vi273 NEURO-ONCOLOGY • NOVEMBER 2017 tumors revealed reduction of the number of CD4+ T-cells in animals treated with P/PD-1 and combination P/CTLA-4+P/PD1. The fraction of Tregs (CD4+FOXP3+) was also reduced by all polymer conjugates compared to free antibodies. Activation of CD8+ T-cells (CD8+IFNγ+ and CD8+CD69+) was significantly increased by P/CTLA-4, P/PD-1, and by combination INC therapy compared to controls. Multiplex assay to measure the cytokine response to treatment demonstrated significant increase of IL-1β, IL-2, TNFα, IL-6, IL-12, and IFNγ in the brain and serum after INC combination therapy compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Brain tumor treatment with polymer-conjugated antibodies to PD-1 and CTLA-4 crossing BBB significantly increased animal survival, supported by immunological results indicating the activation of anti-tumor T-cell populations locally in the brain. Support: NIH grants U01 CA151815, R01 CA136841, CA206220 SCDT-41. IN VIVO TESTING OF INTRACRANIAL DELIVERY OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN IL-12 AND IL-12FC AND FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT ON HUMAN, PORCINE AND CANINE PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS Michal Beffinger1, Linda Schellhammer1, Stanislav Pantelyushin1, Samantha K. Wall1, Ali Bienemann2, Nicolas Granger3, Thorsten Buch1, Johannes vom Berg1; 1Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK, 3Veterinary Neurology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Hertfordshire, UK Brain cancers are known to form a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, suggesting that patients could benefit from immunomodulatory drugs. Moreover, the brain is per se an immunologically unique site with reduced cellular infiltration and antigen presentation. Multiple therapies focusing on local (re-)activation of the immune system in brain tumors are currently under development, including application of a potent activator of immune responses, interleukin (IL)-12. This cytokine stimulates the cytotoxic function of lymphocytes and can trigger rejection of glioma in preclinical studies. Even though IL-12 has a relatively short half-life, systemic IL-12 can quickly lead to severe adverse reactions. Local application or targeting to the tumor is therefore mandatory. Local IL-12 therapy is currently tested in clinical trials of intratumoral gene therapy using viral vectors. An alternative approach is the use of convection-enhanced delivery (CED). This way the IL-12 exposure can be precisely dosed by duration, concentration and volume of the infusion. Unfortunately in both methods leakage of IL-12 into the systemic circulation remains a problem, which may narrow the therapeutic window. We compared tissue retention and leakage into the systemic circulation of recombinant IL-12 and IL-12Fc. After local, intracranial application of IL-12 via bolus injection we measured residual amounts in the brain as well as in serum after 24 hours. Indeed IL-12Fc has a much lower ratio of serum to brain concentration. In order to evaluate its suitability in large animal proof of concept studies, we tested its activity on human, but also canine and porcine PBMCs. Similar as in human PBMCs IL-12Fc is able to stimulate canine and porcine PBMCs to secrete IFN-γ in a dosedependent manner. Furthermore, stimulation with human IL-12Fc leads to phosphorylation via STAT4. We propose preclinical testing of human IL-12 in spontaneous canine brain tumors. SCDT-42. ENHANCED IN VIVO EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF COMBINATION TEMOZOLOMIDE AND BROMODOMAIN INHIBITOR THERAPY FOR GLIOMAS USING A TARGETED DUAL DRUG-LOADING STEALTH LIPOSOMAL CARRIER Fred C Lam1, Stephen W Morton1, Jeffrey Wyckoff1, Amanda Maffa1, Elena Balkanska-Sinclair2, Scott R Floyd2, Michael B Yaffe1, and Paula T Hammond1; 1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA Effective treatment for gliomablastoma (GBM) is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and rapid resistance to single agent therapies. To address these issues, we developed a transferrin functionalized nanoparticle (Tf-NP) that can deliver dual combination therapies. Using intravital imaging, we show the ability of Tf-NPs to traverse the intact BBB in mice as well as achieve direct tumor binding in two intracranial orthotopic models of GBM. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with Tf-NPs loaded with temozolomide and the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 led to increased DNA damage and apoptosis in tumor tissue that correlated with decreased tumor burden and significant survival benefits compared to equivalent free-drug dosing. Immunocompetent mice treated with Tf-NP-loaded drugs also showed protection from the effects of systemic drug toxicity, demonstrating the preclinical potential of this platform to deliver novel combination therapies for gliomas and other central nervous system tumors. SCDT-43. BLOCKING OF INTERACTING CK2 AND EGFR PATHWAYS BY TUMOR-TARGETING NANOCONJUGATES INCREASES THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AGAINST GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME Keith Black, Rameshwar Patil, Hui Ding, Vladimir Ljubimov, Ekaterina Shatalova, Eggehard Holler, and Julia Ljubimova; Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the deadliest brain tumor in adults. To inhibit GBMs more effectively, polymalic acid-based bloodbrain barrier (BBB) crossing nanobioconjugates were synthesized that are delivered to the cytoplasm of cancer cells and specifically inhibit the master regulator serine/threonine protein kinase CK2 and/or the wild-type/ mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/EGFRvIII), which are overexpressed in gliomas according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM database. METHODS AND RESULTS: The used nanobioconjugates are novel nanotherapeutics where all moieties are covalently attached to poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMLA). Our biodegradable and non-toxic nanodrugs bind to the receptors enriched on tumor vasculature and cross BBB by transcytosis. They specifically bind to cancer cells and after internalization exit to the tumor cell cytoplasm using pH-sensitive endosomal disruption unit. Two xenogeneic mouse models bearing intracranial human GBMs from cell lines LN229 and U87MG that expressed both CK2 and EGFR/ EGFRvIII were used. The knockdown of CK2α and EGFR/EGFRvIII suppressed their downstream prosurvival signaling. Treatment markedly reduced the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a negative regulator of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Downregulation of CK2 and EGFR also caused suppression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) co-chaperone Cdc37, which inhibits the activity of key cellular kinases. The inhibition patterns of key molecular targets indicated cross talk between CK2 and EGFR pathways. Importantly, the dual nanodrug markedly suppressed the expression of cancer stem cell markers c-Myc, CD133, and nestin, which may contribute to the nanodrug efficacy and brain tumor local immunomodulation. In both tumor models, the dually targeted nanobioconjugate significantly increased (up to 2-fold) animal survival compared to PBS control. CONCLUSION: The versatile nanobioconjugates with anti-cancer drug delivery across biobarriers and inhibition of key tumor regulators offer a promising nanotherapeutic approach to treat GBMs and potentially retard brain tumor recurrence. Support: NIH grants U01 CA151815, R01 CA188743, R01 CA206220, R01 CA209921 SCDT-44. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF REGADENOSON AS A PHARMACOLOGIC AGENT TO TRANSIENTLY MODIFY BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER INTEGRITY TO FACILITATE ENTRY OF CHEMOTHERAPY INTO BRAIN PARENCHYMA Stuart Grossman1, Michelle Rudek1, Sadhana Jackson3, and Margaret Bynoe2; 1Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 3Neuro-Oncology Branch, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA Previous pre-clinical and rodent studies have demonstrated that adenosine A2A receptor activation can transiently modify: 1) blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity thereby increasing entry of high molecular weight dextran and temozolomide to the central nervous system, 2) the actions of p-glycoprotein pumps, and 3) the ability of inflammatory cells to enter brain parenchyma. Studies in rodents have demonstrated a bell shaped dose/effect curve documenting that doses too high or too low result in minimal changes in BBB integrity. Regadenoson is an FDA approved and well tolerated adenosine A2A receptor agonist used in patients undergoing pharmacologic cardiac stress tests. Recent human studies exploring the ability of the FDA approved dose of regadenoson to transiently disrupt BBB integrity have shown no significant effect on: 1)  the entry of 99mTc-sestamibi or visipaque into brain through an intact BBB as measured by SPECT or CT brain scans or 2) the entry of temozolomide into the brain using sensitive microdialysis techniques. It is very possible that the effect of adenosine A2A receptor activation in rodent and human brains is similar and that the FDA approved dose of regadenoson is either too high or too low for the desired pharmacologic outcome on BBB integrity. As a result, the 11 institution NCI funded Adult Brain Tumor Consortium has a protocol under development designed to describe the BBB integrity changes that occur after administration of a carefully considered range of regadenoson doses and schedules in patients with known brain tumors. These patients will have an MRI with contrast before and after regadenoson administration to follow changes in gadolinium entry to: 1) contralateral brain (normal blood brain barrier), 2) brain adjacent to tumor (T2 abnormal but without contrast enhancement) and 3)  enhancing tumor. This study will provide valuable insight into regadenoson's ability to transiently disrupt the BBB. D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /neuro-oncology/aract


In this document we will analyze security threats on VoIP (Voice over IP) and TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) solutions and mitigation techniques, if applicable.


Silicon metal is one of the most important metals produced from silica by carbothermic reduction in the electric arc furnace which works at high temperatures between 1000 to 3000 oC. The objective of this work is to simulate the direct carbothermal reduction of SiO2 for Si metal by using a thermodynamic calculation of Gibb's free energy minimization with MATLAB® and Aspen HYSYS®. The comparison of simulation using MATLAB® with reference [10] revealed close results. By increasing the mole ratio up to 10 increases the Si formation and  increases the ratio more than 10 mole ratio had very bad results,and not economically viable.  Here we did comparison between simulation results using MATLAB® with real assumption and ASPEN HYSYS®.


Abstract Large-scale collection management represents not just opportunities in terms of space, budgets, and personnel but also an important responsibility for the library's ability to provide quality service and access to knowledge in the future. Libraries must address many challenges when managing collections, but by taking advantage of opportunities when presented, libraries can improve access for today and tomorrow. Using the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an example, this article will explore how opportunities like high-density storage, shared print initiatives, digitization efforts, and mass deduplication can address challenges facing libraries and improve current and future access to collections.


