The more things change, the more they remain the same: a cliche for sure; however, the specter of disparity and implications for health care delivery in the United States is on repeat. The paucity of justice, equity, and equality has been no more obvious than during our ongoing coronavirus 2019 (COVID19) pandemic, as observed by many. Racial and ethnic disparities and their effects on the delivery of health care, in particular cancer survival, have long been described. These inequities have been prevalent across the entire spectrum of cancer care, including prevention, early detection (screening), treatment, and survivorship care. Disparities in gastrointestinal cancer risk and outcomes have been no exception. For example, California Cancer Registry data that included 161,820 patients who had colorectal cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 indicated that cancerspecific mortality was significantly higher in Black men and women (36% and 34%, respectively) compared with nonHispanic White patients, although adjustment for all covariables reduced the differences in women. Stage at diagnosis was a significant factor explaining overall survival (OS) disparities. A National Cancer Database assessment of over 600.000 patients who had gastrointestinal cancers, including 62% with colon and rectal cancers, reported undertreatment of Black patients compared with White patients, represented by disproportionally low operative rates in Black patients and decreased survival. African Americans also have the highest incidence of colorectal cancer among all US racial/ethnic groups, with a significant rate of rise for young Blacks. In this issue of Cancer, Snyder et al have assessed whether there were racial differences between Black and White patients who participated in the firstline therapy metastatic colorectal trial Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB)/ SWOG 80405 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00265850), including OS, progressionfree survival (PFS), and response to therapy as the primary objectives. The trial compared the benefit of adding either cetuximab or bevacizumab to 5fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (FOLFOX) or 5fluorouracil,irinotecan, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) chemotherapy. This study is 1 of the most modern large, randomized trials for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to date and as such represents the standard of care for patients with this disease. As the authors report, Black patients with colorectal cancer have significantly higher incidence and mortality compared with White patients. Although mortality is decreasing in both Black and White individuals, the decline is principally seen in White patients. As referenced by the authors, previously published clinical trials have reported contradictory observations among trials that have analyzed differences between Black and White patients in the adjuvant setting, although overall it did appear that Black individuals had inferior outcomes compared with Whites. Limited data in the advanced disease setting (NCCTG N9741) showed no racial differences in the time to progression or OS. CALGB/SWOG 80405 enrolled a total of 2334 patients, of whom 12% selfidentified as Black and 81.5% selfidentified as White. The final data set in this secondary analysis included 392 matched pairs of patients. Median OS and PFS did not significantly differ by race. In addition, there was no difference in response to therapy by race. Most toxicities did not differ by race, although Black patients had lower rates and lower odds of experiencing grade ≥3 fatigue. Those who underwent curative surgical resection for metastatic disease after initial chemotherapy were also similar in numbers. Increasingly, KRAS mutation status is recognized as a prognostic factor, and CALGB/SWOG 80405 similarly has demonstrated that patients with KRAS mutations have a lower survival probability than those with KRAS wildtype tumors. The study also noted no racial differences when patients were matched by KRAS status. The authors describe several limitations to their study as a secondary analysis of a propensitymatched cohort of patients. There were differences between the Black and White patients in performance status and palliative intention of treatment (vs neoadjuvant). They note a 3month difference in the median overall survivorship between Black and White patients (26 vs 29 months, respectively); however, this did not reach significance, possibly because the study was underpowered to detect differences


In the 90's of 20th century, the economic globalization was getting more and more prominent, which had,as it were, drastically changed the traditional concept of "safety". Economic safety became the core of safety in every country. As a developing country,in the process of globalization,the safety of finance, trade, industry, information and technology in China has more or less been affected.


On the assumption that domain‐wall creeping in thin films is associated with changes in the magnetization distribution of a wall, four mechanisms are described that may account for the wall creeping. They are discussed in relation to the available experimental evidence. Further experiments, suggested to determine the validity of the mechanisms, concern in particular the frequency dependence of creep and the coercivity of pure Neel walls.


Medicinal plants have been used for medical objectives since ancient times due to their beneficial properties, and their uses continue to this day. The Cornelian cherry fruit (Cornus mas L.) is considered to be one of those medicinal plants with important nutritional and therapeutic properties. It has been also used for different medical purposes in many countries in Europe and Asia for centuries due to its various important components in terms of health. Cornelian cherry is known to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects due to its composition of phenolic compounds and ursolic acid. It is reported in the literature that This fruit is used in different countries for different purposes; for the treatment of intestinal and kidney diseases, strengthening immunity, and preventing some types of cancer and others. It is also used in traditional medicine to cure fever, cholera, kidney stones, malaria, urinary tract infections, heat stroke and bleeding. Many studies have reported the positive effect of Cornelian cherry in regulating blood sugar and preventing fat accumulation in the liver. Similar to many countries, it is grown in Turkey in many regions and it is consumed processed or fresh into several crops such as compote, jam, marmalade and fruit leather. This paper has reviewed the investigative studies of the health effect of cornelian cherry.


The article deals with the problems of horizontal fiscal imbalance in Canada. Mechanisms designed to remove such imbalance are analyzed. Studying the case of Newfoundland and Labrador the author shows how the financial aid policy of the federal government has influenced the economy of the have-not province.


The first European Action plans are drawn up. Especially the annoyance caused by road traffic noise in city centres and densely build urban areas needs attention. What is the source of the annoyance, is this calculated correctly, is it possible to reduce noise levels and if so, how? The dose effect relations to annoyance for people living in a high noise level area are relevant. Are these dose effect relations the same for continuously flowing traffic as they are for interrupted flows? Driving behaviour may be important. Moreover, what about cars with a damaged exhaust or motorcycles and mopeds? Traffic management may be a noise reduction measure, but what will be the effect? This paper will discuss the annoyance and noise reduction measures to successfully enhance the quality of life in a living unit and in the environment. Our experiences are drawn up based on a large number of presentations, discussions, noise calculations for making noise maps/noise measures and consultancy work for local authorities. Special experiences were the development of the Amsterdam Action Plan where annoyance was the starting principle and a measurement campaign for the Dutch Ministry of Traffic and Infrastructure for the "New Driving Force" project.


This study aims to determine the priority factors in the development of plantation commodities, including cocoa, coffee, coconut, and oil palm as substitutes in East Kolaka District-Southeast Sulawesi.The method used is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) of expert choice software 11. The AHP method includes: (a) developing a hierarchy; (b) determining priorities, and (c) calculating the consistency ratio (CR).  The consistency ratio test (CR) of Expert Choice 11software on priority factors in the development of leading plantation commodities was obtained from each resource person (informant) from: (a) the Department of Agriculture; (b) Plantation Service; (c) Trade, Industry, Small and Medium Enterprises Office; (d) traders; (e) Gapoktan; (f) banking, and (g) academics. The study shows acceptable or consistent results because of CR<0.100. AHP analysis indicates that the priority factors for developing superior plantation commodities in East Kolaka Regency include: (a) feasible for business development (LBPB) 26.7%; (b) contribution of community income (KPM) 18.0%; (c) Added value (NT) 13.3%; (d) local government policies (KPD) 11.0%; (e) land suitability (KL) 10.5%; (f) market orientation (OP) 10.7%; and (g) non-conformance with environmentally friendly standards (RL) 9.7%. Keywords: analytical hierarchy process (AHP), expert choice 11, superior plantation commodities


This paper examines trends in adolescent sexual initiation in sub-Saharan Africa, with emphasis on differentials in social determinants across gender and contexts. Data are drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys in eight countries that had at least two surveys conducted approximately five years apart and each with distinct questionnaires for women and men regardless of marital status. The main analytical tool is multivariate logistic models using a generalised estimating equation to consider the probability of a young man or woman having first sex during adolescence. In some countries observed declines over time in the level of adolescent sexual activity were not statistically significant after taking into account changes in background characteristics, especially education. Important gender differentials were also found. While secondary schooling was consistently associated with lower risk of early sex among women, the relationship was often in the opposite direction among men. Influences of other socio-demographic and community status variables were generally less significant. Paper prepared for the XXIVth IUSSP General Population Conference, Session S85 "Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health," Salvador da Bahia (Brazil), 18-24 August 2001.


In this paper,a comparative study of sound color emotion rhyme in different English versions of Li Qingzhao's famous lyric Sheng Sheng Man,demonstrates that,in translating Chinese classical poetry into English,sound color emotion rhyme from the original should agree with the reconstructed artistic conception.


High demands on mobile networks provide a fresh opportunity to migrate towardsmulti-tier deployments, denoted as heterogeneous network (HetNet), involving a mix of cell types and radio access technologies working together seamlessly. In this context, network optimisation functionalities such as load balancing have to be properly engineered so that HetNet benefit are fully exploited. This dissertation aims to develop tractable frameworks to model and analyze load balancing dynamics while incorporating the heterogeneous nature of cellular networks. In this context we investigate and analyze a class of load balancingstrategies, namely adaptive handover based load balancing strategies. These latter were firstly studied under the general heading of stochastic networks using independent and homogeneous Poisson point processes based network model. We propose a baseline model to characterize rate coverage and handover signalling in K-tier HetNet with a general maximum power based cell association and adaptive handover strategies. Tiers differ in terms of deployment density and cells characteristics (i.e. transmit power, bandwidth, and path loss exponent). One of the main outcomes is demonstrating the impact of offloading traffic from macro- to small-tier. This impact was studied in terms of rate coverage and HO signalling. Results show that enhancement in rate coverage is penalized by HO signalling overhead. Then appropriate algorithms of LB based adaptive HO are designed and their performance is evaluated by means of extensive system level simulations. These latter are conducted in 3GPP defined scenarios, including representation of mobility procedures in both connectedstate. Simulation results show that the proposed LB algorithms ensure performance enhancement in terms of network throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness and HO signalling.


