The presence of cardiac ischemia predicts a worsened prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Because most episodes of ischemia occur without symptoms, attention has focused on whether additional treatment of patients with cardiac ischemia is needed to improve prognosis when symptoms are well controlled. The recently published 1and 2year follow-up results of the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) Study indicate that a strategy of initial revascularization rather than conservative angina-guided medical therapy may indeed improve survival and reduce subsequent cardiac events. One year after randomization to ACIP, a strategy of angina-guided medical therapy was associated with a mortality of 4.4%, compared with 1.6% for a more aggressive ischemia-guided medical strategy, and 0% for a strategy of initial revascularization.' At 2 years, mortality rates were 6.6,4.4, and 1.1 %, respectively: with similar results observed for the combined outcomes of death or myocardial infarction (MI), and death, MI, or hospitalization. Differences between angina-guided medical therapy and revascularization were highly significant. These results tip the balance of evidence toward broadening the indications for revascularization to include patients


Groundwater pollution is now a significant threat to the ecosystem. The untreated disposal of municipal and industrial wastes through drains into water bodies (rivers, lakes, and canals) is the primary source of contamination. The highly contaminated water harms individual health. In this study, total dissolved solids (TDS) and Arsenic (As) mobilization were explored depthwise from a drilled borehole at main Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, near River Ravi, Lahore. The concentrations of TDS and As in the aquifer indicate that the top shallow aquifer bearing high salts occurred due to local inputs of waste effluents discharged into the River Ravi. In contrast, at deep shallow aquifers, enrichment of As with elevated pH results from the geochemical oxidative dissolution process. The results showed that natural and anthropogenic activities influence groundwater throughout the depth. The TDS and As concentrations were found above the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values at some depth intervals, which are harmful to human health.


Experimental study was presented on signal-resonated quasi-phase matched optical parametric oscillator(OPO) in multi-grating(29.0~31.5μm) periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3(PPMgLN) pumped by an acousto-optically Q-switched Nd∶YAG laser.The threshold is 45mW with pulses repetition rate 1kHz.Furthermore a tunable infrared(IR) output from 1.445~1.685μm was obtained by tuning the temperature of PPMgLN from 20℃ to 180℃ and tuning the grating of PPMgLN from 29.0μm to 31.0μm.


The high temperature heating of cheese milk is a useful tool for preventing late fer- mentation during cheese ripening if the renneting properties remain unchanged. The aim of the investigations was to find heating conditions which guarantee the inactivation of clostridia spores but still enable rennet coagulation of the heated milk and milk concentrates respectively. The gel strength of the rennet gels increased the more the casein content increased. The native whey proteins did not influence the gel strength. In contrast the denatured whey proteins hinder rennet coagulation and the gel became weaker. The upper limit of denatured whey proteins dependent on the casein con- centration in the retentate was able to be determined in order to achieve the gel strength of pasteur- ized skim milk. Almost "whey protein-free" casein solutions (3.8% casein) were produced by diafil- tration. The heating conditions of 100 °C/280 s and 110 °C/24 s were able to destroy spores from Clostridium tyrobutyricumby 4 log units while the rennet coagulation was slightly altered. microfiltration / ultrafiltration / rennet coagulation / high temperature heating / whey protein denaturation


This study aims to determine the usability level of Makale Takip (Scientific Article Trace) software which runs all the businesses of Gazi University Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences on the Internet environment respect with "effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction". In the study which has one shot case design, while observation method is used to collect data about effectiveness and efficiency and interview method is used to collect data about satisfaction. During the procedures, the participants are required to complete 9 tasks which have been defined by the researchers before. The research results, completed by the participation of 9 Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education academicians, show that the tasks\' average completion time is 98.33 seconds and average success score is 94.51. In addition, participants give 1.8 difficulty level for the use of the sofInsan Bilgisayar Etkilesimi, Kullanilabilirlik, Etkililik, Verimlilik,Human Computer Interaction, Usability, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Satisfaction, Interface, Document Management Tam Metin


Summary Three pituitary tumors of the Syrian hamster are described. Two, of anterior lobe origin, arose in females approximately 1 year after radiothyroidectomy. One of these, which exhibited marked cellular atypicality, was lost in the second transplant generation. The other tumor, the cells of which resemble those of normal anterior lobe tissue, has been transplanted for 33 passages. Animals bearing this tumor show splenomegaly, accelerated weight gain due to visceromegaly and increased deposition of fat, and, in females only, gonadal and mammary stimulation and thymic hypertrophy. A third tumor was found in a castrate male 26 months after an unsuccessful splenic ovarian transplant. This tumor is now in its twelfth passage. No evidence of endocrine stimulation has been observed in animals bearing this tumor, but they exhibit severe splenomegaly. The primary tumor was not studied histologically. However, current passages resemble the primary tumors of pars intermedia which can be induced with estrogens. The propensity of both transplantable tumors for massive metastases which was apparent in early transplant generations has been lost in recent passages.


Abstract Let q be a prime power and let G be a group acting faithfully and vertex transitively on a graph such that for each vertex x, the stabilizer Gx is finite and contains a normal subgroup inducing on the set of neighbours of x a permutation group isomorphic to the linear group L5(q) acting on the 2-dimensional subspaces of a 5-dimensional vector space over Fq. It is shown, except in some special situations where q = 2, that the kernel of the action of a vertex stabilizer Gx on the ball of radius 3 around x is trivial. (These special situations are eliminated in a companion paper by the first author.) An example coming from the exceptional group E6(q) shows that the kernel of the action of Gx on the ball of radius 2 around x can be non-trivial.


The predictive capabilities of a new, 14-moment, maximum-entropy-based, interpolative closure are explored for multi-dimensional non-equilibrium flows with heat transfer. Unlike the maximum-entropy closure on which it is based, the interpolative closure provides closed-form expressions for the closing fluxes. While still presenting singular solutions in regions of realizable moment space, the interpolative closure proves to have a large region of hyperbolicity while remaining tractable. Furthermore, its singular nature is deemed advantageous for practical simulations. A finite-volume procedure is proposed and described for the numerical solution of the 14-moment closure on two-dimensional computational domains, followed by a presentation and discussion of the results of a numerical dispersion analysis. The first multi-dimensional applications of the closure are then examined for several canonical flow problems in order to provide an assessment of the capabilities of this novel closure for a range of non-equilibrium flows.


Abstract College students, who often have little experience with persons living below the poverty line, can ignore or misunderstand the experience of poverty. Feature film is one way to illustrate poverty in educational settings. Through identifying with a character, students may gain insights into the daily issues related to poverty. This article presents a review of the literature of using film to teach social science. Six specific films for teaching poverty are presented.


A general program was conducted to develop and assess a computational method for predicting the flow properties in a turbofan forced mixed duct. The detail assessment of the resulting computer code is presented. It was found that the code provided excellent predictions of the kinematics of the mixing process throughout the entire length of the mixer nozzle. The thermal mixing process between the hot core and cold fan flows was found to be well represented in the low speed portion of the flowfield.


The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) can be defined as Automatic identification technology which uses radio- frequency electromagnetic fields to identify objects carrying tags when they come close to a machine reader. In this paper authors designed the analog part using frequency 13.56 MHz in the RFID tag, includes a rectifier, demodulator and modulator. The first part a method of rectifier cascade combines multiple cells to obtain voltage doublers which used source of voltage on other components, the second part we call demodulator. Demodulator uses two stage of comparator that detects bias negative voltage, and the last part modulation used Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation. In this paper using 0.35μm CMOS technology to design RFID tag. The research goals purpose to design the analog part of the RFID tags are biased to function well as it should. Keywords-component; RFID; tag; 0.35µm CMOS technology; 13.56 MHz


ABSTRACT Asphalt concrete (AC) is a composite material that exhibits time and temperature-dependent properties, and it is generally accepted that AC behaves as a linear viscoelastic solid at small strain levels. Nevertheless, different mechanisms and the damage evolution can change its behaviour from the linear viscoelasticity. This study was focused on identifying the causes of the deviation of AC viscoelastic properties under different loading conditions and at small strain levels during complex modulus tests. Sinusoidal tension–compression and compression tests on six asphalt mixtures produced with the same aggregate gradation but different asphalt binders under stress- and strain-controlled conditions were performed within a defined range of frequencies and temperatures. It was found that aggregate interaction and energy dissipation characteristics were the main mechanisms that influenced deviations in the viscoelastic properties, but they were only significant at high temperatures and during considerable nonrecoverable accumulated deformation.


Five thousand years ago people moving eastwards from Beringia spread over the barrens of the Canadian high Arctic. This was the first of three waves of prehistoric Arctic "cultures", which eventually reached Greenland. The passage into Greenland has to go through the northernmost and most hostile part of the country with a 5 month Polar night, and to understand this extraordinary example of human behaviour and endurance, it has been customary to invoke a more favourable (warmer) climate. This presentation suggests that land-fast sea ice, i.e. stationary sea ice anchored to the coast, is among the most important environmental factors behind the spread of prehistoric polar cultures. The ice provides the road for travelling and social communion and access to the most important source of food, the ocean.


