Abstract—RSA cryptography is an asymmetric communication protocol, and, AES is the most used symmetric-key cryptography protocol, both are facing cryptanalysis attacks.. The most famous key exchange protocol is Diffie-Hellman; but it has an issue of Logjam attack that allows man-in-middle attack in Diffie-Hellman. Thus, we combine RSA, AES, and Diffie-Hellman algorithm to provide security on the key exchange protocol, called next generationDH or ngDH. Our key objective is to provide security to the Diffie-Hellman Algorithm. Therefore, ngDH does not share the data publicly with the intended party. Instead, ngDH encrypts all shareable data in the time of key exchange by encrypting using the AES algorithm. ngDH uses the RSA algorithm and retrieves the public key to avoid a man-in-the-middle attack. Thus, we demonstrate how to provide security to the Diffie-Hellman algorithm to defeat various kinds of attacks. Index Terms—Cryptography, RSA cryptography, Diffie-Hellman, Symmetric, Asymmetric, Public key, Encryption, Attacks, Security, Networking, Communication.


We consider static, spherically‐symmetric and stationary, axially‐symmetric gravitational fields in the framework of harmonic mappings of Riemannian manifolds. In this approach the emphasis is on a correspondence between the solution of the Einstein field equations and the geodesics in an appropriate Riemannian configuration space. Using Hamilton–Jacobi techniques, we obtain the geodesics and construct the resulting space–time geometries. For static space–times with spherical symmetry we obtain the well‐known solutions of Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordstrom, and Janis–Newman–Winicour, where in the latter two cases the source for the geometry is the static, source‐free Maxwell field and the massless scalar field respectively. When we consider the source to be a triad of massless scalar fields with the internal symmetry SU(2) × SU(2), we find that the space–time geometry is once again that of Janis–Newman–Winicour. Finally we formulate the stationary, axisymmetric gravitational field problem in terms of compo...


Abstract This research examines the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) in an online geographic information systems (GIS) course for adult learners. Adults expect to take greater control of their learning and tend to be self-directed. Students are encouraged to take an active role as problem-solvers in PBL courses. The effectiveness of PBL in face-to-face courses has been shown. Effectiveness in online courses is demonstrated in this study. The performance and experiences of students and instructor in two online courses are compared. The results show that PBL can be more engaging than traditional methods, making PBL-GIS a good choice for an online adult audience.


Oak Ridge National Laboratory prepares a report annually as mandated by the Toxic Substances Control Act that summarizes records required of owners/operators of facilities where PCBs are in use. This report provides information on PCB and PCB-contaminated equipment in use or removed from service and PCB wastes generated, stored, and shipped off-site for treatment and disposal during calendar year 1987. 3 refs; 11 tabs.


The Academy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have collaborated with four other leading medical associations to call upon schools and communities to recognize the health and educational benefits of healthy eating for children.

In a new statement, Promoting Healthy Eating Behaviors: The


Increase the level of trust in organizations, increase jobs and improve staff shall comfort. The distrust, suspicion of others and lack of confidence in the people. The result of this lack of trust, lack of disruption in the formation of relationships and collective cooperation. This study tries confidence and masters students of Islamic Azad University of Khomeinishahr officials to review. The results show that, 88.5% of respondents believed the lower average level of integrity in speech and behavior of officials and faculty and 79.8%, while medium and low confidence in the officials and university professors believe, they are just doing their job to moderate and low. 87% believe that the level of cooperation and assistance is low. Also, more than half of the respondents believe that the high and very high levels, there is a pretense and hypocrisy on the campus. Also, more than half of the respondents were high and very high levels, religion and social ethics as a solution.


The uptake capacity of six natural local clays and one synthetic resin for thorium and uranium was determined at optimum pH values, fine mesh size of the clay and maximum time of uptake. The capacity of clay-4 was found to be 30 meg/100 g for Th4+, and 14 meg/100 g for . Precise estimation of uranium and thorium was made using a developed spectrophotometric method. Static and dynamic studies have been carried out. Kinetic studies on the ion exchange behaviour of thorium and uranium revealed two processes, a fast uptake mechanism at low pH due to ionic species and a slow one at higher pH due to polymeric species.


The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of changes of the dominant paradigm in sociology of media sociology. The study is conducted on the basis of paradigmatic analysis of science of Th. Kuhn and system approach. The conclusion is that it is necessary to develop the research of mass communication on the basis of the theory of social space of P. Bourdieu.


A list of Carl W. Condit's publications offers more than the evidence of an active career in scholarship; it provides insight into the workings of a powerful intellect fueled by genuine curiosity. For more than forty years Condit has explored a vast realm of inquiry. From his landmark volumes on American skyscraper construction and Chicago commercial architecture to his recent studies of the railway systems of Cincinnati and the greater New York environs to his critical analyses of structural form, urban development, and modern aesthetics, one element unifies this extraordinary diversity--Condit's continuing fascination with the interactive development of advancing technology and the shape of the man-made environment. As a writer, and as a teacher, Condit exhibits a rare balance of the humanist and the scientist. He welcomes changes in our world with enthusiasm and inquisitiveness, but he challenges those changes in light of the lessons of history. Throughout his long and ongoing investigation of culture evolving in a technological society, Condit never loses sight of the human position: its scale, its condition, and its spirit. His work provides a dialectical discourse on people and their world. As he charts the course of modern structural form and engineering, he traces the growth of modern values and human concerns. The range of Condit's subjects attracts a wide public. His readers include students and scholars of architectural history and technology, practitioners of architecture and engineering, historic preservationists, and railroad buffs. Throughout his career as a writer Condit has published in varied forums, indicating his own acknowledgment of his diverse audience. His books, his numerous entries in dictionaries and encyclopedias, and his essays in scholarly collections have been of great value to student and professional alike. To present his ideas with force and clarity to this multifaceted public, Condit demonstrates his belief that good writing is an essential component of sound scholarship. He never burdens his language with


The critical success factors of a project are defined as the areas of activity that should receive constant and careful attention from management...


Introduction: building a garrret in the ivory tower 1. From imagination to creativity 2. Disciplinary origins 3. Workshop poetics 4. Creative Writing in Australia 5. Negotiating Theory 6. What is a literary intellectual? Conclusion: towards a sociological poetics


In this paper, we present two stochastic methods, to identify the parameters of a physical process with unbiased estimates based on whitening error of prediction. These methods incorporate a recursive procedure that makes successive corrections in determining, a linear mathematical model, based on the data of observation, to represent the system considered. The ARMA model is a typical example. Several tests of simulation were carried out to show the abilities of the least mean squares algorithm LMS and stochastic Newton algorithm. An application is provided then to identify the parameters of AR model corresponding to the speech signal. Key-Words: Modeling, Identification, Unbiased estimator, Newton method, Gradient method, Speech signal.


This article explores the notion of "citizenship" from the theoretical context deployed by ecological problems, taking into account the findings and challeng...


We describe electrolyte design for bipolar electrochemical growth and patterning of a range of materials on an electrically floating substrate using the scanning bipolar cell (SBC). In the SBC, bipolar electrodeposition is driven by local potential variation generated beneath a rastering microjet anode connected to a far-field cathode. Metal reduction occurs beneath the microjet when the substrate is approached, provided the electrolyte possesses a suitable reducing agent that undergoes oxidation across the substrate far-field. We use a series of metal reduction reactions (Ni, Cu, Au, Ag) that cover a wide range of nobility, and couple them to the oxidation of ascorbic acid or ferrous ion, depending upon the metal used. The reversibility or irreversibility of the local metal reduction reaction dictates details of the required electrolyte thermodynamics. For irreversible deposits (Ni, Au), there is a wide thermodynamic operating window for the bipolar counter reaction. Reversible deposits that are easily etched (Cu, Ag) have tight thermodynamic windows; deposit stability requires the use of metastable electrolytes. We provide a simple scaling relationship that incorporates the electrolyte thermodynamics, interfacial charge transfer kinetics, and SBC operating conditions, then demonstrate its use through a 10X reduction in the spatial dimensions of local nickel reduction chemistry. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: email@example.com. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0031612jes] All rights reserved.


As an improvement method, experience-based co-design (EBCD) is premised on creating better quality experiences and systems of health care. Distinguishing features of EBCD are the way in which experience is
central to the identification of and goals for improvements; and combined with participatory action research and design thinking approaches leading to the co-creation of improvements. Commonly shared challenges from completed EBCD studies include: the need to explore power dynamics; commitment to the process; methods to gather experience data; the design of improvements; and variations in implementation and subsequent impact. We discuss these challenges in the context of five
examples from Australia. We offer a contribution to the international discussion on developing the next level of maturity to build on the acknowledged and agreed importance of collaborating with service users and staff to improve health care.


The transient responses of polymer melts in vibration force field have been measured with the capillary dynamic rheometer, and the effects of the vibration parameters (vibration frequency and amplitude) on polymer meltÂ's viscoelasticity have been presented and discussed


In many areas of daily life (e.g. in e-commerce or social networks), massive amounts of data are collected and stored in databases (for future use). Even though the specific information contained in the collected data may already be interesting, more general insights into the data would be more useful. Clearly, a data analysis should aim for a discovery of such pieces of knowledge, but a human inspection becomes less and less feasible to do as the databases become more and more unmanageable. To this end, the KDD process (short for ``Knowledge Discovery in Databases'') provides the tools for a semi-automatic data analysis. Data mining, which is the main component of the KDD process, searches the explicit facts for regularities which represent pieces of knowledge. Usually, these regularities are formulated as local patterns which describe only local characteristics of the data or as global models which explain the whole data. In our work, we will concentrate on local patterns and global models that may be used to predict a feature of interest or class attribute for future and unknown data. Interestingly, predictive local patterns may be used to obtain global predictions in two ways. The integrative approach treats the local patterns as building blocks and builds with their help a global model. The decoding approach aggregates the predictions of the local patterns into a single global prediction. While both approaches are promising, the question, how local patterns may be employed for global modelling, has not been answered satisfactorily yet. To this end, we consider three important aspects of this question in this work.

