The major British supermarkets are confident and successful businesses which have combined an enviable growth record with margins which are three times as high as those of their mainland European counterparts. However, they are in danger of being marqinalised within Europe by their reluctance to respond to the creation of the Single European Market, and the increasingly international nature of their industry. This paper investigates the reasons for the apparent parochlallsm of these otherwise competent and innovative companies, and concludes that the the causes may be structural with much wider implications for British industry in the increasing global business environment.


Gas sensors and analyzers can be externally calibrated with standard gases. These gas cylinders are usually difficult to obtain when it comes to low concentration standards, and their lifetime may be questionable. Starting from high concentration and diluting on site to desired lower concentrations allows to set up multi‐point calibrations of the analytical device, such as an electronic nose. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including odorous chemicals, have been analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) often coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS), or specific olfactometric sensors. Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) coupled with Fourier Transorm Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) MS is proposed to analyse low level of VOCs in air. FTICR MS is the most accurate and has the highest mass resolution of the MS techniques. B‐Trap is a miniaturized FTICR instrument meant for real time VOCs analysis [1–4].


Abstract The piezoelectric properties of PZT thin films on metallic substrates prepared by sol-gel processing were investigated. The films show a high remanent polarization of about 40 μC/cm2 and a coercive field strength of about 10 V/μm. The direct piezoelectric effect was used for measuring the electrical charge generated by an applied strain. The generated charge depends linearly on the strain up to a strain of about 0.1 %. A charge per area of about 0.1 μC/cm2 was measured for a strain of 0.1 %. From these measurements the piezomodulus d31 was calculated. The values of d31 were about 29 pC/N and have been compared with former measurements of the piezomodulus d33. The time dependence and the mechanical fatigue of the piezomodulus were investigated. The piezomoduli remain nearly constant up to 105 mechanical or electrical cycles, after this the piezomoduli decrease.


A spatial database is a database that is optimized to store and query data related to objects in space, including points, lines and polygons. While typical databases can understand various numeric and character types of data, additional functionality needs to be added for databases to process spatial data types. These are typically called geometry or feature.


In order to solve the problems in monitoring and maintaining underwater pipelines and exploring free waters, this paper designed a pipeline operation and maintenance platform based on underwater robots, aiming to solve the problems of poor real-time performance, low freedom and high human participation of existing underwater pipeline operation and maintenance products. The pipeline operational platform we designed adopted the sensor array method, combining with the fusion of visual, IoT cloud platform, data visualization, test triad protection scheme. It's designed from three parts, that is perception layer, transport layer and application layer. The results of tests both in laboratory and the field of water environment achieved the desired effects.


The beauty of football is hidden in its complexity. To be able to perform on an elite level, excellent physical, technical, and tactical skills are required (Impellizzeri and Marcora 2009). These skills need to be expressed in the context of the game to beat the opponent. Traditionally, these skills are assessed using isolated lab or field tests for the purposes of talent identification (Huijgen et al. 2014) or evaluation of training interventions (Brink et al. 2010). Whether outcomes of these isolated tests truly reflect match performance is under constant debate. With the development and use of sensor technology in matches, the question arises if match analysis itself can serve as an alternative for isolated tests. Historically, lab tests were developed to assess physical capacity of football players (Reilly 1995). These test protocols were often derived from endurance sport and executed on a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill. Incremental and continuous protocols were used to assess physical capacity. The main advantage of these lab tests is standardization. However, these tests lack sportspecificity and do not mimic the intermittent character of the game. Next, the type of activity is straight running, while decelerations, accelerations, and pivoting on turf are important characteristics of football. Finally, lab tests are often time-consuming and usually limited to one player per test. To tackle these disadvantages, field tests were developed, like Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, Interval Shuttle Run Test, and 30-15 fitness test (Krustrup et al. 2003; Lemmink et al. 2004 ; Buchheit et al. 2008). Concurrent validity was assessed with comparison to traditional lab tests and construct validity to discriminate elite from sub-elite players. This supported the use of field tests in an applied setting. Since the development of these tests 15 years ago, they have found their way from professional football to amateur level across the globe. Similar to the development of tests to assess physical capacities, isolated tests were developed for technical skills, such as the Loughborough passing test (Ali et al. 2007). Tactical skills were traditionally captured by observation, but tests for decision-making skills are now also integrated into computer and tablet software or virtual reality environments. These isolated lab and field tests in the physical, technical, and tactical domain try to simulate the match as closely as possible. However, with the development of sensor technology available during matches we could also turn this around. So the question is, can we use outcomes from match analysis to assess physical, technical, tactical skills? From matches, one could derive physical performance based on distance covered, number of sprints, acceleration and deceleration profiles, and directional changes. It is expected that over time,more andmore relevant physical performance indicators will be developed to track both external and internal load during match-play. Inertial measurement units have the potential to determine the mechanical load of the lower extremities but also capture technical performance indicators like ball control, passing and kicking (Blair et al. 2018). Lab-on-a-chip development in healthcare can find its way to the sport field and quantify internal load based on skin temperature and sweat loss. Finally, tactical performance indicators, like passing efficiency, in combination with spatiotemporal features, such as space control and putting pressure on the opponent, may lead to more advanced measures in this domain (Rein and Memmert 2016). However, it is known that large match-to-match variation exists as a result of contextual factors like playing strategy and formation, strength of the opponent, score line, and environmental conditions (Kempton et al. 2015; Carling et al. 2016). This variability tends to be highest for high intensity activities such as sprinting and lowest for global measures like total distance covered (Kempton et al. 2015). To control for some of the contextual factors, one could think of standardized (small sided) games (Rowel et al. 2018). It is known that these games are closely related to the actual match, but the strategy, playing formation, and set-up can now be standardized (Olthof et al. 2018). Besides, advanced data science methods, like machine learning, can help to control for known external factors over a series of matches (Rein and Memmert 2016). In sum, information from matches can help practitioners and scientists to better understand the game. Identifying talents and evaluation of training interventions based on match performance may have its limitations, but the challenge for football scientists is to resolve this with new sensor technology and advanced data analysis techniques. This is not limited to physical, technical, and tactical aspects of the game but could also include mental aspects. Recently, face recognition has been used to determine emotions in sports like tennis (Kovalchik and Reid 2018). Furthermore, driver fatigue was detected based on eye state (Lin et al. 2015). These developments will likely find their way into football. If we acknowledge that all information is already in the game, we may better understand football in all its complexity.


Abstract— When day‐old chicks were injected intraperitoneally with 1.62mmoles of l‐phenylalanine, they developed a condition resembling narcosis. Simultaneously, whole brain levels of phenylalanine were 2–4 μmol/g, whereas those in control brain were 0.06 μmol/g. Examination of some glycolytic intermediates in the brain revealed significant decreases in fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate, l‐α‐glycerol phosphate and lactate, in comparison to the levels of these compounds in the saline‐injected control animals. Levels of glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate either increased or did not change, whereas levels of glycogen did not differ significantly. Phosphocreatine increased reciprocally with the decrease in inorganic phosphate. The levels of adenine nucleotide (energy charge) were not affected. Utilization of cerebral high‐energy phosphates was depressed by 50–70 per cent when determined as a function of metabolic rate in the brain at 15‐ and 30‐s periods of ischaemia according to the 'closed‐system' technique. Explanations for these data have been examined, such as toxicity of phenylacetate and inhibition of glycolytic enzymes by phenylpyruvate and l‐phenylalanine and their relevance to this study is discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate pregnancy outcomes of multiparae in women with advanced age (≥35 yr.) after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

METHODS
Clinical data of 542 pregnant women with prenatal care in Wenchuan during 20082013 were reviewed,comparing preconception conditions,pregnant rates,pregnant complications,and perinatal outcomes between those younger ( n=176) and older ( n=366) than 35 years.

RESULTS
In the 542 women,622 conceptions were reported,with 517 deliveries and 522 live births. The women with advanced age had lower cumulative pregnancy rate (twoyear),higher incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,gestational diabetes,multiple pregnancy,fetal distress,low birth weight and birth defects than their younger counterparts. The younger women also had higher term live birth rate and lower miscarriage rate. But the differences showed no statistical significance.

CONCLUSION
Prenatal care brings similar pregnant outcomes to multiparae in women with advance aged and younger aged.


The publication for the first time of The Virtuoso by Samuel Eusebius Hudson (1764 - 1828) brings the first English novel written in South Africa to contemporary audiences.


This paper, incorporating the principles of cognitive radios and utilizing the available bandwidth, proposes an active range estimation method with the properties of high precision and low complexity in wireless environments. Here, the cognitive radio concatenates the available narrow-band white spaces to increase the precision of a range estimation system. Two scenarios are investigated. First, signals are transmitted over an available spectrum either simultaneously (parallel concatenation) or sequentially (serial concatenation). Low complexity radio designs that handle the concatenation process sequentially and in parallel are introduced. To improve the range estimation performance, two new high-resolution time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation algorithms that are applicable to multiband scenarios are investigated. The first algorithm estimates the TOA over each subband and then optimally fuses the estimated TOAs. In the second technique, channels estimated over subbands are concatenated and a TOA estimation method is applied to the whole available spectrum. The TOA estimation error Cramer-Rao bounds of both approaches are computed. The performances of the proposed algorithm are investigated via simulations. The complexities of the introduced techniques are compared.


