brands of crunchos and fizzits. The targets tend to run to com fortable communities like Rochester, N.Y., Columbus, Ohio, or Des Moines, Iowa. Political commentators also feel the impulse to characterize typical Ameri cans. When political pundits Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg a few years back pronounced that the average voter was a 40-year-old housewife liv ing in the suburbs of Dayton, Ohio, they were indulging in the national habit of carefully defining the middle American. What about Portland and its neighborhoods? Does the city on the Wi1lamette have its own equivalent of middle America a community that offers average neighb(frs, average con venience, and average urban problems? Data presented in the City of Port land's annual Neighborhood Information Profiles allow the definition of the most statistically typiCal of eight geographic districts within the city limits, each of which includes several neighborhoods (Figures 5.1, 5.2). The measures range from basic demographics (age, race) to economic status (education, household income) and 'patterns of every day life (transit, use, residential stability). Total ing' the absolute values of the devia tions (ignoring plus and minus signs) gives a rough indication of the extent Outer Southeast


The design, construction, and use of an oceanographic instrument which measures in situ the optical beam attenuance coefficient of sea water in the range of 0.1 to 4.5 m-1for any one of six defined spectral bands is described. The instrument is readily calibrated using pure water and has been designed to maintain its calibration over a period of several weeks despite lamp changing and the shocks received during normal shipboard handling. Data from some field trials are presented, indicating the potential of the instrument.


Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) comprises peritonectomy (ie, peritoneal stripping) procedures and multivisceral resections, depending on the extent of intra-abdominal tumor dissemination. The surgical procedure may be followed intraoperatively by the infusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy, most commonly mitomycin C. Inflow and outflow catheters are placed in the abdominal cavity, along with temperature probes to monitor temperature. The skin is then temporarily closed during the chemotherapy perfusion, which typically runs for 1 to 2 hours. This procedure is referred to as hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).


This study highlighted digital transformation, the transformation of accounting in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic, in light of the experiences of Brazilian multinational corporations from different sectors. Specifically, this study highlighted the relevance of digital transformation, through dynamic capabilities, for accounting / multinational corporations to become resilient in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic. Thus, using a scalar-type questionnaire, a survey was carried out with accounting professionals (accountants, controllers, analysts, coordinators, supervisors, etc.) of said corporations. The findings signaled that resilience was enhanced through dynamic capabilities, with emphasis on adaptability. This study is original and has implications for the practice of accounting, signaling the priorities of capabilities to achieve resilience in times of crisis or turmoil. This study represents a guide for managers in the accounting area, showing which skills need to focus their efforts. Furthermore, this research advances the body of knowledge for accounting theory.


In this study, an analytical model to obtain a closed-form solution for thermomechanical behaviours of BGA (Ball Grid Array) package was derived and experimentally validated. In the theoretical analysis, the BGA package was represented by a three-layer axisymmetrical model: two layers of dissimilar materials jointed by a graded interlayer. Based on the classical bending theory, the thermal stresses induced by temperature changes were calculated accurately. 2-D FE (Finite Element) meshes of BGA packages subjected to high temperature were used to verify the theoretical solutions. Furthermore, two types of BGA samples, each with eutectic (63wt%Sn/37wt%Pb) and Pb-free SAC387 (95.5wt%Sn/3.8wt%Ag/0.7wt%Cu) solder joints respectively, were experimentally investigated by high resolution Moire Interferometry (MI). Thermal cycling tests were performed on each package with temperature variation from 25°C to 125°C. It was found that the thermal deformation obtained from moire tests matched well with those from analytical solutions and FE analyses. Based on the shear strain values, the reliability characteristics of BGA assemblies were also assessed.Copyright © 2008 by TWI Ltd.


Aromatic hydrocarbons are an important class of molecules for both astrochemistry and astrobiology (Fig. 1). Within this class of molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be ubiquitous in many astrophysical environments, and are likely present in interstellar clouds and protostellar disks. In dense clouds, PAHs are expected to condense onto grains as part of mixed molecular ice mantles dominated by small molecules like H2O,CH3OH, NH3, CO, and CO2. These ices are exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of cosmic rays and ambient high-energy X-ray and UV photons.