This paper presents a novel Peristaltic MicroPump with a twofold intrinsic Normally-Closed mechanism (PMP-NC). It is based on a modular concept with a low cost disposable microfluidic chip and a re-usable actuator unit. The normally-closed mechanism prevents fluid flow without power consumption in the stand-by mode for pressures up to 150 kPa. Together with the backpressure independent pumping performance up to 80 kPa this results in a fail-safe and precise micropump. The addressed range of pump rates is up to 100 μL/min. Due to the symmetrical setup, bi-directional pumping is possible and also air bubble tolerance is demonstrated. This results from the very low dead volume per pump chamber of only 230 nL, which leads to a complete transport of the air bubbles through the pump.


A metaheuristic approach based on Variable Neighborhood Search to tackle the enroute aircraft conflict resolution problem is presented. The three maneuvers (velocity, heading angle and altitude level variations) are allowed to be performed. Based on geometric rules, we can determine if a conflict situation occurs between each pair of aircraft under consideration. As three different maneuvers could be performed, they are dealt with in a multiobjective framework, allowing Air Traffic Control officers to make the final decision based on economic and comfort terms. Air Traffic Management; aircraft conflict avoidance; Variable Neighborhood Search; multiobjective optimization


The scattering light of bubble is analysed from the point of view of geometry optics,from which it is concluded that the fluctuation of light intensity has some relation with the diameter of bubbles.Using this relation and adopting the light intensity detecting method,the light intensity through the wall of bubbles is collected,the dimension of bubbles and its distribution is deduced based on the analysis of fluctuatation of light intensity.This method is brief and needs less data than other detecting methods.


At present,the development of the status quo of domestic animation can be summed up as follows:It does not form a complete industrial chain,between the various industries fault.The narrow domestic animation themes,goals generally "childish";a small number of fine animation;production of low levels.In this paper,how to create original animation brands in China as the research object,for the development of China-made original animation art and an overview of the current situation,combined with practical products from China,the story of animation script writing,production and produce processing,plastic arts,design,marketing,copyright 6 on the current trade and other aspects of how to accelerate the original Chinese animation industry chain has done a brief analysis of the formation.


Preface. Personal History. Chapter 1. History. Chapter 2. Current status of treatment for chronic renal failure and factors behind increasing use of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation in Japan. Chapter 3. Indications and considerations. 3.1. Indications. 3.2. Crossmatch test. 3.3. Anti-A/anti-B (anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB) antibodies. 3.4. Age and dialysis history. 3.4.1. Recipient. 3.4.2. Donor. 3.5. Anticoagulation therapy. 3.6. Informed consent. Chapter 4. Blood group antigens and their antibodies. 4.1. ABO blood group antigens. 4.2. Measuring anti-A and anti-B antibodies. 4.3. Origin of ABO blood group glycosyltransferase. 4.4. ABO blood group antigens and other blood group antigens. Chapter 5. Rejection. 5.1. Considerations regarding rejection mechanism. 5.2. Mechanism of rejection in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. Chapter 6. Immunosuppressive therapy. 6.1. Considerations for immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation. 6.2. Induction period immunosuppressive therapy in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. 6.2.1. Pretransplant extracorporeal immunomodulation. 22.214.171.124. Actual status of extracorporeal immunomodulation and blood purification techniques. 184.108.40.206.1. Simple plasma exchange. 188.8.131.52.2. Fractional plasma exchange. 220.127.116.11.3. Blood adsorption and immunoadsorption. 6.2.2. Pharmacotherapy for immunosuppression. 126.96.36.199. Evolution of induction period immunosuppressive therapy in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. 22.214.171.124.1. Stage 1: January 1989 through March 1996. 220.127.116.11.2. Stage 2: April 1996 through February 1999. 184.108.40.206.3. Stage 3: March 1999 through December 1999. 126.96.36.199.4. Stage 4: January 2000 to present. 18.104.22.168. Immunosuppressive agents for induction period. 188.8.131.52.1. Calcineurin inhibitors. 188.8.131.52.2. Steroid. 18.104.22.168.3. Cyclophosphamide. 184.108.40.206.4. Antilymphocyte globulin. 6.3. Immunosuppr


The institutional identity of libraries have been the subject of discussion for quite some time in the library community. With the renovation of several city libraries comes the opportunity to inve ...


MOVING BEYOND THE IDEALIZED MODEL The idealized agenda control model that we developed in Chapter 3 assumes that the majority party can costlessly control the legislative agenda. Given costless control – and other simplifications – the model predicts that the majority party should never be rolled. Controlling the agenda, however, is not perfectly costless, even in a well-functioning cartel. Consider, for example, bills that are pushed by an opposition-party president. For such bills, the majority party in the House may face intense public pressure to put the bill on the floor. The cost of blocking the president's proposal may increase to such an extent that it is no longer worth blocking the bill. The result might be either some sort of interbranch deal, or an outright victory for the president. In either case, the blocking agents for the majority party may be forced to allow such bills onto the agenda and will, as a result, be rolled. To accommodate this sort of possibility, we assume in this chapter that it may be costly for the majority party to block bills. In particular, there is an exogenous cost, c j , that the majority must pay in order to block bills on dimension j , with c j ≥ 0. Although we take this cost as given when the majority must decide whether to block or not, we imagine – as the previous example suggests – that the cost reflects public interest in the issue at hand, which of course can be drummed up by presidents, minority parties, interest groups, and other actors.


A metal-free radical cascade cyclization of β-ketothioamides and alkyl/aryl nitriles has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2,4-thiadiazoles bearing a stable nitroso group at exocyclic double bond in a one-pot system. The reaction proceeds via the in situ generated ketoxime intermediate of β-ketothioamide, which further assists the formation of 1,2,4-thiadiazole through the reaction with nitrile under TBN (tert-butyl nitrite) mediation. The basic utility of this reaction is the formation of 3 new bonds (two C-N and one S-N) in one stretch under mild conditions. Moreover, this protocol features excellent functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, and easy scalability. The radical process is supported by the BHT-adduct of α-ketoxime intermediate. Noteworthy, the products possess Z-stereochemistry with regard to the exocyclic C=C double bond at the 5-position.


The determination of the angle of repose for granular materials is indispensable for their handling and the design of containers and technological processing equipment. On the other hand, computational simulations have become an essential tool to understand the micro-behavior of the granular material and to relate it with the macro-behavior. The experimental determination of the angle of repose has a fundamental role when defining the required parameters to perform realistic simulations. However, there is a lack of a standard that allows the reproducibility of the experiments when using granular materials of equivalent spherical radius greater than 2 mm, such as corn, soybeans, wheat and PLA pellets, among others. In particular, a product of growing importance in the global strategy of decarbonization of the economy is biomass pellets, whose handling operations are one of the main components for the total cost of pellets supplied to the final user. In the present work, with the aim of determining the rolling friction coefficient, the variations in the angle of repose with the drop height for biomass pellets were studied both experimentally and with simulations, and an optimal procedure for its determination was found. Then, a calibration of the coefficient of rolling friction was performed through computational simulations using the discrete element method. The accuracy of the model under different configurations was checked.


Land degradation prevails at spatially varying scales and forms in different parts of the world. Efforts to improve the degraded lands require their accurate identification, mapping and assessment. In this study an attempt has been made to map different levels of salt-affected soils and water-logged areas of Mathura district in Uttar Pradesh, India by combining information from optical and thermal bands of Landsat 7 ETM+. Different indices like NDVI, WI, VTCI, TVDI, BI, NDSI, SI and parameters like albedo have been evaluated to delineate salt-affected and water-logged areas from other land use/land cover features by making use of knowledge based classification.


Digital production in enterprise relies on digital equipment.In this paper,equipment hierarchy model in digital manufacturing shop was founded based on the concept of logical equipment and physical equipment;Additionally,the framework of equipment management information system was proposed based on analysis of equipment management in shop floor;Moreover,the equipment management information system was developed successfully in browser/server(B/S) architecture.


Diapir structure is the important type of the hydrocarbon accumulation.Taking the magmatic diapir structure at southern slope of Huanghekou sag for the study object,based on the analysis of magmatic diapir developing model and reservoir forming rule,using the results of comprehensive analysis of log-seismic data and high precision seismic data,we analyzed and studied the forming case of magmatic diapir,feature of seismic response and developing model,and the relationship of the magmatic diapir with hydrocarbon accumulation.The result shows that the block developed two times of magmatic exhalation.Different subfacieses of volcanic rock(volcanic channel facies,volcanic crater facies,invasion facies,effusive facies,and eruptive facies)have the specific seismic response characteristics.Furthermore,magmatic diapir developing model and reservoir forming rule in this block has some unique features.As the conclusion,magmatic diapir structure is a nose structure block shielded by dike and controlled by superior petrosal fault,and the developing degree controls the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.Therefore,the study of the seismic response and developing model of diapir structure is helpful to guide the hydrocarbon exploration of volcanic area in Huanghekou sag.


Anisophyllealaurina seed meal (ASM)in this study partially replacedfish meal(FM). Isonitrogenous and isocaloricdiets (40% crude protein) containing0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% ASMwere formulated. Clariasgariepinus juveniles (32.72 ± 0.32) stocked at 10 fish/50L troughs fed twice daily for 98 daysutilized effectively the formulated diets for growth.Mean weight gained (MWG) washighest at 0%and 25% butdecreased as ASM increased.Specific growth rate (SGR), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Protein intake (PI) were significant (p<0.05) at 0% and 25% inclusion. Survival rate (%SR)was unrelated totreatment - highest at 0% and 100% (97%SR)and least at 75% (90%SR).Carcass protein, packed cell volume and haemoglobin counts were statistically the same at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% inclusion. Since C. gariepinusperform better at 25%ASM inclusion it is recommended as the level of replacement for FM in fish diets.