This paper presents an analysis of the spatial and temporal development of Tel-Aviv. The central notion in the analysis is the old concept of leap-frogging. Instead of seeing the population's evolution as a growth process from the centre of the metropolis outwards, we consider the population's development as taking place in different centres in a series of successive 'jumps'. In order to quantify the process, the growth of the centres' populations is fitted with the same mathematical function. This procedure enables us to extract the relevant parameters of each centre's growth and to make comparisons among them. We show that the population growth in the various centres is very similar. It permits the use of the scaling concept. In addition, a model of the growth of the individual centre is developed.


IN THIS LECTURE I shall discuss some intrinsic vascular disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract: intrinsic insofar as they arise independently of mechanical factors. Surgeons are accustomed to manipulating the intestine, and the success with which they do so depends on their respect for its normal blood-supply. Here I shall be concerned with abnormalities of that supply: abnormalities which, it is now recognized, can cause a variety of diseases and complications quite apart from the context of an operation. The splanchnic circulation is a low-priority area, which fares badly in any redistribution of the blood volume. As a rule this does not matter, because the alimentary tract can withstand quite long periods of ischaemia, and because the internal dynamics of the system are so well designed that any deficiency is shared reasonably equally along its length. This explains why vascular accidents in the gut occur so much more rarely than in, say, the heart or the brain. There comes a point, however, at which decompensation occurs, and the results are then catastrophic. Such decompensation, resulting in acute ischaemic necrosis, can affect the whole or part of both large and small bowel, but almost always it is the mid-gut loop, that is to say the territory supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (S.M.A.), which suffers most. Vascular lesions above the pylorus or below the recto-sigmoid area, if not unknown, are at least very uncommon.


Fuel assemblies #4 and #5, which are included in the N.S. Savannah Core 2 Fuel Irradiation Program, were modified to increase the experimental variables originally planned. In order to obtain as much information as possible from the irradiation of these assemblies the corner rods of Savannah 2-4 and -5 were opened, special pellets inserted, and a device for measuring the axial expansion of the fuel column into the plenum was incorporated. Hardware changes were necessary at this time. Segment assembly and final assembly are discussed.


The phenolic component Oleuropein (OLEU), a bioactive natural product, has recently shown antiproliferative properties. Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anthracycline present in many chemotherapeutic schemes, although limited due to its cardio-toxic effects. Important research effort has been devoted therefore, to reducing DXR toxicity without compromising its antitumor efficacy. The anticancer actions of DXR and OLEU were assessed, on PC-3 prostate cancer cells, while cell cycle distribution and rate of apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The autophagic process was determined via immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. Finally, cell extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. The present study showed that both DXR and OLEU inhibited PC-3 cells proliferation, while the co-treatment with DXR and OLEU resulted in an additive inhibition. Although the addition of OLEU to DXR did not alter significantly the cell cycle distribution, exhibited by each treatment alone, and produced a marginal increase on the rate of apoptosis, both compounds produced a remarkable induction of autophagy. In addition, treated cells exhibited significant metabolite alterations. This study demonstrates that OLEU, a basic component of the everyday diet, is capable of lowering significantly the cytotoxic dose of DXR, while obtaining an important anti-proliferative effect in prostate cancer cells.


Food security is one of the most important issues that needs to be addressed in order to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals. Currently multiple technologies are used in conventional agricultural practices, including application of artificial intelligence and GIS. However, the technologies are rarely considered in sustainable farming practices. Organic agriculture, although gaining traction in recent times, mostly relies on traditional, rather than technologically advanced approaches. There are, however, multiple opportunities to increase efficiency and effectiveness of sustainable farming by integrating it with modern technology. Implementation of such solutions would be particularly important in the Global South, where food insecurity is a severe problem. Obstacles to implementation of highly technological solutions in this context generally include lack of finance and skills. However, recent advances in technologies address both these problems. Thus, it is essential to consider application of modern GIS and artificial intelligence for facilitation of sustainable farming globally.


After qualifying three months ago, I went straight into primary care as a community nurse (news July 12). My experience has led me to believe that newly qualified nurses should gain at least one year's hospital experience before entering primary care.


Few-shot recognition aims to recognize novel categories under low-data regimes. Due to the scarcity of images, machines cannot obtain enough effective information, and the gener-alization ability of the model is extremely weak. By using auxiliary semantic modalities, recent metric-learning based few-shot learning methods have achieved promising performances. However, these methods only augment the representations of support classes, while query images have no semantic modalities information to enhance representations. Instead, we propose attribute-shaped learning (ASL), which can normalize visual representations to predict attributes for query images. And we further devise an attribute-visual attention module (AVAM), which utilizes attributes to generate more discriminative features. Our method enables visual representations to focus on important regions with attributes guidance. Experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve competitive results on CUB and SUN bench-marks. We provide a PyTorch implementation of ASL. Our code is available at https://github.com/chenhaoxing/ASL.


Hypothesis generation in the life sciences is an empirical process in which obtaining and structuring knowledge from literature plays a significant role. Text mining and Information Extraction techniques are seen as key for programmatically accessing the knowledge captured in the form of free text. We describe progress towards an application that supports the task of generating a hypothesis about biomolecular mechanisms using Semantic Web technologies and a workflow to carry out text mining in a service-oriented architecture. The output is a semantic model with putative biological relationships that have been extracted from literature, with each relationship linked to the corresponding evidence. We present preliminary data that extends a model for chromatin (de)condensation. The methodology can be used to bootstrap the process of human-guided construction of semantically rich biological models using the results of knowledge extraction processes.


BBaacckkggrroouunndd:: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a standard for end-stage heart failure patients. During CRT procedure, left ventricular lead is positioned through coronary sinus (CS) in a coronary vein. CCaassee rreeppoorrtt:: 51-year-old man with dilated cardiomyopathy and persistently symptomatic heart failure despite medical therapy was referred for implantation of CRT system. During CRT procedure, CS ostium was localized and venography was performed. Anatomical variant of CS with lack of typical wide venous trunks was revealed. Instead narrow coronary veins and large venous sinus appeared. Despite 60--minutes lasting fluoroscopy it was not possible to guide the lead across venous structures. CCoonncclluussiioonn:: Atypical CS anatomy presenting as venous sinuses could be a serious obstacle for CRT.


Hybrid clay-organic monolayers prepared using the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) method are examined by polarized infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR), polarized grazing angle infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These spectra represent the first reported IR spectra of clay monolayers functionalized with cationic surfactants. The intensities of the ν(Si−O) bands of SapCa-1 saponite and SWy-1 montmorillonite on both Ge and ZnSe substrates were analyzed quantitatively using the thin film approximation. The measured intensity on both substrates corresponds to the calculated intensity of one clay layer (0.96 nm), indicating that a monolayer of clay was formed on ZnSe as well as on Ge. In the case of saponite, a trioctahedral smectite, the ν(OH) band at 3680 cm-1 and the out-of-plane ν(Si−O) band at 1063 cm-1 show dichroic ratios of 0.33 and 0.23, respectively, consistent with the nearly perpendicular orientation of these bonds in the film. For SWy-...


The New South Wales (NSW) Government Premier's Department Review of Future Provision of Motorways in NSW has many of the elements required to improve the procurement of motorways (and public infrastructure generally). Under the terms of reference there were a number of issues that had to be dealt with but some of the recommendations ignore fundamental tenets of transport public infrastructure economics. This commentary aims to contribute to a framework that can accommodate the majority of the recommendations and provide a perspective from which the NSW Government can strengthen recent initiatives on public private sector participation in transport infrastructure services. Specific comments on detailed conclusions and recommendations in the Review are appended. (a)


Water-based alkyd paint for a door is prepared from 30-50 parts of alkyd resin, 15-20 parts of nitrocotton, 3-6 parts of benzoic acid, 2-4 parts of calcium naphthenate, 3-4 parts of lithopone, 5-8 parts of bentonite, 2-5 parts of dioctyl stearate, 50-70 parts of ethyl alcohol, 15-20 parts of ethyl acetate, 4-5 parts of butyl acetate, 10-15 parts of deionized water and 2-8 parts of isobutyl alcohol. A preparing method is simple in process, and the water-based alkyd paint is high in adhesive force and resistant to ageing.


The paper analyzes the effects of monetary policy in a dynamic model of a small open economy with cash and credit goods production, where government consumption is financed by seignorage. It shows that the interrelationships between the growth rate of the monetary aggregate and the technological properties of the economy have an important bearing on the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium, the optimal inflation rate, and the occurrence of explosive hyperinflations. In consequence, the paper concludes that monetary policy does matter in the long run.


Eight six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines were used to study the relationship of whole-plant dry matter yield (WPY), whole-plant digestible yield (WPDY) and percent in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVDOM) with plant height, maturity, grain and leaf content at the time of maximum WPY. The study was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta during 1983 and 1984. Whole-plant harvests were initiated at the 50% heading stage of individual lines and continued for seven consecutive weeks. WPY and WPDY attained maximum levels at identical harvest times after heading in all lines and years. In 1983 all lines, and in 1984, six of eight lines attained maximum WPY at the same time postheading (fourth and third harvest in 1983 and 1984, respectively). WPY and WPDY were significantly correlated with days from planting to time of maximum yield (TMY) in both years. Partial coefficients of determination from stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the effect of days from planting until TMY > plant height > ...


INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents, and yet for each fatality it is estimated that between 50 to 200 adolescents survive a suicide attempt. Most of the survivors have taken overdoses of drugs commonly found at home.
 The rate of suicide attempts that do not result in death peaks in adolescence. The male to female ratio is 1/2 and self-poisoning is usually the method. In contrast, suicide fatality rates generally increase with age. Overall, suicide is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States; the male to female ratio is 3/1; and the method used most often is fire-arms. Clearly, suicidal behavior by adolescents is a major health problem in the United States today. The usual challenge for the pediatrician is first managing an acute drug overdose and then facilitating subsequent psychosocial evaluation of the troubled youth. The key challenge is identification of disturbed individuals and their families prior to any suicidal acts.
 DIAGNOSIS AND PHYSIOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
 Most young people who present with a suicidal drug overdose are not comatose; many are asymptomatic. In such situations a careful history may be obtained from the patient to determine: the events surrounding the ingestion, which drug or drugs were taken, how much, and when the ingestion occurred.


This paper reviews and introduces the fundamentals of photonic bandgap crystal, nano-fabrication technologies and the potential applications of new generation optical devices for telecommunication applications. The integration of MEMS with photonic bandgap crystal promises greater flexibility because of the greater control over the properties of photonic crystals than over the electronic properties of semiconductors. The photonic bandgap crystals technology is expected to an even greater role in the 21st century, particularly in the optical-communications industry where photonic crystals could address many problems that currently constrain the integration technology of optical device and system.


The manufacture of high-quality whole-grain products is challenged by poor flavour attributes, such as excessive bitterness. In a recent study our group characterized eight compounds that contributed to the bitterness of a whole-wheat bread sample. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical profile of these bitter compounds in relation to the perceived bitterness of four commercial whole wheat breads and one refined wheat bread. Highly significant correlations (α = 0.01) were observed between the perceived bitterness in the crust and the quantity of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (r2 = 0.93) and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4(H)-pyran-4-one (r2 = 0.95). In the crumb, the bitterness was correlated with the amount of l-tryptophan (r2 = 0.91). In summary, both Maillard- and fermentation-derived compounds were identified as potential chemical markers to predict bitterness of whole-wheat bread. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ions. This is precisely where Dewey has most often been misunderstood. In mapping out the generic traits of experience, Dewey has been accused of either 1) hypostatizing perception, or 2) idealizing ontology. Those who read Dewey in light of the former (which includes many of his most vocal advocates) typically regard his


Material Supplemental http://genome.cshlp.org/content/suppl/2011/09/06/gr.122788.111.DC3.html http://genome.cshlp.org/content/suppl/2011/09/06/gr.122788.111.DC2.html http://genome.cshlp.org/content/suppl/2011/09/06/gr.122788.111.DC1.html P<P Published online October 11, 2011 in advance of the print journal. service Email alerting click here top right corner of the article or Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the


The historical background of traditional folk sports in Huizhou district is analyzed through methods of documentation,field investigation and individual case study.The results show that the origin and development of traditional folk sports are closely linked with local natural environment,society,politics,culture,education and economy.The sports feature a strong local culture and become an important part of social life of local people.Thus the idea that traditional folk sports in Huizhou district should be protected,transcended and developed is put forward in this paper.


The wild fruit-tree forest which is distributed in the Ili Valley of the Tien-Shan Mountains in western Sinkiang, consists of Tien-shan apple (Malus sieversii), wild apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris) and wild walnut (Juglans regia), etc. It is a broad- leaved forest type with "oceanic" climate, which appears in the mountain region of desert zone. Its distribution is closely related to the complex of special ecological factors, such as abundant rainfall of the locality, evident "inversion" in winter, and relief elements in which the cold air current is evaded, etc.


The wave of change and rigorous competition has compelled the power sector to adopt a proactive resolution-oriented employee relations (ER) approach towards employee satisfaction and organizational performance. A cordial ER is based on fairness, trust and mutual respect and leads to motivated, loyal and high-performing employees and facilitates them to achieve the optimum results for their organization. Therefore, the study aims to examine the employer–employee relations prevalent in power sector. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data from a sample of 175 full-time working members including both executives and non-executives and were analysed using SPSS. For this study, a hypothesized research model was developed to investigate the relationship between drivers of ER and cordial ER. The regression analysis entails that the variables such as: interpersonal relationships, safe and healthy work environment, and employee welfare were significant predictors of cordial ER. The research will add practical insights for managers to realize the importance of these drivers of ER and to design appropriate strategies and policies for maintaining better ER.


The present study is a theoretical analysis of a two-stage transcritical cooling cycle using R744 (carbon dioxide) as a refrigerant. The effect of the intercooling process on performance in the two-stage transcritical system is subjected to varying pressures in a gas cooler. Performance comparison between the single stage and two-stage cycle is also subject to the same operating conditions. We assessed the effects on system performance of pressure in the gas cooler, isentropic compressor efficiency, amount of intercooling between the two compression stages and discharge temperature of the refrigerant from the gas cooler. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out with CoolPack software, considering an evaporation temperature of -10C and refrigeration capacity of 5 kW. Results show the coefficient of performance (COP) for the two-stage cycle is superior to the single stage cycle. Two-stage compression was found to reduce energy consumption. On the whole, two-stage compression and the intercooling process are significant in increasing COP for these systems.


CAXA Manufacturing Engineer is an open designing and processing tool. This paper takes the hook forging die for instance and uses it to explore some ways of automatic programming and processing of complex surface parts based on CAXA Manufacturing Engineer,analyzing the advantages and characteristics of CAXA manufacturing engineer in three-dimensional modeling design and simulation of processing from the designing,automatic programming,processing technology,setting up processing model and simulation processing technology,etc.


Novel three mixed ligand complexes derived from the interaction of Cr(III), Fe(III) and La(III) ions with a Schiff base resulted from the condensation process of 2-aminophenol and 2-hydroxy acetophenone(HL1) as a primary ligand (HL1) and anthranilic acid (L2) as a secondary ligand. The formed mixed ligand complexes were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, 1HNMR, UV–visible and mass spectroscopy as well as molar conductance and magnetic measurements. The obtained results revealed that the mixed ligand complexes were formed in 1:1:1[L1ML2] ratio and non-electrolytic in nature.


This paper considers Free Space Optics (FSO) systems. FSO availability and reliability is taken under the scope. FSO links operate within the infrared wavelength region. Lasers are used as light sources between two nodes to carry informational stream. FSO systems use Line of Sight (LOS) technology in order to maintain connection between two points. Weather conditions have quite significant impact on FSO operation in terms of availability and reliability. It is necessary to evaluate the air quality at the actual geographical location where FSO link is supposed to be placed. It is important to determine the impact of a light scattering, absorption, turbulence as well as a receiving power when dealing with FSO systems. Visibility has one of the most critical impacts on the quality of an optical transmission channel. Moreover, it is essential to monitor and store information about rain, snow and fog conditions. This paper introduces a device which measures all mentioned weather indicators such as a fog density, a relative humidity and a temperature. FSO availability and reliability estimation is based on measured data. These results evaluate weather conditions for Kosice (a campuse of Technical University of Kosice) in terms of FSO operation.


The invention relates to a nacelle (1) of turbofan comprising at least one covering structure (8, 9) having an inner wall (10) to define an outer wall of an annular channel (6) wherein s flows a secondary flow (F), said structure being equipped with at least one movable nozzle (11) relative to said structure (8, 9) so as to adjust the ejection section of the annular channel (6) depending on the position of said movable nozzle (11). Said cowling structure (8, 9) has a downstream end equipped with a cap (17) extending towards the annular channel (6) and having a free end (18), the movable nozzle (11) having a zone end (19) facing the downstream side, having an outer wall having a first section (20) situated in line with the free end (18) of the cap (17) along the axis (a) of displacement the nozzle (11) and a second section (21) arranged to extend in the extension of the cap (17) of the nacelle cruise position (1), so as to provide surface continuity between the structure cover (8, 9) and the movable nozzle (11), said nozzle being movable between a retracted position wherein the cap (17) substantially covers the end zone (19) of the nozzle (11), said position cruise, and an extended position wherein the free end (18) of the cap (17) is located proximity or contact of said first section (20) outer wall.


Consumer thermal imagers are yet to see a reduction in pixel size to yield Nyquist sampled imaging. We introduce a super-resolution method to extend spatial frequency content appreciably with as few as 6 images.


Sensors as the significant units of the Internet of Things play an important role in the field of information interaction. Non‐contact sensors have the advantages of flexible manipulation and a longer lifespan but it is constrained in motion detection due to their relative single detection function. Herein, a self‐powered non‐contact motion vector sensor (NMVS) for the multifunctional human–machine interface is reported. Based on the electrostatic induction effect, the motion vector is measured according to the output electrical signals from the non‐contact triboelectric nanogenerator (NC‐TENG). By simulation analysis and experimental validation, the output characteristics of NC‐TENG dependence on structural and motion parameters are investigated in detail. On this basis, the resolution of NMVS is improved and exhibits for non‐contact micro‐vibration monitoring, rehabilitation gait detection, contactless smart lock, and the non‐contact limit alarm. This work not only proposes an ingenious strategy for non‐contact motion vector detection but also demonstrates the promising prospects of a multifunctional human–machine interface in intelligent electronics, health rehabilitation, and industrial inspection.