The Spanish legislator has developed in recent years a legislative attention to the promotion of self-employment and entrepreneurship. These economic and business activities have a significant amount of financial resources, particularly from the Social Security besides –other such fiscal incentives–. At the close of the legislature he has returned to enact various laws that insist that direction –Act 31/2015, 9 of September and Act 25/2015, 28 of July–. In this study we analyze the main legal developments. The final conclusion is favorable to the deployment of policies favor towards self-employment, but we should criticize that such policies are based primarily on reducing income from Social Security. You need to look more equitable and efficient alternatives.


We generalize the work of Fei, Bhowmik and Halupczok, and Jia relating the Goldbach conjecture to real zeros of Dirichlet L-functions.


Meaning is one of the most controversial terms in linguistic theory. It is noteworthy to mention that the understanding of this term does not cause any difficulties as it is freely used in teaching, oral and written translation. However, the scientific definition of meaning has become the subject of endless debate, along with the definitions of some other basic linguistic notions such as word, sentence, phrase, etc. Since there is no generally accepted definition of meaning, we have to limit ourselves to a small study of the problem as it is considered in modern linguistics [Barkhudarov, 1975, p. 50-70]. As for the meaning of the word, there have been attempts to define it by linguists in all periods when linguistics existed as a science. The work on the scientific understanding of the meaning of the word is carried out with the aim of a detailed description of the semantics of the words. In the theory of linguistics, there are different definitions of the meaning of a word, which is due to the existence of different approaches to understanding the meaning. Although there are various theories about the meaning of words, most of them are not suitable to describe the meaning of prepositions.


The electrical characteristics of low-energy (3keV) Ge-implanted and, subsequently, thermal annealed SiO2 layers are investigated through capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) measurements of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of such gate oxides for memory applications. Capacitance measurements at flatband voltage before and after the application of constant voltage stress in the accumulation regime indicate that the charge trapping behavior of the devices undergoes a major change after annealing at temperatures higher than 910°C. The latter change is identified as a relocation of Ge atoms mainly toward the upper portion of the oxide with a significant fraction of them leaving the oxide; a finding in harmony with secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis. The interface trap density (Dit) for the thin (9–12nm) implanted oxides decreases with increasing annealing temperature, approaching at 950°C the Dit levels in the mid-1010eV−1cm−2 rang...


Tujia people live where tea grows in abundance.As a result,tea orientation is clear in their ballads.It is shown that tea growth is part of social and economic activities.


Novel large scale research projects often require cooperation between various different project partners that are spread among the entire world. They do not only need huge computing resources, but also a reliable network to operate on. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is a representative example for such a project. Its experiments result in a vast amount of data, which is interesting for researchers around the world. For transporting the data from CERN to 11 data processing and storage sites, an optical private network (OPN) has been constructed. As the experiment data is highly valuable, LHC defines very high requirements to the underlying network infrastructure. In order to fulfil those requirements, the connections have to be managed and monitored permanently. In this paper, we present the integrated monitoring solution developed for the LHCOPN. We first outline the requirements and show how they are met on the single network layers. After that, we describe, how those single measurements can be combined into an integrated view. We cover design concepts as well as tool implementation highlights.


The southern coast of Sicily and the islands of the archipelagos of Malta are highly exposed to risks coming from the sea. Such coasts are subjected to fast erosion due to natural and anthropic causes which involve the failure of cliffs, the triggering of localized erosions and the possibility of flooding. In this context the Project NEWS Nearshore hazard monitoring and Early Warning System (INTERREG V-A Program "Italia-Malta") aims to tackle such problems through the development and use of smart technologies as well as traditional methods. The research activity aims to develop an integrated system, which includes monitoring, early warning monitoring and mitigation of the coastal risks, specifically aiming at advising the population about the risk of flooding, littoral sand erosions, cliff failures and at activating protection measures. To validate the proposed integrated system a campaign of investigation including geological field survey and geotechnical laboratory tests will be planned in four test sites. The test sites include different coastal stretches: the coast of Granelli (Pachino) characterized by a thin sandy coast; the coast of Santa Maria del Focallo (Ispica) in South Sicily; the high stretch of coast present in Selmun and Wied Il-Mielah in the archipelago of Malta. The paper focuses on the results regarding the geophysical and geotechnical characterization for a Maltese site. A basic equation for toe erosion by waves proposed by Sunamura [30] can be applied to study the phenomena on the test sites. This approach can be a useful contribute to begin to assess defense strategies for the erosion risk.


Resolvins are a group of molecules derived from omega-3 fatty acids. They are part of a biochemical program that allows inflamed tissues to return to homeostasis once the need for the inflammatory response is over. Resolvins act in very low dose ranges in vitro and in vivo. New data suggest that they might have the potential to become very potent analgesic drugs in inflammatory pain. Introduction Chronic inflammation is a feature of a large number of painful chronic degenerative diseases, such as arthritis, low back pain, and inflammatory bowel disease, among many others. These conditions cause pain and suffering to millions, not to mention the high healthcare and socioeconomic costs involved in managing these conditions. Patients with chronic inflammation are currently prescribed cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors or opioids to control their pain; however, long-term use of these drugs leads to significant side effects, and the analgesic effect is even lower in chronic pain than in acute pain. Unselective COX inhibitors may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney damage, and selective COX2 inhibitors may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Long-term use of opioids leads to tolerance and the need to increase doses, and causes unwanted side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, nausea, sedation, and cognitive disturbances. Thus, an alternative, powerful, and well-tolerated treatment of chronic inflammatory pain would be of great interest to both patients and doctors. Physiologically, acute inflammation is an important process for successful host defense, and should cease once the stimulus is removed. The process by which inflammation is terminated is not only passive; for example, by elimination of the antigen, it is now understood to be an active process [1]. Important molecular players involved in the active termination of inflammation are the "specialized pro-resolving mediators" [2], which include the essential fatty acid-derived lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins [1]. If this active process fails, chronic inflammation may ensue. Not only does chronic inflammation underlie disorders like rheumatism, inflammatory bowel disease, and other autoimmune diseases, it has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, cancer, chronic heart failure, and pain. A closer look at the specialized proresolving mediators described above that help resolve inflammationmay help us find a more effective treatment to combat inflammatory pain. Lipoxins—as all specialized pro-resolving mediators do— stimulate the uptake of apoptotic polymorphnuclear leukocytes and activate antimicrobial defense mechanisms. This action is supported by these mediators shifting to an anti-inflammatory response; lipoxins inhibit the production and action of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines [3]. Resolvins block the production of proinflammatory mediators and regulate leukocyte trafficking to inflammatory sites as well as clearance of neutrophils frommucosal surfaces. Specifically, resolvins limit polymorphnuclear leukocyte migration and infiltration across the endothelium. Protectins additionally possess protective actions in neural tissues and systems. Like resolvins, protectins stop polymorphnuclear leukocyte infiltration and they also


Abstract Mitochondrial 16s rDNA was sequenced from nine different populations of Aphelinidae and 10 of aphidiinae. Sequence divergences between populations within a species are low, ranging from 0 to 0.38%. Divergences among species within the same genus range from 0 to 8.71%. Aphelinus asychis Walker has a sequence divergence from the other Aphelinus spp. of 8.71%, which is even higher than the divergences among the aphidiine genera Lysiphlebus, Aphidius and Diaeretiella. Our 16s rDNA phylogeny for aphidiines is concordant with a previously published NADH1 dehydrogenase phylogeny. Our analysis identifies a complex comprising A. albipodus (Hayat & Fatima), A. varipes (Foerster), and A. hordei (Kurdjumov). The sequence divergences within this complex are low, ranging from 0 to 0.38% with an average of 0.19%, which suggests that the three species within the A. varipes complex diverged within the last ≈90,000 yr.


During the Late Helladic period and until the end of the thirteenth century B.C., the population of the agriculturally rich plain of Argos steadily increased and Mycenaeans lived in the vicinity of the major citadels of Mycenae, Tiryns, Argos, Midea, Berbati, Asine, and numerous other settlements. Through expanded agricultural production and developing prosperity, the populations of these villages rose in number and Mycenaeans inhabited virtually every rise on the plain, of which twentythree scattered settlements have been uncovered.'


