The experiment described in this paper is part of a research project that investigates the possibilities to make learning management systems more adaptive at run-time, based on log files from streaming media servers. In an earlier experiment we defined four viewing scenarios based on anonymous entries in log files from streaming media servers. In this experiment, we investigated whether these log files can tell something about the individual learning processes of students. Students had to perform a learning task from a teacher. Some parts of this learning task required that students watched instruction videos. Clustering the viewing scenarios of a student for the learning task gives a digital trail of the learning process of a student. These trails can be utilised to design learning management systems that are more adaptive at run-time. Moreover, improved learning tasks and improved instruction videos can be designed utilising the information deduced from log files.


We prove that if a completely non-unitary contraction T in L(H) has a non-trivial algebraic element h, then T has a non-trivial invariant subspace.


Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major swine pathogen,which has been extensively researched on in the recent years due to its importance in commercial swine production.Detection of the pathogen has focused mainly on genes and membrane proteins.In order to research on the pathogenic mechanism of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae,this paper focused on gene structure as well as proteomics,particulary on the role of adhesion proteins and cell inflammatory factors during the immune response process.


This paper investigates the possible alternating current (AC) corrosion mechanism as dihypoferrite dissolution at high pH under an alternating voltage perturbation and compares polarization behavio...


Block-based programming environments are very popular for introducing children to programming. Unfortunately, they are not accessible to many children with visual or motor impairments. In this paper we outline why block-based environments should be made accessible for these children, describe current efforts to make environments accessible, and describe how developers can incorporate accessibility into their own block-based programming environments.


Long-nosed armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) (N = 117) from Cumberland Island, Georgi a were infected with encysted cystacanth s of Macracanthorhynchus ingens and Centrorhynchus p. and larvae ofPhysaloptera sp. Ninety-five, 56, and <3% of the hosts had 1, 2, and 3 species of helminths, respectively. The frequency distribution pattern of each helminth species was aggregated ; overdispersio n was homogeneou s acros host sex and season variables. Abundances of all helminth species collectively, and Physaloptera sp. individually, were significantly greater in the warm versus cool seasons . As a corollary to Brown's (1984) theory, we propose that a host population at the peripher y of its geographi c range may have fewer species and lower abundance s of helminths and/or lack a defined helminth communit y when compared to a conspecifi c population at the host' s epicenter of origin. This may partially explain why a communit y of species of adult helminths has not developed in the recentl y colonized population of armadillos on Cumberland Island. Other reasons for this vacant niche may include (1) the unique physiology of armadillos may preclude them as a suitabl e definitive host for helminths already on the island; (2) there are no other related hosts on the island with a communit y of helminth species that could infect the armadillo; and (3) the founders of this armadillo population were not infected prior to colonizing the island.


Abstract The spatially restricted Early Valanginian iron ore (limonite) and manganese deposit at Zengovarkony (Mecsek Mts, southern Hungary) contains a rich, strongly limonitized, remarkably large-sized (specimens are 30–70% larger than those at their type localities) brachiopod-dominated (mainly Lacunosella and Nucleata) megafauna and a diverse crustacean microfauna, which indicates a shallow, nutrient-rich environment possibly linked to an uplifted block, and/or a hydrothermal vent.


We investigated the effects of different temperature regimes and dry storage on germination of H. mantegazzianum (Apiaceae, native to Caucasus) seeds in the laboratory and linked the results with studies of seasonal seed bank depletion in a common garden experiment and under field conditions. Seeds were collected at seven sites in the Slavkovský les region, Czech Republic, cold-stratified for 2 months and germinated at seven temperature regimes. Under all temperature regimes, fresh seeds germinated to significantly higher percentages than older (1, 2, 3 years) seeds. For all storage lengths, seeds germinated best at alternating day/night temperatures of 20/5 °C. The length of the germination period had a significant effect only at low constant temperatures of 2 and 6 °C, where germination percentage increased between 2 and 6 months. Seasonal germination exhibited a distinct pattern, with rapid depletion of seed bank by the first spring after seed burial. Non-dormant seeds were present in the soil early in spring and late in autumn. The higher summer temperatures prevented dormancy breaking and another cold period of at least two months below 10 °C was needed to bring non-germinated seeds out of dormancy. The results suggest that (1) seed dormancy of H. mantegazzianum was not completely broken until the first spring, but that some seeds re-enter or retain dormancy during high summer temperatures and that (2) the threshold needed for breaking the dormancy was achieved gradually during the cold autumn and winter months. However, in a small fraction of seeds the dormancy breaking process took several years. Of seeds buried in 10 different regions of the Czech Republic, on average 8.8% survived 1 year, 2.7% 2 years and 1.2% remained viable and dormant after 3 years of burial. The ability of even small fraction of H. mantegazzianum seeds to survive for at least 3 years can result in re-invasion of this species into controlled sites.


The authors point out that,among all the barriers in the development of private enterprises,system of private enterprises is the most important one.The construction of private enterprises' own system is demonstrated as the process of internalization of policy and regulation.In this sense,to improve the regulation system of private enterprises,we should,first,clarify law position of private enterprises and protect their property right;second,improve the regulation of government behavior and the law for protecting market competition;and third,improve govern structure and private enterprises and the internal control system.


The purpose of the paper is two fold; i) To obtain the availability of a 2-unit series system with a special shutting-off property, and with all the repair distributions general. ii) To extend the result for a n-unit system with general repair distributions which has practical applications in radial distribution systems of power supply.


We present a detailed numerical analysis of the effect of a magnetic field on the transport properties of a ``small-N'' one-sided surface disordered wire. When time-reversal symmetry is broken due to a magnetic field B, we find a strong increase with B not only of the localization length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ but also of the mean free path l caused by boundary states. Despite this, the universal relationship between l and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ does hold. We also analyze the conductance distribution at the metal-insulator crossover, finding very good agreement with random matrix theory with two fluctuating channels within the circular orthogonal (unitary) ensemble in the absence (presence) of B.


This article is about the important question which high-pedagogic current Chinese curricular teach was separated from basic educational curricular innovative demand for promoting the Chinese teachers' professional development.From current Chinese curricular of knowledge view,teach view,learning view,appraise view,existing problems have been analyzed,and some strategies have been brought out,they are:positive development of course natural resources,prominence dialogism between teacher and students,encouragement of student learning,promotion students' developing by estimation in order to adopt the needs of basic educational new curricular innovation for teaching.


We look at thermalization and isotropization processes in the newly introduced AMY QCD kinetic theory parton cascade ALPACA. For thermalization, we consider the case of overoccupied initial conditions, and study the time evolution of the distribution as it relaxes to thermal equilibrium. We find that the system thermalizes as expected compared to known analytical results. For anisotropic systems, we take a first look at the qualitative behaviour of isotropization for Color Glass Condensate-like initial conditions in a homogeneous box with periodic boundary conditions.


Abstract Since 1992, Ghana has implemented several initiatives and reforms such as the National Anti-Corruption Plan (NACAP), Right to Information (RTI) Act, Economic and Organized Crime Office (EOCO), and the Office of the Special Prosecutor (OSP) with the goal of improving accountability while reducing corruption. These policies provide researchers with a lot of opportunities to examine how effective these programs have been as well as their impact on accountability. Hence, the present study seeks to accomplish three main objectives: 1) to explore the factors that facilitate vertical accountability; 2) to explore the limitations to vertical accountability; and 3) to investigate the benefits of vertical accountability in Ghana. To accomplish these objectives, we interviewed twenty directors in seven ministries of state and ten experts across civil society and academia in Ghana. We found that the disclosure of financial income, assets, and interest, the Right to Information (RTI) Act; merit-based recruitment, proper record keeping, performance-based evaluation, training and development, the absence of corruption, and conflicts of interest are major drivers of vertical accountability in Ghana. Additionally, we found that the presence of corruption, nepotism/patron-clientelism, conflict of interest, a lack of political commitment and participation, inadequate resources, and weak complaint and accountability mechanisms limit vertical accountability. Finally, the benefits of vertical accountability include improvements in openness and fairness, effective and efficient utilization of scarce resources, integrity, and trust. These results were extensively discussed, while recommendations for future studies were proffered.


A 63-year-old patient developed right ventricular failure and intermittent complete heart block after an acute dissection of the right coronary artery. An emergency bypass surgery did not prevent right heart failure. Initially bridged with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a HeartWare® …


Syn-rift and early transition stage sediments, developed beneath late transition stage salt, form important source rocks on both margins of the central South Atlantic. These margins demonstrate a classical four stage (pre-rift, synrift, transition and drift) passive continental margin evolution. The pre-salt section is often poorly imaged on seismic data due to distortion by the overlying salt. Therefore, it is important to understand the stratigraphic and structural configuration of the pre salt section in good data areas to provide reliable models that can be applied to poor/marginal data areas. Sequential paleogeographical reconstructions allow prediction of the regional distribution of source intervals in time and space. Early syn-rift (late Berriasian to middle Barremian) freshwater shales that were deposited in deep, narrow lakes locally form good source rocks. However, they generally suffer from a high clastic content that diminishes TOC concentration, and thereby, source effectiveness. Late syn-rift (middle to late Barremian) calcareous organic shales and marls were deposited in broad, shallow saline lakes. These deposits occur above a marked internal syn-rift unconformity and form the richest pre-salt source rocks. Organic shales were also deposited under saline conditions during the transition stage but in a basin margin position. These shales form the primary source rocks for basins adjacent to the main Aptian salt basin (e.g. Sergipe, Douala, Potiguar basins). Seismic examples from the southern Campos Basin demonstrate the pre-salt structural configuration. The informally named Eastern Graben is considered to be the source of the majority of hydrocarbons in the Campos Basin.