A total of 4 500 butterfly specimens were collected during the period of 1995~2002,which belong to 178 species,105 genera and 10 families.They are:20 species of (9 genera) in Papilionidae,1 species of 1 genus in Parnassiidae,17 species of 7 genus in Pieridae,2 species of 2 genus in Danaidae,23 species of 11 genus in Satyridae,42 species of (27 genera) in Nymphalidae,1 species of 1 genus in Acraea,1 species of 1 genus in Libytheidea,(34 species) of 22 genus in Lycaniidea,and 37 species of 24 genus in Hesperidae.45 species are newly recorded for Jiangsu butterfly fauna.


The present invention relates to a kind of health-care fermented soybean food, health-care purified fermented soybean kinase capsule and production process thereof. The soybeans is used as raw material, after selecting material, removing impurity, washing and soaking, cooking, inoculating, fermentation, blending and packaging, the finished product with rich nutrients and palatable taste is obtained. By enriching and purifying its bio-active components and adding other auxiliary ingredients it can make the invented fermented soybean kinase capsule more possess obvious function of preventing thrombosis. Said product has no antigenicity and has no side effect, so it is a safety health-care food.


Exploration and Practice of Teaching Reform of Business Administration Courses Based on the Perspective of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Changfang Cao Zhongying Zhang School of Management Engineering, Anhui Institute of Information Engineering, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China Abstract The traditional teaching mode of business administration courses has the tendency of emphasizing theory over practice, emphasizing teaching over discussion, the students' practical operation ability cultivated by this mode is weak and can not meet the needs of society for applied talents, the integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education into the teaching reform of business administration courses helps to cultivate students' innovation and entrepreneurship consciousness and improve students' operation skills. Through curriculum system design, project-based teaching, case discussion, laboratory design, scenario simulation, practical experience and other links, the classroom and extra-curricular teaching activities are reformed, the content of skill training is increased, and the multi-dimensional assessment system is established on the course assessment method, so as to promote the integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education into professional curriculum education, and then cultivate students' innovation and entrepreneurship quality and practical operation ability, improve students' employment competitiveness.


This paper reports a comparative study of the relationship between communication issues and conversational improvement strategies for African Americans and European Americans. Based on a model of interethnic communication developed in previous research (Hecht, Larkey, & Johnson, 1992; Hecht, Ribeau, & Alberts, 1989; Hecht, Ribeau, & Sedano, 1990), a sample of African Americans and European Americans were asked to describe conversations with individuals from the other ethnic group. They were also asked to identify the problematic issues in the conversations and conversational improvement strategies used to deal with these issues. Some conversational improvement strategies focused on the self, some on the other interactant, and others on the joint action of both interactants. A multiple discriminant analysis and regression analyses were computed to identify relationships between the issues and strategies used by both ethnic groups in high and low intimacy relationships. Results revealed that relationships b...


Over the past decade, industrial clusters have become increasingly important to achieving competitiveness in the context of globalization and informationlization. And there has been growing interest in the industrial cluster, not only by economic geographers but also by economists and by policy-makers. This paper aims to make a review of the progress in the study of industrial cluster. This paper's concerns relate to the progress of the cluster concept, the reasons why Porter's idea so popular, and the characters of the industrial cluster.And then we divide the characters of industrial cluster into four major research themes, i.e. agglomeration,social cluture,innovation network and institution.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between the economic resilience and cultural behaviour, resorting to the evidence provided by 20 Italian regions at the time of Great Recession. We consider specific cultural behaviours, which provide a specific meaning of culture; its relation with the economic resilience of regions is analysed. We document that higher levels of supplied and demanded quantity of cultural goods in a region are associated with higher regional economic resilience as measured by the ability of limiting employment drop; the relation with the considered cultural behaviours is weaker in the case of economic resilience as measured by the ability of limiting income drop. We propose possible explanations for this asymmetry.


In today's life we have to face different types of problems one of which is increasing number of vehicles. Due to which it increases traffic and congestion. The solution is to conquer the traffic congestion is the Intelligent Traffic control system. The real time image processing is used to measuring the traffic density on that road. The various research papers are used to sum up an overview on different strategies for building up a Smart Traffic Control System for Traffic Density Count. For Traffic Density Count, it likewise demonstrates an analysis on various strategies under the image processing. Different authors utilized different techniques like identifying number of vehicles from the video utilizing the camera mounted at path and some utilizes live video for Traffic Density count using the image processing and video or utilize remote sensors to detect presence of traffic. This paper shows the comparison and survey of all these methods.


We propose and analyze a TB transmission model with nonlinear incidence rate, immunization and medical treatment. First, the existences and stabilities of the equilibrium are studied. The results indicate the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is the threshold of disease extinction and persistence. The disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when [Formula: see text], and the disease will gradually disappear. The unique positive equilibrium is local stability and the disease is uniformly persistent when [Formula: see text]. Second, optimal control is added to the original model because of limited resources. Finally, the stability of the equilibrium and the theoretical results of optimal control are verified by numerical simulations, and the sensitivity of the parameters is analyzed by the PRCC method.


615 Background: Whole genome sequencing of colorectal cancer (CRC) has identified common mutations that have been implicated in tumorigenesis. We investigated the association between genetic mutations in known cancer related signaling pathways, and clinicopathological variables in patients with CRC. Methods: DNA samples of patients with CRC were genotyped for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) including potentially clinically relevant mutations using the Sequenom platform. Results: Tissue from 68 patients was genotyped. 163 mutations were identified in 21 cancer related genes. 45% of patients had stage III CRC & 10% had stage IV CRC at diagnosis. 17 patients developed metastatic CRC. 59 patients had at least 1 mutation. Mutations occurring in at least 5% of patients included KRAS(35%), PIK3R1(34%), TP53(32%), PHLPP2(32%), BRAF(16%), PIK3CA(13%), APC(13%), IDH1(12%), FBXW(7%) & MET(6%). Less frequent mutations (<5%) included GNAS, PTPN, NRAS, STK11, TBX3, and EGFR. KRAS mutations were associated with m...


A microflute group heat-sink cooling method characterized by that, a plurality of microflutes are arranged at the radiating region near the external surface of the heater forming a microflute group, the liquid actuating medium in the microflutes can form high-intensity evaporation at the heated region for removing heat produced by the heater, thus cooling the heater through evaporation. The advantages of the invention are no power consumption, small heat dissipation area, high heat dissipation flow density and high intensity of heat.


The composition and the relative content of the polysaccharide from the leaves of Ilex kudincha C.J.Tseng(KPSⅡ) were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC).KPSⅡ and normal monosaccharides were hydrolyzed by a 2 mol/L H2SO4 .The hydrolyzates were deoxidized with NaBH4,then acetylated with Ac2O.The consequent acetate derivatives were analyzed by GC.The results showed that the monosaccharides in KPSⅡ contained arabinose,xylose,mannose,galactose and glucose in molar ratio of 10.2∶1.0∶1.2∶8.0∶5.4 respectively.


We have studied the temperature-dependent carrier transfer processes in InGaN∕GaN multi-quantum-well light-emitting devices using various optical techniques such as photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and photoluminescence excitation spectra. The role of the defects in the GaN barrier neighboring to the InGaN region was demonstrated clearly in capturing carriers only at low temperatures. The physical origin of the defects was most possibly attributed to the stacking faults at the interface according to the high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy pictures.


A hyper spectral video system (HSV) was developed to acquire the data of hyper spectral image in low cost and easy operation. The HSV composed spectrograph system and charged coupled device (CCD) analog video camera system. Spectrograph is based on combination prism and grating. The HSV can acquire high spectral resolution imagery in the range of 400nm to 950nm. This paper describes the outline of HSV and acquired images.


Both e-beam and optical proximity effects are still a major barrier in the transfer of an ULSI design from the CAD station to the printed result on wafer. Optical proximity effect correction (OPC) is shown to be a strong tool to improve the printing latitudes for i-line lithography of 0.35 micrometers feature sizes and below, but leads to fractal geometries around 0.1 micrometers (corresponding to 0.5 micrometers on a 5x reticle). This quantum leap in required minimum linewidth on the mask may urge mask makers to apply e-beam proximity effect correction (PEC), even more than a decrease in the reticle magnification from 5x to 4x (and further) would. For raster scan e-beams, which are typically used in mask making, correction by dose variation is not practical. Hence, PEC for these systems must be tackled by modifying the geometry of the design, in a way similar to OPC techniques. Both corrections must compromise between the accuracy achieved, which is dominated by the selected (correction and exposure) grid size, and the resulting throughput loss, caused by the use of a smaller grid size. Sigma-C now introduces a new algorithm, which enables the proximity effect correction by shape variation. It is included into CAPROX and supports hierarchy in the same manner as the other postprocessing operations. The exposure of the shape corrected pattern on a raster scan machine requires only one beam pass, whereas dose variation would require one pass for each dose. Exposures were made at IMEC and at Compugraphics. The first results on Leica EBMF10.5 and MEBES III are promising. The pure shape correction increases the line width uniformity and opens the process window for critical dimensions below 1 micrometers . Performance measurements show that the 64 Mb DRAM is a job of a few hours.


Queuing is a common sight in the service industry such as bank transactions of employees receiving their wages at the end of a fortnight and other customers working in private or sector. Customers and service providers place differing values of the time. Those who have access to privileges with a fee passes the queue while those who can't remain in the line. The paradigm shift in technology and ICT has created a new brand of society that considers queuing as a thing of the past. The use of mobile fund transfer or online banking relieves the challenges. The paper uses the method Queuing model or waiting for line model which is the one mathematical model used to study and analyze long queues in the service industries. This paper will demonstrate how well queuing models can be used to analyze and understand the behavior of the queues particular in the banking industry using the QM for Windows software. The result shows a better understanding of how time is valued and is discussed in the paper presentation.