The research of marriage history in Pre-qin as a foundation of the whole marriage history research in ancient China has always been emphasized by academic circle.There have been over 100 papers and works on the marriage history research in Pre-qin for the last 20 years.They involve the configuration,the etiquette and custom of marriage,and the relationship of marriage and family in Pre-qin and so on.With regard to the last two decades of marriage history research in Pre-qin,the writer will make a summary of the achievements made and also point out the deficiencies,in the hope that it will be useful for further study.


Objective Inquiry into curative effect that apply the big amount of Aprotinin to reduces bleed in the spinal column orthopedics surgical operation. Methods sppress the issue of blood quantity of the spinal column operation and the data of the matched control of Aprotinin to carry on the analysis to 30 applications. Results Use the medicine set issue of blood quantity that compares the matched control obvious reduce. Conclusion Surgical operation front the issue of blood quantity that applied big amount of Aprotinin can show obviously decrease in the spinal column orthopedics surgical operation.


The feeding relationships of the common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, upland bully, Gobiomorphus breviceps (Stokell), long-finned eel, Anguilla diefenbachii Gray, short-finned eel, A. australis schmidtii Phillipps, and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., were examined in the Glentui River, Canterbury, New Zealand, in February, May and November 1971. With few exceptions, the same food organisms were utilized by all species, but the relative proportion of each food type in the diet varied between species. Kendall rank correlation coefficients indicated that the diets of native fish were dissimilar, with the exception of galaxiids and bullies in May, but in six out of nine comparisons involving the introduced trout, the coefficients indicated varying degrees of similarity with the diets of the native species. Since their feeding mechanisms and feeding localities are different, similarities in the diets of eels and trout, trout and bullies, and bullies and galaxiids can be regarded as giving rise to indirect competition. However, since trout (C 200 mm long) and galaxiids occupy the same microhabitat and feed in the same manner, similarity in their diets can be regarded as giving rise to direct competition. Such direct competition for food, combined with interspecific aggression and similar microhabitat requirements, may help to explain the reduction in abundance of other galaxiids in areas in which trout have been introduced.


An advanced one-group (AOG) nodal diffusion method for light water reactor analysis is presented in this paper. Similar to the modified one-group (MOG) nodal model, only the fast flux is directly computed by solving the diffusion equation. However, unlike the MOG model, no assumption is made about the group bucklings. Instead, the node-averaged thermal flux needed in the fast equation is corrected for neutron leakage effects by using precomputed leakage corrections developed during the cross-section homogenization process. The AOG method is well suited for boiling water reactors (BWRs) in which strong bundle and core heterogeneities lead to high gross flux gradients. To our knowledge the AOG method presented is new. Due to the one-group formulation of our method, it is believed that the AOG nodal equation is computationally efficient for control rod pattern development as well as for core monitoring purposes where calculational speed is of the utmost importance. Preliminary one-dimensional benchmark calculations indicate that the AOG method is highly accurate.


We investigate the behavior of an XY model coupled multiplicatively to a Potts model. In addition to the analytic one dimensional results, we use numerics to find the transition behavior on a two dimensional lattice. Extending this model to one with Potts variable dependent coupling, we find that the nature of the transition is similar while the exact transition point has moved to higher temperature. These two models can be interpreted as a rough description of polymers attached to a surface.


Objective To study the influence of deprotein on bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) in xenobone. Methods After defatting porcine bone, we deproteined the porcine bone with hydrogen peroxide and trypsin. Then the BMP expression was measured with immunohistochemistry. Results After deproteinization with hydrogen peroxide, the BMP expressed less than deproteinization with trypsin, and it is similar with fresh bone after deproteinization with trypsin. Conclusion Deproteinization with enzyme is a good way to remove antigen of protein and keep the osteoinductive ingredients.


The near-field beamforming method is investigated in this study for a replacement of current hands-free system of a cell phone. The goal of this array system is to design a beamformer covering 250Hz to 8kHz of voice frequency band in conjunction with constant beamwidth technique.
Though the acoustical array is effective in a reverberant field, its use is limited at low frequencies because arrays longer than 1 meter are difficult to install inside a vehicle. Furthermore, it is especially impractical to use circular coordinates inside a vehicle because the sound source, a human mouth, remains a fixed distance from and moves parallel to the surface of the vehicle's headliner. For the delay-and-sum beamformer in a near field, it is difficult to derive the complex coefficients, namely, the amplitude weight and time delay, by analytical methods.
This study first describes a sound-field analysis using one popular method, the finite-element method. By obtaining the global information, the data reveal the characteristic of the interior sound field near the installation space for a microphone array.
Second, a numerical optimization method for designing a fixed microphone array in the near field is investigated that uses the Nash genetic algorithm (Nash GA), which was originally used in electromagnetism problems. The Nash GA determines the optimal geometry of an element alignment for the inside of a vehicle and then generates the complex coefficients at the first stage. Unlike in a far-field array, the phase response in a near-field array plays a key role. Therefore, a second stage is added to filter out coefficients with which the responses are cancelled out in the main lobe.
Third, based on the results from the algorithm, the array is implemented with two PCI-4472s, which are 8-channel simultaneous analog sampling devices. The results, measured in an anechoic chamber, correspond to the results of a computer simulation. The array performance satisfies the requirements for hands-free mobile telephony where the microphone array is installed in a vehicle's headliner. To investigate the signal-to-noise ratio, the data is also measured in a reverberant field, like a classroom.


This thesis explores the results of trade liberalization, which took place in Mexico in the 1980s and gave birth to many changes in the organization of its productive sectors. The coffee sector, composed mainly of small-scale producers from indigenous communities, was one the most affected because of the volatility in coffee prices and the dismantling of the institutions that gave financial and technical assistance. Therefore, small-scale coffee producers have explored alternatives within the new dynamics of the process of globalization. This thesis uses as its case study Unión Majomut, a small-scale coffee producer organization. The findings of this research, which focus on civil society participation and collective action alongside the practices of organic farming and fair trade, reveal that small-scale producer organizations could be an effective means to survive the impact of neoliberalism.


This study aimed at exploring the main and most important Radiological role in the future of the healthcare management through a systematic theoretical review.  As radiology plays the key role of jumping in to investigate disease diagnosing, staging, monitoring and following it over time and offering expertise and consultation on disease states. And highlighting that this discipline is now in a stage of profound metamorphosis through out of building the value of radiology and the radiologist, to empower radiologists to be larger contributors to care teams. The study concluded that the current radiology model, though useful in many respects, needs to adapt to changing economic incentives and in one way or another align itself with those of the clinicians radiologists serve.


(57) Abstract: not OBJECTIVE rainwater and dust intrusion, small amount lug, pushing force to obtain a small or reset device. [Configuration] Instead of the O-ring covering the mounting hole 12 and the reset button 14 in the seal cover 15, eliminating the return spring. EFFECT for mounting holes 12 and the reset button 14 is covered with the seal cover 15, small lug of the reset button 14 in order to eliminate the return spring together with rainwater and dust from entering, the force may be small press .


The low-temperature equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvation dynamics of an excess electron in bulk and at a surface interface have been characterized using mixed quantum/classical simulation methods. A methanol bath was modeled using classical molecular dynamics, whereas the properties of an excess electron were calculated from a wave function based approach. The temperature dependence of the bulk response has been found to be minimal, which may indicate that large scale hydrogen bond breaking and diffusive motion may not play important roles in the solvation dynamics. The equilibrium dynamics have also been compared to nonequilibrium simulations of charge injection into the neat bath. An excess electron at a methanol/Pt(100) surface interface has been shown to become solvated by the bath yet is less bound by a factor of ∼2 compared to the bulk. The solvent response function also displays interesting differences when compared to the low temperature bulk glass. These results also reveal many of the micros...


INTRODUCTION The distinction between fixed and sunk costs is a one of the most important concepts in production theory and one of the most likely to frustrate students. It is built upon the foundation of opportunity cost and is crucial to the construction of the total cost curve, the firm supply curve, the notion of economic profits, and the firm's shutdown condition. Common textbook presentations of fixed and sunk costs, however, are often unclear and theoretically inconsistent. When beginning production theory, students learn that opportunity costs are the only costs to be considered when making decisions. Opportunity costs are defined, in part, as costs that are avoidable and thus are factored into economic decision-making. Sunk costs, on the other hand, are unavoidable and, as such, should not affect decisions. After learning this opportunity cost rule, students are told that total costs are equal to the addition of fixed costs and variable costs. Somewhere in the discussion, however, an implicit assumption is made that fixed costs are costs that cannot be avoided; that is, fixed costs are synonymous with sunk costs. Assuming fixed and sunk costs are synonymous creates unnecessary complications for producer theory and presents an inconsistency in the core concept of economic costs. The assumption of equality between fixed and sunk costs appears in the majority of microeconomics texts and on some occasions is made explicit. For example, Steven E. Landsburg writes in Price Theory and Applications (2002) "In the short run, fixed costs are unavoidable. As a result, they have no bearing on any economic decision ... Because sunk costs are sunk, and because the firm's fixed costs are sunk in the short run, it follows that fixed costs are irrelevant to the firm's short-run supply decisions, including the decision about whether to shut down." Two potential problems arise from this assumption. First, some costs are fixed in both the short run and long run, an idea that contradicts the standard claim that fixed costs, by definition, do not exist in the long run. Second, many short-run fixed costs can be avoided and therefore are not sunk. These problems are resolved by categorizing all costs based on their "avoidability". This simple and intuitive remedy is founded on the core notion that the only costs that matter to economists are opportunity costs. The solution is shown to simplify cost analysis without sacrificing mathematical rigor or important cost relations such as the envelope theorem relating short-run to long-run costs. This simple revision to the principles analysis extends easily to the analysis at the intermediate and advanced levels and follows the early work on costs by writers including John Maurice Clark, Fritz Malchup, and Ronald Coase. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the standard incorporation of sunk costs into the total cost function and the resulting problem of measuring economic profits. The avoidability criterion is then introduced to remedy the problem. Section 3 discusses how using this criterion allows for a simple and theoretically consistent derivation of the firm supply curve and shutdown condition that improves upon the standard textbook exposition. Section 4 explores the nature of fixed and sunk costs. Section 5 shows how the avoidability criterion ensures important cost relations between the short run and long run that might be unwittingly compromised using the standard pedagogy. Section 6 illustrates the gains from these simple cost revisions with numerical examples. The simplicity of deriving of long-run and short-run cost functions from standard production functions under the avoidability framework is shown. Section 7 provides evidence that indicates the confusion between fixed and sunk costs may extend beyond the classroom to the boardroom in actual firm behavior. Various consulting firms have used techniques along the lines suggested herein to resolve the problem by attributing the relevant opportunity costs to fixed costs formerly assumed to be sunk. …


