The first part of this thesis demonstrates how economic inequality in the aid recipient country is detrimental to aid effectiveness. We model a recipient country that is characterised by a relatively rich local elite and poor rest of the population that compete over economic resources. Foreign aid is shown to be more effective when there is lower economic inequality, because of the lower contesting ability of the elite in this scenario. This hypothesis is supported by evidence using data from 59 recipient countries over 1971-2005. The second part of the thesis analyses two types of aid using a neoclassical growth framework, integrating the economies of aid donor and recipient. The focus is on the comparison between aid invested in social projects, such as building schools, hospitals, and aid invested in economic projects, such as building roads and bridges. Both types of aid are assumed to raise the productivity of the households in the recipient country, but social aid is also allowed to have a `direct effect' on the utility of these households. The projects can also differ in terms of their productivity and aid wastage levels. Because of this `direct effect' social aid has an advantage over economic aid. However, when the social-aid wastage exceeds a certain level, the advantage of the social aid rapidly decreases in the level of social aid wastage, up to a point of becoming negligible. This questions whether the recent surge in social aid can be justified in countries with social sectors characterised by high aid wastage.


The spring assembly limiting tension and compression cycle test rock sample fixture, the lower jig and the upper jig composition, the lower jig includes a lower joint loading base connected to the bottom of the tester, the lower end cap is secured a sample, the lower connecting joint and the lower end of the cap under the chain, the first central stopper mechanism, the second central stopper mechanism and the first hydraulic mechanism; the upper clamp includes a testing machine top loading receptacle connector on the adapter, fixed sample of the end-cap, connect the adapter to the upper end cap the chain, the third center stopper mechanism, the fourth central stopper mechanism and a second hydraulic mechanism; centers stopper mechanism by the spring retainer assembly, the support member and adapter plates, spring retainer assembly includes an annular support, three screws, three threaded sleeve with an external thread and an internal thread, three limit springs and three stopper body; a first hydraulic mechanism, a second hydraulic mechanism includes an annular piston and the annular circular cylinder piston combination.


A new approach termed as Double Path Handoff(DPH) which can improve MIP handoff quality in wireless network was proposed. Integrating with RESV protocol, the DPH based on MIP can rebuild the data communication of session layer, decrease the interrupt time of handoff, package loss rate and the same to bandwidth efficiency, so that it can support large-range mobility while maintaining the certain required QoS. Comparing with MIP scheme, the only thing to be modified is offering the support of IPv6 in routers. The simulation results show that it greatly improves the interrupt-time and bandwidth-efficiency under wireless environment.


Regression models are studied in survey data and are widely used to construct model-based estimators. Oftentimes, the relationships vary across different subjects or domains. Identifying a correct model structure with consideration of sampling weights is essential in making inferences and estimating population parameters. In this work, we propose the weighted clustered coefficients regression models for grouping covariate effects for survey data. The new method uses a weighted loss function and pairwise penalties on all pairs of observations. An algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is developed to obtain the estimates. We also study the theoretical properties of the estimator under the survey sampling setup. In the simulation study, the empirical performance of the proposed estimator is compared to the method without sampling weights, which suggests that sampling weights is important in identifying clusters in regression models.


Three hundred and forty (340) samples of surfaces from equipment (skinning machines), utensils (polyethylene cutting boards, polypropylene cases, baskets, and trays, plastic material used to cover the trays, packaging tanks, knives, and stainless steel sorting and packaging tables), and gloves used by handlers in fish industries, collected with swabs in August 2010 and August 2011, were evaluated. In each period, five different collections were made on different days in both the early morning and early afternoon. Counts of aerobic mesophiles and total coliforms were performed and the presence of thermotolerant coliforms was investigated. All samples collected in the afternoon shift, in either collection periods, showed significantly higher contamination by aerobic mesophiles compared to the morning shift (p<0.05). 50.0 and 81.8% of the equipment and utensils analyzed in the first and second collection, respectively, were within the recommendations by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) regardless of the work shift. The gloves in the first collection period had aerobic mesophile count above 4 log UFC/glove in 76.7% of the samples and in only 21.7% in the second collection. Although surface contamination decreased, corrective measures still must be enforced and the employees must be oriented regarding the importance of hygienization.


Using data from 76 state owned enterprises,this study provides evidence on the relationship between no financial measures and financial performance.The results indicate that developing potential of a company,is significantly associated with contemporary and future financial performance.This study provides us evidence to perfect our multiple performance measures.In this article,the authors integrate three non-financial measures in a scientific way when study the developing potential.These non-financial measures are: creative ability,running strategy and renewing standard of technique and equipment.In order to prove the conclusion further,the article studies the relationship between every of the three measures and financial performance.In addition,the authors test the conclusion in 30 industry companies,and the conclusion is the same.


An experiment was conducted for a period of 42 days to evaluate the suitability of artificialseawater and brine as media for culture of giant freshwater prawn larvae. Prawn larvae were reared underthree treatments with three replications. The treatments were: T1- brine solution, T2-artificial seawater-1(complex formula) and T3-artificial seawater-2 (simple formula). The cost of 12 ppt brine water was12US$/m3, artificial seawater-1 was 95US$/m3 and artificial seawater-2 was 71US$/m3. The survival rate ofprawn larvae was 56.45%, 55.63% and 55.78% for T1, T2 and T3respectively. There were no significantdifferences (p<0.05) among the survival rates and metamorphosis time of different treatments. Theproduction cost in T1 (US$8.97) was significantly lower (p<0.05) (1000PL) followed by T2 (US$13.42) andT3 (US$11.53). The results of this study revealed that brine solution is the bestlarvae culture media for aninland prawn hatchery. Where brine solution is not available or costly, artificial seawater can be used forprawn PL production. In this case simple formula of artificial seawater is more suitable than complex formuladue to low cost, well defined and easily replicated by farmers.


: Rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is one of the most serious pests of rice in rice-planting regions worldwide. DsRNA-degrading nucleases (dsRNases) are important factors in reducing the efficiency of RNA interference (RNAi) in different insects. In this study, a dsRNase gene from C. medinalis ( CmdsRNase ) was cloned and characterized. The CmdsRNase cDNA was 1395 bp in length, encoding 464 amino acids. The CmdsRNase zymoprotein contains a signal peptide and an endonuclease NS domain that comprises six active sites, three substrate-binding sites, and one Mg 2+ -binding site. The mature CmdsRNase forms a homodimer with a total of 16 α -helices and 20 β -pleated sheets. Homology and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CmdsRNase is closely related to dsRNase2 in Ostrinia nubilalis . Expression pattern analysis by droplet digital PCR indicated that the expression levels of CmdsRNase varied throughout the developmental stages of C. medinalis and in different adult tissues, with the highest expression levels in the fourth-instar larvae and the hemolymph. CmdsRNase can degrade dsRNA to reduce the efficiency of RNAi in C. medinalis . Co-silencing of CmCHS ( chitin synthase from C. medinalis ) and CmdsRNase affected significantly the growth and development of C. medinalis and thus improved RNAi efficacy, which increased by 27.17%. These findings will be helpful for green control of C. medinalis and other lepidopteran pests by RNAi.


There were examined articular cartilage samples from pigs and wild boars femoral head and condyles, 1 - 10 years old. The samples were processed by usual histological techniques. The comparative examination of the normal articular cartillage of domestic pig and wild boar shows resemblances of the morphological structures without underlining significant distinctiv aspects


Background: Herpesvirus infections are one of the most common human infections that play a special role in children with recurrent respiratory infection cohort formation. The immunological status of such children is characterized by an imbalance in all links of immunity. The aim of the study: To study the immunological status of RRI children and to analyze the association of SNP -330T>G in IL2 and -1082G>A in IL10 with the relative and absolute values of the main subpopulations of lymphocytes. Materials and methods: In our study, we enrolled 76 children between 10 and 17 years old who had acute respiratory infections at least 5 times a year. Flow cytometry was used for lymphocyte subpopulations analysis. Polymorphic variants were determined by allele-specific PCR. Results: In anti-NA EBV IgG and anti-CMV IgG positive children with AA genotype for the -1082G>A IL10 polymorphism the average relative number of B-lymphocytes was 9.6%, which is below normal values (р=0.01). The average number of B-lymphocytes for heterozygotes was 12.4% (р=0.01). In the subgroup children with GG genotype, the average number of B-lymphocytes was 16.7% (р=0.01). In children with AA genotype the average level of NK cells was 19.3% (р=0.04). Children with GG genotype had lower level of NK cells (10.9%) (р=0.04). Conclusion: Our studies revealed a relationship between the immune status indicators and the genotypes for the -1082G>A IL10 polymorphism in anti-NA EBV IgG and anti-CMV IgG positive RRI children group. The -1082AA genotype of the IL10 is associated with a decrease in the relative and absolute number of B-lymphocytes, as well as with an increase in the relative number of NK cells. RRI children with -1082GG genotype tend to increase the relative and absolute number of B-lymphocytes, and to decrease the relative number of NK-cells.


Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch. 'Hinodegiri' responded to the different fertilizer sources and application methods similarly regardless of growing media. Plants top-dressed with Osmocote 18N-3P-10K had a significantly higher growth index, larger stem caliper and increased fresh weight than plants top-dressed with Pro-Grow 24N-3P-10K. Incorporation of either fertilizer source resulted in reduced plant growth and quality. The best fertilization method was a surface application regardless of fertilizer source or media.