A general theory is advanced for determining the receiving properties of a dipole that is oriented parallel to the line of intersection of two infinite highly-conducting plane surfaces. The angle of intersection is restricted to \pi/n radians, so that the method of images may be employed. An integral equation is solved to a high degree of accuracy for the short-circuit current at the terminals of the receiving dipole. The short-circuit current multiplied by the impedance of the dipole in the reflector gives the open-circuit voltage. This voltage drives a circuit consisting of the load impedance in series with the impedance of the dipole in the reflector. From this equivalent circuit of the receiving antenna, the power in the load may be obtained. Two receiving systems are analyzed numerically. In one case a half-wave dipole having a length-to-diameter ratio of 74.21, and a matched load, is brought in juxtaposition to a highly conducting plane surface. The voltage across the load is calculated and plotted as a function of the spacing between the dipole and its image, with the angle of signal arrival as a parameter. In the other case, the same calculations are made for a half-wave dipole having a length-to-diameter ratio of 122.35 when it is oriented parallel to two conducting sheets that intersect at 90\deg . As before, the load is selected to provide a conjugate match when the dipole is isolated.


Recently,the single phase multilevel inverter gains increasing attractive due to its own advantages. A multilevel inverter with diode 2N- 1cascade superposition is introduced in this paper. Taking a 15 level inverter with diode 2N- 1cascade superposition as example,the realization of grid connection based on single-phase space vector modulation( SVPWM) technology is proposed. The phase and frequency of the reference current are obtained from Grid voltage with the amplitude determined by the reference power. The system employs current instantaneous feedback and PI controller to perform unity power factor. A model under MATLAB / SIMULINK condition is presented to simulate and calculate the harmonic distortion of the Grid current under different reference powers. The result of the simulation indicates that the power factor is high and current harmonic content is less and verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.


Several large-capacity high-altitude low-temperature test chambers for aircraft-engine work were constructed during the war. The present paper describes in some detail the equipment and operation of the first of these at the Bavarian Motor Works.


The author comments on and criticizes some conclusions of the article by Lubomir Lamy entitled "Beyond Emotion: Love as an Encounter of Myth and Drive." In addition, she shows evidence that love may be considered an integrated neurobiobehavioral process and, as such, regulated by neural systems and circuits that underlie its emotional, cognitive, and behavioral expressions.


A circuit arrangement (1) for an LED module (53) comprising a plurality of serially connected LEDs (11-25), comprises a first current source (35) and a second current source (36). The first current source (35) is serially connected to all the LEDs (11 - 25) of the LED module (53). The second current source (36) is serially connected to a first sub-set (33) of LEDs (11 - 24) of the LED module (53). The LEDs (11 - 24) of the first sub-set (33) are serially connected. The first sub-set (33) comprises at least one LED (25) less than the LED module (53).


This paper proposes to explore the following question: can software evolution systems like FINCH, that evolve linear representations originating from a higher-level structural language, take advantage of building blocks inherent to that original language?


This paper discusses in a general way the design of, and realization of, an experimental transmission system using optical fibers. Aimed at interoffice trunk applications in metropolitan areas, the design demonstrates the performance expected for a practical system. Included in the experimental system is a translation from standard digital hierarchy signal formats to a format more suitable for simple optical modulation and considerations for system maintenance and fiber reassignments. The design approach uses essentially conventional electronics to amplify, reshape, and regenerate the digital signal with GaAIAs injection lasers for sources and avalanche photodiodes for detectors. Light output of the laser is monitored and electronically controlled and the gain of the detector is controlled by varying its bias supply. In the descriptions of the electronic and optical components of the design, emphasis is placed on the properties peculiar to optical fiber applications.


Objective: to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Social Support Satisfaction Scale in people with schizophrenia. Methods : psychometric study, with a convenience sample, consisting of 282 people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The psychometric properties: validity (construct, criterion) and reliability (Cronbach's α) of the Social Support Satisfaction Scale in people with schizophrenia were evaluated. WHOQOL-Bref was used for criterion validity. Results: the Social Support Satisfaction Scale presented four distinct dimensions of satisfaction with friends (α=0.88), satisfaction with family (α=0.89), intimacy (α=0.72) and social activities (α=0.77), being associated with health-related quality of life. Conclusions: the scale of satisfaction with social support has similar psychometric properties to the original, being valid and reliable when applied in people with schizophrenia. Thus, it is valid for use in this population both in the clinical context and research. Keywords: social support; schizophrenia; validation studies; psychometrics; nursing.


With the rapid growth of world trade in service,the government's old management instrumentalities will be gradually opened or Called off.So partial impressible industries have to face the competitions of import product and service.With the globalization of the world's economy,how to develop trade in service of Hebei Province has become an important challenge for our economic development.


We consider a class of nonconvex energy functionals that lies in the framework of the peridynamics model of continuum mechanics. The energy densities are functions of a nonlocal strain that describes deformation based on pairwise interaction of material points, and as such are nonconvex with respect to nonlocal deformation. We apply variational analysis to investigate the consistency of the effective behavior of these nonlocal nonconvex functionals with established classical and peridynamic models in two different regimes. In the regime of small displacement, we show the model can be effectively described by its linearization. To be precise, we rigorously derive what is commonly called the linearized bond-based peridynamic functional as a $\Gamma$-limit of nonlinear functionals. In the regime of vanishing nonlocality, the effective behavior the nonlocal nonconvex functionals is characterized by an integral representation, which is obtained via $\Gamma$-convergence with respect to the strong $L^p$ topology. We also prove various properties of the density of the localized quasiconvex functional such as frame-indifference and coercivity. We demonstrate that the density vanishes on matrices whose singular values are less than or equal to one. These results confirm that the localization, in the context of $\Gamma$-convergence, of peridynamic-type energy functionals exhibit behavior quite different from classical hyperelastic energy functionals.


Computer-aided kinetic modeling can be a useful tool in the practice of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The principles of applied kinetics have been extensively reported and different commercial software applications are available for this purpose (1–5). The introduction in recent years of icodextrin (ICO) as osmotic agent in PD solutions has proposed new challenges to modeling experts because the osmotic action and convective transport of these ICO solutions are different from standard solutions (6–8). PD A D E Q U E S T, vers ion 2 .0 (Baxter Healthcare, Round Lake, Illinois, U.S.A.) offers ICO modeling as one of its newly implemented features. This new feature has not been validated as have the other improved formulas of the modeling software (3). This purpose of this study was to assess the modeling errors of PD A DEQUEST 2.0 software in a group of patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) with long ICO daytime dwells.


Amorphous, or crystalline phase nucleation in ion bombarded ceramic films is analysed by the Interface Migration-Charge Transfer (IMCT) atomistic model. The development of a dense collision cascade leads to enrichment of one of film constituents at the cascade-crystal interface, where non-equilibrium profiles both of composition and of electronic density result. Local charge transfer reactions (CTR) simulate system relaxation via formation of dimers of an effective compound. We calculate the energy cost and the enthalpy change to produce one such dimer for a representative set of binary and ternary irradiated compounds. Threshold values of both quantities separate amorphised from crystalline compounds under ion bombardment. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Summary Studies of the chemical characteristics of glomerulopressin were carried out, and the results suggest that glomerulopres sin is a glucuronic acid conjugate


Aims: We aimed to investigate the effect of instrument length on the torsional resistance and bending property of three nickel–titanium files, namely ProTaper Gold (PTG), ProTaper Next (PTN), and HyFlex CM (HCM) using finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional models of each aforementioned system were created using the computer-assisted design (CAD) software SolidWorks® 2016 (Dassault Systèmes, SolidWorks Corp., Concord, MA, U. S.). Then, all models were imported to the ANSYS® Workbench 16 (Canonsburg, PA, U. S.) where the simulation was computed. The boundary conditions used to simulate the behavior of the endodontic instruments were in compliance with the ISO 3630 1 specification standards. Results: It was observed that in bending test, HCM model exhibited load of 510.35 MPa with displacement of 6.05 mm, followed by PTG model (465.48 MPa) and 11.21 mm displacement, then PTN file model (440.74 MPa) and 10.30 mm displacement, whereas in torsional test the rigidity curve for HCM file (1.9673 N mm/Radian) lies much below PTG (6.4615 N mm/Radian) which clearly shows that HCM is flexible as compared to PTG and PTN. Conclusion: Considering the high flexibility of the HCM file, it can be effectively used in severely curved root canals and PTG and PTN files in moderately curved root canals. It was also recommended that HCM files should not be kept in canals for a longer time because stresses might reach to ultimate level quickly which can cause fracture.


This paper presents developed antenna azimuth axis antenna positioning system. A Microchip PIC16F506 microcontroller is used for controlling the system. The positioning system is developed using spur type gears with the stepper motor. The potentiometers are used as a positioning sensor. The motor speed is controlled by using speed rate corrected method. Developed method is implemented and experimentally tested for X-band pyramidal horn antenna. The system requires less time for antenna alignment even if the angular positioning error is large. It is a low cost solution for fast and large antenna alignment for the desired satellite.


It is essential to identify the anatomic variations of neurovascular structures in terms of preventing complications which may develop during neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiological procedures. It is necessary to be aware of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) outlet anomaly to understand collateral blood flow in events of cerebral ischemia related to duplicated or accessory MCA in cerebral aneurysm surgery. Intracranial vascular anomalies involving the MCA are relatively rare. Duplicated MCA has been reported at rates of 0.2%-2.9% in literature. In this paper, the imaging findings of a 71-year old male with duplicated middle cerebral artery are presented in whom the complaints of mildly ataxic step and cloudy consciousness were present.