Access to energy in East Africa is limited, yet the countries are rich in renewable energy potential. The implementation of this energy requires a good understanding of the needs and the adaptation of existing solutions in the literature to the particular case. This work focuses on 6 renewable energy technologies identified and installed in 9 rural colleges in Uganda The expected impact is a halving of utility bills and a 63% reduction in greenhouse gases. However, feedback from the field reveals that the acceptability and misuse of the system prevent a complete result.


AIM:To explore the characteristic of changes of polysomnography (PSG) between insomnia patients with depression and normal people.To assess the effects and varieties of PSG with trazodone. METHODS:Polysmith PSG was performed on 21 insomnia patients with depression and 10 normal people. Insomnia patients with depression were cared with trazodone and PSG was undertaken again two months later. Efficacies were assessed using the self-rating depression (SDS) and the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) before and at the end of the second month treatment.Data were figured by(?)±s and analized by SPSS 11.0 software.RESULTS:After trazodone treatment,PSG showed:total sleep time prolonged (350±s 30) min in comparing with (393±27) min,P0.01;sleep efficiency index increased (74.0±2.0) % comparing with (86±4)%,P0.05;wake-up onset after sleep shortened (82±7) min comparing with (19±5) min, P0.01;REM time reduced (107±13) min comparing with (98±7) min,P0.01;S2 time decreased (189±5) min comparing with (181±4) min,P0.05;non-REM slow-wave sleep prolonged (40±3) min comparing with (69.0±2.0) min,P0.01;no significant difference in sleep latent period,REM latency, REM times and S1 time (P0.05).SDS and HAMA were better.CONCLUSION:Insomnia patients with depression had abnormal PSG would be effected by trazodone treatment and also good to abnormal night physiological signals on PSG.Trazodone caused an improvement in subjective and objective sleep quality.


The study examines the sustainability of public and external debt burden of Pakistan and India for the period 1971–2017. The debt dynamics equation for public debt uses two components for the analysis of public debt sustainability, namely, interest rate–growth rate differential and differential of primary budget balance-to-GDP and change of reserve money-to-GDP ratio. The equation for external debt dynamics also uses two components for the assessment of external debt sustainability, namely, current account balance-to-exports ratio and differential of exports growth and interest rate. The significance of the approach used in the current study lies in the fact that in case of evaluation of countries' debt sustainability, it is quite necessary to monitor debt trends along with emerging domestic and external vulnerabilities and systemic risks that threaten debt sustainability. This phenomenon has been captured through debt dynamics approach, which is used in the current study. The results are based on the estimation of two equations, namely, debt dynamics equation for overall public debt sustainability and debt dynamics equation for external debt sustainability. The results of the study indicate that primary budget deficit and current account deficit have played a significant role in the accumulation of public debt and external debt, respectively in Pakistan and India. The study concludes that public debt and external debt of Pakistan and India are sustainable but in a weak form.


The paper represents the strategic compositions of developing general contract in domestic construction industry: namely, the strategic route of learning, cooperation and competition and achieving improvement step by step and maintaining sustainable development; strategic theme of valid competition and quality being in priority; and four strategic measures of improving mechanism of construction enterprise, reinforcing legal construction, paying close attention to cultivating of talents and pushing development of information construction.


KEVIOUS WORK has demonstrated the high P p-glucuronidase activity of human malignant tumors as compared to normal tissues obtained from the same organ.22 It has also been shown that, in certain cases of advanced intra-abdominal or intrathoracic cancer, the ascitic and pleural fluids have more a-glucuronidase activity than effusions resulting from non-neoplastic disease.1 In the present study, a preliminary survey has been made of the p-glucuronidase activity of spinal and ventricular fluids in human subjects. T h e groups of patients studied are in the following categories: 1. No central-nervous-system lesions 2. Nontuniorous central-nervous-system le-


The present invention discloses an electronic assembly with a replaceable floor guide blind, blind guide system and a method of seeing. Blind bottom guide plate includes a plurality of upwardly extending from said bottom plate projection, comprising at least one duct portion of the duct, the duct located at the top surface of the floor and having an upward opening, the entire length of the duct portion along the floor It extends, further comprising an electronic component is housed within the duct. Blind guide system comprises at least one remote device and the floor guide the blind, the remote device includes a wireless reader, input and output devices. Wireless reader seeing each floor wireless device and the backend server communications, and alert the user to obtain information from the backend server.


Microstructured semiconductor neutron detectors (MSNDs) represent a compact, low-cost, high-efficiency means of solid-state thermal neutron detection. Trenches are etched into a 1-cm2 or 4-cm2 active area pn-junction diode and backfilled with 6LiF neutron converting material. Charged-particle reaction products produced from neutron capture within the conversion material can be measured to indicate the presence of neutrons. MSNDs can be arranged into larger instruments due to their small size, high-efficiency, and low power consumption. A small, inexpensive electronics package named the `Domino' was developed to facilitate the deployment of the MSND™ technology. The Domino is a complete electronics package that supports a single MSND™ with all necessary signal processing electronics. The Domino electronics were tiled together to form large-area arrays and portable detector arrays. Both were characterized with a small 252Cf source. A hand-held portable `Briefcase' detector with 84 Dominoes™, forming a 30 cm × 38 cm array, weighed 21 lbs. A vehicle-portable `Panel Array' detector with 480 Dominoes formed a 1 m × 1 m. For a bare 252Cf source, the `Briefcase' detector and the `Panel Array' detector yielded 0.27 ± 0.01 cps ng-1 (at 2 m) and 0.45 ± 0.01 cps ng-1 (at 5 m), respectively. Modified Domino packages (with upgraded MSNDs) were arranged into a 2-in. diameter, 6-in. long cylindrical form factor (HeRep Mk II) for direct 3He replacement, matching the efficiency of a 4-atm 3He with similar dimensions. A third generation helium replacement (HeRep Mk III) was constructed to replace more compact 3He form factors, with a 0.75-in. diameter and 4.5-in. length. Populated with dual-sided MSNDs, this detector yielded 0.293 ± 0.003 cps ng-1 for bare 252Cf at 0.2 m.


PURPOSE: A PrAF arrangement method for random mask layout is provided to appropriately arrange PrAF in mask layout on a double patterning process printing a semiconductor device feature. CONSTITUTION: A design feature with a designed feature is offered. A parameter set related to PrAF(Printing Assist Features) is generated(302). The PrAF of the parameter set is added in design layout. The PrAF and design feature about changed design layout are simulated(306). The removability of the PrAF is verified on the basis of the result of the simulation. In case the PrAF is removable, a PrAF arrangement rule set is generated on the basis of the parameter set(310).


Objective To investigate the expression an d the role of interleukin 17(IL 17) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods IL 17,IL 6 and IL 8 were measured using ELISA technique , and IL 17 mRNA was assayed by RT PCR in 32 patients with UC and compared with 40 controls. The effect of anti IL 17 m onoclonal antibody (MoAb) on production of IL 6 and IL 8 by lamina propria mo nonuclear cells (LPMC) was studied. Results As compared with controls, serum concentrations of IL 17 ,IL 6 and IL 8 from UC patients were significantly higher, but with no statist ic difference. The expression of IL 17 mRNA and secretion of IL 17 by the peripheral blood CD + 4 T cells in UC patients were higher than that in nor mal controls in the presence of stimuli (both P 0.01). Lamina propria CD + 4 T cells (LP CD + 4 T) from the involved colons of 23 patient s spontaneously produced high level of IL 17, which significantly correlated wi th the serum CRP levels, ESR and IL 6 concentration produced by LPMC from invol ved colon. The expression of IL 17 mRNA of LP CD + 4 T ce lls from the involved colons was detected in 22 out of 23 patients, but only 6 o ut of 23 LP CD + 4 T cells from uninvolved colons expressing IL 17 mRNA ( P 0.01). Furthermore, in the presence of the stimuli, the level of IL 17 produced by LP CD + 4 T cells from involved colons was significantly hig h er than that from uninvolved colons. IL 6 and IL 8 levels produced by LPMC fro m involved colons were significantly higher than that from uninvolved colons. Ad ding exogenous anti IL 17 MoAb to LPMC from involved colons resulted in dec rease in IL 6 and IL 8 production. Conclusions IL 17 was found to be produced significantly by LP CD + 4 T from involved colons, and was correlated with disease activity. Anti IL 17 MoAb inhibited the IL 6 and IL 8 secretion by LPMC. These results indicate that IL 17 plays an important role in the inflammatory response in the colon, and blocking of IL 17 secretion may have therapeutic potential in UC patients.


Abstract The combined effects of race and social factors on fear of crime were investigated. The sample consisted of 1,835 black and white residents of Mississippi, 15 years old or older. The results indicated that (a) for the pooled sample, race, age, and marital status had significant effects on fear of crime, and (b) with the exception of age, the variables had significantly different effects on fear of crime among black and white respondents.


