: This paper presents methodologies for modeling imprecision in the definition, analysis and synthesis of two-dimensional features. The imprecision may arise through incomplete information, the presence of varying concentrations of attributes, or the use of qualitative descriptions of spatial features or their relationships. The work is intended to have applications in geographical information systems (GIS), but is equally applicable to other types of spatial information systems or spatial database applications. Fuzzy sets are used as a representational and reasoning device. The paper contains definitions of an imprecisely defined spatial feature or fuzzy region; definitions of distance and directional metrics between two such regions; a methodology for analysis of the spatial relationship between two regions; and a methodology for synthesis of new regions that are subject to the presence of imprecise spatial constraints. Abstract: Statistical methods for quality control and inspection of product have been used since the 1920's to enhance the quality of manufactured products. Applying these methods to the production of digital maps presents some new challenges such as the definition of a lot and random sampling of appropriate map elements. This paper surveys the issues involved in applying statistics to controlling the quality of data capture and inspecting the resulting digital maps, then illustrates the ideas by describing the approach taken at Etak. Baker Positional Accuracy a Digital Cadastral Database. Proceedings Symposium Spatial Database University Abstract: The existence of large cadastral databases which are derivatives of paper based systems present spatial accuracy problems to users. The user base of these systems is ever growing and due to merging with other data, spatial accuracy problems are being highlighted. Many organisations are now addressing the need to effectively resolve this problem. This paper outlines current initiatives underway at the Department of Lands in Queensland. These include an innovative method of attaching positional accuracy indicators. Bartakovich A Proceedings Conference GIS, Canada June 6-10. 2: 879-890. Abstract: Recently the Canada Centre for Mapping has developed and implemented a system for assuring the quality of National Topographic System (NTS) paper products. The QA System examines each of the four parameters of map quality (integrity accuracy process precision and lineage) and reports on the effectiveness of the Centre in meeting predetermined quality standards. In the case of recurring deficiencies the Quality Assurance Section may be called upon to recommend corrective actions which will contribute to the improvement of the quality of the product. Using the key elements of the ISO definition of quality assurance and statistical sampling methods as outlined in the MIL-STD-1051) sampling scheme the QA System consists of a series of independent and organized procedures that provides management with feedback on the quality of the NTS products regarding existing standards and specifications. This paper describes the four parameters and outlines the procedures and the techniques used to evaluate the quality of each parameter. Beard M K 1989 Use Error: The Neglected Error Component. Proceedings of AUTO-CARTO 9, 808-817. Abstract: Commonly recognized map errors include those associated with data collection (source error) and the processing of data for map compilation (process error). Another error component, use error is defined and added to this typology. This paper argues that without attention to use error, large investments to reduce source and process error may be wasted. Traditional representation of spatial information on paper maps has limited our ability to control this form of error in any significant way. While the misuse of maps cannot be entirely avoided, computer technology offers a possibility for limiting the opportunities for misuse. This idea is explored by examining ways in which maps are misused, and from this exploration, formulating geographic information system design strategies that may counteract the potential for use error. Bedard 1987 Uncertainties in Land Information Systems Databases. Proceedings of AUTOCARTO 8,175-184. Abstract: Based on the communication paradigm of Land Information Systems, this paper presents (1) how uncertainty is inevitably introduced in LIS databases, (2) four resulting types of uncertainty, and (3) different means to deal with uncertainty. Finally, the paper suggests that there exist two classes of Abstract: Digital map coordinates represent the locations of real world entities. As such, differences can exist between the 'true' and digital database coordinates of those entities. This paper reports on a statistical characterization of positional error in manually-digitized and map-registered point data, the relative contribution of point type and operator to digitization error, and the effects of map media type on the positional uncertainty associated with registration. Manually-digitized point data were collected by four operators from mylar and paper maps. Point locations for a number of different feature types were sampled from United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1: 24 000 scale maps. Linear models were used to estimate the variance components due to among-operator, map media, point type and registration effects. The statistical distribution of signed distance deviations for manually-digitized data was leptokurtic relative to a random normal variate. Unsigned deviations averaged 0.054 mm. Squared distance deviations were not different from a Chi-square random variate. Variance components indicate that among-operator differences in positional uncertainty were large and statistically significant, while differences among point type were small and nonsignificant. Signed distance deviations associated with a first-order affine followed a normal distribution. Abstract: Errors were estimated for GIS spatial data derived via monoscopic interpretation of 230 (9-inch) aerial photographs. Positional and area error were observed for a range of photo scales, camera tilts, and relief. Average positional error was observed between 4 and 104 meters and varied positively with tilt and terrain range and inversely with scale. Maximum average errors were approximately 3 to 4 times overall averages. Average errors in polygon area were observed over a range of polygon sizes, from 40 to 600 meters. Average percent area error ranged from 1.3 to 10.7 percent and was positively related to tilt and terrain range and not related to scale or polygon size. The magnitude of these errors and the available cost of correction technologies suggest analytical methods for removing relief and tilt distortion should be used where possible. Abstract: Spatial data of natural resources and other aspects of the environment are frequently inexact with levels of inherent and perceived uncertainty. The literature mostly treats positional and attribute uncertainty separately. A model has been developed which provides the basis for recording uncertainty, for propagation of uncertainty during data transformation and for assessing fitness-for use of outcomes. In the context of this model, a metric fuzzy expectation - has been developed as an extension of fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers into a coordinate system and linguistic uncertainty descriptor. Using this metric, thematic uncertainty can be modeled over vague boundaries. Bruegger B 1994 A Spatial Theory the Integration of Resolution Limited Space. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department Engineering, University Maine. Abstract: This thesis presents a major contribution to the understanding of how to integrate data sets of different levels of resolution and format (i.e., raster or vector). The results are possible due to an approach that (i) explicitly models how sensor resolution limits spatial knowledge in GIS representations, and (ii) uses format-independent representations that can be finitely implemented in either raster or vector models (with minor extensions). The thesis objective is to develop a GIS architecture that allows a comprehensive treatment of Abstract: Conventional methods of thematic mapping often assume implicitly that only one major pattern can be recognized at any given scale of mapping. Conventional thematic map representations model spatial units by 'homogeneous' units or polygons representing the various components of the pattern being mapped. Interpolation methods allow gradual variation within spatial units to be mapped but they commonly also ignore the problems that arise from multiscale sources of variation. Observed natural variation may be caused by a number of separate spatial processes operating with various weights (intensities) over a range of scales. This paper reviews some ways in which theoretical multiscale models, complex semivariograms, robust methods and sampling strategies can be applied to the problem of multiple sources of spatial variation. Abstract: Errors within GIS data can limit the usefulness of GIS technology. To control and document the error introduced during data entry, we have instituted a series of Quality Control (QC) procedures for use within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP). Central to our approach has been the use of formalized log sheets detailing the steps necessary for validating and digitizing mapped data. Additionally, we have evaluated the accuracy and precision of the data at specific stages of the data entry process. At critical stages, these formalized evaluations were independently repeated. We believe that the establishment of QC procedures within the DDRP has lead to very low error rate associated with GIS data entry. Our procedures and techniques described within this paper have other applications within the GIS community. Foundation. Abstract: Accurately representing complex coastlines and


Abstract Polyaniline nanoparticle (nPANI) was successfully synthesized through ultrasonic-assisted reverse microemulsion polymerization method. The effect of four parameters including concentration of aniline (ANI) as monomer, molar ratio of dodecybenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as surfactant to ANI, molar ratio of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as oxidant to ANI and polymerization temperaturewere systematically studied in terms of the structural characterizations of nPANI by applying the Taguchi method of experimental design. Data analysis indicated that there is a dependency between conductivity and particle size in the nanoscale; the maximum conductivity of nPANI was obtained when the diameter of the particles was 30 nm.


The electromagnetic form factor of a confined quark-antiquark pair is calculated within the frame- work of point-form relativistic quantum mechanics. The dynamics of the exchanged photon is explicitly taken into account by treating the electromagnetic scattering of an electron by a meson as a relativistic two-channel problem for a Bakamjian-Thomas type mass operator. This approach guarantees Poincar´ e invariance. Using a Feshbach reduction the coupled-channel problem can be converted into a one-channel problem for the elas- tic electron-meson channel. By comparing the one-photon-exchange optical potential at the constituent and hadronic levels, we are able to unambiguously identify the electromagnetic meson form factor. Violations of cluster-separability properties, which are inherent in the Bakamjian-Thomas approach, become negligible for su ciently large invariant mass of the electron-meson system. In the limit of an infinitely large invariant mass, an equivalence with form-factor calculations done in front-form relativistic quantum mechanics is established analytically.