Our current knowledge of the different immune cells in neuroblastoma is based on in vitro and in vivo studies mainly focusing on a single cell type. Different studies have conveyed conflicting results and despite the use of anti-GD2 immunotherapy in the clinic, a comprehensive immune cell overview at the single-cell level is still missing and understanding the complete composition of immune cells neuroblastoma will be crucial for the development of novel immunotherapeutics against the disease. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on human neuroblastoma coupled with multiplex immunohistochemistry and survival analysis to provide a complete cellular and molecular immune cell landscape of human neuroblastoma. Further, we contrasted the neuroblastoma data with single-cell RNA-sequencing data from normal fetal adrenal gland to characterize cell-state changes from normal tissue to neuroblastoma. Our analysis revealed 27 immune cell subtypes including distinct subpopulations of myeloid, NK, B and T cells that were associated with a survival benefit. Multiple subtypes of B and NK cells, not seen in neuroblastoma before, were identified. We propose the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and showed that Active NK cells correlated with improved survival. In contrast to adult cancers, we detected no difference in cytotoxicity and exhaustion score for cytotoxic T cells, nor Treg activity. However, we demonstrated an increase in inflammatory monocyte signature score from normal to tumor derived myeloid cells. Finally, we performed receptor-ligand interaction analysis between tumor, stroma and immune cells, where we highlight several interactions that we suggest for future studies of how to exploit immune cells as a therapeutic option in neuroblastoma. Our findings significantly broaden the understanding of the immune composition in neuroblastoma and provides a resource for the development of novel immunotherapeutics.
 Citation Format: Bronte Manouk Verhoeven, Shenglin Mei, Thale K. Olsen, Karin K. Gustafsson, Anders Valind, Axel Lindström, David G. Nord, Shahrzad S. Fard, Catharina Hagerling, Peter V. Kharchenko, Per Kogner, John I. Johnsen, Ninib Baryawno. The immune cell atlas of human neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6215.


In order to determine the acceptability and consumption of spray dried plasma and hemoglobin in diets for starter pigs,
an experiment was developed with 28 castrated male pigs, coming from crossings among improved races, with 7 +/- 0.5 kg
initial weight, housed in groups of seven animals, where they had seven troughs with similar characteristic; were located in a randomized block experimental design, with four repetitions and seven treatments: a witness, three levels of spray dried plasma
(SDP) and three levels of spray dried hemoglobin (SDH). During 35 days, between the 9:00 and 11:00 hours, the treatments were
given in randomized form at the rate of 500 grams and water ad libitum ; the information was gathered in periods of five minutes.
At the end of the period of observation left food was gathered for the calculation of the consumption. There were not limitations
for acceptability for none of the treatments under study. However, the diets with levels of 8 and 12% of SDP had a better acceptability (235 y 280 visits in the first half hour, respectively) and a bigger
consumption (16.7 y 17.3 Kg, respectively) by the pigs (P <0.05), being the levels of 8 and 12% of SDH the less tempting ones for
the pigs, presenting the smallest consumptions (P <0.05) (13.3 y 14.4 Kg, respectively).


In this study, we try to discuss the formation defects found in the application of air-assisted soft mold UV-cured nano imprint lithography technology in the manufacture of optical waveguide devices, and find a solution. Meanwhile, we try to utilize the nano-indentation technology in the material quality detection for optical waveguide devices. The results tell us that there is a corresponding relationship between the indentation hardness and procedure parameters under nano-meter level depth. For example, the indentation tends to be harder when it is lowly loaded and shallow in depth. Closer it gets to the edge of waveguide's turning, lower the indentation hardness will be. At the same time, different exposal process results in different structural intensity. Therefore, the high structural intensity without forming defects of optical waveguide with less optical loss and better optical transmission. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In the gardens of the seventeenth century palace, property of the kingdom of Spain, in which is the Spanish embassy in Lisbon, we can observe a group —although not an homogeneous one, for the different dates and geographical origins (Genoa and eventually Rome)— of Italian baroque sculpture. D. Luis Lobo da Silveira (1640-1706) and D. Rodrigo da Silveira Silva e Teles (1663-1735), second and third counts of Sarzedas, owners of the palace in the 17th century and first decades of 18th century, were almost certainly the commissioners of this works, that today still remain in the property: three fountains (in the upper garden), a statue of Hercules (that belonged to another ancient fountain) and four (allegorical or mythological) statues in the yard. These last four statues in particular, assume a special importance because they enrich the panorama of Italian sculpture imported to Portugal in the baroque period and they prove the existence of works by the Genoese sculptor Bernardo Schiaffino (1678-1725) in Portugal, fact that remained unknown until now.


The immersion of sensors in the industry, through Internet of Things (IoT) concept, has brought many opportunities for operational improvements in power electrical sector. In a more specific sense, the on-field activities carried out by utilities workforce, can become safer with the use of IoT sensors. This technology transmits data related to courses capacitation and electricians' certification. This type of data is regulated and supervised by regulatory agents in the electrical sector, and inspection are performed periodically by the utilities in order to guarantee the safety criteria established by the regulation. In that sense, this paper aims to present the implementation of a smart badge, which communicates with the inspector's mobile devices in order to make a more dynamic and feasible inspection solution for field activities. The presented solution implements courses and PPE (Personal protective equipment) management features, in order to guarantee and safeguard the life of employees who perform in on-field activities. In addition, it provides an update of inspection information in real time, in order to improve the management of training and PPE. The obtained results are derived from the Urban Futurability project, carried out by ENEL Sao Paulo Distribuicao in the framework of the Brazilian regulator's R&D program.


Mixed-model assembly lines are used at the automotive industry to obtain more efficient production flows. The sequencing of the different units is done at the very beginning of the process, but frequently large perturbations of the original sequence can be observed. These perturbations might be intended or not but to some extent, a resequencing process –to create a new sequence with the available units- is necessary. This paper focuses in the re-sequencing process by using parallel buffering lines (known as mix banks). Algorithms to decide the line of destination of incoming units and the line of extraction of units to the line are presented and evaluated. The algorithms and their performance have been verified using discrete event simulation software (SIMIO). An analysis considering different operations situations is done and some recommendations to real case users are presented. Keywords : Mixed-model assembly line, Car sequencing, Resequencing, Mix bank, Dynamic algorithm.


Purpose: In this study, we introduced a newly developed technique of operation for hallux valgus. We used a single dorsal incision to correct major components of Bunion in stead of two or three incisions, which had been used by most of surgeons for long time. Materials and Methods: Between 2003 and 2005, 27 feet with hallux valgus deformity were operated through single dorsal incision. 10 out of 17 patients underwent operation on both feet, 5 patient underwent operation on left feet, remaining 2 underwent operation on right. There were 16 women and 1 man. Average age of patients was 45 (range, 21-59). Post operatively all feet were evaluated by physical examination, Maryland Foot score profile, radiographic measurements and complication. Results: Maryland foot score profile increased from preoperative 67/100 to postoperative 95/100. Most patients satisfied pain relieve and cosmesis. Average preoperative intermetatarsal angle was 15 degrees, which were decreased to 9 degrees after operation and average preoperative hallux valgus angle was 32 degrees, which were decreased to 12 degrees after operation. Conclusion: According to our experience, the single dorsal incision technic for correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities was rather safe and easily performed without noticeable complication with almost same results as multiple incisions technics. We highly recommend this technic to be tried by foot surgeons without hesitation.


"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President shall set aside and proclaim a suitable day each year, other than a Sunday, as a National Day of Prayer, on which the people of the United States may turn to God in prayer and meditation at churches, in groups, and as individuals."—Public Law 324, approved April 17, 1952 by President Harry S. Truman


Electron transport was studied in an open square quantum dot with a dimension typical for current experiments. A numerical analysis of the probability density distribution inside the dot was performed which enabled us to unambiguously map the resonant states which dominate the conductance of the structure. It was shown that, despite the presence of dot openings, transport through the dot is effectively mediated by just a few (or even a single) eigenstates of the corresponding closed structure. In a single-mode regime in the leads, the broadening of the resonant levels is typically smaller than the mean energy level spacing, $\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ On the contrary, in the many-mode regime this broadening typically exceeds $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and has an irregular, essentially non-Lorentzian, character. It was demonstrated that in the latter case eigenlevel spacing statistics of the corresponding closed system are not relevant to the averaged transport properties of the dot. This conclusion seems to have a number of experimental as well as numerical verifications. The calculated periodicity of the conduction oscillations in the open dot is related to the formation of the global shell structure of the corresponding isolated square. The shell structure reflects periodic clustering of levels on the scale exceeding the mean level spacing separation. Each shell can be ascribed to the certain family of the periodic orbits in the square. However, a particular arrangement of the leads may lead to the selective coupling between them, so that not all shells (or, alternatively, families of periodic orbits) mediate transport through the dot. This selective coupling leading to the suppression of the contribution from some families of orbits can be tested experimentally on the dots with the different arrangements of the leads.


The low frequency longitudinal vibration is one of the key factors that affect the drivability. Therefore, the analysis and control of the low frequency longitudinal vibration of the vehicle has always been a key issue in the vehicle Vibration and Harshness (NVH). In this paper, a new active control strategy for motor torque compensation is proposed to apply to the driveline's counterforce so as to realize the active suppression of low frequency vehicle longitudinal vibration. In the MPC controller, reasonable parameter selection can improve not only the system's closed-loop performance, but also its stability and robustness. Based on the design of vehicle low frequency longitudinal vibration controller, we choose and design some important control parameters (e.g., prediction time domain, control time domain and weighting factor) to assure the MPC controller achieve the best performance. Besides, we also study the impact of different control parameters by its results, finding out the general impact of the law. The simulation results show that the variable weights MPC controller can achieve better performance by selecting MPC controller parameters reasonably. Keywords-low frequency longitudinal vibration; model predictive control; variable weights


"URASHIMA" is an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle which was developed in Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Japan. "URASHIMA" has the Inertial Navigation System in order to know its own current position, and it can cruise autonomously owing to the position data. However the position data includes some error which increases with the passage of time. In this paper, the method to improve the precision of the Inertial Navigation System based on the neural network is described. The network outputs the position data, which compensates the error of the position data calculated from it.