The first aspect is, how may a set of local patterns be employed to obtain optimal global predictions. The LeGo framework (an acronym for ``from \textbf{l}ocal patt\textbf{e}rns to \textbf{g}lobal m\textbf{o}dels'') provides an approach to answer this question. It divides the data mining process into three subsequent steps: the local pattern discovery generates a set of local patterns, the pattern set discovery step selects a smaller subset from the set of local patterns, and the global modelling employs the reduced pattern set to build a global model. There are many methods available for each step. So, we employ a selection of methods for each step and evaluate their performances with respect to the first considered aspect empirically.

The second aspect is, how may a set of local patterns be utilised to obtain optimal class probabilities. Often class probabilities may be more useful than a simple prediction as they may be used as a confidence measure in the prediction (e.g. in voting schemes). We divide this aspect into two sub tasks: the probability estimation and the probability aggregation. The probability estimation calculates class probabilities given a single local pattern. For this task, we consider basic probability estimation methods and shrinkage which is a technique to smooth the basic probability estimations. Furthermore, we examine the effect of the local pattern discovery on the quality of the probability estimation. The probability aggregation decodes the probability estimations of multiple patterns into a single probability estimation. For this purpose, we evaluate the performances of a selection of aggregation methods.

The third aspect is, how may a set of local patterns be transformed into a compact and understandable model. Usually, local pattern sets are hard to interpret and their utilisation for prediction necessitates additional efforts (e.g. voting schemes). These issues may be solved at once if the local patterns are employed to obtain a global model. To this end, we introduce rule stacking, which is a novel approach for global modelling. Rule stacking advances the standard stacking approach in two aspects: the meta data generation and the additional retransformation of the meta model. In this way, we obtain a compressed and interpretable global model that is directly applicable to future data.


Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of left atrial appendage occlusion on the left atrial function and hemodynamic properties of the mitral valves and left upper pulmonary veins. Methods The self-made left atrial appendage occluder (SLAAO) was implanted into 10 pigs surgically. Transthoracic echocardiography at pre-operation, one, two and four weeks follow-up were reviewed to measure left atrial (LA) dimension, peak mitral valve (MV), A-wave peak velocity and time velocity integral (TVI),LA ejection fraction (LAEF),LA flow fraction,LA stroke volume, peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities in the left upper pulmonary vein (LUPV) and stability of the device. Results Eight pigs were completed pre-operation, 1, 2 and 4 weeks of follow-up and compared with pre-operation: LAEF (70.8%, 69.5%, 68.0% and 70.2%, respectively, P0.05); LA stroke volume (6.37±0.37, 6.19±0.47,6.36±0.51 and 6.41±0.32 ml, respectively); peak MV A-wave velocity (69.51,73.26,66.63,66.84 cm/s , respectively); E-wave velocity (87.08,91.57,88.14,91.34 cm/s, respectively); peak systolic pulmonary vein (PV) (62.48,68.37,64.72,64.82 cm/s, respectively) and diastolic flow velocities in the D wave of PV (64.45,66.62,64.78,69.3 cm/s, respectively). The data showed no significant difference in all the perioda (all P0.05). The device remained stable with almost no residual flow around them. Conclusions The SLAAO achieved an adequate seal of the neck of the left atrial appendage without significant influence on the LA function, MV and PV blood flow in short term. Long term safety and effect need further study.


Arthistorical citation is one among several aspects of temporal orientation involving painting of the Song dynasty (960– 1279). Historiographic formulations, modern and historical, variously point to divisions between the Song and later eras of painting, recognitions of the new, and movement toward endpoints of development. Song court paintings may reference presentand futuredirected inaugurations, omen events, and dynastic legacies. Poetic paintings from many Song social arenas often convey passage through time and place. Song scholarofficials directly engaged the problematic of making painting poetic, producing complexly intermingled sequences of imagery and texts, of viewing and reading experiences, and of time, memory, and history within an aesthetic of indeterminacy. Discussions of arthistorical citation in painting of the Song dynasty (960– 1279) open onto broader questions of temporal orientation, both in historiographic discourse and in Song painting practices.1 The following notes explore three arenas of temporality in Song painting, beginning with a consideration of historiographic accounts and images of Songera painting, modern and historical, and evidence of historical consciousness in Song art writing. Examples of past, present, and futuredirectedness, primarily in Song court or dynastic painting, are followed by an account of issues of time, sequence, and experience implicated in poetrypainting conjunctions associated with Song scholarofficial or literati culture. Historiographic Imaginaries Max Loehr famously and aphoristically characterized Song painting in the following terms: "The Song painter, using his style as a tool, tackles the problem of how to depict mountains and water; the Yuan painter, using mountain and water as his media, tackles the problem of creating a style."2 A few things must be noted, and probably questioned, about even so concise a formulation: the understanding of Song and Yuan (1279– 1368) as coherent, legible units, or objects of arthistorical analysis; the reduction of Song and Yuan painting at large to landscape painting; the interest in style and representation; and the problem/linkedsolution– centered The online version of this article includes digital features that enhance the print version. 62 ARS Orientalis 49 terminology that we might relate to theorists such as E.H. Gombrich and George Kubler in the period when Loehr was writing.3 In such ways we might historicize art history. We certainly could address the limitations of such formulations, whether by recognizing the continuities between Song and Yuan painting or by complicating the component elements of analysis, including not just landscape painting but also other modes and genres— BuddhistDaoist, courtlydynastic, scholarofficial— at the very least. We should also acknowledge, however, that some unitary conception of Song painting is not just a modern arthistorical or pedagogical construct. Such a conception appears in late imperial art discourses, as when Orthodoxschool painters and critics discuss the achievement of Great Synthesis (da cheng 大成) as some joining of conceptualized Song and Yuan qualities. To quote the version of this formulation by Wang Hui 王翬 (1632– 1717): "I must use the brush and ink of the Yuan to move the peaks and valleys of the Song, and infuse them with the qiyun breathresonance of the Tang [618– 907]. I shall then have a work of the Great Synthesis."4 What Wang Hui meant by those dynastic/categorical terms was perhaps not so distant from Loehr's understanding: some respective sense of Song representational primacy and Yuan formal/stylistic elements predominating (leaving the Tang aside in this context). As discussed in a recent study by Chenghua Wang, a related notion of the transition from Song to Yuan as a pivotal arthistorical point of division, with Song painting associated with a form of realism and Yuan painting with personal expression, also operated widely in the discourse of early twentiethcentury art and cultural politics.5 While the precise terms of period characterization might differ from era to era, the Song and postSong divide, to state it more broadly, does continue to operate in Chinesepainting studies at least on a macro level, with arthistorical art falling mostly on the postSong side of the divide. What is most commonly meant by postSong arthistorical painting is primarily rhetorical or dialectical uses of artistic identity or school formations outside the immediate environment of production, which can be combined, juxtaposed, or counterposed to form pictorial statements or positions that can be variously about art history itself, the formal elements of painting, or the values of interest groups or social classes. Even so broad a characterization risks downplaying significant strains of arthistorical painting in the Song. We can observe briefly, to reference several wellstudied cases, that some kinds of Song arthistorical art were conservative in the sense of reproductive (Huizong 宋徽宗, r. 1100– 1126, Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk; after Gu Hongzhong 顧閎中, 937– 975, Night Revels of Han Xizai), or were citational (Li Gonglin 李公麟, 1049– 1106, Pasturing Horses, after Wei Yan of the Tang), or at other times archaistic with rhetorical import (Qiao Zhongchang 喬仲常, active early 12th century, Illustration of Su Shi's Latter ProsePoem on the Red Cliff; Li Gonglin, Mountain Dwelling), among other variants, the full range of which is obscured by the proportionally massive losses from the Song painting corpus. Indeed the very diversity of Song arthistorical painting, even in its fragmentary survivals, also may serve as a reminder that the analytical, rhetorical, or intellectual arthistorical painting of the Yuan and after was only one side of a broader and equally arthistorical painting that could range from continuations of inherited school practices to adept reproductions of old paintings, to the historical fabrications of the Suzhou pian 蘇州片 (Suzhou forgeries), which in their own way were allusive recombinations of old styles.6 We might think of these in vernacular terms as hard and soft versions of art historicism— relatively rigorous and deliberate on one side, relatively passively imitative on the other. Both the practice of arthistorical reference in painting and historical consciousness pervaded the Song in court and scholarofficial circles alike. Importantly, the Song was an era of


Under four instances of static loading test,the bridge strain and flexibility was tested.The structural strength and the rigidity of the bridge were analyzed,and the carrying capacity of bridge was appraised.