We investigate innovative Small and Medium Entities' (SMEs) earnings management strategies and their related economic consequences. Uncertainty and complexity surrounding innovative SMEs' activities lead to high information asymmetries between managers and investors which facilitate earnings management strategies. Yet managers do not want to be penalized by market participants which could impair their innovative capacity and future performance. It is generally argued that real activities-based earnings management are more difficult to detect by outsiders than accrual-based earnings management. We examine SMEs listed on the AIM London stock exchange, an exchange for firms of smaller size, over the 1995-2014 period. We document that innovative SMEs engage less intensively in accrual-based earnings management and more intensively in real activities-based earnings management relative to non-innovative SMEs. Our evidence shows that innovative SMEs undertake earnings management strategies that are more difficult to detect externally. We find that the combination of low accruals earnings management and high real earnings management is done efficiently by focusing resources towards investments in R&D in the future years which lead to higher market value. We further examine the role of external monitoring on accounting quality, comparing innovative SMEs listed on stock exchanges with different regulatory requirements, i.e., the AIM London and the Nasdaq stock exchanges. We document that stricter rules reduce the level of accrual earnings management, while it leads to more use of real earnings management. This paper contributes to the literature on SMEs' financial reporting quality and on the effect of regulation on financial reporting quality.


Monte Carlo simulations of sintering and redispersion of supported metal catalysts, based on an atomic migration mechanism, are presented. The support surface was modeled as a square grid with metal atoms located at various grid points. Interaction energies between metal atoms, and between metal atoms and support sites were specified. The probability of movement of each metal atom during one time increment (iteration) was calculated from the interaction energies. The effects of interaction energies, metal loading and initial distribution of the metal were examined. The model predictions are in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The model predicts "apparent" movement, splitting and coalescence of entire metal particles; these experimentally observed phenomena have usually been cited as evidence that sintering occurs by a particle migration mechanism.


In December, 1983 to December, 1985, blood sera of 14,603 pregnant women were tested for the detection of HBsAg carriers among them. A low level (1.1%) of HBsAg carrier state was demonstrated. HBeAg was detected in 5.2% of women-carriers of HBsAg, anti-HBe in 68.8%. The follow-up observations involved 59 babies born to the mothers HBsAg-carriers. The babies were divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group consisted of 22 babies who were given specific anti-HBs immunoglobulin, 37 babies of the control group did not receive this preparation. In the experimental group, 3 babies were found to be infected, all of them at the age of 9-12 months. In the control group the infection was detected in 9 babies, among them in 5 the markers of hepatitis B virus were detected at the age of 1-2 months. Based on these data, the efficacy of using anti-HBs immunoglobulin for prevention of neonatal hepatitis B is discussed.


Nitrogen accumulation in corn plant is highly influenced by N content in soil and by rate of its absorption by plant in a given growing stage. In order to compare the effects of N application methods on N accumulation and dry matter production by corn plant, an experiment was carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, over the 1998/99 growing season. Treatments consisted of two levels of water availability, one adequate to corn crop needs and the other with excessive water availability, and seven systems of N application to soil. The N application methods consisted of the following rates: 150 kg ha-1 topdress; 150 kg ha-1 applied before corn sowing (immediately after oat desiccation); 75 kg ha-1 applied before corn sowing + 75 kg ha-1 topdress; 60 kg ha-1 topdress; 60 kg ha-1 applied before corn sowing; 30 kg ha-1 applied before corn sowing + 30 kg ha-1 topdress; 60 kg ha-1 topdress; and check (without N before corn sowing or topdress). At sowing, 30 kg ha-1 of N were applied to all treatments. Urea was used as N source. Topdress N was applied manually, in a row, 5 cm from the corn row. There was no interaction between water level applied and N application systems. In the system with total N application before corn sowing, plants accumulated less N in relation to the system in which N was topdressed. The differences between the two systems were higher in the later stages of plant development, regardless of the water availability level.


Introduction: the medical errors and incidents which are mostly stemming from human faults and unsafe behaviors impose heavy costs on the society. The current study has been undertaken in line with the survey of the nurses' attitudes regarding the patients' safety. Implementation method: the current study makes use of a descriptive-analytical method and it has been conducted on 120 individuals of the nurses working in two training hospitals in Zahedan in 2016. In the present paper standard ―HSOPSC‖ questionnaire has been made use. The data has been analyzed by making use of SPSS 19 and descriptive statistics, Pierson correlation tests and independent ttest. Findings: the participants average age was 31.30 ± 7.88 and from among them 82 people (68.3%) were female. The relationship between gender and age with patient safety culture and each of its dimensions and aspects was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The average scores in each of the patient safety dimensions were in an intermediate level. Conclusion: in the present study the nurses reported the patient safety culture in an


Patients with CKD have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Protein-bound uremic toxins, such as p-cresol (pc) and indoxyl-sulfate (IS), are retention solutes, poorly removed during hemodialysis. They lead to endothelial dysfunction inducing the expression of adhesion molecules and leucocyte adhesion to endothelium. Monocyte extravasation can be carried out by dynamic adhesion structures called podosomes. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a kinase and an intracellular scaffold protein, links the cell-adhesion receptors, integrins and growth factors to the actin cytoskeleton and to a range of signalling pathways. We demonstrate the role of ILK in the accumulation of integrin-associated proteins inside the podosomes. The aim of this study was to investigate if ILK is involved in uremic toxin-induced leucocyte podosome formation and adhesion under uremic conditions that simulate CKD.

 In vitro experiments were carried out in human cell line of leukemic monocytes, THP-1. We tested the effect of uremic toxins on cell viability and ILK expression levels or activation by performing dose and time-response experiments. Cells were exposed to IS (25-100 µg ml-1) plus pc (10-100 µg ml-1) both combined, for different times. ILK expression levels were determined by Western Blot and RT-qPCR and its kinase activity was tested by its downstream effector GSK-3β phosphorylated levels. Cell adhesion of THP-1 cells stained with cell tracker to a monolayer of human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and podosome formation and cell adhesion of THP-1 cells stained with phalloidin to a fibronectin extracellular matrix, was determined by fluorescence confocal microscopy. ILK co-localization with podosome specific protein cortactin was assessed by fluorescence confocal microscopy. For ex vivo experiments in ILK conditional-knockdown mice (cKD-ILK), male CRE-LOX mice were injected with tamoxifen (cKD-ILK) or vehicle (wild-type, WT), to induce ILK deletion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained and treated with uremic toxins. Cell adhesion to a fibronectin extracellular matrix was determined by cell count of the percentage of attached cells against the total cells collected.

 Our data suggests that uremic toxins did not induce toxicity in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, ILK was activated by uremic toxins both at low and high concentrations, without changes in the protein expression. In the cell adhesion assay to the endothelium, uremic toxins induces an increase of THP-1 cells adhesion, which is completely abolished when ILK is knocked down by ILK siRNA, both at low and high toxins concentrations. Similar results were obtained from the cell adhesion assay to the fibronectin extracellular matrix. Moreover, uremic toxins induced podosome formation in THP-1 cells, even at low concentrations, compared to the control, while ILK knockdown abrogated almost completely fibronectin adhesion and podosome formation in uremic toxin-treated cells. Interestingly, we tested that ILK co-localize with cortactin in podosomes, which confirmed the implication of ILK in podosome structures formation induced by uremic toxins. In cKD-ILK PBMC mice the transgenic ILK depletion significantly decrease non-excised ILK mRNA levels. These cKD-ILK PBMC mice exhibited a lower adhesion to the fibronectin extracellular matrix compared to WT. By last, uremic toxins induced a significant increase of mice PBMCs adhesion in WT animals compared to the control that was significantly lower in PBMCs of cKD-ILK animals.

 These data suggest that ILK plays a critical role in the required processes for leukocyte extravasation. ILK deletion may prevent podosome formation and adhesion of leucocytes, decreasing the endothelial and vascular damage caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins in CKD. Therefore, ILK could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular damage associated with CKD.


The geographical distribution of historical characters in the four dynasties in Southern Dynasty lias features as follows: although the number of the provinces of distribution is relatively approximate, the number of the characters in each province is remarkably imbalanced; in particular, the distribution of the number of the characters in each dynasty characterizes noticeably by its high density; specifically in each province the characters are, on the whole, spread sparsely, with the densely distributed characters only in a small part of areas. The causes leading to this difference lie in the political status of the family, regional culture and immigrates and regional politics and intensification of economic control. It is concluded that the characteristics of the regional distribution of political powers in the four dynasties of Southern Dynasties are: The political power is increasingly rising, but the political power in the south is still weaker than that in the north in Southern Dynasties.


Biliary Cast Syndrome A 62-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of jaundice 3 months after undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Imaging revealed filling defects in the bile ducts...


Normalization of surface electromyography (sEMG) signal amplitude is considered as a necessary operation to enable comparable data on different muscles, individuals, and sessions. Previous studies usually suggested using the maximal contraction normalization procedure. However, that procedure might not always be possible or the best method in some sEMG studies. The purpose of this study is therefore twofold. The first is to investigate reliability of two different constant load normalization procedures (with and without feedback) at different constant-force submaximal contractions. The second is to investigate correlation of normalization factors obtained from maximal voluntary and standardized submaximal tasks. 18 young healthy participants took part in the study. Subjects performed three muscle contraction tasks, namely, (i) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task: isometric maximal contraction of biceps brachii muscle, (ii) force matching task (FM): matching 2.5 kg, 5.0 kg, 7.5 kg and 10.0 kg force with visual feedback, and (iii) load holding (LH) task: holding 2.5 kg, 5.0 kg, 7.5 kg and 10.0 kg weights without visual feedback. sEMG amplitude normalization factors were examined for three tasks. The results of the study suggested that the reliability of sEMG amplitude normalization factors from FM and LH tasks for four target forces or loads were high (intraclass correlation (ICC): 0.863-0.958) to very high (ICC: 0.970-0.995). Due to some limitations of the MVC maximal contraction normalization procedure, normalization to the maximal might not always be possible or the best method for some sEMG studies. In such cases, submaximal isometric load holding tasks could be an alternative to the MVC task for biceps brachii muscle.