GEORGINA Mills summarises a mass mortality event (MME) of saiga antelope from haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) over three weeks in Kazakhstan in 2015 ( VR , 27 January 2018, vol 182, p 97). Pasteurella multocida type B was identified, with no reference to somatic antigens.

The 200,000 fatalities over three weeks, in isolated groups over a vast area, suggested lowered immunity in carrier animals rather than a contagious disease – in the past 38 years, three MMEs have correlated with humidity and day temperature.1 However, …


There was regression relation between at rate of livestock take-off and herbage storage in the pasture,,regression equation :Y=-l.79+l.6x, forecast and control ways were put out to decrease damage of livestock for lack of herbage in the winter.


Water Construction changes the composing and makeup of former nature ecosystem, and they certainly will effect on ecosystem. Water construction; and ecosystem environment depend on each other, and the same time, they restrict each other. Only solve ecosystem problems well, can the water construction obtain the further development. Water construction must combine closely with ecosystem environment conservancy, and try hard to achieve the win-win for the ecosystem environment conservancy and economic development. So, the paper brings forward the bran-new concept-eco-hydraulic construction, and explains their stratagem.


The policy of Enrollment in School began to be carried out in higher vocational colleges in our province from 2011.This policy aims to solve the problem of Students Resource Crisis in higher vocational colleges.For these colleges,it is both a chance and challenge.The author points out that the district economic sustainable development of Quanzhou city also needs the sustainable development of these higher vocational colleges.This paper firstly analyses the present situation of higher vocational colleges' development and the influence of the policy of enrollment in school,and then puts forward the countermeasures for the sustainable development of the higher vocational colleges in Quanzhou city.


A simulation for well-mixed SRC-II coal liquefaction reactors was developed to analyze the observed effects of hydrogen treat rate and hydrogen mass transfer on the rate of liquefaction. The validated simulation shows that the observed enhancement in the rate of liquefaction with increase in the hydrogen treat rate results from a reduction in H/sub 2/S partial pressure in the reactor. The hydrogen partial pressure is relatively insensitive to the hydrogen treat rate, and therefore, its contribution to the change in rate of liquefaction is very small. At very low levels of mixing power in the reactor, the rate of hydrogen mass transfer can have a significant effect on the rate of liquefaction. However, even for the lower range of mixing powers used in the bench-scale bubble column rectors, the effect of hydrogen mass transfer on the rate of reaction is small. High solubility of hydrogen in coal liquids is the basic reason for the small hydrogen mass-transfer effect.


The role of the education system is undeniable in inspiring and developing genius. In many cases, the interest of pupils in various topics is dependent on whether they like the personality of the teacher. The teacher should take responsibility for figuring out the areas in which each pupil shows the most talent. If necessary, teachers can show students who dislike particular topics by showing the links to related topics they enjoy more. Within the education system, more emphasis could be put on creativity and exploration rather than memorization and rote learning; indeed, this is one of the characteristics of the modern Western education system that China as 2nd largest economy could do well to adopt. Education could also do its part to value and encourage the use of the imagination, especially if we consider the example of Dr. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity that linked the seemingly unrelated dimensions of space and time after imagining what would happen if he could chase and catch a beam of light. Indeed, Einstein is famous for saying that "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research."


There are much arithmetic of making Convex hull on computer. The arithmetic designed by author utilizes a characteristic of point in computer. In computer, there must have a assured length between two points. In mathematics, the distance can be infinitesimal. We can always insert a mathematical point between two points in computer. The point may not express on computer, but can be calculated by computer. This arithmetic bases on the characteristic.


PURPOSE: To improve the efficiency of heat conduction by separating CO and H 2 -rich gas from a gaseous mixture containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 obtained by reforming hydrogen, methane, and N 2 individually and recycling the rest to reformation reaction. CONSTITUTION: Natural gas is supplied by a conduit 10 and CO 2 from a conduit 12 is mixed with recycled gas from a conduit 34 and fed to a reforming unit 14; and the produced gaseous mixture containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 , methane, water, and N 2 is cooled by a heat exchanging device. Then the gaseous mixture is introduced into a CO pressure-reduction variation adsorption process 20 to selectively adsorb CO with an adsorbent and send it to a conduit 22 in a relatively high pressure state, thereby recovering CO of higher than 98 vol.% in purity. An unadsorbed low-CO gaseous mixture, on the other hand, is introduced into a hydrogen rejecting film process 26 from a conduit 24 and H 2 -rich gas is fed to a conduit 28 to recover H 2 of higher than 99.5 vol.% in purity. The remaining gaseous mixture is mixed with CO 2 through a conduit 34 by raising the pressure by a suction compressor 32 via a conduit 30 and recycled to the reforming unit 14. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO


Lysozyme from egg white has been used to control the malolactic fermentation during wine production. In recent years, reasonable suspicion has emerged that residues of this protein can remain in the wine and this could exert an allergic reaction in hypersensitized consumers. According to directive 2007/68/EC, all wines labelled after December 31 st 2010 must declare if allergens including egg and therefore lysozyme were used during production. Therefore, methods for the detection of this protein are needed. The detection limit should be as low as possible since no limit is given in the directive. For sample preparation, the wine is diluted in extraction buffer, heated for 10 min at 60°C and centrifuged. The polyclonal antibodies used in the sandwich-ELISA RIDASCREEN ® FAST Lysozyme allow the measurement of red and white wines and revealed no matrix interferences. The resulting limit of quantification is 0.05 mg/L. Using a wine spiked with lysozyme intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were in the acceptable range of less than 10%. The ELISA is therefore suitable for the simple and reliable detection of lysozyme in white and also red wine at the very low mg/L-level.


The total number of nuclei of the mouse liver, spleen as well as cerebrum has been determined. The age of the mice studied ranges from one and half to two and half months. The following results are obtained:1. The number of nuclei of the liver, spleen and cerebrum is (2.60 ± 0.35) ×10 (1.48 ±0.05)×107, and (6.10± 0.15) ×107 respectively.2. A significant positive correlation has been found between the number of nuclei of the liver and that of the spleen.3. There exists a significant positive correlation between the total number of nuclei and the wet weight of the spleen.4. We have also found a significant positive correlation between the number of nuclei of the spleen and the body weight.


Recent years have seen the emergence into circulation of a growing array of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Knowledge of the pharmacological profiles and risk liability of these compounds is typically very scarce. Development of chemoinformatic tools enabling prediction of properties within uncharacterised analogues has potential be of particular use. In order to facilitate this, compilation of a chemical inventory comprising known NPS is a necessity. Sourcing a variety of published governmental and analytical reports, a dataset composed of 690 distinct acknowledged NPS, complete with defined chemical structures, has been constructed. This is supplemented by a complementary series of 155 established psychoactive drugs of abuse (EPDA). Classification was performed in accordance with their key molecular structural features, subjective effect profiles and pharmacological mechanisms of action. In excess of forty chemical groupings, spanning seven subjective effect categories and six broad mechanisms of pharmacological action, were identified. Co‐occurrence of NPS and EPDA within specific classes was common, showcasing inherent scope both for chemical read‐across and for the derivation of structural alerts.


We argue that traditional sequencing technology developed in the field of intelligent tutoring systems could find an immediate place in large- scale web-based education. This paper discusses two models that have been explored by the authors - the dynamic course generation system DCG and the concept-based course maintenance system CoCoA. DCG includes components for domain authoring and for automatic generation of adaptive courses on the WWW. It allows automatic generation of individualised courses according to the learner's goal and previous knowledge, and can dynamically adapt the course according to the learner's success in acquiring knowledge. . CoCoA can check the consistency and quality of a course at any moment of its life and also assists course developers in some routine operations.


Abstract We construct multi-currency models with stochastic volatility (SV) and correlated stochastic interest rates with a full matrix of correlations. We first deal with a foreign exchange (FX) model of Heston-type, in which the domestic and foreign interest rates are generated by the short-rate process of Hull–White (Hull, J. and White, A. [1990] Pricing interest-rate derivative securities, Review of Financial Studies, 3, pp. 573–592). We then extend the framework by modelling the interest rate by an SV displaced-diffusion (DD) Libor Market Model (Andersen, L. B. G. and Andreasen, J. [2000] Volatility skews and extensions of the libor market model, Applied Mathematics Finance, 1[7], pp. 1–32), which can model an interest rate smile. We provide semi-closed form approximations which lead to efficient calibration of the multi-currency models. Finally, we add a correlated stock to the framework and discuss the construction, model calibration and pricing of equity–FX–interest rate hybrid pay-offs.


The goal of this study was to fabricate Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ASF) microparticles using electrospinning under mild processing conditions. To improve processability of the ASF solution, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was used to regulate viscosity of ASF solution for electrospinning. It was found that the blend of ASF with PEO could form a bead-on-string structure with well spherical particles. Furthermore, aqueous ethanol and ultrasonic treatments could disrupt the nanofibrillar string structure between particles and ultimately produced water-insoluble ASF particles with submicron scale. Cell viability studies indicated that the ASF microparticles were nontoxic to EA926 cells. Moreover, fluorescent images based on FITC labeling showed that the ASF microparticles were easily uptaken by the cells. Aqueous-based electrospinning provides a potentially useful option for the fabrication of ASF microparticles based on this unique fibrous protein.