"In collaboration with the Anindilyakwa Land Council, the Department of Land Resource Management conducted a Dugong aerial survey during November 2014 over 20,547 km2 of the Northern Territory's Gulf of Carpentaria region. This represents the fourth aerial survey of dugongs in the Northern Territory's GoC, the first survey being conducted in 1984. ... The survey was based on a strip transect design that accounts for biases in perception and availability of dugongs caused by turbid water and differences among observers. Additional transects were added to the previous Dugong aerial survey of 2007 to allow for a more detailed assessment of the coastal waters to the east of Groote Eylandt. Sampling intensity was 8% of the survey area." Executive summary


The interactions between mixtures of 2,2'-dibenzothiazole (MBTS), sulfur, ZnO, and stearic acid were studied by DSC in the presence of polyisoprene (IR). In the absence of ZnO, the onset of vulcanization was at a lower temperature than in its presnece, and the crosslink densities were relatively low. ZnO as well as stearic acid did not influence the consumption of MBTS, but the amount of MBT in the sample after vulcanization increased in the presence of ZnO and still more when ZnO and stearic acid were present—the same applied for the crosslink densities. In view of these results, interaction mechanisms are proposed for the different systems.


The diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) used in microelectronics should exhibit ferromagnetism mediated by delocalized electrons. Only Mn-doped GaN has passed this requirement, although the Curie temperature of this materials is at most 170 K, which is substantially lower than room temperature. Therefore, the development of a novel DMS with a higher Curie temperature is still an important issue. Recently, the potential of Cu-doped GaN has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. However, it is not clear why Cu shows ferromagnetism. Using first principles density functional calculations, this study shows that the onset of magnetism of Cu in GaN results from the tendency of electrons to leave anti-bonding states. The delocalized electrons, which can stabilize the ferromagnetic alignment of the Cu ions, are generated at the Fermi level due to the small difference in electronegativities between nitrogen and Cu ions. For comparison, localized electrons are formed in Mn-doped GaN due to the large difference in electronegativities. The difference in electronegativities between the anion and the transition-metal impurity is expected to be helpful in the design of new DMS materials.


Compass satellite navigation and positioning system is a new generation of independently developed satellite navigation system in China. In this paper, it establishes pseudorange error model by Compass navigation and positioning system. Then it deduces and analyses the geometric error factor of the system. And the navigation and positioning accuracy of the system is analysed. The improved algorithms is proposed. Accordingly, coputational efficiency of accuracy factor and the calculation of the stability is improved.


The nutritional importance of fish and its potential in the production of products processed with high value added, is one of the biggest challenges is to develop from production the sustainable processes that maintain for their functional quality. Tilapia was used to prepare surimi by traditional method and ultrasound (40 kHz, 150 W, 15 min). The effect of ultrasound was determinated on the ATP-ase activity, functional and structural properties of surimi. Ultrasound did not affect water holding capacity and cohesiveness, but increased: ATP-ase activity (77.8%), protein content (16.94%), hardness (14.83%), elasticity (2.82%), chewiness (13.74%) and decreased moisture (2.00%). The surimi microstructure was less compact with ultrasound. The use of ultrasound in the obtaining of surimi reduced one wash cycle keeping the product quality.


A unitary $t$-design is a powerful tool in quantum information science and fundamental physics. Despite its usefulness, only approximate implementations were known for general $t$. In this paper, we provide for the first time quantum circuits that generate exact unitary $t$-designs for any $t$ on an arbitrary number of qubits. Our construction is inductive and is of practical use in small systems. We then introduce a $t$-th order generalization of randomized benchmarking ($t$-RB) as an application of exact $2t$-designs. We particularly study the $2$-RB in detail and show that it reveals self-adjointness of quantum noise, a new metric related to the feasibility of quantum error correction (QEC). We numerically demonstrate that the $2$-RB in one- and two-qubit systems is feasible, and experimentally characterize background noise of a superconducting qubit by the $2$-RB. It is shown from the experiment that interactions with adjacent qubits induce the noise that may result in an obstacle toward the realization of QEC.


The paper summarises current knowledge on ganglia of the wrist including the views of patients and doctors. The efficacy of available treatment options are discussed. Summary points are derived from the available knowledge with a referral protocol from primary care.


This paper examines the role of corporate image-making in the everyday life of organizations and its contribution to the mundane reproduction of discrimination. With British Airways as an example, it is argued that images found in corporate materials reflect the organization's construction of `male' and `female', `white' and `non-white', in distinct ways. Further, these images have profound consequences for the ways in which employees visualize themselves, their colleagues and their subordinates. This paper also shows how organizational images can restrict diversity by identifying certain organizational roles and positions with specific demographic characteristics. It is suggested that: (a) these various images have sanctioned and encouraged certain types of `male'/'female', `white'/'non-white' behavior, and implicitly prohibited others; and (b) these images can be linked to the exclusion of women and people of colour from positions of power, authority and prestige within the airline industry.


This paper presents the characteristics of Social Common Capital (SCC) and its role in the society of abundance. Also, it is explained why bamboo is regarded as the symbol of SCC. The society of abundance has three main characteristics. First, it should rest on the foundation of Institutionalism. Moreover, sustainable development without destruction of natural and cultural environments is required. Finally, the society of abundance should not only provide material richness, but also bring about the acceptance of ethical norms and affection toward natural and cultural environments. SCC is the social equipment sustaining the society of abundance. It can be said that bamboo might serve as an excellent example to exemplify how our society might attain sustainability and affluence, because bamboo is widely used for various ends such as the production of furniture or construction materials. Further-more, bamboo is also important in relation to the formation of Japanese arts and literature.


The needs and changing consumption habits that stem from the developments in the fields of science and technology have increased people's influence on the natural environment. As the human intervention in the environment increases, the environmental problems based on the deterioration of natural balance affect the life of all living creatures negatively. This study aims to determine the views of people living in Yozgat on environmental problems. It is a qualitative and descriptive study adopting the interview method. The study data were analyzed by the content analysis method. The sample of the study consists of 170 people living in Yozgat. According to the participants' opinions, the most critical environmental problems in Yozgat are garbage, waste, air, water and noise pollution, urbanization, and destruction of forests. The causes of these problems were expressed as lack of education, unconsciousness, and insensitivity. Participants suggested increasing environmental training activities, implementing supervision, and punishment to solve environmental problems. The participants' environmentally friendly behaviors were not to throw rubbish in the environment, to warn those who throw away, to intend to recycle, and to participate in environmental activities and organizations.


The use of less effective and efficient learning methods (conventional learning methods) with low student participation has an impact on student learning outcomes, low student interest in learning, students have difficulty concentrating in listening to explanations of material presented by the teacher. The purpose of this study was to determine the learning outcomes of PPKn students who were taught using a project-based learning model (PJBL) and without using a project-based learning model (PJBL) and to determine whether there was any influence of project-based learning models on student learning outcomes. This type of quantitative research is a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. Data collection techniques are observation, tests and documentation. The population is class XI with a sample of 70 students. Obtained tcount = 5.926 ttable = 199547, so there is an influence of the Project Based Learning learning model on student learning outcomes


This brief article aims to clarify certain problems concerning the modification of bituminous binders under the influence of mechanical action during the preparation of pavement mixtures. The aspects approached are: the types of bitumen to be mixed with polymers; the risk of the breakdown of polymers at temperatures over 200 deg C as well as the difficulty of mixing them below 120 deg C; and the control of the mixing cycle to obtain an optimum product with regard to elasticity, cohesion, adhesion and thermal susceptibility. It is concluded that further research and acquisition of statistical data over time is necessary in order to identify new evaluation criteria for those binders. (Author/TRRL)


A monolithically integrated mode-locked laser diode system is presented. Pairs of 7.6 ps pulses are generated at 1550 nm. An integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator pulse-picker allows electronically tunable repetition rates from 14 GHz to 219 MHz.


This article is a response to the appeal of the historian Stanislav Nikolaevich Chernyavsky to readers, made in his monograph: "... the best reward for us will be if this work, written in a popular science genre, arouses interest in further research on the topic, and the author will be corrected and supplemented ... Any response is valuable, because it testifies that the work was not in vain "


An assessment of extreme wave characteristics during the design of marine facilities not only helps to ensure its safety but also the economic aspects. In this study, return levels for different periods are estimated using Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) based on the waverider buoy data spanning for eight years. The analysis is carried out for wind-sea, swell and total significant wave heights separately. Seasonality of prevailing wave climate is also considered in the analysis to provide return levels for short-term activities in the location. The study shows that Initial Distribution Method (IDM) underestimates return levels compared to that of GPD. Maximum return levels estimated by GPD corresponding to 100 years is 5.83 m for monsoon season (JJAS), and corresponding pre-monsoon (FMAM) and post-monsoon (ONDJ) values are 2.66 m and 4.28 m respectively. Intercomparison of return levels by block maxima and r-largest method for GEV theory shows that maximum return level for 100 years is 7.24 m by r-largest series followed by monthly maxima (6.18 m) and annual maxima (5.78 m) series. The analysis is also carried out to understand the sensitivity of the number of observation for GEV annual maxima estimates. It indicates that the variations in the standard deviation of the series caused by changes in the number of observation are positively correlated with the return level estimates.