1-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- (5) and 1,4-dimethoxy-9-(1-methoxyethyl)triptycenes (6) were obtained by the reaction of 9-(1-methoxyethyl)anthracene with p-benzoquinone followed by enolization and methylation. Rotamer equilibrium in 6 is principally governed by the electrostatic effects favoring the ap rotamer. In weakly proton-accepting chloroform-d, 5 exists as sc*(R*) and sc*(S*) rotamers with the former predominating, both of which contain a strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the 1-hydroxyl and the methoxyl group in the 9-substituent. In strongly proton-accepting dimethyl-d6 sulfoxide, all the three rotamers exist with the ap rotamer predominating. It is noteworthy that the sc*(R*) rotamer, which is present in 20% ratio in dimethyl sulfoxide, still retains the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in this solvent.


Flow cytometry has been used to detect in vivo expression of rubella antigens on human leucocytes. Sequential samples of peripheral blood were obtained from four volunteers with naturally acquired rubella and five persons immunised with RA27/3 rubella vaccine. Leucocytes were stained for rubella antigens using a pool of rubella monoclonal antibodies. Rubella antigens were detected on the leucocytes of all four volunteers with naturally acquired rubella between 1 and 13 days after onset of illness. Viral antigens were expressed more frequently on the monocyte (9–51 %) than the lymphocyte (< 1–4%) and granulocyte (< 1–3 %) populations. Among the vaccinees, rubella antigens were detected on the leucocytes of four of the five volunteers between 5 and 12 days after immunisation. The expression of viral antigens was more transient and the proportion of cells exhibiting rubella‐specific fluorescence considerably lower following vaccination (1–12 %) than natural infection (9–51 %).


Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder with a variable course, characterized by episodes of cough, wheezing and shortness of breath, reversible airflow limitation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). It begins early in life in many subjects, and it is well recognized that over 50% of asthmatic children go into long-term clinical remission, defined as the complete absence of asthmatic symptoms and no asthma medication for at least 24 months, during adolescence. Several studies have shown spirometric abnormalities and BHR during clinical remission. It is unknown whether these functional abnormalities, which are supposed to be indicative of asthma severity with respect to symptomatic asthma, reflect persistent airway inflammation or merely indicate residual airway damage or are related to another mechanism such as a familial predisposition. It is likely that the nature of BHR in asthma remission is not same as that in symptomatic asthma. We have shown that the former condition is associated with lower levels of blood eosinophils and eosinophilic cationic protein, a lower degree of bronchial responsiveness to exercise, and a more common formation of plateau on the dose-response curve to high-dose inhaled methacholine (i.e., limited maximal airway narrowing), compared to the latter condition. It is still controversial whether BHR in adolescents with asthma remission is reduced by inhaled corticosteroids. Better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to asthma remission, especially that seen during adolescence, is likely to lead to significant advances in our understanding of asthma pathogenesis, and should provide insights into how remission might be induced with therapy. We still have minimal understanding of the mechanism underlying BHR in adolescents with asthma remission. Elucidation of this mechanism would be an important step towards new perspectives that see remission as the next therapeutic frontier in asthma. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 1(1):11-19, 2013)


Abstract : The Army Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile (LEAP) will demonstrate hit to kill intercept performance against a non-boosting target during the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization's LEAP 2 space test at White Sands Missile Range early in 1992. The Army LEAP is the lightest weight interceptor currently developed. The LEAP 2 mission will fully validate the performance of this interceptor in a space environment. Data from the LEAP 2 mission will be used to complete validation of projectile simulation models. LEAP 2 has a high probability of success based on analysis and test data. Information gained from LEAP 2 will be used to ensure a high probability of success for future, even more stressing, space tests.


Abstract Flow diversion head works are constructed across rivers to divert flow into irrigation, navigation, or power generation channels. Hydraulic structures, such as weirs or barrages, are integral parts of these diversion head works. The optimal design of these hydraulic structures is generally obtained by considering the deterministic values of hydrogeological parameters. However, there is a high degree of local soil variability and imprecision in the determination of soil parameters, such as the safe exit gradient. The seepage head also exhibits a high degree of variability, depending on complex hydrological and metrological factors. This work considers the hydrogeological parameters safe exit gradient and seepage head as imprecise or uncertain. An optimization-based methodology is presented to incorporate uncertainty in the safe exit gradient and seepage head in the optimization formulation and obtain the optimum structural dimensions that minimize the total cost. The subsurface flow consideration ...


After surgical resection, the residual, invasive glioblastoma (GBM) cells give rise to a recurrent tumor, which, in 96% of patients, arises adjacent to the resection margin.


This paper is a Research through Design (RtD) investigation that deeply reflects on our ambivalence with three design choices we made while designing in a multispecies context. The ongoing RtD project, called Turner Boxes, aims to design a technological network to interact with wild bees in an urban environment. The design choices negotiate challenges we encountered, including the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on bee ecologies; sucrose feeding as an established human-bee interaction; and the question of human intervention when designing in relation to other species. We analyze our negotiations of these challenges along with the practices of beekeepers and ecologists who were part of our investigation, to realize that ambivalence is a characteristic and a resource in multispecies designing. We extend this analysis through feminist epistemologies to articulate a position of diffraction, a standpoint from which to design in multispecies worlds in which interdependencies and differences are critical.


In this article, we reported the characterization of mechanical properties for several scaffolds fabricated by different techniques: bio-plotter technique, wire-network molding, and hollow-cylinder-grain assembly. Firstly, we scanned the configuration of scaffolds using micro-CT, calculated the porosities, and constructed numerical models for ABAQUS: a commercial computational analyzing program. Using ABAQUS, effective compressive and shear stiffness are calculated and compared with the experimental results from UTM tests.


A dual‐band multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna system covering the 2.45/5.2 GHz WLAN band is presented. The antenna has four elements made up of microstrip annular slots. Two elements cover the lower band while the other two cover the higher band. The presented antenna is compact and occupies a volume of 60 × 60 × 1.5 mm3. The antenna operates with 150 MHz bandwidth in the lower band and 200 MHz bandwidth in the higher band. The minimum measured isolation between the antenna elements is 18 dB in both of its operating bands. The antenna shows good radiation characteristics with a peak operating gain of 3.46 dBi in the lower band and 3.82 dBi in the higher band. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:360–364, 2015


Global energy demand is growing and, while fossil fuels will continue to play an important role in supplying future energy requirements, the role of nuclear power may increase significantly as rising energy demand is balanced with the need to effectively address issues such as climate change, domestic energy security, and electricity access and utilization by developing economies. While nuclear power is likely to be a major provider of future energy needs, the structure of the commercial nuclear power industry may change. In the U.S., the commercial development of nuclear energy during the 1970s was characterized by large power plants designed to generate electricity. Although the construction of new nuclear power plants experienced a hiatus in the U.S. over recent decades, the continued development of large nuclear plants of approximately 1,000 megawatts (MW)1 and higher continued elsewhere and demonstrated advances in safety, performance, and efficiency. While advances in large nuclear power facilities continue, the recent resurgence of interest in nuclear power in the U.S. has also led to increased attention and statements of Administration support for the development and licensing of new technologies such as smaller - scale reactor systems, including the creation of an office within the Department of Energy to aid in these activities (Chu, 2010; Black, 2010).


Abstract Academic writing is social interaction between writer and reader, during which writers can employ discursive and non-discursive features to construct their identities. However, many student writers who are users of English as an additional language (EAL) may find it challenging to construct their identities in academic writing. Properly constructed identity in academic writing can help EAL student writers develop a stronger sense of self, exercise their agency, and negotiate the academic discourse. Therefore, this paper reviews empirical studies on EAL student writers' identity construction when they write in English to investigate the features of identities that EAL student writers construct in texts and the factors that influence their identity construction. The findings show that, compared with expert writers and native-English-speaking (NES) counterparts, EAL student writers tend to present a weak authorial identity. Furthermore, EAL student writers tend to be more engaged with texts than with readers and lack commitment to their claims. The identities that EAL student writers construct in academic writing are also interwoven with EAL students' English proficiency levels, educational experience, disciplinary conventions, genre affordances, and audience awareness. The findings of this literature review can help teachers and educators raise EAL students' identity awareness and facilitate students in strategically constructing writer identities in academic writing.