Winner, Tilly Aston Award for Best Braille Book, Braille and Talking Book Library Awards 1997 Shortlisted, Christina Stead Prize and Ethnic Affairs Commission Awards, New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards 1997 Shortlisted, Tilly Ashton Award for Best Braille Book, Benella Award for Best Audio Book, Braille & Talking Book Library Awards 1997 She was meant to teach him about manners and behaviour, about love-making and its pleasures beyond the act itself. Instead. he learned about the vulnerability of the human heart and the way it defies reason. Plagued by terminal illness, Khalid Sharif leaves his home in Calcutta to visit his Australian son, Javed. Javed is confounded by the old man's rebellious idiosyncrasies that contradict a life-long impression of a dull, predictable father who had devoted his life to business and family. What Javed does not know is that, as a young man, Khalid Sharif was sent to a sophisticated house of courtesans for a cultural education. Against convention, he fell in love with a young courtesan, Nazli, and asked her to marry him. An outraged family pressured him into breaking his betrothal. It is this broken promise that con


This study is designed to investigate the effect of low temperature plasma (LTP) on the apoptosis of CNE-2Z cell (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line) and the potential mechanisms. We find out that LTP provoked the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in CNE-2Z cells and significantly inhibit the cell viability and induce cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) almost completely blocked LTP-induced apoptosis. LTP triggered mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptotic pathways indicated by significant upregulation of CHOP, p53, and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio. This work will provide the molecular theoretical basis of clinical application of LTP for the treatment of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma.


A new type of solubility apparatus is described. The results of the solubility determinations of carbon dioxide at 15 °C. are given for the following systems: alcohol-water, dextrose-water, levulose-water, sucrose-water, dextrose-alcohol-water and sucrose-alcohol-water. Certain incidental measurements of specific gravity and of vapor tension are also given.


This article proposes a dynamic pricing model to be applied in semi-fast charging stations with a focus on corporate EV fleets. The purpose of the algorithm is to modify the vehicle charging price according to office hours, through incentives based on the current demand for time and photovoltaic generation at the charging station. In this way, it is possible to encourage charging behavior at times convenient for the company, relating the times of lower demand for electricity in the consumer unit and encouraging the use of the electric vehicle fleet.


The DCT transform is an important technique in the field of image compression.How to compress the image accurately and fast has been a research focus both at home and abroad all the time.This paper mainly introduces the algorithm of the image compress coding based on DCT,and shows details of realization.Then the algorithm is simulated by Matlab.Simulation experiments show that the algorithm is simple to realize.The reconstructed images are of good quality satisfying the demands of different image quality on various occasions under the circumstances of very large compression range.The innovation spot of this paper is that the method doing experiments with Matlab is simple,rapid and with little error.It can improve the efficiency and precision of the image compression greatly.


An attempt is to improve the problematic clays made in this study to utilize fly ash after converting it in to fly ash aggregate as material of column as a replacement for the conventional aggregate and consolidation tests were conducted In order to evaluate the suitability of fly ash aggregate as column material in problematic clays by providing only one, two and three columns of conventional as well as fly ash aggregate. From the test results it is determined that t90 for stone aggregate column and fly ash aggregate column are comparable. The Cvr Cv ratio of clay with stone column is higher than the clay with fly ash aggregate column irrespective of number of columns. The compression index of clay with stone column and clay with fly ash aggregate column are lesser than that of clay without column. It is therefore concluded that fly ash aggregate may be utilized as column material in the strength enhancement of problematic clays


Objective: The focus of this study was to evaluate the yield and stability of superior sweet potato cultivars for release in Kenya. This is the first attempt to document experimental results that have led to the first and so far only sweet potato variety release in Kenya. Methodology: Ten national performance trials laid out as randomized complete block designs were performed on 14 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) genotypes in two geographical locations of Kenya. The trials were conducted to select local and introduced genotypes that were high yielding, stable, and tasty. Four experiments involving all the 14 genotypes were carried out in Nairobi while six experiments involving nine of the genotypes were carried out at three sites in Western Kenya. The stability of root yield and palatability test ranking were determined using appropriate statistical tools. Results: Significant (P = 0.05) differences in root yield between genotypes were observed for both locations. Mean root yield was higher in Nairobi (16,760 kg ha-1) than in Western Kenya (15,150 kg ha-1). The proportion of marketable roots was higher in Nairobi than in Western Kenya. Dry matter content was also higher in Nairobi (29.63%) than in Western Kenya (26.58%). Genotype x environment (G×E) interactions were significant (P = 0.05) in both locations. Conclusion and applications: Recommendations on the suitable varieties for official release are given. KEMB 10 and Mugande were the best performers in both environments. These two varieties contribute to enhancing food security among small scale household farmers in rural Kenya. Since its release in 2000, SPK 004 has contributed to enhancing the availability of the beta carotene micronutrient.

Key Words: Environment, Genotype, Stability

J. Appl. Biosci. 2013


One of key elements of liberalized markets being faced by consumer is a transparent cost structure of electricity supply. Part of this cost corresponds to the coverage of losses in the network. Several approaches to loss allocation exist, most commonly such as, charging in proportion to consumed energy or location marginal pricing. The first method fails to accurately link the consumption with the cause of losses. The second approach tends to be very sensitive to the change of parameters of the problem. Therefore, they do not fully satisfy criteria imposed on an allocation method: transparency and fairness. According to game theory, a fair and a transparent allocation of cost can be achieved using a concept of Shapley value. This paper presents a methodology and studies some properties of loss allocation mechanism using Shapley value.


This paper presents the optimal shape of a permanent magnet in the surface-mounted permanent magnet motor using the level set based optimization method. In this method, the material property of the permanent magnet is expressed by level set function with Heaviside function. Since back electromotive force profile is the differential of the flux linkage with respect to the time, flux linkage profile is optimized to be a sinusoidal form to improve the torque performance. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the difference of the target flux linkage and the flux linkage analyzed by magnetostatic finite element method. The time evolution equation is solved to obtain the optimal shape using the sensitivity of the objective function with respect to level set function. To confirm this method, 4 poles 6 slots surface-mounted permanent magnet motor is optimized and torque performance is improved.


MPC(Model predict Control) is an advanced kind of control strategy. The core idea is to make most use of the mathematical model of control object to minimize the cost function and obtain the optimal control signal. In this paper, a speed loop controller and a current loop controller are designed, based on the mathematical model of PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) and the theory of MPC, and a PMSM simulation model based on model predictive is established and compared with another one based on PI control.


The Influence of Customer Experience on Customer Repurchase Intention (A Case Study on Anomali Coffee Ubud Customers)
Coffee shop is one of the culinary business which is growing significantly enough. The Anomaly Coffee is a coffee shop which is located at Jalan Raya Ubud No. 88, Ubud, Bali it prepares different types of coffee and foods as the other coffee shops do. Anomali Coffee it also prepares several supporting facilities which can contribute to the customer experience.Its interior design is unique and provides free wifi. Apart from that, the consumers are provided with the opportunity to brew own coffee. This current study was intended to identify and analyze the influence of the elements of customer experience to repurchase intention.The samples in the current study were taken using the accidental sampling technique.The respondents totaled 60. The data were analyzed using the multiple linear regression method.From the result of the study, it could be concluded that the customer experience could be categorized as good. Based on the result of the partial test, the variables of sense and the relate variable have a significant influence on repurchase intention. Simultaneously, the elements of customer experience which consist of the sense, feel, think, act and relate have a significant influence on repurchase intention at Anomali Coffee customer. The R-square score obtained was 78.8%; the rest was obtained from the other factors which were not investigated in the current study.


The innervation of the normal rat sternocostalis muscle exhibits a constant low level of short spontaneous terminal sprouts visible in zinc iodide‐osmium (ZIO) and in methylene blue‐stained preparations. Acrylamide inhibits these spontaneous sprouts in a dose‐dependent manner. This inhibition is mimicked by N‐ethylmaleimide (a sulfhydryl group blocking agent) and can be nullified when acrylamide is given after the sulfhydryl group protecting agent, dithiothreitol (DTT). This could not be reversed by giving DTT 3 hours after acrylamide. Further more when given alone DTT increases the level of spontaneous terminal sprouting seen in ZIO and in methylene blue‐stained preparations. These findings suggest that the binding of acrylamide to sulfhydryl groups is involved in the inhibitory process. Acrylamide also reduces the number and length of the reactionary terminal sprouts, seen in ZIO and in methylene blue‐stained preparations, that follow partial denervation or local injection of botulinum toxin. These inhibitory effects are long‐lasting; recovery still has not fully occurred 4 weeks after a single dose of acrylamide (50 mg/kg). The roles of glutathione and other sulfhydryl components of axons are discussed in relation to the mechanism of acrylamide neurotoxicity.


A new approach to the kinetic analysis of the instabilities driven by the Hall current with a sheared current velocity is presented. The developed theory predicts that in the Hall plasma with inhomogeneous electric field, the static spatial structure of the perturbations is determined in the frame convected with one of the plasma components. Because of the different shearing of the ion and electrons flows in the Hall plasma, this mode is perceived by the second component as the Doppler-shifted continuously sheared mode with time dependent wave numbers. Due to this effect the interaction of the plasma components forms the nonmodal time dependent process which should be investigated as the initial value problem. The developed approach is applied to the solutions of the linear initial value problems for the modified two-stream instability and kinetic ion-sound instability of the plasma with a sheared Hall current with a uniform velocity shear.