Objective: To determine the frequency of positive tuberculin skin test (TST) in BCG-vaccinated asymptomatic healthy Pakistani adults. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Military Hospital, Rawalpindi in 2008 over six months. Patients and Methods: One hundred and thirty six individuals fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria of study were recruited after consent. They were subjected to TST (Mantoux test) and results were interpreted after 72 hours of injection. Test was recorded as positive if the indurated area was ≥10 mm, and strongly positive if ≥ 15 mm. Results: All participants were male with the mean age of 26.35±6.164 years. The overall frequency of positive TST was 41.2%. Out of these, 9.6% were strongly positive. Conclusion: In healthy, BCG-vaccinated adult Pakistani population, TST is found to be positive in high frequency, and even induration of more than 15 mm was seen in significant number. In view of low specificity, TST should not be relied upon for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB).


The authors already discussed the crack tip singularities of various kinds of open crack meeting at the interfaces of different isotropic materials for plane problems. Based on these results, this paper is concerned with singularities near the tip of an arbitrary open crack terminating at a bimaterial interface of three anisotropic materials. Using Williams' eigenfunction-expansion method, the crack tip singularities for mode I and mode II are computed. The characteristic determinant is derived using the boundary conditions and interface continuity conditions, and is solved directly using Mullers'method, which computes algebraic equations of high degree. The analytical process and some numerical results are given in figures.


SYNOPSIS. A number of protozoa may have amoeboid, flagellated, or intergrade forms. At the present time several mechanisms have been proposed for inducing the formation of each of the above forms, but a definite triggering mechanism has not been elucidated. However, some change in the environment precedes the transformation of the cell from one form to another.

Jahn (1962) and Czarska (1964), respectively, correlated ciliary reversal and water expulsion vesicle activity with alterations in the ionic environment. In both cases the processes involved are correlated with changes in the Gibbs-Donnan (G-D) relationship rather than direct ratios or molarities. It seems reasonable to assume that additional environmentally induced phenomena may also be based on changes in the relationship.

The assumption is here made that an amoeboid cell, possessing the necessary genetic and physiologic potentials, can respond to certain changes in its environment by enflagellation.

The following hypothesis is being considered: a change in the environment that increases the relative concentration of associated divalent cations is perhaps one of the main triggers for amoeba-to-flagellate transformations. Thus, in accordance with the G-D theory, this transformation would be expected to occur when a given ionic environment is diluted. In addition, the transformation is discussed in relation to pH, population density, and other environmental parameters that alter the Gibbs-Donnan ratio.


In tunnels with concentrated smoke extraction systems the under pressure in the exhaust ducts are relatively high and leakages into the exhaust ducts cannot be avoided. Those leakages can have a significant impact on the efficiency of the ventilation system and must be considered in the design. Currently very few established bases to quantify leakage of flows are available. For this reason a Swiss research project has been initiated to extensively investigate leakage of flows into exhaust ducts in road tunnels. The main part of the research covers in-situ leakage measurements in several road tunnels then analysing the data to draw concrete conclusions. The leakage measurements have been carried out using the well-proven tracer gas (SF6) method. In order to acquire a comprehensive set of data, a total of 16 tunnel tubes of different type (age, refurbished/new, construction) have been measured. This paper gives a brief overview of the leakage problem, discusses the measurement results and presents a method to easily predict leakages.


We analyse the microstructure of an open nickel-chrome foam using computed tomography. The foam sample is modelled by a random Laguerre tessellation, i.e. a weighted Voronoi tessellation, which is fitted to the original structure by means of geometric characteristics estimated from the CT image. Using the Allard-Johnson model we simulate the acoustic absorption of the real foam and the model. Finally, simulations in models with a larger variation of the cell sizes yield first results for the dependence of acoustic properties on the geometric structure of open cell foams.


With the progress and developing of the society and the fastening of the living speed,the number of the college students,who suffer from the psychological illness,is increasing.People attach importance to the curation of the psychological illness now,which affects the development of the college students,but there're still few people using sports to regulate and cure the illness on conciousness.This essay analyzes the present situation of the college students' psychological health in Fuzhou,Fujian Providence by a SCL-90 self-evaluation form,discusses how sports affects psychological health,puts forward a conclusion that sports is an important method in curing the college students' psychological illness and inquires into feasibility and popularization the sports in regulating and curing the college students' psychological illness.


The specific features and content of boxing coach-to-be professional training at Ukrainian higher educational institutions are substantiated in the article. It is established that boxing coach-to-be professional training is an integrated multicomponent system that is aimed at harmoniously developed specialist formation. The content of boxing coach-to-be professional training determines the list and volume of normative and elective disciplines, the sequence of their learning, specific forms of study, etc. It is established that the practice-oriented approach is aimed at getting not only knowledge but skills and practical experience. The analysis of the complex of literary sources made it possible to establish the fact that practice-oriented approach is fairly often considered by the researchers to be the method of teaching and learning in combination with practical activity, the orientation of educational process to the final education product that is the formation and development of professional competences. In this research, a practice-oriented approach is considered to be one of the most effective means of professionalization of boxing coach-to-be training since it brings the students as much as possible to future professional activity. It is aimed at the organization of the educational process in the context of the future profession by reflection in forms and methods of students' educational activity of real psychological and social cases which accompanies the professional activity of a coach. It focuses our attention on the composite design principle as one of the factors of increasing specialists-to-be training quality. It is proved that a complex of practical works is to be the heart of professional training of a coach. The classification of educational practices is carried out; their volume and content are investigated. We see prospects for further research in the direction of a set of educational practices for the sports specialization of the boxing coach-to-be and in the development of an integrated network of disciplines.


While revolutionary AI-powered code generation tools have been rising rapidly, we know little about how and how to help software developers form appropriate trust in those AI tools. Through a two-phase formative study, we investigate how online communities shape developers' trust in AI tools and how we can leverage community features to facilitate appropriate user trust. Through interviewing 17 developers, we find that developers collectively make sense of AI tools using the experiences shared by community members and leverage community signals to evaluate AI suggestions. We then surface design opportunities and conduct 11 design probe sessions to explore the design space of using community features to support user trust in AI code generation systems. We synthesize our findings and extend an existing model of user trust in AI technologies with sociotechnical factors. We map out the design considerations for integrating user community into the AI code generation experience.


A Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-based framework for image compression is proposed in this paper. The image is predicted using GMM whose parameters are estimated using common Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and encoded with fixed length bits. We introduce a new GMM Model Optimization (GMO) measure to select the optimal number of models and avoid local optimum of EM at the same time. The encoding cost of the residual and parameters are considered in GMO which is demonstrated to be near concave and effective. A parameter dictionary is designed to utilize the correlation of the parameters to improve the coding efficiency. The residual between the original image and the GMM image is encoded using High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) intra coding. Experimental results show that our method performs better than HEVC.


Substoichiometric tungsten oxides are an interesting class of materials, where defects form periodic structures. These defects are called crystallographic shear (CS) planes and depending on the type of the CS plane and the distance between them, they can form tungsten suboxides with di erent stoichiometries. In this Thesis quasi-twodimensional substoichiometric tungsten oxide structures, which nucleate by epitaxial growth on the W19O55 nanowires and grow as thin platelets, were identi ed. Both the nanowires and the platelets accommodate oxygen de ciency by formation of crystallographic shear planes. High resolution electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray di raction were used for structural determination, Raman spectroscopy for vibrational analysis, and optical absorption, Kelvin microscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy for elucidation of electric properties. Stoichiometric phases, W18O53 (WO2.944), W17O50 (WO2.941), W16O47 (WO2.938), W15O44 (WO2.933), W14O41 (WO2.929), W9O26 (WO2.889), and W10O29 (WO2.9), syntactically grow inside a single platelet. Six of the seven identi ed phases were observed for the rst time which were predicted more than 70 years ago. These plateletlike crystals represent a new kind of polycrystallinity, where crystallographic shear planes accommodate oxygen de ciency and at the same time stabilize this multistoichiometric structure.


The article is devoted to the analysis of alternative approaches applicable to modern reform of higher education. Last three decades, the set of management technologies of the new public management (NPM) has significantly transformed higher education, introducing application some elements of quasi-markets and metric systems of performance indicators. Their large-scale use was reinforced by the ideology of new manageralism, which builds confidence among managers in effectiveness of their application in higher education. However, the experience of their practical implementation has given rise to negative effects and problems associated with emergence of institutional traps. These traps have become serious obstacles to development of modern higher education. The possible alternative when adjusting development in this sphere can be the concept of "the new public service", which has been implemented in recent years within civil service reform. This new approach is based on cultivating the set of ethical values and principles that promote openness, transparency, democracy and cooperation between bureaucrats and consumers of public services. Due to some specifics of professional activity in the academic environment, its principles and values can be successfully applied in higher education too. The article offers an interpretation of application of this approach in the context of expanding project education and cultivating key values of the academic community in context of management of higher education.