In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security in downlink of Power Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA)-based heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet). In this paper, we assume two categories of users are available: 1) Trusted users and 2) untrusted users (eavesdroppers) at which transparency of users is not clear for the BSs, i.e., they are potential eavesdroppers. Our aim is to maximize the sum secrecy rate of the network. To this end, we formulate joint subcarrier and power allocation optimization problems to increase sum secrecy rate. Moreover, we propose a novel scheme at which the eavesdroppers are prevented from doing Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), while legitimate users are able to do it. In practical systems, perfectly availability of all eavesdroppers' Channel State Information (CSI) at legitimate transmitters are impractical. Also CSIs of legitimate users may be also imperfect due to the error of channel estimation. Hence, we study two cases of CSI availability: 1) Perfect CSI of nodes (legitimate users and eavesdroppers) are available at the BSs and 2) imperfect CSI of nodes are available at the BSs. Since the proposed optimization problems are non-convex, we adopt the well-known iterative algorithm called Alternative Search Method (ASM). In this algorithm, the optimization problems are converted to two subproblems, power allocation and subcarrier allocation. We solve the power allocation problem by the Successive Convex Approximation approach and solve the subcarrier allocation subproblem, by exploiting the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search algorithm (MADS). Moreover, in order to study the optimality gap of the proposed solution method, we apply the monotonic optimization method. Moreover, we evaluate the proposed scheme for secure massive connectivity in Heterogeneous Ultra Dense Networks (HUDNs). Furthermore, we investigate multiple antennas base stations scenario in this literature. Finally, we numerically compare the proposed scheme with the conventional case at which the eavesdroppers are able to apply SIC. Numerical results highlight that the proposed scheme significantly improves the sum secrecy rate compared with the conventional case.


The Volcker Rule, enacted in 2010 as part ofthe Dodd-Frank Wall Street Consumer Protection Act to address the "too big to fail" problem in today's interconnected global economy, has been controversialfrom the outset. The deadline for banks to comply with Volcker regulations has been extended severaltimes, with the most recent deadline set for July 21, 2016. This Note examines the impact ofthe Volcker Rule on foreign banks, detailing the specificeffects ofVolcker regulations on two prominent German banks, Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank, and analyzes the countervailing European approach to regulating proprietary trading andriskyinvestment. This Note argues that the extraterritorialreach ofthe Volcker Rule should be limited in order to complywith the presumption against extraterritoriality. While there is likely no perfect solution to preventing the "too big to fail" phenomenon, this Note proposes one alternative, whichappropriatelylimits the extraterritorial scope ofthe Volcker Rule while preserving a primaryaim ofthe Volcker legislation: exempt foreign banks with only minor U.S. subsidiaries comprising less than 25 percent of the foreign bank's overalloperations from the Volcker Rule. * The author is a J.D. Candidate at William & Mary Law School; B.A., University of Virginia. She wishes to thank the staff and editorial board of the William & MaryBusiness Law Review for their diligence throughout the publication process; Rebecca Parry for her insightful comments; and her family and friends for their unwavering support. 826 WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 7:825


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic liver disease and is the leading cause of liver transplantation. HCV infection is associated with fatty liver (steatosis) in about 50% of chronic patients. Direct effect of HCV gene expression on hepatic lipid metabolism that leads to triglyceride accumulation through inhibition of export proteins that are required for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and secretion has been observed. The formation of VLDL is dependent on apolipoprotein B 100 (apoB) being loaded with triglycerides. Using a cell culture‐based expression system in which HCV RNA replicates, we show that apoB secretion was severely inhibited. There was also a decrease in the synthesis of apoB 100 in these cells. HCV expressing cells maintained secretion of normal levels of albumin. We further observed a marked decrease of microsomal triglyceride protein activity and mRNA biosynthesis. When HCV replication was eliminated by interferon‐α treatment, there was a resumption of normal levels of apoB and MTP activity. One of the HCV genes, NS5a physically interacted with apoB100. Thus these results implicate a potential role of HCV in altering cellular lipid/fatty acid metabolism.


This paper examines possible usefulness of tax-based incomes policy as a component of antiinflation policy. It is concluded that the tax-based incomes policy (TIPserves no useful purpose in a battle against inflation even as a supplement to the monetary and fiscal policies. Since the main purpose of TIP is to ease the pain of downward adjustments associated with monetary and fiscal tightening by reducing inflationary expectations and the TIP's ability to reduce inflationary expectations depends upon the extent to which the wage settlements are held down below the prevailing inflation rate, the cost of tax credit required to ensure public participation in a reasonably effective TIP would be staggering. On the other hand, a TIP designed to limit its costs to a manageable level is likely to be so ineffective as to be worthless. Hence, the monetary and fiscal restraints considered so essential in any responsible anti-inflation program would be made far more difficult by the enlarged size of federal budget deficit that would result from the implementation of the TIP. The paper points out that the monetary gradualism that has been practiced in Canada for the last five years has failed to reduce the inflation rate. There have been offsetting effects of continuously rising income velocity of narrowly defined money due to financial and other innovations. The only responsible course of action left to us is a more vigorous pursuit of monetary and fiscal restraints, far more vigorous than has been attempted so far.


Traffic violations by motorized vehicles from 2018-2019 have increased quite rapidly. As an educational institution the legal science study program cooperates with the Indragiri Hilir resort police station to carry out socialization and assistance to students of the Sabilal Muthadin Islamic boarding school as an effort to tackle traffic violations. One of them is by taking steps to prevent the prevention of police traffic violations by motor vehicles, conducting information about traffic and reminding people about the importance of respecting traffic signs and installing banners related to traffic. However, the role of the traffic police in dealing with the high level of traffic violations is felt to be less than optimal, especially the jurisdiction of the Indragiri Hilir resort police because there are still many obstacles faced by the traffic police in carrying out their duties as law enforcement, especially in the field of traffic.


The tax big data supervision system and method, including the distributed real-time management and control system deployed in the superior unit and each subordinate unit, the superior distributed real-time management and control system is used to receive the management and control rules, and issue the management and control rules to the subordinate distributed real-time management and control System: The distributed real-time management and control system writes the massive data in the data source at the same level into the distributed message queue Kafka in real time, and uses the distributed stream computing engine Flink to compare and calculate based on the management and control rules, and write the data that conforms to the management and control rules. Enter the alarm information into Kafka; the lower-level distributed real-time management and control system pushes the alarm information in the Kafka subscription at this level to Kafka in the upper-level distributed real-time management and control system; the upper-level distributed real-time management and control system pushes the alarm information in the Kafka subscription to users , at the same time push the alarm information to the distributed search engine ElasticSearch to save, and provide the historical alarm information query function.


Abstract We give several explicit examples of compact manifolds with a 1-parameter family of almost complex structures having arbitrarily small Nijenhuis tensor in the C0-norm. The 4-dimensional examples possess no complex structure, whereas the 6-dimensional example does not possess a left invariant complex structure, and whether it possesses a complex structure appears to be unknown.


Some of the scientific-philosophic issues underlying the debate over solar and nuclear energy, centralized and decentralized systems, and electrical and nonelectrical energy, are analyzed. It is suggested that in some intermediate position lies hope for an adequate supply of energy in the future. The thermodynamics of some energy systems are discussed to point out that thermodynamic considerations alone cannot be a solid basis for establishing energy policy. There are a host of other complex and interrelated factors environment, economics, time, reliability, and resilience that demand consideration. To wage a war now to dictate the shape of the future while facing the many economic, technological, and social uncertainties is described as dangerous by the author. (MCW)


In a general Sturm Liouville System approximations for the least characteristic value and a corresponding characteristic function are obtained. The meth~d begins with the construction of a cubic spline with uniformly spaced knots in the interval of definition. Then the generalized Rayleigh quotient is minimized in an iterative process to obtain the final solution approximation •


In this paper, system of fractional partial differential equation which has numerous applications in many fields of science is considered. Adomian decomposition method, a novel method is used to solve these type of equations. The solutions are derived in convergent series form which shows the effectiveness of the method for solving wide variety of fractional differential equations.