Regulators have expressed concern that the growing number of financial restatements, especially since the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), confuse investors and erode confidence in the capital markets. Given the investor protection goal of SOX, of particular concern is the relative accuracy with which retail investors process and trade on the information contained in restatement announcements. In this paper, we propose a method to examine the accuracy of the trading behavior of retail and institutional investors conditioned upon accounting restatement announcements, both prior- and subsequent to the passage of SOX. We find that retail investors engaged in more inaccurate (i.e., potentially loss-making) trades in the post-SOX period than in the pre-SOX period. In contrast, the accuracy of institutional investors' trades does not show any significant difference between the pre- and post-SOX regimes. Our evidence suggests that retail (but not institutional) investors process post-SOX restatements more inaccurately than pre-SOX restatements.


Hardly a day passes without another commentator discussing the phenomenal size and speed of China's growth. Much less is said about its neighbour, India. Yet India's economic growth rates are beginning to catch up with China's and there is little doubt that they are sustainable. China and India will at some stage in the twenty-first century come to dominate the global economy. Index examines the very different paths to growth they are pursuing, and looks below the surface at who has been left behind, the people for whom little or nothing has changed. They have much in common, these two Asian giants. Both are poor and largely agricultural: in both there are enormous disparities between town and country. Rising debt, soaring costs and plummeting prices have devastated Indian peasant farmers, who, as P Sainath tells us, have been turning their despair inwards and committing suicide – 200 in the last two months alone. In China, urban dwellers earn three times as much as people in the countryside, and millions of peasants are moving to the cities to find work. Those who stay are, recounts Jasper Becker, increasingly rebelling against illegal land seizures and corruption. But the glaring difference is that India is an open society and China is not. India can at least vent its problems in political debate; in China, the news media is tightly muzzled: information is hard to come by and unreliable. Indeed, parallel files for this issue of Index were not possible because there wasn't parallel information. The diversity of India's population and its political model may make its growth complex and slower. But it is this very diversity and democracy that helps to insulate it against some of the dangers of instability that Isabel Hilton suggests may be in store for China. With its model of unbridled government authority, China is far less able politically to manage conflicts. 'In our heterogeneity and in our openness lies our pride, not our disgrace,' says Amartya Sen, the Indian economist and Nobel Laureate. In the massive literature on these two countries, there's a striking shortage of commentary on the position of women. As Isabelle Attané tells us, gender discrimination, with its unequal treatment of children, inferior social status for women and gender selective abortion is a huge problem in both China and India. By 2015, because of the demographic imbalance, large numbers of men in China will be unable to find a wife, and there is already a growth industry in wife trafficking. Meanwhile, Ritu Menon reports on the brutal honour killings of women in India who break the controlling patriarchal rules. If we are to judge a society by how it treats its women, these future superpowers both have a long way to go. q


Motivated by recent experiments, we present here a systematic ab-initio study of the length dependence of the thermal conductance of single-molecule junctions. We make use of a combination of density functional theory with non-equilibrium Green's function techniques to investigate the length dependence of the phonon transport in single alkane chains, contacted with gold electrodes via both thiol and amine anchoring groups. Additionally, we study the effect of the substitution of the hydrogen atoms in the alkane chains by heavier fluorine atoms to form polytetrafluoroethylenes. Our results demonstrate that (i) the room-temperature thermal conductance is fairly length-independent for chains with more than 5 methylene units and (ii) the efficiency of the thermal transport is strongly influenced by the strength of the phononic metal-molecule coupling. Our study sheds new light onto the phonon transport in molecular junctions, and it provides clear guidelines for the design of molecular junctions for thermal management.


A key customer requirement for prime quality communications systems is uninterrupted availability. The planning and engineering challenge is to ensure that this can be achieved on international networks where an increasing amount of capacity is concentrated in a few relatively vulnerable subsea cable connections. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that a growing number of large business customers are specifying a preference for 'cable-on-cable' restoration to ensure that transmission quality standards are always maintained at the same high level. This paper gives an insight into the character of North Atlantic subsea cable routes, the associated commercial drivers and the technology which underpins construction of the TAT 12/13-the World's first self-healing subsea cable network. The completion of the TAT 12/13 cable network introduces a self-healing capability into part of the world's international subsea communications infrastructure for the first time. This new development offers greatly enhanced reliability of communication across the Atlantic Ocean and heralds a new era by securing traffic even in the event of a subsea cable break.


Educational assessment has been characterized by an increasing interest towards computerized assessment and its potentials. This tendency is mirrored by large-scale student assessment programs in reading run under the auspices of different international organizations. The shift from paper-and-pencil to computers has given rise to many new studies concerning the impact of the new testing medium and related skills. We have several data in this domain, but findings on lower elementary grade populations are scarce. Therefore, we addressed the following research questions. (1) How do students perform in reading in an electronic environment in the first four years of elementary education? (2) How can students' out of school ICT resources and ICT engagement be characterized? (3) To what extent does students' out of school ICT engagement influence students' reading achievement? The online reading comprehension test (64 items; Cronbach's alpha=.89) was administered to 205 students from grades 1 to 4 in 2014. Students also filled out a background questionnaire (78 items) aiming at gathering data on students' ICT access at home, frequency and types of ICT engagement. Data show that the first graders achieved significantly (F=76.75 p<.01) lower score in reading (M=54.14% SD=13.98%) than their peers in upper grades (MGrade2=72.88%, SD=9.66%; MGrade3=80.23%, SD=9.47; MGrade4=83.58%, SD=8.59%). Regarding ICT as economic capital, findings yield evidence that in our sample every student has a computer with an internet access at home. Regarding length of computer use, most students (48.3%) have used the computer for 1-3 years or longer (23.4%). Data on the specific activities carried out on computer out of school and their frequency show that most of the first graders do not use the computer to solve their homework (80.9%), visit social media sites (95.7%), write (93.6%) and read emails (93.6%). However, by the end of fourth grade these proportions change notably. 30.8% visit social sites once or twice a week, 32.7% read and 34.7% write emails with similar frequency. The frequency of the computer/internet use shows a similar pattern. 40% of first graders use the computer once or twice a week, while 36.5% of fourth graders use it almost every day. There was a significant correlation between students' length of computer use measured in years and reading achievement (ρ=.19 p<.01). The length of computer use has an impact on reading performance (2.9%). Students who have been using computers for 4-5 years outperformed students who have been using computers for less than a year (F=3.08 p<.01). Nevertheless, we did not find significant associations between any other ICT variable and reading. In sum, our findings lend support to the fact that computer use may influence online reading performance. Students' computer engagement increases and gets more frequent as they get more mature, which in turn may contribute to reading more efficiently in a computerized environment. __________


This thesis is a study of speech function analysis of utterances in Beauty and the Beast movie script by Bill Condon. This study is aimed to answer: (1) What are the types of speech function of utterances used in Beauty and The Beast movie script by Bill Condon? (2) What are the implications of the speech function used in Beauty and The Beast movie script by Bill Condon to be used in language learning? The objectives of this study are (1) To find out the types of speech function of utterances used in Beauty and The Beast movie script by Bill Condon. (2) To describe the implications of the speech function used in Beauty and The Beast movie script by Bill Condon to be used in language learning. The study is designed as qualitative research in form of descriptive study. Technique of analysis data is document analysis or content analysis. There were three forms of data: video, script, and classifying. The researcher analyzed all the utterances of all the characters. The result finding shows that there are four types of speech function that are utterred by the characters which are statement with 52 % portion, question with 23%, command 24% and the last offer with only 1%. Moreover, the researcher also found the rejoinders of speech function such as: acknowledgement, contradiction, answer, disclaimer, compliance, refusal and rejection.
This thesis also describes the implications of the speech function usedin Beauty and the Beast movie script by Bill Condon to be used inlanguage learning. The implication is in its use. It can be used in teaching and learning process as a medium. By watching movie, the students can indirectly analyze types of speech function in the movie such as statement, question, command and offer, and they can get experience by imitating how the characters use the utterances. Then, they practice it in learning activity or in daily life.


The yield strength of oil and gas pipe has significant influence on pipeline design pressure. The axial stress which has a noticeable impact on the yield strength was studied in four typical stress states, including small specimen tensile test, mill test, hydrostatic burst test and buried in service state. It is shown that the axial stress is below zero in mill test, one half of hoop stress in hydrostatic burst test, 30 percent of hoop stress in service state,and zero in small specimen tensile test. The differences between specimen yield strength and true yield strength of pipe body were also studied by both theoretical research and experiments. The theoretical research shows that among the four stress states, on basis of von Mises criterion,the hoop stress is larger than that of Tresca criterion.And in hydrostatic burst test,the yield hoop stress of von Mises criterion is 1.15 times of specimen yield strength while 1 time of Tresca criterion. The results of six hydrostatic burst tests and specimen tensile tests show the hoop stress at yielding is 1.18 times of the specimen yield strength. This shows von Mises criterion is more suitable for oil and gas pipe design than Tresca criterion.


Uniform distribution van der Corput sets Exponential sums I: The methods of Weyl and van der Corput Exponential sums II: Vinogradov's method An introduction to Turan's method Irregularities of distribution Mean and large values of Dirichlet polynomials Distribution of reduced residue classes in short intervals Zeros of $L$-functions Small polynomials with integral coefficients Some unsolved problems Index.