In the italian scolastic and training scenary special education teachers represents the principle
resource, not only to facilitate the implementation of the right to education, but also, and above all,
the full education of the disable students. In this sense, appears to be essential as training to the
self-awareness of how people are in problematic situations (or experienced as such), which, together
with the "knowledge", contributes to the definition of an appropriate interpretation of their professional
role.
In this study, we presented the results of a research with special education teachers, ispired by
the Action Research.
We administered to a group of teachers a semistructured questionnaire before and after their
participation to a laboratory, played in a setting of small group, focalized on the dynamics of interpersonal
relationships, for interpersonal development and for acquisition of soft-skills.
The results seem to indicate how the experiential learning active had effects on a more articulated
emotional representation of the normal and disable students.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and mortality and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. A total of 25% of patients debut in metastatic stages, and 50% of patients with resectable disease subsequently have disseminated disease, thus their systemic therapy constitutes an important challenge. Although there are advances in their treatment, patients have a variable and unpredictable response due to their molecular heterogeneity, making it necessary to identify the specific mutations that leads oncogenesis in each patient. The CRC classification into 4 molecular subtypes or consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) has had wide clinical acceptance. CMS1 (immune), affects young patients, is rapidly progressive and refractory to conventional therapies, and could benefit from aggressive therapy and immunotherapy. CMS2 (canonical) is characterized by mutation in specific pathways linked to cellular metabolism. The CMS3 (metabolic), where its specific mutation is KRAS. Finally, CMS4 (mesenchymal) is associated with metastasis, worse prognosis and mutation in pathways of fibrogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Specific treatments have been proposed for each of these types with the purpose of reaching a personalized medicine. The identification and better understanding of molecular subtypes will lead us to improve the prognostic and therapeutic prediction in this disease.


This volume has its origins in a conference held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, on 27–29 September 2002, on 'Islam, Democracy and the State in Algeria: Lessons for the Western Mediterranean and Beyond'. In the United States the Algerian crisis did not receive the attention it deserved, even as this crisis raged out of control in the midand late 1990s. After September 2001, attention grew even sparser. Yet it seemed then to the organisers, and still does, that the situation in Algeria provides a key to understanding much of what is happening in the Islamic world, as well as to the broader Mediterranean context. Among Arab countries Algeria is notable for a number of reasons. Its colonial experience was long and intense. The French began their colonial venture in Algeria in 1830 and suppressed the most important resistance movements during the ensuing decade and a half. Approximately one million French and other Europeans came to live in the country during the century that followed, acquiring most of the best land, orienting the economy toward the métropole, and destroying indigenous political institutions. Algeria's decolonisation experience is also dramatic and unique. Between 1954 and 1962, the Algerians carried out a guerrilla war in an effort to force France to accept Algerian independence. This followed nearly a decade of non-violent efforts toward the same goal. A million Algerians died in the war of independence, which was ultimately successful. Algeria became independent in 1962 and the overwhelming majority of the country's colons left for France. Despite its losses in the war, as well as the understandable disorganisation that characterised the immediate post-independence years, Algeria during the 1960s and 1970s appeared to have enormous potential. Blessed with abundant natural resources, including petroleum, as well as considerable arable land, the country experienced substantial economic development during this period. It was governed by a populist regime that was relatively free of corruption and militantly dedicated to industrialisation and the expansion of education. Despite its austerity, or perhaps because of it, and notwithstanding its commitment to what ultimately proved to be a flawed strategy of socialist development, the regime was popular and the country appeared to be making


Objectives: The research goal was to study the relationship between the unconsummated marriage and couples' sexual function and sexual self-disclosure. Method: A total of 18 couples selected via an accessible sampling method answered to Spouses Sexual Disclosure Scale (SSDS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Data Analysis was by χ test and Pearson correlation. Results: There was a positive significant relationship between unconsummated marriage and the couples' low sexual performance and couples' low sexual self-disclosure. The relationship between the couples' sexual performance and their low sexual self-disclosure was not significant. Conclusion: In couples with unconsummated marriage sexual function and sexual self-disclosure are extremely low, and these variables have interactive effects over each other.


A building exterior wall coating with good thermal insulation property is characterized by the compositions of polyvinyl alcohol, expanded perlite, aluminium silicate powder, oyster shell whiting, methylcellulose, glass microballoon, fiber glass, nanometer silicon dioxide, acryloid cement, elm bast fiber, an antifoaming agent and calcium carbonate. By virtue of methyl silica high polymer formed after the reaction among heated silicate, nanometer silica powder and organosilicone, the coating can form the binding of chemical bonds when being coated on the rigid surface of a concrete wall, with the fastness being far superior to that of the physical covering of a conventional coating; in the coating, the expanded perlite is further adopted as heat insulation base material and therefore, the coating is characterized by good waterproof and thermal insulation property, no bubbling and cracking and good adhesive force.


Objective To explore the nursing measures of tension free hernia patch in elderly abdominal external hernia. Methods selected in our hospital in 2013 February to 2014 February, 60 patients admitted during in the elderly patients with abdominal external hernia, inguinal hernia underwent tension-free hernioplasty patch in treatment and nursing, observe the operation time, and the recurrence of postoperative wound healing. Results the operation was successful in all patients, the average operation time was 55.5min, 60 patients the wound healed well, no infection, 24 months follow-up showed no recurrence. Conclusion Tension free hernia patch in elderly abdominal external hernia with small wound pain, rapid recovery, cure rate higher characteristic. Nursing measures for patients with good quality, can improve the success rate of operation, reduce complications and recurrence rate.


There are many environmentally essential issues having close relationships with forest existence. Forests which are very crucial to balance the short-term requirements of today's human needs, to anticipate the necessities of the next generations, as well as to preserve long-term ecosystem situations and functions to support other living creatures, are therefore very vital to be well maintained. The best operative way to fulfill these requirements is to practice the forest ecosystem management paradigm as the template. In an ecosystem where the green plants are dominant or inhabit the greater proportion of occupancy, more energy and biological cycling useful for other living creatures will be available. Forest ecosystem which is dominated by big and long-standing trees influence the most to the environment compare to other types of ecosystems. For the complete sustainability problematic to be resolved, the Three Pillars of Sustainability must be viable and environmental sustainability need to be the top priority. All of these require careful thoughts, tradeoffs and compromises and often need sacrificing to some extent so that other needs can be pursued.


Field-programmable gate array is used as microcontroller,audio signal is collected by sensor,and converted and stored by AD converter.In the end the data is stored in the chip AT45DB041B.The front signal is treated by Matlab designed filter.The data acquisition system is simulated by development software Quartus Ⅱ from Altera company.The research result show that this design can get ideal digital audio signal.


Objective
To compare clinical outcomes between left univentricular pacing (LVP) and biventricular pacing (BVP) and to investigate the feasibility of LVP in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

Methods
52 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who were eligible for CRT indications were enrolled in our study, after implanted CRT-P/D successfully patients were divided into LVP group (n=26) programmed left univentricular pacing and BVP group (n=26) programmed biventricular pacing for 12 weeks. Adverse events (arrhythmia events, aggravated symptom of heart failure, sudden cardiac death, et al), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, 6 minutes walking distance(6MWD), NT-proBNP, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the difference between time to peak from basal segment of later wall to septum in left ventricular (TPSD), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), MRA, and interventricular mechanical delay(IVMD) were observed and compared.

Results
Compared with preoperation, NYHA classification, NT-proBNP, LVEDD, TPSD, MRA and IVMD were reduced significantly, moreover, 6MWD and LVEF were improved markedly in 12 weeks after operation.The improvement of LVEF,MRA,IVMD and TPSD in LVP was more outstanding than them in BVP[(Δ9.2±5.5)% vs(Δ5.6±3.7)%, P=0.021; (Δ-1.7±0.6) cm2 vs(Δ-0.8±0.3)cm2, P=0.038; (Δ-15.3±8.5) ms vs(Δ-10.2±8.1)ms, P=0.033; (Δ-19.2±4.5)ms vs(Δ-9.6±3.7)ms, P=0.035], the difference of NYHA Classification,6MWD,NT-proBNP,LVEDD between in two groups was not discovered[Δ-1.44±0.30 vsΔ-1.39±0.34, P=0.062; (Δ188±41) m vs(Δ190±35)m, P=0.051; (Δ-3 011±803)pg/ml vs(Δ-2 889±745)pg/ml, P=0.066; (Δ-7.2±4.5)mm vs(Δ-8.6±3.7)mm, P=0.064]; 8 adverse events in LVP and 7 in BVP occured, the rate of adverse events in two groups were not statistical difference(P>0.05).

Conclusion
Left univentricular pacing with programming suitable parameters can achieve maximized resynchronization during ventricular systolic; Left univentricular pacing is feasible in CRT patients with intrinsic conductive.

Key words:
Cardiac failure; Cardiac resynchronization therapy devices; Pacemaker, artificial


We propose a theory of $\lambda$-tensor product of operator spaces which extends the theory of Blecher-Paulsen and Effros-Ruan for the operator space projective tensor product \cite{blecp}, \cite{effros}, \cite{eff} and that of Rajpal-Kumar-Itoh for the Schur tensor product \cite{vandee4} of operator spaces.


Failure to osseointegrate traditionally mandates immediate implant removal, followed by a 1-year healing period before placing a second implant into the same area. This report presents five cases in which failed screw-type, commercially pure titanium implants were immediately replaced by ledge-type, hydroxyapatite-coated, Ti-6Al-4V implants in the same sockets. These cases suggest that the 1-year healing period may not be necessary, provided that (1) the socket can be reprepared to eliminate thread grooves and invasive soft tissue, (2) the replacement implant is larger in diameter than the original implant, and (3) sufficient available bone remains for the procedures.