The identity of Black girls is constantly subject to scrutiny in various spaces, particularly within Hip Hop and education. Previous scholarship has noted that, as Black girls are compelled to navigate the margins of respectability politics, the images and messages of Hip Hop culture have always created a complicated and complex space for Black girls' identity development. The purpose of this article is to explore how Black adolescent girls construct their identities, particularly as it relates to ratchet-respectability identity politics, a concept called the Cardi B–Beyoncé ́ complex. In examining the Cardi B–Beyoncé ́ complex, I look at the intersection of ratchetness and respectability in educational settings and the influence of Hip Hop artists and images on the construction of ratchetrespectability identities. Further, this theme informs the need for a transformative, ratchet educational space for Black girls where the multiplicity of the Black girlhood experience will be appreciated and not silenced. 2 Journal of Hip Hop Studies, Vol. 7, Iss. 1 [2020], Art. 5 https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/jhhs/vol7/iss1/5 27 Journal of Hip Hop Studies When I was 12 years old, Cash Money Records was takin over for the '99 and the 2000 and Gangsta Boo was asking where dem dollas at? At 12 years old, I was at a nexus of leaving my childhood self behind and discovering who I was and who I wanted to be. Hip Hop played a significant role in discovering my Black femininity; it dictated what I defined as Blackness, how I performed my femininity, and how I conceptualized sexuality. While the world told me who I was supposed to be, Hip Hop allowed me to be my free, unapologetic self; weaving through the complicated intersections of race, gender, region, and respectability politics to find myself and define myself. While the world told me to be a classy, silent Southern belle, Hip Hop allowed me to be unapologetically loud and ratchet, giving me space and voice to be loud and free to move/manipulate my body in ways that were not deemed respectable. While many believe that 12-year-olds are just children who do not know/understand the influence of media and cultural structures, at 12 years old, I was challenging and critiquing notions of Black femininity to curate an unapologetic femininity that I could call my own.


In a previous study, we presented VT-Lane, a three-step framework for real-time vehicle detection, tracking, and turn movement classification at urban intersections. In this study, we present a case study incorporating the highly accurate trajectories and movement classification obtained via VT-Lane for the purpose of speed estimation and driver behavior calibration for traffic at urban intersections. First, we use a highly instrumented vehicle to verify the estimated speeds obtained from video inference. The results of the speed validation show that our method can estimate the average travel speed of detected vehicles in real-time with an error of 0.19 m/sec, which is equivalent to 2% of the average observed travel speeds in the intersection of study. Instantaneous speeds (at the resolution of 30 Hz) were found to be estimated with an average error of 0.21 m/sec and 0.86 m/sec respectively for free flowing and congested traffic conditions. We then use the estimated speeds to calibrate the parameters of a driver behavior model for the vehicles in the area of study. The results show that the calibrated model replicates the driving behavior with an average error of 0.45 m/sec, indicating the high potential for using this framework for automated, large-scale calibration of car-following models from roadside traffic video data, which can lead to substantial improvements in traffic modeling via microscopic simulation.


The authors propose a microeconomic approach to service provisioning in ATM networks. The provisioning procedure consists of two algorithms, one executed by the network and the other by individual users. The network offers directly for rent its bandwidth and buffers. Users purchase freely resources to meet their desired quality based on their own traffic parameters and delay requirements. The network periodically adjusts resource prices based on user requests monitored in the previous period. They describe the networks adjustment scheme and users' decision rule, and show that under the proposed price adjustment scheme, in order to minimize their own service cost, individual users will indeed request amounts of resources that optimize a measure of overall network performance. Since this approach does not require the network to know user traffic and delay parameters, it does not mandate traffic policing on the part of the network.<<ETX>>


The Induction Motor is considered to be a constant speed motor. Squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial applications. Due to the advancement in power electronics and in microprocessor technology the speed of the Induction Motor can be varied within certain limitations. There are many methods to control and run the induction motor in Variable speed drive applications. The speed of an induction motor can be varied by changing the frequency of the AC voltage applied on the stator. The amplitude of the AC voltage applied on the stator should be proportional to the frequency, to maintain a constant air gap flux. Speed of an induction motor can be controlled by maintaining the voltage to frequency ratio constant. The method of V/f control gives good performance under steady-state, which is sufficient for motor drive industrial applications. The basic method is 2-level inverter controlled by the microcontroller using the space vector modulation method. By this method the output of the inverter will be Nonsinusoidal and hence at the star point of the load there exists a Voltage with respect to ground and it is known as Common Mode Voltage, which produces electromagnetic interference. To lower the Common Mode Voltage a higher level of inverter can be used. By using the 5-level inverter the common mode voltage can be minimized when compared to 2-level and 3-level inverter. In this paper the authors have discussed the 5-level inverter driving the induction motor by simulation using MATLAB-Simulink and by Experiment. Fast Fourier transform has been done using the signal Analysis software and results are plotted with frequency versus voltage. The Common Mode Voltage is measured using Agilent make mixed signal oscilloscope. In the conclusion, the result of 5-level inverter common mode voltage is compared with 3-level and 2-level inverter values are compared with different operating frequencies of Induction Motor is shown in the table. 


Permanent magnet is one of the most important parts in modern industry and the rare earth elements play an essential role for operation of permanent magnet. As is well known, the rare earth elements are mostly produced in China and the world is now facing serious problems owing to supply and demand imbalances. Many attempts have been performed to replace these rare-earth based permanent magnets by rare-earth free magnets, but they have not been successful so far. Regarding this issue, we discuss about an exchange spring magnet as a potential rare earth free permanent magnet structure.


Combined with the actual construction the principle and application of post-pressure grouting technology in pile tip and pile lateral of reinforced concrete bored cast-in place piles are introduced.There are many factors affecting pile foundation selection for construction works.Through the cost analysis and evaluation on the pile foundation of the construction works,some economic indicators for the selection of pile foundation under the present productive force and price level are gained.Which will be beneficial to improve the cost effectiveness and rationality of selection of it.The base-grouting treatment technique of bored concrete pile can improve the bearing capacity,so the application of this kind of pile become broad useage day by day.


As part of a wider research program related to polycarbonate embrittlement, the effects of heat-aging on mechanical relaxation behavior have been studied by examining the relationship between secondary transitions and stress relaxation behavior. In this Part I, the differences in response between two molecular weight polycarbonates (PC) are compared for injection molded samples. Dynamic mechanical spectra showed that the presence of an intermediate β transition (∼ 80°C) is strongly dependent on molecular weight and heat-aging. However, the β 1 (35°C) and the γ (-100°C) peaks are generally insensitive to either effect. The study also attempted to interpret the similarities and differences in relaxation response using free volume and conformational change arguments, which have been subject to much scrutiny. Using the KWW stretched exponential to characterize stress relaxation, it appeared that bulk free volume recovery concepts could explain differences in stress relaxation response but not the corresponding losses in toughness. Hence, it is proposed that changes in relaxation response are most likely due to an interplay of relatively large scale molecular volume and molecular conformation processes that affect intermolecular cooperativity. These high-activation processes are related to the broad β region (β 1 < T < T g ).


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disorder with a lifetime risk around 35%1. It is a significant cause of mortality and the second leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide2. At many levels, the similarities between MDD and the anxiety disorders are much stronger than the differences. For instance, these disorders share genetic, temperamental and environmental risk factors, frequently co‐occur, and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and antidepressant drugs are recommended as principal treatments for both3. It will therefore be very difficult to locate pathologies and treatments that are specific to subtypes of depression without considering their relationship with anxiety. As a result, we broaden our comment on Perlis' proposal4 to reduce personalized (or non‐evidence based) medicine in favor of precise (evidence‐based) medicine to include both depression and anxiety.


The Ballisto-cardiogram (BCG) is a biomedical
signal which is basically a measure of ballistic forces on heart.
Just like ECG to detect the abnormalities in heart
Ballisto-cardiography technique is used extensively now a day in
research to analyze the abnormalities of the patient. When the
blood pumps from heart to different parts of the body is
represented in the form of graph for each heart beat. The
frequency of Ballisto-cardiography signal is
1-20Hz .Ballisto-cardiography is most emerging techniques which
is used to test the diseases related to heart called as cardiovascular
disease. Various devices [1] like chairs, beds and weighing scales
are projected to improvise the extraction of the BCG, but noise is
one of the main issues with this BCG signal processing, noise is
generated because of motion artifacts, shaking of the devices or
may be power line noise. This noise [2] affects the quality of signal
which we need to test. In order to overcome such issue this paper
proposes a new architecture making use of LMS filtering
algorithm Here weight update algorithm is used to update the
error in extracted signal. The architecture proposed here
includes FIR filter and also error computation blocks. Here the
author has implemented 5-tap filtering algorithm. MATLAB and
system generators are used to carry out the work.


HIV-infection affects psychosocial aspects of the lives of patients infected with HIV. Comprehensive rehabilitation programs designed to fit the most important factors affecting patient potential for rehabilitation is needed to cope with these psychosocial problems. In order to assess the attitude towards HIV as a predictor of HIV-infected patient potential for rehabilitation, we studied the findings from the anonymous interviewing with 67 HIV-infected patients (of different age ranges and at the different stages of the disease) living in Volgograd and the Volgograd region. The research was conducted in 2013-2014. We used «Attitude Towards Disease Questionnaire» developed by the St. Petersburg Bekhterev Research Psychoneurology Institute to identify the main types of attitude towards HIV in HIV-infected patients. The results demonstrate that more than half of HIV-infected patients have problems with psychological and social adaptation. We also assessed the type of attitude towards disease as a predictor of patient potential for rehabilitation. We recommend using «Attitude Towards Disease Questionnaire» to measure HIV-infected patient potential for rehabilitation and rehabilitation therapy prognosis. We justify the development and implementation of patient-tailored comprehensive rehabilitation programs for all HIV-infected patients using a differentiated psychosocial treatment approach.


A new econometric model for allocating aggregate consumer expenditures on energy in the US during the 1958-1978 period incorporates time series data on aggregate quantities of energy consumed and energy prices. It also includes time series on the level and distribution of total energy expenditure and the demographic characteristics of the population. The model incorporates cross section data on the allocation of energy expenditure among types of energy for households with different demographic characteristics. 31 references, 6 figures, 13 tables.