Disclosed are a method and a system for monitoring the depth of external chest compression. The monitoring system comprises: a signal acquisition unit (11) for acquiring a reference acceleration signal and a reference thoracic cavity impedance signal when calibrating the external chest compression and for acquiring a real-time thoracic cavity impedance signal when measuring the external chest compression; a correlation determination unit (12) for calculating a reference compression depth using the reference acceleration signal and determining the correlation between the reference thoracic cavity impedance signal and the reference compression depth; and a compression depth calculation unit (13) for calculating a compression depth during measuring external chest compression using the real-time thoracic cavity impedance signal and the determined correlation. Since a thoracic cavity impedance signal can not easily be interfered with by an outside movement, monitoring a compression depth by using the thoracic cavity impedance and the correlation thereof with a compression depth can effectively prevent the interference of external acceleration and help to obtain a more accurate monitoring result. When measuring a thoracic cavity impedance signal, there is no need to excessively adjust the hardware and software of the monitoring system, thus reducing the system complexity.


A field experiment was conducted in the field of Field Crops Experiments college of Agriculture Wasit University during the summer season 2017 in a sandy soil, to study the response of the growth and yield characteristics of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers and their addition in field groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) The randomized complete block design was used to arrange splinters with four replicates. The dates for the addition of compost included the main plots and included three additional dates: addition at the beginning of the vegetative growth phase, and the addition at the beginning Flowering stage and addition when complete the flowering While nitrogen fertilizer levels were (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N /h) secondary plots. The results showed the following exceeds 100 kg N / h in some growth characteristics. The average height plant of 30.5 cm, the number of pods of 11.3 branches plant-1 and dry weight 94.6 g / plant was significantly higher than the 100 kg /h The highest rate of seeds and seed weight was found in 100 seeds, with 49.2 pods / seeds plant-1, 65.1 seeds plant-1 and 70.9 g / plant respectively, and the highest rate of pod and seeds (3727 and 2168 kg / h) increased by (38.19% and 69.11%) respectively compared to the comparison treatment. The levels of 200 and 300 kg N /h were the highest for plant height and dry weight for vegetative group with 34.8, 36.0 cm, 110.4 and 114.5 g / plant, respectively. The number of pods and seeds and the weight of 100 seeds (46.4 pods / plants, 63.5 seeds / plants and 66.6 g, respectively) and corneal yield were significantly higher in the plant height (32.46 cm), dry weight (104.3 g / plant) And seeds (3624 and 2003 kg / h, respectively) with an increase of 19.48% and 24.79% compared to the date of addition in the vegetative growth stage, which recorded the lowest rate of 3033 and 1605 kg / h. The effect of the interaction between the levels of nitrogen and the dates of the addition significantly in the pods and seed weight, with the level of 100 kg N / e when added at the beginning of flowering in the pods (4230 kg / e) and seed yield (2513 kg / e) an increase of 60.34% and 94.50%, respectively with comparative treatment.


This paper investigates the impact of noise dependence and signal delay on the capacities of networks. It is shown that statistical dependence between the noise in a network's component channels is helpful for communication. In particular, the capacity region of a network whose component channels exhibit dependent noise is a superset of the capacity region of a network built from the same component channels when the noise in those channels is independent. It is also shown that delay has no impact on capacity. That is, the capacity of a network of memoryless channels is unchanged by the addition of finite delays anywhere in the network. Both results are proven for all possible networks of memoryless point-to-point and multi-terminal channels under multiple multicast connections. All other connection types (e.g., single unicast, multiple unicast, single multicast, and mixed unicast and multicast connections) are special cases of the multiple multicast problem, and are therefore included in the given results. The results also generalize from reliable communication of independent sources to lossy or lossy description of possibly dependent sources (i.e., joint source-channel coding) across the same network.


Major pandemics of Influenza A have caused the deaths of several million people in the past century alone. Discovering treatments to combat influenza A infection could save many lives in the event of an outbreak. We are attempting to generate new ways of treating influenza by creating dominant negative (DN) inhibitors to the influenza non-structural protein, NS1, which has an important role in suppressing the host immune response and is critical for viral replication. We have generated a stock of Drosophila melanogaster carrying a genomic insertion of a NS1 transgene flanked by an N-terminal HA tag and a C-terminal Myc tag. Expression of NS1 conditionally in the wing using the yeast derived UAS/Gal4 system causes a visible wing phenotype including expansion between wing veins L3 and L4 and partial loss of L4. We have conducted a screen in which the mutagen delta 2-3 transposase was used to create deletions and truncations directed to the NS1 transgene in flies. From this screen, we have isolated two putative NS1 DN alleles that produce truncated NS1 proteins and can suppress the wing phenotype caused by the expression of the wild-type copy. Furthermore, these alleles produce no phenotype when expressed on their own indicating a low probability of serious off target effects if used as treatments in humans


Organic materials provide a very small thermal budget for any postfabrication treatment or for a subsequent layer in a device fabrication. This demand for the low-temperature process has driven the focus of this study to obtain atomic layer deposited oxide layer at a low temperature suitable for a buffer layer in perovskite solar cells. The buffer layer will assist in blocking holes, effectively extract electrons, provide better shunt protection, and act as a sputter protection layer for organic perovskites. Three different oxide layers, Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2, are grown at 100 °C and studied for this purpose using synchronous modulated flow draw atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology optimized in a commercial 200 mm ALD reactor from Sundew Technologies. It allows greater precursor utilization and shorter deposition cycle times that in turn reduces thermal processing time compared to traditional ALD processes. These thin films have been shown to enhance the fill factor and high charge extraction from the solar cell. Three oxides are compared on all aspects, among which ZnO (3 nm) along with Al2O3 (1 nm) on top of the perovskite layer have shown excellent performance improvement in the device's power conversion efficiency.


Abstract. With the development of the Wangjing regional economy, the number of cars in the region has increased. In order to allow inter-regional vehicles to pass with high efficiency, it is necessary to perform some efficient control at the boundary of the area. First, controlling the intersection of the entire transportation network is not effective and economical. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the boundary intersections so as to select the more important intersections on the regional boundaries for control.In this paper, the road network partition was first carried out. This paper mainly uses the basic properties of the traffic network to partition the road network.The boundary intersections are evaluated based on the repartitioning to select more important intersections for control at the regional boundaries.In this paper, we mainly use the three indicators of social network analysis method, system science analysis method, and traffic network characteristics method to evaluate the intersections, and use neural network training to get the weight of each indicator, so as to determine a comprehensive evaluation method. Feedback gate control based on fuzzy PID is applied to the traffic network based on the selected important intersection, thereby alleviating the congestion in the effective central city.


Purpose: Today corporate networks are featured on a global scale. To delineate global standard corporate houses are striving hard to have high potential human resources which can create a competitive edge and economic surplus for them. The paper intends to compare the current status with the optimum status of research, thereby causing the research gap on meeting corporate expectations by management graduates. And also developing research agendas in connection with tapering the gap.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The review paper is equipped with secondary data by focusing on the qualitative approach of the underlying problem statement. The data is collected from different scholarly articles, websites, research reports, surveys.
Findings/Results: The review section of the paper has explored the current status of research being done on meeting corporate expectations by management graduates. The optimum status emerged so urges the need of filling the research gap by carrying out mega-empirical research on the industry-institute interface to propose the key aspects in meeting the corporate expectations from management graduates. Various research agendas are developed and SWOC analysis is made to get the outlook of the proposed research.
Originality/Value: The paper identifies and proposes new areas of research to be carried out under empirical mode. Most of the research on the topic/area till today is descriptive rather than empirical. Based on the research gap, a research proposal is endorsed for further study.
Paper type: Review based research agenda


In this paper, using a total of 6,870 presidential speeches from 1948 to 2015, we show the char-acteristics in the words and analyze the Korean presidential styles. Firstly, we determine how well the distribution of the usage frequency of each word in the speeches follows Zipf's law. The distribution exhibits three slopes that have different properties. Next, by using the distribution data, we compare the trends of the words in the speeches to the actual historical events in Korean politics. Finally, we construct a network among words by using Word2Vec with an artificial neural network and machine learning, and we compare the network to presidential features and the timely change of politics in Korea.


The contingency of things tames the most prideful: How source of sources seals the mind And the origin of all origins is the sweet Behind my smoothie. For the huckleberry's life Came from its elders: coming pistulas To stamen the seeds, see the fruit Blooming from bees by Bach as he writes Or Vivaldi's rite vernal beside The huckleberry bush. How can a plant Dead for ages deed being To my smoothie's sweet? See: the gift Of existence zips ziggurats like hot Pants and folds the pleats so the feats Of slaves and pharaohs slackens to nothing And we realize at every red moment The green and golden gifts and details Of the little lives we lead can fade Into nothing as such. Nearer my God To Thee cries the thick açai Berry and ice in the brazen sun Before it sinks, before I sips the binding rings, Precious.


