text:
HERMENEUTICS Bc BEYOND
Dilthey: Selected Writings, edited, translated and
introduced by HP Rickman, CUP, £8.75
The main philosophical project of Wilhelm Dilthey
(1833 -1911) was to establish the possibility of knowledge in the human sciences, or 'human studies'
as Rickman prefers to translate the term Geisteswissenschaften, thus marking a difference between
these and the natural sciences, or Naturwissenschaften. Dilthey attempted to construct a critique
of historical reason, on the model of Kant's three
critiques, the first of which, the Critique of Pure
:Reason, had allegedly established the possibility of
knowledge in the natural SCiences, or rather of a
paradigm case, Newtonian mechanics. This fourth
critique was not completed, and the various drafts
of the different sections found among Dilthey's
papers after his death, as well as the published
fragments, contain indications of the difficulties
obstrUcting its completion. There are alternative
explanations for this incompleteness: that the author
was not equal to the task; or, more plausibly, that
these difficulties are insuperable, and the task itself unrealisable. According to the latter explanation, the task includes various indefensible presuppositions: an oppOSition between two unified
domains of knowledge, called the natural sciences
and the human sciences; the gro~ding of the possibility of knowledge in these two domains in two
opposing human faculties, perception and understanding; the adequacy of this grounding for the
natural sc;iences; and a commitment to.a philosophical anthropology, a system establishing on a priori
prinCiples a conception of the nature and destiny of
the human race. The indefensibility of these presuppositions cannot be demonstrated here, but the
purpose of studying could well be taken to be the
exposure of the insuperability of the difficulties
arising from these presuppositions, in Dilthey's
Rickman makes it plain in his general intr oducti or.
that he is broadly in sympathy with the orientation
of Dilthey's epistemology and methodology, and with
the philosophy of life, Lebens,Rhilosophie, in which
they are embedded. Dilthey's failure to complete
the task of a critique of historical reason is suggested to be the result of his scrupulousness. The
emphasis in the selection of extracts for translation
is on Dilthey's 'contribution to the philosophy of the
social sciences', on his attempt to establish 'a
broad theoretical framework for the objective study
of man'. Rickman however also conveys, in his
briefer introduction to particular sections, that
Dilthey's writings are fragmentary and apparently
self-contradictory. Rickman writes of The Nature
of Philosophy, first published in 1907:
It is a comprehensive ana systematic account of
DUthey's conception of the nature and functions
of philosophy. He considered that philosophy
was man's most comprehensive form of thought
by which means he confronts' the mysteries of
his life and reflects on himself and his doings.
Rickman goes on to aescribe Dilthey's The Trnes
of Worldviews, first .published in 1911:
In the light of historical perspective we see that
philosophic systems assume typical forms which
conflict and cannot be reconciled with each other.
This inSight Dilthey believes frees the mind from
bondage to anyone dogmatic system. It cures us
of the illusion that philosophy can give an ultimate and comprehensive knowledge of reality
which is many sided. (p107)
The'latter quotation implies that DUthey's own
'comprehensive and systematic account' can be seen
'in the light of historical perspective' as a typical
form of philosophical illusion. There is no guarantee
however against the illusion of freedom from dogmatic systems of philosophy, the dogmatism of
which reemerges at another level through the language of sight, light and perspective. Thus Rickman
identifies Dilthey, not without justice, as simultane0usly affirming the systematicity of his own'
Lebensphilosophie, and denyirlg the permanence of
any such syste~This is precisely an instance of
the problem of historical specificity to which
Dilthey's Fourth Critique was to have addressed
itself. The problem to be examined emerges as an
obstacle to beginning the examination; the specification of the possibility of knowledge in the human
sciences is itself historically specific, emerging in
response to particular problems, and in connection
with particular forms of human science. A recognition of this specificity undermines the mode of
universal prescription of method, prior to engagement in any particular investigation.
Dilthey established his reputation by publishing
the first part of his uncompleted life of Schleiermacher, in 1866, which identified Schleiermacher
as developing hermeneutics into a methodology for
the human sciences. Rickman 's selection of translated extracts begins with three fragments from
this published volume. In this first section, entitled
'Dilthey as historian of ideas', Rickman also
trallfdates extracts from DUthey's essay 'The great
poetry of tIie imagination' (Die grosse Phantasie
Dichtung). Rickman helpfully points out in his introduction to the piece that this 'gre~t poetry' does not
refer to a general type of poetry, but to the literature produced in a certain era, the 16th and 17th
centuries in England and Spain. The identification
of such a unity depends on the assumption that
there is a single unifying structure underlying the
productions of particular historical periods. This
assumption depends on Dilthey's concept of worldViews, (Jt eltanschauungen), of which there are
three, providing the stable basis for the interpretation 'of remnants from other eras •• The three types
of wor ldviews, naturalism, the idealism of freedom,
and objective idealism, are outlined in an extract
from The Types of Worldview, in Rickman's third
section. Access to historical remains is assured
by their location in an objective context, which,
because it must take one of these three forms, is
already known by the historian. It is not however
clear in what context, with which form, Dilthey's
own writings are to be located. The universal
structure of human experience on which this typology is based is specified by the concept das
Erlebnis, which resists translation as 'lived
experience'. This concept was introduced by
Dilthey in his essay 'Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung~t'
first published in 1905, thus beginning its inglorious history as a covering term for confusions
in social theory. Unforhmately Rickman translates
no extracts from this essay, even though a complete
translation of this one essay would provide as much
basis as Rickman's series of selections for an
English assessment of Dilthey's theoretical
In line with the emphasis on Dilthey's contribution
to the philosophy of the social sciences, the remain·
ing three sections of extracts are designed to
elaborate his theories in this area. The second
section presents Dilthey's theories of psychology,
in an extract from Dilthey's Ideas About a
DescriQtive and Analytical Psychology, of 1894.
This descriptive psychology is not to be understood
as empirical experimental psychology, but as a
systematic account of the mental processes of
human beings. In accordance with Dilthey's commit·
ment to a philosophical anthropology, these processes, and the structures on which they depend,
are taken to be specifiable for all time. The shift
from concern with the structures of the individual's
mental processes, evident in the~, to a concern with the objective context in which individuals
operate. was made in response to the neo-Kantian
objection that Dilthey's theories were psychologistic. In the third section, the introduction to which
contains the passages cited above, Rickman translates extracts from The Nature of Philosop~ and
from The Types of Worldview, both of which have
been previously translated but are sufficiently
difficult to obtain to justify the duplication.
The fourth and last section contains extracts trans
lated from Dilthey's An Introduction to the Human
Studies (Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften) ,
first published in 1883; and from the volume constructed by the editors of the collected works, from
the drafts of the unfinished second part of that
Introduction. This section also contains a translation of the essay 'The Development of Hermeneutics"
from 1900, with a selection of Dilthey's alternative
drafts. This essay has also been translated, in part:
by Paul Connerton ed. Critical Sociolo~, under the
title 'The rise of hermeneutics'. The essay consists
of a summary history of the concept 'hermeneutics',
and again identifies Schleiermacher as developing
hermeneutics into a methodology of the human
sciences. It is in this essay that the famous sentence appears:
The final goal of the hermeneutic procedl:lre is
to understand th-e author better than he understood
himself: a statement which is the necessary
conclusion of the doctrine of unconscious
creation. (p259)
In ·the drafts for the second part of the Introduction,
Dilthey begins to develop the analysis of the categorial structures underlying the production of knowledge in the human sciences. Dilthey rejects the
conception of the epistemological subject as a pure
conSCiousness, or transcendental ego, and insists
that there can be no separation between this
epistemological subject, and the empirical subject
formed through historical contingency. Nevertheless he attempts to specify a finite number of
concepts, named the categories of life, defining
this categorial structure, on the model of Kant's
twelve categories in the First Critique. Dilthey
describes these categories as follows:
We must now demonstrate the reality of what is
apprehended in experience: as we are concerned
here with the objective value of the categories of
the mind constructed world which merges from
experience, I shall first indicate the sense in
which the term 'category' is to be used. The
predicates which we attribute to objects contain
forms of apprehension. The concepts which
designate such forms I call categories •••
Among the real categories there are those
which originate in the apprehension of the mindconstructed world even though they are then
transferred to apply to the whole of reality.
General predicates about a particular individual's
pattern of experience arise in that experience.
Once they are applied to the understanding of
objectifications of life and all the subjects dealt
with in the human studies, the range of their
validity is increased until it becomes clear that
the life of the mind can be characterised in
terms of the systems of interactions, power,
value etc. Thus these general predicates achieve
