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Summoners War Runes Guide
Runes are the equipment variant of Summoners War. In RPG game equipment is where you can achieve considerable additional energy. The stronger runes, the more straightforward path you have to follow in Arena and Dungeons battles.
You will also certainly need them to engrave in your monsters and awaken their nature successfully. It is an essential cheat to get success in Carios Dungeons.
Runes for each monster have five distinct rarity levels:
[common] ==> [Magic] ==> [Rare] ==> [Hero] ==> [Legendary]
(0) (3) (6) (9) (12)
The higher its rareness, the more secondary effect the Rune begins to exert. For example, there are no additional impacts on a common Rune; magic has one level rare has two, and accordingly, it is increased.
Runes can also be discovered in any of the rarities earlier in this thread, although Mana Stones can still be propelled to move to the next level. Runes generally vary rarities every three stages, or at 3/6/9/12 periods.
However, if a rune is more rare than common (white runes), it is not possible to switch to the next rarety unless the particular level of this rareness has been reached. A magic rune at stage 0 will not improve rareness until step 6 if it is leveled up to stage 3.
Also Read :- Choices Game Review
How to Enhance your runes
Runes can increase their strength, raise rune statistics or add a current status to the Rune at the expense of mana stones.
How a rise varies on the rarity level of the Rune, and more significant rarities usually give more increment.
Up to fifteen runs can be driven while improving the runes. The likelihood of effective power-up depends on the Rune stage when powering up Runes.
A rune from + 1 to + 3 has an achievement rate of 100 points, which drops with each stage subsequently.
Thumb Rules to follow for Runes
Keep away from buying white and green runes. However, you can make an exception to this rule when you are desperately searching for bonuses. Also, the complete set of any rune gives an additional impact. Still, it should be cautiously used unless you are going for Rage, Swift or Violent.
Be informed that Rune that stays in slots 1/3/5 completely makes your sub stats improvement. Enhancement bonus of these is not much deserving if you buy these slot runes. You must consider t2-3 sub-stats at first since these are more required for your monster.
Farming Runes
At the initial stage, you can get Runes of level 1 through farming. However when you enter the battle of Curios Dungeons the possibility of getting 4-5 star runes are the most.
Farming, again and again, is another way how you get any particular rune. After you complete any level and you get Rune if you replay that you can have that still. So when you need to equip different monster Always use this summoners war hack for runes.
Final Words
Runes can impact in your game at the most. Even some five-star monster cannot win a battle if that is not engraved with the proper rarity of runes. Consider all the aspects stated above and you need not worry about wins.


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Targeted Age Group:: historical romance readers
Maggie Rutherford jilts her too-perfect society groom at the altar and flees to the American West, where she turns her travels into dime novels that she writes under the pen name Lud Madison.
Civil War veteran Ben Morgan marries his childhood sweetheart and takes her to homestead on the Great Plains. Losing her in an Indian attack, Ben becomes a roaming gambler. When he kills a cheating opponent in self-defense, the man's gunslinger brother swears revenge.
After Ben joins a cattle drive and brings in a herd to Abilene, a waiting Maggie interviews him for her next story. Sparks fly as they wind up living in the same household, running a general store east of Abilene. But with Black Tex Lonnegan on his trail, will Ben run from his growing attraction to Maggie and the gunfighter's promise of death–or will he make a stand for his life–and love?
Link To Written in the Cards On Amazon Kindle Unlimited
What Inspired You to Write Your Book?
I'm a writer, and I decided I would like to make my heroine a writer, as well. Dime novels were very popular during the 1870s, so I had Maggie writing dime novels under a man's pen name so they would sell better. Many female authors did this exact thing during the 19th century. From there, I decided she would interview my hero Ben for her next book–and I sat back and let the sparks fly!
How Did You Come up With Your Characters?
I raised my daughter to think for herself and be just a bit feisty. She's the model for Maggie. Ben needed to be handsome, caring, and a little distant–so I gave him a tragic past. He had the idea that he would never fall in love again after his wife died–but he hadn't met Maggie. She definitely changes his mind!
Book Excerpt/Sample
Ben stepped up on the wooden planks that ran along the outside of the saloon and stopped. Standing next to the swinging doors was the copper-haired beauty from earlier. She spoke to a cowboy and then waved him off, sending him into the bar with a laugh.
Without thinking, he rushed over to her. "What on earth are you doing standing in front of a saloon? Do you realize how rough and rowdy –"
"Oh, there you are." Her hazel eyes twinkled, as she looked at him from head to toe. "My, you certainly clean up well."
Ben stood dumbfounded at the beautiful stranger assessing him like a buyer would a Longhorn steer.
"I've been looking for you everywhere. You'd left the stockyards by the time I headed back your way. I checked the bathhouse, but you hadn't been there yet. I went to the biggest mercantile, but they said I'd just missed you."
She shook her head. "I figured sooner or later you'd make your way to this street, so I thought I'd simply wait for you to turn up."
She smiled at him as if waiting for a strange man in front of a cow-town bar was the most natural thing on earth for a pretty woman to do.
"You are some crazy lady," he blurted out.
The woman chuckled, deep and throaty. Ben swallowed at the way the sound made him tingle. "You have no idea, sir. My aunt Harriet thinks I went off the rails years ago. But that's another story. I'm here to hear yours."
He frowned. "Beg pardon?"
"Oh, I'm making a mess of this, aren't I? Usually I display better manners."
She held out a gloved hand to him. "I'm Maggie Rutherford, formerly from New York City. And you just came off the cattle drive. The Chisholm Trail, I presume?"
He nodded, unsure of where their conversation headed.
Perfect!" she declared. "You are exactly the man I'd like to interview."
"Interview?" He viewed her with suspicion. "Why me?"
She laid a hand on his sleeve. Electricity crackled between them. She pulled her hand away, a puzzled look on her face.
"I, sir, am a dime novelist. Have you read any Lud Madison books?"
"Yes," he said, still wondering about the brief contact between them. "Madison's actually my favorite of the dime novel authors."
Her hazel eyes sparkled. "You are talking to Lud Madison in the flesh. And whom do I have the pleasure of speaking with?"
Ben sputtered his name. This heavenly creature wrote dime novels?
Maggie smiled, and his heart did a flip-flop. "I see I've given you a bit of a start. It's true, though. I am Lud Madison. I simply write under a pen name because there are those who deem it unlikely that a woman could write such adventurous tales of the West. I not only write my novels, but I illustrate them." Pride was evident in her voice.
"How can I help you, ma'am?" he asked.
"I'm doing research for my next novel, and I need to talk with someone who's familiar with cattle drives. You caught my eye, Mr. Morgan. I feel you have a story to tell, and I'd love to incorporate some of it into my next book. I am happy to pay you for your time."
Ben had no intention of sharing any of his life's story with Maggie Rutherford, no matter how interesting the fiery redhead seemed.
"I'm sorry, ma'am –"
"Please, call me Maggie."
"What I mean to say is –"
"You don't have to tell me, Mr. Morgan. I've waylaid you from your mission. You intended to have a drink and unwind after long weeks on the trail. Well, I know with your fancy new clothes and those rather expensive boots, plus the bath and haircut, you probably have very little of your trail pay left."
She turned and started to push open one of the swinging doors.
He grabbed her elbow, ignoring the heat in the contact. "You can't go in there! It's not respectable."
Maggie's brows rose. "You need a bottle of whiskey, sir, something you sorely can't afford at this point. I aim to remedy that situation. We'll sit. You'll have your drinks. I'll ask you some questions about being a cowboy on a cattle drive, and I'll even pay for a night's rest at a decent hotel."
She tugged and pulled away from him, entering the bar full steam ahead.
A bemused Ben followed her inside. Under his breath, he muttered, "The little spitfire sure has gumption."
Author Bio:
Lauren Linwood became a teacher who wrote on the side to maintain her sanity in a sea of teenage hormones. Her romances use history as a backdrop to place her characters in extraordinary circumstances, where their intense desire and yearning for one another grow into the deep, tender, treasured gift of love.
Lauren, a native Texan, lives in a Dallas suburb with her family. An avid reader, moviegoer, and sports fan, she manages stress by alternating yoga with five mile walks. She is thinking about starting a support group for Pinterest and House Hunters addicts.
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Social Media:
Author Interview on BookGoodies
Have you read this book or others by this author? Tell us in the comments how you liked it!