Social robots are being designed to use human-like communication techniques, including body language, social signals, and empathy, to work effectively with people. Just as between people, some robots learn about people and adapt to them. In this paper we present one such robot design: we developed Sam, a robot that learns minimal information about a person's background, and adapts to this background. Our in-the-wild study found that people helped Sam for significantly longer when it adapted to match their background. While initially we saw this as a success, in re-considering our study we started seeing a different angle. Our robot effectively deceived people (changed its story and text), based on some knowledge of their background, to get more work from them. There was little direct benefit to the person from this adaptation, yet the robot stood to gain free labor. We would like to pose the question to the community: is this simply good robot design, or, is our robot being manipulative? Where does the ethical line lay between a robot leveraging social techniques to improve interaction, and the more negative framing of a robot or algorithm taking advantage of people? How can we decide what is good here, and what is less desirable?


The melodic lines of examples of compositions from the baroque, classical, romantic, and contemporary periods have been studied in order to determine the musical meter by computer calculation. The method of autocorrelation is appropriate for this calculation since it is a measure of the frequency of occurrence of events following an event at time zero. If a greater frequency of events occurs on the downbeat of a measure as predicted by Palmer and Krumhansl [''Mental Representations for Musical Meter,'' J. Exptl. Psychol.: Human Percept. Perform. 16, 728–741 (1990)], then a peak in the autocorrelation function should indicate the time for a single measure. The results of these calculations indicate that computer determination of tempo is quite feasible. Autocorrelation results will be presented in graphical form.


Loading conditions of railway vehicles both affect the vehicle and substructure directly. There are approaches to determine the load of a railway vehicle, the first one is to statically weigh the vehicle, the second approach is to place sensors along the track and dynamically weigh the vehicle at certain sections and the third one is to design special sensors that can be implemented on the vehicle. In this study, a model based indirect estimation methodology for normal load is proposed. This approach is based on interpreting angular velocities of wheels and translational velocity measurements of a vehicle to determine the normal load. A swarm intelligence based evolution of multiple models is proposed for estimation. In order to validate the approach, measurements taken from a tram wheel test stand with an independently rotating wheel are considered. The proposed approach is promising to be used as a dynamic weighing system and cost–efficient since only vehicle–based sensors are used. Furthermore, a continuous monitoring of the normal load is made possible with high accuracy since this methodology is neither limited to track–based sensors nor it requires special sensors and instrumented wheelsets.


Colloidal systems offer an effective medium to micro-engineer complex structures without involving sophisticated fabrication procedures. This article presents a deployment strategy of multiple droplets of different colloidal composition and utilizes the inherent capillary flow driven self assembly of nanoparticles to construct stacks of multiple materials on a given glass substrate. Here we used aqueous nano-crystalline titania and nano-amorphous silica solutions as the two materials. Initially, a pure nanotitania (nanosilica) droplet is deployed and allowed to dry partially. Subsequently, a second droplet of pure nanosilica (nanotitania) is deployed co-axially on the partially dried precipitate. The proposed deployment strategy allowed significant morphological differences when the deployment order of nanosilica and nanotitania were interchanged. Compositional analysis performed using EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) showed preferential deposition of nanosilica and nanotitania along the radial as well as the axial plane of the final deposit pattern. The underlying mechanism for such a phenomenon could be attributed to the contact line dynamics of a sessile double droplet. We also observe heteroaggregation of the nanosilica-nanotitania interaction along a narrow interface which resulted in nanotitania particles clustering into isolated islands embedded into a matrix of nanosilica particles. Overall, this work elucidates the evaporation driven dynamics of a mixed colloidal system which displays both macroscopic as well as microscopic phenomena. Such a system could be used to generate ordered arrays of functional materials with engineered micro to nano-scale properties.


Chromium aluminium nitride (CrAlN) thin films were grown on Si wafers by DC reactive magnetron co-sputtering technique without external heating and biasing to the substrates. The effect of N2 gas flow rate on the structure of the as-deposited films was invested. Cr and Al metals were used as sputtering targets. The Cr and Al sputtering current were fixed at 300 mA. The sputtering gas (Ar) flow rate was fixed at 10 sccm and the reactive gas (N2) flow rate was varied from 2 sccm to 10 sccm. The crystal structure, thickness, roughness, microstructure, surface morphology, elemental composition and hardness were characterized by glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and nanoindentation technique, respectively. The results showed that, all the as-deposited films were formed as a (Cr, Al)N solid solution. The as-deposited films exhibited a nanostructure with a crystallite size of less than 40 nm. The crystal size and lattice constant was in range of 17-33 nm and 3.998-4.165 Å, respectively. The film thickness and roughness decreased from 400 nm to 244 nm and 2.8 nm to 1.4 nm, respectively, with increasing the N2 gas flow rate. The elemental composition of the as-deposited films varied with the N2 gas flow rate. Cross section analysis by FE-SEM showed compact columnar and dense morphology as increasing the N2 gas flow rate. The film hardness was in range of 14.1-60.3 GPa.


Plasmonic slot nanoresonator (PSNR) embedded in a gold-coated optical fibre tapers are studied, can show strong three dimensional localization when optimised.


Feasibility of making all directional graded index variations on a polynorbornene based planar lightwave circuit is demonstrated. Owing to the light confinement characteristic, all parallel-aligned 12 channels are capable of transmitting 12.5Gbps data with low crosstalk.


The potentiality of clay minerals as useful indicators of the environment of their formation is summarized from the published literature on the origin of clay minerals. Caution must be observed when drawing geologic inferences from a rock or mineral concerning its origin because the rock or mineral may not have been formed where it now is found (occurs). Clay minerals are products of parent materials responding to the energy present in the reaction under which they were formed. In the genesis of some minerals the effect of parent material is dominant; in others the controlling factor is environment. The environment of clay mineral formation may be described in part, or vaguely and broadly, in terms of climate as used in the usual sense. The environment is more clearly defined as a chemical micro-climate in terms of concentration of active ions, oxidation potential, and temperature of the reacting systems. This type of environmental description may be related to various geologic domains, such as in the ground-water zone, and under paludal, lacustrine, and marine conditions. The kaolin group of minerals is formed where aluminum silicate rocks react so that the Al to Si ratio is relatively high, H ions are gained, and monovalent and divalent ions are lost. The montmorillonite and illite groups of minerals are formed from aluminum silicate rocks where a relatively high concentration of appropriate metal cations and relatively lower concentration of H ions are maintained. A geologic illustration is cited where clay mineral facies in rocks of Pennsylvanian age in Missouri have been used to infer the geologic environments prevailing during the deposition of the clay minerals.


Congenital achromatopsia with high myopia has a frequency of several percent among the inhabitants of Pingelap Atoll, Ponape District, U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands [ 1 ]. Pedigrees suggest an autosomal recessive gene which reached high frequency after Typhoon Lengkieki devastated the atoll around 1775 [2]. Ethnohistorical, epidemiological, and genetic evidence on this hypothesis will now be presented.


Climate change is when the average long-term weath er pattern of a region is altered for an extended period of time typically decades or longer. Climate consists of the elements of temperature, precipitat ion, wind and cloud cover and it affects every substance on the planet whether organ ic or inorganic, examples include shifts in wind patterns the average tempera ture or the amount of precipitation.


Objectives: To describe a case of a giant benign abscessed pheochromocytoma due to its low incidence.
Clinical case: A fifty-three year old male patient, with current illness since august/2013, characterized by
hyporexia, astenia, abdominal pain on right hypochondrium and 39°C fever with 12 kg weight loss in a 4 month period, was referred to this medical center. During hospital stay the patient presents elevated blood pressure and palpitations. An abdominal US is performed twice with the following findings: space-occupying lesion (SOL) on liver segments V and VI and a grade II right renal parenchymal lesion. A double contrast CT-Scan of the abdomen and pelvis is performed and reports a neo-proliferative right suprarenal mass. The 24-hour urinary catecholamine test result was high. a and s blocking with doxazosin and propranolol was initiated. Soon after he was operated:
right adrenalectomy with lymph node resection and right nephrectomy. Grossly an adrenal tumor of 25 cm diameter is observed, with fetid, purulent inside content. Culture of purulent content reported Salmonella


The paper examines the structural-semantic organization of a text material of the political newspaper article and discloses semantic integrity of information field of the article. The author analyzes the text field partitioning into paragraphs and allocates three groups of paragraphs: informative, argumentative and explicative. Using examples from English newspapers, the author shows language shaping of each of the allocated paragraphs.


Abstract According to Tamara Movscha, vessels from the Funnel Beaker culture settlement in Zhvanets can be synchronized with the period of existence of the settlements in Zimno, Leżnica and Gródek. Based on the currently available radiocarbon dates, we can say that the long-term settlements in Gródek and Zimno existed from around 3650 BC. The older phase of the settlement in Gródek is dated to 3650-3400 BC, while the younger ones to 3400-3100 BC. The first is characterized by the presence of imports of tableware with the characteristics of the Brînzeni group dated to 3400-3100 BC. In order to verify the current attempts to position the above at a more precise time, several radiocarbon analyses of the samples from the sites of Brînzeni and Gordinești group in northern Moldova were conducted.