the dignity of categories of the mind-constructed
world. (P208)
Thus the categories which are applicable to the
'pattern of experience' of the present individual are
to be extrapolated and applied to the 'patterns of
experience' of past individuals. There is no question
of allowing the terms of analysis of those past
patterns to emerge from the encounter between the
present individual and the remains of the past.
Furthermore, although Dilthey asserts that 'time'
is the most inclusive category of life, unifying all
the other categories in a synthesis of consciousness:
there is no suggestion that the understanding of the
individual theorist, and the categories which he
uses, are themselves subject to change. Dilthey's
theory of how knowledge in the human sciences is
possible assumes that the subject of that knowledge
is unaffected by the acquisition of that knowledge.
Thus it assumes that it is possible to specify the
structure of the mental processes for all such subjects of knowledge. The etlmocentricity and ahistoricality of this theory is self-evident. The
theory plainly reflects the dominance of the model
of natural science, where it is more plausible
although not without Significant consequences, to
~ssume that the knowing subject is not implicated
in the knowledge which is produced. Thus the
theory is both ahistorical, and a product of definite
historical conditions.
The third and fourth sections suffer particularly
from the distorting effects of translating in extract.
The fragmentary nature of Dilthey's writings and
the more fragmentary nature of Rickman' s presentation of them give an illusory impression of more
substantial theory than there is. For example
Dilthey writes, in The Nature of Philosophy:
Thus the history of philosophy passes three
problems on to systematic philosophy: it must
provide a basis, a justification and systematisation for the sciences and come to grips with
the never. ending desire for the ultimate reflection on being, ground, value, purpose and their
relationships in a worldview – whatever form
or direction it take.s. (p132)
This is not, as might be supposed, the conclusion
to the introduction to a work applying itself to these
problems, but is instead the conclusion to the work
[itself, passing on the problems for future considera:tion. Dilthey does not construct a systematic
'philosophy, he projects it. In the existing fragments
of his project, however, there are evident the
theoretical obstacles which prevent the system being
anything more than a project, complet~able neither
iby Dilthey, nor by a successor. The attempt to
Iprovide a baSiS, a justification for the sciences,
lpresupposes a kind of knowledge which cannot itself
jbe grounded, since it is itself the justification and
origin of knowledge. The justification cannot itself
be justified.
In spite of his own stated aims, Rickman suggests,
through his selection and commentary, that
Dilthey's more valuable writings must be his studies
of particular writers and eras, and not the fragmented reflections on general procedural principles.
In the latter there is the insuperable obstacle identified in the previous paragraph, and the more
individual difficulties indicated in connection with
the particular parts of the incomplete system. It is
however in the former body of writings that Dilthey
Martin Howarth-Williams, R. D. Laing: His Work
and its Relevance for Sociology, Routledge Direct
Editions, Routledge & Kegan Paul, .1977, 219pp
+vii, £4.50
Andrew Collier, R. D. Laing: The Philosophy and
Politics of Psychotherapy, Harvester Press, 1977,
214pp+x, £ 8.45
Laing's work presents a number of difficulties: it
draws on sources that are not always well known,
and Laing rarely systematically relates himself to
any of them; and it combines, almost incoherently,
theoretical argument and speculation, description,
analYSiS, and (not very good) poetry. HowarthWilliams offers us an elaboration of Laing's work
and its sources (excluding Freud), breaking it down
into stages and exploring its internal coherences.
He ends with a discussion of the' concept of 'intelligibility' comparing Laing first with Schutz and
ethnomethodology and then with Levi-Strauss and
structuralism. Unfortunately his discussion is
unnecessarily verbose and his definition of the
philosophical, theoretical and political issues is
too general and naive; he just fails to produce the
sympathetic introductory exposition of Laing's
work that would be useful.
Andrew Collier's book is more readable and more
philosophically acute, but in a sense he falls foul of
Laing's refusal to engage in systematic theoriSing.
Collier writes as a Marxist, presenting a sort of
balance sheet of Laing's achievements and failures,
and given the current fashion for epistemological
hatchet jobs, perhaps his most impressive accomplishment is to remain scrupulously fair to the
compl~xities and ambiguities of Laing's work. He
situates Laing's theory in between psychoanalysis
and Marxism; like Juliet Mitchell, he sees Laing
as offering a description of the experience of the
family without necessarily producing a knowledge
of the family or its internal relationships. However~
he argues that in the course of Laing's descriptions",
we can find an analysis of the mechanisms of interpersonal relations which complements that of the
mechanis ms of intra-personal relations produced
by psychoanalysis proper. –Thus Laing identifies
the social relations which produce a 'schizophrenic'
re,~ction, but Freudian analysis is necessary to
e.lain why an individual is unable to escape those
-ftj1ations in any other way. Collier acknowledges
Laing's claim to make 'schizoid' behaviour intelligible, but argues that this is no substitute for a
causal explanation; rather it is a conceptual comple·,
went or parallel to a causal explanation provided by
liTeudian theory. Beyond this, ~ing is important
because he maintains the socially critical dimensio:q
-remarks casually, indefensibly, 'history did,not
need Nietzsche' (P117). It is tempting to respond,
equally fatuously, 'history did not need Dilthey'.
However, the writings of both Dilthey and Nietzsche
have made a certain impact on their contemporaries
and on their successors, and it is important to
discover why there are revivals of interest in them;
whether it is possible to read them now as they
have been read, and why they were so read.
'J oanna Hodge
of psychoanalysis, and offers the beginnings of an
understanding of the way in which the family
functions in the wider social formation.
On the other hand,' there are distinct dangers in
Laing's approach. His social phenomenology can
lead too easily to the acceptance of the actor's
point of view – the experience of 'schizophrenia'
becomes part of the theory of 'schizophrenia '; and
there is a tendency to dissolve 'process' – the
independent working of social structures (and a
term which Laing misappropriates from Sartre)
– into praxiS – individual action. These dangers
are subsumed under the label 'personalism' – the
acceptance of a misleading notion of the individual
ego as an autonomous, free origin of social phenomena. This is seen as accounting for a number of
tensions in Laing's–work which lead to opposing
and equally unacceptable prescriptions: the first
is'the moralistic encourage ment, in the name of
love, of an unattainable independence in relationships to others; the second is the encouragement
of a mystical transcendance of the individual ego.
Collier would seem to see both as unsuccessful
attempts to escape the schizoid situation, mistaken
by Laing as real solutio~s.
It would be difficult to disagree with any of this
on the basis of Laing's own work, but the real
-problem is Laing's relationship to Sartre. Collier
makes life too easy for himself in never coming to
grips with that relationship in i~s most vital aspect:
the critique of psychoanalysis. Now it is certainly
true that Laing has an ambiguous attitude to- the
unconscious: he seems to employ the concept and
to criticise it at the same time. Collier sees this
a sign of the deficiency of Laing 's "social
phenomenology, indicating that the approach needs
to be artictllated with orthodox Freljdian analysis.
But there is another way of making-'sense of the
ambivalence: as Laing's implicit appropriation of
a distinction in Sartre's early phenomenology
between a thetic and a non-thetic (a reflective and
an un-/pre-reflective) consciousness. The latter
is the equivalent in what Sartre calls 'existential
psychoanalysis' to the unConscious in Freudian
analySiS – and indeed the pre -reflective remains
uncons cious until it is brought to light through
analysis. Nevertheless, ,it is intentional;' requiring comprehension rather than causal explanation.
Now it seemS to me that Laing is oppoSing albeit in an implicit and possibly confused way a Sartrian notion of pre-reflective consciousness
to a Freudian concept- of the unconscious as a
'cause'. This presupposes an argument to be found
in -Being and -Nothingness: the mechanisms of
repreSSion, projection etc, upon which Freudian
explanation draws, must be understood in one of
two ways: either they imply the intentional action
of a non-thetic consciousness which represses,
projects etc; or they are' physical mechanisms
operatiJ?g"on psychic material – a position which,
as farlo,M I can see, would be unacceptable to anybody but an incoherent behaviourist.
If I am right, then much of Collier's critique of
Laing becomes irrelevant. Laing is not proposing
a personalis m: the ego is a pro4uct of the non-thetic
consciousness, and the 'unity' and 'freedom' of the
latter is of a very special and limited form certainly not sufficient for it to be taken as the
source and origin of external social phenomena.
It further be co mes necessary to distinguish
between the-experience Laing "is articulating and
the actor's point of view (and in fact- Laing always
interprets as"well as presents that point of view).
The simple opposition of conscious and unconscious
ceaseS to be adequate in this sort of analysis.
I would not for one minute suggest that Sartre's
critique of Freud is necessarily right, and in
Laing's work tt takes on all sorts of doubtful
meanings. It does, however, raise more fundamental questions about the nature and status of
psychoanalytic theory than Collier is willing to
admit, and the problem of the 'meaning' of
'insane' behaviour cannot be settled as simply
as he desires.
utopian (or visionary) mode of writing, which
connects with Morris' concern to fan the flames of
the human spirit, literally to inspire, in order to
promote the life-affirmation of socialist revolution
and to help lift it beyond a mere drive for 'improvements' or a mere destructive outbreak. Thus his