The purpose of this study was to determine statistical differences in levels of student performance in ZlC English and Mathematics between six secondary school types in Zimbabwe. 5293 Form 2 students who wrote ZlC examinations in 33 secondary schools in 1989 participated in the study. As predicted, students in high fee paying schools performed better in both English and Mathematics than students in former group A, former group B (urban and rural), mission and rural district council schools.
While students in former group A schools performed better in English than students in mission, former group B (urban and rural), and rural district council schools, the situation in Mathematics was different. Students in mission schools performed significantly better ill Mathematics than their counterparts in former group A schools who performed significantly better than students in former group B (urban and rural) and rural district council schools.
Evidence from the study shows that students in former group B rural schools performed significantly better in English than students in former group B urban schools contrary to the postulated predictions A startling finding was that rural district council schools performed in Mathematics as well as fornter group B urban schools despite the critical shortages in human, financial and instructional resources constraining them.
Students in mission schools significantly did better in both English and Mathematics than their counterparts in former group B (urban and rural) and rural district council schools.
The evidence from this study strongly indicates that there are significant variations in the quality of secondary education in Zimbabwe dependent on the type of secondary school. As is evident from the characteristics of the school types, schools with sufficient provision of material and non-material inputs,, and with high teacher stability tend to produce better student results even though the resources might not be efficiently utilized to produce optimal student performance.


Technical developments in near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging have made it play a critical role in various fields of surgery. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a new type of fluorochrome that can stain tissues under the near-infrared fluorescence during surgery. Non-invasive imaging of the lymphatic vasculature for intraoperative diagnosis and assessment of function has been uniquely accomplished with NIR using indocyanine green (ICG). In this review, we mainly discuss the application of ICG fluorescent tracer in gastro-esophageal surgery. There are two main fields where ICG fluorescent tracer can be applied: intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy; video-angiography assessing vascular circulation in reconstructive surgery. Because ICG is still in its nascent stages, more studies need to be carried out to fully evaluate its potential.

Key words:
Indocyanine green; Near-infrared fluorescence; Gastro-esophageal surgery; Sentinel lymph node; Angiography


fungal cultures of blood were performed, and the patient began receiving empirical therapy with tobramycin, aztreonam, and vancomycin for presumed septic shock. Because of persistent complaints ofchest pain, serial levels ofcreatine phosphokinase and LDH isoenzymes were determined. The patient improved clinically over the next 24 hours and again started receiving parenteral pentamidine and prednisone without incident. The pressor and fluid support was discontinued, and serial echocardiograms and determinations of cardiac enzyme levels ruled out a myocardial infarction. On 10 June the WBC count fell to 7,000/mm (85% polymorphonuclear lymphocytes, 6%band forms, 4%lymphocytes, and 5%monocytes), and the BUN and creatinine levels decreased to 15 mg/dL and 0.9 mg/dL, respectively. The patient was transferred out of the intensive care unit <48 hours after admission. The rash and myalgias resolved slowly over the next few days. The conventional and fungal cultures of blood remained negative, and the empirical antibiotic therapy was stopped. He was treated with pentamidine for 14 days and discharged without further incident. Our patient's presentation mimicked that reported in the article by Kelly et al. [I] in that the patient had received high doses of parenteral TMP-SMZ '" 5 weeks before the rechallenge with oral TMP-SMZ. Our patient's prior reaction to TMP-SMZ was described as a rash only. On rechallenge with TMP-SMZ, the earliest clinical sign of reaction was a severe facial and truncal rash. He remained hemodynamically stable for the first few hours after the rash appeared, but then his condition rapidly deteriorated despite administration ofantihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine. Resolution of the symptoms was rapid, and there were no apparent sequelae. Although the immunochemistry of allergic reactions to sulfonamides is not fully elucidated, recent evidence suggests that some reactions to sulfonamides are IgE mediated [2, 3]. Gruchalla and Sullivan [4] reported that IgE to the SMZ determinant can be detected in patients with a history of allergic reactions to SMZ by using a multivalent hapten-carrier conjugate skin test. Although sulfonamide desensitization protocols have been used successfully for HIV-seropositive patients [5, 6], severe reactions have occurred during TMP-SMZ desensitization [7]. Unlike the patients described by Kelly et al. [I], our patient


Solving exercises and science problems promotes the developmentof abilities related with the elaboration of new operating schemesas the consolidation of structures that have been built along theschool work of the student. One of the aspects to be taken intoaccount in the development of structures is that one referred to theconceptualization of the measurement and units system. Throughthe analysis of some problematic situations faced by high schoolstudents of first year (almost 15 years old), higher level, we observethat there may be concepts in action and theorems in action,with their respective rules of action mostly related with thosebasic structures built in the mathematics field and with thosestrategies activated in daily life. The discrimination of the differenttype of decisions taken by the student while solving a problematicsituation, carried out on the light of the Theory of conceptualfields of Vergnaud, invites us to think over the differences inthe level of difficulty present in every magnitude as well as theneed of making a critical review of the equivalence concept.


Geminiviruses are small isometric particles which contain either one or two circular single stranded DNAs. The family Geminiviridae comprises of four genera: Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, Topocuvirus and Begomovirus. Among begomoviruses, one of the most important virus is TYLCV which infects an economically important food crop i.e. tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum), all over the world. TYLCV is also prevalent in different regions of India. Five samples from different tomato growing areas of Himachal Pradesh were collected for serological detection of TYLCV using DAS-ELISA. All samples reacted positively with the antisera. In further confirmation studies, CP (coat protein) gene based specific primer pairs for TYLCV were designed and tested. CP gene was amplified from two isolates and a 771 bp long CP sequence was amplified, sequenced and submitted to NCBI database (Ace no-KC253231). TYLCV, the test virus was confirmed to be a begomovirus on the basis of phylogenetic analysis while comparing it with other geminiviruses. On comparison with other Indian tomato leaf curl viral isolates, it was found to be closely related to Dharwad isolate (GI1160428) and not to native isolate (GI1244840), which indicates it's origin in other than North Indian region and evolution of a new viral strain.


The integrated ligand‐ and structure‐based drug design techniques have been applied on a homogeneous dataset of thiolactone‐class of potent anti‐malarials, to explore the essential structural features for the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum. Developed CoMFA (q2 = 0.716) and CoMSIA (q2 = 0.632) models well explained structure–activity variation in both the training (CoMFA R2 = 0.948 & CoMSIA R2 = 0.849) and test set (CoMFA R2pred = 0.789 & CoMSIA R2pred = 0.733) compounds. The docking and scoring of the most active compound 10 into the active site of high‐resolution (2.35 Å) structure of FabB‐TLM binary complex (PDB‐ID: 1FJ4) indicated that thiolactone core of this compound forms bifurcated H‐bonding with two catalytic residues His298 and His333, and its saturated decyl side group is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with the residues of a small hydrophobic groove, illustrating that the active site architecture, including two catalytic histidines and a small hydrophobic groove, is vital for protein–ligand interaction. In particular, the length and flexibility of the side group attached to the position 5 of thiolactone have been observed to play a significant role in the interaction with FabB enzyme. These results present scope for rational design of thiolactone‐class of compounds that could furnish improved anti‐malarial activity.


Arterial hypertension occurs in 40% of the Russian population and causes premature disability and mortality. The current treatment methods and preventive strategies for arterial hypertension are far from being optimal and their efficacy is not very high. Due to hypertensive patients' low compliance with treatment and healthy life style, we have proposed an educational programme based on informational and psychological techniques. Analysis of clinical efficacy of our medical technologies for hypertensive patients treated in day-time in-patient settings has shown their positive effects on behavior risk factors, improved psychoemotional status, restored vegetative balance, increased treatment compliance, a reduction in the number of hospitalization admitions to 75% and emergency calls to 92%.


Impurity control remains to be a challenge to titanium metal injection moulding (Ti-MIM). Much attention has been paid to polyethylene glycol (PEG) based binder systems due to the eco-friendly and water-soluble feature of PEG. In this study, a new easy-to-debind PEG/polypropylene carbonate (PPC)-based binder system (76% PEG+17% PPC+3% polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)+2% stearic acid (SA)+2% polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)) was developed. The rheological properties of the feedstocks prepared with the binder system in different proportions were assessed. Debinding behaviours of the moulded samples and impurity contents of oxygen (O), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) of the thermal debound specimens were investigated as well.


The structure and properties of the high angular momentum states in $sup 95$Tc up to 5605 keV of excitation have been investigated via measurements of excitation functions of $gamma$ ray singles and $gamma$$gamma$ coincidences following the $sup 93$Nb($alpha$,2n)$sup 95$TC*($gamma$) reaction with $alpha$- particle energies between 17 and 30 MeV. From these experiments and from high- resolution singles energy, angular-distribution, and Doppler-shift attenuation measurements, the position and the decay properties of many high angular momentum state in $sup 95$Tc have been determined. Eleven levels with J/sup $pi$/ values were confirmed, and 14 new levels with J/sup $pi$/ values are proposed. Other possible levels are also suggested. The measured angular distributions provided (i) branching ratios, (ii) J/sup $pi$/ assignments corroborated by deduced angular-distribution attenuation coefficients, level excitation functions and side-feeding yields, and (iii) multipole mixing ratios delta (E2/M1). Lifetimes for nine high-spin levels and limits for four additional ones were obtained by the Doppler-shift attenuation method from measurements with the $sup 93$Nb($alpha$,2n)$sup 95$Tc* ($gamma$) reaction at 18.5, 20.6, 23.6 and 26.7 MeV. The lifetimes were extracted from singles spectra taken 0$sup 0$ and 90$sup 0$ by examining the dependence on E/sub $alpha$/ of the effective level lifetime. For many transitions B(E2) and B(M1) values were obtained. The present results are compared with calculations based on the coupling of three-quasiparticle (g$sub 9$/ $sub 2$)$sup 3$ configurations to the quadrupole vibrations of the core, and remarkable agreement is observed for states up to only 19/2$sup +$$sub 1$. This model fails to explain the properties of the higher-spin states with J/sup $pi$/ greater than or equal to 21/2$sup +$.