DNA cytosine methylation is one of the best-characterized epigenetic modifications that play important roles in diverse cellular and pathological processes. The mechanism underlying the dynamic regulation of the level and distribution of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) as well as the biological consequence of DNA methylation deregulation have been interesting research topics in recent years. TET1, first identified as a fusion partner of the histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) methyltransferase MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is the founding member of the Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) family of DNA hydroxylases which are capable of converting 5mC to 5hmC (5-hydroxymethylcytosine) and lead to gene activation. Our group has previously demonstrated that TET1 plays an oncogenic role in MLL-rearranged leukemia (Huang H, et al. PNAS 2013; 110(29):11994-9). The expression of the TET1 protein and the global level of its enzymatic product, 5hmC, are significantly up-regulated in MLL-rearranged leukemia, whereas the opposite has been reported in other cancers where TET1 functions as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, a global understanding of the targets of TET1 in MLL-rearranged leukemia would greatly help to understand the role of TET1 in this specific type of AML. To this end, we performed proteomics study in parallel with RNA-seq to systematically explore the functional targets of TET1 in a genome-wide and unbiased way. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomic profiling showed that when Tet1 was knocked down in MLL-ENL-estrogen receptor inducible (ERtm) mouse myeloid leukemia cells, a total of 123 proteins were down-regulated whereas 191 were up-regulated with a fold-change cutoff of 1.2 (Fig. 1A and B), representing positively and negatively regulated targets of TET1, respectively. Most of the proteins with altered expression upon Tet1 knock-down showed a corresponding change at the mRNA level as reflected by the RNA-seq data. Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated enrichment on genes associated with DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Among these genes, the minichromosome maintenance complex genes, including MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, and MCM7, showed significant downregulation when Tet1 expression was depleted. We further conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and demonstrated that TET1 binds directly to the CpG islands in the promoters of these MCM genes, suggesting that the regulation of the MCM genes by TET1 may occur at the transcriptional level. The six main minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCM2-7) are recruited to DNA replication origins in early G1 phase of the cell cycle and constitute the core of the replicative DNA helicase. We showed that not only the total levels of the MCM2-7 proteins, but also their binding to chromatin (Fig. 1C), were decreased by shRNAs against TET1 in human leukemia cell lines. Examination on cell cycle distribution revealed a significant decrease in the S phase population upon TET1 knockdown (Fig. 1D), which could be phenocopied by silencing of individual MCM genes. Consistently, incorporation of 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) into newly synthesized DNA in the S phase can be inhibited by TET1 shRNAs (Fig. 1E), indicating the inhibition on DNA replication by TET1 silencing. Furthermore, DNA combing assays suggest that TET1 knockdown inhibits new origin firing (Fig. 1F) but does not influence replication fork speed. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel role of TET1 on regulating DNA replication in MLL-rearranged leukemia through targeting of MCM genes and highlight the therapeutic implication of targeting the TET1/MCM signaling. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


ABSTRACT This paper examines the experiences of four men working as Special Educational Needs Coordinators in primary schools in England. There is currently no published research that draws insights from the small population of male SENCos, nor that explores the gendered aspects of leading for inclusion. Set against recent SEN policy reform and a changing demographic profile of the SENCo population, the paper contributes novel understandings of men's experiences of SEN coordination and middle leadership, as ascertained through narrative interviews. By interrogating these previously unheard stories and drawing on the theory of 'practice architectures', recommendations for policy and practice in the training and induction of new SENCos are made.


The present invention is, relative to the allyl group-terminated allyl ester oligomer (A) 100 parts by mass of 1 to 50 parts by weight of the three or more with the crosslinking aid allyl group in the molecule (B), polyfunctional (meth) acrylic compound (C) 5 to 50 weight, the photopolymerization initiator (D1) and / or thermal polymerization initiator (D2) in a proportion of each 0.1 to 10 parts by weight as a polymerization initiator (D), crosslinking auxiliary agent is a content of the curable composition of the impurities derived from (B) is less than 0.1 wt%, and the polyfunctional (meth) curable composition of acrylic compound (C1) having a hydroxyl group in the molecule content to provide a curable composition is 0.5 to 30 mass%. By polymerizing the curable composition of the present invention have a transparency required for optical applications, high surface hardness, excellent heat resistance and heat discoloration resistance, obtain a low coefficient of linear expansion film or sheet material be able to.