poetry, his architecture, his decoration, as well as
his pamphlets, function – or strive to function through embodying the values of beauty, life, love
and care that are socialism's promise. This sense
of the 'whole' of the way things, words and activities
add to or detract from the 'commonwealth' helps
explain Morris' following Ruskin in his stress on
architecture as the art which shapes human life
most obviously yet most deeply ..
With their stress on 'qualitative' questions (e. g.
about work) and his sense, as an activist, of the
objective loss to the movement that comes with a
mania for 'tactics', Morris' writings, despite the
long-windedness characteristic of the period, are
important. And Thompson's biography helps us
understand that importance. (Asa Briggs' Penguin
collection is probably the best, cheap introduction
to Morris' own writings.)
E P Thompson, William Morris, Romantic to
Revolutionary, Merlin, 1977 (1955) £3. 90
Thompson's revised biography is a wonderful book,
essential reading for anyone interested in MorriS,
in the British socialist tradition and in the issues
that Morris raises: in particular what could be
called 'political aesthetics'. For, as Thompson
shows from the book's earliest chapters on
Romanticism and the Pre-Raphaelites, Morris'
distinctive characteristic was to hang on to his
artistic vision and to stand out against both an asocial aestheticism and art unaesthetic commercialism or state-socialism. (See, especially, the
chapter on 'The Anti-Scrape' and the section:
'Necessity and Desire'.)
In his postscript Thompson indicates what seems
true: that a measure of CP piety had led him to play
down some of Morris' distinctiveness in the interests of emphasizing his 'genuine Marxism' (There is
often a strange sense of Thompson congratulating
Morris across the years on behalf of the Party.)
In particular Thompson here mentions Morris'
Carmen Claudin-Urondo, Lenin and the Cultural
R.evolution, translated from the French by Brian
Pearce, Harvester Press, Sussex, England, 1977,
One of the.most important issues to emerge after
the Russian Revolution was the cultural revolution.
Whilst everyone was at one on the importance of
culture, there were controversies about its meaning, its content and function in the period of transition. One of the main questions at issue was this:
As the proletariat was now the new ruling class
should it create its own class culture, its- own art,
its own marxist science? Or should the proletariat
utilize bourgeois culture inherited from capitalis m '(
During the 1920s Lenin's point of view on these
questions was dominant. The author-therefore
examines Lenin's writing and attempts to show
how his views affected the fate of .the Russian
Lenin believed that the revolution was threatened
because the masses lacked culture (as Knowledge).
'Civilization' was aSSOciated with the western
countries with their highly developed productive
forces, rationalized organization of labour, and
advanced science and technology. They offered
lan Craib
T Skillen
Russia a ready-made model. Scientific and technological know ledge was an achieve ment of advanced
capitalis m and all that was needed was for it to be
taken over so that the masses could 'learn' it.
Lenin conceived science and technology as neutral
entities, rather like tools, the function of which
can change depending on the use being made of
them. As there must be complete assimilation of
scientific culture, bourgeois experts must be
fully utilized. Claudin – Urondo des cribes how
Leninlls rejection of the concept of proletarian
culture brought him in conflict with Proletkult,
the organisation whose aim was to create a new
class culture. Proletkult maintained that bourge0is culture cannot serve the interests of the
proletarian regime. Without science socialism is
impossible, and it is also impossible with
bourgeois science. Whilst Proletkult held that
the new culture could be realized only by the
proletariat itself, Lenin believed that the proletariat was incapable of building the new society
without recourse to bourgeois culture and specialists. The proletariat could only develop trade union
consciousness, and as it was incapable of liberating
itself, it must be elevated to knowledge. Hence the
need for a vanguard, the Party. The same lack of
culture in the masses which makes the Party '8
intervention indispensible gives rise, at the same
time, to the necessity for the Party to directly
manage the State on their behalf.
The Bolsheviks took over from the Second
I¥ternational the notion that western societies
were the only model for the building of socialist
society. Lenin wished to adopt the hl.rgel scale
industry of Western countries, to catch_ up and
surpass them. He argued (as did Trotsky) that
there .w~ no need to invent Some original way of
organIzIng labour as capitaUs m had created and
perfected one that was immediately usable. Lenin
Introduced the scientific management of industry
(the system devised by F. W . Taylor and used by
Ford), without examining its inherently alienating
character. Just as till proletariat cannot acquire
class consciousness by its own efforts nor it
seems, can It acquire competence in 'management'.
!heproletariat was therefore expected to delegate
Its powers to the Party. This process of 'substitution' whereby the Party tended to substitute itself
for the class, led to the proletariat being excluded
.News from Dubrovnik
In August 1963, almost exactly fifteen years ago,
the Korcula Summer School was founded by philosophers and sociologists from the universities of
Zagreb and Belgrade, in Jugoslavia, for internation.
al discussion of social issues. In 1964 the journal
Pr~is was founded by the same group, in order to
pubbsh material arising from this discussion. As
a result of a political crisis generated by problems
surrounding the 'economic reorganisation of 1965 -7 ,
the Party organisation of the Department of
Sociology and Philosophy at Belgrade University
was dissolved. This was an indication of official
displeasure with the department, and marked the
beginning of a series of threats to the autonomy of
the faculty councils (see RP8, 9 and 10), which
were at the time, in accordance with Jugoslav
1)rinciples, self-managed bodies. In 1973, ten years
after the founding of the Korcula Summer School,
the committee of the League of Communists
finally demanded the dismissal of eight Belgrade
philosophers, all of whom were connected with the
journal, Praxis, and the summer school. As a
result of local resistance, and intern,ational support~
the dismissal was not easily achieved and the
faculty councils had to be 'reformed' so that half
the members of the relevant faculty council were
appointed from .outside the University, by the Party.
A letter from the Belgrade eight, dated 28 January
1975, to the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of
Serbia, giving an account of this dismissal,
appeared in RP11. For a time, some of the eight
were in p.rison, and had their passports withdrawn.
They were suspended from the University, forbidden to teach, publish or address public meetings,
and the propaganda campaign organised against
them was intensified. The Korcula Summer School
was closed down, and instead philosophy coursesare held at Easter at the International University
Centre, in Dubrovnik, under the administration of
Zagreb, and not Belgrade, University. As a result
of the international status of the Dubrovnik centre,
it is possible to invite members of the Belgrade
eight to speak, although they are still forbidden to
from power. Lenin did not realize that the streSs
on absolute 8ubo'rdtnation in production, and to the
Party, contained the danger of influencing the
general character of the new society at every level.
It is argued that Lenin's view, to a certain extent
provided the legitimation for the subsequent devel'opment of SStalinis m'. Lenin's assumptions contributed to a process the consequences of which were
alien to the aims of the Russian Revolution, and
which he would have been the first to denounce. He
would certainly-not have approv~d of the fate of his
awn ideas. I hope I have said enough to make you
want to read this book. It is' very short, clear and
forceful. I think it is an important book; it
directly relates and clarifies many of the issues
with which we are concerned.
Madan Sarup
teach and address public meetings in Jugoslav
institutions. Two of them, Mihailo Markovic, and
Svetocar Stojanovic, were scheduled for the opening session of the philosophy course this Easter,
on Rationality in the Natural and Social Seiences.
In contra:;;t to the Korcula summer school of 1974,
as r.eported in RP9, there were unfortunately very
few Jugoslav partiCipants.
The course directors were Richard Bernstein, of
Haverford College, USA; Jtirgen Habermas of the
Starnberg Institute, West Germany; and Ivan
Kuvacic, of Zagreb University, Jugoslavia. Other
participants were Robert Cohen, of Boston
University, USA, who opposed, and was a victim.
of McCarthyism, and is a long-standing supporter
of the Belgrade eight; and stephen Lukes, of Balliol
College, Oxford, who was on his way.to attend the
Russell Tribunal in Berlin, on profeSSional
repression (Berufsverbot) in West Germany (see
RP19). None of the participants are paic;l, since
neither Zagreb University, nor the ruc have funds,
and thus the discussions are predicated on a
commitment to free enquiry, since the principle
motive for attending is to support the Belgrade
eight. This commitment to free enquiry had one
'unfortunate aspect, which was the freedom with
which the participants interpreted the theme of
rationality. Furthermore it is impossible to make
demands on partiCipants to commit themselves in
. advance to specific lines of enquiry, and thus the
order of presentations cannot be satisfactory
except by accident. Thus ~fter the Marxist humanis m of Stojanovic and Markovic, there came an
elementary discussion of dialectics, followed by
reflections on economic; rationality in Smith and
Marx, followed by a brilliant paper from Robert
Cohen on Marx's and Engels' concepts of nature
~nd science which, although containing the only
substantial reference to natural science, among all
the main presentations, had no direct connection
with the theme. Nor was there a complementary
paper, developing the argument for which this
paper opened the way concerning the need to
supplement the technical rationality embodied in
capitalistic practice with a rationality not based
. on the exploitation and objectification of nature.
Stephen Lukes presented his reflections on
Ideology and Relativis m, more aboutrelativis m
than ideology, which were' concerned with the problem of the underdetermination of theory by data. and