To study the interaction between hydroxyapatite (HAP) and collagen in bone, we researched the phenomenon of collagen biomineralization and self-assembly in viro by uv-vis spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The materials prepared by self-assembly collagen and collagen-HAP showed layer structures. And the product prepared by collagen-HAP had better and more compact appearance. The decrease of speed of collagen self-assembly was caused by calcium ion or strontium ion added. The trough of CD spectra moved down in calcium-containing solution and moved up when forming precipitation of calcium phosphate from the solution. It indicated that the effect of collagen self-assembly was caused by calcium ions, strontium ions etc. in the solution. The IR spectrum proved that a coordinate bond formed between calcium ion and amide groups on collagen.


This paper first introduces a new graph parameter. Let $t$ be a positive integer. A $t$-star-matching of a graph $G$ is a collection of mutually vertex disjoint subgraphs\! $K_{1,i}$\! of\! $G$\! with $1\!\leq\! i \!\leq\! t$. The $t$-star-matching number, denoted by $SM_t(G)$, is the maximum number of vertices covered by a\! $t$-star-matching of\! $G$.\! Clearly\! $SM_1(G)/2$\! is the edge independence number of\! $G$. \vspace{0.1cm} An $L(2,1)$-labelling of a graph $G$ is an assignment of nonnegative integers to the vertices of $G$ such that vertices at distance at most two get different numbers and adjacent vertices get numbers which are at least two apart. The $L(2,1)$-labelling number of a graph $G$ is the minimum range of labels over all $L(2,1)$-labellings. If we require the assignment to be one-to-one, then similarly as above we can define the $L'(2,1)$-labelling and the $L'(2,1)$-labelling number of a graph $G$. Given a graph $G$, the path covering number of $G$, denoted by $p_v(G)$, is the smallest number of vertex-disjoint paths covering $V(G)$. By $G^c$ we denote the complement graph of $G$. \vspace{0.1cm} In this paper, we design a polynomial time algorithm to compute $SM_t(G)$ for any graph $G$ and any integer $t\geq 2$ and studies the properties of $t$-star-matchings of a graph $G$. For any graph $G$, we determine the path covering numbers of $(\mu(G))^c$ and $(G\times \hat{K}_2)^c$ in terms of $SM_4(G^c)$, and the $L'(2,1)$-labelling umbers of $\mu(G)$ and $G\times \hat{K}_2$ in terms of $SM_4(G^c)$, where $\mu(G)$ is the Mycielskian of $G$ and $G\times \hat{K}_2$ is the direct product of $G$ and $\hat{K}_2$ ($\hat{K}_2$ is a graph obtained from $K_2$ by adding a loop on one of its vertices). Our results imply that the path covering numbers of $(\mu(G))^c$ and $(G\times \hat{K}_2)^c$, the $L'(2,1)$-labelling umbers of $\mu(G)$ and $G\times \hat{K}_2$ can be computed in polynomial time for any graph $G$. So, for any graph $G$, it is polynomial-time solvable to determine whether $(\mu(G))^c$ and $(G\times \hat{K}_2)^c$ has a Hamiltonian path. And consequently, for any graph $G=(V,E)$, it is polynomially solvable to determine whether $\lambda(\mu(G))\leq s$ for each $s\geq |V(\mu(G))|$ and $\lambda(G\times \hat{K}_2)\leq s$ for each $s\geq |V(G\times \hat{K}_2)|$. Using these results, we easily determine $L(2,1)$-labelling numbers and $L'(2,1)$-labelling numbers of several classes of graphs..


We provide here an automated method for calculating the volume change (V) from the tissue impedance change (Z) signal acquired using an impedance plethysmograph. This presents our approaches to signal processing in two of our studies: a longitudinal pathologic validation study on monkeys, and a human clinical validation study. In both these studies, plethysmographic data were acquired at three different locations simultaneously. The data were acquired for about 3 to 4 s in the case of monkeys. For human subjects, data were acquired for 3 to 6 s. Data collection was repeated multiple times with various external cuff pressures. We employed the signal averaging technique to get one average Z pulse, which was used to calculate the V value at each cuff pressure using Nyboer's equation. We provided a mechanism to automatically reject any noisy portion of the signal. Care was taken to minimize operator intervention in the process leading to a totally automated analysis of the signal. Such an automated system would be useful for real-time processing needed in long-term monitoring.


A non-volatile semiconductor memory device having an ion conductive layer, and methods of fabricating and operating the same are disclosed. The non-volatile memory device may include a substrate, a switching element formed in the substrate, and a storage node connected to the switching element, the storage node may include a lower electrode connected to the switching element, and used as an ion source; a data storage layer formed on the lower electrode, a portion thereof being spaced from the lower electrode; a side electrode spaced from the lower electrode, a side surface thereof being connected to a portion of the data storage layer spaced from the lower electrode; and an upper electrode formed on the data storage layer, or may include a lower electrode connected to the switching element, and used as an ion source; and a data storage layer formed on the lower electrode; an upper electrode formed on the data storage layer. Sufficient quantities are provided in the operation of reading and writing via reducing the resistance changing with the exoteric voltage.


The existing real options literature explains the value premium as a consequence of either operating leverage raising risk in low-demand states or industry-wide investment lowering risk in high-demand states. This paper presents a simple model in which a value premium arises solely from capacity constraints. Profit is more sensitive to demand shocks when there is excess capacity, and the book-to-market ratio is high, than when capacity constraints bind, and the book-to-market ratio is low. The option to adjust capacity weakens the value premium arising from assets in place, but does not eliminate it for a wide range of parameters.


Pancreatic adenocarcinoma(PCa) is one type of pancreatic malignant tumor with worst prognosis. The incidence is increasing whereas the overall survival has altered little in recent years. Exairesis can be the key method to improve the survival rate of the patients. Computed tomography(CT) is the preferred tool to determine the respectability of this cancer. With the development of multi-detector row helical CT, the detection rate of the resectable pancreatic cancers has been improved more greatly than before. This review focuses on the new advances in detection of resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma with CT, which may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and therapy.


A detailed description of the third column recently installed in the Experimental Engineering Section Off-Gas Decontamination Facility (EES-ODF) is presented. The EES-ODF is being used to provide engineering-scale experiments (nominal gas and liquid flows of 5 scfm and 0.5 gpm, respectively) in the development of the Krypton Absorption in Liquid CO/sub 2/ (KALC) process. A detailed discussion of the column's construction is provided. This discussion includes the peripherals associated with the column, such as refrigeration, heat exchangers, instrumentation, etc. The compressibility of Goodloe packing (the packing in the other columns) and the possible reduced throughput due to this compression have revealed the desirablility of a random (i.e., noncompressible) packing. Toward this end, the third column is packed with a new random packing (PRO-PAK). A preliminary comparison between this packing and the woven wire mesh packing (Goodloe) used in the other two columns has been made. Experiments comparing the throughput capacity indicate that the PRO-PAK packing has approximately 60% the capacity of Goodloe for a CO/sub 2/ system. When used as a fractionator or stripper with the basic O/sub 2/-Kr-CO/sub 2/ KALC system, the PRO-PAK column produced HTU values less than or equal to the GOODLOE columns under similar operating conditions.


This article provides an academic analysis of the relationships between education and class in Willy Russell's Educating Rita. His work, highly acclaimed in England, was later introduced to Korea where it was given a great deal of attention, and yet virtually no academic reading has been thus far attempted. In this respect, reading Educating Rita from an academic perspective may be something of a 'risk' and yet it is a challenge worth undertaking. One way to counter any risk is to highlight what is regarded as being most important in the comedy and to focus on what the playwright intended to deliver to his audience. As a comedy, Educating Rita has a great number of comedic elements which come from Russell's inborn nature?an optimist with a great sense of humor. In the bounds of this witty atmosphere, Russell illustrates how a comedy can also raise serious social issues. One of the representative social issues depicted in Educating Rita is definitely the relationships between education and class in modern English society. In England during the 1960s where a person's language reflected his or her social and educational backgrounds, the study of literature at University-level implied more than just a simple continuation of one's education in the pursuit of deeper knowledge. Therefore, Rita's efforts to obtain a University literary degree have many socio-economical implications. In the first part of this study, a modern educational theory will be briefly introduced to establish the relevance between education and class. The modern educational sociology substantiated by Bourdieu and Gomme claims that modern education reproduces and consolidates class inequality. From this perspective, Russell's biography sheds light on the understanding of Educating Rita. Following a short survey of both Russell's own and Rita's experience with regard to education, this essay delves into the socio-cultural rifts and barriers existing between the working class represented by Rita and the highly educated class represented by Frank. The Open University education Rita receives is ultimately a ritual that she has to pass in order to become an educated woman possessing both freedom and confidence. Until she develops the ability to make free choices in her life, she is unable to identify with the 'proper' members of the educated world. Through this course, it becomes clear that Russell intended to highlight the hardships Rita undergoes and to make audiences realize that social issues, such as inequality in education, still exists even today in modern British education.


Treatment choice in oncology is a difficult, complex process. The cancer diagnosis meets the criteria for a traumatic event and patients are overwhelmed with negative emotions. In this vulnerable moment, women with early breast cancer have to decide between mastectomy and breast conserving surgery, adjuvant therapies and breast reconstruction. Quality decision making and optimal communication with their doctors are strongly associated to resiliency in post-treatment phase. We examined patients' knowledge of their treatment options, their involvement in the decision making process and the relationship to quality of life. 154 early-stage breast cancer patients took part in the study. Our results highlight important deficiencies in patients' knowledge about breast cancer treatment, their communication with the medical team and their implication in the decision making process. Even years after completing the treatment, poor information and communication is associated with ambivalence and low quality of life.