subset: commoncrawl


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Paris: The 40-year-old Danish badminton legend Peter Gade has announced on Tuesday that he will step down as France national badminton coach on May 1st 2018.
In the announcement, Gade said: "I will stop my position as national coach for France on May 1st 2018. In mutual agreement with FFBAD, I have been taking a lot of different aspects into consideration for making the best future scenario for French badminton, and for myself. We decided that May 2018 will be the end of this cooperation. The same goes for my compatriot and assistant coach, Jesper Hovgaard who's been a crucial and very important part of the effort we've put in for the last 2 to 5 years, trying to implement culture and structure for French badminton to build on for a promising future."
Gade also reassured the French Badminton that he will do his best to further nurture and develop the French players before he leaves the organization.
"What will be next in my life, I don't know yet, but badminton will for sure play a part. In which way – I don't know yet."
Gade had reached World No. 1 ranking on June 22, 2006, and was also a 5-time men's singles champion at the European championships.
He was known for his fast attacks, smooth footwork and constant pressure against his opponents.
The former Danish men's No. 1 men's singles player retired from professional badminton at the end of 2012. He continued to involve in badminton by training young Denmark players before becoming the head coach for French badminton.


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Chris Nader, Vice President of Development at Shaza Hotels talks with HN about the regional hospitality industry, the elements that differentiate the Shaza Hotels brand from the competition and the challenges hotels face.
What is so different about Shaza Hotels?
Everything we do differentiates us from the others. In the Middle East, we proudly showcase the Arabian cultures and hospitality of the region. We are the leading international hotel group that exclusively operates alcohol-free hotels with halal food only – be it in the Middle East, Europe or Asia. We are small in size which makes us agile, flexible, and responsive to owners' requests and needs, but we have a large distribution capability and strong loyalty program with the Global Hotel Alliance (GHA) and its 13 million members. We tailor each hotel to the target market, the location and the vision of the owner. We do not cookie cut.
Where do you see this regional hotel industry headed, especially since your hotels seem to focus more on nature rather than technology?
With a global trend towards experiential travel, hotels are no longer about offering accommodation, but about integrating the lifestyle of guests with the local community and the environment. We are soon going to announce 3 unique projects in the UAE that are specifically created to offer experiential stays where guests get to discover the ecosystem alongside the history and culture of the emirates. Also, our award-winning global loyalty program DISCOVERY allows members to enjoy unique local experiences, recognition and perks across +500 hotels, resorts and palaces in 75 countries.
What are the group's regional and global expansion plans and what are the challenges?
We are opening seven hotels this year, our biggest milestone. These hotels are in Riyadh, Dubai, Doha, a resort in Salalah and 3 other projects in the UAE that we will officially announce in the next few days. This will bring the portfolio in operation to 10 hotels including the existing properties in Madinah, Makkah and Muscat. In the pipeline, we have Mysk Kuwait opening in 2020, and Shaza Jeddah in 2021. We are also negotiating 2 Mysk properties in Dubai, 1 Mysk in Jeddah, 2 resorts in Indonesia, and 1 luxury Shaza hotel in the UK, all of which we hope to secure and announce soon. In terms of growth, we plan to have 30% of our portfolio outside of the GCC, and we are now focusing on Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia and Malaysia where we see great potential and where we have various leads under discussion.Add to Favorites