The purpose of this paper is to show that we should dispense with the concept of immediate awareness, when it takes for its object the existence and nature of our sensations and images. The question of whether we are immediately aware of the existence and nature of our sensations and images cannot be answered in a reasonable manner unless we have a firm grip on the concept of immediate awareness. Philosophers who have employed it have usually employed it in such a way that the word "immediate" in the corresponding phrase "immediate awareness" describes both the nature of the awareness and how it came to have that nature. When it describes the nature of the awareness "immediate" means "incorrigible".


Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Valencia, Spain First of all, I want to congratulate Christine Anderson-Cook for her thought-provoking article. Undoubtedly, this article opens a promising field for statisticians involved in helping subject-matter experts of very different fields to improve their knowledge on the complex problems they are facing up. Data integration is one of the challenges that statisticians involved in real decision-making processes have to deal with. We are witnessing a ''data overload syndrome'' not only due to the increasingly amount of data that can be collected but also to the different data sources and knowledge approaches available that can be potentially useful for decision-making. Statistical science plays a key role in this process of making sense out of this mixture of sources of data and first-principles (knowledge-based) models. This is what ''meta-analysis'' is meant in this article. Some authors refer to this as ''grey models''; i.e., a combination of black (knowledge-based) and white (data-based) models. I quite agree with the author that the key points to proceed for successful data and models integration are (a) appropriate balance of uncertainty coming from stochastic measurement errors of measured data and bias introduced from muddy data and imperfect modeled theory and (b) good practices on managing data and model discrepancies by properly use of the deductive and inductive learning of the scientific process. As commented by George Box (1979): ''All models are wrong, but some are useful,'' so using inappropriate models may produce nonsensical (i.e., highly biased) results. Therefore, model validation is critical in these types of meta-analyses, and close scrutiny of models assumptions is required. If a Bayesian approach is considered (as the author encourages for this type of meta-analyses), influence of the priors on results should be studied. This can be particularly problematic if data are scarce because there may be not enough information to check models validity. Caution should be made to avoid overfitting, especially if Bayesian analysis is used. On the other hand, data quality is crucial for checking model adequacy and it can seriously affect the accuracy and the precision of the results. Data validation is also required, especially in these types of studies involving several sources of data collected under different conditions. Address correspondence to Alberto Ferrer, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and


In this paper magnetically-coupled human body communications (MHBC) is investigated. In human body communications (HBC) the human body is the transmission medium through which wireless sensors and actuators in, on or in close proximity to the human body exchange information. MHBC, unlike the more common galvanic and capacitive coupled HBC, is less affected by the proximity to the surrounding environment, with the exception of materials with high permeability. Therefore, MHBC offers tremendous potential for the implementation of personalised healthcare systems. In this work MHBC is investigated using finite element analysis through COMSOL. A communications scenario involving the human arm is explored for investigating transmission parameters. COMSOL simulation results demonstrate the MHBC technique and highlight the importance of finite element analysis as a powerful tool for investigating the performance of MHBC systems.


This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. and the Lloentlate In sa. . d The.l0ll' fna Weat aaden University, We.t lit thb study cllmaxes four yean of graduate work In psycholosy at Loyola Unlwnlty. Chicago. Illinol.. At .uch a ti_. the autber la wry _are of the help, inaplratlon. and encouraaaent reoeived from so many dlfterent people and In so many dlfterent ways. To ea. of these he Is deeply indebted. It b only po • • tble to _ntlon a fev by name. but to the lII&lV friends vlw have helped In Innuaerable ways the author often sinOlre thanlta. Connory. 5.J • • pnvinotal ot the Je.ult pnvinOl of Chlcap, for the oppor-tunl ty provided to pursue graduate studte. In payohol08l'. ae would also U1ce to thank. In a special way. his many Je.ult brothers for their encourage .nt and Inspiration. and Interest, his deep human values Joined with his scientific competence, haw been a .ource of encouragement, Inspiration, and friendship. 'or the .. tM author vl11 alway. bave deep gratitude. To Dr. tM author la deeply Indebted for hi. enCMlrageaent. advl 01, and friendship. Iv 'lna!ly, te hi. parents, Mr. and Mn. Francis J. lobb, the author is uniquely lndebted and grateful tor providing tbe ablo.phere and .ppor-tunitie. whleb have made hi. vocation and prote • • lon po • • lble ot real1.


The existing methods of assessing computer performance are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. Finally, possible future areas of study are indicated.


The iPad doesn't have a file system like your PC or Mac. This is one reason it's no substitute for a real computer. Each app has its own private storage area, even file-sharing services like Dropbox. I find that I need five e-book readers because their features differ, but I often want to read the same book in each. The result is that I end up with five copies of the book.


Unique to this book are the image galleries. Most textbooks include a limited number of images of the more common diagnoses (usually only one or two images), but this book includes a minimum of at least 5 images per diagnosis. Overall, the book includes over 2,431 stunning pathologic and radiographic images, along with several high-color medical illustrations. Each image is carefully annotated to highlight the elements that are most diagnostically significant.


We consider the generalized Fibonacci sequence {Un defined by U0 = 0, U1 = 1, and Un+2 = pUn+1+qUn for all n∈Z0+ and p, q∈Z+. In this paper, we derived various sums of the generalized Fibonacci sequence from their recursive relations.


gp91 (Nox2), the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating respiratory burst oxidase, is regulated by subunits p47 and p67. Nox1, a homolog of gp91, is regulated by NOXO1 and NOXA1, homologs of p47 and p67, respectively. For both Nox1 and gp91, an organizer protein (NOXO1 or p47) cooperates with an activator protein (NOXA1 or p67) to regulate the catalytic subunit. Herein, we investigate the subunit regulation of Nox3 compared with that of other Nox enzymes. Nox3, like gp91, was activated by p47 plus p67. Whereas gp91 activity required the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Nox3 activity was already high without PMA, but was further stimulated 30% by PMA. gp91 was also activated by NOXO1/NOXA1 and required PMA for high activity. gp91 regulation required an intact activation domain in the activator protein, as neither p67(V204A) nor NOXA1(V205A) were effective. In contrast, p67(V204A) was effective (along with p47) in activating Nox3. Unexpectedly, Nox3 was strongly activated by NOXO1 in the absence of NOXA1 or p67. Nox3 activity was regulated by PMA only when p47 but not NOXO1 was present, consistent with the phosphorylation-regulated autoinhibitory region in p47 but not in NOXO1. Deletion of the autoinhibitory region from p47 rendered this subunit highly active in the absence of PMA toward both gp91 and Nox3, and high activity required an activator subunit. The unique regulation of Nox3 supports a model in which multiple interactions with regulatory subunits stabilize an active conformation of the catalytic subunit.


China's basic education has undergone several reforms, and the new round of curriculum reform has vigorously promoted the policy of "core literacy" and cultivating high-quality talents in all aspects. Project-based teaching is a teaching mode that takes students as the main body and lets students practice in real problem situations. It plays a very important role in promoting students' problem-solving ability, developing innovative consciousness and implementing "subject core literacy". Based on Chinese characteristics, this paper takes "handmade ancient soap making" as the project theme, disassembles the task, design the teaching process, and briefly describes the application of Chinese project-based teaching in high school chemistry practice teaching


Two formal and very general aspects which condition and organize
either the fiction and the narration stand out in the novel Beatus ille by the
Spanish writer Antonio Munoz Molina. On one hand, the main plot follows
the pattern of the detective-story genre. During his stay in Magina in 1969,
the main character, Minaya, a young anti-Franco student, becomes more
and more interested in the past of Manuel, his uncle, and Jacinto Solana, a
friend of his uncle's in the years of the Spanish Civil War. The more his
interest in these two men grows, the more he gets involved in their past, to
the extent of his merging with the recent history of Spain. On the other
hand, an outstanding formal aspect in Beatus ille is that the narration is
made from the standpoint of a character of the fiction whose identity is not
known until the novel is close to its end. This narrative strategy accounts
for the paralelism between Solana and Minaya, the backbone which provides
support for the various esential components of the fiction and even for the
mythpoietic dimension of such components.


In the warm dense regime of hydrogen plasma where the ions and the electrons are strongly coupled, few theoretical models for equation of state (EOS) exist which are accurate enough and simple to implement. In the recent past, we have developed a method for calculating the Helmholtz free energy of a mixture of ions and electrons by combining the orbital-free quantum hypernetted chain (QHNC) method with perturbation theory treating the electron-ion interaction as a perturbation over a reference system of one component plasma (OCP) and uniform electron gas (UEG). However, it was assumed that electrons were at zero Kelvin and a crude formula for the free energy of the UEG was used. This limited the applicability of the method to a small density-temperature regime. In the present work, a finite temperature extension to the orbital-free QHNC theory is derived and is employed in the perturbation theory we developed. Also, an accurate formula given by Ichimaru is used for the free energy of the UEG. EOS, ionic, and electronic structures of fully ionized hydrogen plasma are obtained using the improved method for a wide range of densities and temperatures in the warm and hot dense plasma regimes. The results of the present method are in excellent agreement with those of simulation data for pressures above 1Mbar. It is observed that, above 5 eV, the reference system, i.e., the OCP + UEG, gives the most dominant contribution to EOS and the contribution of perturbation terms is limited to 5%.In the warm dense regime of hydrogen plasma where the ions and the electrons are strongly coupled, few theoretical models for equation of state (EOS) exist which are accurate enough and simple to implement. In the recent past, we have developed a method for calculating the Helmholtz free energy of a mixture of ions and electrons by combining the orbital-free quantum hypernetted chain (QHNC) method with perturbation theory treating the electron-ion interaction as a perturbation over a reference system of one component plasma (OCP) and uniform electron gas (UEG). However, it was assumed that electrons were at zero Kelvin and a crude formula for the free energy of the UEG was used. This limited the applicability of the method to a small density-temperature regime. In the present work, a finite temperature extension to the orbital-free QHNC theory is derived and is employed in the perturbation theory we developed. Also, an accurate formula given by Ichimaru is used for the free energy of the UEG. EOS, ionic, ...