Past efforts designed to help diseased lungs to recover from a life threatening acute illness have traditionally focussed on the use of mechanical pulmonary ventilators. Yet when a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is maintained with a mechanical respirator, the outcome is by no means as favorable as when the breathing difficulties were due to non-parenchimal causes such as neuromuscular disease. In mild ARDS the mortality rate is between 10 and 20%, and in moderately severe ARDS the mortality rises to 50-60%. Severe ARDS, as defined by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) entry criteria, has a mortality rate over 90% with conventional mechanical pulmonary ventilation; while a randomly matched patient population treated with an extracorporeal membrane lung and still on mechanical ventilation had no better survival (1). Recently, Gattinoni et al. (University of Milan) have reported a substantial improvement in survival among severe ARDS patients treated with an extracorporeal membrane lung while the diseased lungs were ventilated at very low rates and at low airway pressure of 35 cm H20 (2). These results prompted us to question the role of mechanical ventilator in ARDS. In a previous editorial, we have explored some pulmonary and extrapulmonary effects of mechanical ventilation (3). Damage to the lung from barotrauma may consist of cystic dilation of airways, interstitial, subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema, or pneumothorax, among others. The direct effects on pulmonary parenchyma are commonly ignored. The cardiovascular, renal , hepatic and CNS effects of mechanical ventilation are perhaps better known, but no better understood. While it is clear that mechanical ventilation could produce pulmonary and extrapulmonary changes, one has great difficulty looking for specific factors that block healing of the lungs. Treatment with a mechanical ventilator has been accepted as state of the art; unless patients met criteria for severe ARDS, such treatment with a mechanical ventilator was to be considered proper with no upper limits on peak airway pressures. We wish to question the safety on mechanical ventilation at elevated airway pressures in patients with healthy lungs, and particularly in patients with ARDS. Rarely is it remebered that the lungs are a metabolic organ, with some 80 or more cell lines, the homeostatis of which is likely to be of great importance. The lungs do much more than effect oxygen uptake, and C02 removal. And yet it is precisely to effect adequate pulmonary ventilation and to maintain sufficiently high P02 that high airway pressure, high tidal volume, high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and the many modalitiesof administering the same are presently used. What effect might our current means of mechanical ventilation have on normal lungs, or the remaining normal areas of the lungs? A brief review of mechanical pulmonary ventilation in laboratory animals shows some surprises. Greenfield (4) has shown healthy dogs ventilated for but a few hours at 26-32 cm H20 airway pressure developing severe pulmoary atelectasis some 24 hours later. Unilaterally ventilating lungs to the same peak pressure of one hour showed atelectasis confined to that one lung, the other lung remaining normal. Such damaged lungs showed greatly elevated minimum surface tension values of saline lavage fluid. Other reports confirm the delicate nature of the lungs when ventilated at pressures in excess of 30 cm H20 (5).


This paper examines the consequences of the Post Merger regime in Law No. 5/1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Business Competition. This research uses the normative juridical method and comparative approach, comparing the American Antitrust Law which has successfully implemented the pre merger notification with the Indonesian Business Competition Law which implements the post merger notification. The results of this study indicate that the importance of implementing the Pre Merger Notification in the draft Law on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition is viewed in a comparison with the success of the Antitrust Law America and supported by the dynamics of globalization of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which became a challenge for the Business Association Supervisory Commission. Thus, the regime change from Post Merger Notification to Pre Merger Notification is the right step in implementing a merger in Indonesia because Pre Merger Notification provides legal certainty and also more efficient for business actors and KPPU as a preventive effort with the aim that the implementation of Pre Merger Notification will be carried out optimally in achieving the goal of fair business competition


Based on a freshly built data set and relying on a Dynamic Factor Model, this paper constructs business cycle indices for four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) to address three questions: To what extent was there a common Nordic business cycle? Was there synchronisation of business cycles with England, France and Germany? Was the business cycle predominantly driven by external forces or by domestic forces? As opposed to earlier research, we find that a specific Nordic business cycle emerged only in the interwar period. Before WW I, synchronization levels increase over time both internally and vis-a-vis the core countries, suggesting participation in a pan-European business cycle. The interwar period witnesses the fragmentation of a pan-European business cycle, but the shared experiences of the Nordic countries (world war I boom due to neutrality, early re-adoption of the gold standard in the 1920s and simultaneous shift to the sterling bloc in 1931, no trade disintegration) mean that the dis-synchronizing forces were not at work in this part of Europe.


OBJECTIVE. To identify risk factors associated to maternal mortality. DESIGN.- Cross sectional study of maternal mortality using the perinatal informatic system of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Hospital Marla Auxiliadora of 21621 cases recorded from July 1, 1988 to December 31, 1992. We used a 2 x 2 table confidence interval 95% test to calculate relative risk (RR) taking social antroprometric, biologic and obstetric variables. RESULTS: The most important risk factors were: single status, no antenatal care, eclampsia, tuberculosis, puerperal infection, second trimester hemorrhage, preterm delivery, anemia, third trimester hemorrhage, septic abortion and urinary infection. CONCLUSION.- There is an association between maternal mortality and no antenatal care, single status and prevalent pathologies of pregnancy.


Pharmacists have been among the frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a 2020 Gallup poll, they were ranked fourth for honesty and ethical standards among professionals. As of fall 2020, there were 141 colleges/schools of pharmacy with accredited professional Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) programs in the United States. Applications to Pharm.D. programs have declined nationally each year since the 2013–2014 admissions cycle, and, in particular, the number of Asian applicants applying to Pharm.D. programs has decreased since 2016. This commentary will highlight the latest admissions and enrollment trends in pharmacy education, particularly for Asian students.


The proposed system develops a high efficiency and low THD of PV generation system. The high step-up converter and PWM inverters have been introduced to make the PV generation more flexible. To improve the efficiency in converter the parallel operation of low voltage PV arrays and to decouple and simplify the control design of PWM inverter, the high step-up converter is introduced. In order to maintain the sinusoidal output voltage with low THD and less variation under various output loads, an adaptive total sliding mode control system is used. For capturing the max irradiation and increasing the generation efficiency, an active sun tracking scheme without light sensors is also introduced Index Terms—High step up DC-DC converter with coupled inductor, Single phase PWM inverter , Variable Structure mode control, DSP controller, Power Driver circuit.


The gelatinous macroplankton community of the Black Sea renews annually and functionates differently depending on the complicated system of trophic relations and interannual fluctuations of biotic and abiotic factors. Its monitoring is necessary for the evaluation of the current state and possible vectors of evolution of the whole pelagic ecosystem. For this purpose the data on the composition and distribution of gelatinous organisms were collected on the 89th cruise of the RV "Professor Vodyanitsky" (September – October of 2016) at 62 stations located in coastal areas and in the open sea to the south and southwest of Crimea. Samples were taken with the Bogorov – Rass net (inlet area of 0.5 m², mesh of 300 µm) using vertical net hauls from the bottom to the sea surface in the shallow shelf and from the lower boundary of the oxygen zone [according to the dissolved oxygen sensor CTD SBE plus (Sea Bird)] to the sea surface – in deepwater areas. Aurelia aurita and 3 ctenophore species (Mnemiopsis leidyi, Pleurobrachia pileus, and Beroe ovata) were present together in the 90 % of the samples (on 56 stations). In spite of some increase in average biomass of every species in deep sea areas, and, particularly, of A. aurita up to 260 g per m², there was no difference between the data of 2016 and 2010 (p > 0.05). The abundance of A. aurita increased by about one order of magnitude (p < 0.001); the abundance of P. pileus increased 2–5 times (p < 0.001); of B. ovata – 3–15 times (p < 0.01). M. leidyi abundance increased only at the outer Black Sea shelf; in other regions it could have been restricted by B. ovata predation. A. aurita linear specific growth rate in 2016 was one of the lowest for the last 15 years. Slow somatic growth of the jellyfish indicates unfavorable conditions for this species in 2016. However, the jellyfish biomass was higher than that of previous years because of the huge abundance of the spring generation. The weakening competition with planktivorous ctenophores may lead to even greater increase in the ecological valence of A. aurita among other gelatinous predators in the nearest future.


With the global climate change,the aridification of Tibetan Plateau is becoming more and more obvious.Based on the 1951—2010 meteorological disaster statistical data and the vulnerability data of bearing body in 2010,and with the GIS technology and the natural disaster risk analysis model,this study comprehensively analyzed the spatial distribution of drought disaster risk factors for agricultural and pastoral areas within the Tibetan Plateau,and then used natural crack method to make drought disaster risk zoning.The results showed: 1.The area with drought disaster risk of above medium level(0.24 ~ 1.00) is 103.26 × 104km2,accounting for 63% of the total agricultural and pastoral areas; 2.The area of highest value(0.44 ~ 1.00) center of drought disaster risk is 9.63 × 104km2,and the area of Tibetan Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province and Gansu Province account for 20%,77% and3% of the total highest value center area each respectively; 3.The area of lowest value(0.00 ~ 0.15) center of drought disaster risk is 54.49 × 104km2,and the area of Tibetan Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Yunnan Province,Sichuan Province,Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region account for 52%,6%,1%,35%,1% and 5% respectively of the total lowest value center area each.So the situation of drought disaster for agricultural and pastoral areas within the Tibetan Plateau is severe.