Outage management is a critical task for power system operations. Modern energy management systems usually support such a function by means of the outage scheduler application. Outage scheduler helps to manage the system outage scheduling information however lacks providing quantitative analysis for operators to evaluate outage requests. This paper presents a new solution for processing outages that require evaluation for approvals. Different from outage scheduler, the proposed solution assesses the impact of requested outages for multiple specified time points via a sequence of network studies including economic dispatch, contingency analysis and security enhancement. The analysis results help operators make the decision in approving or disapproving requested outages. To test the effectiveness of the outage evaluation method, a computer model based simulation on the Florida Power & Light system is conducted considering use of expected loads, generation, area interchange under given operating condition and contingency definitions.


In a speech delivered to members of the American Physical Society in New York City on January 30, Dr. Bacher discussed certain aspects of the atomic energy program that are currently of greatest concern to the country's physicists. Dr. Bacher was formerly Professor of Physics at Cornell University and associate director of the Los Alamos Laboratory. He is now a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.


Objective: Investigate the impact of Rugao yellow rice wine on the anti-oxidative ability of organism. Methods:Using malonaldehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) detecting kits, the total MDA level and SOD activity in serum and liver were examined in old mice after administation with different volumes of Rugao yellow rice wine for a period time to determine the influence of Rugao yellow wine on the anti-oxidative ability in mice. Results: Drinking Rugao yellow wine could significantly elevate the total SOD activity and reduce the total MDA level in serum and liver, indicating that administation with RuGao yellow wine could remarkably improve the anti-oxidative functions in old mice. Conclusion: Rugao yellow rice wine could effectively improve the antioxidation of organism.


Minimal level upgrades are performed routinely on OCLC monographic records that are produced by the Cataloging Department at Morris Library, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. These records are improved for three reasons: ( I ) to provide the most complete record for library users; (2) to maintain the library's commitment to a high level of cataloging; (3) to enhitnce record quality for the online catalog. Recent shifts in staffing required an examination of this cataloging activity to determine its feasibility. A sample of nearly 200 minimal level records were investigated over the course of a year. The study includes: number of minimal level upgrades attempted, success rate, differences observed between our attempt and records successfully altcred by another institution, and the effect this activity had on the local online catalog.


Exploiting circuit structure is a key issue in the implementation of algorithms for state space decomposition when the target is approximate FSM traversal. Given the gate-level description of a sequential circuit, the information about its structure can be captured by evaluating the affinity between pairs or groups of latches. Two main factors have to be considered in carrying out the structural analysis of a sequential circuit: latch connectivity and latch correlation. We estimate the affinity of two latches by combining these two factors, and we use this measure to translate the state space decomposition problem into a graph partitioning problem. Traversal results obtained on the largest ISCAS'89 benchmarks show the effectiveness of the method.<<ETX>>


The $X_1$-Jacobi and the $X_1$-Laguerre exceptional orthogonal polynomials have been introduced and studied by G\'omez-Ullate, Kamran and Milson in a series of papers. In this note, we establish some properties, such as interlacing, monotonicity with respect to the parameters and order, about the so-called \textit{regular} and \textit{exceptional} zeros of these two classes of polynomials.


In order to confirm the actual temperature of the kindling point simply and truly,the new method for confirm the temperature of the kindling point is puts forward.Utilizing the combustion and pyrogenation thermal-gravity experiment data of Zhanjiang Power plant,it is analyzed that the new method,the constant weightlessness rate method,TG(thermal-gravity) dividing point method,DTG(differential thermal-gravity) dividing point method and TG-DTG dividing point method confirmed the temperature of the kindling point.It is obtained that the results of the new method accord with those of the constant weightlessness rate method for high-volatilization coals and are more close to the actual temperature of the kindling point for low-volatilization coals;and the results of the new method accord with the TG-DTG dividing point method for any coals and the new method is more simple.


The Incremental K-means (IKM), an improved version of K-means (KM), was introduced to improve the clustering quality of KM significantly. However, the speed of IKM is slower than KM. My thesis proposes two algorithms to speed up IKM while remaining the quality of its clustering result approximately. The first algorithm, called Divisive K-means, improves the speed of IKM by speeding up its splitting process of clusters. Testing with UCI Machine Learning data sets, the new algorithm achieves the empirically global optimum as IKM and has lower complexity, $O(k*log_{2}k*n)$, than IKM, $O(k^{2}n)$. The second algorithm, called Parallel Two-Phase K-means (Par2PK-means), parallelizes IKM by employing the model of Two-Phase K-means. Testing with large data sets, this algorithm attains a good speedup ratio, closing to the linearly speed-up ratio.


This paper examines the influence of the socio-political environment on the publication of the first translation
 into Catalan of Anne Frank's diary (Folch i Camarasa 1959), which had passages cut from
 the Spanish rendition in 1955. Based on two translations of the same text into two languages spoken in Spain, the analysis will
 center on the impact of the changes that occurred during the 1950s, characterized by a moderate "opening up." Attention will be
 drawn to the role played by the Catalonian publishing industry in reviving cultural production at a time when the voices of the
 Other were subject to strict control. The efforts to ensure that the book – penned by an author whose testimony pertained to a
 distant reality – was available in Catalan show the willingness to use translation to question the dominant hegemonic discourse.
 Furthermore, the text can be considered the initiator of the development undergone by the publishing sector in Catalonia starting
 in 1962. On the other hand, tolerance of this translation is to be explained because the Francoist regime had to adapt to the
 circumstances and make concessions to promote a positive international image.


HEDL is conducting an experimental transient testing program to evaluate the performance of prototypic Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) fuel pins up to the cladding integrity limit. The relationship is described of the HEDL/TREAT transient overpower test program to the confirmation of FFTF fuel pin design bases via the FFTF fuel pin design procedure.


Evaluation of semi-circular surface crack influence on threaded connection fatigue behavior, made of 42CrMo4 heat treatable steel, was carried out. Crack diameters were defined as 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm. Influence of semi-circular surface cracks was investigated by means of Kitagawa–Takahashi diagram and El Haddad equation. Assessments were done for survival probability of 99% on detailed FE model with normal metric thread profile and preload force at 70% of force at bolt yield point. The most critical location on threaded connections usually are thread roots which contain a very high notch effect. In order to accurately consider multiaxial stress field in thread root, multiaxial fatigue stress criterion based on a critical plane theory for fatigue assessment, was used. Mean stress influence was taken into account by means of Haigh diagram. Variable amplitude loading history of low-high (Lo-Hi) sequence spectrum was analyzed with the numerical algorithm of Rainflow cycle counting in the time domain. Fatigue damage was calculated according to the modified Palmgren-Miner linear damage accumulation hypothesis.


ABSTRACT Let A be an absolute valued algebra over the reals satisfying Property (I): For each x ∈ A there exists an element e(x) ∈ A (not necessarily an idempotent) such that As trivial examples of A, we have ℝ,ℂ,H and D since each of these algebras has a unit elment. A more interesting example is C* since it has no unit. Consequently, H*and D* also satisfy Property (I) since the subalgebra generated by any nonzero element of these algebras is isomorphic to ℝ or C*. In the present article, we show that ℝ, ℂ, C*, H, H*, D, and D* are the only absolute valued algebras with an involution satisfying Property (I). We also show that if A is an inner product space or finite dimensional and e(x) is an idempotent for each x ∈ A, then A is isomorphic to ℝ,ℂ,H, or D.


We have proved that : 1. Every continuous piecewise monotonic non-chaotic function is stable. 2. For any continuous piecewise monotonic function with zero entropy, every infinite LJ-limit set is perfect.


Cash is an important and vital resource of every business unit. Holding too much cash can increase opportunity costs, while holding too little can induce shortage costs that disadvantage investment. This study attempts to expand our knowledge of factors affecting the corporate cash holdings under inflation, by considering both the economic cycle at the macro level, and the firm-specific operating cycle at the micro level. For this purpose the data of 125 firms listed in Tehran's Stock Exchange over the 2009–2013 period, the linear regression, and the panel data model are used. The results indicate that there is a U-shaped relationship between inflation and the firm's cash holdings level, while no significant correlation could be found between the firm's operating cycle and its cash holdings level.


The ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) is a hybrid magnetic trap formed by a series of toroidally connected simple mirrors. It differs from a tokamak, the present main-line approach, in that plasma stability and heating are obtained in a current-free geometry by the application of steady-state, high power, electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) producing a steady-state plasma. The primary motivation for EBT confinement research is the potential for a steady-state, highly accessible reactor with high ..beta... In the present EBT-I/S device, electron confinement has been observed to agree with the predictions of theory. The major emphasis of the experimental program is on the further scaling of plasma parameters in the EBT-I/S machine with ECH frequency (10.6, 18, and 28 GHz), resonant magnetic field (0.3, 0.6, and 1 T), and heating power (30, 60, and 200 kW). In addition, substantial efforts are under way or planned in the areas of ion cyclotron heating, neutral beam heating, plasma-wall interactions, impurity control, synchrotron radiation, and divertors. Recently, EBT has been selected as the first alternative concept to be advanced to the proof-of-principle stage; this entails a major device scale-up to allow a reasonable extrapolation to a DT-burning facility. The status and future plans of the EBT program, in particular the proof-of-principle experiment (EBT-P), are discussed.