text: Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.DNA Probes: Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Oligonucleotides: Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Molecular Probe Techniques: The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Oligonucleotides, Antisense: Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.RNA Probes: RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.DNA, Ribosomal: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.RNA, Ribosomal, 18S: Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.RNA, Ribosomal: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Sewage: Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.RNA, Ribosomal, 23S: Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Plankton: Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Cytophaga: A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria: A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Colony Count, Microbial: Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.Environmental Microbiology: The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.Waste Disposal, Fluid: The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Oligoribonucleotides: A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.Nucleic Acid Denaturation: Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Fresh Water: Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Betaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Evaluation Studies as Topic: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides: Modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense: Short fragments of DNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Base Pair Mismatch: The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Nitrosomonas: A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Bacterial Toxins: Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Azospirillum: A genus of gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occurs free-living in the soil or associated with the roots of cereal crops or grasses (POACEAE).Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length: Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.Legionellaceae: A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that do not form endospores or microcysts.Genes, rRNA: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.DNA, Fungal: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Nucleotide Mapping: Two-dimensional separation and analysis of nucleotides.Taq Polymerase: A heat stable DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE from the bacteria Thermus aquaticus. It is widely used for the amplification of genes through the process of POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. EC 2.7.7.-.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Bacterial Typing Techniques: Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.DNA, Single-Stranded: A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.Electrophoresis, Agar Gel: Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.Thionucleotides: Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Biotin: A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.Genomic Library: A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).Eubacterium: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.Chloroflexi: Phylum of green nonsulfur bacteria including the family Chloroflexaceae, among others.Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Vibrio: A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria: A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.Methylococcaceae: A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria utilizing only one-carbon organic compounds and isolated from in soil and water.Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense: Short fragments of RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.DNA Fingerprinting: A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Ostreidae: A family of marine mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, commonly known as oysters. They have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle.Autoradiography: The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)Waste Management: Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment.Computer-Aided Design: The use of computers for designing and/or manufacturing of anything, including drugs, surgical procedures, orthotics, and prosthetics.Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)HLA-DQ Antigens: A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.HLA-DR Antigens: A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.RNA, Ribosomal, 28S: Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.Bradyrhizobiaceae: A proposed family of bacteria belonging to the alpha-2 subgroup of PROTEOBACTERIA.Bacteroides: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Refuse Disposal: The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Alphaproteobacteria: A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.HLA-DRB1 Chains: A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Euryarchaeota: A phylum of ARCHAEA comprising at least seven classes: Methanobacteria, Methanococci, Halobacteria (extreme halophiles), Archaeoglobi (sulfate-reducing species), Methanopyri, and the thermophiles: Thermoplasmata, and Thermococci.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Deltaproteobacteria: A group of PROTEOBACTERIA represented by morphologically diverse, anaerobic sulfidogens. Some members of this group are considered bacterial predators, having bacteriolytic properties.Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.Virology: The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.Genes, Fungal: The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.Treponema: A genus of microorganisms of the order SPIROCHAETALES, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man and animals.Genes, ras: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.Bacteriological Techniques: Techniques used in studying bacteria.DNA, Ribosomal Spacer: The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Cosmids: Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Biotinylation: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules.Cyanobacteria: A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Gammaproteobacteria: A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.Luminescent Measurements: Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.Bacteria, AnaerobicDiazonium CompoundsShiga Toxin 1: A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is closely related to SHIGA TOXIN produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 18.104.22.168.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Globins: A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.RNA, Fungal: Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.DNA, Neoplasm: DNA present in neoplastic tissue.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Desulfovibrio: A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria capable of reducing sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide. Organisms are isolated from anaerobic mud of fresh and salt water, animal intestines, manure, and feces.Microarray Analysis: The simultaneous analysis, on a microchip, of multiple samples or targets arranged in an array format.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Actinomyces: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.


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survival. The editors and authors of this special section of Museum Worlds have taken a different set of perspectives. We explore repatriation as ritual: a set of highlighted performances enacting cosmological beliefs for a special purpose, deeply
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Repatriation and Ritual, Repatriation as Ritual
Laura Peers, Lotten Gustafsson Reinius, and Jennifer Shannon
Doing Ritual While Thinking about It?
Emma Gobin
Focusing on the reflexive attitudes that religious specialists adopt toward their ceremonial practices, this themed section proposes to renew a line of inquiry developed around the complex and protean link that exists between ritual and reflexivity
Assessing and Adapting Rituals That Reproduce a Collectivity
The Large-Scale Rituals of the Repkong Tantrists in Tibet
Nicolas Sihlé
In discussions on processes of ritual assessment and modification, the rituals examined are most often of a 'performance-centered' nature. 1 I am drawing here on Atkinson's (1989: 14–15) useful distinction between 'liturgy-centered' and
The Burial Rituals of the Khakass People
Main Factors of Evolution
Larisa Anzhiganova and Margarita Archimacheva
Translator : Tatiana Argounova-Low
, the burial ritual is most prominent, for it is characterized by the symbolism of life and death, significant notions for any groups of people. We define the "burial rituals" as a system of actions carried out from the moment of a person' s death
Jens Kreinath and Refika Sariönder
( Kehl–Bodrogi 1988: 121, 230 ; Markoff 1986: 42 ; Vorhoff 1995: 64–68 ). Organized in cultural associations, Alevis started to make their ritual practice intentionally accessible to non–initiated Alevis and to non–Alevis, in contrast to their former
A Bar Mitzvah Year
Rethinking Ritual
Ilana Korber
engage in anyone's ritual that involves family, fun and feasting. When our son was five years old he asked my husband why, if we did not believe in God, why then did we recite the prayers on Friday night and observe the rituals of candles, wine and
Ritual Infrastructure
Roads to Certainty in Two Brazilian Religions
Inger Sjørslev
about roads to certainty through ritual. It rests, however, on the idea of a parallel between the spatial location of religious sites on the one hand, and the character of ritual practice on the other in the two religions that are to be dealt with here
Regenerating Life in the Face of Predation
A Study of Mortuary Ritual as Sacrifice among the Siberian Chukchi
Jeanette Lykkegård and Rane Willerslev
warfare. When a person dies in Achaivaiam, he or she only appears to die. The dead are still very much alive. All life always has existed and always will exist, but it takes ritual work to ensure that it continues within the Chukchi circle of rebirths and
Assessing Ritual Experience in Contemporary Spiritualities
The Practice of 'sharing' in a New Age Variant of Umbanda
Viola Teisenhoffer
In contemporary Pagan and New Age rituals aimed at self-enhancement and personal development, verbal exchanges generally referred to by the emic term 'sharing' often follow the ritual endeavors. The experts who conduct these rituals (whether
Helen A. Robbins and Leigh Kuwanwisiwma
While repatriation legislation in the United States was always intended to be restorative, the highly ritualized, bureaucratic processes involved often serve to reinscribe the very power structures they are, in theory, designed to remedy. This