In this article, several 2+1 dimensional lattice hierarchies proposed by Blaszak and Szum [J. Math. Phys. {\bf 42}, 225(2001)] are further investigated. We first describe their discrete zero curvature representations. Then, by means of solving the corresponding discrete spectral equation, we demonstrate the existence of infinitely many conservation laws for them and obtain the corresponding conserved densities and associated fluxes formulaically. Thus, their integrability is further confirmed.


Abstract. Let A represent the class of all normalized analytic functions f in the unit disc ∆. In the present work, we first obtain a necessary condition for convex functions in ∆. Conditions are established for a certain combination of functions to be starlike or convex in ∆. Also, using the Hadamard product as a tool, we obtain sufficient conditions for functions to be in the class of functions whose real part is positive. Moreover, we derive conditions on f and μ so that the non-linear integral transform T z


In this paper, potential fields in areas with plane and circular symmetry have been studied. In this case, the field potential is defined as the sum of solutions of Dirichlet model boundary value problems. The reflection method is used for the modeling of stationary thermal fields in multilayer media. By applying the reflection method, we found analytical solutions of boundary value problems with boundary conditions of the fourth kind for the Laplace equations and developed new computational algorithms. The developed algorithms can be easily implemented and transformed into a computer code. First of all, these algorithms implement consistent solutions of the Dirichlet problems for the model domains that allows using libraries of subroutines. Secondly, they have high algorithmic efficiency. It has been shown that reflection method is identical to the method of transformation operators and proved that transformation operator can be decomposed into a series of successive reflections from the external and internal boundaries. Finally, a physical interpretation of the reflection method has been discussed in detail.


Because smoking is so common, and because its complications are so common and so devastating,1 nicotine dependence is the most common serious medical problem in the United States.2,3 Clinical approaches to management of this condition have improved markedly over the past 15 years.3,4 Substantial advances in behavioural therapy have been complemented by the introduction of pharmacological agents that ameliorate nicotine withdrawal. Though these major advances have been enormously useful, substantial research is needed to advance basic knowledge of treatment, to integrate what has already been learnt into daily practice for individuals and in the community, and to inform policies that foster the availability of appropriate treatment where it is needed most. This report focuses on the unanswered policy research questions about using pharmacological adjuncts in managing nicotine dependence.

A number of pharmaceutical companies market and promote nicotine in several forms, as well as drugs similar to nicotine, as adjuncts in the treatment of nicotine dependence. The goal in this arena is the familiar one of producing a safe and effective drug.4–6 Nicotine gum (Nicorette, available in the United States since 1984), various nicotine patches (Habitrol, Nicoderm, Prostep, and Nicotrol, first introduced in the United States in late 1991), and lobeline-containing preparations sold over the counter (such as Ban-Tron, Cigarrest, and Nicoban) are the nicotinic agonists presently on the market for this indication. Nicotine gum and nicotine patches are effective as adjuncts in the behavioural treatment of nicotine dependence. On the other hand, although lobeline has possible peripheral nicotinic actions, activity in the central nervous system has not been shown, and products containing lobeline have no demonstrated efficacy. Other formulations containing nicotine (nasal sprays and vapour inhalers) are under development. In the United States both nicotine gum and nicotine patches are …


Pain, or the fear of pain, are the common reasons for seeking health care. Pain of long duration in particular can present a difficult diagnostic problem because of the numerous factors involved. Clinicians managing painful problems must have considerable insight into the nature of the symptom of pain if therapy is to be successful.


The development of increasingly more electric systems and ultra high bypass ratio turbofan engines for civil transport aircraft is projected to bring forth critical challenges regarding thermal management. To address these, it is required that the thermal behavior of the complete propulsion-airframe unit is studied in an integrated manner. To this purpose, a simulation framework for performing integrated thermal and performance analyses of the engines, air-frame


Millions of people use On-line social networks (OSNs) every day and privacy of sensitive personal information is a major concern. Although OSNs provide policies and mechanisms to allow users to control who can view their data, these efforts may not be sufficient under various privacy attacks. In this paper, we study the disclosure of private information concealed on a social network under an information extraction attack. The novelty of this attack is that it combines web search with information extraction and data mining techniques to discover private information that is hidden on a social network by considering web pages outside of the given social network. We also define a quantitative measure of the risk of privacy disclosure under this and other similar attacks, given the privacy policy and protection mechanism of a social network website. We show that with some public information of a victim from a social network, it is not too difficult for the adversary to utilize this attack to find other private information of the victim hidden on the social network. Our results call for further study of the strength of privacy protection mechanisms of online social networks, and the development of new and more effective protection methods.


Ten maize seed samples were distributed to 20 seed laboratories in four different climatic zones for testing by four different cold test methods. In three standardised cold test methods the duration of the cold period and the substrate were specified: seven days in sand (ct1), ten days in sand (ct2), seven days in soil (ct3). In addition the laboratories were asked to test the seeds using their own routine cold test (ct4) as well. This non standardised cold test (ct4) resulted in variation among laboratories which was 9.2 times greater than random sampling variation, demonstrating the significant effect of the range of methods used among laboratories with different substrates, and duration and temperatures of the cold period. Standardising test conditions in the cold tests ct1, ct2 and ct3 nearly halved the variation for all three tests. Tolerances calculated on the basis of these data after excluding at maximum 13% of outliers were only slightly greater than those for the standard germination test. A significant difference was found between seed samples fungicide treated by the organiser and those treated by the participants. Differences between the climatic zones existed in the preferred test conditions and in the test results in ct4. Thus, standardisation to one world wide acceptable cold test appears to be difficult, but efforts should be intensified to agree to at least two standardised cold test methods, a short and a long cold test.


In a diallel of ten varieties of Pennisetum typhoides, there were significant differences in protein content among the parents and the F2 progeny. Protein content was mainly controlled by nonadditive gene effects and there were indications of overdominance


Decameron is a world-famous literary work in the Italian Renaissance period. The book well reflects the idea of Boccaccio, who is a spokesman of the newly developing capitalists, namely objection to the feudalism, objection to the religion, advocation of man's liberation, etc.. This idea is inherited and developed by the enlightenment thinkers. So, Boccaccio is a character that form a connecting link between the preceding and the following in the early history of the bourgeoisie thoughts.


We describe the implementation of a practical mechanism for collecting and displaying trace information in a debugger for message passing programs. We introduce a trace format that is highly compressible while still providing information adequate for debugging purposes. We make the mechanism convenient for users to access by incorporating the trace collection in a set of wrappers for the MPI communication library. We implement several debugger operations that use the trace display: consistent stoplines, undo, and rollback. They all are implemented using controlled replay, which executes at full speed in target processes until the appropriate position in the computation is reached. They provide convenient mechanisms for getting to places in the execution where the full power of a state-based debugger can be brought to bear on isolating communication errors.


This article aims to understand the scope of zakat regarding its role as a source of state wealth. The writing of the paper is carried out using a literature study method sourced from library books, research journals, laws, and relevant article websites. Zakat as a source of state wealth is a method of managing assets belonging to Muslims which will be used for the benefit of the people in order to build a just and prosperous country's economy. Zakat is one of the instruments in macroeconomics that allows the economy to continue running at a minimum level. Zakat is property that must be issued by a Muslim or business entity to be given to those who are entitled to receive it in accordance with Islamic law. Basically zakat is shown to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor, because the wealth in the world is solely a deposit from God to humans to be managed properly. For this reason, the potential of zakat as a support for the economy in Indonesia is one of the efforts to manage assets as well as possible by prioritizing the benefit of the people.


The main activities of the Clanrye organisation is the delivery of quality based and client focussed employment and training programmes which serve the needs of employers and the unemployed. While Clanrye delivers its current range of programmes as an 'intermediary' between employers, employees, unemployed and the public sector, primarily in the Newry area, within this project the organisation will work with employers and their employees across Northern Ireland.
Sector: Economic Development
Address: The Abbey, Abbey Yard, Newry, Down, BT34 2EG
Phone: +44 (0)28 3026 7121
Email: email@example.com


The effect of oral ephedrine administration on a child with ketotic hypoglycaemia who had not responded to dietary measures alone was studied. After ephedrine administration, the hypoglycaemia developing after ketogenic stress was less profound and was substantially delayed. The impaired glycaemic response to glucagon during hypoglycaemia, characteristic of ketotic hypoglycaemia, was not altered. These observations are compatible with the proposition that ketotic hypoglycaemia is associated with impaired gluconeogenesis and they suggest that ephedrine may be a useful adjunct to therapy in this condition.