The utility model discloses a water lubrication bearing with double helix groove, which is composed of a lining back layer, an inner lining layer and a lubrication layer, wherein the lining back layer, the inner lining layer and the lubrication layer are spliced into a cylinder in turn; the helix grooves are arranged on the inner lining layer and the lubrication layer; during a working process, a contact area is increased, a water film is easily formed, a resistance of water flow is reduced, the temperature resistance of products is increased and a pure rubber product is prevented from being easily burnt; the glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin is taken as the raw material of the lining back layer; and the inner lining layer is made of a rubber alloy. The water lubrication bearing with double helix groove has the advantages of excellent corrosion resistance, aging resistance, shock resistance, long service life, low noise, strong rebound resilience, fatigue resistance and high temperature resistance.


The magnetic and structural properties of melt‐spun NdFeB alloy depend in a sensitive way on the quench rate. These ribbon properties affect the process used in the fabrication of hot‐pressed isotropic magnets and die‐upset, aligned magnets. We present the results of an investigation into the nature of these process interactions. Melt‐spun ribbon is produced for a series of substrate velocities to vary the quench rate. We discuss the magnetic properties of the resulting ribbon, hot‐pressed MQ‐II magnets and die‐upset MQ‐III magnets. The unique magnetic properties of melt‐spun NdFeB material are due to the uniaxial anisotropy in the Nd2Fe14B1 phase and the process and composition‐dependent microstructure consisting of very fine grains of the hard magnetic phase surrounded by NdFe eutectic. Microscopic study of ribbon and magnet samples reveals the nature of this structure and how it relates to the magnetic properties and processing parameters.


Simple Summary The use of oncolytic virus is an innovative approach that has shown promising results as a treatment in oncology. Epithelial-derived tumors are the most frequent neoplasms in dogs, but gold standard therapies can be highly invasive procedures. Due to the accessible localization of these tumors, the intratumoral administration is feasible. Therefore, we propose to determine the safety and efficacy of intratumoral administration of oncolytic adenovirus ICOCAV15, in canine patients with epithelial-derived tumors. Eight dogs with carcinoma/adenocarcinoma were intratumorally treated with ICOCAV15. No clinically relevant changes were observed in the blood count, biochemistry and coagulation test analyzed during follow-up. The survival time of the 6/8 dogs exceeded the median survival time with chemotherapy, showing a partial response rate of 25% and 75% of stable disease. ICOCAV15 was detected in the target lesion by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Also, some of the non-treated metastasis showed an infiltration of ICOCAV15 by immunohistochemistry. The immune populations were evaluated, and an increase of CD8+, MAC387+, CD3+ and CD20+ cells was reported in some of the patients after the inoculation. These results show that intratumoral ICOCAV15 is safe and well tolerated by dogs. Also, they suggest ICOCAV15 could be a new tool in veterinary oncology for accessible carcinomas/adenocarcinomas. Abstract The use of oncolytic viruses is an innovative approach to lyse tumor cells and induce antitumor immune responses. Eight dogs diagnosed with carcinoma/adenocarcinoma were intratumorally treated with ICOCAV15, an oncolytic canine adenovirus (CAV). To evaluate the treatment's safety, a blood count, biochemistry, and coagulation test were performed before treatment and during follow-up. Immune populations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Anti-adenovirus antibodies were also determined. The immune infiltration, vascularization, and viral presence in the tumor were determined by CD3, CD4, CD20, CD31 and CAV by immunohistochemistry. All the dogs maintained a good quality of life during follow-up, and some had increased median survival time when compared with dogs treated with chemotherapy. No treatment-related adverse effects were detected. The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors criteria were also assessed: two patients showed a partial response and the rest showed stable disease at various times during the study. ICOCAV15 was detected inside the tumor during follow-up, and antiviral antibodies were detected in all patients. Furthermore, the tumor-infiltrating immune cells increased after viral administration. Therefore, we suggest that intratumorally administered ICOCAV15 could represent as a new tool for the treatment of canine carcinoma because it is safe, well-tolerated by dogs, and shows promising results.


Purpose of the study: This examination endeavors to inspect the mental and instructive qualities of profession development among instructors of professional instructive establishments. It additionally endeavors to break down the lexical and semantic substance of the related ideas of "proficient vocation", "proficient advancement", "proficient development" and "expert development". Methodology: This examination utilized coherent investigation of logical works, speculation of viewpoint and translation alternatives for understanding the substance of expert profession, proficient improvement, and vocation development so as to distinguish the mental and educational highlights of profession advancement of educators of professional schools. It likewise utilized hypothetical investigation, examination, and speculation of applied perspectives on the issue under examination so as to decide the issue topical parts of taking care of the logical issue; strategy for explanation is to discover the idea of the creator's translations, including the professional success of professional instructive educators and to detail the finishes of the investigation. Main Findings: Four fundamental highlights of the mental part of the instructor's vocation development have been distinguished, to be specific: inspiration, innovativeness, self-awareness, and expert development. The outer variables that impact the course of instructors' vocation development are likewise featured. Applications of this study: This work is appropriate in numerous parts of the instructive segment. Hence its importance leaves no inquiries as the work will be valuable for instructors as well as for further improvement in approach course for training in the future. Novelty/Originality of this study: For the first run-through, interior and outside parts of educators' profession development were breaking down and the essential mental perspectives were featured.


A one-component, fringe type laser velocimeter in the backscatter mode was used to measure flow velocities from 732 to 792 m/sec about a shock from an inclined flat plate in a Mach 5 tunnel. This test was chosen to determine system characteristics in applying the laser velocimeter to measure velocities in hypersonic flow fields. The seeding particles, less than 20 microns in diameter, were injected into the tunnel supply pipe, approximately 1 meter upstream of the nozzle throat, through a rake along the diameter. The LV signals were processed by two methods, a scanning spectrum analyzer and a high-speed counter. The measured velocity distributions obtained were analyzed to determine the errors due to particle lag, transit time broadening and high-speed counter quantizing error.


Based on the monitoring data concerning wall rock deformation during the construction period of Pubugou underground powerhouse,this paper analyzed the wall rock deformation characteristics of the underground powerhouse separately from time and space dimensions in connection with construction excavation and geologic data.


Four major alternative approaches to licensure laws are reviewed: creation of new licensing laws tor each health profession; development of a statute to authorize general delegation of patient care activities by physicians to new or existing categories of nonphysicians; establishment of a committee on health manpower innovations to regulate use of nonphysician manpower; and institutional licensure. Each alternative is briefly presented, with major emphasis on refuting the rationale lor institutional licensure. The author recognizes the need to change licensure laws to allow tor broader definitions of practice and urges health professions to also concentrate on revision ol accreditation and certification processes.


Women's participation in science has been an increasingly relevant and discussed topic in recent decades. Throughout history, women have faced numerous barriers and challenges to enter and stand out in this field of knowledge. However, despite the difficulties, women have contributed significantly to scientific advancement in all areas. In Brazil, the discussion about the participation of women in science has been highlighted in national events around analytical chemistry and academia. Thus, some changes have been implemented to minimize the differences discussed herein. Today we see more and more women engaged in science, holding prominent positions as researchers, professors, and leaders in their fields. They exist in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, engineering, and technology. In addition, women have also been involved in emerging and interdisciplinary areas such as computer science, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology. It is crucial to promote gender equality in chemistry by providing an inclusive environment and encouraging the active participation of women. This can be achieved by implementing policies that promote equal opportunities, encouraging female role models and mentors, supporting women chemists' training and professional development, and valuing and recognizing their contributions. Women's participation in chemistry is essential to scientific advancement in this field. We bring unique perspectives, creativity, and skills to address chemical challenges and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of chemical processes and their practical applications. Gender diversity in chemistry drives innovation and promotes a more prosperous and inclusive scientific environment. It is essential to provide equal opportunities, support, and encouragement for women to enter and thrive in academic careers in the exact sciences, thus strengthening female representation in this field and boosting scientific excellence. In this context, the BrJAC journal worked on organizing an issue dedicated to women researchers in the field of (bio)analytical chemistry. The central idea is to celebrate those female researchers who have worked hard and dedicatedly in analytical chemistry. The interview was with Dr. Joanna Szpunar from the National Research Council of France (CNRS). She talked about her career and experience as a prominent researcher in the spectroanalytical chemistry field. The point of view was with Dr. Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni from UNESP, who excels in electroanalytical chemistry and shares a new perspective on artificial photosynthesis technology. The Letter written by Dr. Quezia Cass from UFSCar presented us with text on separation techniques highlighting affinity selection mass spectrometry. The issue will also feature three reviews, eight articles, and three technical notes, all led by women in (bio)analytical chemistry. It is imperative to thank all the reviewers who participated in this process by giving their time and expertise in evaluating the manuscripts. Many thanks! We hope you enjoy the reading and learn some of the work these researchers have been developing in (bio)analytical chemistry.


Tissue specimens from five patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of breast have been analyzed in conjunction with 46 well-documented cases in the literature. The necessity for histologic differentiation of this tumor from ductal carcinoma of the breast with a cribriform pattern is discussed. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast appears to occur preferentially in the area of the nipple and areola. Because of this tumor's apparent indolent course and the absence of documentation of metastases to axillary lymph node, simple mastectomy is adequate treatment.