We find that manufacturing firms adopt more conservative capital structures in response to the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Budget Trading Program (NBP) of 2004, a regional cap-and-trade program aimed at mitigating the NOx emissions of power plants in 11 midwestern and southeastern states in the United States. Our further analysis demonstrates that, because the NBP induces an electricity price shock, it affects manufacturers' financial decisions by raising their operating leverage and distress risk. We also find that firms respond to the NBP's adoption heterogeneously: they adjust their financial leverage more dramatically when facing greater electricity intensity, financial distress threats, or competitive pressure. In addition, firms adapt not only capital structure, but also other financial policies in response to the regulation. Overall, our study shows that climate policy risk constitutes an essential consideration in firm financial decisions. It also highlights potential unintended consequences of policy responses to climate change for the corporate sector. This paper was accepted by George Serafeim, Special Issue of Management Science: Business and Climate Change. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge generous financial support from the Alliance Manchester Business School Strategic Research Investment Fund. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4617 .


Bulk samples of Pd41Ni10Cu29P20 glass were tested at constant true stress (20–636MPa) in compression at 550, 555, and 565K to study the transition from steady-state creep at low stress to deformation-induced softening at high stress. In the high-stress regime strongly accelerating creep was observed. All deformation was homogeneous. The activation volume was 106A3. The isoconfigurational activation energy was 9.03±0.64eV. The disordering rate is proportional to the applied power density (stress×strain rate). The disordering process is inefficient in energy and in the production of free volume.


Let L be a simple anti-commutative algebra. In this paper we prove that a non skew-symmetric solution of the classical Yang— Baxter equation on L with L-invariant symmetric part induces on L a Rota—Baxter operator of a non-zero weight.


A new scheme to alleviate contention in optical burst switching networks is proposed. It consists of preventively reserving resources in a node, to be used if resources are busy on the next hop node. The burst is sent back to the preceding node and then resent forward. Simulations are carried out to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Its performance is compared with that of contention resolution based on deflection routing.


The paper studies the principles of agricultural sci-tech innovation level evaluation, the framework, contents, and target weight of various level targets of the target system as well as the establishment of comprehensive evaluation models and the computation methods and procedures of evaluation indexes. Meanwhile, it gives actual cases and analysis of an agricultural sci-tech innovation level evaluation.


challenges resulting from the deepening engagement of foreign actors on African grounds. Carmody succeeds in highlighting the power and politics behind resource extraction and trade relations, by sharing rich information with compelling details that are usually hidden beneath the surface. Geographers will surely appreciate his attention to the materiality and geography of resources he examines, as well as his commitment to not oversimplify overtly complex issues. Carmody highlights how open violence and conflicts are being used, and created, to further capital interests and points (although more implicitly) at structural dependencies that inhibit quality development for all. However, to examine this topic is unquestionably a mammoth task and the reader has to accept important limitations. Thematically, some sections tend to be rather general and significant upcoming trends, such as electronic waste and carbon credits, are not discussed at all. Also, much of Carmody's analysis is focused on a limited number of countries and thus fails to examine the spatiotemporal differences of the deepening relations across and within scales in greater detail. While the core parts of the book tend to be descriptive, his final chapter and conclusions aim to weave the various insights together in a more analytical way. Still, this reader had hoped for a deeper engagement with theories that could provide a more sophisticated conceptual framework to better link the observed complex actor-relations within the global economy. This would also serve to discuss issues on sustainability – something entirely missing in his analysis. Finally, in proposing that rising global demand in fixed amounts of resources drive the scramble in Africa, he paradoxically fails to get to the bottom of what he manages to illustrate throughout his book, namely why, by whom and for what purpose environments are transformed and resources extracted. A corollary of this failure to denaturalize capitalism with its distinct socio-ecological relations is that his calls for a redistribution of power and more democratic states remain weak. It is no wonder, then, that he reverts to the saying 'plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose' ('the more things change, the more they stay the same').


Uses stochastic fluid models (SFMs) for control and optimization (rather than performance analysis) of communication networks, focusing on problems of buffer control. We derive gradient estimators for packet loss and workload related performance metrics with respect to threshold parameters. These estimators are shown to be unbiased and directly observable from a sample path without any knowledge of underlying stochastic characteristics, including traffic and processing rates (i.e., they are nonparametric). This renders them computable in online environments and easily implementable for network management and control. We further demonstrate their use in buffer control problems where our SFM-based estimators are evaluated based on data from an actual system.


We simulate equatorial plasmaspheric electron densities using a physics‐based model (Cold PLasma, CPL; used in the ring current‐atmosphere interactions model) of the source and loss processes of refilling and erosion driven by empirical inputs. The performance of CPL is evaluated against in situ measurements by the Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes) for two events: the 31 May to 5 June and 15 to 20 January 2013 geomagnetic storms observed in the premidnight and postmidnight magnetic local time (MLT) sectors, respectively. Overall, CPL reproduces the radial extent of the plasmasphere to within a mean absolute difference of |ΔLavg|=0.5±0.1 L. The model electric field responsible for E × B convection and the parameterization of geomagnetic conditions (under the Kp‐index and solar wind properties) implemented by CPL did not account for localized enhancements in the duskward electric field during increased activity. Rather, it was found to be largely dependent on the measure of the quiet time background. This property indicates that the agreement between these simulations and observations does not account for the complete set of physical processes during extreme (strong or weak) geomagnetic conditions impacting the plasmasphere. Nevertheless, at the presented resolution of the model CPL does provide good agreement in reproducing Radiation Belt Storm Probes observations of plasmaspheric density and plasmapause location.


In the case of boring with sintered, solid carbide twisted drills, triangular holes can occur dependent up tool geometry and the chosen process parameters. The consequences of different influencing factors on the form of the triangular holes are not completely clarified up to now. This article attends to this question by taking the three aspects origination, identification and influencing parameters on the formation of triangular holes into consideration.


Since World War II, public and private partnerships have been on the rise. These partnerships help the federal government deliver public programs because they a re often overwhelmed and understaffed. The partnerships are formed between private and t hird party partners. In addition to the federal government, public and private partners hips assist state and local governments. This thesis examines public and private par tnerships, the role of two tools of government, government corporation and economic regulation, and whether or not the federal partner involved in the universal service partnership is to blame for the accountability issues that led to fraud, waste, abuse, and incidents of financial improprieties. Here I propose that the federal government is to blame when things go wrong in these partnerships, despite the fact that there is a private or third party ent ity involved. Performance standards in public and private partnerships are addressed in this paper with a focus on the case study of the Universal Service Administrative Company (U SAC), a "hybrid" partnership that exists because of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Additionally, many theorists and scholars view the partnerships as a possible wa y of governing. It is my belief that if "hybrid" partnerships similar to U SAC have become


Manuscript 1230; Received 30 July 2004; Finally accepted 27 September 2004; © Zoo Outreach Organisation; www.zoosprint.org 1657 October 2004 ABSTRACT Some spiders of the Family Theraphosidae have been in the limelight for a few years now due to a growing interest in their trade. Trade names have been given, albeit inconsistently and not all species have common names. This paper provides standardized common names for the 62 described species of South Asian theraphosid spiders along with information on their distribution as known from literature.


The parameters of the mineral compounds leaching from iron ore from various quarries of the Kostomuksha mining and ore processing plant was determined by laboratory modeling. The experiments allowed us to understand the causes, and find that the tailings chemical composition changed mostly under the impact of extraction and processing of ore from the central quarry


In chinese traditional poetry,"rain" functions as a linguistically figurative image,which is the subject of poets'expression,containing the special feeings,experiences,emotion and mentality.This article,on a basis of fantacy of passion,rationality and meditation for "rain" created by classical poets,illustates the image of rain as follows: rain of passion,rain of rationality,and expression of Buddhism.


Totally isolated canine stomachs, perfused with homologous blood, were used for the study of potentiation between pentagastrin and histamine. These stimulants were infused into the gastric arterial system separately, or combined. Gastric secretion and perfusion blood were sampled every 30 min for biochemical analyses Combination of pentagastrin plus histamine gave significantly higher outputs of HCl than could be accounted for on the basis of summation of stimulatory effects. True potentiation, with regard to gastric juice volume and HCl output, occurred when two stimuli were infused simultaneously. Gastric hypersecretion of H+ was associated with increased O2–consumption by the stomach and by the alteration of the physiological relationship between the pH of arterial and venous blood sampled from gastric vessels. It was concluded that the totally isolated canine ex vivo stomach, perfused with homologous blood, is a suitable experimental preparation for the study of potentiation effects between two humoral gastric secretagogues.


Objective To investigate clinical application of nursing intervention of patients with emergency urolithiasis.Methods 160 patients with emergency urolithiasis were divided into the control group(80)and the observation group group(80).The control group took usual care and the observation group took the targeted nursing intervention.Results The pain tolerance rate,the rate of awareness of the disease and the satisfaction rate of the observation group were significantly higher than the control group.Conclusion Nursing interventions for the entire care of emergency urolithiasis patients can improve patient tolerance of pain,enhance awareness of urolithiasis of patients and their families and enhance the overall treatment effect.