This report describes the results of an investigation concerning the performance of two new Vaisala pavement sensors for monitoring road surface conditions. Road surface condition data reported by the Vaisala sensors were compared to those by traditional in-situ pavement sensors and visual observations. In addition, grip levels estimated by Vaisala sensors were compared to real surface friction measurements taken by a continuous friction meter. Based on the limited field observations, it was found that 1) the Vaisala sensors were reliable and accurate in determining road surface contaminants; 2) there were systematic differences in temperature measurements between the Vaisala sensor and the traditional in-situ Lufft sensor; and 3) the grip levels reported by the Vaisala sensor did not correlate well with the observed friction measurements.


This article suggests that three widely shared commonsense principles of fairness or equity converge upon the same general answer to the question of how the costs of dealing with a global environmental challenge like climate change could be distributed internationally. The first of these principles is that when a party has in the past taken an unfair advantage of others by imposing costs upon them without their consent, those who have been unilaterally put at a disadvantage are entitled to demand that in the future the offending party shoulder burdens that are unequal at least to the extent of the unfair advantage previously taken, in order to restore equality. The second is that, among a number of parties, all of whom are bound to contribute to some common endeavour, the parties who have the most resources normally should contribute the most to the endeavour. The third commonsense principle is that, when a) some people have less than enough for a decent human life, b) other people have more than enough, and c) the total resources available are so great that everyone could have at least enough without preventing some people from still retaining considerably more than others have, it is unfair not to guarantee everyone at least an adequate minimum.


Objective To find out the optimal condition for separation of the protein mixture by gel filtration chromatography.Methods Separated the protein mixture of which known molecular relative weight by gel filtration chromatography in sephadex G 50,G 75 and G 100.Results The protein mixture were separated successful lyby gel filtration chromatography and the chromatogram of three separated samples were presented clearly.Conclusion Sephadex G 50 are suitable for purifying the large molecule protein,G 75 for the medium molecule protein,G 100 and G 200 for the small molecule protein.


The seventeenth century Pala del Gallo, in the church of San Francesco in Pistoia, representing the Madonna in trono col Bambino, con Francesco d'Assisi e Santa Cristina da Bolsena, is one among the numerous copies of a lost painting by Guido Reni. This worderful master piece, has been kept in Faenza as a manifest of the Capuchin spirituality. The Pistoia canvas certifies the presence of Capuchin spirituality in Pistoia. Some memoirs, even if dated more than a century later, testimony Elisabetta Sirani to be the painter of the canvas. She was a young painter of Bologna who knotted, in her artistic talent, the creative virtues with a deep spirituality. The painting was paid, probably, with a legacy of Lapaccina Dal Gallo, a Capuchin hermit. Could it be a spiritual relationship between these two women?


This chapter explores the modes of the recruitment of seamen in European countries with changing economic positions from the sixteenth to nineteenth century. It discusses the four divisions of recruitment policies: mixed systems of free and unfree labour; national recruitment of free labour; national recruitment of unfree labour; and international and national recruitment of free labour, and analyses the influence of labour migration, war, imperialism and internationalisation.


Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of constituents in fiber-reinforced composites are among the key thermal parameters that need to be defined for material selection, modeling and structural ...


Chloride binding in cement-based materials not only affects the chloride ion transport but also for the service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures of great significance. A review of the status of chloride binding in cement-based materials is carried out, including the binding ability of testing methods, their composition of cement-based materials, environmental factors as well as the binding mechanism. Through the summary and analysis of research results at home and abroad, the further study of the chloride binding in cement-based materials is prospect.


Research on the diffusion of technologies that give competitive advantage is needed to understand the role of technology in competition. Predictions on which firms first obtain useful technologies are made by cluster theory, which holds that the diffusion is geographically bounded, and network theory, which holds that adoption is more rapid in central network positions. These predictions can be evaluated using data on the diffusion of supplier innovations that give competitive advantage to firms in the buyer industry. Here, the diffusion of new ship types is studied using the heterogeneous diffusion model and data on shipping firm-shipbuilder networks, showing that valuable innovations remain rare because they are not adopted by distant firms in geographical and network space. The strong influence of geographically dispersed interfirm networks on technology diffusion justifies a greater role of interorganizational networks in the theory of competitive advantage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A patient is described who developed a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) 9 years after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease. This occurrence is of particular interest because the treatment for Hodgkin's disease included no chemotherapy and the second tumor appeared to originate remote from the irradiated site. Thus, the role of Hodgkin's disease treatment in the etiology of this patient's second lymphoma appears doubtful. The development of DHL in this patient could represent an unrelated event or conceivably an event facilitated by Hodgkin's disease itself.


We demonstrate a Si-based photodetector with a response in the 1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength range. The active absorption layer of the pin photodiode consists of a pseudomorphic SiGeC alloy grown on a Si substrate with a Ge content of 55% and a thickness of 800 /spl Aring/. By using a single-mode fiber butt coupled to the waveguide facet, the external quantum efficiency for a 400-/spl mu/m long waveguide is 0.2% at 1.55 /spl mu/m, and 8% at 1.3 /spl mu/m. The external efficiency can be further improved by using a multiple layer absorber structure. The high efficiency and high speed characteristics together with the low leakage current density imply potential application of the SiGeC/Si photodetector for optical fiber communications and optical interconnects in the 1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength range.


One specimen of Gibberichthys latifrons (Thorp, 1969) of 155 mm TL was trawled off Eiao Island, Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia. This capture is the second record of the species for this area of the Pacific Ocean and the largest specimen caught to date.


The characteristics of aluminum alloy electroless plating were analyzed. The process flow and applications of electroless Ni-P alloy, Ni-W-P ternary alloy, Ni-P/Ni-B double composite plating and Ni-P-particle composite plating on aluminum alloy were summarized.


We present a case of coma and respiratory depression secondary to γ-hydroxybutyrate abuse, necessitating mechanical ventilation and intensive therapy. This drug was available as a health food in the United States until it became a drug of abuse. It is now being taken in the United Kingdom.

A 32 year old man presented from a night club. His Glasgow coma score was 5, with pinpoint pupils and absent laryngeal reflexes. There was no evidence of head injury or intravenous drug abuse. His pulse rate was 30-50 beats/min, blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 4 breaths per minute. His respiratory efforts were assisted with 100% oxygen using a bag and mask. There was no response to intravenous naloxone or flumazenil. His trachea was intubated without the need for …


The most hospitals built their triage and calling system through integrating the third vendor products with their HIS,but this method has some disadvantages.The paper gives two schema about integrating the HIS and the triage and calling system.One is traditional;another is expanding HIS built—in triage function and then integrating with the calling system.The paper discusses the two schema differences on integration effort,data integration degree,system usability,product independency and application of scene.And finally,introduces the two schema evolvement process and application effect in author's hospital.


Mg2Si–Mg2Sn compositions within the Mg–Si–Sn materials system have potential as inexpensive, efficient thermoelectrics. These compositions lie specifically along the pseudobinary line with compositions of Mg2Si1−xSnx. The alloying and possible nanostructuring within the miscibility gap could further increase the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) for these materials. However, the solubility limits of the miscibility gap differ greatly in the literature. Such a discrepancy could be a result of differing Mg-compositions due to excess magnesium added during sample annealing. To define these limits better and explain the change in proposed solubility limits based on magnesium content, the three-phase regions on either side of the pseudobinary phase region are phase boundary mapped and defect energy calculations are performed. This study presents a new understanding of the Mg–Si–Sn ternary phase diagram around the pseudobinary phase region. The solubility limits on either side of the pseudobinary should be essentially identical between the Mg-rich and Mg-poor three-phase regions unless the system temperature is brought above about 565 °C, at which eutectic liquid Mg0.9Sn0.1 forms. This creates a second Mg-rich three-phase region which intersects the pseudobinary with a lower Sn solubility. Thus, samples prepared along the pseudobinary line are not well-defined thermodynamically when excess magnesium is added. Excess Mg can push the system into a new three phase region with Mg2Si1−xSnx composition different from that of the true miscibility gap. This understanding presents new guidelines for evaluating the miscibility gap and assists strategies for microstructure engineering and thermoelectric material processing.


Process mining techniques aim to derive knowledge of the execution of processes, by means of automated analysis of behaviour recorded in event logs. A well-known challenge in process mining is to strike an adequate balance between the behavioural quality of a discovered model compared to the event log and the model's complexity as perceived by stakeholders. At the same time, events typically contain multiple attributes related to parts of the process at different levels of abstraction, which are often ignored by existing process mining techniques, resulting in either highly complex and/or incomprehensible process mining results. This paper addresses this problem by extending process mining to use event-level attributes readily available in event logs. We introduce (1) the concept of multi-level logs and generalise existing hierarchical process models, which support multiple modelling formalisms and notions of activities in a single model, (2) a framework, instantiation and implementation for process discovery of hierarchical models, and (3) a corresponding conformance checking technique. The resulting framework has been implemented as a plug-in of the open-source process mining framework ProM, and has been evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using multiple real-life event logs.


The paper will combine the thought based on SOA with the technology of work flow,put for word a series of problems,which solves ERP system based on SOWF,offer methods and build the platform based on SOWF.


The paper deals with an entire system of monitoring and diagnosis of LV switchboards based on the measurements of currents, ambient temperatures and local temperatures of electrical joints. This system meets the needs to prevent the breakdowns of LV switchboards, which, although rare, can involve huge financial and human loss. The thermal measurements are done by wireless thermal sensor. The measured data are transmitted via internet and collected in a server, to be centrally processed. This centralized data processing includes a local detection of failures and a global diagnosis which leads to some maintenance recommendations. This paper will focus on, the local detection by comparison with an healthy model, and the global diagnosis using Bayesian network technique. The feasibility of these methods is tested with experimental data and expert's information.