The invention relates to a method for operating a door arrangement (1) of a motor vehicle, said door arrangement (1) has a flap (2), a motor vehicle lock (3) and a control arrangement (4), the motor vehicle lock (3) in a locking condition in retained engagement with a locking wedge (5) o. the like. standing and in a release state the locking wedge (5) o. the like. frees, the motor vehicle lock (3) by an adjustment of the damper blade (2) in the closing direction into engagement with the locking wedge (5) o. the like. and thereby brought, if necessary, in a locking state, and wherein the motor vehicle lock (3), triggered by the control arrangement (4) in a motor releasing operation by means of an opening drive (6) is moved from a latching condition to a release condition , It is proposed that the Kraffahrzeugschlos (3) by means of Steuerungsanodnung (4) is controlled in a Relatch routine such that a renewed latching condition - is within a predetermined Relatch time interval (R) after the release operation is avoided or eliminated - Relatch state ,


THE INFIUENCE OF INTRINSIC FACTORS IN DIsEAS WHEN DEVELOPMENT OF THE BODY Is ABNORMAL, AS ILLUSTRATED BY AGENEsIs OF THE DiGrrS, FACIAL HEIATROPHY, AND CEREBRAL AGYRiA AND MICROGYRiA * KEms IWGIS, MD. (From the Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydxey, Au5straia) In this paper the terms intrinsic factor and intrinsic factors include neural intrinsic factor and basic intrinsic factor. In an earlier paper' I defined neural intrinsic factor as of intrinsic nature and of neural origin, related to specific nerve sheath tissue (neurilemma or sheath of Schwann). Basic intrinsic factor was defined as more primitive and comprehensive th neural itrinsic factor and as operating from the time of fertilization of the ovum. Basic intrinsic factor is regarded as embracing a potential neural intrinsic component. According to the hypothesis advanced in this paper, agenesis of a part of the body, that is the failure of such a part to develop completely, may be due to either intrinsic factors or extrinsic factors exercising their influence on various parts of the embryo at an early stage of its development, and it may be impossible from a study of the end result alone to say whether intrinsic factors or etrinsic factors were responsible for the abnormality. The end result does not show an exact replica of what was present at the time the disturbance in the embryo occurred; growth and some differentiation take place but they fail short of normal growth and development, and the term static may reasonably be applied to these lesions. According to the present hypothesis, intrinsic factors are capable not only of influencng the production of such static or stationary lesions but also of acting at intervals or continuously before and/or after birth and thus of influencing the production of lesions which are dynamic and progressive. The extent (if any) to which intrinsic factors can influence the production of such dynamic or progressive ionLs is doubtful. Dynamic or progressive lesions, due to the influence of intrinsic factors, may be characterized by increase or diminution of bulk. In an earlier paper2 I was concerned with such lesions showing increased bulk; the present paper is concerned with such lesions showing diminished bulk. According to the present hypothesis the same intrinsic factor acting differently (either in manner or degree) may produce


What are the risks and rewards of power centralization in competitive authoritarian regimes, and who in the regime bears those risks and enjoys the rewards? The elimination of gubernatorial elections in Russia in late 2004 provides a unique opportunity to study public reaction to policies that replaced democratically elected regional leaders with Kremlin appointees, thereby further concentrating power in the hands of the central state while simultaneously reducing the level of democratic accountability in Russian politics. Using a 2007 survey of 1500 Russians, it is possible to observe how key measures of public opinion and regime support were influenced by the elimination of gubernatorial elections. Because the timeline of gubernatorial appointments was determined exogenously based on the expiration of elected incumbent governors' terms, by 2007 some regions had governors who still held electoral mandates, while others had Kremlin appointees with no electoral mandate. This quasi experiment allows us to draw surprising conclusions about whom Russians blame – and do not blame – when power becomes increasingly centralized in the hands of the president.


New urban models, dubbed "innovation districts" are gaining traction in entrepreneurial-focused areas across the United States. This article begins by defining what innovation districts are. It then examines the potential role that law schools, together with technology transfer offices, can play as innovation cultivators within such districts. Specifically, it looks at three potential models that law schools can consider when contemplating a relationship with the technology transfer office within a university. Integrating a clinic and technology transfer office within an innovation district does not come without its challenges, however. Accordingly, this article will suggest ways for transactional law clinics to overcome such obstacles and establish a robust relationship with technology transfer offices. The collaboration between these two innovation cultivators, in turn, will benefit not only the law schools and technology transfer offices, but the innovation districts as well. Ultimately, transactional law clinics and technology transfer offices can play a significant role by providing technical and legal know-how to innovation districts.


Purpose:To study the densities and distribution of retinal ganglion cells(RGC) in adult rat retinae with flurogold(FG) labeling retogradely.Methods:FG was injected to the superior colliculid(SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei(dLGN) in adult rats and the retinae were examined by fluorescence microscopy at various periods of time.Results:FG-labelled RGC were observed in the retina as early as 3 days after application of FG.The labeled cells gradually increased in density,reached 95% of the maximal number on days 7 and the maximal nuber on days 30.The density of labeled cells was higher in the posterior pole than in the peripheral area.The fluorescence intensity in labeled cells maintained up to 60 days.Conclusion:The FG retrograde labeling method is reliable and effective for quantity of RGC.Eye Science 2000;46:29-33.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore influence of Type D personality of hemodialysis patients on quality of life and to elucidate mediation effects of depression and social supports between Type D personality and quality of life. Methods: The subjects were 126 patients who were receivin...


The BSHM is delighted to announce that the 2018–19 Taylor and Francis Early Career Prize has been awarded to Ellen Abrams of Cornell University for her essay '"An Inalienable Prerogative of a Liberated Spirit": Postulating American Mathematics.' The judging panel commended the essay for its combination of strong research and accessible style, noting in particular the author's ability to contextualise mathematics without loss of readability. British Journal for the History of Mathematics, 2020 Vol. 35, No. 2, 187, https://doi.org/10.1080/26375451.2020.1745495


References 1 Tilstra JS, Lienesch DW. Rheumatoid nodules. Dermatol Clin 2015; 33: 361–371. 2 Talotta R, Atzeni F, Batticciotto A, et al. Accelerated subcutaneous nodulosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab: a case series. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12: 154. 3 Sartorelli S, Tomelleri A, Palmisano A, et al. Clinically isolated aortitis successfully treated with methotrexate monotherapy. Rheumatology 2020; 59: e54–e56. 4 Cook LC, Hanna C, Foulke GT, et al. Dermoscopy in the diagnosis of inflammatory dermatoses: systematic review findings reported for psoriasis, lupus, and lichen planus. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2018; 11: 41–42. 5 Errichetti E, Stinco G. Dermatoscopy of granulomatous disorders. Dermatol Clin 2018; 36: 369–375.


In article the comment to the norms of the Russian civil law regulating правоотношения in sphere of transportation of cargoes, transportations of passengers and luggage contains. Are mentioned adjacent правоотношения. Explanations of some terms are made.


To complete basic configuration for the RF heating scenario in Central Cell of the Hanbit mirror device, a RF amplifier system with a power of 100 kW and frequency range of 1.4 – 4.0 MHz, and a high power RF matching network have been developed in KBSI. The output pulse width of the amplifier ranges from 10 msec to 100 msec and the duty cycle is 100 msec/300 sec. The developed amplifier will be used for plasma production and heating by utilizing the slot antenna and the double-half-turn antenna, respectively. In this paper, we present the engineering design of the amplifier system and matching network, and experimental results such as power test of amplifier on dummy load, impedance matching test on the double-half-turn antenna in vacuum condition. Also, the first RF launching experiment result with the double-half-turn antenna on the target plasma which is produced by the slot antenna is presented.


Since superoxide dismutase(SOD) discovered,it initiated new situation of research work for oxygen metabolism.Oxygen free radicals are considered to participate in many important physiological processes.They are important signal molecules in organism and play significant roles in signaling pathways,which relate to the occurrence and development of many diseases.As one of the most important antioxidant enzymes,SOD directly clean superoxide radicals in organism and prevent the oxidation of the body.However,with rapid metabolism in organism,the natural SOD is a macromolecular,which can hardly penetrate cell membrane.These properties limit its application.For the lack of natural SOD,the performance improvement of chemical modification methods were given and discussed by scholars in the early days.And a variety of modified enzymes were obtained.In recent years,many scholars use immobilized enzyme technology,genetic engineering,and other means to improve its's properties,which make it with potent transmembrane activity and enhance targeting greatly.The results are remarkable.This paper attempts to generalize the technologies of property improvement of superoxide dismutase in and abroad.


A R T I C L E I N F O Lean manufacturing, Value stream map, Activity based costing, Target costing. Received 21 December 2010 Received in revised form 27 December 2010 Accepted 29 December 2010 Available online 31 December 2010 This paper attempts to integrate Value Stream Map (VSM) with the cost aspects. A value stream map provides a blueprint for implementing lean manufacturing concepts by illustrating information and materials flow in a value stream. The objective of the present work is to integrate the various cost aspects. The idea is to introduce a cost line, which enhances the clarity in decision making. The redesigned map proves to be effective in highlighting the improvement areas, in terms of quantitative data. TAKT time calculation is carried out to set the pace of production. Target cost is set as a bench mark for product cost. The results of the study indicates that implementing VSM led to reduction in the following areas: processing lead time by 34%, processing cycle time was reduced by 35%, Inventory level by 66% and product cost from Rs 137 to Rs 125. It was found that adopting VSM in a small scale industry can make significant improvements. ________________________________ * Corresponding Author


Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems have been applied for NOx emission control for over a decade. Most current SCR systems use V2O5 as a catalyst for reaction of ammonia with NOx to form nitrogen and water. Although the NOx reduction efficiency of current SCR systems has reached to 95%, the reaction has a limited range of operation temperature, i.e. 300-400°C which has caused a de-rated performance of the systems when engine exhaust temperature is low.The paper presents the results of a study on vanadium supported on ceramic honeycomb substrate with the doping of nickel to investigate the low temperature performance of exiting SCR systems. The study also includes preparation, activity tests and characterization of the selected catalysts. Results show that an effective conversion of NOx can be achieved the temperature of 250°C by adding Ni.