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In general, when you take ham out of the case, a ham does not take out. because, ham is sticked on the well of case. Probably you will try to take it out through the tap or shake the case and feel difficulty in this process.
So we proposed a ham case design which you can take it out by pushing it. It is a
Sookmyung W. University
Seoul, South Korea
Chung-Ang University
Ahn Sung-Si, Gyung Gi-Do, South Korea


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About Hilton
Hilton.com is the site to visit if you want luxury and high-class lifestyle. Hilton is highly recognized in the resort, hospitality, and travel industry. It is a luxurious paradise for travelers who would like to relax and enjoy life. The products, amenities, and the services that Hilton has are all designed to impress. Hilton has a lot of hotels in the Americas, Asia/ Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Wherever you go, the Hilton Hotel is waiting for you. Experience accommodation at its best and feel pampered. The hotels are managed by experienced, well-trained, and professional individuals that are completely aware of how the hospitability world works.
What Can You Expect From The Hotel Paradise Offered by Hilton?
Hilton has a lot of Hotels around the world, and they are all built with a unique and elegant theme. If you browse them, you will see the distinct feel and design that each one has. Every hotel is made to excel and be renowned. Even though the hotel looks different from each other, there's one thing that is common to them. That is the quality that Hilton maintains. If you will go and visit any of their hotels, you can expect extravagant architecture and first class services. The staffs are well trained and treat you with the utmost respect, cheerfulness, and hospitality. You will surely enjoy every minute of your stay. The restaurant in their hotel could also serve sumptuous meals and well-blended drinks.
Hilton Hotel is the leader in the hospitality industry. Spending even a day in their hotel is the taste of a wealthy life. Its brand sounds expensive, but it is not. It is only reasonably priced, and you can get great deals especially if you check their websites for some promos and discounted deals.


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Please note – Tonight's club (Sunday 9th February) has been cancelled due to horrendous weather and because we know a number of members are ill or unable to attend. Apologies!!
Sunday 2nd and 9th February 2020
Singaround/session nights
Come and join us for the chance to sing, play perform poetry or just come and listen. Always great nights
Sunday 16th February 2020
Guest night with George Wilson
We welcome back for our very own almost tame Geordie for a night of great music and humour. George is a long time club member who is a great performer of a great range of contemporary and traditional songs. A night not to be missed.
Non members £6 Concessions £5.50 Members £5
Sunday 23rd February
Singaround/session night
Jug collection


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I am dressed in my fuzzy fleece Columbia jacket and some pink striped fuzzy pajama pants, and I know my stories are going to make you so hard. I talk about different scenarios of getting arrested while wearing my fleece outfit. I go into detail about how he tells me to put my hands against the wall and demonstrate the moves I talk about. I also demonstrate how he frisked me, and I'm pretty sure he frisked more than necessary because he liked the way my fuzzy jacket and pants felt. I tell multiple stories like this, and after 10 minutes of storytelling, I tease that you would probably love to jerk off and cum on my jacket or fuzzy pants. The video is mostly full body shots with some close-ups here and there of my fuzzy pants and fleece jacket.
Length: 11:12 @ 216 MB – MP4


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Spider Chrome Decals
The Do-It-Yourself Decal kit will include (2) spider decals. Please view the measurements of each described below. The decal is made of flexible and durable high quality plastic with a 3M adhesive tape of the back.
Common Installation Areas: Windows, Bumpers, Door Panels, Pillar Posts
Measurements of Decal:
- Width: 3.5"
- Height: 2.5"


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Why did some French women walk out of work early?
- Published
It seems an insignificant time: 16:34 on Monday 7 November.
And yet, for women across France, it has huge importance: it is the moment they effectively stop being paid for 2016, thanks to the gender pay gap.
And this year, many were determined not to let it go unnoticed.
On Monday, French women were urged to quietly pack their bags and walk out of their offices at the appointed time to unite in their call for equal pay.
In France, the gap between men and women's average hourly wage was 15.1% in 2010, which, feminist group Les Glorieuses calculated, means a woman will work 38.2 days more than a man for the same salary. And that, they say, is not on.
Rebecca Amsellem, founder of Les Glorieuses, which launched the campaign, told the BBC: "To be really honest, I knew there was a huge difference between the pay - but I thought the difference would maybe be 10 working days, not a month-and-a-half."
52-year wait
Ms Amsellem had been inspired to do the maths after reading how Iceland, a country considered a world leader in gender equality, still has a pay gap of 14%.
For the last 11 years, women in Iceland have been walking out on 24 October at the time they should leave every day if they were to be paid the same hourly-rate as their male counterparts.
In that period in the Nordic country, the time has moved from 14:08 to 14:38.
If the pace continues, it will only take another 52 years for them to be able to leave at the same time as men - an unacceptable length of time, according to Gylfi Arnbjörnsson, president of the Icelandic Confederation of Labour.
He told Iceland's national broadcaster: "No-one puts up with waiting 50 years to reach a goal. It doesn't matter whether it's a gender pay gap or any other pay gap.
"It's just unacceptable to say we'll correct this in 50 years. That's a lifetime."
'In 2016, we still need to fight'
In France, it appears a parallel sense of injustice has inspired activists to adopt the symbolism of Iceland's precisely timed protests.
More than 10,000 women have indicated their interest in joining the movement on Facebook, and the hashtag "7novembre1634" has been trending in France, with hundreds sharing cartoons and memes highlighting the issue. Others write just one word: "Egalite."
The movement even has the backing of two government ministers, and has landed on the front page of a French national newspaper, Liberation.
"Support for the #7novembre16h34 movement: the struggle for equal pay must be by the whole of society," tweeted education minister Najat Belkacem. "Do not wait for 2186!"
But France is far from the worst offender in Europe when it comes to the gender pay gap.
In neighbouring Germany the gap was 22.3% in 2014, while in the UK it stood at 20.9%, according to Eurostat.
The average pay gap across Europe was 16.7%, with the largest in Estonia, where it was measured at 28.8%.
Whether Iceland and now France will inspire more movements remains to be seen. Ms Amsellem is just happy it has provoked a discussion in her home country.
"What I am happy about is that feminist issues are still burning issues in people's minds," she said.
"But it is crazy to think that in 2016, we still need to fight for these things."