The invention provides an application program processing method and device and a terminal. The application program processing method comprises monitoring temperature change states of a CPU (Central Processing Unit); searching an APP (Application) with the occupancy rate of a CPU exceeding a corresponding normal numerical range if the occupancy rate of the CPU is monitored being in an increase state when the temperature of the CPU is monitored being in an increase state, determining the searched APP is the APP which enables the temperature of the CPU to be raised and stopping using the APP which enables the temperature of the CPU to be raised. According to the application program processing method and device and the terminal, influences to the terminal from the APP which enables the temperature of the CPU to be raised are reduced and the condition that the terminal CPU is overheated is avoided.


Brandon Heung , Daniel D. Saurette , Chuck E. Bulmer, and Angela Bedard-Haughn Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada; British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Vernon, BC, Canada; Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada


1 Market-based transmission investments can play a role in competitive electricity markets. A short-term electricity market coordinated by a system operator provides a foundation for a competitive electricity market. In this setting, locational price differences define the opportunity cost of transmission. The potential to arbitrage these same price differences provides a market incentive for transmission investment, if there is a method to capture the benefits of investment. For an integrated grid, transmission congestion contracts are equivalent to perfectly tradeable physical transmission rights. With such contracts to allocate transmission benefits, it would be possible to rely more on market forces, partly if not completely, to drive transmission expansion.


This is the concluding installment of a splendid multi-volume work that makes available to English readers a rich folktale tradition that has not been easily accessible or well-known in the West. Compared to other European traditions, the East Slavs have an extremely large number of tale types. Using the Aarne-Thompson index to folktale types, and drawing on both archival and written sources dating back to the early sixteenth century, J.V. Haney has assembled and translated examples of the full range of tales. Nearly all of these tales appear here in translation for the first time. The tales in this volume center on the so-called fool, the village simpleton. However, Ivan, the Russian everyman, turns out to have far more sense than his would-be oppressors. The greedy priests and landlords and dim-witted demons who try to take advantage of him are easily outsmarted. In the end it is they who are shown to be the fools as Ivan outwits or outlasts them. In these unequal contests lies the pleasure of the tales.


The direct counterfactual quantum communication protocol involving double chained Mach‐Zehnder interferometers requires a single photon input. Here, we show that even with multiphoton light sources, including a strong coherent light source as inputs, the counterfactual communication can be achieved with success probability approaching unity in the ideal asymptotic limit. The path evolution of multiple photons is non‐locally controlled. Thus, information is transmitted without any photons, or any other auxiliary information carriers, appearing in the public transmission channel. The effect is quantum since quantum measurements are essential requirement for this protocol. Furthermore, a modified scheme is proposed in which number of interferometers is reduced.


Large eddy simulations of two basic configurations (decay of isotropic turbulence, and the academic plane channel flow) with heat transfer have been performed comparing several convection numerical schemes, in order to discuss their ability to evaluate temperature fluctuations properly. Results are compared with the available incompressible heat transfer direct numerical simulation data. It is shown that the use of regularizing schemes (such as high order upwind type schemes) for the temperature transport equation in combination with centered schemes for momentum transport equation gives better results than the use of centred schemes for both equations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Non-technicalsummary Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor that plays a primary role in blood vessel development in uterine endometrial tissue during embryo implantation and early growth. Previously, we determined that retinoic acid (RA) can act as a co-factor to rapidly induce VEGF secretion from human endometrial stromal cells. We show here that stimulation of VEGF by RA is directly mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. These findings predict a ROS-mediated mechanism for RA regulation of localized VEGF secretion in the human endometrium that may be necessary for the successful establishment of pregnancy. The results obtained may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention. Abstract It is widely accepted that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in angiogenic functions that are necessary for successful embryonic implantation. We have shown that retinoic acid (RA), which is known to play a necessary role in early events in pregnancy, can combine with transcriptional activators of VEGF (e.g. TPA, TGF-β ,I L-1β) to rapidly induce VEGF secretion from human endometrial stromal cells through a translational mechanism of action. We have now determined that this stimulation of VEGF by RA is mediated through an increased production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results indicated that RA, but not TPA or TGF-β, directly increases ROS production in endometrial stromal cells and that the co-stimulating activity of RA on VEGF secretion can be mimicked by direct addition of H2O2. Importantly, co-treatment of RA with TPA or TGF-β further stimulated ROS production in a fashionthatpositivelycorrelatedwithlevelsofVEGFsecretion.TheantioxidantsN-acetylcysteine andglutathionemonoethylesterinhibitedbothRA +TPAandRA +TGF-β-stimulatedsecretion of VEGF, as well as RA-induced ROS production. Treatment of cells with RA resulted in a shift in the glutathione (GSH) redox potential to a more oxidative state, suggesting that the transduction pathwayleadingtoincreasedVEGFsecretionisatleastpartiallymediatedthroughtheantioxidant capacity of GSH couples. The specificity of this action on GSH-sensitive signalling pathways is suggested by the determination that RA had no effect on the redox potential of thioredoxin. Together, these findings predict a redox-mediated mechanism for retinoid regulation of localized VEGFsecretioninthehumanendometriumthatmaybenecessaryforthesuccessfulestablishment of pregnancy.


The experimental investigation of TiNi cantilever with circular cross-section under transversal impact loading was conducted by using a revised Hopkinson bar apparatus,and compared to 45 steel cantilever.The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of phase transformation on the dynamic behavior of structures. The results show that at the same impact condition,the energy absorbing efficiency of a TiNi cantilever is better than that of a 45 steel cantilever.It is found that a local "transformation hinge(TH)" may generate at the inner side of TiNi cantilever's fixed end during impact loading,which changes the resistance characteristic of the cantilever.The "TH" disappears after unloading and the TiNi cantilever recovers to its original position,however,the 45 steel cantilever has large residual deformation.The impact response of TiNi cantilever is controlled by the thermo-elastic martensite phase transformation and inverse transformation,which differs from the conventional elastic-plastic mechanism.


BGSU library and Internet research sources to use for American military history. Library and Internet resources for doing research on Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.


Adopting an existential approach calls us to reflect on our values and those of the services we work in. Therapeutic principles underpinned by existential ideas and values are described here, in the context of working with people who experience psychosis.


To further optimize Camellia oleifera regeneration system,and to understand about the physiological characteristics of different age of explants,we chose'Changlin 53'young embryo,made multi-factor and multi-level orthogonal experiment.The results showed that:The fruit rapid growth in July and August,the content of soluble protein,total soluble sugar and sucrose slowly increased in this time.The content of ABA(110.13ng·g-1),the ratio ABA and ZR(13.47)reached the highest in immature embryo.Effect of the inducing 2,4-D on somatic embryo was the largest,followed by was embryo age.The optimal formula of'Changlin 53'somatic embryo induction was took in MS added 0.5mg·L-1 2,4-D,0.5mg·L-1 KT,0.05mg·L-1 TDZ and 500mg·L-1 Gly,then took the immature embryo in rapid expanding period as explants.Great influence of the IAA on embryoids germination,the optimal formula of somatic embryo germination and plantlet growth was in MS added 2mg·L-1 IAA,0.5mg·L-1 6-BA,0.5mg·L-1TDZ and 500mg·L-1 CH.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of different enucleation techniques on operation time, enucleation efficacy and postoperative results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
178 HoLEP cases performed by two senior surgeons were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were evaluated for age, IPSS, preoperative PSA, prostate size, maximum flow rate (Qmax) postvoid residual volume (PVR), enucleation time, morcellation time, enucleated tissue weight, enucleation ratio (enucleated tissue weight/prostate volume) and enucleation time efficacy (enucleated weight/enucleation time). Patients were categorized into three groups according to performed enucleation techniques; Retrograde Low Tension (RLT) two-lobe, traditional three-lobe, and en bloc techniques. IPSS, Qmax, PVR and transient urine leakage (TUL) were evaluated during postoperative follow up. All preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative results were compared between 3 groups.

RESULTS
Mean age was 70.52 (52-85) years. Baseline data were comparable between groups.  Enucleation time was significantly shorter in RLT two-lobe (median; 50, 60 and 60 min; RLT two-lobe, traditional three-lobe, and en bloc HoLEP techniques, respectively. (P = .031). Morcellation time was comparable between groups (P = .532). No significant difference was observed between morcellated prostate weights (P = .916) Significant improvements in IPSS, Qmax, and PVR were noted in all groups (P < .001). TUL was significantly increased in en bloc technique (P = .034). Postoperative stricture rates were similar between groups. (P = .769)Conclusion:Shorter enucleation time was observed in the RLT HoLEP technique and increased TUL rate was observed in the en bloc technique.