text:
Vice President Mike Pence arrived at Mackinac Island in Michigan in an eight-vehicle motorcade, prompting cries of "sacrilege" on social media, the Detroit Free Press reports.
Cars are generally banned on the island, and that century-old ban is integral to its charm.
Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) on Twitter: "Disgusting. I am in such disbelief that this was allowed to happen. This Administration doesn't care about the law (you know, the U.S. Constitution), so it shouldn't surprise me so much that they don't care about our history or traditions."Save to Favorites

subset: commoncrawl


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Komaneka at Tanggayuda
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Komaneka at Tanggayuda, the second of the five Komaneka Resorts, is a hidden sanctuary in the village of Tanggayuda, ten minutes' drive northwest of Ubud in central Bali. This very special resort is leafy and spacious, with cool air at a slightly higher elevation. Throughout the grounds are tall tropical fruit trees, giving shade and invigorating the air.
Here the architecture is bold, expansive, and contemporary. Most of the rooms are pool villas, with complete privacy and luxurious interiors. The prestigious Bale Daja Residence is a two-story villa with an L-shaped pool and large living spaces. The handsome open-air Batukaru Restaurant (a non-smoking venue) and rooftop Twilight Terrace have views to the sacred Batukaru volcano. There are two main swimming pools with sundecks and poolside cafes, and a 24-hour gym with heated plunge pool.
The reception building overlooks a lawn-carpeted coconut grove which functions as the hotel's central courtyard, for daily afternoon tea and special performance events, and houses a conference room, library, yoga studio, and a spacious boutique. Nearby is the beautiful wooden Tirta Wangi Spa with an outdoor Jacuzzi shaded by a Balinese pavilion. The Bale Banjar is an antique Javanese joglo building of teak timber, a comfortable space where guests can relax, read, and enjoy light refreshments; on the lower story is a fine arts gallery. Across the lawn is the Paon, a traditional Balinese kitchen purpose-designed for Balinese cooking classes. A jogging track winds among the gardens.
Once known as a sleepy rural village of artists, Ubud today is a busy hub where world travelers flock to experience both traditional Balinese culture and the pleasures of a modern international lifestyle. The streets are crowded by both visitors and fabulous ceremonial processions. Ubud brims with temples, small palaces, galleries, museums, spas, shops, and culinary experiences from market stalls to first-class restaurants. Under the patronage of the ruling noble family, Ubud's traditional Hindu Balinese rituals are among the most splendid on the island, and its traditional musicians and dancers are among the most renowned.
Komaneka Resorts are distinguished by their handsome architecture, gentle Balinese hospitality, and outstanding value. The architecture and décor are simple but strong, natural yet stylish, where timber and chandeliers exist in harmony. The suites are large with luxurious bathrooms, and are designed as living spaces with five-star comfort. The resorts are furnished throughout with fine Indonesian art. The staff are happy to share with resort guests their skills in wood-carving, dancing, and making offerings, with free classes every afternoon. Komaneka also introduces the rich and savory world of Balinese and Indonesian cuisine. Guests are welcome to move freely among the five resorts — making expanded use of the invitation to let Komaneka be 'your home address in Ubud'.


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A man has been sentenced to nine months in prison for writing fake reviews on TripAdvisor in a landmark fraud ruling.
You heard correctly, folks, you can now wind up behind bars for posting fake junk on the internet. Why would have thought?
In one of the first legal cases of its kind, the Criminal Court of Lecce ruled that writing fake reviews using a false identity is criminal conduct under Italian criminal law.
The owner of PromoSalento, which sold fake review packages to hospitality businesses in Italy, was ordered to pay approximately 8,000 Euros in costs and damages.
Paid review fraud – when companies or individuals 'sell' fake reviews to business owners – is a violation of the law in many jurisdictions, but this is one of the first cases of enforcement resulting in a criminal conviction.
TripAdvisor supported the prosecution of PromoSalento as a civil claimant by sharing evidence from its extensive in-house fraud investigations and providing support from its Italian legal counsel.
The platform said in a statement it takes review fraud extremely seriously and employs advanced tracking technology and a dedicated team of investigators to catch paid review companies and prevent them from operating on the site.
"We see this as a landmark ruling for the Internet," Brad Young, VP, Associate General Counsel, TripAdvisor, said.
"Writing fake reviews has always been fraud, but this is the first time we've seen someone sent to jail as a result."
"Online reviews play a major role in tourism and consumer purchasing decisions, but it's important everyone plays by the rules," said Pascal Lamy, Chairman, World Committee on Tourism Ethics, UNWTO.
"Fake reviews clearly contravene the World Committee on Tourism Ethics guidelines, which we published last year to guide the responsible use of ratings and reviews on digital platforms.
"The recommendations were developed in collaboration with TripAdvisor, Minube and Yelp and we know that industry collaboration has an important role to play in tackling review fraud."
TripAdvisor has urged anyone approached or contacted by companies or individuals offering fake reviews to contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The 2016 groundwater flow model is a three-dimensional model using state-of-the-art representation of the hydrogeology of Dane County. This report describes the model, appendices provide data, and the user's manual provides basic instructions and recommendations for running the model.
Large downloads come in ZIP archives. You will need an application capable of unpacking ZIP archives, such as WinZIP, WinRAR, or 7-zip.
3817 Mineral Point Road
Madison, Wisconsin 53705
(608) 262-1705
Question about
Wisconsin geology?
Contact one of our experts!


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Custom Wood Flooring999 Hits • 33 Images
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TV show's most famous episode has earned Emmys and plenty of fans, but the real Soup Nazi isn't laughing
The Soup Nazi, the New York City cook with a pot of ambrosia and a heart of stone, is on his summer vacation. But his influence, which peaked after he was featured in the Nov. 2, 1995, episode of Seinfeld, is still as potent as a bowl of his turkey chili.
Actor Larry Thomas, who played the bread-denying souper on Seinfeld, and scriptwriter Spike Feresten both earned Emmy nominations. But it's not just Jerry's kids who are cashing in on the kettle of bisque. ESPN SportsCenter anchor Reece Davis now uses the show's taunt "No soup for you" as his signature call (as in "The ball's hit deep to center, Kenny Lofton goes back, leaps — no soup for you!"). And there's also a fan-run site on the Web (http://members.aol.com/rynocub/soupnazi.htm). There's even a rival: restaurateur Pak Melwani just opened Manhattan's Soup Nutsy. Melwani claims he "wasn't aware of Seinfeld or this fellow."
Alas, Al Yeganeh, the real Soup Nazi — who hates his nickname and Seinfeld — has reportedly ignored a chowder pot of offers to publish his recipes. In other words: No soup book for you!
Episode Recaps


text: European Commercial Broadcasters Protest Hungarian Tax Crackdown 5:20 AM PDT 8/1/2014 by Scott Roxborough FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME In a letter to the European Commission, the association of commercial television in Europe calls Hungary's new TV ad tax law "a clear interference with the democratic function of the media." The association of commercial television in Europe (ACT) has joined the growing chorus condemning controversial new tax legislation in Hungary targeting advertising on commercial television. PHOTOS Titans of Comic-Con: Stars Re-Create Classic Characters In an open letter to Neelie Kroes, the commissioner for the digital agenda at the European Commission, ACT called the new law, which appears to single out regime-critical broadcaster RTL Klub as " a clear interference with the democratic function of the media" and that it may represent "an attempt to encourage non-national owners to leave the Hungarian market, in clear contravention of the basic principles of the single European market." RTL Klub, Hungary's largest commercial broadcaster, is controlled by RTL Group, a subsidiary of German media giant Bertelsmann. In its letter, ACT called on Kroes, who has also sharply criticized the new law, to "make a clear and unambiguous statement that Europe cannot tolerate such a brutal assault on the core values of the European Union." PHOTOS Hollywood's Notable Deaths of 2014 The new Hungarian law imposes punitive taxes on TV advertising revenues. RTL Klub, as the country's largest commercial network, is the only channel with revenues high enough to qualify for the new highest rate of tax: fully 40 percent of advertising revenues. RTL has said that it expects to pay $20 million (€15 million) in extra tax under the new regime, a bill that would essentially wipe out its operating profit in Hungary. The pan-European broadcaster said the Hungarian government has unfairly singled RTL out with the new legislation in punishment for RTL Klub's critical coverage of the government of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban and his right-wing Fidesz party since they took power in 2010. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @sroxborough FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Scott Roxborough email@example.com @thr