Since its inception in 2005, Critical Tourism Studies (CTS) has profiled itself as a network of scholars who share a vision of producing and promoting social change in and through tourism practice, research, and education. It has sought to legitimize the critical school of thought in tourism studies, and to provide an inclusive environment for the alternative voices in the academy. Six CTS conferences later, a vibrant and inclusive network of scholars has emerged, representing a wide range of institutions and tourism interests. Yet as the network matures, the question has emerged on what the future holds for CTS. Has the network achieved its goals? Has it helped make the academy become more accepting of critical tourism research? Has it remained an inclusive environment for alternative voices in tourism studies? And if it has achieved its goals, does that now make the network redundant? We reflect here on what lies ahead, and which challenges we face in creating a renaissance in critical tourism studies. We will consider how these ideas can help us in elaborating on the critique of critical tourism studies itsel


The structure strength of the boom under 4 cases is carried out by MSC/Nastran and its stability are checked. The calculation methods of load and the applied methods of constraint conditions are introduced in this paper. It can be concluded by FEM analysis that the same type design and strength analysis of the boom structure has a certain reference value. The results show the structural strength and stability of the crane meet the regulatory requirements.


An active brine reconcentration system has been incorporated into the design of the University of Illinois half-acre salt gradient solar pond facility. An important feature of the system is its ability to keep precipitation from diluting the brine. Experimental data presented are in good agreement with a numerical simulation model of the evaporation process. The film''-type evaporation process used in the system efficiently collects solar energy for evaporating water from brine. Parasitic electrical energy requirements for the evaporation system are 1.2 watts per square meter of evaporation surface area.


Following work presents the idea for an effective method of electronic warfare system that can act as a useful device in military applications. The UAV is designed to be a hexa-copter and has a gun mounted on it so that it can eliminate the target with negligible risk of losing human life in combat or war-like situation. Its novelty lies in its anti-radar nature, which is adapted after analyzing various jamming and electronic countermeasure techniques. Hence as 'Stealth' technique for jamming is adapted by integration of 'Radar absorbent material' to lower the Radar Cross section (RCS), which further decreases the detectability of the UAV in radar's region. With its ability to stay in air, it can easily be controlled and due to its integration with the high definition-low vision camera it can target the enemy precisely, without any risk of error, taking accurate coordinates of the target. The whole warfare system can be monitored on a screen of mobile or laptop depending on the situation of operation. UAV is armed with a light-weight gun which can be used in low vision, hence attacking particular enemy without any loss of other human life.


Like everything in the world, cities and the values they possess undergo a change process. So, all the components from districts making up a city to streets making up the districts and the architectural structures and elements forming them go through a constructive or unconstructive change or renewal process. Erzurum city heads the list of the cities under the influence of such a change to a great extent due to its historical qualification, too. The aim of this study is to reveal the extent of this change, determine the negative and positive sides of this process and prove using visual material whether we are on the right or wrong direction with respect to general progress and future of the city. In the study, totally eleven couples of images, which can constitute strong relationships between historical and modern structures of the city and represent the historical core were evaluated. The findings, obtained by comparing and evaluating the past, old state and visual materials produced by considering the old state, revealed that we are faced with a big destruction rather than a change process. In addition, another importance of the study is that it has filed a new and up-to-date visual archive of the cultural works, compiled and added new photos to the existing archive.
Keywords: Historical city, Urban renewal, Photograph, Erzurum


This study aims to explore the pivotal role of the school principal in escalating his/her capacity as a supervisor. Supervision constitutes one of the principal's duties that needs to be carried out for the purpose of supervising, evaluating performance, guiding, and motivating teachers to be able to make improvements, maintain teaching quality, and organize a better learning process. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed in this library research. The findings demonstrate the roles that principals take to maximize their role as a supervisor. Firstly, the principals should be able to understand the nature of supervision. This indicates that this re-understanding aims to enhance the process of supervision and guidance to teachers so as to improve the quality of their performance and teaching processes. Secondly, principals should be able to adapt and adopt various approaches to the implementation of supervision. The application in the supervision approach can be noticed in the exchange of information between principals and teachers, including the quality of learning. Thirdly, school principals should be able to increase human resources. The improvement should be carried out systematically and continuously through professional development. This illustrates that the principals' role as a supervisor is very essential to promote the professionalism of teachers and educational staff.


High‐grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive, treatment‐resistant, and often fatal human brain cancers. The TNF‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/fibroblast growth factor‐inducible 14 (Fn14) signaling axis is involved in tissue repair after injury and constitutive signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous solid cancers. The Fn14 gene is expressed at low levels in the normal, uninjured brain but is highly expressed in primary isocitrate dehydrogenase wild‐type and recurrent HGGs. Fn14 signaling is implicated in numerous aspects of glioma biology including brain invasion and chemotherapy resistance, but whether Fn14 overexpression can directly promote tumor malignancy has not been reported. Here, we used the replication‐competent avian sarcoma‐leukosis virus/tumor virus A system to examine the impact of Fn14 expression on glioma development and pathobiology. We found that the sole addition of Fn14 to an established oncogenic cocktail previously shown to generate proneural‐like gliomas led to the development of highly invasive and lethal brain cancer with striking biological features including extensive pseudopalisading necrosis, constitutive canonical and noncanonical NF‐κB pathway signaling, and high plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) expression. Analyses of HGG patient datasets revealed that high human PAI‐1 gene (SERPINE1) expression correlates with shorter patient survival, and that the SERPINE1 and Fn14 (TNFRSF12A) genes are frequently co‐expressed in bulk tumor tissues, in tumor subregions, and in malignant cells residing in the tumor microenvironment. These findings provide new insights into the potential importance of Fn14 in human HGG pathobiology and designate both the NF‐κB signaling node and PAI‐1 as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.


The growth in the use of mechanical vapour compression based air conditioning systems for office cooling in temperate climates has led to increased interest in alternative low energy active cooling systems. Cooling towers as a means for producing chilled water, in conjunction with radiant and displacement cooling systems, offer a possible alternative approach for space conditioning of office spaces in temperate climates. The current research hypothesis is based on assessing an integrated cooling tower and radiant / displacement ventilation cooling system for office conditioning in temperate climate. The concept is capable of producing chilled water between 14-18°C with low approach temperatures (1-3 K) and using this water for building sensible cooling by radiant surfaces (floors or ceilings) and building latent cooling by displacement ventilation. A mathematical model of the cooling tower system was developed using MATLAB. The cooling tower was validated against experimental data and integrated with an EnergyPlus model of an office building model incorporating radiant cooling and displacement ventilation systems. Using the overall simulation model, assessment was carried out based on ASHRAE design day specifications for Paris as representative of warm and humid climate. The results indicated that although the COP of the integrated cooling system was fluctuated between 2 and 8, this system can provide thermal comfort condition during 67% of working hours in Paris design day.


Abstract : The report documents cumulative results of a 15-month RD a general target database access module; an automatic report generator; grammar and dictionary entry software; database mapping table software; diagnostic and validation tools, and a basic grammar for English query language. The package is written in FORTRAN for portability and runnable on small scale processors like DEC PDP 11/45 under RSX-11M. AQF is also implementable on a micro-processor. Some commercially available CRT terminals can accommodate a 16-bit DEC LSI-11/03 micro-processor, up to 128K bytes of static MOS memory, serial interface, and a dual floppy-disk drive at a total price under $12,000. RSX-11M can run on such a micro-processor system, thus insuring immediate implementability of AQF in the present FORTRAN version on the system. (Author)


We model the dark sector of the cosmic substratum by a viscous fluid with an equation of state p = −ζΘ, where Θ is the fluid-expansion scalar and ζ is the coefficient of bulk viscosity for which we assume a dependence ζ∝ρν on the energy density ρ. The homogeneous and isotropic background dynamics coincides with that of a generalized Chaplygin gas with equation of state p = −A/ρα. The perturbation dynamics of the viscous model, however, is intrinsically non-adiabatic and qualitatively different from the Chaplygin-gas case. In particular, it avoids short-scale instabilities and/or oscillations which apparently have ruled out unified models of the Chaplygin-gas type. We calculate the matter power spectrum and demonstrate that the non-adiabatic model is compatible with the data from the 2dFGRS and the SDSS surveys. A χ2-analysis shows, that for certain parameter combinations the viscous-dark-fluid (VDF) model is well competitive with the ΛCDM model. These results indicate that non-adiabatic unified models can be seen as potential contenders for a General-Relativity-based description of the cosmic substratum.


The objective of this study is to develop an automated security system for defenses operations that can identify, track, and eliminate targets. The system has two modes of operation, the first of which uses the Arduino programming system to track the target automatically. The module, by the other hand, can be operated manually, in which case the authority picks the target and, if required, shoots. Python-based image processing methods are implemented using Anaconda Spyder. The procedure starts with computer processing of image sequence signal acquired by the Arduino image capture device, then choosing a mark object which can be tracked using various computer vision scrips. Following the marking of the object, and Arduino circuit decides to fire any unlawful individual or movement inside the subject range using PIR sensor. The gun is supported by a stand and things crusade is meticulous by a servo mechanical.