Efforts to create effectiveness in learning continue to be carried out in the form of widespread innovations in the emerging education sector, this is done in order to create maximum knowledge transfer to students. Because learning in students is dominated by communication elements that read, listen and write, another competency that also affects the learning process is listening competence. So it needs to be considered in developing competencies that must be mastered by these students. To maximize student competence in the listening aspect, suitable tools are needed. This article describes the development of the basic competency assessment instrument for listening to the SKI subjects at MIN 1 Pasuruan. The research method used is to use research & development in the ADDIE version. The results of the study concluded that 1. The assessment instrument can be used as a reference for teachers in collecting information and data to provide students with basic competence in listening. 2. Listening skills assessment techniques for MIN 1 Pasuruan, including: performance, portfolio and gifts. As for the assessment of the basic development assessment instrument listening to students on the SKI subject at MIN 1 Pasuruan, including the stages including: (1) analysis (analysis), (2) design (design), (4) development (Develop), (5) implementation ( Implement), and (6) evaluation (Evaluate)


The electromagnetic environment problems of three typical towers (two proposed in China, one in Japan) 1000 kV AC double-circuit transmission lines were analyzed in this paper. Successive images method was applied in calculating the conductor surface voltage gradient and power frequency electric field intensity (EFI) at the level of 1 m above the ground surface. Corona loss (CL), radio interference (RI) level and audible noise (AN) were calculated and the values at typical altitudes were calculated by using empirical formulas respectively. The minimum distance of the lowest phase conductor to the ground, corridor width (CW), RI level and AN were discussed according to the proposed electromagnetic environment control criteria in China. The correlation of a linear function between the RI level and the average maximum bundle gradient was discussed. CL, RI and AN variation with the bundle spacing were also discussed. Calculation and discussion results show that the two typical tower lines can satisfy electromagnetic environment control criteria at different altitudes by selecting suitable line parameters.


Aiming at the risk value of normal distribution and the formula of stop-loss premiums,analytical expressions for risk value and stop-loss premiums of sums of independent random variables are given.


AbstractThe paper presents the results and conclusions from field tests under service loads conducted on a corrugated steel plate (CSP) road culvert. Strains and displacements were measured in selected cross sections of the culvert during the passage of vehicles. The field tests lasted for 24 h. On the basis of the measured displacements, using the fast Fourier transform method, the dominant frequencies of the culvert were determined. The logarithmic damping decrements and the damping ratios were also calculated. The maximum displacement and strain of the culvert did not exceed 0.74×10−3 m and −43×10−6, respectively, and the maximum values were obtained in the crown of the structure. The culvert axial thrusts obtained from the field tests were compared with those calculated from the analytical methods [Sundquist-Pettersson, Canadian highway bridge code (CHBDC), and AASHTO LRFD], and in the case of bending moments, those calculated by the Sundquist-Pettersson method exclusively. The results clearly highlig...


The author built the mathematics model for the concluded distribution modes based on the previous domestic and international research. The stress of the paper is on how to arrange the vehicle routes of single depot and multiple customers. The paper improves the basic genetic algorithm and put forward the improved hybrid genetic algorithm which enlarges the selection solution space and combines the local search algorithm. We prove the efficiency of the improved algorithm applied in the vehicle routing problem by experiment


The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) comprises of 36 climatological sites along with 4 long-duration research sites, in 27 states, one Canadian province, and the south island of New Zealand. Each station is equipped with an Ultraviolet multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer (UV-MFRSR) which can provide response-weighted irradiances at 7 wavelengths (300, 305.5, 311.4, 317.6, 325.4, and 368 nm) with a nominal full width at half maximun of 2 nm. These UV irradiance data from the long term monitoring station at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, are used as input to a retrieval algorithm in order to derive high time frequency total ozone columns. The sensitivity of the algorithm to the different wavelength inputs is tested and the uncertainty of the retrievals is assessed based on error propagation methods. For the validation of the method, collocated hourly ozone data from the Dobson Network of the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of the Earth System Radiation Laboratory (ESRL) under the jurisdiction of the US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the period 2010-2015 were used.


In this paper, brightness temperature (Tb) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) were quantitatively derived from Landsat TM images of Beijing City. Feature profiles of Tb and NDBI were drawn in the directions of NE-SW and NW-SE with the technologies of RS and GIS. Laws of spatial distribution of the relationship between Tb and NDBI were discussed. The results show that: (1) there is a significantly positive correlation between Tb and NDBI. (2) The less distance between the other profiles and the central profile is, the stronger the negative correlation between Tb and NDBI is. (3) The relationship between Tb and NDBI is affected by the complexity of land use structure. The more complex the land use structure is, the stronger the relationship between Tb and NDBI is. This paper effectively reveals the spatial correlation between building and temperature, and thus can provide certain scientific supports for Beijing's urban planning in the future.