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New Campaign Type
We are excited to add support for a new type of campaign – Awareness Campaigns. As part of this update, we also clarified our New Campaign menu to reflect this change and highlight the differences between the types of campaigns.
Note: We expected this to be an early preview for this release, but thanks to some hard work during the maintenance window on August 26, 2019 - we were able to fully test and release this functionality during that time!!
Awareness Campaigns
Awareness Campaigns will allow you to better engage with your employees and have constant conversations with them, continually educating them and familiarizing them with your Ethics & Compliance program. They position you to enhance your annual training with, for example, monthly, targeted campaigns about specific areas of your Code of Conduct. January might be Anti-Bribery month. You may choose to focus on Harassment in February. This enables you to put E&C at the forefront of regular conversations within your organization.
Awareness campaigns are best used when you want to communicate with your employees, but you don't need them to complete an action item within the Convercent application These campaigns do not create any action items on the participant's dashboard.
Example: Highlight Ethics and Compliance topic
Create targeted emails that drive employees to visit relevant areas of your online, Ethics & Compliance Portal throughout the year.
Example: Policy Change Notice
Notify employees of changes to policies. They will receive a link that they can click on to review the changes, but they will not be required to attest to the policy.
Creating a New Awareness Campaign
When selecting 'Create a new campaign' from Campaign Manager, you will see that we have re-organized the options to help draw the distinction between One-Time and Rolling campaigns, and Awareness Campaigns.
The simple differentiator is that Awareness Campaigns do not create action items for your employees — no action required.
When you create an Awareness Campaign, you will notice that there is no due date associated with the campaign. This makes sense when you remember that there is no action required from your employees.
Adding Policy Links
Adding a policy uses the same control as existing campaigns. Please note, this will not add the policy as an attachment to the email, but rather will create a link that will take your employees directly to the Policy when they click on it.
Customizing the Email Message
The email message provides an opportunity for you to engage with your employees. You can create a specific subject of the email and control the message.
The Email Message is an excellent opportunity for your team to effectively communicate the purpose of the email and nudge your employees to take relevant action. Although no direct action is needed, the Message Body allows your team to provide any relevant information that gets the traction you need.
Adding Links to the Email
The email must contain at least one link i.e. either a link to a policy or an external link. The email can contain multiple links. You cannot edit the link for the policy as that is system generated, but you have full control over the text that will be displayed to the recipients.
Once you've added a link, you can preview that link in a new tab as shown.
Select the recipients
Selecting recipients for the email uses the same powerful capabilities as other campaign types allowing you to selectively target the campaign recipients.
Review and Send
The confirmation tab will provide you with one more opportunity to review all the different elements of the campaign prior to sending.
Below is an example of the email output from the previous page.
Once distributed, the Awareness campaigns will move into the new Awareness category. As there are no action items for you participants to monitor, they will not appear as an Active campaign.
Awareness Campaign Reporting
Campaigns OData will show Awareness campaigns on the following tabs:
- CampaignItems - If a policy is included
- CampaignPolicyDetails - If a policy is included
- CampaignRecipients
- Campaigns
- CampaignStatusCount
More in-depth reporting, such as the ability to see a history of all recipients included in an Awareness campaign, will follow in an upcoming release.
Insights Access Management
Insights is an incredibly powerful tool that allows organizations to identify, characterize and mitigate risk and make impactful, data-driven decision.
When we launched Insights, we focused on Cases and as a result Issue administrators and Issue moderators were the only roles that had access to Insights. Customers have in some cases, had to elevate permissions to allow certain users to benefit from the power of Insights or they have not been able to roll out Insights across their organization.
Since that time, we've also built out capabilities to also report on Disclosures and Campaigns in Insights.
Whether you used standard Insights or whether you worked with our Professional Services team to customize your Insights dashboard, there was only a single-entry point to Insights.
What will this allow you to do?
Insights Access Management will allow you to:
- Edit the name of Insights dashboards
- Provide translation for languages you have licensed
- Edit the description of dashboards
- Provide translation for languages you have licensed
- Publish/Un-publish dashboards
- Control sort order of dashboards
- Control user access to Insights dashboards
- Provide Insights Only access to the Convercent application
- You may want to create custom reports with our Professional Services team for your audit committee. They would not have access to any other areas of the Convercent application.
If you have Convercent Insights and you want to start using this feature, please contact your Customer Success Manager or file a ticket in our support portal. If you don't have Insights yet and are interested in trying it out, please fill out a demo request on our website.
Simply put, Insights Access Management will allow customers to control which Insights dashboards are available (whether they are standard or customized) and which users have access to those dashboards. This ability will improve the user experience for employees that are accessing Insights by only delivering relevant information. This ensures that they are not distracted by blank charts or confusing visualizations that are not required for their role.
You may grant a user access to multiple Insights dashboards. Moving forward, those users may see something more like the example below. Alternatively, if you have team members who are focused on Engagement Analytics, then you may grant them access to view that particular dashboard only. They, as you would expect, would only see the first dashboard listed in the example.
Setting up Insights Access Management
If you currently use Insights and wish to modify who has access to the dashboards, please contact your Customer Success Manager.
Following the release, there will be a new option on your Organization Management screen called Insights settings.
When you click on the link at first, you will not see any options until they have been configured by your Customer Success Manager or a member of the Professional Services team.
Working with Customer Success or Professional Services, you will collectively determine the different dashboards you want to create/make available and who should have access to those dashboards.
Once that step is complete, you will be able to go into Insights settings and modify as you deem appropriate.
Insights Settings
By default, the reports will not be published. You will need to publish the reports in order for your team to see them.
Click on the appropriate arrow to determine the display order of the dashboards. Note: this setting is not displaying in Internet Explorer currently. This will be fixed in an upcoming release.
Editing the Dashboard Settings
To edit the dashboard, click on the pencil.
Edit the name and description of the report, as seen by your team members on the Reports tab.
Unpublishing the report removes the ability for your employees to view the report. You may Unpublish if you're in the middle of making modifications with our PS group
You can add or remove roles/groups to the report.
Please note, for some reports, you may have a fewer number of groups available in the drop down.
You will determine which groups should be available when working with your CSM or a member of the Professional Services team.
You will also be able to localize the report name and description for your reports by clicking on the globe icon.
You will be able to localize the text for any languages that you have licensed allowing your employees to see the name and description of the report in their native language.
High-level Reports
As standard, all reports within Insights respect security. That means that if, for example, there are a total of 1,000 cases in the system, but you as an Issue Moderator only have access to 200 of those cases, you will only ever see those 200 cases within Insights.
Using the example above, we have heard from multiple customers that they would like the ability to report on all 1,000 cases at a high level e.g. counts.
For this type of report, the ability to see Issue numbers and the ability to drill down into case details will not be available.
You must work with our Professional Services team to build these reports and configure access.
Even so, strict security should be maintained regarding access to these reports and access should be granted to specific individuals, typically, and not necessarily roles.
To accommodate this request, we will now support the ability to grant Insights Only Access to individuals.
Insights-Only Access
Insights-Only Access is a new role that allows you to give individual users, who may not typically access the Convercent application, the ability to see Insights reports only.
This option will only be visible once you have worked with our Professional Services team to build and configure your high-level report(s).
You may edit an existing user or create a new user and grant them Insights Only access. In both cases, the Insights Only option is available from the ellipsis as shown below:
Please note that if you do edit an existing user and make them Insights only, this process will remove any other privileges they may have. This unique role is truly designed for Insights Only access.
If you develop a report for your board members for example, and you wish to also have access to that report, but don't want to lose your current privileges, you will need to create a separate user account that has the Insights Only role.
Insights Use Case: Real-time Board Reporting
One great use case for this new role is providing your Board Members the ability to review Board reports in real-time from within the Convercent application.
Board members can review the dashboards on their own time, preparing for quarterly meetings, or at any point they choose. It also removes the task of manually re-creating the board reports from resource-strapped Ethics and Compliance departments each quarter.
The powerful filters and visualization options allow you to quickly analyze the data and respond to questions within seconds. Your CECO can quickly respond to any board questions during the meeting, rather than having to go back to them a week later once they've rebuilt the report in a way to specifically answer the "what if" questions that were raised.
Resolved Application Issues
We've fixed an issue where some participants who were given an exception for a policy or course were still being notified of incomplete items. We tweaked the UX on selecting Campaign fields to look and act more consistently. Required fields in managing policy sets now have a red asterisk to indicate that they are required. We also noticed some specific course completions were not being recorded in a timely manner and this had been fixed as well.
Training and Support
Questions? Please reach out to your Customer Success Manager or contact support.