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Want barbecue flavors to really explode? Pair your saucy dish with one of these fruit forward wines for turbocharged taste.
A few years ago in Saluté, I wrote about how a spicy zinfandel was THE wine to pair with barbecue dishes. Zinfandel — with its deep fruit and bold spice flavors — is a complex wine that is not overpowered by rich, flavorful barbecue sauces and actually brings out the flavors of the food even more.
However, it's time for red zins (as devotees of the varietal call it) to move over. Today's newer wines have become much more fruit forward, and there are many more choices for wines that can stand up next to a plate full of barbecue pork, chicken or ribs.
Two local wine purveyors recommended Argentinean malbecs when I shopped for wines to pair with rich barbecue dishes. Malbecs are increasing in popularity as good ones can be inexpensive and have many of the same characteristics as cabernet sauvignons and merlots.
"Malbec has a richness that pairs any type of beef," explains Heather Hitson, wine consultant for ABC Liquors in Lady Lake. "The jammy flavors play very well with the sweet style in barbecue sauces."
Echoing that sentiment is Jerome Brouhard, sommelier and manager for Maggie's Attic in Mount Dora.
"Argentina is known for its beef," he says, "so it's not a surprise that malbec pairs well with beef dishes any time of year."
Malbec is a black-skinned grape variety that has become Argentina's iconic wine grape. Although the grape is native to the vineyards around Cahors, France, it was relatively obscure until growers had great success with malbec grapes in Argentinean vineyards.
For rich barbecue dishes, Brouhard is also a fan of shiraz (Australian) or syrah (American). This varietal has both savory and sweet spices that come through and often echo the spices found in barbecue sauces.
"Barbecue sauce can be a hard one to match because there are so many styles," he says. "Some are sweet, but others are vinegar-based, which is popular here. "You can't go wrong when pairing barbecue with shiraz or malbec."
He says shiraz ranks as one of the best sellers during barbecue and grilling season. There is a good reason for that because the peppery, smoky flavors in a shiraz make the varietal the best choice to go with burgers. Brouhard's new favorite is 19 Crimes Shiraz from southeastern Australia
"Not only is it really good, but it has the coolest label," he says. "When Australia was a penal colony, the British could send prisoners there for one of 19 crimes. Each cork lists a different crime."
Today, it would be a crime to get too fussy. Barbecue dishes are usually served in casual, outdoor settings so the key is simplicity. The setting calls for a wine that doesn't call for too much thought. While wines should pair with the food, they should also fit the casual mood of the meal.
Young, dynamic red wines are a natural with grilled meats, and for good reason: the fruit, oak, and tannins can stand up to more pronounced barbecue sauces and marinades. Other choices for barbecue can include petite sirahs and rugged grenaches. A fruity red zinfandel and barbecue chicken are a seamless pairing, because zinfandel brings out the flavors of rich, thick barbecue sauces. Affectionately considered "America's grape," zinfandels began their journey as California jug wines shortly after Prohibition ended in 1933. They were used mostly in generic red blends but today have almost achieved cult status among oenophiles.
While most people prefer red wines with meat and rich barbecue sauces, a few will still want white wine. Choose full-bodied, complex whites like an Italian pinot gris or a French viognier. For a sweeter taste, look for a gewürtztraminer or chenin blanc, both of which contract beautifully with a spicy sauce or fruit salsa. Don't ignore rosé, a go-to wine that pairs with just about anything or is just fine solo before the main course.
Master sommelier and author Andrea Immer Robinson said wine is "a love letter to food" in her book, "Great Wines Made Simple." She described the acidity in wine as a turbocharger for flavor. Find the right wine to make those barbecue flavors really explode.


text: Categories choons nothing short of amazing Post author By scruss Post date 02007-04-21 No Comments on nothing short of amazing whitney music box No related posts. Tags chromatic, harmony, whitney, whoah ← Bluffer's Park notes → now feisty – and 64 bit! Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website