Domain Adaption for Homogenizing CT Scans using Auto-Encoders for Cross-Dataset Medical Image Analysis Mohammadreza Amirian∗1,2 firstname.lastname@example.com 1 ZHAW School of Engineering, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland 2 Ulm University, Institute of Neural Information Processing, 89081 Ulm, Germany Javier A. Montoya-Zegarra∗1 firstname.lastname@example.com Ahmet Selman Bozkir∗1 firstname.lastname@example.com Marco Calandri3 email@example.com 3 University of Turin, Department of Oncology, 10124 Turin, Italy Friedhelm Schwenker2 firstname.lastname@example.com Thilo Stadelmann1,4 firstname.lastname@example.com 4 Fellow, ECLT European Centre for Living Technology, 30123 Venice, Italy


The historiographical boundaries of Reconstruction were once clear and well accepted. For much of the twentieth century, the field, to use Bernard Weisberger's term, was a "dark and bloody ground" of starkly different interpretations.1 William Dunning and his acolytes set the tone by declaring Reconstruction an utter failure in no small part due to the efforts of radical Republicans to treat black people similar to white people. Revisionist scholars countered by arguing that Reconstruction was, in fact, a noble effort that moved former Confederate states toward democracy. Postrevisionists, however, questioned the significance of black male voting and Republican political power since former slaveholders retained their land and former slaves continued to labor in the fields. Then, in 1988, Eric Foner published his masterful synthesis, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, which sustained the revisionist interpretation and subsequently dominated the field. But since Foner, the clear lines of Reconstruction historiography have blurred. Although historians have added much to our understanding of the era, there has not been a significant challenge to Foner's interpretation. Part of the reason for the sustaining nature of Foner's work is that the freedom narrative still has a powerful grip on conceptualizations of American history. Another reason is that Foner helped to solidify the chronological scope of Reconstruction and its primary focus on politics and governance. While other syntheses of Reconstruction have been published in recent years, neither departs substantively from Foner's interpretation and each accepts a similar scope and focus.2


Fundamentals.- Embryology of the male external genitalia and functional anatomy.- Diagnosis.- Fundamentals in dermatopathology.- Non-Infectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Male Genitalia.- Eczematous dermatoses.- Papulosquamous dermatoses.- Ulcerative dermatoses.- Vesicobullous dermatoses.- Granulomatous dermatoses.- Infectious Disorders of the Male Genitalia.- Non-sexually transmitted infections.- Sexually transmitted infections.- Benign Specialized Disorders of the Male Genitalia.- Pigmentary lesions/pigmentary skin changes.- Cystic/Nodular/Papular lesions.- Vascular lesions.- Miscellaneous benign disorders.- Systemic Diseases and the Male External Genitalia.- Systemic disorders affecting the genital skin.- Premalignant and Malignant Disorders of the Male Genitalia.- Premalignant lesions of the penis.- Squamous cell carcinoma and secondary tumors of the penis and scrotum.- Non-squamous malignant neoplasms of the penis and scrotum.


By means of extensive particle dynamics simulations in a three-dimensional model, we analyze the rheology and granular texture in the steady-state of the viscoinertial granular flow. The interactions between dry particles are added by the theoretical description of the capillary cohesion forces and viscous forces due to the presence of the viscous liquid bridge. We show that the rheology of such flow characterized by the apparent friction coefficient and packing fraction can be nicely described as a function of the viscoinertial number combining the particle inertia and viscous stress of the liquid bridge by keeping the constant value of the liquid-vapor surface tension. Furthermore, the flow behavior can alternatively be described by the effective viscosities (normal and shear components) as a function of the imposed volume fraction, which is in good agreement with previous numerical simulations of particles immersed in a viscous fluid and experiments in dense suspensions. Interestingly, the granular texture characterized by the fabric and force anisotropies and the bond coordination number is also well-described by this modified inertial number. Remarkably, the stress transmission ratio reflects the intermediate relationship between microstructure and mechanical behavior of wet granular flow, expressed as a function of the viscoinertial number. We also find that shearing leads to variations of the compressive and tensile interactions between neighboring particles.


The iterative formulas of Fuzzy C Means algorithm in feature space were deduced before two methods were presented to improve the distribution property of membership information. The first was to control the distribution of membership information by introducting selective attention parameters. The other was to construct cluster fiducial values from the point of probability to replace original membership information. Results of the experiments confirm the effectiveness of the two methods.


As part of 3D integrated survey applied to Cultural Heritage, digital documentation is gradually emerging as effective support of many different information in addition to the shape, morphology and dimensional data. The implementation of data collection processes and the development of semantically enriched 3D models is an effective way to enhance the dialogue between ICT technologies, different Cultural Heritage experts, users and different disciplines, both social and technical. The possibility to achieve interoperable models able to enrich the interdisciplinary knowledge of European cultural identity is one of the main outcome of the European Project "INCEPTION - Inclusive Cultural Heritage in Europe through 3D semantic modelling", funded by EC within the Programme Horizon 2020. The project ranges from the documentation and diagnostic strategies for heritage protection, management and enhancement, to the 3D acquisition technologies. The development of hardware, software and digital platforms is aimed at representation and dissemination of cultural heritage through ICT processes and BIM addresses to Cultural Heritage assets, up to the implementation of semantic information to a wider and more extensive use of 3D digital models.


The present study was conducted at Dandachali forest of Tehri Forest Division, North-Western part of Himalaya. Surveys and sampling of the vegetation were done using standard ecological assessment methods with an aim to study the soil status at community level. During the study six different forest communities' viz., Pinus roxburghii- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed forest, Pinus roxburghii pure forest, Pinus roxburghii- Rhododendron arboreum mixed forest, Cedrus deodara- Pinus wallichiana mixed forest, Cedrus deodara- Rhododendron arboreum mixed forest and Rhododendron arboreum- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed forest were taken for the above mentioned study. Importance Value Index  (IVI) were observed maximum (271.57) in Pinus roxburghii community then Pinus roxburghii- Quercus leucotrichophora mixed forest IVI (166.69). The soil pH recorded highest (pH 6.60) in Cedrus deodara - Pinus wallichiana mixed forest. Cedrus deodara - Rhododendron arboreum mixed forest community reflected maximum (27.44%) soil moisture content. However organic carbon (1.39%), nitrogen (1202.49 kg/ha.) and phosphorus (31.36 kg/ha) was highest in Pinus roxburghii – Quercus leucotrichophora mixed forest. Potassium observed maximum (351.00 kg/ha.) in Cedrus deodara - Rhododendron arboreum mixed forest. Community wise there was change in soil nutrient status whereas, altitude showed no such variations.


This article aims at reflecting on the first stage of the process of emancipation, developed since 1810 which is considered the starting point of a political project. Building up this project was not easy, it entailed frictions among different political intensions. On this assert we mean the federalism and the idea of the centralism which originated a great disorganization of political and civil elements and the break down and anarchy of six or seven republics apparently linked by a federal pact and a few provinces which defended the peninsular power. The provinces in the interior of the country faced situations of instability in their political life, born from the indecision to choose a unique criterion in terms of the political and administrative management of their territories. Referring to the Federal government adopted in the province of Tunja, it is emphasized on the necessity of promoting the total independence from the Spaniard system, due to the poverty of the people, the lack of public schools and the need of fomenting agricultural production and trade. However, this political project did not reach the goals its leaders estimated, first because the participation of the 'criollos' in the public administration was not as easy as expected. The second reason was that, as a result of the segregation of the provinces, a crisis was evidenced when the unified basis of tax collection stopped working. The third issue was due to the fact that territorial segregation became one of the greatest difficulties for the correct political-administrative organization, it is necessary to highlight that the join of some towns, and sometimes complete regions from one province to the other, made difficult tax collection.


This paper aims to study the C-E translation of Chinese intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of schema theory with the case study of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage. The paper will first analyze translator's translating process and translation strategies used under the circumstances of schema correspondence, schema dissimilarity and schema gap; then, displays the suitable strategies for translating Chinese intangible cultural heritage.


It was with some disappointment that I read Bill Dickinson's reply to Ken Macdonald 'Eos, February 21, 1984' concerning the National Research Council (NRC) report entitled "Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences."

I agree with Macdonald that a number of exciting areas of research in the geological sciences were omitted from the report. The most obvious omission was a discussion of recent developments in marine geology and geophysics. I think it is fair to conclude that most of our understanding of the tectonics of the earth during the past 20 years has come from marine geology and geophysics. The new generation of research vessels with high-resolution sensors, manned submersibles, deep tow systems, and ocean drilling vessels promise to keep marine geoscientists at the forefront of earth science research in the future.


Abstract A Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is used to derive soil moisture estimates over Iowa during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) field campaign, using brightness temperature data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR)-E satellite. Spatial distributions of the near-surface soil moisture are produced using the LSMEM, with data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), vegetation and land surface parameters estimated through recent Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface products, and standard soil datasets. To assess the value of soil moisture estimates from the 10.7-GHz X-band sensor on the AMSR-E instrument, retrievals are evaluated against ground-based sampling and soil moisture estimates from the airborne Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) operating at C band. The PSR offers high-resolution detail of the soil moisture distribution, which can be used to analyze heterogeneity within the scale of the AMSR-E pixel. Prelim...


Today, I watched a wonderful football match. It was a League Match of Italy's. The two parties are AC Milan and Inter Milan. They are from the same city. AC Milan had ever been on top of the League four times,and Inter Milan Club had been four times, too. They are both the best football teams.