IoT, Blockchain, Cloud, and other ICT technologies have more to offer to overcome the ongoing economic crisis of the rubber industry and reflect the adequate regard for boosting the economy of manufacturers. This paper proposes an IoT-Blockchain enabled Yield Advisory System (IBEYAS) for natural rubber manufacturers. IBEYAS connects IoT-enabled sensors of agricultural land, assesses the yield value of rubber trees at different time intervals, and notifies the anomalies to rubber manufacturers and the associated involving participants. The anomaly record of IBEYAS advises manufacturers to opt for appropriate rubber yielding procedures. For experiments, sensors were mounted on three different agricultural locations and the blockchain network was set up at the IoT cloud research laboratory. Experimental results revealed how IBEYAS recorded the anomalies after the entries consented from i) rubber manufacturers, ii) landowners, iii) rubber board authorities, and iv) rubber tappers; the results showcased the yield opportunities suggested by IBEYAS to the rubber manufacturers.


Vector-matrix multiplication is the fundamental computation in all the digital computations,which is extensively applied to linear equations solving,image processing,digital signal processing,AI and so on.At present,there are many methods to realize vector-matrix multiplication computation,in which the optical solution has the attention of researchers because of its characteristic of parallelism and multiplication.The research of optical vector-matrix multiplication is organized and summarized well,all kinds of methods domestic and overseas are surveyed,and the author's method based on ternary logic optical processor is described.The method has the advantages of simple structure,easy microminiaturization and high accuracy.


Thank you to Dr Hana Patel who has been contributing to News and Views this year and welcome back to Dr Kathryn Steven who is returning from maternity leave. InnovAiT now has a long list of people who have written articles, been responsible for sections of InnovAiT and used the experience to move on in writing and educational roles. Please feel free to contact us if you want to dip your toe in the water.


An all-at-once factorial method is presented, which optimizes protein ink deposition using microfabricated pens by identifying the pen design which writes the greatest number of uniform-size spots or droplets without re-inking. Pen features associated with capillary ink transport are varied according to statistical design-of-experiment (SDOE) principles, and evaluated using a special 1D pen array of twelve pens. Variable parameter pens are bracketed by control pens. Each pen array element embodies one component of the SDOE matrix. All parameters are evaluated simultaneously with a single droplet writing pass. Results can also be evaluated simultaneously, leading to rapid choice of those pen parameters which deliver the greatest number of printed features having the smallest coefficient of variation.


Foreign language teachers have been lacking an open web platform in support of learning and collaboration. This interactive session introduces participants to NEXOS, a web l anguage portal for teachers and learners of Spanish. It will be facilitated by a Spanish professor and an instructional resource expert, who will familiarize the audience with the main features of NEXOS as well as its pedagogical and technological aspects.


Heat shock stress induces some heat shock proteins, including Hsp70, and activates sodium-dependent glucose transport in porcine renal LLC-PK1 cells, but its mechanisms have not been described in detail. We investigated whether sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) interacts with Hsp70 to increase SGLT1 activity. Heat shock stress increased SGLT1 activity without changing SGLT1 expression. The increase of SGLT1 activity was completely inhibited by an anti-transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) antibody. Instead of heat shock stress, TGF-β1 increased SGLT1 activity dose- and time-dependently without changing SGLT1 expression. We found that the amount of Hsp70 immunoprecipitated from TGF-β1-treated cells with an anti-SGLT1 antibody was higher than that of the control cells. Transfection of an anti-Hsp70 antibody into the cells inhibited the increase of SGLT1 activity. With confocal laser microscopy, both SGLT1 and Hsp70 was localized near the apical membrane in the TGF-β1-treated cells, and an anti-Hsp70 antibody disturbed this localization. Furthermore, we clarified that an anti-Hsp70 antibody inhibited interaction of SGLT1 with Hsp70 in vitro. These results suggest that Hsp70 forms a complex with SGLT1 and increases the expression level of SGLT1 in the apical membrane, resulting in up-regulation of glucose uptake.


Objective To evaluate siRNA targeting VEGF-hTERT gene expression vector on proliferation of osteosarcoma cells and the growth of osteosarcoma innude mice.Methods Constructed RNA interference structure adenovirus vector rA-hTERT and rAd-VEGF,and transfected to human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 cells alone or combined.Then detected of hTERT and VEGF gene expression with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,the apoptotic rate in each group were detected by flow cytometry apoptosis.Treated with siRNA expression vector after Human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 tumor cellswere implanted into nude mice,and observed the tumor growth and pathological changes in each group after treatment .Results ① After 48h of transfection,compared with A and B group,the inhibition rate of rAd-hTERT gene on hTERT mRNA was about 84%,it was not significantly inhibited on VEGF gene expression (P 0.05);The inhibition rate of rAd-VEGF mRNA on VEGF gene was about 82%,it was not significantly inhibited on hTERT gene expression (P0.05);In the rAd-hTERT-VEGF interference group,the inhibition rate of hTERT gene expression was about 87%,and the inhibition rate of VEGF gene expression was about 83%;The hTERT-VEGF gene expression was no significant difference between united interference and single-gene interference (P0.05);② The apoptosis were promoted in interference groups after transfected l ~ 6 d;Compared with single-gene interference,the apoptosis rate of the combination interference have significant difference (P 0.05).In Nude mice experiments,Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in all genetic manipulation groups,and There was significant difference between the combination interference group and single-gene interfere group (P 0.05).Lung metastasis of osteosarcoma was significantly inhibited in the combination interference group.Conclusion The siRNAtargeting VEGF-hTERT gene expression vector was significantly inhibited to MG-63 cell and the growth of osteosarcoma in nude mice.


Medicinal plants have been in use since ancient times in the treatment of diseases such as stomach ache, diarrhoea, sexually transmitted diseases, tumours and wounds among others. The family Euphorbiaceae contains approximately 350 genera and over 7,500 species that are flowering plants. Amongst the plants is the Ricinus communis Linn. or castor plant which has high traditional and medicinal values leading to a healthy free disease community. In Kenya, about 25 million people are known to rely on herbal medicine. Moreover, herbal drugs are known to be more accessible and preferred due to their natural source and presumed comparative lesser side effect. Numerous studies on phytochemical composition of R. communis and pharmacological have been conducted. In the recent past, scientists and researchers around the globe have elaborately studied the phytochemical composition of R. communis L. whole plant as well as their biological pharmacological activities. These studies have established the therapeutic potential of R. communis L. in modern medicine and about it as a possible candidate for drug discovery. The present review gives an overview of R communis chemical composition and various pharmacological and biologicals activities.


Emily L. Ahearn , BS Annika Belzer , BS Stephanie R. Cohen , MD Jonathan S. Leventhal , MD Sandhya C. Deverapalli *, MD, MBBS Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA *E-mail: email@example.com


The goal of this paper is to show that, although variation sometimes affects a smaU number of items, it never is completely arbitrary. It is rather conditioned by the gram mati cal system of a language (qualitative factors) and the quantitative effects that this grammatical system causes when it applies to a specific lexicon. Examples are drawn primarily from the verbal system of Balearic Catalan. The analysis of the data further shows that, even though retrospectively it is possible to explain why variation occurs under certain circumstances, it does not seem possible to predict which change wiU inevitably take place in a given situation. .


In this paper two scales of a personality questionnaire, extraversion and neuroticism, are analyzed using a family of latent trait latent class models. The items are re-sponded to in one of three categories: "yes", "?", or "no". The results show that one single measurement model does not suffice in describing the data. More specifically, the meaning of the "?" response category is not invariant over subjects.


The superconducting, orthorhombic form of RBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][partial derivative]] for R = Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd has been synthesized by direct precipitation from molten NaOH and KOH at 450[degrees]C. In contrast to materials prepared by standard ceramic methods, the products obtained are relatively large, plates with rectangular rather than square faces and are free of the a-b twin boundaries associated with the uptake of oxygen at the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transformation. It is notable that these materials do not contain alkali metals. 19 refs., 4 figs.


With the development of the internet and mobile payment technology, the mobile payment transaction volume in China is rising year by year. Likewise, an increasing number of people are using mobile payments for their convenience and stability. In recent years, however, security incidents involving these mobile payments have also occurred more frequently. Some lawbreakers have been known to add illegal information to QR codes so that the mobile phones of unwitting customers are infected with viruses when they scan the codes to make payments. These viruses result in losses of personal property. In view of this, we propose an optimized secure payment solution for QR code scanning based on Operating-payment dual devices. This sets a separation of the payment process by utilizing both an operating device and a payment device, so as to minimize losses when customers scan malware-infected QR codes. Through theoretical analysis, our proposed solution can effectively improve the security of QR code payments, and meet the requirements for secure payment in daily life.


Light effects including its intensity, wavelength, and duration are important environmental factors that affects flavonoid accumulation. Ultraviolet (UV) light can induce flavonoid biosynthesis. Under normal condition, flavonoids are produced in response to stress, and they function as UV filters. In this paper, we review how light quality and quantity affect the accumulation of flavonoid in plant species. High light intensity can influence flavonoid accumulation, but in heliophytes, the opposite is true. Some medicinal plants require shady environment for flavonoid accumulation. In monocots, the flavonoid is situated in both epidermis and mesophyll while in dicot, it is found only in the epidermis. This review leads to a conclusion that high variation in flavonoids accumulation in response to light can occur within and between plant species.


Sputtered InN polycrystalline films had spectral reflection maxima in the range 5.0--8.8 eV. These were attributed to direct interband transitions and compared with the corresponding transitions in gallium nitride. (AIP)