In recent years, university course timetabling at University of Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) given by Bahagian Pengurusan Akademik (BPA) applied based on their experience with a little guidance from Microsoft Excel to generate the timetable. The most challenges is not about the generating a timetable that works, but generating one that is fairly, practical and good as possible. In general, the university course timetabling problem is an optimization problem in which a set of events has to be scheduled in timeslots, located in suitable rooms under specific constraints. Free Educational Timetabling (FET) is FET is open source free software for automatically scheduling the timetable of a school, high-school or university. It uses a fast and efficient timetabling algorithm, developed with C language in 2002. In this paper, the process of adaptation in presented to produce university course timetable, which has been practically used starting from Semester II, 2012/2013. Due to the complexity and constraints of generating the course timetable, an experimental methodology for choosing proper parameter setting. In particularly, the procedures allow an automatic and semi-automatic configuration of the software with a good save in time. The successful example shows that the implementation of FET software can provide a new alternative on solving the university course timetable problems through an experimental methodology leads to high performing algorithms and viable solutions for hard combinatorial optimization problems in comparison to previous practices.


Polytrauma in pediatric patients is a frequent event, so its timely approach and management define its prognosis. Polytrauma is defined as the presence of two or more traumatic injuries or a single one that endangers life or there is a risk of serious sequelae; resuscitation is understood as the restoration of vital functions of the patient in the pre-hospital area to the hospital area aimed at avoiding the damage caused by the fatal pentad of trauma (coagulopathy, acidosis, hypothermia, hyperglycemia and hypoxia) for which the Damage control protocol which is referred to all the maneuvers that have the purpose of preserving life, but without carrying out definitive repairs in order to mitigate complications derived from the prolonged state of shock, secondary to a prolonged surgical time that postponed adequate resuscitation, this reduced resuscitation consists of 6 precise indications for its performance, being approached from the TEP (Pediatric Evaluation Triangle) and the MARCHDEF protocol (Massive Bleeding, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Hypothermia, Neurological Deficit, Glycemia, Pain, Exposure, FAST).


Developing a context-specific and scale-sensitive Integrated-Design-Process (IDP) for sustainable urbanism (SU) through triangulated analysis of urban-form (including infrastructure), bioclimatism and energy efficiency in the context of Brussels Capital Region (BCR) is the broader framework of this PhD research. Within this framework, this paper explores IDP at the level of neighbourhood as the first stage of the research, and the district and the city scales are the next two stages that are not tackled in this paper. The broader framework of developing IDP for SU owes primarily to the fact that existing urban design methods and tools are not investigated enough from an integrated perspective. Secondly, most of the existing sustainability assessment systems are useful tools for an IDP at the building scale. However, at the urban scale, they do not adequately cater for the complexities of the urban form. This paper will present the analysis of the Tour&Taxis project - representative of a neighbourhood scale - and show how different IDP tools and bioclimatic strategies can interact in order to enable sustainability become a natural part of any urban project, thereby leading to a decrease in the energy demand, and contributing towards a more sustainable urban form. The complexity of ecosystems in cities is growing, and as such, IDP facilitates the unfolding of deeper levels of understanding them. This paper examines the case through a methodology that comprises three steps. First, understanding the relationship among contextual urban ecosystems. Second, exploring and analysing the IDP concept as holistic and systemic design approach. Third, using IDP to assemble a pragmatic design path in our case study analysis. Through such an examining of our case, an attempt will be made to demonstrate how the European Capital can benefit from the IDP in urban projects to move towards a more sustainable form of urbanism


Infographics exist on nearly any topic you can imagine, proliferating in the digital age with social media. As this genre continues to explode in the business scene, business and professional communication instructors can no longer ignore showing their students infographics. After first defining the genre and outlining how it situates itself within business and professional communication, this article offers two approaches to increase awareness and exposure of infographics for students. The first focuses on an analysis assignment using infographics; the second focuses on a production assignment.


We describe the first example of scandium dimetallofullerenes, Sc(2)@C(3v)(8)-C(82), which has the same cage as the previously assigned scandium carbide cluster fullerene Sc(2)C(2)@C(3v)(8)-C(82) but they exhibit distinctly different electronic configurations and electronic behaviours, confirming the drastic influence of the internal C(2) unit.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lovastatin is one of the most important types of statin drugs, commonly produced by Aspergillus terreus in a liquid culture. Lovatatin use reduces blood cholesterol and prevents heart attacks and vascular stiffness. Since lovastatin is introduced as a valuable secondary metabolite, this study was conducted to analyze the factors effective in morphogenesis of this fungus to increase the industrial production of this drug. METHODS: For data collection in this review article, the articles containing one of the words "cholesterol", "vascular stiffness", "morphogenesis", "lovastatin", "Aspergillus terreus", and " inducer" between the years 1960 and 2017 were searched and studied in Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Islamic World Science (ISC) databases. FINDINGS: Overall, 145 articles were found, among which 58 papers were considered appropriate for this study. According to the results of the studies, the slowly metabolized carbon source and combined culture medium, high stirrer speed at 600 rpm, an aeration equal to 70% saturation, an inoculation equal to 10 spores, and the use of inducers such as magnesium silicate hydrate, methionine, butyrolactone and linoleic acid cause a special morphogenesis called


This paper shows that the structure of the syndicate affects the spread in addition to the borrower's characteristics. Because the lead bank is the principal syndicate member collecting information about the borrower, there is an information asymmetry within the lending syndicate that leads to moral hazard and/or adverse selection problems, thereby, impacting the loan spread. Consequently, the share retained by the lead bank can help to mitigate these problems. However, the observed relationship between syndicate structure and the loan spread is influenced, not only by information asymmetry, but also by diversification considerations. I use an instrumental variables approach to separate these two effects. By combining loan information with novel data on default correlations, I construct a direct measure of the risk-based loan spread premium required by the lead bank. This variable exogenously affects the diversification of the lead bank and has no direct effect on information asymmetry within a syndicate. The main results are that informational frictions between the lead and participant banks have an important economic impact on the spread, and an increase in the size of the lead bank's share causes a reduction in the loan spread. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first paper that addresses the endogenous relationship between loan spread and syndicate structure.


A system that records still video images on standard 2-inch (50-millimeter) floppy disks can project the images on a screen, transmit them, or print hard copies. Available in the United States from Canon U.S.A. Inc., Lake Success, N.Y., the entire system costs upwards of $38 000.


Social organizations are ubiquitous in our everyday life, ranging from the project team we are working in to the special interest group we are contributing to, online. For our study, we focus on communities of software developers from Open Source Software projects such as the Gentoo Linux operating system, or the igraph programming library. The developers in such a community collaborate with the goal to develop and maintain their particular Open Source Software. In order to survive, these communities have to mitigate issues such as software malfunctions, or losses of keydevelopers. To solve these issues, the developers can interact with their peers, for example, to distribute tasks, to discuss possible solutions, to write code together, etc. We argue that the more ways there are in which different developers can interact, the broader is the repertoire of possible solutions the community can come up with. However, how the developers interact, is subject to constraints. For example, if two developers have to interact often to develop a particular software component together, they have less time available to interact with other peers. Our aim is to develop a method to assess how strongly the interactions among all developers in a community are restricted by such constraints.


Biometrics" refers to the technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics for security purposes. The need of privacy and security in our daily life leads to this new area. Biometric systems have more accuracy when compared to traditional methods (password, key etc). It identifies and verifies the identity of a person based on one or more physiological and behavioral characteristics. That is Human body as password. The most common physical biometric traits includes fingerprint, face, ear, iris, retina, hand geometry, palmprint, DNA etc. Behavioral biometric traits include signature, gait, key strokes, speech patterns etc. Each biometric has its own strength and limitations and accordingly each biometric is used in identification (authentication) application. This paper concentrates on spoof attack against face recognition system, i.e. in this type of attack a fake biometric can be presented to sensor. This paper discusses about Introduction to The Face biometric system, Spoofing attack in Face recognition system, Liveness detection in face recognition system, Literature survey on Face Liveness detection and conclusion.


The analysis focus on the use of Arabic and French by the teacher in a foreign language class in a Moroccan context. This activity, codic alternation or code-switching, is analyzed through an observation of three different teachers while keeping the same level (3rd year of college secondary). All three used code switching in their speech in class, although this manifestation differed from teacher to teacher. It is however imperative to underline that this research work is not intended to provide solutions for the use of code alternation in class, far from it, it is simply a qualitative study allowing understanding of this sociolinguistic phenomenon and the reflection on its use in a didactic situation.