Monitoring of isotope composition of precipitation includes measurements of radioactive isotope tritium (3H) and stable isotopes (2H, 18O) in monthly precipitation samples. Isotope composition of precipitation at Zagreb (Croatia) and Ljubljana (Slovenia) have been performed for more than 20 years within the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP). Within the IAEA CRP "Isotopic composition of precipitation in the Mediterranean Basin in relation to air circulation patterns and climate" the network has been extended since September 2000 to several stations along the Adriatic coast. Here we present tritium activity and stable isotope content in monthly precipitation samples at the mentioned stations, together with the corresponding meteorological data: precipitation amount and mean monthly temperature.


Criminal justice programs are seeing an increase in the number of online classes both at the graduate and undergraduate levels. At the graduate level, criminal justice online education requires students to achieve mastery of higher ordered thinking and advanced analytic skills. Some students may believe that online education is simply a matter of reading postings and writing simple responses to queries. In order to counter the view that modern online courses, particularly those at the graduate level, are not academic enough, online graduate faculty must find ways to engage students through useful course design and meaningful assessments that promote deep learning. Such engagement requires faculty and students to show reflection in design as well as the integration and application of course materials in a consistent and significant way. This paper will discuss our attempts to reframe graduate criminal justice online classes in order to enhance student engagement and, ultimately, their deeper learning.


The utility model relates to a bridge field, concretely relates to cable stayed bridge with single cable plane's girder mainly is applied to the construction of indisputable road bridge roof beam, and it includes: roof, bottom plate, " W " shape web and suspension cable, wherein, " W " shape web is in between roof and the bottom plate to respectively with roof, bottom plate fixed connection, the bottom fixed connection of suspension cable is on vertical axis of roof, " W " shape web includes two endosternums and two outer webs, and the crossing and fixed connection of two endosternums are on vertical axis, and the point of intersect of two outer webs and roof uses vertical axis as the mutual symmetry of symmetry axis, adjacent outer web and endosternum intersect in the bottom plate. The utility model discloses saved the cross slab structure in traditional case roof beam, therefore engineering quantity that can greatly reduced roof beam portion.


Often river dunes are considered as regular bed patterns, with a mean dune height and a mean dune length. In reality however, river dunes are threedimensional and irregular features that cannot be fully described by their mean values. In fact, dune dimensions can be considered as stochastic variables. Their probability distribution can be characterized by a mean value and variance. The stochastic properties of dune dimensions are relevant for (see e.g. Van der Mark et al., 2005):
• Shipping - highest crests
• Pipelines & cables - deepest troughs
• Modelling cross-strata sets - troughs, dune heights
• Modelling vertical sorting - troughs
• Modelling bed roughness - dune heights
In the present research the stochastics of crest elevation, trough elevation and dune height are investigated by analysing three sets of flume experiments.


The indices found are analysed as a whole and general conclusions are drawn from them which may be of use in understanding many of the problems offered by the local flora (Ilheus). The first column of the tables presented indicates the biological form of the species, showing the nature of the flora and the constitution of the climax. A total of 200 species of phanerophyta were found; 69 macrophanerophyta (trees), 54 are mesophanerophyta (treelets) and 77 are nanophanerophyta (shrubs). The macrophanerophyta are consequently considered as dominants and the meso-and nanophanerophyta as codominants (the biological forms: chamaephyta, hemicriptophyta, criptophyta, geophyta, therophyta, epiphyta and hydrophyta are subdominants), the more so as the first cover 80% and the others more or less 50%. This points to a climax of trees and a local vegetation mainly composed of trees also. The smaller forms are left out as they are beyond the present scope of this sort of wort in Brazil. The third column of ecological formulae indicates the reaction of the constituent species to light (C = sciophilous, F = photophilous and I = indifferents), the biological types of vegetation (H = hygrophytes, X = xerophytes and M = mesophytes) and the fidelity of the species to the climax. Of the species studied: 25 are pioneers (P. Table I), 63 are accidentals (A. Table II), 35 are companion species (O. Table III), 19 show preferences (E. Table with vitality Vn), 44 are selective (S. Table V) and 13 exclusive species (L. Table VI). This leads to the conclusion that the vegetation of the region is in full reconstitution. As to the ecological characteristics of the 200 species studied, 89 are either pioneers (a class separated by the author) or accidentals; this means that the devastated zones are being reconstituted in the subsere both with members of the prisere and alien species. Of the remaining species, 54 are companion, or accompanying species, which appear in most subclimax, serclimax and quasiclimax associations, and 57 are real constituents of the local climax. As all the species except the pioneers, selectives and exclusives (xerophytes and mesophytes) may be considered as hygrophytes this type evidently predominantes in the region and may constitute a hygrophilous serclimax and quasiclimax. In regard to light 101 are sciophilous, 32 indiferents and 67 photophilous. This leads to the conclusion that the vegetation comprises mainly tolerant species, showing the hygrophilous and mesophilous character of the region with a vegetation composed mostly of trees. The presence a large number of sciophilous species is easy to understand as the hygrophilous and mesophilous habitats and the dominance of trees favour the germination and growth of tolerant species. The last two columns analyse the percentage of individuals present and the occurrent classes to which they belong: 92 species vary between 1 and 9%; 50 between to 10 and 19%; 36 between 20 and 29%; 14 between 30 and 39%; and 8 between 40 and 49%. Only 8 species belong to occurrence class V; 14 to classe IV; 36 to class III; 50 to class II; and 92 to class I. This leads to the conclusion that the local formation is very unsociable and very complex, though the median coverture is 80% and the number of species is very large. The analysis of the data also shows that the climax is being reconstituted in the subsere with elements drawn from the prisere and alien species introduced either by man (following desvastation) or by other consequent factors (such as brusque changes of microclimates due to total or partial destruction). This modifies the subclimax appreciably and apparently also the climax of the local regional subsere. As a final conclusion it is suggested that as in the subsere the pioneer formation is xerophilous, the prisere also beging as a xerosere; but as there are and probably always were hydrophilous formation evolving in the same climate, the local climax is composed of species with medium exactions, that is of relative mesophites.


In order to simulate the reactivity of Titan upper atmosphere, CCP RF plasma discharge in a N2-CH4 gas mixture is used. The soluble and the insoluble fractions in methanol and toluene are analysed. The soluble fractions are analysed by massspectrometry (APPI-TOF), whereas the total aerosols and the remaining insoluble fractions are analysed and compared by IR spectroscopy and SEM microscopy.


Thin films of La0.9Sr0.1MnO3 (LSMO) were grown on SrTiO3 substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique at different temperatures and with various oxygen partial pressures. X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed that the grown films are of single phase. The influence of oxygen deficiency on the structure of these grown films has been studied. X-ray diffraction data suggested that higher oxygen content generally results in smaller out-of- plane lattice parameters and annealing in oxygen may further decrease the lattice parameters. The 2-θ value increases with oxygen pressure. Typically, the oxygen-deficient films behave like semiconductors. For films grown at the same temperature, the conductivity is enhanced if the oxygen content is increased. Those films grown in 1 mbar oxygen partial pressure show an upturn at low temperature. Resistivity is dominated by the hopping of adiabatic small polarons at high temperature.


Summary of key recommendations ● Repeat biopsy is generally recommended in Hodgkinlymphoma (HL) patients thought to have relapsed, andshould be considered in those who have residual fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG)-avid lesions post-therapy (1C).● Positron-emission tomography/computerized tomogra-phy (PET-CT) is the preferred restaging modality aftersalvage therapy (1B).● The aim of salvage treatment should be to achieve anFDG-PET-negative remission (1B).● The choice of a first-line salvage regimen in patients eli-gible for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT)should be based on patient factors and familiarity ofthe treatment centre with the regimen (2C).● Regimens containing stem cell toxic agents (such as car-mustine and melphalan) should be avoided if possibleuntil stem cells have been successfully collected andcryopreserved if ASCT is planned (1B).● There is currently no evidence to support intensivesequential induction/consolidation strategies prior toASCT (1B).● Consider switching to an alternative non-cross-resistantsalvage regimen if there are residual FDG-avid lesionsafter first line salvage treatment and the intent is toproceed to ASCT (2B).● In patients not eligible for ASCT, combined modalitytherapy should be considered especially in early stagerelapse and in patients who have not received priorradiotherapy or who have relapsed outside of the initialradiotherapy field (2B).● In patients unlikely to tolerate the toxicities associatedwith more intensive regimens, palliation with either a sin-gle agent or with a multi-agent oral regimen with or with-out intravenous vinblastine should be considered (2C).● Early consideration of involvement of palliative care ser-vices is recommended, particularly in those not eligiblefor high dose therapy (1C).● ASCT is the standard treatment for patients withrelapsed disease who achieve an adequate response tosalvage therapy (1A).● ASCT is also the standard treatment for patients withprimary resistant disease who achieve an adequateresponse to salvage therapy (1B).● ASCT is not recommended in those failing to achievean adequate response (1B).Guideline


The available tools and support for building planning and scheduling systems and applications have been steadily improving for decades. At the same time, the scope, scale, and complexity of the problems to be addressed has been increasing. In this column, I discuss several different scheduling applications developed over the past 25 years, and then describe the tools and techniques used in addressing these problems, showing how improved tools simplified (and in some cases enabled) the solution of problems of increasing difficulty.