In this paper the entropy of the two-channel Kondo impurity is calculated. We demonstrate that the exactly solvable system of finite size can be described in terms of free fermions. None of these fermions is Majorana fermion. This allows us to find the impurity entropy S(T, L) for arbitrary values of T and L. As found before, S(T = 0, L = ∞) equals to (1/2) ln 2. For finite L the entropy shows a cross-over to the infinite-size behavior at T > TL= vF/L, in agreement with results of other researchers.


Abstract : In recent nmr experiments, the dipolar broadening of the proton resonance in solid HMn(CO)5 and HCo(CO)4 has been used to estimate the metal-hydrogen bond distance. The M-H bond distances thus obtained are exceptionally short, 1.28 A for Mn-H and 1.42 A for Co-H. However, the analyses were based on the Van Vleck second moment expression which assumes that the nuclei are quantized in the direction (z) of the static magnetic field Ho and which therefore neglects any quadrupole coupling effects at the metal nucleus. This communication describes a theoretical analysis and numerical calculations for a two-spin (1/2, 7/2 system, having axial symmetry along the internuclear vector r and quadrupole coupling at the spin-7/2 nucleus. It is found that the second moment M2 of the spin-1/2 nucleus may be as much as 1.84 times its value in the absence of the quadrupole coupling. Therefore, the M-H bond distances reported previously may be as much as 12% too small. (Author)


First this page gives requesting of curled curved surface and solid volume of corral about spatial simple smooth curved Γ revolved spatial line l to curled.It is special example that gets requesting of curled curved surface and solid volume of corral of spatial curved Γ revolved axle of coordinate to curl,and gets requesting of curled curved surface and solid volume of corral of spatial curled Γ revolved spatial line l and axle of coordinate to curled.


The one-electron energy spectrum of a Penrose tiling lattice in a magnetic field is studied with a tight-binding Hamiltonian. We show the following remarkable results characteristic of a Penrose lattice. (1) The density of states in a magnetic field has a central peak with zero width at zero energy. It is shown that the zero-energy states correspond to the ring states in which wavefunction has nonvanishing amplitudes only at the sites circling the origin. (2) The magnetic field dependence of the energy spectrum shows a butterfly shape caused by Landau quantization. (3) The magnetic field dependence of the energy spectrum also shows a fractal nature. In particular it is characterized by two periods whose ratio is equal to the golden mean \((1+\sqrt{5})/2\), and two periods comprising a Fibonacci sequence. We have clarified the origin of this fractal behavior of the energy spectrum analytically.


It was at the Fifth Southeast Asian Conference on Mathematical Education (June 1990, in Brunei Darussalam) that Brian Bolt posed the question: Can the numbers 1 to 12 be arranged within the hexagram below to give equal sums in the six indicated directions? This is the Magic Hexagram Problem.


Results of investigation and development of an excitation pulse generator with magnetic pulse compression by saturation chokes for pumping of active media of CuBr, Sr, and Ca vapor lasers are presented. A high-power IGBT transistor is used as a commutator. The generator can operate at excitation pulse repetition frequencies up to 20 kHz. The total average power for all laser lines of the CuBr laser pumped by this generator is ~6.0 W; it is ~1.3–1.7 W for the Sr and Ca lasers.


The behavior of quasi-periodic and aperiodic (chirp) Bragg structures with thin lossy layers was examined. In order to determine the frequency dependence of the reflection coefficient transmission matrix method was used. A deep minimum of the reflection coefficient for any frequency is implemented by proper choice of the thickness of the last thin film and its optical distance to the substrate. The possibility of providing broadband reflection by aperiodic structures has been offered.


Since a decade the demand for electricity is increasing rapidly and rate of power demand is running ahead of supply. The present day existing schemes of power generation are insufficient to keep pace with ever increasing demand. To overcome this problem we have to invent new schemes of power generation and acquire maximum renewable energy in efficient way. The recent severe energy crisis has forced to think & develop the power generation by renewable sources. This project dwells on the implementation of an alternate structure of a wind turbine for power generation purposes. Magnetic levitation has apparently moved to paradigm stage. The levitating blades spin with little resistance, and the power output is increased. They also can be a spin in light breezes. Maglev wind turbine principle provides efficient frictionless power generation with less maintenance, compared to Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (ordinary system). The aim of this major qualifying project is to design and implement a magnetically levitated wind turbine system that has the ability to operate in both low and high wind speed velocity conditions. This new model of wind turbine uses magnetic levitation to reduce the internal friction of the rotor which is considered as a revolution in the field of wind technology, and reduces the effect of gravitational force, producing 30% more energy than a conventional ordinary turbine, at the same time decreasing operational costs by 45% over the ordinary wind turbine.


31 women were administered a modified mintablet contraceptive, consisting of .3 mg of norethisterone for an average of 10.6 months. During this period changes in the cervical mucus were analyzed. Changes in the protein fractions were revealed, which were characterized by a widening of the spectrum of albumins in the area of globulins and some special fractions. These changes, elicited by the contraceptive effect of the gestagen preparation, were confirmed in comparison to a control group through a permeation test.


Synthesis of Deuteriated Derivatives of Diastereomeric Cyclopentapeptides for Use in Conformational Analysis.

The syntheses and properties of eight cyclic pentapeptides containing glycine with two deuterium atoms at C(α) (Gly*) are described: cyclo-[-Gly-L-Cys(DPM)-Gly-Gly*-L-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly*-L-Cys(DPM)-Gly-Gly*-L-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly-L-Cys-(DPM)-Gly-Gly*-D-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly*-L-Cys(DPM)-Gly-Gly*-D-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly-L-Ala-Gly-Gly*-L-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly*-L-Ala-Gly-Gly*-L-Pro-], cyclo-[-Gly-L-Ala-Gly-Gly*-D-Pro-], and cyclo-[-Gly*-L-Ala-Gly-Gly*-D-Pro-] (DPM = diphenylmethyl). These particular compounds were chosen in order to assign by NMR. unambiguously certain conformational features, like hydrogen-bonding and shielding, to individual peptide bonds.


Gas chromatography has wide use in liquor-making industry because it has the advantages of rapid separation and analysis,high sensitivity,and small sample use quantity.The chromatographic columns usually used in liquor-making industry include DNP packed column,large caliber capillary column,and small caliber capillary column.Gas chromatography could be used in the control of liquor sanitary indexes such as methanol and fusel oil,the measurement of main flavor ing components contents and the contents of four main esters and trace flavoring substances in liquor,the research on the relations between liquor flavoring co mpositions and liquor flavors,and the determination of liquor fragrance content.(Tran.by YUE Yang)


Exercise intolerance in COPD patients is associated with reduced inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and dyspnea. The mechanisms by which exercise is limited are unknown. Intolerance may occur due to: limiting symptoms (e.g. pain, dyspnea); reduced neural motor activation and/or excitability (activation fatigue, AF); reduced muscular power for a given muscle activation (muscle fatigue, MF). The sum of activation and muscle fatigue describes overall exercise‐induced reduction in neuromuscular performance, and is termed performance fatigue (PF; watts). In moderate to severe COPD, PF is associated negatively with resting FEV1/FVC and positively with peak exercise VE/MVV. We postulated that this was due to greater activation fatigue when IRV was low. Thus, this study determined the effect of bronchodilation on mechanisms limiting cycling exercise in COPD. We hypothesized that, compared with placebo, combination LAMA+LABA therapy would increase pre‐exercise FEV1, increase isotime IRV during exercise, leading to reduced performance fatigue and prolonged exercise endurance.


Graphitization, a common process involving the transformation of metastable nongraphitic carbon into graphite is one of the major present-day challenges for micro- and nanocarbons due to their unique structural character and highly unusual thermal activation. Here we report on the successful graphitization of nanocrystalline carbon microcoils prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition and post-treated in argon atmosphere at temperatures ∼2500 °C for 2 h. The morphology, microstructure, and thermal properties of the carbon microcoils are examined in detail. The graphitization mechanism is discussed by invoking a model of structural transformation of the carbon microcoils. The results reveal that after graphitization the carbon microcoils are prominently purified and feature a clear helical morphology, as well as a more regular and ordered microstructure. The interlayer spacing of the carbon microcoils decreases from 0.36 to 0.34 nm, whereas the mean crystal sizes in the c - and a -directions increase from 1.64 to 2.04 nm and from 3.86 to 7.21 nm, respectively. Thermal treatment also substantially improves the antioxidation properties of the microcoils by lifting the oxidation onset temperature from 550 to 672 °C. This process may be suitable for other nongraphitic micro- and nanomaterials.


We present an elementary proof of the group properties of the elliptic curve known as "Curve25519", as a component of a comprehensive proof of correctness of a hardware implementation of the associated Diffie-Hellman key agreement algorithm. The entire proof has been formalized and mechanically verified with ACL2, and is computationally surveyable in the sense that all steps that require mechanical support are presented in such a way that they may readily reproduced in any suitable programming language.


Forestry and wood-processing industry are sectors based on renewable ecological natural resources of wood raw material. Wood mass processing should be based on sustainable development, which involves the economic and social development based on environment preservation. Green logistics, which leads to change in creating the product value, characterizes different possibilities to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities and puts emphasis on sustainable ecological orientation, is closely related to sustainable development. The aim of this article is to investigate the issue of green logistics of forestry and wood processing in small and medium enterprises in Slovakia. To reach this goal, an empirical research was carried out, the objective of which was to determine the level of understanding, as well as the implementation of green logistics activities, and to identify its potential for future implementation in small and medium enterprises in selected branches. The research has revealed that as many as 28.8 % of enterprises claim not to have had any experience with green logistics within their enterprise. The greatest barrier for the implementation of green logistics appears to be the high input costs, which was confi rmed by 62 % of the enterprises. On the basis of the research results, a model of implementation of green logistics concept in Slovak small and medium forestry and wood-processing enterprises has been proposed, as an element of sustainable development.