Preface The Taste of Foods Distinguishing the Taster Mouse from the Non-Taster Mouse Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity to Primary Tastes Taste Preferences of Children Rapid Analytical Sensor Systems (Spectroscopy & Electronic Noses) as Tools to Understand Taste & Aroma in Alcoholic Beverages Cider House Learning Education Based on Taste & Smell Sensory Interactions in Wine: Effect Of Nonvolatile Molecules on Wine Aroma & Volatiles on Taste/Astringency Perception Factors Affecting Taste Perception & Food Choice Taste Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus Taste, Flavour, & Synaesthesia The Structure & Function of Taste Organs in Caterpillars A Consciousness-Oriented Approach to Food Taste Advanced Technologies to Determine the 3D Structures of Taste Receptors.


Condition-based maintenance systems monitor the operation of mechanical equipment to provide an accurate assessment of the system's current condition and to facilitate prediction of problem evolution. Vibration analysis for condition assessment and fault diagnostics has a long history of application to power and mechanical equipment. The interpretation and correlation of this data is often cumbersome, even for the most experienced personnel. As a result, automated processing and analysis methods are often sought. To facilitate automation, smart sensor systems are being implemented for advanced diagnostics and prognostics. In conjunction with these smart systems, advanced features are commonly used to provide a measure of the vibration level that can be correlated to a fault condition. Many such feature vectors have been developed over the years and are well documented in the literature. This paper introduces concepts related to feature extraction for smart sensors for improved diagnostics within condition-based maintenance (CBM). Novel data tools are introduced by examples that identify diagnostic and prognostic features for transitional data from mechanical systems. These tools facilitate the establishment of effective methodologies for CBM researchers and practitioners, and promote environments in which the new methodologies can be easily and systematically characterized and evaluated. The capability of different features to identify and track failure modes are treated primarily using gearbox run-to-failure accelerometer data acquired on the Mechanical Diagnostics Test Bed (MDTB) at the Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory.


For elemental mercury by converting to oxidized mercury, and subsequently oxidized mercury captured to promote the method of removing mercury from the flue gas. In one aspect, a method of removing mercury from a mercury-containing flue gas comprising introducing a flue gas source sulfide, an amount of the sulfide source can be efficiently converted to gaseous elemental mercury oxidized mercury, then the capture of the gaseous oxide the step of mercury.


Insulin resistance is a defining feature of type 2 diabetes, yet our understanding of the progression and development of insulin resistance is incomplete. Recently, deficient autophagy, a bulk degradation pathway, was associated with the induction of insulin resistance, although the causative mechanism remains unknown. We sought to investigate the underlying signals responsible for how deficient autophagy induces insulin resistance. We report that knockout of an essential autophagy protein, Autophagy Related 16L1 (Atg16L1), in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) markedly decreases insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1)‐stimulated Akt recruitment to the cellular membrane and phosphorylation on S473 and T308, as well as cortical actin remodelling. Atg16L1 KO did not adversely affect insulin receptor (IR) or IGF1 receptor content, cell surface IR localization or 125I‐insulin binding. However, Atg16L1 KO MEFs and Atg16L1 depleted HeLa cells displayed reduced protein content of Insulin Receptor Substrates (IRS1 and IRS2), pivotal proximal signals in insulin signaling known to be dysregulated in insulin resistant and diabetic states. Corroborating these findings, visceral adipose tissue of high fat‐fed mice displayed lower Atg16L1 mRNA and IRS1 protein content. Expression of IRS1myc recovered insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation in KO MEFs. Treatment of KO MEFs with the proteasome inhibitor MG132restored IRS1 protein content and insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, ER stress, which induces insulin resistance at the level of IRS1, was upregulated in Atg16L1 KO MEFs. Alleviating ER stress with the chemical chaperone phenylbutyrate increased IRS1 protein expression and insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation similar to MG132. Together, we show that Atg16L1 KO induces insulin and IGF1 resistance through the induction of ER stress, leading to targeted proteasomal degradation of IRS1.


The essay looks at the question of how canon law is to assess the act of ,,secession" from the church. This question is examined against the background of letters by the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and by the German Bishops' Conference (2006). The equation with the term ,,actus formalis", which appears within three canons of matrimonial law, lead according to the principle of "semel catholicus - semper catholicus" to the proposal that the defection clauses be removed from matrimonial law. Until this happens, the act of secession from the church will remain nothing less than what the term denotes: a variously justified, publicly declared and officially confirmed dissociation from the church in its visibly constituted form (c. 751 CIC).


Analysis of environmental problems involves addressing some of the complexities of economics that arise when departures are contemplated from the theory of perfectly competitive markets and its assumptions of allocated, appropriable property rights. It is currently fashionable to advocate the use of market based instruments, including offsets, to solve environmental problems. In this paper, the theoretical issues involved in using offsets are examined and illustrated in relation to biodiversity management. It is argued that, although offsets schemes have been successfully developed for pollution markets, there are considerably greater challenges in designing them for efficient and widely applicable biodiversity management.


This chapter attempts to evaluate the importance of the causal effect of unemployment on mortality and is divided into three parts. The first part briefly discusses earlier research. The discussion is not limited to studies on mortality but selected studies on morbidity are also included. The second part presents the main results of a study on unemployment and mortality among Finnish men carried out by one of the authors....The third part is an attempt to study the effect of unemployment on mortality by utilizing opportunities for `natural experiments connected with the rapid increase of unemployment in Finland after the oil crisis of the mid-1970s. (EXCERPT)


History A 35-year-old woman presented to the emergency department of Moorfields Eye Hospital with a 10-day history of pain, reduced vision in her right eye, and headache. She described the visual disturbance as " sparkly lights. " She had undergone bilateral lensec-tomy at the age of 7 weeks for congenital cataract and was aphakic. Her corrected visual acuity was 6/36 in each eye with +19.0 D sphere correction. For 2 years prior to this episode she complained of recurrent headaches every 2–4 months associated with similar visual aura. The headaches were not unilateral, and the visual symptoms were not limited to one side. She had been diagnosed with migraine in her teens; however, the headaches had now become more frequent, without change in nature. She described " flickering lights " that presented suddenly with reduced vision, " as if looking through a steamy window. " Each episode lasted 3–4 hours. She also noticed " rainbows " around bright lights, with " speckles, flashing lights, and blotches " in her vision. In the weeks before presentation , these attacks increased in frequency to almost daily, and sunlight was volunteered to be a trigger. There was no associated nausea, weakness, or other systemic symptoms. The ocular symptoms were now predominantly unilateral but similar to the symptoms that had been attributed to migraine in the past. Previous assessments by ophthalmologists during the 2-year period prior to presentation found that her vision was stable, with deep anterior chambers. Vitreous was present up to the pupillary margin, but was not in the anterior chamber. The anterior hyaloid face was intact, intraocular pressures (IOPs) were normal, and the optic discs were healthy. No focal defects were detected on visual field testing. On one previous visit, when her IOP in the right eye was found to be elevated, vitreous was noted in the anterior chamber, although there was no evidence of iris bombe. The angles were open on gonio-scopy, with scattered peripheral anterior synechiae in 90°–180° in the right eye, whereas the left eye had open angles in all quadrants, with no synechiae. The past intraocular surgery was considered the likely etiology for the peripheral anterior synechiae. During this period, a neurologist confirmed that these episodes were representative of migraine. Examination On presentation to the emergency department, her best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was 6/60 in the right eye and 6/36 in the left eye, with +19.0 D …


This paper analyzed and researched on the operating principle of coordination control system of supercritical thermal power unit Comparing once-through boiler's control system with drum boiler's control system, some kinds of supercritical boiler set's coordination control system were analyzed.We can understand the control features and strategy of once-through boiler set clearly from this paper.


This work covers all aspects of thanatology, the study of death and dying and the care of dying and the bereaved. Its topics include the role of the caregiver, the process of grief and bereavement, religious and spiritual perspectives, and how children and adolescents cope with death.


To obtain sterile nymphs for nutritional experiments, eggs of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were submerged in 0.1% aqueous solution of zephiran chloride. Eggs so treated appeared anatomically normal and hatched successfully in the presence of older workers, but only those exposed to zephiran for as long as 10 minutes were found to be decontaminated when tested on sterile nutrient agar plates. First-instar nymphs, which normally are assisted from the eggs by older termites, were removed by hand with no detrimental effects, but died in 7 days unless fed proctodeal and/or stomodeal food by older instars. Neither synthetic nutrient solutions nor artificially fed fecal solutions served as substitutes for the normal diet. Inconclusive results were obtained in a series of experiments conducted to determine whether grooming by older workers was a requisite for increasing the longevity of the first-instar nymphs.


On September 15, I finally reached San Francisco Airport, almost home after being stranded in Washington, D.C., following the terrible events of September 11. I spent those five days amid the confusion and rapid militarization of the nation's capital. Much of that time, I sat among strangers in the lobby of my hotel, watching the news on the only television in the building. With the exception of one other guest, everyone else in the lobby was white, European American. Some of these lounge mates were lobbyists from the Corn Belt—young, blond, well-fed, and so eager to declare war as they cheered the notion of "ending" other nations. I and a few other like-minded "left coast" folks hooted our disapproval and dismay.