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Here I present a hypothesis that price efficiency is a relative conception. Efficiency depends on what you want to maximize. On efficient market prices are optimized to the goal. For example, price should not allow "free lunch", i.e. making more than risk-free profit without taking a risk. If price is higher then demand rises and price goes down. If price is lower then demand falls and price goes up. But what if different people have different goals? If you want to make more euro then you have increased expectations of return from investments into USA companies comparing to EU companies. Moreover, is amount of currency what do you want the most? Maybe you want to consume more goods and services instead of currency? If so then in theory there are strategies that allow you to earn what you want.
It should be noted that all written below correspond with arbitrage theory.
It is all about the probabilities
Consider a security which payoff at moment T depends on some event at that moment. If there is only one scenario of future then price of a security is equal to discounted payoff at moment T:
is a discount factor, is a payoff, A is a numeraire.
If there are different scenarios but derivative pays off only in one of them (and zero otherwise) then coefficient should be added to the previous equation:
This security can be used to construct other securities with a complex payoff:
Scenarios can be following: "price on underlying asset is equal to X or is within range I", "next president will be Mr.T" or other events.
As we can see, has a role of scenario probability. If differs from the probability that we think is real then we expect return to be above the risk-free rate for asset A.
Let's take a look from a different point of view and change numeraire from A to B – we are interested in maximizing asset B rather than A. Then
But there is an exchange rate between A and B. Payoffs and securities can be exchanged:
is an exchange rate between asset A and B at the moment .
To hold (3), (4), (5) and (6) and have to be connected:
If is not constant then and are different. So, they are not real probabilities. Real probabilities that reflect situation in the real world are not equal to , or both. Consequently, it is possible to construct a portfolio with average return exceeding the risk-free rate for asset A, B or both.
How to use this
Excess average return exist if value of numeraire changes. Every price is a ratio: value of asset divided by value of numeraire. Assume you hold a long position. If numeraire drops by 90% then price will be 10 times more then it was. It numeraire goes up (+90%) then price will be only 2 times (almost) less. In average you win.
You may ask why would you need such prize if numeraire falls? But this question is more complex than it may look like.
You can construct a strategy that almost always wins in the long run and has a limited loss. With 90% probability you win one unit of domestic currency, with 10% – lose the same one unit. You lose if value of domestic currency rises significantly. Loss of one unit of domestic currency is equal to loss of many more units of other currencies. If it does not matter to you then you are ok. For example, if your income from other activities is not affected by domestic currency rise you may win even in this situation, because imported goods become cheaper.
Another option takes place if consumer value of two assets are equal to you no matter how their prices change. You can use them both as numeraire. There are strategies that guarantee you excess return at least in one numeraire.
Average return depends on what numeraire you and others use (asset you want to maximize). Generally speaking, we all are different and interested in maximizing different assets (e.g. currencies, goods, services). We work harder to consume more goods and services. But value of goods and services is individual. One may want an island, another – plane. Our goals are different. Consequently, excess average return is a normal thing.
It seems that there should be only one numeraire in the world with "normal" average return. Every price is an exchange rate – a ratio of values of two assets. Price is a relative thing. We measure value of a single asset by comparing it with other assets (e.g., with one chosen as a numeraire). If we imagine some extremely stable asset with no interest rate then it could be used as a universal measure. If this asset is numeraire then its average return have to be equal to zero. Arbitrage opportunity exist otherwise.
Arbitrage conditions
Arbitrage opportunity may occur if dependencies between prices are not efficient. There are limitations on . For example, the sum of has to be equal to one for every numeraire X:
Arbitrage opportunity exist otherwise. should be probabilities in mathematical sense, but they may be not if market decides so.
In the example above (90%/10% game), you may want to buy shares of importers. They win from domestic currency rise. You may try to use their stock to compensate loss. But there should be no arbitrage opportunities on an efficient market. Consequently, value of importers should behave in such a way to make this strategy not working. The same situation is with insurance (of currency rise) and hedging. But do they behave in such way in the real world?
Dependencies between assets may be nonlinear and complex. This, in turn, may lead to potential inefficiencies and corresponding opportunities. Let's take a look on equations (7) and (8). Only such is efficient that do not brake (8). Are all dependencies between prices efficient? I don't think so. Dependencies between prices reflect real world processes (technological, natural, etc). Such things as changes in interest rates, referendums, election results, natural disasters and even season change affect many prices simultaneously. Most companies are connected to many other companies and form long chains. It is like a three-dimensional spider's web.
Here is an investigation of dependencies between prices or "chain pricing" effect.
Let's conduct an experiment
If we have positive average return and make many independent operations then we diversify result and transform positive average into almost certain profit – the probability of profit tends to one. Let's demonstrate this. We have two assets: A and B with prices and , respectively. Let
Let ratios of two consequent elements be normally distributed:
is a standard deviation.
Numeraire is asset A. So we deal with price
Mean value for any long position is positive. Let be a value of portfolio at the moment (iteration)$latex j$. . Every iteration we calculate position – amount of asset B that we hold from j until j+1 moment:
is a coefficient. Division by is added for diversification purposes (to make individual results independent of price). All positions are long. The maximum loss is the initial value .
Value is as following:
Modeling of 100 cases gives following results
Fig.1 Value of portfolio
Fig.2. Value of portfolio (logarithmic scale)
Figures look good, but no arbitrage opportunities exist here. At least, not with random data. As the first experiment with real data, I decided to test exchange rates between 150 stocks (first 150 from NYSE alphabetical list) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (using SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF – DIA) with a little bit adapted strategy. Numeraire is USD.
Fig.3. Real data
This is a very simple strategy that does not consider real limitations of trading like transaction costs. However, it shows that dependencies between prices are complex and contain opportunities that can be used. I think the reason is that processes in the real economy – technological, political, natural and others, do not always follow financial market laws, but they should.


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Yes,it's on Bums and includes Dansish guys. But what's this?? http://video.aol.com/video-search/sim/2240988235Me mate just leaned over me shoulder and commented that X-ERYUS (Büms Rec?) are from Denmark and exceptionally awful aor, thus no SAVAGERS-connection whatsoever.
Well,I have a question about the word "AOR". I'm not familier with precise English means or definitions,but it's called as AOR when featuring keyboards? Indeed the sound we can hear above site contains lots of keys,but if this is AOR,Universe is also AOR? Aside like/dislike,we cannot put an end to those kind of melodic ones with a simple word "AOR",in my opinion.
And the Savagers/Destiny has a melodic side,too. Is it too far from X-eryus,than the Mercyful fate to the Fate? Anyway I don't have any source for the X-eryus's family,so I delete it from my Swedish section,ya.
!!!And he also saw PURPLE HAZE live at the age of 11 ...apparently they were post-PLEBB.
I cannot have a review with my poor English,so I may send you something.Still no clue about KARMA or FRENZY. A quick review perhaps?


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The Morning Mind: Mental Health Blog
Welcome to The Morning Mind, a blog covering all aspects of mental health and well-being. Here you'll find articles on depression, anxiety and meditation, to name just a few, as well as other modern day problems that we face.
We try to publish once a month and hope that what's written here can help you or those around you, with your own mental health struggles.
Why not get started with some of our most popular posts? Living In Our Heads is our first ever post and discusses where we as humans dedicate most of our attention. Taking Responsibility For Your Whole Life is about just that, being responsible for us, owning who we are and the power and freedom that gives us. Lastly, Clearing Depression is a blog post specific to that aspect of mental health, offering experience of suffering with depression as well as overcoming it. We hope that these posts, as well as all the others can help you overcome your own mental health issues and help you to lead a more joyful, happy life. Enjoy.


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Is frit a scrabble word?
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In North America and Europe, Final Fantasy III is a DS exclusive. What if you don't have a DS though? If you have an iPhone or iPod touch, you're be in luck.
Square-Enix announced today that Final Fantasy III will be heading to the app store. Outside of a March 2011 release date, Square-Enix doesn't provide us with anymore information than that. Exactly in what form the iPhone version will launch is unknown. The teaser site uses art created specifically for the Nintendo DS version, and the iPhone should be perfectly capable of handling it. But with the PSP remake of Final Fantasy IV returning to the series 2D roots, it wouldn't be all that surprising for an enhanced 2D version.


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Travelers have found it's best to book a flight 28 days in advance to save up to 55% compared to booking the same week of travel. As your travel date approaches, the cost of this flight route may potentially increase. While opting to book 28 days out may not be an option for all, there are still additional ways to secure a deal in the near future. You might find a flight from Hawaii to Vermont 1-2 weeks in advance for as low as $459, or $570 for flights within the next 24 hours.
June can be a great time to fly to Vermont from Hawaii with a flight ticket averaging about $397. Cheapflights users have found deals in the month of June for as cheap as $132. The most expensive prices can be found in the month of December.