This study was carried out to treat the microbial diseases in natural way and reduced the antibiotic resistance pressure. Five species of Lactic acid bacteria namely, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. dulbrueckii L. plantarum, and L. fermentum, were isolated from locally produced yogurt. Bacteriocins were isolated from MRS broth culture of theses Lactic acid bacteria through the ammonium sulphate precipitation method. Extracted bacteriocins were tested against test strain i.e E.coli ATCC 25922 to obtain optimum pH, storage temperature and heating temperature for maximum antibacterial activity. For this (2-12) pH range, storage temperatures (-20 °C, 4 °C and 37 °C for 1 month) and heating temperatures (60 °C, 100 °C and 121 °C for 15 minutes) were tested. Later the antibacterial activity of these bacteriocins were tested at concluded optimum conditions against each other as well as against different locally isolated pathogens viz. Methicillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus, E.coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus by using well diffusion agar method. It was found that bacteriocins activities were maximum at pH 6 and 4 °C storage temperature. Maximum activity was found after heating bacteriocins at 60 °C as compared to 100 °C and 121 °C. Bacteriocins of lactobacilli were harmless against each other at any pH, heat temperatures and storage temperatures. Antibacterial activity of bacteriocins extracted from L.acidophilus showed maximum activity against pathogenic bacteria as compare to others. The present study has highlighted the antibacterial role of bacteriocins isolated from Lactic acid bacteria by indicating their potential to treat a variety of human and animal diseases.


Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon malignant tumor which has been reported invariably and cases have been encountered in Tanzania. Though rare they are associated with potential morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinico-pathological profile of such neoplasm in our set up.Methods: A retrospective review of 25 cases from hospital archives for 3 consecutive years was done where all patients with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of NPC were recruited. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: Of the 25 eligible cases, 15 (60%) were males and 10 (40%) were females. Age range was 15-70 years. The peak age was 30-50 years in males and 50-59 years in females. Highest incidence was in the 5th decade. The commonest presenting features were cervical lymphadenopathy (92%) epistaxis (80%), hearing loss (80%) and nasal obstruction (76%) while the least common feature was seizures (4%). Histologically, undifferentiated carcinoma (76%) was the commonest variant while the least common one was differentiated non keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (8%). Identifiable risk factors were consumption of salted smoked fish (80%), tobacco use (60%), alcohol intake (52%) and occupational exposure to wood dust (32%). Majority of patients (80%) were diagnosed with advanced stage of the disease (Stage IV).Conclusions: Findings from this study correlate with what has been reported elsewhere. Clinicians should have a higher index of suspicion in diagnosing NPC to enable early referral and prompt treatment of such malignant neoplasm.


Diabetes mellitus is the most common human disease and there is growing interest for plant based therapy in managing diabetes mellitus specifically in the developing world. In the present study, Rhazya stricta Decne extract was analysed for its antidiabetic activities . Crude methanolic extracts of different plant parts were tested in vivo on albino mice Balb-C, for the reduction of blood glucose, urea, cholesterol, triacylglycerides and glycosylated haemoglobin. Results obtained showed that leaves of R. stricta have best antidiabetic effect by reducing blood glucose level, Glycosylated haemoglobin, triacylglycerides and Cholesterol in hyperglycaemic mice. The R. stricta leaves extract being most active was further fractionated by solvent extraction using n- Hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and water and all fractions were tested for same activities. It was found that ethyl acetate fraction is most effective in the reduction of blood glucose level at fasting and random conditions and blood glucose reduction was comparable to Glucophage, a standard antidiabetic drug. The present study suggests that Rhazya stricta leaves extract and its ethyl acetate fraction has great potential for development of antidiabetic drug. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v4i2.21484 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, January 2015, 4(2): 353-361


The present invention is to eliminate the rubber-like flat texture of the nonwoven fabric made of elastically stretchable filaments to challenge. As a non-woven fabric (1) the integral is by at least one of the welding and mechanical entangled to each other, the filament (2) of a thermoplastic elastomer provided by the present invention, the filaments (2) are crimped regions 3 and non-crimped has a region (4), region (3) it has a fine crimp of at least 50 / cm ratio.


Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains deadly disease especially in multiply relapsed or refractory patients, although for B-cell relapsed ALL, immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells or immunotoxins may alter this outcome.1,2 Critically, patients relapsing after immunotherapy with either CD22or CD19negative disease render these agents ineffective. Currently, there is no immunotherapy for T-cell ALL. The finding that bortezomib (first-generation proteasome inhibitor) was exquisitely active against mature B cells and plasma cells led to improvements in therapy for multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. With the hypothesis that active agents against mature B cells may be active against B lymphoblasts, preclinical studies noted activity against both Band T-cell ALL. Notably, Horton et al. were the first to show synergistic activity between bortezomib and dexamethasone and additive activity with other standard ALL chemotherapy drugs.3 Based on these promising preclinical results, the Therapeutic Advances in Leukemia and Lymphoma (TACL) group showed in a phase I study that bortezomib added to vincristine, dexamethasone, pegasparagase, and doxorubicin (B-VXLD) is tolerable, and confirmed efficacy especially for B-cell–advanced relapsed ALL in a dose-expansion study.4 These results have been confirmed by several other groups as noted in Table 1. At that time, the results of the United Kingdom trial for relapsed ALL (UK ALL-R3) generated much enthusiasm about mitoxantrone.5 On the basis of these observations, in this issue of Pediatric Blood and Cancer, August et al. report their experience using the bortezomib added to theALL-R3 regimen that includesmitoxantrone in10patients with advanced relapsed ALL.


A sample water/deionized water supply section (14) is connected to an inlet (12) of a flow cell (2). The sample water/deionized water supply section (14) can supply either sample water or deionized water to the inlet (12) side, as well as stop supply of both water through switching of a flow channel switch-over valve (16). The sample water/deionized water supply section (14) is controlled by a control section (32). At the end of an ultraviolet absorbance measurement, the control section (32) performs a control to clean the flow cell (2) by means of a cleaning mechanism (30) and to supply the deionized water from the sample water/deionized water supply section (14) for filling the flow cell (2) with the deionized water.


thus released the spirit anew ("Christian Science, rightly understood, is destined to lead the way out of organization. That is its mission, not only for itself but for every form of organized religion" [p. 241]), eventuated, instead, in the famous lawsuit between the Boards (1919-1921), which gave complete control to the Board of Directors. This, to Kennedy's mind, meant the triumph of organization over the spirit, and the ultimate frustration of the will of the founder herself. It is hardly to be expected that the author of such a view would continue in the complete good graces of the triumphant Board of Directors. Yet his belief in, and love for, the founder was such that, with tender hands, he carried through his great project to present her to the world as he saw her. In closing, I think it still must be said, contrary to the view of one enthusiastic newspaper reviewer, that this is not the "definitive biography" of Mrs. Eddy, and the general reader who wants a well-rounded view of her must still read three or four of the biographies that have been published—say Wilbur's, Powell's, Dakin's and, by all means, Kennedy's. Federated Theological Faculty, Sidney E. Mead. University of Chicago.


The inertial proximal gradient algorithm is efficient for the composite optimization problem. Recently, the convergence of a special inertial proximal gradient algorithm under strong convexity has been also studied. In this paper, we present more novel convergence complexity results, especially on the convergence rates of the function values. The non-ergodic O(1/k) rate is proved for inertial proximal gradient algorithm with constant stepzise when the objective function is coercive. When the objective function fails to promise coercivity, we prove the sublinear rate with diminishing inertial parameters. When the function satisfies some condition (which is much weaker than the strong convexity), the linear convergence is proved with much larger and general stepsize than previous literature. We also extend our results to the multi-block version and present the computational complexity. Both cyclic and stochastic index selection strategies are considered.


Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by impaired social interactions and communication with repetitive behaviors, activities, or interests. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis are frequently associated with ASD in childhood. However, it is not known whether microbiota dysbiosis in ASD patients also occurs in adulthood. Further, the consequences of altered gut microbiota on digestive functions and the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unexplored. Therefore, we studied, in mice, the ability offecal supernatant (FS) from adult ASD patients to induce GI dysfunctions and ENS remodeling. First, the analyses of the fecal microbiota composition in adult ASD patients indicated a reduced α-diversity and increased abundance of three bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants compared to healthy controls (HC). The transfer of FS from ASD patients (FS–ASD) to mice decreased colonic barrier permeability by 29% and 58% compared to FS–HC for paracellular and transcellular permeability, respectively. These effects are associated with the reduced expression of the tight junction proteins JAM-A, ZO-2, cingulin, and proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β. In addition, the expression of glial and neuronal molecules was reduced by FS–ASD as compared to FS-HC in particular for those involved in neuronal connectivity (βIII-tubulin and synapsin decreased by 31% and 67%, respectively). Our data suggest that changes in microbiota composition in ASD may contribute to GI alterations, and in part, via ENS remodeling.


Income Risks of Capsicum Frutescens L. and Nicotiana Tabacum Farming in Subak Gede Sukawati, Gianyar Regency. Land size, planting distance, capital, maintenance, and weather affect production yields and farmers' incomes. Therefore, farmers must be able to take the right decisions to minimize farming risks. This study aims to determine the risk of production, price, and income of capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping farming in Subak Gede Sukawati, Gianyar Regency. Data were analyzed using the calculation of variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and descriptively. Production risk in capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping shows the lowest risk with a coefficient of variation of 0.14 when compared to capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum monoculture. The risk of capsicum frutescens L production is higher (0.34) than nicotiana tabacum (0.30). The price risk in nicotiana tabacum farming, which is 0.12, indicates a higher price risk than the risk in capsicum frutescens L farming (0.02). As for income risk, the lowest risk occurs in capsicum frutescens L and nicotiana tabacum intercropping farming, which is 0.13. This risk is lower when compared to the monoculture of capsicum frutescens L (0.38) and nicotiana tabacum (0.30). The selection of cropping patterns in Subak Gede Sukawati, among others, is based on habits carried out for generations, product selling prices, maximizing income, and production costs.