Abstract Many public-key cryptosystems and, more generally, cryptographic protocols, use group exponentiations as important primitive operations. To expand the applicability of these solutions to computationally weaker devices, it has been advocated that a computationally weaker client (i.e., capable of performing a relatively small number of modular multiplications) delegates such primitive operations to a computationally stronger server. Important requirements for such delegation protocols include privacy of the client's input exponent and security of the client's output, in the sense of detecting, except for very small probability, any malicious server's attempt to convince the client of an incorrect exponentiation result. Only recently, efficient protocols for the delegation of a fixed-based exponentiation, over cyclic and RSA-type groups with certain properties, have been presented and proved to satisfy both requirements. In this paper we show that a product of many fixed-base exponentiations, over a cyclic groups with certain properties, can be privately and securely delegated by keeping the client's online number of modular multiplications only slightly larger than in the delegation of a single exponentiation. We use this result to show the first delegations of entire cryptographic schemes: the well-known digital signature schemes by El-Gamal, Schnorr and Okamoto, over the q-order subgroup in ℤp, for p, q primes, as well as their variants based on elliptic curves. Previous efficient delegation results were limited to the delegation of single algorithms within cryptographic schemes.


Anatomical variations in the circle of Willis are every day findings in neurosurgical and neurointerventional procedures. A clear understanding of these variants is important since they could have serious clinical consequences if not considered properly. In a carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) we found a bilateral angiographic variation of the feeding of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory by an unusual anterior communicating artery (ACoA). Our first impression was that a fragment of the atherosclerotic plaque occluded the ACA, but the patient did not show any neurological deficit. After evaluation of the contra lateral common carotid artery (CCA) we realized that we were facing an uncommon angiographic variation of the ACoA. These kind of anomalies must be recognized during a functional cerebral angiography in order to evaluate hemispheric collateral flow properly and to understand paradoxical clinical manifestations of occlusive diseases.


PRIOR TO 1948, THE CRITERION IN KENTUCKY FOR DESIGNING THE THICKNESS OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS WAS BASED UPON A MODIFIED LABORATORY CBR AND THE 1942 CURVES DEVELOPED BY THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. IN 1948, THE MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY REPORTED: AN INVESTIGATION OF FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATING SUBGRADE SUPPORT IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. INCLUDED IN THAT REPORT AS A RECOMMENDED METHOD OF THICKNESS DESIGN FOR USE IN KENTUCKY WAS A SET OF CURVES BASED UPON AN EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINIMUM LABORATORY CBR AND OBSERVED PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. THESE FIVE CURVES ACCOUNTED FOR TRAFFIC GROUPS UP TO 10,000,000 EWL'S. SINCE THAT TIME SIX ADDITIONAL CURVES HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THE DESIGN CHARTS FOR EWL GROUPS UP TO 320,000,000. THESE ADDITIONAL CURVES WERE DETERMINED BY EXTRAPOLATION OF THE RESULTS FROM THE 1948 STUDY. EARLY IN 1957, AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN METHOD WAS UNDERTAKEN. THE BASIS FOR THIS RE-EVALUATION WAS A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF ACTUAL PAVEMENT PERFORMANCES WITH THE DESIGNED LIFE AS ANTICIPATED OR PREDICTED BY THE DESIGN CURVES CURRENTLY IN USE. ON THIS BASIS, PROJECTS WERE SELECTED, DESIGN RECORDS ASSEMBLED, PERFORMANCES SURVEYED, AND THE DATA ANALYZED. SELECTED PAVEMENTS WHICH HAD BEEN DESIGNED BY THE METHOD DEVELOPED IN THE 1948 STUDY WERE CHECKED FOR PERFORMANCE BY VISUAL SURVEY, BY ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS, BY MEASUREMENTS OF RUTTING, BY MEASUREMENTS OF LOADED-DEFLECTION WITH THE BENKELMAN BEAM, AND BY OPENING PAVEMENTS FOR OBSERVATION AND SAMPLING. FLEXIBLE BASE TYPES STUDIED INCLUDED WATERBOUND MACADAM, BITUMINOUS CONCRETE, GRANULAR DENSE-GRADED AGGREGATE AND COMBINATIONS. LABORATORY EVALUATION ON BASIS OF BEARING TESTS WERE MADE. SOME CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) THE VISUAL SURVEY ESTABLISHED A RANGE OF PERFORMANCE, (2) ROAD ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS WERE RELATED TO CBR BUT NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DRAW DESIGN CURVES FROM THIS DATA SINCE IT COULD BE GREATLY AFFECTED BY FACTORS NOT RELATED TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN, (3) PAVEMENTS OPENED FOR INSPECTION REVEALED PERMANENT DEFORMATION IN THE UPPER LAYERS OF THE SYSTEM AS WELL AS INTRUSIONS OF SUBGRADE IN WATERBOUND BASE COURSES, AND (4) AN ALTERNATE METHOD OF DESIGN BASED ON LIMITING DEFLECTION UNDER LOAD WAS DEVELOPED FROM THE BENKELMAN BEAM MEASUREMENTS. CURVES DRAWN FROM THIS DATA INDICATE A NEED FOR A SLIGHTLY GREATER THICKNESS THAN PROVIDED BY THE 1948 CURVES. /AUTHOR/