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LANDOVER, Md. — Voice-recognition technology has come a long way in recent years, and in some ways, drivers are safer because of it. But a new study reveals that some of this technology is more distracting than automakers might want you to believe.
In the hands-free race to limit the consequences of distracted driving, Apple and Google appear to have sped ahead of auto manufacturers.
Features such as Apple CarPlay and Android Auto place less demand on drivers when compared with built-in vehicle infotainment systems, according to new research from the University of Utah and the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
Using five modern vehicles, researchers tested the reaction times of drivers while they attempted to perform various hands-free tasks using both the native infotainment and smartphone interfaces.
"What we found is that the systems that come with your cars are much more time-consuming, much more challenging," said Joel Cooper, research associate professor for the University of Utah.
Four tasks were evaluated repeatedly in the five vehicles, and each task diminished the participant's ability to focus on their top priority: driving.
"We looked at calling and dialing, music selection, text messaging and navigation-destination entry," Cooper said. "And then with each of those tasks, we were able to look at the visual demand associated with those tasks, the cognitive demand and the amount of time it took for people to complete those tasks."
Of those tasks, making a call and selecting music were found to put less demand on the drivers equipped with Google CarPlay or Android Auto versus those using the infotainment systems, Cooper said. Making a call, for instance, was five seconds faster using a smartphone interface.
This equates to a "moderate" demand, whereas the native infotainment system scored in the "high" demand range. (A "low" level of demand equates to listening to the radio, while "very high" equates to an industry standard that produces a demand similar to balancing a checkbook while driving, in the words of AAA researchers.)
Navigation and texting placed the highest demand on the drivers. Even with smartphone dictation being less intensive, it still took drivers 33 seconds to complete a navigation task compared with 48 seconds for the native systems.
Both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto performed similarly in terms of cognitive demand and of allowing drivers to keep their eyes on the road. Of the 2017 and 2018 models tested, some interfaces put more of a workload on drivers than others.
"I think one of the big differences is that the native vehicle systems often have drivers step through tasks one item at a time, whereas with Android Auto or Apple CarPlay you're able to give it a one-shot command," said Cooper. The processing power installed in the vehicle's computer ages in the years following its purchase, he added, whereas smartphones — and the reservoir of voice-recognition technology that they draw from — are constantly evolving.
"When you buy your vehicle, it ages the day you drive it off the lot. The processing power is quite limited. Phones are always being updated, and they allow you to leverage that up-to-date processing power and the latest algorithms for processing voice," Cooper said.
Researchers along with representatives from AAA showcased their methods in an empty Landover parking lot on Tuesday. Standing alongside the ride-along, representatives were quick to point out that all interfaces served as distractions.
"The technology that we have access to today is not free of risk," said Jake Nelson, AAA director of traffic safety and advocacy.
"None of the systems that we tested, including Android Auto or Apple CarPlay, met our requirements or recommendations around how little distraction they should produce. While we know that some industry players are outperforming others, the point is not to use one system over another, but for the industry to be collaborating so that we can make safety a top priority.
All in attendance agreed that the safest strategy is to have the vehicle in park while corresponding or planning your route.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, distracted driving claimed 3,450 lives in 2016 alone. In 2015, an estimated 391,000 people were injured as a result of distractions behind the wheel.
Sursa: wtop.com


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How many times have you looked at an older gentleman and thought to yourself, I have seen that face before? You might have actually seen their face o the faces of a dog, or so says Tom Cohen, author of DOGS WITH OLD MAN FACES: Portraits of Crotchety Canines( Does your gift list include someone who loves dogs or looking at photos of dogs, this book will have you belly laughing over and over)! Your dog may be aging, but you know behind that face there is a dog wondering where the dog days of his life have gone! As anyone who has a dog you know that one look at their little faces you are spellbound and fall in love with your pet! This book celebrates dogs!
Dogs have faces that offer experience and wisdom and some of them resemble Older Men. Each photo in the book is adorable, and captioned to fit the look on the dog's face, so when I say this post has literally gone to the dogs, now you know why. Chewy is captioned saying that "Chewy is upset because they cancelled Matlock." I can see the dog saying this right, it is all over his face. We paged through each page and could imagine the face that matched the dog face and the more we looked the more we laughed!
As an adult you will appreciate the precarious humor and as children page through a book filled with photos they will enjoy the funny doggies photos.
Reconnect with your old dog with DOGS WITH OLD MAN FACES and let him know you still care, even if he can't jump the fence anymore. This is a perfect gift for any Dog Lover on your list and I bet it gets passed around the room a few times because one look through is not enough!


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Whenever we take a vacation, we make a choice. We choose to scrap together our hard-earned cash and turn it into what hopefully amounts to an unforgettable lifelong experience – rather than to blow it on a new car or DVD collection or month of fancy dinners back home. And once we're finally on that long-awaited trip, we again have a choice: do we burn through the budget quickly, pampering ourselves with all the first-class amenities, or do we draw it out, doing what we can to stretch the experience as long as humanly possible?
To me the choice is obvious. If I'm already taking the time to fly halfway around the world, I'd far rather "spend smart" and give myself tons of leeway to turn what would normally be a one-month trip into a six-month one. In particular, by skimping on lodging it becomes far easier than you might think to travel more or less continuously – plus it enables you to spend lavishly when it counts. I personally view a room as little more than a place to sleep. As long as it's reasonably clean and comfortable, there's not much else I care about – save perhaps for WiFi, though I recognize that's more of an unusual criteria. In any case, I'd much rather spend $20 on a mediocre room and $80 on a day on, say, jetskiing or SCUBA diving or partying in a VIP nightclub than to stay in a $100 room and sit by the pool all day…or run out of cash five times as quickly.
Upon reading the above (and knowing me) I'm sure you're all expecting me to head straight to Khao San Road, Bangkok's most famous backpacker ghetto, which is absolutely overflowing with cheap and seedy guesthouses. But you'd be wrong 😉
The problem with Khao San is that it's actually quite far from central Bangkok, making tourism and nightlife in the notoriously congested city time-consuming and inconvenient. So according to Peder's advice (after having visited Bangkok countless times in the past), I headed to slightly more upscale Sukhumvit instead. Here I got a room at Swan Inn, where $20 buys you a minifridge, A/C, TV, Internet, hot-water shower, and double bed. Believe it or not, that's actually not considered budget in Thailand. Most backpackers I met were spending half that much – or less!
When I arrived at the hotel just after midnight, I was pretty much ready to collapse. With 25 hours of travel under my belt preceded by several all-nighters of work, I was more than tired. I was completely and utterly exhausted.
But as I filled out the guest register and handed over my cash, the man at the desk passed me a note along with my room key. It read "Stick this SIM in your phone, call me at xxxxxx, and wear nice shoes. We're clubbing. -Herb"
Oh lord, here we go**
11 Responses to "Swan Inn"
Let's go!
Nice! My room in thailand was 15 bucks and right by centralworld mall 🙂
I have never been there. My brother in law was there about a year ago. He knows my likes. He told me to go there as soon as possible.
No but my brother in law was there. He told me that i definately need to go.
Yup, it was a great place called Citin Pratunam, but it was also REALLY hard for every single taxi we took to find it. It's in this tiny alley with a bunch of street carts just a few steps from the lobby. But i loved it! hot showers, free internet, helpful staff. We were there a few years ago, so i'm not sure if prices have changed.