In order to evaluate underground goaf risk more accurately and reasonably,an underground goaf risk evaluation model which considered the complexity and incompatibility of factors in the evaluation was built based on the entropy weight and matter element analysis.Considering the geologic condition and engineering status of underground goaf,14 factors influencing the stability of underground goaf and the thought of multiple indexes optimal fusion were taken into account.The matter element system of underground goaf risk evaluation was established based on the matter element transform.Then,the correlation degrees of the evaluation indexes with evaluation levels were calculated.The weights of evaluation indexes were determined by using entropy weight method.Thus,the levels of underground goafs were determined through the correlation degrees of underground goaf risk with evaluation levels.Furthermore,this model was applied to evaluate 8 underground goafs in Xi mine in Lengshuijiang,Hunan province.The evaluation results accord closely with the actual situation.


Today, information is crucial and the flow of information is becoming more and more numerous, so their management is delicate, hence the need to use an information system that supports all production systems, and the majority of competitive advantages is achieved through the intelligent use of these information systems. It is in this context of disrupted information that the use of information systems is necessary in organizations, as they have greatly influenced the ways of work and management. For this purpose, they allow easy access to relevant information in quantity and in real time, the rapidity of analyzing this information and the possibilities for dissemination and exchange between the partners, without forgetting the possibilities for storage and archiving in a more secure way than human intervention could. The study examines the impact of quality of training, service quality, information system quality and information quality on the use of an information system. A quantitative study is conducted to test these effects, the findings of this research are mainly comprised by three facts: (1) the use of information systems is obligatory in the context of intensive information. (2) Voluntary or mandatory use status must be specified in the analysis, (3) there is no specific antecedent to the act of use of IS in the retail sector Keywords—Information system quality, information quality, service quality, training quality, use, retail sector


This paper presents the model and the lateral control of an electric vehicle. A three degree-of-freedom yaw plane model is introduced to describe the lateral motion system. Two cases studies are discussed to synthetize the lateral dynamic controller. First case uses a steering wheel angle as an input and a lateral acceleration as the output. However, the second case uses a differential torque to control the yaw rate output. Simulation results illustrate the effective solution for better autonomous or assisted lateral control.


Recently, extensive research has been done to optimize lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIBs) for vehicle, military and grid applications. LIBs are preferred when compared to other secondary batteries due to their high voltage and high energy density. However, the capacity of current cathode materials used for LIBs is limited. Improvements in rate capability and capacity can insure a longer cycle life and enhance LIBs. Lithium manganese nickel oxide, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) is a promising candidate because of high voltage operation. However, dissolution of manganese due to reaction with electrolytes and lower capacity is still a concern. Recently, several groups have reported an integrated layered-spinel composite cathodes using LMNO and Li2Mn0.6Ni0.2O3 to form LixMn1.5Ni0.5Oy (x=1.0~3.0). 1-6 These composite cathodes have shown better performances than the layered or spinel cathodes with respect to specific capacity and cyclability. One strategy is to study the effect of Li content in LMNO and investigate its structural characteristics and cycling performances. The LixMn1.5Ni0.5Oy sample show high capacity only when the Li content is above 2.0. We will report in detail about the synthesis of LixMn1.5Ni0.5Oy (x=2.0-3.0) cathodes and its electrochemical performances for lithium ion batteries.


A parser employing classical uniication will fail to nd a parse for sentences containing agreement violations, e.g. They comes. This is because classical uniication fails when confronted with values which are inconsistent. I propose a new kind of uniication called robust uniication which takes the two inconsistent values at the root of an agreement violation and relates them using a relation which I will call inconsistent identity. This approach has the advantage that it acknowledges errors yet still produces consistent results. I argue that this \robust uniication" is only appropriate for agreement errors and not for constraint violation errors which do not involve an agreement violation.


Untreated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different weight percentage (0.1,0.5,1,2 ,3, 4 and 4.5) % wt. were used to fabricate MWNT/epoxy composite samples by hand lay up method. Ultrasonic mixing process was used to disperse the nanotubes into the resin system. Mechanical reinforcement of polymer matrices loaded by carbon nanotubes is expected to benefit by both the high aspect ratio and the very high modulus of nanofillers. The mechanical properties of the composite with different weight percentages of nanotubes have been investigated. The Young's modulus has been doubled and quadrupled for composites with respectively 0.5 and 4 wt.% nanotubes, compared to the pure resin matrix samples.While flexural strength has been increased in random manner


: In the present study, with the help of Eritrean examples, the author discusses how objects and visits become a means of expression for relationships and social connections. In Tigrinya society, kinship and friendly relationships have great signifi cance, their preservation is secured by frequent visits, meetings and phone calls. They are completed by gifts, the sharing of food, contributions and loans, which move between the individuals within society, in the form of objects and money. Every transaction and exchange signifi es the quality of a relationship and an event. Starting with a summary of theories that has infl uenced her ideas of gift-giving, the author continues with a discussion of the types of gifts she has seen in her Eritrean fi eld, and presents the argument that the movement of objects in society signifi es the intensity and quality of social bonds and the relationship between the specifi c individuals involved. She also attempts to map patterns of commonality. This is followed by a discussion, in which – through interpreting objects, individuals, and occasions as signifi ers –, she endeavours to outline some general characteristics of Tigrinya society.


One indicator of success in tourism development is the importance of considering the technical aspects of planning, namely the existence of a study of tourism potential that will be developed as a tourist area more professionally. This study refers to the GSTC criteria in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park by analyzing internal and external factors with SWOT analysis, then formulating priorities from alternative strategies through the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Determining the informants used purposive, snowball, and quota sampling techniques. Data were gathered through observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. Based on the study's results, implementing sustainable tourism according to the GSTC in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park has met the criteria but has not been maximized. Based on the study's results, the implementation of sustainable tourism referring to the GSTC in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park has met the criteria but has not been maximized because the community does not understand its potential. The SWOT analysis resulted in the weighting of IFAS and EFAS covering S-O (3.81), W-O (3.11), W-T (2.90), and S-T (2.28). S-O obtained the highest weight so that it was continued into the AHP. The order of priority of the alternative S-O strategy based on the AHP method obtained the following results: Developing attractions (33%), strengthening institutions (25%), making event calendars (15%), conservation (11%), infrastructure development (8%), optimizing supporting facilities (5%) and developing agro-tourism (3%)


O ne should not raise serious ethical questions . and then abandon them. And so I sense a responsibility, in the light of increasing public discussions throughout the world, to return to several questions I raised about euthanasia in an earlier editorial. Three years ago, I asked whether there are any moral limits to the measures a patient may request, or a doctor may use" to alleviate pain, suffering, and a lingering course of dying. I then cited what I called the dominion principle to name the claim that no human being has dominion over the life of another. Nevertheless, I admitted that citing this claim does not silence genuine questions. I proceeded to ask whether and how we know that this principle should hold without exception. More pointedly, I asked: "How can the constraint of the dominion principle be justified, when the act it prohibits, active euthanasia, appears, in some circumstances, desirable from every empirical view, and is, in fact, desired by everyone involved in a particular case? Is the authority of reason able to resolve this most important of our ethical questions, or does the dominion principle and its prohibition of active euthanasia rest rather on a belief?" (1). I shall now try to respond to these and several related questions.


This project description examines how a teacher education program integrated new instructional technology through the creation of a Technology Facilitator position in the department. The project proceeded through a three-tiered system of learning literacy to establish a knowledge base amongst faculty members, augmenting required courses to model the use of instructional technology, and finally the transformation of the credential program where the activity of learning can only be accomplished through leveraging technology. As a professional program housed in a liberal arts institution, this project combines aspects of the essential learning outcomes of the 21 century with the professional skills required of K-12 teachers. Also included are initial data results from student and faculty preand post-surveys, observations of students using new technologies in the field, and implications for similar institutions in the implementation of a three-tiered approach to technology integration through the guidance of a Technology Facilitator.


The HIV/AIDS epidemic has seen dramatic shifts since the first cases were described in 1981. Initially perceived as a disease among gay men or Haitians in Western countries, HIV transmission has been reported in virtually all parts of the world. Prevalence levels in the 1990s reached more than 30 percent among adults in many Sub-Saharan African cities, and no accessible, effective treatment was available. Although treatment was available for a limited number of people in wealthier settings shortly after the studies on triple therapy in 1996, mortality nevertheless soared, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, slashing the hard-won gains in life expectancy resulting from social and economic development and advances in medical technology and nutrition (United Nations Population Division 2004) by more than a decade within a few years. Since 2000, remarkable progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of persons living with HIV/AIDS. With medications now affordable at a cost of approximately US$129–$568 per person per year even in the hardest hit countries (Bendavid and others 2010; Menzies, Berruti, and Blandford 2012; PEPFAR 2013; UNAIDS 2015a; Walensky and others 2013), 17 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2015. The international targets are to treat nearly threequarters of those living with HIV/AIDS by 2030 (UNAIDS 2012, 2014b, 2015b, 2016b; WHO 2013c). ART has reduced HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality significantly (Cohen and others 2011; Danel and others 2015; INSIGHT START Study Group 2015; Kitahata and others 2009; Lopez-Cortes, Gutierrez-Valencia, and Ben-Marzouk-Hidalgo 2016; Lundgren, Babiker, and Neaton 2016; Médecins Sans Frontières 2013; Montaner and others 2006; SMART Study Group and others 2006; Sterne and others 2009; Violari and others 2008). In high-income countries (HICs), access to early treatment has led to near-normal life expectancy for persons living with HIV/AIDS (Johnson and others 2013; May and others 2014; Rodger and others 2013; Samji and others 2013). As a result, the focus of clinical care of HIV/AIDS in these settings has shifted from treatment of a usually fatal infectious disease with multiple comorbidities (see chapter 4 [Harripersaud and others 2017] and chapter 11 [Bloom and others 2017] of this volume) to management of a chronic condition and prevention of illness, death, and transmission for individuals who remain adherent to treatment (Attia and others 2009; Cohen and others 2011; Das and others 2010; Fang and others 2004; Montaner and others 2010).