Research on threats to masculine gender identity reveals that they occur in a diversity of contexts. In conjunction with research on the content of masculine identity, there is converging evidence that manhood is seen as a status that men must work hard to earn and maintain (Vandello, Bosson, Cohen, Burnaford, & Weaver, 2008). In the defense of claims to manhood, men often perform behavior that restores their sense of masculinity in the short term, but has harmful future consequences for themselves and the people around them. While there is a growing body of work demonstrating this relationship, there is less known about why masculinity operates this way. Specifically, what aspects of the defense of masculinity lead men to ignore the harmful future consequences of their actions? Could it be that the precarious nature of masculinity motivates men to focus on the immediate contexts where their masculinity is threatened, and to ignore the future consequences of how they respond? Four studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 examines whether the precarious nature of masculinity provokes a focus on immediate responses to threats, lest one's hard fought claim to manhood be lost. Relative to men whose gender identity was validated, men experiencing masculinity threats became less concerned with the future consequences of their behavior relative to their concerned with the immediate context. In contrast, women experiencing gender identity threats did not become more focused on their immediate context. Study 2 examined whether or not the precariousness of masculine identity is unique. Here I provide evidence that, relative to other social identities, masculinity is unique in that it is both highly valued and viewed as precarious. Study 3 tests directly whether or not the precariousness of masculinity is driving the reduction in focus on the future consequences of men's behavior. Here, I demonstrate that threatening an equally valued, but less precarious social identity (family identity) fails to reproduce decrements in men's focus on the future consequences of their behavior. This study demonstrates that it is the combination of the high value and high precariousness of a social identity--and not masculinity itself--that leads to a reduced focus on the consequences of men's responses to a threatened social identity. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates that reframing masculinity as a less precarious status can effectively attenuate men's myopic focus when their masculine identity is threatened.


We characterize three commercial step-down DC-DC converters for the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space radiation environment. Commercial space industry is shifting spacecraft design philosophy toward accepting more risk for shorter lead times, lower costs, and high instrument performance. This shift opens up the Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) electronics market to space applications. To quantify the risks associated with using COTS parts, components must be tested in flight-like configurations and conditions and their response to environmental stresses characterized. Few data exist in literature on the performance of DC-DC converters in the space radiation environment despite their ubiquity in designs and key role in operation for which the alternative is prohibitively expensive. This thesis introduces the space radiation environment and resulting effects. We then model the environment for two LEO constellation configurations and determine the maximum expected radiation levels over the mission lifetime. These levels are then used to inform radiation tests. The DC-DC converters are Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Single Event Effects (SEE) tested in radiation conditions representative of the LEO space radiation environment. These devices demonstrate radiation tolerance in both tests, with a minimum TID tolerance of 60 krad(Si) and experience no destructive latch-up behavior to about 90 MeV-cm 2 -mg1 . A first order reliability analysis shows these parts introduce little additive risk to spacecraft design. Thesis Supervisor: Kerri Cahoy Title: Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics


The present study was conducted to assess the animal health welfare practices followed by farmers of Madhubani district of Bihar. In comparison to farmers in rural areas, periurban farmers had practiced more vaccination protocol for their animals for ailments like Hemorrhagic septicaemia, Foot and Mouth disease and Black quarter. Twenty five per cent of farmers in rural area and 41.6 per cent in peri-urban were followed vaccination against HS, FMD and BQ diseases. Care of milch and draught animal was satisfactory from welfare point of view while care of dry animal was poor as perceived by veterinary officers.


Through analyzing the mental characteristic of the short-time training students. I have studied the teaching countermeasure to increase the quantity o f short-time training according to students' the mental characteristic of the p ractical,afraid,conflicting,and alert mental state.


The shift of vibrational frequency of surface OH groups on TiO2 particles induced by UV pulse irradiation has been studied by time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy. By the UV irradiation of the TiO2 particles, the absorption intensity at 3696 cm-1 was decreased and that at 3654 cm-1 was increased. These changes were gradually recovered on a millisecond time scale. The transient changes were interpreted by a small (< 0.1 cm-1) shift of a ν(O–H) band at 3677 cm-1. The temperature jump triggered by the UV pulse caused the shift.


The role of the state has been reshaped in recent years by substantive economic and political internationalisation processes, making it replete with inherent contradictions or tensions. The aim of this paper is to consider, if this is the case, are these tensions visible 'on the ground' and if so, how do they affect citizens? The story of 'tax effective schemes' in Australia provides a pertinent example. Here, approximately 40 000 individuals made tax-related investments in the mid-1990s, which were subsequently ruled to contravene tax law. Affected investors have responded by arguing they were trying to do as the Coalition government has increasingly requested provision their family's future economic security. Yet, inherent systemic tensions made carrying out this task within the bounds of the law problematic. For one the system of tax administration in Australia here discussed through the Foucauldian concept of technology of the self' – requires individuals to be wholly responsible for practices and knowledge over which they have little control or access. As a result, many investors who aimed to heed the self-provisioning call are now facing bankruptcy and the state response has been to call for more regulation to be introduced into the market place, thus perpetuating and intensifying the already present tensions.


In this paper, we are interested in simulating a stochastic permeability distribution constrained by some pressure measures coming from a steady flow (Poisson problem) over a two-dimensional domain. The permeability is discretized over a regular rectangular gird and considered to be constant by cell but it can take randomly a finite number of values. When such permeability is modeled using a multidimensional Markov chain, it can be constrained by some permeability measures. The purpose of this work is to propose an algorithm that simulates stochastic permeability constrained not only by some permeability measures but also by pressure measures at some points of the domain. The simulation algorithm couples the MCMC sampling technique with the multidimensional Markov chain model in a Bayesian framework.


Reading guidance is an important content in quality education unfolded in university libraries.The reading guidance work of library periodicals should play its role in quality education so as to improve the comprehensive quality of university students and suit the social demand.


Background: Several aspects will influence the weld residual stress analysis of CRDM penetration,such as formation and distribution of heat source,heating and cooling processing,finite elements meshing,phase changing,etc.Purpose: Develop an effective method for weld residual stress analysis,research the influence of interval between heating and cooling step during multipass beads procedure.Methods: Finite elements with a sequentially coupled approach are applied,including a transient thermal analysis simulating the heating and coduring and their interval between multipass welding.Results: An appropriate finite method is developed for weld residual stress simulation.Conclusions: Apropriate interval time must be choosed between multipass weld beads to avoid poor weld residual stress,and contact pressure between RPV shell and CRDM adapter tube also should be check for strcture integrity.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique has received a great attention and has been widely used in the wireless communication systems for its high spectrum efficiency and robustness to the narrowband interference and multipath fading. The technique is to divide the channel into many orthogonal subchannels in the frequency domain, and convert the high speed signals to parallel low-speed signals which are transmitted on each sub-channel in parallel with corresponding orthogonal modulated sub-carrier. But it yields however some disadvantages too, one being an increased sensitivity to phase noise, which is generated in the local oscillators. This paper mainly investigate the effect of phase noise upon OFDM system and realized local oscillator (LO)by using phase locked loop (PLL). Then system performance is evaluated as a degradation of the effective signal-to-noise ratio due to phase noise, in terms of BER simulations with and without PLL for different channel conditions.


Information on water use efficiency (WUE) of forage grasses is needed to select appropriate species for improved productivity in semiarid environments. Three old world bluestem species-[Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake 'WW-B. Dahl'], [Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng. var. ischaemum (Hack.) 'WW-Spar'], and [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard 'Caucasian']-were surface drip-irrigated with zero (dryland) and low, medium, and high levels to determine dry matter (DM) yield and WUE in 2001, 2002, and 2003 in Lubbock, TX. Water applied in the high irrigation level equaled 100% of grass reference evapotranspiration (ET o ); low and medium levels were calculated as 33 and 66% of irrigation applied in the high level; the dryland treatment received no irrigation. Maximum DM yield was obtained with B. caucasica under high irrigation (18.0 Mg ha-1) vs. B. bladhii (15.2 Mg ha-1) and B. ischaemum (12.6 Mg ha-1) averaged over all years. The WUE of B. caucasica under low, medium, and high irrigation was higher than B. ischaemum in 2001 (P < 0.05), and B. ischaemum and B. bladhii in 2003. Maximum and minimum WUE of all treatment combinations and years were 24 and 6 kg DM ha-1 mm-1 in B. caucasica with low irrigation and B. bladhii under dryland, respectively. Results showed that differences exist in WUE among species of Bothriochloa under irrigation. On the basis of WUE and potential DM yield, B. caucasica may be better suited for forage production in the Texas High Plains than either B. bladhii or B. ischaemum.


There is no reliable assignment method to analyze the hourly impact of TDM policy differentiated by the type of vehicle. This paper proposes the semi-dynamic multi-class stochastic user equilibrium assignment model (MTSUE) for the problem and makes an application of the model to evaluate the impact of area-wide traffic van to a specific type of vehicle.


The article deals with the issue of effective functioning of arbitrary procedure legislation and, in particular, the analysis of the adversary character of the judicial process principle which defines the procedure of the trial and its parties


Rapid increases in computer processing power, memory, and storage space have not eliminated computational cost and time constraints faced by engineers who use structural optimization for design. This is due to the constant increase in the required fidelity (and hence complexity) of analysis models. Anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that analysis models of acceptable accuracy have required six to eight hours of computer time (an overnight run) throughout the last thirty years. This poses a severe challenge for global optimization or reliability based design. In this paper, we review how increases in computer power were utilized in structural optimization. We resolve problem complexity to components relating to complexity of analysis model, analysis procedure and optimization methodology. We explore the structural optimization problems that we are capable of solving at present and conclude that we can solve problems that have high complexity index in only one of the three components of model, analysis procedure, or optimization. We use examples of optimum design of composite structures to guide the discussion due to our familiarity with such problems. However, these are supplemented with other structural optimization examples to illustrate the universality of the message.