Streptozotocin was administered to 106 patients with advanced malignancies. Therapeutic responses were observed in Hodgkin's disease, 7/16, lymphocytic lymphoma, 3/11, Burkitt's lymphoma, 1/12, and acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1/5. Two of 7 patients with islet cell carcinoma, 1 insulin‐secreting and 1 serotonin‐secreting, responded, but 8 patients with malignant carcinoid tumors originating from the ileum failed to demonstrate a reduction in either urinary 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid or tumor mass. Additional evidence of drug activity was observed in 2 patients with melanoma and 1 of 8 cases with sarcoma. There was no apparent cross resistance between Streptozotocin, a methyl nitrosourea, and BCNU, a chloroethyl nitrosourea. Hematologic toxicity was observed in 9% of cases, whereas renal damage demonstrated in 28% was the principal treatment‐limiting drug effect. Ten to twenty percent of each total dose is excreted in the urine with an intact N‐nitroso group within 2 hours after administration. Recommended maximum doses based on results of these studies are 500 mg/m2 for 5 days or 1.5 g/m2/week in patients with normal renal function.


We have newly developed a smart table tennis racket containing a 5 × 5 array of ultrathin piezoelectric sensors between the wood paddle and rubber. Since this racket has highly sensitive sensors mounted in the array, not only ball impact localization but also stroke type can be analyzed in detail. This contribution is a pioneering work to realize a MEMS-based sensor system for table tennis rackets, which has the potential to be used in training exercises and games to assist table tennis players during matches and to support athletes in training.


This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact email@example.com. Repository Citation Mailloux, Steven J., "Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology Wolfgang Iser" (1991). English Faculty Works. 10. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/engl_fac/10


Structural Abnormalities in the Brainstem and Cerebellum in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Commentary on the article by Kumar et al. on page 275


Abstract The purpose was to examine gender differences in the effectiveness of the Within My Reach healthy relationships education program that is an alternative approach to violence prevention. The program was provided to 850 adults in a community-based setting. Baseline, immediate post and six-month follow-up data were collected. There were similar levels of learning, confidence, and communication-and-conflict resolution skill improvement for men and women. Women reported higher levels of satisfaction with the program. Mixed-gender groups reported statistically significant reductions in violence at six-month follow-up. All male groups reported significant increases in violence. Implications are discussed.


People are exposed to electromagnetic fields from various sources in daily life. Among those sources transportation systems generate complex magnetic fields with static and time-varying components. However, we do not know what effect on living bodies could exist due to exposure to such complex fields. The purpose of this study is to develop exposure setups for in vitro experiments on biological effects caused by complex magnetic fields with static and time-varying components. Complex exposure setups are composed of a superconducting magnet for static field, and coils placed inside the superconducting magnet for sinusoidally time-varying field (AC field). The magnetic flux from the AC-field coils cannot penetrate into the superconducting magnet because of perfect diamagnetism of the superconducting magnet. Therefore the magnetic field created by the AC-field coils placed inside the superconducting magnet is different from that produced by the same AC-field coils placed in free space. In this report time-varying magnetic field distributions in the bore of the superconducting magnet are investigated by numerical analyses.


A wrought aluminum alloy was processed by multidirectional forging and aging treatment.The results show that the microstructure of alloy was refined markedly and the ultrafine second-phase particles were dispersively distributed.The alloy exhibited high strength,high hardness and good ductility.The tensile strength and elongation of alloy are 396.3 MPa and 11.08%,respectively.The strength and hardness is increased markedly due to refinement microstructure and dispersively distributed ultrafine second-phase particles.Because of the morphology of grain boundary is improved by accumulating strain and aging treatment,the ductility is enhanced.


Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, apparatus and system for data transmission, and a physical adapter. The method comprises determining a main physical function (PF) module, which includes at least two PF modules, in a physical function module group; determining a target virtual function (VF) module cluster managed by the main PF module based on the VF module groups corresponding to the PF modules in the PF module group; allocating the VF modules in the target VF module cluster to at least one virtual machine for realizing data transmission. The method, apparatus and system for data transmission in the embodiments can help the system from having failures and help to reduce a waste of resources.


Introduction: The Retail Revolution PART I. THE MARKET MAKERS: A GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1. Retailers as Market Makers 2. Technology and Public Policy: The Preconditions for the Retail Revolution PART II. MAKING CONSUMER MARKETS 3. U.S. Retailing and Its Global Diffusion 4. Globalization of European Retailing 5. Online Retailers as Market Makers PART III. MAKING SUPPLIER MARKETS 6. Supplier Markets and the Asian Miracle 7. Global Logistics, Global Labor 8. Making the Global Supply-Base 9. Transnational Contractors in East Asia PART IV. INDUSTRIES AND MARKET MAKING 10. The Global Spread of Modern Food Retailing 11. Market Making in the Personal Computer Industry


Purpose: The aim of this study is - to evaluate the effect of Agni-karma (Electro surgical cauterization) in Breast cancer surgery –Stage – I (T 1 N 0 M 0 ) as a Apunarbhava chikitsa (No recurrence). Carcinoma of the breast is the leading cause of cancer deaths in females in the India. 60 consecutive Stage -I breast cancer (T 1 N 0 M 0 ) patients taken for modified radical mastectomy were evaluated prospectively. Electro surgical cautery (i.e. Group-A) was used in 30 MRM operations and no electro surgical cautery was used in another 30 MRM operations (i.e. Group-B) in random order. In the first 30 patients (Group-A)- electro surgical cautery dissection was used to develop the thin skin flaps, MRM & axilla clearance. In the second group of 30 patients (Group-B), sharp dissection by scalpel was used for thin flap elevation, MRM & axilla clearance. In the post operative period vaccum drainage amount, duration & surgery time as well as the start time of arm exercise & long term followup for non –recurrence & metastasis were recorded. Complications like seroma, surgical site infection, haematoma & flap necrosis were determined without following of chemo & radiation therapy the recurrence rate & development of metastasis were also determined for next 5 years. Age, body mass index, breast volume & other parameters were similar in each group. Blood loss during this procedure is frequently high, often necessitating transfusion. Unfortunately, complications of this surgery have been significant. In this study, blood loss and wound healing with and without the use of electrocautery, in radical mastectomy were evaluated from both clinical and laboratory studies. The average blood replacement for Group-A was 160 ml per patient when cautery was used vs. 560 ml per patient when cautery was not used (Group-B). The postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values were statistically similar for both groups. Age - mean – 55 yr. & 53 yr. in Group-A & Group-B respectively. Vaccum drainage mean- 557ml & 840 ml in Group-A & Group-B respectively. Duration of surgical time decreased in Group –A by more than 30% to Group-B. Formation of seroma in Group-A is more than Group-B. Recurrence of disease / metastasis is nil & found 4 patients in follow-up of post operative 5 years in Group-A & Group-B resp. Average blood loss 160 ml & 560 ml in Group-A & Group-B resp. There was no statistical significance between the groups regarding time to start arm exercise, surgical site infection and flap necrosis were considered. Electro-Surgical Cautery is a new surgical instrument which provide atraumatic, scalpel like cutting incision, haemostasis, minimal tissue injury, so electro surgical cautery shortens the drainage amount, blood loss & duration of time compared to classical MRM operation of by scalpel method. As there is Agni- karma so there is less chances of recurrence or metastasis of disease too.


tutor self-expanding medical device to be introduced into a cavity of a human body comprising a tubular body (1) is radially expandable and axially retractable characterized in that the tubular body comprising first flexible rigid son (2,3) which are arranged side by side in a number of at least two wound in a first helical direction around a longitudinal axis (4) of the tubular body, and second flexible rigid son (5,6) which are arranged side by side in a number of at least two wound in a second opposite helical direction to the first, each multiple filament wound in one of said directions crossing multiple son wound in the other direction according to a plaited arrangement.


A paragraph. Optional; intended to provide a very brief outline of the entire proposal. Introduction (aka Background and Significance): This section should cover these questions: (not necessarily in order) 1. What do you plan to do? (What is your research question)? State your hypothesis. This is often the most difficult part; refining a research question. The most common problem is making the question too big. If you're having trouble, let us know or talk with a research-oriented colleague. 2. Why is this study important? (How will it add to what we know now and who cares anyway)? 3. What has already been done (and how will yours add to it or further the inquiry)? There should be evidence of an adequate search of the literature, usually of materials within the last 5 years. Be sure to cite your references! Study Design 1. How do you plan to do it? What kind of study is it? How will it answer your research question? Be specific. Who/what will be included/excluded and why? (What are recruitment/exclusion criteria? Be sure to include women, minorities, other groups if appropriate, and how they will be recruited). Randomization and/or controls? What data/specimens will you collect? Is this the best, safest way to collect it? Where will it be performed? How long will it last? Who will perform the collections/analyze the data? Are any drugs or tests involved? Will any remuneration be provided? Address confidentiality. 2. What are the potential risks and benefits? Be sure to be as specific as possible; include loss of time or other inconveniences to participants. Don't overstate benefits; if they are hypothetical benefits this must be clearly stated. How will you obtain consent? Provide for translation, reading for illiterate participants; whatever else may be necessary. 3. What will you do with the data? Where and how will it be stored and for how long? Who will have access to it? How will it be analyzed? Will there be follow-up? 4. Appendices. Questionnaires, consent forms, patient handouts. Note: Contact information for the PI and for the IRB MUST be included in patient consent documentation.