The development of creative industries in Shanghai is not only in line with the overall planning of a new industrial structure,and the strategy of revitalizing the city through science and education,but it is the only way to achieve the "Made in China" to "China to Create" as well.What's more important,creative industries are rich in urban tourism resources.At present,the tourism development of Shanghai creative industry parks is in its infancy.This paper analyses the status and problems of tourism development in Shanghai creative industry parks.Although the overall number of Shanghai creative industry parks occupies in absolute superiority in China,their tourism development conditions are not yet very mature.However,thanks to the great tourism value of creative industry parks,their tourism development potentials are enormous.With developed countries' successful experience of creative industries tourism development,new ideas for tourism development are provided to Shanghai creative industry parks.In conclusion,the following will promote the sustainable tourism development of Shanghai creative industry parks,such as the government's macroeconomic strategy and funding support,non-profit organizations active participation,optimization of the management of creative industry parks,and enhancing the awareness of citizens' creativity and so on.


Field metabolic rates (FMR) and activity patterns of black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophrys were measured while at sea and on nest during the incubation stage at Kerguelen Island, southwestern Indian Ocean. Activity-specific metabolic rates of five albatrosses at sea (FMRat-sea) were measured using doubly labeled water (DLW), and by equipping birds with wet-dry activity data loggers that determined when birds were in flight or on the water. The metabolic rates of four birds incubating their eggs (FMRon-nest) were also measured using DLW. The mean+/-SD FMRat-sea of albatrosses was 611+/-96 kJ kg(-1) d(-1) compared to FMRon-nest of 196+/-52 0 kg(-1) d(-1). While at sea, albatrosses spent 52.9+/-8.2% (N = 3) of their time in flight and they landed on the water 41.2+/-13.9 times per day. The FMR of black-browed albatrosses appear to be intermediate to that of three other albatross species. Based on at-sea activity, the power requirement of flight was estimated to be 8.7 W kg(-1) (or 4.0 x predicted BMR), which is high compared to other albatross species, but may be explained by the high activity levels of the birds when at sea. The FMRat-sea of albatrosses, when scaled with body mass, are lower than other seabirds of similar body size, which probably reflects the economical nature of their soaring flight.


The rapid development of dentistry, the problem of quality treatment pathology of periodontal tissue against decrease of general and local factors of resistance of the organism in lesions of herpes virus remains unsolved. This significantly worse function of the teeth-jaw system, including function of masticatory muscles electromyographic study which is one of the leading diagnostic methods in dentistry. The aim of the work was the determination of the functional status of masticatory muscles in patients with chronic periodontal tissue pathology and concomitant herpes virus infection in conditions intact dentition. Electromyographic study conducted on 26 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of I–II severity stage against the background of concomitant herpes virus infection using neuroelectromiograf M-Test production system combining diverticular disease (Kharkiv). In patients with pathology of periodontal tissues and concomitant chronic herpes virus infections we detected a significant change in the activity of chewing muscles and functional changes of the teeth-jaw system. Its the need to develop effective methods of prevention and treatment of functions tooth-jaw system in patients with pathology of periodontal tissue on the background of concomitant chronic herpes infection.


On November 12, 2013, updated guidelines for the treatment of high blood cholesterol levels were released by the American College of Cardiology– American Heart Association (ACC-AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines.1 This update represents the first major guideline revision since the National Cholesterol Education Program released its Adult Treatment Panel III report in 2002.2 The previous guidelines were widely accepted and applied with relative consistency. In contrast, the new guidelines have already been the subject of controversy, with some observers arguing that some elements of the recommendations are not evidence-based.3 Nevertheless, these recommendations may have a major effect on the clinical practice of lipid management. We therefore provide here a brief practical summary of the current cholesterol guidelines, indicating the area of dispute.


This paper is one in a series in which studies of the radio continuum brightness distribution in bright, nearby spiral galaxies with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) are reported. The observing frequency is 1415 MHz and the bandwidth is 4 MHz. The synthesized beam is elliptical and the half- power beamwidths at full resolution are 23'' (RA) and 23''/sin sigma (Dec). Observations are presented of NGC 598 (M33), 4826, 3031 (M81), published results comprise all fourteen spiral galaxies brighter than Harvard magnitude 10.5 above declination + 15 deg . The observed distributions have been used to derive, apart from individual interesting features, three important parameters. These are the flux density of the nuclear source, the spiral arm component, and the base disk. (WDM)


Reduction of sodicity hazards in soils irrigated with waste water can be achieved through the replacement of the Na salts (mainly NaCl), used in water softening and other industrial processes, with potassium salts. We studied the effect of equilibrating a grumusol (Typic Chromoxerert) with solutions of differing potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), within the range expected in waste water, on the distribution of K and Na between the solution and the solid phase. The K distribution did not depend on the level of Na in the solution, but the distribution of Na between the 2 phases depended strongly on the PAR of the solution. For SAR 10 solutions, ESP decreased from 11.1 to 7.8 as PAR increased from 0 to 4. Gapon selectivity coefficients for Na, calculated separately for each PAR level, also decreased with increasing PAR. The Na distribution between solution and solid phase in a ternary (K–Na–Ca) system could not therefore be predicted from the Gapon selectivity coefficient obtained from a binary (Na–Ca) system.


The geometric model of single-arm metro pantograph frame structure is introduced in this paper.Considering the objective function of collector head trajectory,the optimum design will define the pantograph torque and pantograph force arm,balance the pantograph-head over the working range,confine the conditions for pantograph's work,in which the height range,housed height and steady static contract force are determined.The geometric parameters of pantograph mechanism are calculated by using several objective optimum techniques and MATLAB software to ensure pantograph's performance.Through building a 3D model of pantograph,the geometric parameters are simulated and analyzed by using the virtual sample technique and ADAMS software.The result verifies the correctness of the optimum techniques and MATLAB software.


Previous evidence suggests that the thromboembolic risk is greater among patients with COVID-19 than among those affected by other types of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, such comparison has been primarily based on historical cohorts. In order to reduce the possible influence of such selection bias, the main goal of this study was to evaluate thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19 and other ARDS hospitalized in the same time period.
 For this reason, we have selected patients admitted from March to June, 2020 at the UNICAMP Clinical Hospital who met the ARDS clinical criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Berlin Definition by presenting two or more flu-like symptoms and at least one ARDS-specific manifestation (dyspnea, persistent chest pressure, oxygen saturation lower than 95% at hospital admission, or lip/face cyanosis). Symptom onset or worsening occurred 30 days before hospital admission at the latest, and COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed or excluded by at least 2 real time polymerase chain reactions or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Descriptive analysis, chi-square and t-tests, as well as binary logistic regression, were used to compare COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.
 Of the 253 patients hospitalized due to ARDS during this period, 101 COVID-19 and 102 non-COVID-19 patients were included in this study. The remaining patients were excluded due to incomplete medical records (n=16) or absence of COVID-19 testing results (n=34). Table 1 demonstrates the included patients' demographic and clinical baseline features.
 Both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups showed similar baseline risk of hospital-associated thrombosis (assessed by reduced mobility within the past 3 days or more, previous thromboembolism event, recognized "thrombophilia", and infarction, stroke, trauma or surgery within the past 4 weeks) and oxygen saturation at admission (COVID-19: 92% IQR 90% to 96%; non-COVID-19: 94% IQR 91% to 97%, P=0.44). However, the need for invasive oxygenation support (37.6% vs. 14.7%, P=0.0002) and vasoactive drugs (44.6% vs. 21.6%, P=0.0006) was greater in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients. Accordingly, those infected by SARS-CoV-2 were more frequently admitted in ICU (55.4% vs. 40.2%, P=0.04) and for a longer period of time (13 days IQR 6 to 22 vs. 3 days IQR 2 to 8.3, P=0.02) than those affected by other types of ARDS. In comparison to the non-COVID-19 group, the COVID-19 group's median total hospital stay was more lasting (15 days IQR 6 to 30.5 vs. 7 days IQR 3 to 16.3, P<0.0001), and its death rate, higher (27.7% vs. 14.7%, P=0.03), as shown in Table 2.
 With respect to coagulation markers (Table 3), activated partial thromboplastin time and C-reactive protein levels were greater in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients, while the latter presented higher median platelet counts. There was no statistically significant difference between both study groups in regards to prothrombin time, fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels (COVID-19: 1488 ng/mL IQR 726.5 to 3476; non-COVID-19: 1773 ng/mL IQR 807.5 to 4153.8, P=0.57).
 Although thromboprophylaxis was more commonly administered to COVID-19 (76.2%) than non-COVID-19 patients (41.2%, P<0.0001), the incidence of thromboembolic events confirmed by imaging examination was similar between groups even after adjusting for multiple factors (age, sex, thromboprophylaxis use, arterial hypertension, and cancer): there were 7 confirmed events in 7 non-COVID-19 patients, and 13 confirmed events in 9 COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.24-2.25, P=0.59). Table 4 demonstrates the characteristics of such thrombotic manifestations.
 By analyzing patients hospitalized in the same time period, we have found that although high, the thromboembolic risk in COVID-19 is similar to that in other types of ARDS, indicating that a hypercoagulable state is inherent to ARDS in general. Additionally, the obtained results show that the use of thromboprophylaxis was significantly higher among COVID-19 patients, and that there was no statistically relevant difference between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients' D-dimer levels, a commonly used coagulation marker. Such findings provide a better understanding of the thromboembolic risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and suggest that previous evidence of higher thrombosis rates in COVID-19 suffered bias from the use of historical cohorts.