In order for the hair cells to function properly they must be immersed in fluid. If these highly specialized cells were like those of other tissues in the body they could get their energy supply from capillaries, but the very nature of these cells' activity precludes the presence of any structure that might dilate, contract, or pulse. The function of the hair cell is not only to be stimulated mechanically but to be stimulated by forces related only to the form of external physical energy called sound. So of necessity the hair cell is immersed in fluid from which it can absorb nourishment without any extraneous, disturbing influences to make it give off false potentials. In this way the hair cell is very happily situated; it can conveniently carry out its metabolic processes without disturbance, and it sits between two structures, the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane, so that if the former can be made to move or vibrate a squeezing of the hair cell will result. The big drawback lies in the difficulty of getting the energy of airborne sound into the much more dense fluid which surrounds the hair cell.


The task of discerning between generated and natural texts is increasingly challenging. In this context, watermarking emerges as a promising technique for ascribing generated text to a specific model. It alters the sampling generation process so as to leave an invisible trace in the generated output, facilitating later detection. This research consolidates watermarks for large language models based on three theoretical and empirical considerations. First, we introduce new statistical tests that offer robust theoretical guarantees which remain valid even at low false-positive rates (less than 10$^{\text{-6}}$). Second, we compare the effectiveness of watermarks using classical benchmarks in the field of natural language processing, gaining insights into their real-world applicability. Third, we develop advanced detection schemes for scenarios where access to the LLM is available, as well as multi-bit watermarking.


Abstract The enormously popular Spanish gastrotourism television series Un país para comérselo has been unanimously celebrated by critics and recognized through national awards for its promotion of regional cuisines. In this article, I argue that the programme in fact imagines a unified Spanish taste community, or food culture, in which regional difference is often trivialized or erased. Through a close analysis of the episodes which feature the cuisine of Catalunya and the Basque Country, two of Spain's most problematic sub-nationalisms, this article explores some of the strategies used by the programme to privilege the centre. In the episode on the Basque Country, for instance, my analysis shows how local identities are stereotyped as frozen in time, whilst in the episode set in Catalunya, linguistic and cultural difference is all but obliterated. The attempts in this programme to impose a monolithic view of Spanish cuisine speaks to the potency of centralist nationalism in Spain today.


The mobile devices are now used for replacing the use of computer especially when the user away from the room. The characteristics like portability and support of applications that similar to desktop application enable users to access information wherever they are. Even with all the good characteristics, mobile device also has the drawbacks. It really depends on the battery power and also the use of internet connection will reduce the battery power faster.
The drawbacks of mobile device can be solved by the used of local database. It is used to store data from the server database. The data will be downloaded by doing synchronization process with database server.
This research implements the SyncML synchronization technique with the case study in mobile learning application. The use of synchronization technique and local database enable the application to be accessed whether online or offline without connection to the internet.
The result of application testing in several mobile devices gives the conclusion that the use of synchronization technique in such application will make the access time faster. In addition, it shows that there is no significant difference in synchronizing data whether being accessed by one mobile devices or by some devices concurrently.


As a theologian who supports voluntary euthanasia Paul Badham i , as he admits, rather unusual. Yet as a Christian supporter there are many others who share his position. Elsewhere I examine the opinion poll data which suggest that a large proportion perhaps even a majority of regular churchgoers in Britain now support some form of active euthanasia.' Given this evidence, it seems reasonable for theologians and Church leaders to listen carefully to these other Christian voices. Not the least of the reasons why we should listen carefully is


The engineering rebuilding for thin-shell-structured pressure vessel and tubes such as hot air stove was finished as engineering background.Sampling test and appraiser of reliability was advanced for thin-shell steel structure in normal service stages in detail,and the calculation and evaluation of which was given under the actual loading and working conditions.Finally,some useful conclusions and suggestions were drawn.


We address the problem of identifying individual sinusoidal tracks from audio signals using multi-object stochastic filtering techniques. Attractive properties for audio analysis include that it is conceptually straightforward to distinguish between measurements that are generated by actual targets and those which are false alarms. Moreover, we can estimate target states when observations are missing and can maintain the identity of these targets between time-frames. We illustrate a particularly useful variant, the Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter, on measurements of musical harmonics determined by high resolution subspace methods which provide very accurate estimates of amplitudes, frequencies and damping coefficients of individual sinusoidal components. We demonstrate this approach in a musical audio signal processing application for extracting frequency tracks of harmonics of notes played on a piano.


Objective: To study the zinc fractional absorption of children under the routine dietary model in Shandong rural region. Methods: The 10 volunteers, aged 4~6 years, were from Shandong rural region. Stable 67Zn was used as tracer to label ZnCl2. The authors applied Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS) to detect 67Zn/68Zn ratios in food and feces samples and then to determine the real zinc fractional absorption. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to detect total zinc and then estimate zinc apparent fractional absorption. Meanwhile, the daily intakes of factors influencing the zinc fractional absorption, such as protein, fat, vitamin C (Vc), phytic acid and cellulose, were measured by traditional chemical analysis. Furthermore, the mean daily intakes were calculated and compared with Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs). Results: The real zinc fractional absorption (12.94%±3.32%) was lower than the apparent zinc fractional absorption (22.37%±1.59%) (P0.01). The mean daily zinc intake was 11.16mg, which was higher than RNIs. The intakes of protein and Vc were 31.2 g and 13.3 mg, accounting for only 56.73% and 29.60% of RNIs respectively. Whereas, the intakes of fat, phytic acid and cellulose were relatively high. Conclusion: The real zinc fractional absorption is low under the representative recipe with the daily low intakes of protein and Vc and high intakes of phytic acid and cellulose in Shandong rural region.


Professional ethics is considered a very important component of medical education in recent times. It is about the moral conduct of medical personnel in a professional context. Teaching this subject in an undergraduate medical program is of prime importance as ethical issues are embedded in everyday professional life. It is thus important not only to provide students with a sound knowledge base of legal, moral and social aspects of this subject, but also to equip them with the much needed ethical reasoning and interactional skills right from the start of their professional life. A variety of teaching- learning strategies as well as assessment strategies have been tried in this regard, given the range of learning issues and objectives they are designed to cover. All have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. We describe here two such teaching- learning activities and their preferred assessment strategies most suited for the purpose mentioned herein.


Background. Even there is a negative effect of viewing television, but it is still has an advantage such as for an educational media for promote children to learn. However there are not definite whether the duration of viewing television could affect school performance at school age or not. Aim. To investigate the association of duration of viewing television could affect school performance at school age. Method. This was a cross sectional study of 6 to 12 years old students at Shafiyyatul Amaliyyah primary school, Medan during November 2009, use a questioner to fill of their parent. Results. There were 249 students enrolled in this study, consist of 137 (55%) boys, and 112 (45%) girls. There were a weak negative correlation between duration of viewing television to children's academic performance (r = -0.205, P = 0.001). but there were no significant correlation between their academic performance and the duration of learning, sleeping, playing on the computer game or PlayStation and their school activities. Conclusion. There was a weak negative correlation between duration of viewing television to academic performance.


The purpose of this study is to introduce discussions in the academic fields of island archaeology and conduct an exploratory review of what can be said in relation to the Korean Bronze Age.
One of the core keywords of island archaeology is islandness(or insularity). islandness is literally related to islands, and island archaeology has focused on how this islandness has been related to social·cultural interaction.
In the Korean Bronze Age, research related to island archaeology is very insufficient. However, there are not a few material traces related to the Korean Bronze Age in the island areas, and in this way, communities in the coastal landscape, their subsistence patterns, and cultural interactions can become important research themes.
The community of the island Gangwhado is believed to have embraced their culture through exchanges with various communities in the Gyeonggi-do region, and at the same time, they solidified their identity by building Dolmens densely based on the confined space of the island. In this process, the material practices of daily lives were replaced with elements of Yeoksam-dong·Heunam-ri cultural assemblage, but the Northwestern Korea style of Dolmen was continuously built as material practices to reveal their legitimacy and maintain social power relationships through it.
In the meanwhile, referring to the cases of the Jeju region, the act of building Dolmens in the Korean Bronze Age cannot be understood only in the context of an agrarian society. In the Jeju region, it is estimated that they continued their settlements based on various livelihood activities such as the foodgathering economics. In this way, it can be seen that various subsistence patterns and acts of marine origin interacted with the building process of Dolmens and constituted the social relations and cultural identity of the island village community.


Many processes are currently used to produce tactual maps for visually impaired persons. Although each process has certain assets and liabilities, the variety gives tactual map researchers and makers tremendous flexiblity in selecting a process appropriate for their specific needs. Capsule paper is one recently developed process that lends itself to many tactual map applications. More than 60 different tactual maps were created on capsule paper to examine the effectiveness of this process. The medium's composition, steps necessary for map compilation and processing, equipment costs and operations, appropriate symbolization, and advantages and disadvantages of the process are discussed.


Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive agent indicated for the prophylaxis of acute rejection in patients r eceiving allogeneic renal, cardiac, or hepatic transplants. It is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II substance that has a strongly pH-dependent solubility profile. Consequently, differences in solid-state properties, formulation, and manufacturing processes of MMF can lead to disparities in bioavailability between brands of the same drug. This study was conducted to compare the in vitro dissolution profile of the original MMF innovator brand (CellCept, Roche) with available generic products. Two representative batches of CellCept 500-mg tablets and 14 different generic formulations were tested using different dissolution testing scenarios simulating conditions in the proximal gastrointestinal tract. These scenarios took into account stomach and small intestine media composition, surface tension, pH, increased buffer capacity, and osmolarity after food intake. Eight of the generic formulations tested passed the quality control dissolution test (pH 1.1) according to the specification Q = 75% after 5 min (i.e., all single units >80% dissolved), and 12 passed the specification Q = 85% after 15 min (i.e., all single units >90% dissolved). This suggests an almost homogenous dissolution rate between formulations in an acidic environment. However, at pH 4.5, large variations in the in vitro dissolution performance between generic formulations were observed (extremes resulting in greater than 60% dissolved difference after 30 min). Marked variability was seen among the different generic formulations and the innovator brand, CellCept. In conclusion, important differences exist among the different generic formulations with regard to in vitro performance. As MMF is required for life-long use, changes in drug performance as a result of switching between formulations may have serious clinical consequences (e.g., organ rejection). Therefore, clinical testing is necessary to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and the impact on clinical safety of a change of brands.


This paper deals with the EMI control measures to be taken for the design of printed circuits which use high speed microprocessors. The paper also includes some EMI measurement results of the microprocessor based system.


The potentiometric IgG immunoprobe for detection of immunogloblinG (IgG) has been developed by means of covalent immobilization of anti immunologloblinG on Pt electrode. The detection is based on the change in the potential from beginning to end of the antigen antibody reaction. The response time of two immunoprobe prepared with Rabbit anti Mouse and Rabbit anti Human was less than 6 min. The linear responses of the immunoprobe to IgG and IgG were obtained in the concentration range of 0.20 to 1.2 μg · L -1 and 0.20 to 0.90 μg · L -1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.998 4 and 0.997 7, respectively. The detection limit was estimated to be less than 0.20 μg · L -1 .The immunoprobe can be repeatedly used 8 times if urea of 0.25 mol · L -1 is as regenerative reagent.


Simple Summary Sturgeon is an ancient and unique fish species. Most of sturgeon are listed as critically endangered species due to habitat alteration and overharvesting. Study of sturgeon reproductive system and sperm is important for aquaculture and conservation programs. Transferrin is recognized as a multiple task protein, positively correlated with spermatogenesis and sperm quality. Thus, we tried to detect transferrin in spermiating and out-of-spawning sterlet reproductive organs and sperm. Two transferrin genes, serotransferrin and melanotransferrin, have been identified in reproductive organs of sterlet males. The serotransferrin was expressed higher in reproductive organs of spermiating than out-of-spawning sterlet males. Furthermore, transferrin was detected in sterlet seminal plasma. This information contributes to the existing information on the variability of transferrin proteins and the potential role of transferrin in chondrostean fishes. Abstract Transferrins are a superfamily of iron-binding proteins and are recognized as multifunctional proteins. In the present study, transcriptomic and proteomic methods were used to identify transferrins in the reproductive organs and sperm of out-of-spawning and spermiating sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) males. The results showed that seven transferrin transcripts were identified in the transcriptome of sterlet, and these transcripts were qualified as two different transferrin genes, serotransferrin and melanotransferrin, with several isoforms present for serotransferrin. The relative abundance of serotransferrin isoforms was higher in the kidneys and Wolffian ducts in the spermiating males compared to out-of-spawning males. In addition, transferrin was immunodetected in sterlet seminal plasma, but not in sterlet spermatozoa extract. Mass spectrometry identification of transferrin in seminal plasma but not in spermatozoa corroborates immunodetection. The identification of transferrin in the reproductive organs and seminal plasma of sterlet in this study provides the potential function of transferrin during sturgeon male reproduction.


This paper presents a method to fabricate the ordered arrays of microstructures on the metal surface using mechanical micro machining technology. With specific designed micro square pillar arrays, the wettability of a solid surface can be tuned. The samples were fabricated by high speed micromilling machine tool on the aluminum alloy surface. The apparent contact angle (CA) and microstructure of the surface were measured and the surface hydrophobic mechanism was also analysed. The results of the experiment indicate that the CA has been increased. The height-to-length ratio hr (h/a) is one of the key parameters to change the wettability of the material surface. Compared with the intrinsic CA (about 51°), the largest apparent CA is up to 102.88° when the height-to-length ratio hr (h/a) is 3/7. Furthermore, by controlling the size and layout of the micropillars, the aluminum alloy surface could be changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.


The original version of this article was given as a paper at a seminar celebrating the centenary, in March 1995, of the death of Dr R W Dale of Birmingham. It surveys the changing relationship between policy makers and those involved professionally in religious education in England over the past decade and argues for a new emphasis on co‐operation to ensure that religious education contributes effectively to the spiritual development of pupils.


Every watershed is "managed" by a wide range of governmental and nongovernmental actors, whose decisions influence the health and integrity of ecological systems. The challenge for practitioners involved in a watershed management program is to find ways to get this portfolio of actors and programs to work together more effectively. Frequently, this involves collaboration. This paper examines the role of collaboration in six watershed management programs in the Delaware Inland Bays (DE), Lake Tahoe (CA, NV), Narragansett Bay (RI, MA), Salt Ponds (RI), Tampa Bay (FL), and, Tillamook Bay (OR) watersheds. Specifically, the paper examines two research questions: (1) what type of collaborative activities were used to implement watershed management plans? and (2) what public value (or costs) were added as a result of these actions? The results indicate that a wide variety of collaborative activities occurred at the operational, policy-making, and institutional level. These activities added public value in a variety of ways including improved environmental conditions (Policy outcomes), enhanced watershed governance (institutional performance), and other societal benefits such as increased social capital and an increase in civil society. The final section identifies some lessons for practitioners involved in watershed management efforts. Our hope is that an improved understanding of the collaborative process will allow practitioners to better exploit the opportunities for collaboration that currently exist.


The Early and Middle Bronze Age settlement of Marki Alonia extends over at least 10 hectares of gently sloping terraced fields below the small village of Marki on the edge of the north-eastern foothills of the Troodos mountain range in central Cyprus. It lies in the igneous/sedimentary contact zone, a fa voured location for sites of the earlier Bronze Age, with access to the agricultural fertility and clay beds of both igneous and sedimentary soil types and also to the copper ores associated with the Troodos pil low lavas. The site is surrounded by extensively looted cemeteries. Both settlement and cemeteries ap pear to have been in use from the mid-third millennium to the late CI8th BC 1 .


A novel macrocyclic diterpene, jatrophenone, has been isolated from the whole plant of Jatropha gossypifolia. The structure of the compound was established by detailed studies of its one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR spectra. The compound possesses significant antibacterial activity.


The writer has already described ("Some new Studies in Cathode and Röntgen Radiations," a discourse given at the Royal Institution on February 4, 1898) how he has found it possible to study by means of pin-hole photography the active area on the anti-cathode of a focus tube from which the Röntgen rays proceed. By means of a special camera he has now been able to make further investigations. The camera is illustrated in fig. 1, where A is the inhole in a removable lead disc secured by a brass cap to the brass one B, which is lined with thick lead so as to be opaque to the Röntgen rays.


DNA is the fundamental biomolecule needed for correct cell functioning and, until very recently, it was associated to the double helix structure discovered over 70 years ago by Crick, Watson, and Franklin. However, other DNA structures and conformations have been described, like G-quadruplexes. These G-quadruplexes are formed in regions of the genome that are rich in guanine. They have tetramer structure and control biological processes such as genetic expression, protection against ageing, or the transmission of neural information. In this document, we describe their chemical and structural characteristics, besides presenting their main cellular functions. Lastly, we present G-quadruplexes as molecular targets for future cancer therapies.


Abstract in Undetermined The digital age has brought with it advantages and disadvantages. Few would deny the benefit of being able to store entire song collections on pocket-sized MP3 players. Fewer still would disregard the merits of grandparents in Sydney being able to have face-to-face conversations with grandchildren in Berlin. Certain problems however, have also developed. The music and film industries contend that internet piracy has severely harmed their sales. One argument is that those who illegally download free material would otherwise have to pay for such content. Thus, such individuals are committing acts of theft. Whilst prima facie, this argument might seem to be perfectly justified, Dr Stefan Larsson, researcher at Lund University and author of Metaphors and Norms - Understanding copyright law in a digital society, explains why theft is not always a clear-cut concept. (Less)


Understanding both the absolute value and time variability of the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiance is necessary for understanding the structure and variability of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere. Long-term measurement of the solar EUV irradiance requires a calibration scheme that addresses the following issues: (1) the calibration must be referenced to repeatable radiometric standards; (2) changes in calibration throughout the duration of the measurements must be tracked; and (3) the measurements must be validated with independent instruments and models. The calibration and performance of the TIMED Solar EUV Experiment (SEE), which has been measuring the solar EUV irradiance since early 2002, will be discussed in relation to these calibration objectives. The pre-flight calibrations of SEE are based on calibrated synchrotron sources at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF). The in-flight calibrations for SEE are based on redundant channels used weekly and annual suborbital rocket flights with the prototype SEE instruments that are calibrated before and after each launch at NIST SURF.


Through research on mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion,the prevention technologys are adopted.They are the prevention technology of coal wall spontaneous combustion,the period of fixed support and initial excavate coal,with mine coal-face and mined-out gob.The coal spontaneous combustion is extinguished.