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Apprentice Michael Dee will ride at the Underwood Stakes meeting at Caulfield before starting an eight-meeting suspension.
Dee has been booked to ride the Tony McEvoy-trained Bull Point in the Group One Sir Rupert Clarke Stakes on Saturday.
He is also down to ride Matilija for Lee and Anthony Freedman in the opening race, the Pancare Foundation Plate.
Stewards took the unusual step of entering an objection on behalf of connections of My Sanctuary after finishing third in the Evergreen Racing Surfaces ERS Handicap at Pakenham on Wednesday, that later saw Dee suspended.
Dee rode the second-placed Speed Gonzales before losing that position to the Mark Zahra-ridden My Sanctuary in an incident at the 1300m mark.
"We accept that the interference was a long way out but My Sanctuary loses 1-1/2 lengths and Michael Dee gains an unfair advantage," Racing Victoria chief steward Terry Bailey said.
In suspending Dee, stewards took into account his guilty plea, his good record, in that it was his first suspension for 460 rides, and the interference was in the low range.
Chief steward Terry Bailey told Dee that in some circumstances Zahra would have gone to the fence but at the same time that jockey was entitled to hold his line.
Dee's suspension starts following Saturday's meeting and he's free to ride again at the Turnbull Stakes meeting at Flemington on October 4.


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JIT probe was biased and without proof, says Nawaz
Ex-prime Minister (PM) Nawaz Sharif on Monday has requested the court to dismiss the statements recorded by Panama Joint Investigation Team (JIT).
During the hearing headed by accountability court judge Justice Mohammad Arshad, the former PM continued to record his statement in Al-Azizia Steel Mills reference.
Read Also: SC constitutes a larger bench for the formation of JIT in Model Town case
He said that a joint plea has already been submitted in the Supreme Court (SC), adding that JIT is not more than an investigation agency and that its probe was biased and without proof.


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City Library and Reading Room Herceg Novi.
JU City Library and Reading Room Herceg Novi, in the subscription system of national libraries of Montenegro, with over 30000 titles, is known as a modern structured institution, whose activity is based on the application of international library standards.
Situated on Herceg Stjepan Square, one of the most beautiful squares in Boka Kotorska, it has the status of a public institution.
It has around 60000 units of monographic publications, 70000 serial publisher units, 90000 press clipping units, around 13000 units of small library material, three manuscripts and a significant number of titles of old and rare books and serials. It also has several important legacies and collections.
Monographic publications are written in over 20languages, and 619 book belongs to the category of old and rare books. The oldest book is the critical edition of Petrarch's author Alessandro Velutelo, printed in Venice in 1550.
The development of information technology and hyperproduction of information presents a modern library-information center.Work hours:
MONDAY-FRIDAY 08:00 – 14:00 and 16:00 – 19:00 (break11:00 – 11:30) SATURDAY: 08:00 – 12:00
- Website: http://www.bibliotekahercegnovi.co.me
Address: Trg Herceg Stjepana 6, Herceg Novi
- Phone
+382 31 350 820
- Phone
+382 31 350 820


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Zo valt ze ook uit te dagen op GameSpy en zijn hier verschillende prijzen aan gebonden.Domain of Gamers had een interview met de Queen of Quake.Sling Blade: Do you have any sponsors and what do you do for them:
Kornelia: I recently signed a one year contract with Gamespy. (They do web sites, software, and technology for multiplayer gaming.) One of the things I do is I travel to computer Expos with them around the world. People from the expo can challenge me to a game of Quake 3 for all sorts of different prizes. Besides expos and other things I do regular "Challenge Kornelia" on Gamespy arcade. (Coming soon!)
Sling Blade: Hmmmmm sounds interesting. Looks like we'll be able to get toasted by Kornelia soon. I sure hope we don't actually have to BEAT you to get prizes! OK, so how do you prepare for a tournament? Do you have any lucky socks?
Kornelia: I usually prepare for tournaments the old fashion way. I practice the maps that will be used in the tourney with my friends a lot. I don't have any lucky socks but I do have a tiny Japanese carving that I carry around with me when I go on a trip. (It's not particularly gaming related. I take it with me when I'm going on an airplane, etc.)
Sling Blade: Do you keep in contact with the other professional gamers? Do you professional gamers get together often to practice online?
Kornelia: I keep in contact with a lot of gamers. Gaming and gaming related activities take up a lot of my time and part of it is talking and practicing with other gamers.
Sling Blade: How much of a player's ability is innate skill, and how much do you believe is the result of practice?
Kornelia: One without the other will only make your game 50% complete. A lot of people practice a lot but they just don't have that something that allows them to place well in big tournaments. A lot of good players don't practice enough and the outcome is the same. You definitely need skills and you need to keep them sharp by practicing regularly against other skilled players.De laatste tijd wel erg veel nieuws rond vrouwen en Quake. Speelt er geen enkele vrouw UT ofzo?
of je zou natuurlijk kunnen zeggen dat Quake3 een vrouwengame is.
Maar dat hoor je MIJ natuurlijk nooit zeggen.


text: So don't throw out that Christmas Elf costume! Aviking By Hoof has Business Conference Packages for work teams in the spring. Choose the LARP (duke it out with foam weapons) style of human resource development or the calmer, WORKSHOP approach with lessons in Elvish, Rune Magic, Celtic Knots a Character Hike and game of VikingContinue reading "Spring is just a winter away!"