 Figure 1

 Disclosures
 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The current situation of the audit quality control of the enterprise interior of our country at present has been analysed.It is mainly shown that the inside organizational system of audit agency does not meet the needs of quality control;the personnel's quality of the internal audit does not meet the need too,the quality control system of the perfect internal audit has not been set up.Secondly,from such respects as guaranteeing the independence of the internal audit,perfect the work organization of the internal audit and complete the operating mechanism of it,the measures of strengthening the auditting quality control of the internal audit.


IT WOULD BE an impertinence to Constable for anyone not specifically devoted to art to criticize his paintings. Anyhow this has recently been done with a good deal of reclame. His taste in reading is quite another matter, and even an historian may venture to discuss it.


This chapter attempts to educate female and male students of the sixth grade in the framework of a project orientated education toward humanity. In this attempt, it starts from the first demand of Theodor W. Adorno on education. The chapter constitutes a coming to terms with the past and the "burden" of being a German. Here, the author's own thoughts and experiences flow into the discourse with the history of inhumanity, because they should be made fruitful for the present. The chapter discusses the stories of refugee children and of children who go on the basis of their different nationalities between the fronts of nationalism. The goal of this education is to educate the children against the coldness of the "social monad" toward the empathy and warmth in the relationships among human beings.Keywords: education; humanity; refugee children; Theodor W. Adorno


Collaboration in both research and education are crucial in advancing Intensive Care in Asia. Progress in collaborative research is already being made through the Asian Critical Care Clinical Trials group and national groups and in collaborative education through the BASIC Collaboration.


Wafer thinning for advanced packaging methods has gained importance as demand has increased for memory cards, portable computing systems, multiple chip packages (MCPs), and other applications that require thin integrated circuits (ICs). This paper gives an overview of the different industrial wafer thinning techniques - backgrind, poligrind, dry mechanical polishing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), wet etch, dry etch, and dice before grind (DBG) - and the challenges encountered during thinning of wafers to less than 100mum. Some reliability issues have also been investigated, including die strength and subsurface damage associated with these processes and mechanical properties, such as surface roughness and wafer warp


pressed an opinion against it. This indicates that the teachers believe in it. The only part of the general curves of distribution which is affected _by the exemptions system is that near the point of exemption. Four groups of subjects, English, mathematics, social sciences, and commercial, show an average increase of mark above the exemption point below the average increase of the school. Four groups, foreign languages, sciences, vocational and miscellaneous group, show an average increase below the general average of the school. In only two groups, foreign languages and miscellaneous subjects, is the increase excessive. Administrative attention is the solution here. A few teachers need supervision in the giving of exemptions. The results of standard tests given in this school show that the school com-


Objective:To analyse the pathological character and clinical features of primary gallbladder carcinoma to improve the recognization of the disease.Methods:Collected 53 cases in our hospital from 1999 to 2009.All cases were in 10% neutral formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded sections,routine HE staining,some cases of immunohistochemical staining,and mucus staining 1 case.All cases were observed under microscope,whilst clinical data analysis.Results:Gallbladder cancer likely occurred in the middle-aged women,preoperative detection rate was lower,generally showed the performance of the gallbladder wall thickening,mucosal rough,and could be associated with tumor formation.Adenocarcinoma was the most common pathological types.Conclusion:Primary gallbladder carcinoma has a long process.It's difficult to diagnose before operating.It is often diagnosed in late,the prognosis is very poor.


A Cu-6Al-2Ni tricrystal was rolled to 20 % of thickness reduction. The lattice orientation was determined by means of the mutual angles of the slip traces produced by microhardness indentation, at one site of each crystal before rolling, and at two, after rolling, respectively at interior of the crystals and near grain boundary regions. All sites are near the triple point of the tricrystal. From this double determination of the crystals orientation after rolling, inhomogeneous lattice rotation of the crystals is observed. The experimental lattice orientation changes are compared with the prediction of the FC, RC models. Those of two crystals are in good agreement with the prediction, while those of the third crystal, which is smaller than the other two and surrounded by them, are in disagreement. From this disagreement, together with a slip line system observed in a microstructural examination at the triple point region, which is in contradiction with the FC, RC models, it is concluded that these simplified models, although remarkable in their ability to predict lattice relations in certain cases, are not applicable to regions of high strain accommodation such as the triple grain boundary region or to grains of small size such as exist in ordinary polycrystalline metallic materials.


One of the simplest ways of assessing existing structures is the use of rating marks, classes or grades for each bridge or its components. Different rating systems have been developed and used widely in many countries. Markovian models are often considered to represent the bridge deterioration process. In part I of this two-part paper results of experi- mental studies on the deterioration of bridge deck ancillary members are presented. This study was conducted to determine the condition assessment procedures and performance characteristics of bridge deck surfacing, expansion joints, and safety barriers. A simple rating system with a scale of 7 to 1 to diagnose the condition of bridge deck members in service is proposed. A Markovian process for physical deterioration of these members is used. Results from a simulation study using the real individual bridge components in City Vilnius are presented.


Background: Abortions performed by persons lacking the requisite skills or in environments lacking minimal medical standards or both are considered unsafe. It is estimated that over 20 million unsafe abortions are performed annually and about 70,000 women die globally as a result, with majority occurring in the developing world. This study aims to determine the pattern of complicated unsafe abortions in Niger delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH) Okolobiri. Methods: The study is a four-year retrospective analysis of cases of complicated unsafe abortion managed at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital Okolobiri, Bayelsa state. Results: The prevalence of complicated unsafe abortion during the study period was 4.1% of all deliveries and 14.0% of all gynaecological admissions. Majority (55.6%) of the patients had secondary education, while 31.8% were teenagers. Two thirds had a history of previous termination of pregnancy and 87.3% of the patients had never used any form of modern contraceptive. 'Quacks' accounted for 47.6% of the abortions and 53.9% of the abortions were performed late in the first trimester. Genital sepsis, retained products of conception, pelvic abscess and septicaemia were the most frequent complications occurring in 88.9%, 82.5%, 22.2% and 19.1% respectively. Surgical management was employed in 87.3% of the patients. The case fatality ratio was 4.8%, contributing 17.6% of all maternal deaths during the study period. The commonest cause of death was septicaemia (66.7%). Conclusion : There is a high prevalence of unsafe abortions in our environment. It continues to be a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality in the Niger Delta. Most of its victims are single adolescent school girls. Efforts directed at reducing unintended pregnancy by comprehensive family planning programs and effective post abortal care services will reduce the problem. Keywords: Unsafe abortion, morbidities, outcome.


The book is a result of the proceedings of The International Conference on Learning Disabilities and Young at Risk, organised by the University Grants Commission Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad. This is an important book, as not much scholarly work has been done in the area of Learning Disabilities (LD) in India. More so, since Disability Studies has not yet evolved as a discipline in its own right. As the editors themselves indicate, "It is evident that the entire area of learning disabilities in India is confronting fundamental and basic issues pertaining to assessment and interventions. Some beginnings have been sporadic, a-theoretical and at times ad hoc". The book's major focus then is to address definitional issues of Learning Disabilities: assessment, identification and intervention possibilities.


Using the water culture method,the biomass,ratio of root to shoot and APase activity of four Chinese chive varieties under various phosphorus deficiency stress were researched.The result showed that the ratio of root to shoot significantly increased with the reduction of phosphorus concentration,and the varieties 791 xuejiu and Tiancui 791 had larger increase;there were differences in APase activity increase,the phosphorus APase activity increase of resistance variety was higher than the phosphorus-sensitive varieties with the stress intensity increase.


On the background of the planning problem of cigarette distribution system in a economic region,the paper partitions the region into several distribution units.Based on the distribution requirements of the units,the building investment and running cost of the logistics system,the operation research model has been built according to the fixed cost and variable cost of the logistics system.By separating the delivery cost from the variable cost,the operation research problem has been solved to obtain the optimal allocation schema of the logistics system.


Introduction: In-hospital mortality after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has decreased over the last decade but remains at 30 to 50%. Neurological injury secondary to isch...


The loss of epithelial cells from the tips of villi is a visible phenomenon in the opened small intestine of the dog.


This article has two aims: On the one hand, it describes the change of historiography on the Lower Silesian textile industry. Its starting-point is an essay by Lujo Brentano dating from 1893. A representative of the historic school of German national economics, he pursued the idea of "institutionalism". The institutions forming the framework of collective economic action were of political, economic and social nature. Their combination and transformation determined the historic-economic process. Despite several differences this paradigm is closely related to New Institutional Economics. The new approach, though, is obliged to the neo-classical theory, i.e. it recognizes the axiom of profit maximization when evaluating institutions. Proceeding from a controversy about the decline of the Silesian linen industry, the author also contributes to our understanding of the change of paradigms in economic history since the second half of the 19th Century by illustrating how research oscillated between fheory-based and merely descriptive methods.
On the other hand, the author presents a new Interpretation of Lower Silesia's deindustrialization, i.e. the decline of its linen industry. He shows that it was not the manorial system, according to the older thesis, but an innovation-hostile arrangement
between strong, conservative merchant guilds defending their interests against challenges and the Prussian State which impeded innovation. This Strategic alliance, existing in a regional context, prevented the expansion of the manufacturing system, which, in many other textile regions. formed the basis of the ensuing industnalization. In the case of Silesia, however, the lack of product and process innovations resulted in economic decline.