The failure mechanisms of structures under internal blast are important for the prediction and evaluation of damage effects of conventional weapons and the design of anti-explosion structures of buildings and ships. The research status and existing problems are discussed in this paper, based on the following four aspects as the internal explosion loads on structures, the plastic responses of structures to internal explosion loads, the damage modes of box-wall structures under internal explosion loads, and the damage modes and distribution of motile-box structures under internal explosion loads. With respect to an internal blast load, it is recognized that the blast model can be divided into dynamic high-pressure stage and quasi-static pressure stage. The former is formed by the initial shock wave and reflection wave while the latter is mainly composed of expansion of detonation gas and chemical energy released by explosion. In regard to the plastic response of the structure under the internal blast load, the studies have shown that quasi-static pressure plays an important role in the response process. With respect to the failure mode of the internal blast loaded structure, the failure mode is greatly affected by the pressure relief mode and pressure relief speed, studies on the failure modes of the beam and plate were introduced. As regards the failure mode and distribution of multi-box structures under the internal blast load, the internal explosion damage of the metal box structure of ships was mainly introduced. Most of the current researches focus on the damage features and there is rarely systematic understanding and analysis for the failure mechanisms. Through the review of the research on the damage and failure of the structures under the internal blast load, suggestions are provided for further researches on: (1) the models to describe the internal explosion loads on more complex structures and the corresponding damage effects; (2) the mechanisms of dynamic response of the box walls to internal blast load; (3) the coupling effect of multi-box structures with internal explosion waves and detonation products; (4) the methods to quickly and accurately predict the failure mode, failure range and failure degree of structures under internal explosion loads.


Process control operators need well-designed control room environments to focus better on tasks to be performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a high-end control room concept including the latest ergonomic features had any effects on operator comfort and alertness compared to a traditional control room. Twelve professional operators participated by running a paint factory simulation for three hours in each control room. Subjective estimations were given regarding perceived discomfort, stress-energy and emotional state. The results showed significant benefits of a supportive ergonomic control room environment on operator alertness, wellbeing and productivity, but they felt increased pressure to perform well in such a high-technology environment.


Fast Motion Planning (FMP) of autonomous vehicles has been advanced rapidly for robotics research, particularly for trajectory planning of spacecraft. The FMP team at JPL and the California Institute of Technology has developed an algorithm (called SESCP) for autonomous vehicles in environments with many fixed obstacles. Current development and simulation of this algorithm is still being tested with software such at MATLAB as well as the collaborative robotics software called the Robot Operating System (ROS). By developing the SE-SCP algorithm in ROS, a ROS package can be created and uploaded online. This will provide opportunities for the public to easily utilize the software and apply the SE-SCP algorithm for motion planning to their own autonomous vehicles.


Presence of phenol and phenolic compounds in various wastewaters and its harmful effects has led to the use of different treatment methods. Work on biological methods shows the use of different microorganisms and different bioreactors so as to improve the removal efficiency economically. The present work deals with the use of N. hydrocarbonoxydans (NCIM 2386), an actinomycetes, for the degradation of phenol. N. hydrocarbonoxydans was immobilized on GAC and used in a spouted bed contactor for effective contact of microorganisms and the substrate. The contactor performance was studied by varying flow rates, influent concentrations and the solids loading in the contactor. The effect of these variables on phenol degradation was investigated and modeling study was carried out using the artificial neural network (ANN). A feed forward neural network with back propagation was used for the model development. The experiments were planned as per the face centered cube design (FCCD) and used for training of the model, whereas data from four other experimental runs were used for testing and validation of the model. The network was optimized for the number of neurons based on the mean square error. The ANN model with three layers with three input neurons, eight neurons in hidden layers and one output neuron was found to predict effectively the effluent concentration for the given operating conditions in the spouted bed contactor. The mean square error was found to be 9.318e-12 for this ANN model. Also the experimental data was used to develop second order nonlinear empirical model obtained using multiple regression (MR) and the results compared with ANN using correlation coefficient (R2), average absolute error (AAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results show that R2, AAE and RMSE values of MR model were 0.9363, 2.085 % and 2.338 % respectively, while in case of ANN model these values were 0.9995, 0.59 % and 1.263 % respectively. This shows that ANN model prediction is better than multiple regression model prediction.


It is now widely admitted that the sub-surface geology is a crucial component when analyzing the seismic response in urban areas. Our project aims at mapping the seismic response of a pilot zone of Brussels in case of major earthquake scenarios. A detailed knowledge of spatial underground conditions is essential for an analysis of site effects. This is currently done in Brussels at the scale of 1/5000 through a 2D and 3D GIS model. Geological data, field measurements and numerical modeling results will be combined into a GIS to provide maps featuring the local seismic hazard.


A mathematical model of gas exchange is proposed to predict time course of end-tidal CO2 (etCO2) response to alterations in ventilation frequency. The model has been fit to experimental data of patients undergoing general anesthesia. The gas exchange model proposed by Chiari et al. has been extended by a variable dead space compartment (VD) to reduce differences in response amplitude. The dead space compartment represents the component of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange and changes size depending on ventilation frequency. Additionally, time course of CO2 response in the model has been fit to the measured data. Parameter identification has been conducted in three steps. First, metabolic production of CO2 has been determined to have the model reproduce the correct etCO2 at 12 breaths per minute and a dead space of 150 ml. Then, parameters describing a hyperbolic dead space function have been identified so that etCO2 results of the model are close to the measured data. Finally, reaction time of the model was fit employing individual VD steps, so that the model shows the same time course to reach a new CO2 equilibrium as measured in the patients. Results show that employing a hyperbolic VD function leads to a good match of the measured etCO2 equilibrium levels. The model itself is not able to reproduce the same reaction time as measured in the patient, but when applying a multiplication factor to speed gas equilibrium, it is possible to match model time course with measured data.


VMware virtual machine software,as one new teaching assistance method,by the practice application in the practice teaching of Computer Assembly and Maintenance,promulgated that virtual environment which applied machine software built both to enrich teacher's teaching environment,also provided one kind of real and non-damage experimental environment for students.


Internal gravity waves are generated in a stratified fluid by arbitrary forced oscillations of a horizontal disc. The wave fields are calculated in both the time domain and the frequency domain. In the time domain, an initial-value problem is solved using Laplace transforms; causality is imposed. In the frequency domain (time-harmonic oscillations), a radiation condition is imposed: a plane-wave (Fourier) decomposition is used in which waves with outgoing group velocity are selected. It is shown that both approaches lead to the same solution, once transient effects are ignored. Then, a method is given for calculating the far-field, using asymptotic approximations of double integrals. It is shown that the total energy flux is outwards, for arbitrary forcings of the disc. Further investigations of energy transport are made with a view to clarifying the nature of radiation conditions in the frequency domain.


Cracking in the corners of water ballast tanks (WBTs) is a type of failure that poses a risk to the structural integrity of a ship. This article investigates and describes the factors that influence early crack development in marine cargo and ballast tank coatings. The authors note that cracking in coating films occurs when the shrinkage stress developed after curing exceeds the tensile strength of the coating and the coating has the ability to be stretched past its elongation yield point. The applied coating does not have sufficient adhesion to resist being pulled past its yield or the upper portion of the film shrinks beyond its yield point as the interface remains attached. The factors affecting cracking thus involve variables that have an impact on other variables and so on. The authors help readers sort out these many variables and better understand the causes of premature cracking failure through a discussion of epoxy coatings for WBT. Topics include the tank substrate and early cracking, internal stress by the curing, early film formation shrinkage, thermal-induced stress, the swelling of coatings by water immersion, and adhesion versus cohesion. One sidebar considers epoxy chemistry; another sidebar details the relationship of the binder to cracking. The authors conclude that coating cracks are caused by a lost volume of the polymer from various sources. A combination of thermal stress, structural stress, and internal stress is related to the chemical structures of the coatings and under what conditions they are applied.


The scientificalness of co-word clustering analysis is questioned due to its exclusiveness and sensitivity during the clustering process.Co-word matrix,which is a collection of co-word frequencies,has a decisive effect on the clustered words and can counteract the disadvantages of clustering algorithm.Based on the case study,we hold that co-word matrix contributes to the correction and maturity judgment of clustered words.


Abstract:
We respond to a paper entitled "When morphology meets molecular data in crinoid phylogeny: a challenge" by giving an account of our understanding of the relations between morphology-based classification and molecular phylogeny. We then comment on ten passages from the challenge paper, briefly explaining why we consider each to be incoherent or wrong. Finally we comment critically on the unorthodox treatment of heterochrony revealed in that paper, and in other papers by the same authors. Our discussion includes observations on the role of heterodox thinking, and the importance of not giving standard terms cryptic, unorthodox meanings.

Resume :
Phylogenie des Crinoides : reponse a un defi. Nous repondons au papier intitule "When morphology meets molecular data in crinoid phylogeny: a challenge" en expliquant notre comprehension des relations entre la classification morphologique et la phylogenese moleculaire. Puis nous commentons dix extraits du papier, en expliquant brievement pourquoi nous considerons comme incoherent ou inexact dans chaque extrait. Enfin, nous critiquons le traitement heterodoxe de l'heterochronie dans l'article et dans d'autres papiers de ces memes auteurs. Notre debat porte sur le role de la pensee heterodoxe et l'importance de ne pas donner aux termes standards des significations enigmatiques ou heterodoxes.