Roger Horrocks' analysis of that incident, published on The Pantograph Punch in May 2016 identifies several key tropes in the representation of artists and art, referencing Jim and Mary Barr's 1987 book, When Art Hits the Headlines: A Survey of Controversial Art in New Zealand. These are based on the 'common sense' attitude that, "difficult art is a kind of confidence trick, and art experts are intellectual bullies who try to intimidate those who can see through the racket." Playful or ironic art is, "further proof that artists are sneering at the public." The media and political coverage he cites through the second half of 2004 refers to artists and the 'arts fraternity' as elitists who look down on ordinary New Zealanders, while bludging money from the state/taxpayer.


There is old saying of 'health is wealth'. Any country will aim and like to attain well-being of citizen of all age group and to provide quality healthcare services available within their affordability range. This requires lowering costs as well as instituting public health goals such as reducing the incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, and infant and maternal mortality. Technology is making significant advances in how healthcare services are delivered to people. The future in health care system will be different where the machine will be able to give primary on health to a certain level or second opinion will be required from tech software. This futuristic requires digitization of patient's history to such software and should be easily accessible to all. Seriousness for the above can be seen by the inclusion of health care as one of the key pillar in 'Digital India' campaign launched by government on 1st July 2015, by Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology Government of India. The research paper focuses on two areas, first area is how digitization of health information of citizens of India will be done and second area is what is going to be the various challenges in the entire process of digitalization.


This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of reducing the maximum duration of unemployment benefits on job‐finding rates. Seven studies were included in the review, all of which are from European countries. Included studies had to examine the effect of a reduction in the maximum duration of entitlement of any kind of unemployment benefits on employment using a well‐defined control group. Whilst 41 studies were identified, after allowing for study quality and data issues, only seven studies were included in the review. The included studies covered Austria (2 studies), France, Germany (3 studies) and Slovenia. Maximum entitlement ranged between 26 and 209 weeks. The studies analyzed reductions between 9 and 179 weeks, with an average of 43 weeks. The studies analyze data from 1,154,090 unemployment spells. Reducing the duration of unemployment benefits increases the exit rate from unemployment. Data from seven studies show that the exit rate from unemployment for those with reduced duration of benefit entitlement on average is 10 per cent. This corresponds to a 52% chance that those with reduced duration will find a job before an unemployed person with the existing, longer duration (no effect corresponds to a 50% chance). There is not enough evidence to determine effects on the exit rate from re‐employment or on the wage rate in the job found. There are insufficient high‐quality studies to allow an examination of variation of effects. Plain language summary Reducing the maximum duration of unemployment benefits increases the job finding rate of the unemployed Reducing the maximum duration of unemployment benefits is one strategy used to reduce unemployment. Evidence from seven studies confirms such an effect. However, the effect is small and more studies of higher quality are needed to give more detailed findings to inform policy. The review in brief Evidence from seven studies shows shortening the maximum duration of unemployment benefit entitlement has a small effect on the job finding rate of the unemployed. What is this review about? Policymakers may wish to reduce the generosity of the unemployment benefits system in order to reduce unemployment levels. Reducing benefit levels may be politically more difficult than shortening the length of the unemployment benefit eligibility period to create work incentives for the unemployed. This review summarizes studies that measure the effects of shortening the maximum duration of unemployment benefit entitlement on job finding rates. What is the aim of this review? This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of reducing the maximum duration of unemployment benefits on job‐finding rates. Seven studies were included in the review, all of which are from European countries. What are the main findings of this review? What studies are included? Included studies had to examine the effect of a reduction in the maximum duration of entitlement of any kind of unemployment benefits on employment using a well‐defined control group. Whilst 41 studies were identified, after allowing for study quality and data issues, only seven studies were included in the review. The included studies covered Austria (2 studies), France, Germany (3 studies) and Slovenia. Maximum entitlement ranged between 26 and 209 weeks. The studies analyzed reductions between 9 and 179 weeks, with an average of 43 weeks. The studies analyze data from 1,154,090 unemployment spells. What are the main results of this review? Reducing the duration of unemployment benefits increases the exit rate from unemployment. Data from seven studies show that the exit rate from unemployment for those with reduced duration of benefit entitlement on average is 10 per cent. This corresponds to a 52% chance that those with reduced duration will find a job before an unemployed person with the existing, longer duration (no effect corresponds to a 50% chance). There is not enough evidence to determine effects on the exit rate from re‐employment or on the wage rate in the job found. There are insufficient high‐quality studies to allow an examination of variation of effects. What do the findings of this review mean? On the basis of this limited number of studies, shortening the maximum duration of unemployment benefit entitlement has a small effect on the job finding rate of the unemployed. Whether unemployed workers responding to a shorter potential benefit entitlement may be worse off, in the sense that they accept "lower quality" jobs, has not yet been fully investigated. But the review finds a surprisingly low number of studies with a sufficiently low risk of bias to be used for synthesis to determine the effect size of shortening the maximum duration of unemployment benefit entitlement. Many studies had to be excluded as they had a high risk of bias. This is a finding in its own right. There is a need for future studies to more thoroughly discuss the assumptions of the study design and justify the choice of method by considering and reporting all relevant data and tests. Future studies should also use data with all relevant information, in particular, information on whether eligible individuals actually received unemployment benefits and information on individual maximum entitlement duration. How up‐to‐date is this review? The review authors searched for studies published up to December 2016. This Campbell Systematic Review was published in February 2018. Executive Summary/Abstract BACKGROUND Unemployment benefit programmes protect individuals against loss of income and provide unemployed individuals with the possibility of finding a better match between their qualifications and job vacancies. However, unemployment benefits may also distort incentives by subsidizing long and unproductive job searches. In order to reduce unemployment levels, policymakers may wish to reduce the generosity of the unemployment system. While it may be politically intractable to lower the monetary amount of unemployment benefits available, the length of the unemployment benefit eligibility period is often used as a political instrument to create work incentives for the unemployed. If a shorter benefit period results in a significantly increased incentive for finding work, shortening the benefit eligibility period may reduce the share of long and unproductive job searches and thereby decrease the overall unemployment level. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to systematically uncover relevant studies in the literature that measure the effects of shortening the maximum duration of unemployment benefit entitlement on job finding rates, and to synthesize the effects in a transparent manner. As a secondary objective we will, where possible, investigate the extent to which the effects differ among different groups of unemployed people, such as those with high/low levels of education or men/women, and further explore from which point in the unemployment spell unemployed individuals react to the length of benefit entitlement. SEARCH METHODS The search was concluded in March 2016. Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of bibliographic databases, government policy databanks, internet search engines and hand searching of core journals. We searched to identify both published and unpublished literature. The searches were international in scope. Reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA The intervention of interest was a reduction (change) in the maximum duration of entitlement of any kind of unemployment benefits. We included unemployed individuals who received any type of time‐limited benefit during their unemployment spell. All study designs that used a well‐defined control group were eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies that utilised qualitative approaches were not included in the review due to the absence of adequate control group conditions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Random effects models were used to pool data across the studies. We used the point estimate of the hazard ratio. Pooled estimates were weighted with inverse variance methods, and 95% confidence intervals were used. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate whether the pooled effect sizes were robust across components of methodological quality, in relation to the quality of data and whether the study analysed an extension of entitlement duration. RESULTS The initial search for potentially relevant studies resulted in a total number of 34,930 hits. A total of 41 studies, consisting of 66 papers, from 15 different countries, met the inclusion criteria and were vetted by the review authors. Only 38 studies provided data that permitted the calculation of an effect size for the primary outcome. Of these 38 studies, 28 studies could not be used in the data synthesis due to a too high risk of bias. A further 3 studies could not be used in the data synthesis due to overlapping of data samples. As a result, only 7 studies were included in the data synthesis and one of these studies only provided results on the secondary outcome. In total, 6 studies provided data that permitted the calculation of an effect size for the primary outcome and 3 studies provided data that permitted the calculation of secondary outcome. The sample size used in the studies ranged from 5,017 spells of unemployment to 509,355 spells. The total number of unemployment spells was 1,154,090, implying an average sample size of 164,870 spells of unemployment per study. The seven studies covered Austria, France, Germany and Slovenia. There was a high degree of variation in maximum entitlement, ranging between 26 and 209 weeks. On average the studies analysed a reduction of 43 weeks in maximum entitlement; the smallest being a reduction of 9 weeks and the largest a reduction of 179 weeks. Four studies restricted the analysis to a specific age group and three studies restricted the analysis to specific work experience levels


The significant increase in enrolment in the mathematics courses at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) over the past semesters has resulted in an increase of teaching loads for the instructors. This has left little time for the instructors to be involved in supervision of graduate students and do research work. Due to this recurring problem that the instructors encounter every semester, an alternative method of tutoring is needed to help reduce the teaching load of the instructors. One of the alternatives is the use of an interactive courseware. A courseware on learning the application of integration was developed by the instructors using the Toolbook and composed of six modules. This topic forms as part of the course contents for the Engineering Math 2, a course offered during the Foundation Programme. The courseware was used as a tutoring system during tutorial sessions for Engineering Math 2 course in the January 2008 semester. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed multimedia courseware as an alternative tool in tutoring the application of integration. Two groups of students; the control and experimental (a total of 50) were involved in the study. Besides improvement in learning the topic, the results also showed that the experimental group had performed as well as the control group. This implies using the developed courseware is an effective alternative tool for tutoring the topic.