It is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system with a thermal storage and a method for cooling. A cooling container (22) for a magnetic system (20) of the MRI system includes a first part (26) containing a Heliumkryogen, which is provided with a plurality of magnetic coils (50) of an MRI system in contact. The cooling container also comprises a second part (24) which is separate from the first part and fluidly decoupled, wherein the second part contains a material that is different from the Heliumkryogen, and a larger volume than the first part has.


The effective D-brane superpotential determines the vacuum structure and is the generating function of the Ooguri-Vafa invariants. It is of great significance in both physics and mathematics. In this work, the superpotential of the system with three D-branes is calculated by mirror symmetry, GKZ-system (hypergeometric system of Gel'fand, Kapranov, and Zelevinski) method, and the type Ⅱ/F-theory duality. On compact Calabi-Yau manifold, the superpotenial and geometric invariants of D-brane system in the three phases are studied. The calculations show that the superpotentials in the three phases are different. This implies that the enhanced gauge symmetry in low energy theory and geometric singularity may lead to the phase transition.


In the current knowledge and information society, various ICT technologies enables us to enjoy abundant life day by day. Recently, due to advances in wireless internet and smart technologies, applications of smart devices are increasing in every aspect of our life. However, the disabled with physical and mental disabilities can not enjoy benefits of advanced smart technologies, so that there exists digital divide between the disabled and the non-disabled. In order to reduce the digital divide, it is important to develop informatization index for the disabled. In the existing PC-based environments, research works on informatization index have been developed. However, in smart environments, research results are insignificant. The purpose of this paper is to develop informatization index for the disabled in smart environments. The proposed index is composed of 3 sub-indexes. Unlike the existing smart index, the proposed index is extensive and realistic for smart environments.


We tested the ability of hibernating woodchuck plasma (HWP) and plasma fractions and summer active woodchuck plasma (SAWP) and plasma fractions to provide ischemic neuroprotection in mice after 1 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion. C57BL/6 mice (n=5 per group) weighing 25 g were anesthetized and injected in the tail vein with either 200 μl of PBS, 200 μl HWP, 200 μl SAWP, 5 mg/kg of an affinity chromatography purified HWP or SAWP albumin fraction or with 5 mg/kg of an anion exchange 88 kDa hibernation‐specific fraction (HSF). Twenty‐four hr after ischemia, coronal brain sections were subjected to 2% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. One mm thick serial sections were cut and the infarct area in each section was determined according to the formula (contralateral volume‐ipsilateral volume × 100/contralateral volume). Infarct volume with SAWP and SAWP albumin fraction treatment was not significantly different compared to the PBS control of 78.4 ±7 mm3(SD). Infarct volume with HWP treatment decreased 32% to 53 ±6 mm3(p<0.05) while infarct volume following treatment with HWP albumin fraction decreased 26% to 55 ±6 mm3 compared to the PBS control of 74 ±3 mm3. The 88 kDa HSF decreased infarct volume 32% to 49 ±4 mm3 (p<0.001). Our study indicates that HWP and HWP fractions, but not SAWP can provide ischemic neuroprotection. Supported by Office of Naval Research Grant (PRO) and VA Merit Review Grants (MSK, SAB).


This paper gives a detailed insight of spent mushroom substrate and gives an outline on its different uses. Spent mushroom substrate is the waste that is being produced by the mushroom industry and this waste proves to be highly recyclable in various forms. As this industry is developing day by day which is resulting in a high amount of SMS and therefore its proper uses should be studied and performed. The various utilization mentioned are as a feeder for livestock, for soil improvement, in biogas production, pollution control, reuse in the cultivation of mushrooms etc. spent mushroom substrate has been estimated to be a solution to the problems of the environment. Different species of mushroom like Agaricus bisporus, pleurotus sp. all have proved to be of different uses after their harvesting. The huge amount of SMS and lack of proper waste management of substrate has led to an innovation of ideas to manage these substrates. Hence it is of valuable use and thus this paper provides all major uses and importance of spent mushroom substrate.


Weather variables, mainly temperature and humidity, influence vectors, viruses, human biology, ecology and consequently the intensity and distribution of vector-borne diseases . The climatic factors connected with Dengue fever happening in Chennai were investigated. The factors accountable for Dengue fever have been recognized and mapped to dengue cases in Chennai city. This work studies the association between yearly climate patterns between 2016 and 2017 and the spread of Dengue fever in Chennai. Monthly rainfall and temperature is taken as the factors of study. The study develops a statistical analysis to quantitatively assess the relationship between climate and Dengue fever.  The correlation technique was used to fit the statistical model. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used in mapping the spatial diffusion of Dengue fever risk zones. The results show that there is a significant correlation between Dengue fever and climate factors for the majority of the study area. Statistical analysis was conducted for comparison of model outputs and predictions.


Protected areas (PAs) are designated spaces where human activities are restricted to preserve critical habitats. Decision-makers are challenged with balancing a trade-off of financial feasibility with ecological benefit when establishing PAs. Given the long-term ramifications of these decisions and the constantly shifting environment, it is crucial that PAs are carefully selected with long-term viability in mind. Using AI tools like simulation and optimization is common for designating PAs, but current decision models are primarily linear. In this paper, we propose a derivative-free optimization framework paired with a nonlinear component, population viability analysis (PVA). Formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, our model allows for linear and nonlinear inputs. Connectivity, competition, crowding, and other similar concerns are handled by the PVA software, rather than expressed as constraints of the optimization model. In addition, we present numerical results that serve as a proof of concept, showing our models yield PAs with similar expected risk to that of preserving every parcel in a habitat, but at a significantly lower cost. The overall goal is to promote interdisciplinary work by providing a new mathematical programming tool for conservationists that allows for nonlinear inputs and can be paired with existing ecological software.


The probability distribution and correlation function for the changes of logarithmic of the Shanghai stock exchange composite index were analyzed at different time intervals over the seven year period,from January 2000 to December 2006.It is found that the logarithmic change of the index can be described by the non-Gaussian Levy distribution.The correlation time of the high frequency data is about 20 minutes,where negative correlation is found on intervals between 5 minutes to 15 minutes.The correlation of the absolute value of the logarithmic change of the index decays very slowly with a power law.The overall statistical characteristics of the index of Shanghai exchange is similar to the mature international markets,while the negative correlation and other quantitative difference with other markets indicate that Shanghai market has a higher level of speculation.


This paper introduces an extended cost benefit analysis (CBA) model for the analysis of hydro projects, which includes social and environmental as well as economic aspects. A distinct feature of this CBA model is its treatment of uncertainty. The model treats uncertain inputs by specifying them as probability distributions. This feature is particularly necessary when trying to include social and environmental effects that are often less well known than engineering costs and economic benefits. A proposed hydro project in Sri Lanka is used as a case study. The impact of different discount rates on the project's value is also examined.


With the continuous development of nanotechnology,nanomaterials are widely used in industry,agriculture,food,medicine and health fields.When the particle size of some originally nontoxic or low toxic materials is reduced to nanoscale,they become significantly more toxic.Given the expanding production of the nano titanium dioxide,people should be more aware of the potential health risk despite the benefit it brought to us.The increasing use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetic and industrial products has aroused global concern regarding their effect on biological systems.A number of studies on the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo systems have been published.This paper mainly describes the research of titanium dioxide on the lung injury and the prospects for further study.


A relational structure is d-degree-bounded, for some integer d, if each element of the domain belongs to at most d tuples. In this paper, we revisit the complexity of the evaluation problem of not necessarily Boolean first-order (FO) queries over d-degree-bounded structures. Query evaluation is considered here as a dynamical process. We prove that any FO query on d-degree-bounded structures belongs to the complexity class constant-Delay<inf>lin</inf>, that is, can be computed by an algorithm that has two separate parts: it has a precomputation step of time linear in the size of the structure and then, it outputs all solutions (i.e., tuples that satisfy the formula) one by one with a constant delay (i.e., depending on the size of the formula only) between each. Seen as a global process, this implies that queries on d-degree-bounded structures can be evaluated in total time f(|ϕ|).(|S| + |ϕ(S)|) and space g(|ϕ|).|S| where S is the structure, ϕ is the formula, ϕ(S) is the result of the query and f, g are some fixed functions.
 Among other things, our results generalize a result of Seese on the data complexity of the model-checking problem for d-degree-bounded structures. Besides, the originality of our approach compared to related results is that it does not rely on the Hanf's model-theoretic technique and is simple and informative since it essentially rests on a quantifier elimination method.


Excerpt Rosenow and Brown1described 144 cases of bacteremia due to a variety of organisms encountered at the Mayo Clinic during the three years from 1934 through 1936. Herrell and Brown2in 1941 com...


TRW's Ada Process Model has proved to be the key to the Command Center Processing and Display System-Replacement (CCPDS-R) project's success in developing over 300000 lines of Ada source code executing in a distributed VAX VMS environment. The Ada Process Model is a uniform application of incremental development coupled with a demonstration-based approach to design review for continuous and insightful thread testing and risk management. The use of Ada as the life-cycle language for design evolution provides the vehicle for uniformity and a basis for consistent software progress metrics. The author provides an overview of the techniques and benefits of the Ada Process Model and describes some of the experience and lessons learned.<<ETX>>


Objective
To carry out quality assessment and content analysis on guidelines on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction monitoring in hemodialysis patients so as to provide a reference for building the localized clinical practice plan.