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Monthly Archive:: November 2015
Utilizing Grand Rapids Laser Skin Resurfacing for Damaged and Scarred Skin
Your face is the first thing people notice about you, whether in the business world or
What is a Digital Pressure Manometer?
A digital pressure manometer is a mouth-full to say. However, it is an important tool used
Adding a Home Theater in Cedar Rapids IA
A Home Theater in Cedar Rapids IA may be the perfect addition to the home to
3 Signs Your Pet Needs a Vet Visit
For most people, their pets are more like family and they go to great extremes to
What to Look For When You're Choosing a Funeral Home
When a person tries to choose from the different Local Funeral Homes in Puyallup, they are
The Benefits of a Quality Commercial Electrical Service in Miami, FL
Businesses are always looking to expand. The expansion of products or services can typically lead to


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In the State-Level Vigilance & Monitoring Committee Meeting Chief Minister Prem Kumar Dhumal said that State Government was implementing Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, in letter and spirit to protect interests of the communities.
Chief Minister directed the authorities to view atrocities against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe seriously and ensures deterrent punishment to errant and ensures that proper respect was given to them in the society. He said that Himachal Pradesh happens to be a peaceful and communally harmonious State where people from all sections of the society co-exist in a most peaceful environment. He said that with a view to ensure speedy development of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities, the State Government had earmarked a budgetary provision of Rs. 914 crore under Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan and Rs. 330 crore under Tribal Sub-Plan during current financial year. He said that the State Government had enhanced provisions in proportion to the population of scheduled castes from 11 percent to 25 percent besides spending 9 percent of the budgetary provisions under Tribal Sub-Plan. He underlined the need for change in the attitude of the people with respect to the upliftment of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities.
Prof. Dhumal appreciated the encouraging achievements of law enforcing agencies in checking atrocities against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe during past four years and directed them to ensure zero tolerance for atrocities against them so that no such incident could take place in the holy land of Himachal Pradesh. He underlined the need to sensitize society against such social vices and motivate people to bring about uniformity in the social system. He said that the State Government was putting in best of its efforts to speedily uplift communities by paying added attention towards their socio-economic upliftment. He advised the public representatives to lend their supportive hand in checking atrocities against these communities and create an atmosphere of social harmony. He said that State Government was committed to provide justice to all by rising above the considerations of caste, creed and colour. He said that a number of schemes were under implementation for the welfare of the minorities so that they could not only prosper economically but social as well.
Sarveen Chaudhary, Social Justice and Empowerment Minister said that the Department was sensitizing the society by creating awareness about the provisions of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act so that there was no knowledge gap among different communities. She said that Rs. 10 lakh had been spent over 200 awareness camps/workshops etc. organized in colleges and schools by the department. She said that provisions of Public Services Guarantee Act were also being implemented in letter and spirit.
S.K.Dash, Additional Chief Secretary, welcomed the Chief Minister and detailed out activities of the Department in checking the atrocities against communities. Dr. Abhishek Jain, Director of Scheduled Caste, OBC and Minority Affairs, conducted proceedings of the Meeting. R. R. Koundal, Deputy Speaker, HP Vidhan Sabha, Virender Kashyap, MP, Dile Ram, G.R. Musafir, Shri Yog Raj, Nand Lal, Balbir Chaudhary, Prakash Chaudhary, Kishori Lal, MLAs, S. Roy, Chief Secretary, Dr. D.S. Manhas, Director General of Police, Ajay Mittal, Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister, P.C. Dhiman, Principal Secretary Home, other senior officers were also present in the meeting.


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Health, fitness, and quality of life: These are the goals of CrossTraining. We seek to not only increase the number of years in our lives, but to increase the amount of life in our years. We do this by training to run faster and jump higher, to lift more weight for more reps, and to do it more often. We push ourselves harder today so that we will be physically and mentally prepared to face the challenges of tomorrow. We train to live life on our terms.
Traditional Western Boxing, or the "sweet science," is a highly effective martial art and challenging sport in its own right. Disciplined training in boxing will build a solid technical skill set that transfers to all martial arts. An "art" and a "science" boxing is a straight forward system that is practical, highly effective, easy to learn, yet difficult to master. Perfect for competitive training, self defense, or for those practitioners who are looking to relieve stress and get in shape.
Known as Muay Thai, Thai Boxing, or the "art of eight limbs," The art of Muay Thai uses our body's eight natural "weapons" (two hands, two elbows, two knees, and two feet) in conjunction with one another to deliver fast, fluid, and devastating combinations. Muay Thai emphasizes speed, power, and cardiovascular endurance. Its dynamic movements will challenge both your body and your mind.
For athletes under the age of sixteen, we offer our youth training program. Youth training consists of boxing, judo, and arnis, as well as a selection of age-appropriate strength and conditioning skills drawn from our CrossTraining program. Our goal is to make not only strong, healthy, and well rounded athletes, but strong healthy, and well rounded individuals.
Olympic Weightlifting consists of three contested lifts: the Snatch, the Clean, and the Jerk. These core lifts, along with a handful of skill specific accessory movements will help you develop a phenomenal increases in your overall strength and power. Whether your goal is to compete or just to increase your raw power and crush the workout of the day, this class is for you.
The martial arts of the Philippines go by many names: Arnis, Eskrima, Kali, Panantukan, and Pangamut, among others. Our classes cover both traditional weapons as well as empty hand movements. We place a strong emphasis on speed, coordination, agility, and balance, in addition to perception, awareness, and high-speed, high-intensity decision making. Training in the martial arts of the Philippines is a discipline that demands a perfect balance of mental and physical conditioning.
Achieve Your Fitness Goals
Flexible membership packages to suit all levels of training to help achieve your fitness goals


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In the results of a telephone survey that collected data from 932 credit card holders, it was found that 70 percent of American credit card holders today shop with EMV technology-based chip cards. While it may have once just been a point of interest for proprietors with a penchant for keeping up with industry metrics, these days, being savvy about chip cards is highly important for any merchant who wants to prevent fraud and protect their liability from taking a stolen credit card. The following are some of the most crucial things to know about chip cards in order to get brought up to speed about them.
Chip cards offer better security against being farmed for information
One of the biggest weaknesses of traditional credit cards has always been the permanent data stored in their magnetic strips. This data can be stolen with small devices hidden inside someone's pocket. These devices, when swiped, pull the permanent data off the magnetic stripe. The information can be sold to fraudsters. Unlike the magnetic stripe cards, chip cards instantly create a unique, encrypted code each time the card is used and the information is uploaded to the card processor. The card information is then encrypted again with a another code when the approval or decline is sent back to the merchant's processing device. Since the data is dynamic and always changing, it is not permanent and cannot be easily decoded and stolen.
Chip-and-PIN cards are gradually being transitioned into the global norm
Chip card transactions can be conducted both via signature and PIN input, and the latter has steadily been on the path to becoming the most widely represented form of payment acceptance for brick and mortar establishments worldwide. Though chip-and-signature cards were the primary focus near the beginning of the EMV chip card roll-out, chip-and-PIN cards will be increasingly commonly established as the primary transaction types in most establishments. Of course, a chip-and-signature card will generally still be viable as the secondary option if consumers don't have a chip-and-PIN card.
Liability for chip card fraud is determined by EMV compliance
In the instances of fraudulent traditional credit card use, the responsibility for the consumer's losses has generally fallen upon either the card issuing bank. In instances of fraudulent EMV chip card use, liability will be determined by whichever party is found to be within the least compliance of the most current EMV standard regulations. If the merchant does not have EMV compatible devices or terminals, then the merchant is least compliant and takes on the liability.
Find out more
If you'd like to know more about how you can stay on top of fraud prevention, contact us at Electronic Money Company and we'll be happy to answer any questions you may have.


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Found a model you're interested in from the new or pre-owned inventory here at John Elway's Crown Toyota? The next step is getting behind the wheel to see if it's a good fit!
To schedule a test drive with any model on our lot, please contact us in-person, by phone, or by filling out the following online form. Let us know what model you'd like to test drive and a time and date that works for you! Once we receive your request, a dealership representative will be in touch to confirm your appointment details and get you scheduled-in at your earliest convenience!