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Northfield estate agents
Our estate agents in Northfield cover properties in all areas like Middlemore Rd, Church Hill, Wychall Rd, Norman Rd as well as homes in all surrounding districts.
Love Your Postcode can accurately value your home and market it both online and offline to generate rapid interest in an exceptionally short period of time.
We know that when it comes to buying, selling and letting properties, it is important to find a local estate agent who has extensive knowledge, understands the area and can find you the best homes for the best prices.
With a 99% selling price average since 2014, our results speak for themselves. We have a wide range of houses, apartments and flats for discrete private sale. Enquire about our waiting list.
Houses & flats for sale
The local branch offers maximum exposure, through traditional offline and modern online approaches. We are selling nationwide, and want to add further properties to our ever-growing list.
We have a variety of different property and houses for sale, please check our properties for sale page.
Love Your Postcode's property experts believe that our clients should be entitled to simple, transparent and hassle-free service. We exceed expectations at every level.


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Communication Equipment Manufacturing in the US
Over the past five years, the Communication Equipment Manufacturing industry has contended with staunch competition from manufacturers abroad, which has siphoned revenue from the domestic industry. Over the next five years, the industry will benefit from increasing demand as the economy grows and consumer sentiment rises, stimulating demand from downstream industries. Moreover, as the unemployment rate decreases and per capita disposable income rises, consumers are expected to increase discretionary spending, particularly on electronics such as smart phones. As a result of stronger demand, industry revenue is expected to rebound. Nevertheless, growing import competition will continue to remain a threat to the industry.
This industry primarily manufactures broadcasting and other wireless communication equipment. Examples of such equipment include antennas, set-top boxes, GPS systems, cell phones, satellite uplink technologies and radio and TV broadcasting equipment. Operators in this industry do not manufacture radio or television sets, intercoms or equipment to test communication signals.
This report covers the scope, size, disposition and growth of the industry including the key sensitivities and success factors. Also included are five year industry forecasts, growth rates and an analysis of the industry key players and their market shares.
Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.Download eBook


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I have been listening over a sun-glinted breakfast in the City of London to Cliff Rosenthal, who has helped to develop a movement of community development credit unions in the USA.
1.6 million members, predominantly low-income, low-wage and minority take part, providing a financial lifeline. It is a small and highly successful part of a wider, mainstream credit union sector, which, with 90 million members, is itself the largest co-operative sector in the USA.
With the banking crisis, there has been a growing campaign to "move your money" to local institutions in the USA.
Cliff is on his way up to Glasgow for the global credit union congress organised by WOCU.


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Jay-Z changed the game in 2013 thanks to an innovative deal with Samsung and his critically acclaimed 'Magna Carta.' The deal, which saw the technology giant purchase his album in bulk, may have not worked to his favor from Billboard's standpoint, but it certainly helped the rapper around RIAA's then-platinum certification rule (later inspiring them to change it).
The very change he incited played in his favor yet again when his most recent effort, '4:44,' was certified platinum (as we reported here). Available exclusively to Tidal and/or Sprint customers (as of time reported), the set's content has had the net buzzing since last week and now that buzz has only intensified with the RIAA's shocking report.
Leaving many with scratched heads and Kanye "How Sway?" faces, Billboard has finally lifted the veil on how Jigga landed his historic 13th platinum certification.
According to the "music Bible":
"One equivalent album unit, as recognized by the RIAA, is equal to: one album sale, 10 tracks sold from an album, or 1,500 on-demand audio and/or video streams from an album. 4:44 was released on June 30 by Roc Nation, and was initially exclusively available as a stream to existing customers of Tidal and Sprint. However, by July 2, the album was also offered as a free download — sponsored by Sprint…
Those album downloads — which were free to the consumer but purchased by a company (Sprint) for distribution — were counted towards the platinum certification."
It should be noted the report yielded by Roc Nation to the RIAA says the 1 million album equivalent mark was reached purely by downloads and does NOT include any TIDAL streaming figures.
Furthermore, like 'Magna' before it, Billboard was sure to clarify that its pricing policy (which only counts albums purchased at $3.49 or above) still stands and the Sprint-sponsored downloads will NOT count toward '4:44's chart placement. Only TIDAL figures properly reported to Nielsen Music will count toward its debut ranking.
Your thoughts?


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When I was just a wee lad growing up in the suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania I didn't know anyone that rode. In fact, it wouldn't be till I moved to Charlotte, North Carolina right out of University that I even knew anyone that owned a bike.
As I grew older my circle of friends grew to include bikers, many of whom were serious about their Harley's, BMW's and one guy I knew even collected Indian's. Hell, even my ex wife rode! Yet I still did not understand what the big deal was.
My reasons for getting the scooter I did were more economical than anything but I know understand why they would take off for a weekend and just ride with no particular destination in mind. In a way I'm sorry I didn't "get it" before. So when I decided to upgrade from a little 125cc to the bigger 400cc Burgman I knew I would get my endorsement.
We also had to learn it in the pouring rain and howling wind over a short two day period, not the ideal condition's but I was looking at it this way; if I did well now...I know I could it in better conditions. A opinion that seemed to be shared by my fellow trainees.
So after a few mistakes and a few realizations that "Yes, I've been doing this wrong!" I worked hard on correcting those mistakes. Breaking habits that I somehow picked up - like covering the front brake handle with my hand. While I'm not happy with my final score (I am my own worst critic) I can say that I did OK.
So I have the insurance, the licence, the experience will come with every mile under my wheel. I'm part of the brotherhood now, for better or worse. I took the class through the Motorcycle Safety Foundation and highly recommend it to anyone thinking about riding, or who has ridden illegally for a while.