Methods
Documents were retrieved in guideline websites, professional society websites and electronic databases at home and abroad by computer. Quality assessment was carried out with the appraisal of guidelines for research and AGREEⅡ and JBI quality assessment tool on consensuses, and the recommendations of included guidelines were summarized.

Results
Totals of 4 evidence-based guidelines and one consensus were included with three of them in the level A and one in the level B of overall quality evaluation. A total of 12 items in 7 aspects were extracted including policy-making, team building, monitoring technology, training of personnel, continuous quality improvement, risk assessment and health education. Intraclass correlation coefficients of 4 evidence-based guidelines ranged from 0.866 to 0.935.

Conclusions
The guidelines have high levels of overall quality, but applicability needs to be improved. The recommendations are in general accord with each other, which can provide a basis for building the localized clinical practice plan.

Key words:
Arteriovenous fistula; Hemodialysis; Guideline; Quality evaluation


This article examines the prospects for the realization of the agreement signed at the 2007 inter-Korean summit to transform the conflict-susceptible Northern Limit Line (NLL) in the West Sea into a border area where South and North Korea jointly promote peace and prosperity. To realize this agreement the two Koreas must integrate new ideas and plans by viewing the NLL as a space of common benefit rather than a line of military confrontation. The establishment of the West Sea Special Zone for Peace and Cooperation focuses on security and economic issues. Implementation of the agreement requires particular attention to development of a comprehensive plan, including promotion of ecological, environmental, historical, and cultural assets, as well as inter-Korean fishery cooperation.


The study was carried out in Mashi, Jibia, Dutsin-Ma, Charenchi, Batsari, Mai adu'a and Kaita local government areas of Katsina state, Nigeria on the French broiler guinea fowls. About 101 broad helmeted strain and 73 narrow helmeted strain reared under free range management were studied. Data were collected on body weight and body linear measurements. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, the effect of sex and strain was determined. There was a significant (P 0.05). The Broad helmeted guinea fowl had significantly higher body weight and body linear measurements, and would as such yield more carcass than the narrow helmeted strain.


Introduction. The article explains, in general terms, the concept of web accesibility, mentions and justifies the worldly accepted WCAG 1.0 guildelines and shows in which terms every portal/website has to follow them according to Spain current legislation.

Method. Several national goverment and every regional goverment portals have been reviewed and validated with testers like TAW and W3C validators in order to check their concordance with the mentioned WCAG 1.0 web accesibility guidelines.

Conclusions. Current Spain legislation for web accesibility is vague and can be interpreted in a subjective way, what makes difficult to be applied. The conclusions of the specific study for every regional goverment portal are shown in PART II of this article.


The mechanical behavior of segments under the pushing force of the fuel tank is analyzed firstly.Then the method of 3D FE simulation is proposed based on the mechanical behavior.A comparative analysis is made between the uniform pushing force and the asymmetric one which are applied to the segment.The results indicate that the pushing force of the fuel tank affects the stress and displacement of the segment obviously.It is the worst load case when the pushing force on the segment is at the construction stage because the force makes the segment produce asymmetric compression deformation in the tunnel axis direction and splay deformation in the toroidal direction,especially for the ring which the pushing force acts on as the ring is not surrounded by the surrounding rock and re-filled gravels.When the pushing force asymmetrically acts on the segment,the negative influence will increase and cause stress concentration and the increasing of the tension region.


This document addresses the occurrence of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in drinking water, food and air. It is intended as a companion document to existing National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. It analyzes sources of dietary and respiratory intake of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and the related health risks. It also examines economic aspects of regulating this chemical.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Despite high specificity, PET/CT scan is limited by relatively low sensitivity at a lesion-based analysis in the context of recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). Moreover, underestimation of tumour burden may be related to the extent of tracer uptake. We hypothesized that under-estimation of tumour burden varies significantly according to PET/CT tracer by PSA level at salvage lymph node dissection (SLND) METHODS: We included 458 patients who received extended SLND at eleven tertiary referral centres. All patients were diagnosed with PET/CT scan using either 11C-choline (n=293; 64%) or 68Ga-PSMA (n=165; 36%). The study outcome was under-estimation of tumour burden calculated: number of positive nodes at SLND - number of positive spots at PET/CT. Multivariable linear regression analysis (MVA) tested the association between under-estimation of tumour burden and PET/CT tracer (11C-choline vs. 68Ga-PSMA). We tested an interaction with PSA and PET/CT tracer for the hypothesis that under-estimation of tumour burden varies significantly by PSA at SLND RESULTS: Median PSA at SLND was 2.0 ng/ml. Number of positive spots at pre-operative PET/CT scan was 1 in 257 (57%), 2 in 104 (23%), and ≥3 in 93 (20%) patients, respectively. Median number of nodes removed at SLND was 24 (IQR: 15, 35). Number of positive nodes was 0 in 67 (15%), 1 in 104 (23%), 2 in 71 (16%), and ≥3 in 216 (47%) patients, respectively. Median under-estimation of tumour burden was 1. At MVA, 11C-choline was associated with a higher risk of under-estimation of tumour burden compared to 68Ga-PSMA (linear coefficient: 1.61; p<0.0001). 11C-Choline showed a higher under-estimation at lower PSA levels when compared to 68Ga-PSMA (p<0.0001). However, diagnostic accuracy of the two tracers became similar when PSA level exceeded 3 ng/ml (Figure 1) CONCLUSIONS: 11C-choline under-estimates PCa tumour burden of as compared to 68Ga-PSMA. In particular, the lower the PSA level, the higher the benefit of 68Ga-PSMA. However, the two tracers showed the same diagnostic accuracy in detecting nodal metastases when PSA exceeds 3 ng/ml Figure. No caption available. Source of Funding: none


The subject of my contribution to the Taljaard Festschrift is focused on a cardinal aspect of the contemporary discussion in the area of theory of science, namely the relationship between science and society', and in this connection especially the role ascribed by certain scholars to paradigms in the practice of science. Because of its bridge function, the first task will be a global getting acquainted with some characteristic accents in contemporary theory of science. If this is successful, it can hopefully open up avenues for a view of the relationship of the remaining two components of the above mentioned subject.


This impact evaluation of adjustable speed drives (ASDs), programmble logic controllers (PLCs), and high efficiency motors (HEMs) that were recently installed at Mayr Brothers Logging Co., Inc. (Mayr Bros.) was conducted for the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) as part of an evaluation of its Energy $avings Plan (E$P) Program. The project consists of ASDs, PLCs, and HEMs that were installed at the Mayr Bros. new small log nill at their facility in Hoquiam, Washington. Energy savings directly accrue through improved motor efficiency and indirectly accrue via an increase in production rate. This latter effect reduces energy consumption per unit of production by spreading fixed energy requirements over a greater number of units. The objective of this impact evaluation was to assess how much electricity is being saved at Mayr Bros. as a result of the E$P and to determine how much the savings cost Bonneville and the region. The impact of the project was evaluated with a combination of engineering analysis, financial analysis, interviews, and submittal reviews (Mayr Bros. proposal and completion report). The energy conservation measures were incorporated into the small log mill while the mill was constructed in 1992 and 1993. Financing the new mill had stretched Mayrmore » Bros. cash and credit resources to the limit. Without the acquisition payment, Mayr Bros. would not have been able to afford the additional investment in the energy conservation measures. Therefore, all of the project`s impact can be attributed to the E$P. The key recommendation resulting from this impact evaluation is to avoid the direct comparison of energy consumption estimates derived via engineering calculations and metering. If ``before and after`` metering is not possible, engineering calculations should be calibrated against metered data to enhance comparability.« less


Even when the laminating two sheets of transparent conductive film, it is possible to maintain excellent achromatic transparency, and, and to provide a transparent conductive film that can easily form a patterned electrode portion . Transparent conductive film according to the present invention on one surface of the transparent film substrate, the cerium oxide layer, a transparent low refractive index layer is lower than refractive index of 1.4 to 1.7, characterized in that the transparent conductive layer are successively formed . The transparent low refractive index layer is preferably a thin layer of silicon oxide, the transparent conductive layer is preferably a thin film layer made of ITO.


Due to the trend in the use of different construction materials and building types, there is a great deal of interest in characterizing radio propagation inside buildings. Different construction materials and partitions vary widely in their physical and electrical characteristics. This work models the Received Signal Strength (RSSI) received from Bluetooth access points using the Wall Attenuation Factor (WAF) model. Three different propagation scenarios with different construction materials for partitioning and ceiling were considered. It is observed that the RSSI values vary from 5 to 20 dBm depending on the type of construction material used in the building. Since Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 both operate in the same frequency band (2.4 GHz), it is reasonable to conclude that the same inference techniques that work for Bluetooth systems also work for IEEE 802.11.


Denoising of images corrupted by Gaussian noise using wavelet transform is of great concern in the past two decades. In wavelet denoising method, detail wavelet coefficients of noisy image are thresholded using a specific thresholding function by comparing to a specific threshold value, and then applying inverse wavelet transform, results in denoised image. Recently, an effective image denoising method has been proposed called Neigh-shrink that exploits the interscale dependency of wavelet coefficients. In this paper, we extend Neigh-shrink denoising method by proposing a new thresholding scheme. Experimental results show that our method outperforms classical Neigh-shrink visually and in the terms of PSNR.