This work presents the project and construction of a tank with an oscillating grid, equipment which provides for the experimental studies of turbulence and its relation to mixing processes and gas transfer across fluid interface. Experiments were carried out with the use of digital particle image velocimetry technique, to investigate the properties of the produced turbulence. A grid made of 9x9 square bars was used to stir the water, with a stroke of 3 cm and 4 different oscillation frequencies. A number of 9600 images were acquired, in 6 regions of the tank, for the generation of the turbulent velocity fields through the software Visiflow and a computational program developed in this work. The results showed that the current equipment, with a new concept for the grid oscillation system, can be conveniently useful for studies in this research field. Average velocity fields appeared to be considerably smaller than the instantaneous velocity fields, which leads to the existence of nearly-stationary turbulence in the water volume. Nearly-isotropic turbulence and spatial homogeneity were approximate as the measurements distanced from the grid. The turbulent intensity was directly dependent on the oscillation frequency. The spatial decay of the turbulence and the region near the grid where it is produced could also be observed. The number of images necessary for the calculus of reliable root-mean-square turbulent velocities seems to be dependent on the oscillation frequency of the grid. It results in the necessity of establishing correct statistical analysis of turbulent flows.


Introduction. When purifying natural objects from heavy metals a decisive role is played by sorption technologies, for the development of which new kinds of sorbents are required. The aim of the study is to evaluate the sorption capacity of granulated foam glass in the treatment of surface wastewater (SW) from urbanized areas from heavy metals (on the example of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn). Materials and methods. Granulated foam glass was used as a sorbent. The sorbate was urban surface wastewater from the city of Chelyabinsk. The interaction in the sorbent-sorbate system was studied in laboratory conditions by the limited volume method of static sorption when the pollutants were in the liquid phase and brought into contact with a stationary sorbent. The contact time of the sorbent with the sorbate was varied from 3 to 168 hours and the ambient temperature from 0 to 20 °C. The structure and surface composition of the sorbents were studied using a JEOL JSM-6460LV scanning electron microscope with an attachment for micro X-ray spectral analysis. Changes in the sorbate composition during interaction with the sorbents were determined by atomic emission spectrometry on an OPTIMA 2100 DV spectrometer (Perkin Elmer). Hydrogen index was determined on a pH-meter microprocessor рН-150МИ. Results. The structure and surface composition of granulated cellular glass has been studied. The efficiency of sorption of granulated foam glass of heavy metals from urban surface wastewater has been revealed. Conclusions. The results show that the investigated granulated foam glass is an effective sorption material and allows the extraction of heavy metals (cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead, zinc) from urban surface wastewater.


A 5 year old Arabian mare was evaluated for a non-painful swelling located dorsal to the right carpus which had been present for 2 years. Radiographically, multiple mineralized bodies were identified dorsal to the distal radius and carpus in the region of the tendon sheath of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The radiographic appearance of the carpal bones was within normal limits. On ultrasound examination, multiple hyperechoic foci with posterior shadowing were seen adjacent to the extensor carpi radialis tendon. There was minimal distension of the tendon sheath and no abnormalities within the substance of the extensor carpi tendon were identified. Considering the radiographic and sonographic findings, a presumptive diagnosis of tenosynovial osteochondromatosis was made. Histological confirmation of this diagnosis was not obtained as the owner declined further diagnostic evaluation.


A system and method are provided for implementing conflict resolution in a sync manager. In case of a conflict, the sync operation creates and stores a conflict object, and resumes the sync operation without requiring user input. The sync operation can thus be completed without user input and the user may choose to resolve outstanding conflicts, either on-line or off-line, at a convenient time. Furthermore, the invention provides a platform for developing standardized, user-friendly sync operations. In addition, the invention presents a centralized location that allows a user to quickly and easily resolve conflicts originating from many devices.


Emerging from the underground with the award-winning, brutal police procedural 'Redball' (1998), Jon Hewitt subsequently directed 'darklovestory' (2006) - a hyperreal tale of love and desperation against the luminescent backdrop of nighttime Kings Cross, and the first of a proposed trilogy set in the Sydney red-light district. Following a brief gig as a writer-director for hire on 'Acolytes' (2008), Hewitt has returned to home turf for the second movie in the trilogy, the thriller 'X' (2011).


Objective: To investigate the viability and development of follicles in the frozen-thawed human fetal ovarian tissues after xenografted.Methods: The fetal ovarian tissues were divided into three groups: fresh group,thawed group,and grafted group.The fresh fetal ovarian tissues were as fresh group,and the fetal ovarian tissue slowly cryopreserved and quickly thawed as thawed group.In the grafted group,the frozen-thawed tissues were xenografted into kidney capsules of eight nude mice.Two months later,the nude mice were injected with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin(PMSG) every other day for five months,and hCG was injected 36 hours before killing.The grafted ovarian samples were obtained and embedded in paraffin.Continuous sections of 5 μm in thickness were prepared for histological and PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) evaluation.Results: Most primordial follicles were found in the fresh group and the thawed group.Although the number of the primordial follicles with normal appearance and the total number of primordial follicles in thawed group were fewer than those in fresh group,no significant difference was found between these two groups.There were fewer primordial follicles in grafted group than those in the fresh and the thawed groups(7.2±1.64 vs 20.4±5.68 and 17.2±4.27,P0.05),but many normal primary,second follicles and three antral follicles were seen in the grafted group.There was no positive PCNA expression in primordial follicles of these three groups.The positive PCNA was found in the granular cells and oocytes of primary follicles,the granular cells of secondary and antral follicles of the grafts.Conclusion: The frozen-thawed human fetal ovarian tissues could survive and develop to the stage of antral follicles successfully when xenografted.


We consider the problem of estimating the interacting neighborhood of a Markov Random Field model with finite support and homogeneous pairwise interactions based on relative positions of a two-dimensional lattice. Using a Bayesian framework, we propose a Reversible Jump Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm that jumps across subsets of a maximal range neighborhood, allowing us to perform model selection based on a marginal pseudoposterior distribution of models. To show the strength of our proposed methodology we perform a simulation study and apply it to a real dataset from a discrete texture image analysis.


Authors Dr Manoj Venugopal, Dr Ann Tresa Antony Department of Ophthalmology, Govt.T.D. Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India Corresponding Author Dr Manoj Venugopal Department of Ophthalmology, Govt.T.D. Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Purpose: To study the clinical profile of premature presbyopia in a tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: Three sixty patients with defective near vision below the age of 40 years who attended ophthalmology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital during a period of 6 months were included in the study. Enrolled subjects underwent unaided visual acuity testing for distant vision using snellen's chart and near vision chart. Refraction was performed by a trained refractionist and later on confirmed by a senior ophthalmologist. A detailed history of the patients was taken regarding their occupation, tobacco use, drug intake, glaucoma. hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Data was recorded and analyzed on SPSS Results: The age range of patients included in the study was 30-40 years with a mean age of 37.5 years. Out of the 360 patients studied 32%(116) were males and 68%(244) were females. 60% patients included in the study were emmetropic for distance vision, 30 % were having hypermetropia and 10 % patients were myopic. 24 % patients in the present study were tobacco chewers and 40% were tobacco smokers. . In our study among the early presbyopes 15 (4.1%) patients had associated hypertension , 18 (5%) patients had diabetes, 12 (3%) patients had glaucoma, 8(2.2%)patients were on anti psychotic medications and 5 (1.3%) patients had anaemia. Conclusion: Premature presbyopia is more commonly seen in females and preexisting hypermetropic refractive error is associated with early onset of hypermetropia. Systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension), tobacco use, glaucoma and use of antipsychotic medications also cause early onset of presbyopia to some extent.


In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a hybrid ethnographic paradigm, taking the best points from the different approaches of ethnographic research. The pioneering proponents of ethnography differed in their conceptualization of the method, resulting in the development of three distinct schools of thought-holistic, semiotic and behavioristic. These three ethnographic paradigms have their respective benefits and shortcomings. Following any one of these approaches may lead to only partial comprehension of the phenomenon by the ethnographer. This study wished to address this issue by developing a best practice approach, which will have the virtues of all the three paradigms. It is hoped that this evolved paradigm will help in making the work of the ethnographer a lot more comprehensive and the experience much richer.