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Sorrenberg Vineyard was established in 1984. It is a 3 hectare vineyard at an elevation of 560 meters. Although the vineyard is granitic it does have the advantage of being on the border where the granite meets the red mudstone, giving the soil greater water holding capacity and the wine structure. The finesse and elegance of Sorrenberg wines can be attributed to the fact that it is one of the highest vineyards on granite soil in the Beechworth region. The varieties grown are Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Gamay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and small amounts of Cabernet Franc and Merlot. The Rhino block named after Barry's grandfathers vineyard was established in 2005 by Sorrenberg vineyard at an elevation of 595 meters. This is a dry grown block on granite soils. Varieties planted are Chardonnay and Gamay. Both Sorrenberg vineyard and Rhino are certified biodynamic.
Additional Information
49 Alma Rd
Beechworth, Victoria 3747


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The rise in your electricity bills might be worrying you, the Cost of electricity in Australia is increasing every day. Fret Not, because we will tell you 10 ways to reduce the cost by simple methods.
The summers are here, and they are going to stay. Are you prepared? Have you sorted out your electricity plan?
Australia and the Electricity Game –The Best Energy Plan!
Life without electricity may seem absurd for most of us. As our lives have become intertwined with what it provides for us. Starting from the root onwards everything needs electricity from electric toothbrushes to using electric vehicles. This rather amusing invention of man has completely left us on total dependency.
In a country like Australia where summers are the harshest, the consumption of electricity increases manifolds when compared to that of winters. Those who are hoping to limit their expenditures to a certain budget must take great care. With increasing usage of fans and air conditioners, this might not end up the way one wants them to.
The instructions below would help the general members of the Australian public to save a huge sum of money throughout the year by conserving energy. They are as follows:
Watch out for Peak Time:
Our lives have become completely accustomed to the fact that without light we cannot do any sort of work. The devices we use, the machines we operate with this power comes from a certain supplier. These suppliers have established a certain time period in a certain time of the day. During which the cost per unit, charged normally, would increase by a certain percentage. This may end up with some extra cash in the final bill. Therefore, it is strongly advised to keep the peak time in mind. And try to not to use the heavy-duty machines like the vacuum cleaners or search lamps during this time frame.
Solar may save you?
Solar energy has been around since the earth came into existence, but it was only a few decades ago that we realised how to harvest it. Electricity bills may vary from time to time, and it is upon the supplier what rate they decide. To combat these many people are going for a billing free procedure. The only costs that come along with that of this technology is the solar panels, batteries and fixing charges. After that, the power becomes completely free. But it does have a catch, and that is less power. Also, if you are living in a shady or rainy part of Australia, this might not be a very good option.
Do Smart Meters help?
It is the basic trait of many intelligent people that they try to analyse the jobs that they undertake. The sole purpose, being able to identify points for improvement. Such is the case with smart meters, which are basically provided by certain companies. They are keeping the logs of consumption with respect to a certain period of time. This data is then sent to the electricity provider who in turn sends it to the consumer. The consumer can then vary the usage so that the final bill may be tailored according to the needs of the consumer.
Use Non-Conventional Methods:
The world of science has advanced significantly and what it has taught us is immense. The one thing it has explained clearly is the fact that houses with strong insulation are much more suitable for conserving power than those that do not. The use of other techniques such as the use of double-glazed windowpanes can pay off. Although most of these things can take place in new houses when they are being built or would require major changes to be made in the structure of the old houses. But all these small things add up to a very healthy amount of savings.
Go for Energy Saver Appliances:
With the introduction of modern science new and energy conserving appliances and machines have replaced the old and power thirsty technologies. When staying in Australia new and latest appliances must be bought. This may seem odd, but the newer technologies have a much better energy conserving ratio than the old ones.
For this particular reason, the DC air conditioning system is using electricity on a minor level. Not only this helps save the planet but also benefits the wallet as well. The use of brushless motors in grinders can save the energy wasted during the heating of the brushes.
Choose wisely:
When looking for a connection and trying to work out a solution to your power problems. Do give your electricity provider a quick glance as they may be part of the problem itself and the easiest remedy is to change them as soon as possible.
There are some electricity providers who would provide you with an uninterrupted supply of power and also give you some special offers that may include a reduction in the bills. But they may have a downside of exit fees. Their exit fees may become huge if they are not talked about during the time of connection. But all in all, this gives the Australian people a very nice chance of saving huge sums.
Is being informed beneficial?
Most of the people of Australia might not even know the importance of being informed about the way they are being charged. The two ways they are charged are:
- With fixed charges
- With variable charges
All of these add up to a very healthy routine as these may change accordingly. But one can analyse the general trend and then try to mould their use according to the plan. A sort of well managed and an organised plan emerges which would benefit the consumer at the end of the day.
Secondly, the method of turning the appliances on only when they are needed is one of the most crucial technique in order to saving thousands.
The climate in Australia can be very harsh at times, but the introduction of good management can take one a great deal. The use of electricity has had a great impact on the general population. The use of energy efficient appliances, using solar panels or insulating your house can very well be the start of a great saving year. As most of our funds are wasted while paying the bills.


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Construction work has officially begun on the $555 Million cheese plant in St. Johns, Mich. This joint plant, owned by Glanbia Nutritionals, Dairy Farmers of America (DFA) and Select Milk Producers will process 8 million pounds of milk per day and produce about 300 million pounds of cheese and whey products annually.
"This size of this plant is huge. We're looking at 20% plus of the total amount of milk produced in the state of Michigan," says Carl Bednarski, president of the Michigan Farm Bureau.
Glanbia, DFA and Select also announced that they have entered an agreement with Proliant Dairy Ingredients to process the whey permeate from the plant. It's expected that the new plant will have the capacity to process a quarter of the milk produced in Michigan each year.
Recently the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) has filed suit against the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for failing to require third-party audits of food label claims such as "humane" and "sustainable."
"The USDA's current policy surrounding the approval of animal raising claims on meat and poultry packages utterly fails consumers," said Dena Jones, director of AWI's farm animal program.
The lawsuit accuses USDA of an unreasonable delay in responding to AWI's 2014 petition for rulemaking, which asked the agency to require independent certification of animal raising claims including "animal compassionate" and "raised with care."
For more on this topic, read:


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Most businesses have significant assets that would be at risk if a substantial lawsuit is brought against the business. A Commercial Umbrella Policy provides additional liability coverage, above and beyond your underlying policy limits, giving you the peace of mind that your business assets will be protected.
If the coverage on your underlying policy has been exhausted, a Commercial Umbrella Policy will extend to cover:


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|There are 3 sections of this class
|Web Reg Available to:
Non-Resident: 09/15/2020 @ 9:00A - 12/31/2020 @ 12:00A
Resident: 09/15/2020 @ 9:00A - 12/31/2020 @ 12:00A
|3 years to 5 years
|Open to These Grades:
|Holiday Dates:
|11/24/2020, 11/25/2020
Enrolled: (0), Max Count: (4), Min Count: (1)
Waitlisted: (0)
|Potential Fees:
Karate for Youth- Intro Fees: $174.00 (Required)
Applicable discounts not applied and Taxes included in price.
All of us at Creighton Martial Arts focus on the health and safety of all of our students and families as our highest priority. To achieve this goal, we must make changes based on the new challenges that we are currently facing. All of our classes will require social distancing, masks and temperature checks before the classes begin. We will be making modifications to our curriculum to adapt to the current challenges that COVID has presented to us. All classes will have minimal contact to comply with NYS requirements
The Little Ninjas program has a detailed curriculum that focuses on improving pre-school and school-age children's basic motor and listening skills. These skills will help your child enter school with a more confident and enthusiastic outlook. They will become better students at school and better listeners at home. We believe the time between the ages of 3-5 is the most critical years of a child's character development. Our program will enhance positive development in a fun and motivating way. Students will participate alongside older students with varying abilities. A parent or guardian must be present for the duration of the class. For more information visit www.CreightonMartialArts.com


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Everyone and their 90-year-old great aunt knows that Tesla is putting all of its might into reaching a volume target of 500,000 vehicles in 2018, but more voices are now calling CEO Elon Musk's timeline impossible.
Musk wants high-volume production to start in less than two years, but suppliers tell Reuters that the accelerated target is a pipe dream. Will delays in parts sourcing and other nitty-gritty issues throw cold water on Tesla's plans (and customers' Model 3 ownership dreams)?
In the past, Musk said he wants at least 100,000 Model 3 vehicles out the door by the end of 2017, and plans to raise (and spend) $2 billion to see that it happens. There are 373,000 Model 3 reservations to satisfy, as well as boosted Model S and Model X demand.
Not so fast, say a number of people in the know.
The Reuters report cites auto production consultant Ron Harbour of Oliver Wyman, who claims the assembly machinery parts could take up to 18 months to source and install. If the full 18 months are used up just getting the not-yet-finalized Model 3's assembly line in order, it means production wouldn't start until November 2017.
Industry forecaster Jeff Schuster of LMC Automotive called Musk's goal "implausible," pointing to issues in battery procurement.
Musk plans to source batteries from his massive Nevada Gigafactory, which is currently under construction. Any delay at the Gigafactory will hamper production, regardless of whether the assembly line is ready to go.
The materials that make up lithium-ion batteries are somewhat scarce, meaning there could be a limit on the pace of battery production, says Sam Fiorani of AutoForecast Solutions.
Musk plans to pour more cash into the Gigafactory, but a battery savior might gallop to his rescue with more money. Today, Panasonic announced it would speed up its planned $1.6 billion investment in the factory if Musk asks for it.
There's no end to the skepticism surrounding Tesla's production target, but many Musk naysayers also give a grudging benefit of a doubt to the man who can land a rocket upright on a ship.
Source: Thetruthaboutcars.com