The invention discloses a salt-fog-resistant and high-temperature-resistant paint and a preparation method thereof. The salt-fog-resistant and high-temperature-resistant paint comprises the following components in parts by weight: 25-35 parts of organic silicon resin, 25-35 parts of glass powder, 2-5 parts of epoxy resin, 8-15 parts of a high-temperature-resistant pigment, 10-15 parts of a high-temperature-resistant filler, 0.3-0.5 part of a dispersant, 0.6-1 part of an anti-settling agent, 8-12 parts of a mixed solvent and 2.5-4.2 parts of a silane coupling agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: adding the organic silicon resin and the epoxy resin in a production jar and stirring; adding the dispersant, the high-temperature-resistant pigment, the high-temperature-resistant filler, the glass powder and the anti-settling agent, and dispersing at a high speed; grinding until the fineness is 28-32 microns, adding 40-50% of the mixed solvent, and mixing uniformly; adding the silane coupling agent, mixing uniformly, and adding the remaining mixed solvent, and mixing uniformly. The salt fog resistance of the salt-fog-resistant and high-temperature-resistant paint is more than 2000 hours and the salt-fog-resistant and high-temperature-resistant paint can tolerate a high temperature of 1200 DEG C.


This paper aims to present the ISO/IEC 27001 Standard under the implementation of co-opetition strategy, based on the manual of ISO/IEC 27001. In that case, the 'Plan-Do-Check-Act' (PDCA) model is applied to information security management system processes, in combination with co-opetition's 'value net' framework so as to highlight the significance of protecting information assets and assuring integrity and safety in a co-opetitive environment. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to discuss whether the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 will improve inter-organisational communication among competitors and will contribute to the development of a more efficient information security management system within and beyond organisations.


The powerful radio source 4C 29.50, which is identified with a quasar at redshift 1.927, has been mapped with a variety of instruments, frequencies, and resolutions. The highest resolution is 30 mas, corresponding to about 150 pc at this redshift. The projected overall dimensions of the radio source are subgalactic, and the structure is very distorted. There are apparent sudden deflections of a jet emerging from the quasar core, and it is proposed that these are due to interaction with a dense, clumpy interstellar eenvironment. The great power of the source and the small scales on which the deflections occur yield constraints on the properties of this environment. 31 references


The Covid-19 pandemic raised immense challenges for universities. Staff and students had to quickly transition to an unfamiliar mode of emergency remote teaching and learning (ERTL) with its associated affordances and losses. The experiences of students and staff and the lessons learned during this time will affect the provision of teaching and learning in the future. During ERTL, a group of academics and teaching and learning support staff from different faculties at a large research-intensive public university in South Africa came together to support each other and share experiences of enhancing teaching and learning in higher education. This led to reflection on the impact of Covid-19 on the higher education landscape through community of practice. The aim of this conceptual paper is to discuss alternative notions of institutional purpose and lecturers' conception of success that might influence the emerging post-Covid-19 higher education landscape in the global south. We claim that a more nuanced and critical understanding of these concepts is essential to evaluate the gains and losses experienced during Covid-19. Our argument hinges on our reflections of supporting teaching and learning during 2020 and 2021, and our observations of the challenges experienced by lecturers as they transitioned to ERTL. We suggest that it was in the moments of disruption and disequilibrium that lecturers were required to re-think the purpose of their courses and of higher education more broadly. Furthermore, it challenged us as a collective and individually to reflect critically on the measures of success within courses that changed dramatically in response to the prevailing circumstances, as well as more broadly within the sector.


Based on exploring the law of change of physical characteristics and major chemical constituents in the salted eggs,and on discussing the factors of influence on maturation period of salted eggs during the period of salting,and maturation mechanism of salted eggs was refined into inner viscosity change mechanism of salted eggs resulted from the salting of NaCl.


Transition metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) catalysts with CoN4 centers have attracted great attention as a potential alternative to precious metal catalysts for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. However, the asymmetric charge environment of the active site of MN4 obtained by conventional pyrolysis strategy makes the unbalanced adsorption of oxygen molecules, which restricts the activities of both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a series of well‐defined quasi‐phthalocyanine conjugated 2D covalent organic polymer (COPBTC‐M) is developed with MN4+4 active sites through a pyrolysis‐free strategy. Compared to CoN4 site, the additional subcentral N4 atoms in MN4+4 site in COPBTC‐Co catalyst balance the charge environment and form a symmetric charge distribution, which changes the antibonding orbital of the active metal and regulate the oxygen species adsorption, thus improving the activity of the bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. In Silico screening demonstrates that cobalt has the best ORR and OER activity for COPBTC‐M with MN4+4 sites, which can be attributed to the fewer anti‐bonding orbital below the Fermi level, which weakens the oxygen species adsorption. Both theoretical and experimental results verify that the COPBTC‐Co possesses unique CoN4+4 active sites and the harmonious coordinating environment can lead to superior bifunctional oxygen catalytic activity with a high bifunctional oxygen catalytic activity (ΔE [Ej10 – E1/2] = 0.76 V), which is comparable with the benchmark Pt/C‐IrO2 pairs. Accordingly, the as‐assembled Zn–air battery exhibits a maximum power density of 157.7 mW cm −2 with stable operation for >100 cycles under an electric density of 10 mA cm −2. This study provides a characteristic understanding of the intrinsic active species toward MNx centers and could inspire new avenues for designation of advanced bifunctional electrocatalysts that catalyze ORR and OER processes simultaneously.


A fully three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of the harmonic ubitron/free-electron laser, which is valid for arbitrary harmonic number, is discussed. The analysis has been performed for a configuration consisting of a beam propagating through a loss-free rectangular waveguide in the presence of a planar wiggler field. The advantage of harmonic operation is that relatively high operating frequencies can be obtained with relatively modest beam energies; however, this occurs at the expense of a greater sensitivity to beam thermal effects. In addition to enhancing the extraction efficiency, a tapered wiggler has been shown to reduce the sensitivity of the interaction to such effects. Suppression of the fundamental is accomplished by the careful choice of the beam energy, waveguide radius, and wiggler period in order to ensure that no resonance is possible at the fundamental. A third-harmonic experiment operated at 15 GHz with a 55-keV electron beam is discussed.<<ETX>>


In the recent 30 year from the reform and open policys,our country concrete industry has made the significant contribution for our country economy and the architecture industry high speed development,the concrete industry development scale and the technical management level has also made the considerable progress,but the whole level of development also has certain disparity from the world advanced level and the construction resource conservation society's request proposed by central in energy conservation,environmental protection,high performance,and so on.The technology,policy,management,market in the concrete industry need to enhance,rule and harmonize,and realize armonious and scientific development of concrete industry in our country.


Quantum systems consisting of a linear chain of n harmonic oscillators coupled by a quadratic nearest‐neighbour interaction are considered. We investigate when such a system is analytically solvable, in the sense that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the interaction matrix have analytically closed expressions. This leads to a relation with Jacobi matrices of systems of discrete orthogonal polynomials. Our study is first performed in the case of canonical quantization. Then we consider these systems under Wigner quantization, leading to solutions in terms of representations of Lie superalgebras. Finally, we show how such analytically solvable Hamiltonians also play a role in another application, that of spin chains used as communication channels in quantum computing. In this context, the analytic solvability leads to closed form expressions for certain transition amplitudes.


: The present paper explores how the Indian writing in English has gone through various phases to be what it is today. It was difficult for the non-native writers to present the Indian culture and context into a language which was not their own. In this process, there emerged various expressions which were linguistically awkward from the point of the native users Standard English. Nevertheless, the Indian writers over the years achieved a level where their language began to be not only accepted but also admired even by the native users of English. One can feel the Indian Variety of English in these texts, yet in the absence of any norms or a regulatory body, it cannot be officially declared the Standard Indian Variety of English. Indian writing in English has gone through many phases in becoming what it is today. A holistic view reveals that there are both similarities and differences in what it used be in the early years and what it is today. Basically, it was a presentation of Indian culture in English, and it is the same even today. The difference is in the way the English language was put to use earlier and how it is used now. The common target was acceptability, both national and international, and it is the same for the writers of the present. The problem of acceptability is not faced by native writers because they present their own culture in their own language, which is easier than presenting a culture in a foreign language. It was the writing of non-native creative writers that occasionally gave rise to linguistic unintelligibility. Due to cultural differences there used to emerge expressions that were both culturally and linguistically awkward to the native users of English. But judging Indian writers only on the basis of pro-east/west factor would mean ignoring the language s\he has made use of. And it is this linguistic creativity that is bringing them millions. As Salman Rushdie remarks about the English language:


Low‐power laser irradiation (LPLI), a non‐damage physical therapy, which has been used clinically for decades of years, is shown to promote cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms that LPLI prevents cell apoptosis remain undefined. In this study, based on real‐time single‐cell analysis, we demonstrated for the first time that LPLI inhibits staurosporine (STS)‐induced cell apoptosis by inactivating the GSK‐3β/Bax pathway. LPLI could inhibit the activation of GSK‐3β, Bax, and caspase‐3 induced by STS. In the searching for the mechanism, we found that, LPLI can activate Akt, which was consistence with our former research, even in the presence of STS. In this anti‐apoptotic process, the interaction between Akt and GSK‐3β increased gradually, indicating Akt interacts with and inactivates GSK‐3β directly. Conversely, LPLI decreased the interaction between GSK‐3β and Bax, with the suppression of Bax translocation to mitochondria, suggesting LPLI inhibits Bax translocation through inactivating GSK‐3β. These results were further confirmed by the experiments of co‐immunoprecipitation. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3′‐OH kinase (PI3K), potently suppressed the activation of Akt and subsequent anti‐apoptotic processes induced by LPLI. Taken together, we conclude that LPLI protects against STS‐induced apoptosis upstream of Bax translocation via the PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β pathway. These findings raise the possibility of LPLI as a promising therapy for neuron‐degeneration disease induced by GSK‐3β. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:218–228, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.