Abstract The reaction of silylating agents (BSA-TMCS) and phosphatidyl serines leads to the formation of 1,2-diglyceride trimethylsilyl (TMSi) ethers, along with small amounts of related 1,3-diglyceride trimethylsilyl ethers. The major product from a bovine phosphatidyl serine fraction was found to be 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol TMSi ether (the isomeric structure 1-oleoyl-2-stearoylglycerol TMSi ether may also be present). Related diglycerides were also found as products. The reaction products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mechanism of the reaction is unknown, but it provides a way of studying the composition of phosphatidyl serine fractions without prior enzymic or chemical hydrolysis.


Background/Aims: The cells constituting a bioartificial liver are crucial for an effective liver support system. We compared global gene expression profiles in a radial flow bioreactor or a monolayer culture of three functional liver cell lines previously established from human hepatocellular carcinoma.


Objective To discuss the care measures and effect of perioperative about elderly patients with hemiarthroplasty.Method People's hospital of Boluo,from October 2007 to October 2009,treated by hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with clinical data of 54 patients were analyzed retrospectively.Result The group of 54 patients discharged from hospital after surgery,when weight-bearing without pain,normal activities of the hip in all directions,walking strong.The effect of total hip arthroplasty evaluation,excellent in 37 cases,good in 13 cases and poor in 4 patients.The mean hospitalization time was 19d,get out of bed time for 6d.Not care complications occurred.Conclusion Hemiarthroplasty and effective nursing measures to prevent the occurrence of complications to ensure the successful completion of surgery,and reduce the postoperative hospitalization time and bed time.


Barber, Marilyn, and Watson, Murray. Invisible Immigrants: The English in Canada since 1945. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2015, 255 pp., CAN$27.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8875-5777-4. Black, David R. Canada & Africa in the New Millennium: The Politics of Consistent Inconsistency. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2015, 200 pp., CAN$42.99 (paper), ISBN 978-1-7711-2060-9. Le Fustec, Claude. Northrop Frye and American Fiction. Frye Studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015, 170 pp., CAN$55.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-4426-4769-5. Levine, Allan. Toronto: Biography of a City. Madeira Park: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2014, 354 pp., CAN$36.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-7710-0022-2. Mannik, Lynda, and McGarry, Karen, eds. Reclaiming Canadian Bodies: Visual Media and Representation. Cultural Studies Series. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2015, 272 pp., CAN$48.99 (paper), ISBN 978-1-5545-8983-8. McCallum, Todd. Hobohemia and the Crucifixion Machine: Rival Images of a New World in 1930s' Vancouver. Fabriks: Studies in the Working Class Series. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2014, 249 pp., CAN$29.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-9268-3628-7. McDonald, Bob. Canadian Spacewalkers: Hadfield, MacLean and Williams Remember the Ultimate High Adventure. Madeira Park: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2015, 192 pp., CAN$29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-7716-2044-4. Melnyk, George. Film and the City: The Urban Imaginary in Canadian Cinema. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2014, 308 pp., CAN$29.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-9273-5659-3. Parker, Gilbert. The Seats of the Mighty. Early Canadian Literature Series. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2015, 392 pp., CAN$24.99 (paper), ISBN 978-17711-2044-9. Young, Brian. Patrician Families and the Making of Quebec: The Taschereaus and McCords. Studies on the History of Quebec Series. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014, 330 pp., CAN$34.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-7735-4436-9. Zyla, Benjamin. Sharing the Burden?: Nato and Its Second-Tier Powers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015, 269 pp., CAN$37.95 (paper), ISBN 978-14426-1559-5. American Review of Canadian Studies, 2015 Vol. 45, No. 2, 255, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2015.1045202


This short commentary on citation of Ethiopian names in the literature was first written as a response to a query I received from an Ethiopian graduate student in Germany in 2009. Having noticed that only so few of the Ethiopian names that he knew were correctly portrayed in the scientific literature, i.e., some use their full names (given name attached to father's name), most use (or are forced to use) their fathers's or grandfather's name as surname, and also having noticed the small note on my home page, the student asked about the "correct way" of citing Ethiopian names in the scientific literature. A reply was duly sent and a short note about it was also published on the " AddisArt and Culture " website. Since this website is not functional at the moment, I am also now posting it on this website, after making some revisions, to serve the broader community of authors, editors, publishers, readers, etc. Ethiopians receive usually one name (rarely two or more) at birth. This name is attached to the biological father's name (rarely other names other than the biological father's name are also used) and, together, it becomes a "binomial," a two-name system, used to describe a particular individual. For instance,  Abebe Bikilla  is the name of an individual whose father's name is  Bikilla . Let us assume that  Abebe Bikilla  now has his own child and he named him  Belete .   Belete Abebe will be the full name of  Abebe 's child. Let us assume again that both  Abebe Bikilla  and  Belete Abebe  publish articles in scholarly journals. If these individuals use their names as is, we have no problems of telling who wrote what but how are they going to be differentiated if the journal decided to use family or surname? In most European and American literature that we see today,  Abebe Bikilla  would be addressed as  Bikilla, A . etc., and  Belete Abebe  would be referred to as  Abebe, B . etc., assuming that both  Bikilla  and  Abebe  are surnames, which they are not. There is a lot of confusion in the scientific literature concerning the way Ethiopian names have been used. The confusion would also be compounded when there are many other first names in the literature with, for example  Bikilla and  Abebe  appended as father or grandfather names, e.g.,  Afework Bikilla  would be addressed in the literature as  Bikilla, A ., etc. How does one know whether  Bikilla, A . is  Abebe Bikilla  or Afework Bikilla  unless one is familiar with the work of one or both of these people? Ethiopians do not have a family name "which is inherited from one generation to another as in most western nationalities." They usually do not have a middle name either. What appear as middle names are usually names appended to the given names at baptism. A variant of a 'surname' or a prefix, often as  Ato ,  Weizero  (abbreviated as  W/ro , for married women) and  Weizerit (abbreviated as  W/t , for unmarried women) [so and so], with  Ato  meaning Mr.,  W/ro  meaning Mrs. and  W/t  meaning Miss, exists, however, but this is often used to respectfully address individuals in official documents or in written and verbal communications. In cases where two individuals have the same name (i.e. given and father name the same), the grandfather name would be appended to each of the names for purposes of ready identification on essential documents. Names that look like "polynomials" may be encountered as Ethiopian names, e.g.,  Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher  (correctly written as  Tewolde-Berhan Gebre-Egziabher ) is given for an individual called  Tewolde-Berhan , whose father's name is  Gebre-Egziabher ,  Berhane-Marcos Tadesse  is a name given to an individual called  Berhane-Marcos , whose father's name is Tadesse . Names like these are often mutilated in the scientific literature. It is not uncommon to hear Dr.  Tewolde-Berhan  addressed in scientific meetings as Dr.  Egziabher , which chuckles Ethiopians when they hear it for the first time, as Dr.  Egziabher  is translated, in the  Amharic language, as Dr. "God." In names like these, the first two words are often connected by a hyphen. The hyphenated word denotes a single name. Hence  Tewolde-Berhan  is the son of an individual called  Gebre-Egziabher . The word used as a prefix or suffix, in such names, is given at baptism, with a certain meaning attached to it. In order to rid the scientific literature of this type of confusion, Ethiopian scientists addressed the issue in a book edited by R. K. Brummitt and C. E. Powell (1992), titled "Authors of Plant Names," published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, wherein similar surname problems in the Cyrillic and Chinese names as well as compound names of Spanish or Portuguese origin and prefixes in Dutch, Belgian, South African and other names were also raised. As a consequence of publication of this book, for Ethiopian names, the "operative name used in the context of authorship of plant names" has now been established to be the given name. Similar attempts were made to use the given name followed by the father's name without a separating comma or transposition of the two words in a name in the context of authorship of scholarly articles. However, there continues to appear the usual problem associated with Ethiopian names. Finally, in order to lessen the confusion and to establish a standardized system, I would like to urge all Ethiopian authors to use their names as close to the original as possible in all their publications. The responsibility to do so and to assert the right of use rests with them. They need to correct any errors of transpositions they see in galley proofs and to point out these errors to the editors of journals. Similarly, I would also like to advise all editors and publishers to use Ethiopian names as provided by the authors themselves and not to look for a "family" or "surname" in Ethiopian names, as there are none. Mesfin Tadesse, Ph. D. The Ohio State University


Regarding President Cox's article (September 1978 EOS, page 835):

AGU membership and services have always been 'accessible' to women. Some of us have been members and recipients of benefits therefrom for more years than most present male members. Nonetheless, except for the challenging support of a few civilized members who have also been leaders in AGU, in our daily work and association with male colleagues we have been made to feel unwelcome, unwanted, intrusive, and downright inferior. This attitude has been doubly reinforced in AGU publications and AGU efforts to acquire and retain for members taxpayer (female and male) money for the support of male geophysicists. All protestations to the contrary, such efforts have of necessity been political. We love our work, and thanks to millions of less fortunate humans who pay the bill, we are allowed to pursue it in relative comfort.


Abstract International model comparisons of cloud-climate feedbacks have typically been restricted to assessing only the radiative effect of changes in clouds and have not attempted to explain the mechanisms for differences in cloud feedbacks. This paper uses different versions of the U.K. Meteorological Office GCM run at the Hadley Centre to illustrate the usefulness of a detailed comparison of microphysical cloud properties in understanding cloud feedback mechanisms and their effect on the regional distribution of the predicted warming in simulations of climate change. The inclusion of interactive cloud radiative properties explains much of the difference in the spatial patterns of cloud feedback and leads to a marked difference in the response of the large-scale circulation and in the resulting meridional gradient of surface temperature changes. In the model versions that include interactive radiative properties, the strength of the related feedback is determined by the water path of the cloud in the c...


An accurate calculation of the elastic electron scattering intensity for H2(x1 Sigma g+) in the first Born approximation using the Davidson-Jones wavefunction is reported and compared with intensities based on simpler wavefunctions as well as recent experimental data.