The application of virtual simulation experiment platform has changed the traditional teaching method fundamentally, reduce the cost of laboratory construction and management, which has important reference value to realize the remote experiment teaching. Through this experiment, students' interest in knowledge is cultivated and innovation ability is enhanced. The virtual simulation experiment platform consists of hardware and software function modules, which are both designed in this thesis.There are five experiments available for choose as following: virtual oscillograph, spectrum analysis, formula-wave generator, temperature measurement with K-thermocouple, Fourier transform comparison.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore new strategies for enhancing specific cell type attachment to biomaterials using immobilized lectins for cell surface glycoconjugates. The lectin Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) has a high affinity for human vascular endothelial cell surface glycoconjugates. Methods: UEA I was covalently bound to polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) with the cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride to achieve oligosaccharide-mediated endothelial cell attachment to this otherwise nonadherent surface. Results: Experiments with radiolabeled UEA I demonstrated covalent linkage of as much as 1.35 ~g/cm 2. The lectin binding site is available after the reaction, as demonstrated in experiments a neoglycoprotein. Adhesion studies reveal a 100-fold increase in endothelial cell attachment for the UEA I/polyethylene terephthalate surface (99.7 + 29.6 cells/high-power field) when compared with untreated (0.7 + 0.5), crosslinking agent (0.4 - 0.3), and denatured UEA I (1.2 + 1.1) control groups. Five vascular endothelial cell lines adhered to the UEA I/polyethylene terephthalate surface, whereas monocytes, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts did not. Conclusion: These results imply new strategies for endothelialization of prosthetic grafts and promotion of selective cell adherence to biomaterials, with emphasis on carbohydrate interactions. Moreover, this experimental system offers a model for exploring the biologic significance of the endothelial celI-UEA I ligand. (J VAse SURG 1993;18:48604.)


During liquefaction, a shear-induced dilatancy mechanism may be one of the major factors that dictate soil behavior. As shear strain accumulates, this dilative tendency results in instants of excess pore pressure drop, sharp acceleration spikes, and associated regain of shear strength and stiffness in the liquefied soil. These phenomena are documented in an increasingly large body of research studies, including downhole-array earthquake records, and laboratory and centrifuge experiments. A new constitutive model based on the multi-yield plasticity concept is developed to accurately reproduce the above characteristics of soil liquefaction. The constitutive model is incorporated in a fully coupled soil-fluid Finite Element program. Calibration was performed for medium density sand based on laboratory tests and centrifuge experiments. The centrifuge experiments included a series of tests to investigate liquefaction effects under a soil embankment. An Internet site (http://casagrande.ucsd.edu) is now available for execution of a one-dimensional version of this Finite Element program. A comparison study conducted on this website demonstrates significant difference in soil response between level-ground and sloping sites, due to the strong influence of soil dilatancy. This study also shows dilatancy as an important mechanism in limiting soil lateral spreading during liquefaction.


The long-term shifts of corrosion potential are important in predicting the likelihood of localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel used for storing radioactive wastes in underground storage tanks. Although considerable work has been done in understanding the passivity and corrosion potential of steel in various electrolytes, an important aspect of the current work is in assessing the effects of multiyear exposures of steel in waste simulants and their effects on corrosion potential. It is shown that SCC susceptibility of steel in nitrate increases at the long-term corrosion potential in solutions without organics (either by applying that potential or letting the corrosion potential increase over time). The long-term increase in corrosion potential results principally from a decrease in the passive current density with time of exposure. The present work shows that such a reduction in passive current density is accompanied by changes in the semi-conductive properties of the passive film, which itself may be a result of changes in stoichiometry of the film over time. Nitrite reduction is the most likely cathodic reaction with a small contribution from oxygen reduction. However, the presence of organic species in the environment can result in additional anodic reactions that may decrease the corrosion potential.