Anti-dumping is one of the main countermeasures against the unfair international trading,which is authorized by WTO treaties and being used by various countries as the international trade protection weapons day by day.Since 1996,China has been affected by anti-dumping cases seriously and become the No.1 defendant country in the world for 9 years.Among the numerous anti-dumping cases against China,more than 100 cases are initiated by the U S,which is leading the anti-dumping cases against China.Of all American antidumping cases,55% is against China,and this number is increasing yearly by 16%.Based on the analysis of these cases,the study suggests the effective countermeasures against American anti-dumping cases against China.


Chapter 9 illustrates the circumstances of the authors' street-involved youth sample at the time of the last data collection point, further implications of early life trauma, and the unfairness of social policy, with suggestions for helping street-involved youth reintegrate into mainstream social institutions more easily. The youth at this point in their lives were either stable and engaged, stable and unengaged, unstable and engaged, or unstable and unengaged. Only youth in the last category were truly in difficulty, but youth in the other three categories were often left out of supports that other young people take for granted. This points to the mismatch between age and social structure, and in part this is a consequence of education, work, and social services not being responsive to their life circumstances or focused on short-term goals rather than inclusion.


The coordinate‐independent formulation of spacetime perturbation theory is applied to the analysis of surface terms which appear in variations of the Einstein Action of general relativity. Restricted variations of the type used to study the dynamics of homogeneous universes require a corrected action functional. A general expression for the correction is found.


Ability of the peer review system to deliver what is expected from it is increasingly challenged. Peerage of Science (PoS) is a web-based service, offering new innovations to solve the problems in the current peer-review processes. This keynote talk describes how PoS pursues to keep the traditions of scientific peer-reviewing that are worth retaining and to fix the parts that are broken.


Flap temperature was 29.0±1.9 °C and 28.15±2.06 °C for EVNP12 and EVNP 24 (p= 0.84), respectively. Arterial perfusate pressures, arterial PaO2, lactate, and pH were not significantly different between groups. Additionally there was no significant difference in sodium and potassium between groups. Percent weight change and creatine kinase increased over time in both groups without significant differences. ICG angiography fluorescence scores were non significantly different between groups (p=0.23).


Along with the dense population of the Earth would result in world energy demand also continues to soar and many, of something like this it would require human effort to develop new and renewable energy. The potential for renewable energy (renewable energy), such as solar energy, geothermal energy, water, biomass, wind energy and ocean energy, renewable energy potential in the country is huge. Solar Energy (Solar) is one of the renewable energy that is currently being developed. because it has environmentally friendly, one of the applications of solar energy is in energy conversion of light into electricity is by solar cells. There are the necessary ingredients as natural dyes in the energy conversion process is the red rose, with UV-Vis Spektrovotometer test then we will know at a wavelength of 400 nm -800 nm, using distilled water as the solvent. Absorbance good at a wavelengthof450nm-580nm. Keywords: renewable energy, Rose Red, UV Vis Spektrovotometer, distilled water.


Digital connectivity and physical connection are as never before preoccupations of our global society. As virtual is temporarily no longer just an option, but our only choice, there is a paradigm shift about its form and use. From our perspective, the Canadian research community has demonstrated incredible resilience and tenacity to maintain its functions in the abrupt transition to digital in 2020. As we emerge from this enforced reliance on digital, how can we encourage researchers to consider it an active choice of physical and/or digital participant engagement as what best suits the research question, its participants, and as rarely considered as a measured part of the research process its collaborators? As researchers involving human participants, we are encountering specific questions regarding the 'where' of engaging with participants in a digital capacity. By harnessing this disruption, we are poised to both better ask, and ask better, questions about what opportunities lie in what has to date been a gradual shift in research collaborator and participant engagement. Specifically, the impact of this on the persistent lag and rate of return of the research to practice process. This disruption can also address the 'when' and 'who' of research. When does research 'begin' when we work collaboratively? What is being considered as part of the process and thereby measurable impact of research? We are deeply moved by the NDRIO prioritization of collaboration and the recognition of this being a benchmark for objectives and key results. As social researchers, are we incorporating equitable processes for our collaborators as participants in the research, and all before we articulate a specific research question? How and what are we analyzing and interpreting those interactions as data? Where and when could we do this in a digital research infrastructure? These are all ultimately questions that pertain to the interdisciplinary scholarship of collaborative knowledge mobilization: the nexus of knowledge between those who generate it, and those who use it. What can we aspire to implement in a digital research infrastructure, as the properties of: secure, ethical, and assistive; equitable, inclusive, diverse, accessible; collaborative, engaging, dynamic physical space in a digital sphere for generating, storing, and disseminating qualitative research data whose common purpose is for implementation and resounding impact? What kind of space could we create that would provide researchers with a way to mindfully gather participants (through improved digital forms of traditional methods) and collaborators (such as funding agencies, social innovation organizations, government and policy makers, knowledge translators and disseminators) into the entirety of the research process? How can we shift social research to contextualize the movement of knowledge, from research to practice, and actively and iteratively engaging those most greatly impacted by and with influence on a contextualized contribution to a process for tackling our most pressing and complex social problems?


Here, we present an approach to investigate perfect/imperfect channel detection in the maximal ratio receiver combined scheme (MRRC) and a simple transmit diversity scheme (STD). In order to effectively make use of the transmit diversity techniques, the same approach is extended to process the situation of one transmit antenna and N receive antennas in the MRRC scheme (1 times N MRRC) and two transmit antennas and N receive antennas in the STD scheme (2 times N STD), in which the effects of perfect/imperfect channel detection and the diversity reception with independent Rayleigh-fading signals are evaluated and compared


Background: Intermediate care (IMC) is important for enhancing physical and mental performance and reducing disability of the post-acute patients with medically stable conditions. Neurological Institute of Thailand (NIT) is a specialized institute in neurology with IMC readiness in terms of multidisciplinary approach in rehabilitation. It has a specific ward for rehabilitation medicine to implement the IMC inpatient program since 2018.

Objective: To investigate the NIT's IMC inpatient program for functional gain, effectiveness, and efficiency to obtain the empirical data for further developing the IMC.

Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective descriptive research, collecting the data from 91 neurological patients of the IMC inpatient program. In the data analyses, the patients were classified into three groups by the Barthel's index (BI) with Group 1 as very severely disabled (BI 0 to 5), Group 2 as severely disabled (BI 6 to 10), and Group 3 as moderately disabled (BI 11 to 15). The primary outcomes of the study were function gain [ΔBI = BI after IMC – BI admission], effectiveness [Eff = ΔBI / (20 – BI admission) * 100], and efficiency [Efc = ΔBI / Length of stay (LOS in days)]. The secondary outcomes were change of overall disability level assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (ΔMRS) and the quality-of-life measured by two parts of EQ-5D-5L (EQ1, EQ2).

Results: The mean LOS of IMC inpatient program was 36.73±19.30 days. At discharge (dc), the overall means of ΔBIdc, Effdc, and Efcdc were 5.83±3.62, 44.82±24.38, and 0.20±0.15, respectively. The mean of ΔMRSdc reduced 0.69±0.61, while the means of EQ1dc and EQ2dc increased at 0.56±0.27 and 66.14±15.17 from the admission. In the analyses of the group comparison, the significant statistical differences were found at Effdc, MRSdc, and EQ1dc. At the 6-month follow-up (six), the means of BIsix, Effsix, EQ1six, and EQ2six increased in the three groups, in which the highest mean Effsix was found in Group 3 and the most reduced MRS (ΔMRSsix) was found in Group 2.

Conclusion: The IMC inpatient program at NIT can enhance performance, reduce disability, and increase quality of life of the neurological patients. The most effectiveness of the IMC program was found in the group of the moderately disabled patients.

Keywords: Immediate care; Neurological patients; Outcomes; Effectiveness; Efficiency; Quality of life


I HAVE shown in a former article 1 that the concepts implied by the terms "Gradation" and "Evolution" are not incompatible alternatives, respectively true and false, but only different ways of envisaging one and the same spectacle; or in other words, that the mythical notion of a creation of the world in principio and ex tempore is in no proper sense a contradiction of that of the succession and mutability of species in time. This proposition seems to demand, for its further clarification, at least a summary statement of the traditional doctrine of evolution, in which the emergence of an infinite variety of forms, past, present and future, is taken for granted. In this doctrine, every one of the forms, every phenomenon, represents one of the "possibilities of manifestation" of an "ever-productive nature" 2 that may be called either the God, the Spirit, Natura Naturans or, as in the present context, the "Life" according to which we speak of the forms of life as "living." This Life is the "First Cause" of lives; but the forms which these lives take is actually determined by the "Second" or "Mediate Causes" that are nowadays often called "forces" or "laws" notably that of heredity. No difficulty is presented here by the variability of the species; the shape that appears at any given time or place in the history of a "genus," "species," or "individual" is always changing.3 All the definitions of these categories are really, like "round numbers," indefinite, because the reference is to "things" that are always becoming and never stop to be, and that can only be called "things" by a generalisation that ignores their variation over some longer or shorter, but always relatively short "present." 4 The traditional doctrine takes this flux for granted, and that every creature's "life" is one of incessant death and regeneration (y1vfatws, bhava, "becoming"). There are no delimited and monads or egos, but only one unlimited.5 Every form of life, the psychic included, is composite, and therefore mortal; only the beginningless Life, that wears these forms as garments are worn, and outworn, can be thought of as endless. There can be no immortality of anything that is not immortal now and was not immortal before our planet was, before the farthest galaxies began