Biological tissues are structurally heterogenous mosaics at cellular and sub-cellular length scales. Some tissues, like the outermost layer of human skin, or stratum corneum (SC), also exhibit a rich topography at larger mesoscopic length scales. Although this is well understood, modern studies continue to characterize the mechanical properties of biological tissues, including the SC, using macroscale techniques that assume these materials are homogenous in structure, thickness, and composition. Macroscale failure testing of biological tissues is commonly associated with large sample to sample variability. We anticipate that microscale heterogeneities play an important role in defining the global mechanical response of tissues. To evaluate the validity of the prevailing paradigm that macroscopic testing techniques can provide meaningful information about failure in soft heterogenous tissues, the macroscale work of fracture in isolated human SC samples is measured using conventional macroscale testing techniques and compared with the energy cost of creating new crack interfaces at the microscale, measured using a modified traction force microscopy technique. Results show that measured micro- and macroscale energy costs per unit crack length are highly consistent. However, microscale crack propagation is found to be guided by topographical features in the tissue. This correlation reveals that macroscale mechanical sample to sample variability is primarily caused by notable differences in crack propagation pathways.


Caveolae, lipid enriched invaginations of the plasma membrane, are epicentres of cellular signal transduction. Caveolins, structural proteins localized to caveolae, have been shown to play an important role in anesthetic‐induced cardioprotection. Helium (He) postconditioning is known to reduce infarct size and induces cardioprotection. We here hypothesize that He postconditioning regulates caveolin‐1 and ‐3 (Cav‐1 and Cav‐3) in the heart. Employing coronary artery occlusion, male Wistar rats (n=8 each group) were subjected to 25 min of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) for 5, 15 or 30 min (I/R 5/15/30), respectively. The He postconditioning groups underwent I/R plus 70% He during reperfusion (He 5/15/30 minutes, respectively). The sham group received surgical treatment without I/R (Sham). After each protocol blood and hearts were retrieved. The tissue was obtained from the area at risk (AAR) and the non‐area at risk (NAAR) and processed for Western blot analyses and qRT‐PCR. The membrane fraction (AAR) of He 15 showed increased levels of Cav‐1 (p<0.05 vs. I/R 15) and Cav‐3 (p<0.05 vs. I/R 15). Elevated levels of Cav‐3 were also found in the He 15 serum (p<0.05 vs. I/R 15). Gene expression analyses revealed decreased expression of Cav‐3 in He 15 compared to Sham in AAR (p<0.05) and NAAR (p<0.05) tissue. These data suggest that 15 min He postconditioning might induce survival pathways by regulating caveolin‐1/‐3 translocation and gene expression.


Purpose: To examine the relationship between depression and pain severity during inpatient rehabilitation for those with new onset of spinal cord injury or spinal cord disease (SCI/D), along with patient characteristics, neurological function and etiology. Method: This cross-sectional study reviewed medical records of 100 adults with SCI/D including their admission scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), a measure of depression, and pain ratings collected at admission and discharge. Results: Upon admission, 28% reported moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and 69% reported pain. PHQ-9 scores were associated with pain only among those with the least severe impairments, for whom higher scores were associated with greater pain. While depression levels did not differ by etiology, those with traumatic injuries had higher pain ratings. Conclusions: In general, depressive symptoms were not associated with pain severity in this sample. Etiology was associated with pain, those with traumatic SCI reporting more pain at admission. Among demographic characteristics, age was related to pain, with younger subjects reporting higher levels. These findings suggest that certain characteristics may predispose patients to pain and depression upon admission to rehabilitation. By determining who is at risk for these symptoms, clinicians can adopt treatments that prevent these from becoming chronic conditions. Implications for Rehabilitation Depression and pain are often discussed as common symptoms following the onset of spinal cord injury (SCI); however, not everyone who has pain will exhibit depression. Among those with incomplete injuries (AIS D) severity of symptoms seem to be related with those experiencing moderate to severe pain also showing signs of depression. Etiology was found to be a correlate of pain. Those with traumatic SCI experience greater pain than do those with non-traumatic etiologies of SCI. Having ways to identify which patients will most likely experience these symptoms upon admission to rehabilitation can help guide early interventions to prevent secondary complications of pain and depression.