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The history of using computers for engineering and technical calculations is divided into three stages:
r working with computer code;
r programming in high level languages;
r using mathematical packages such as Mathcad, Maple, MatLab, Mathematica, etc.
The list of the packages does not contain Excel that is still the most popular application for computing. Excel stands between the programming languages and the mathematical programs.
These listed stages (technologies) have not distinct bounders. Working, for example, in Mathcad we can call, if necessary, the user functions written in C (see ch. 6) which code has fragments in assembler. Apropos computers codes remain in the programmable calculators still widely used in scientific and technical calculations. We should rather speak here about the tendency which in particular shortens time of creating calculation techniques and mathematical models than about certain isolated stages of tool development for solving problems. This tendency results in excluding the programmer as additional and often muddled (in the view of applied specialist) link between a developer and a computer, increasing openness in calculations themselves when we can see both results and intermediate data and also all formulae.
We should note here one more aspect of the "person-computer" issue. The programming languages do not tolerate "amateurishness" of an investigator. That means programming demands involving of an investigator (engineer) that brings to skill loss in the basic profession. The mathematical packages, especially Mathcad, do not cause such dependence. One can postpone working with Mathcad to half a year, or a year, but does not loss the basic skills and if need be the posed problem will be solved without help of other programmers.
The way of computer using can be also divided into three historical stages:
r batch processing, when one computer worked for many users that brought their problems written on card batches and other forgotten data mediums;
r time of personal computers;
r wide-area and local networks that, in essence, return us to batch processing on another level, more qualitative; input data and results transfer on the Internet as e-documents not written to the paper. The calculations themselves can be paralleling (cluster, distributing computing)
And again, Mathcad was created as application alternative to traditional programming languages. Many specialists in particular subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, mechanical engineering and others) and students cannot use computer effectively though difficult programming languages. Mathcad allow us to solve wide range of scientific, engineering and educational problems without using traditional programming.
Today the situation has notably changed: as a rule, a student starting education in his future profession knows well one of programming languages and can solve their problems with studied programming application. In this case Mathcad may be unnecessary. Although, Mathcad has some features which not only enable "surviving" but also make it popular among experienced programmers.
The point is that Mathcad allow us to speed up definition and solving a problem. There was such a dash when high level programming languages (Fortran, Pascal, BASIC etc.) substituted for computer codes. Changing languages for Mathcad we remove the additional link between a computer and a specialist, a programmer.
It is worth using Mathcad to define and checkout a mathematical model even if a user knows the programming languages well. The developer group under the guidance of the Author created and sells successfully the program package WaterSteamPro® designed for computing heat and physical properties of water and steam, the basic heat carrier in thermal and nuclear power stations, heat supply systems of cities and settlements (www.wsp.ru). The final version was written and compiled in Visual C++ (see sec. 6.9), but this project could not be done without previous analysis of the formulae and algorithms in Mathcad.
No rose without a thorn. The main limitation of mathematical packages is that, as a rule, they cannot generate exe-files which start without "progenitress" program. In particular, that prevent from dividing people working with computer into users and developers. Those using Mathcad occupy "natural economy": work out calculation techniques only for personal use or for circle of Mathcad users. We could give that only to users having installed Mathcad. Such a user would not buy this file but will try to recreate the necessary calculation.
It is a question of small calculations, which creation and checkout time is comparable with time for search of the ready-made worksheet, installing and study of the new program. Although, large calculations hardly pave the way on the market because we can always extend and modernize own worksheet and not other's. Here we can draw an analogy with another "intra-Mathcad" situation. Sometimes it is better create a function instead of searching that ready-made in the labyrinth of Mathcad built-in function. Fig. 7.16 illustrates this thesis in which the cumulative interest is computed via user algorithm and not by built-in function hidden among Finance group.
We could sell a Mathcad worksheet to a user who does not have installed Mathcad and has not studied it with the load: installing required Mathcad version that often results in changing of Windows or even hardware. Besides it is necessary to study Mathcad…
Mathsoft Engineering & Education, Inc has changed this abnormal situation.
First, Mathcad Explorer, free crippled version, was released together with eighth Mathcad version that enables us open the worksheets and compute but does not save or edit them (read-only version). Mathcad Explorer could be downloaded from the Internet.
Second, tools for publication Mathcad worksheet online were developed strongly. The main Mathcad user is educational branch where the way of obtaining a result, studying calculation methods, is more important than a result itself. In particular, Mathcad 2001i was aimed to that which letter "i" means interactive.
Nevertheless all these steps were incomplete. It is better to install Mathcad itself than download rater bulky Mathcad Explorer, the crippled version. On the other hand, we want not only read Mathcad worksheets accessed from the Internet, or rather html or MathML copies, but change inputs and see (print, save) new results.
The quite clear solution of this problem came from the Internet too.
Mathsoft released so called Mathcad Application Server (MAS) at the end of 2003, home page at http://mas.mathsoft.com/mas, the server, that allow us to run Mathcad worksheets and call them distantly on the Internet.
MAS enables us to solve the following problems:
r There is no necessity to install required version of Mathcad, determine whether you have a virus, run applied mcd-files. It is enough to access the Internet and call MAS over the Internet Explorer browser (version 5.5 and later). That gives the illusion of opened Mathcad worksheet in which we can change inputs and obtain (print, save on a disk) the results. The calculation technique (a set of formulae in tradition mathematical notation but not as a program, a feature that makes Mathcad so attractive) and intermediate data could be displayed or hidden completely or partially (sell of results but not the technique).
r New calculation techniques become accessible at once to every member of the Internet commodity. We should only inform the possible users of correspondent IP-address. To turn the calculations into the article we can administrate site, make it paid (partially paid, reasonably paid), place banners round the references.
r Any mistake, misprint, assumption, defect, noted by developer or by a user, could be corrected at once quickly and imperceptibly for the users. It is also possible to extend and modernize a worksheet imperceptibly for users
r MAS remains tradition option of downloading the worksheets from server to improve or extend them. For that we should reference them correspondingly. Thus, the site of this book references, as was noted in preface, pictures (pic), Mathcad files (mcd), and MAS documents
MAS solve the problem of licensing cardinally: there is no need to buy expensive Mathcad or to palter and install an illegal copy, as well as to update or change continuously the program itself, Windows, and a computer; we should just call MAS. Only a developer of calculation techniques published on MAS should buy the expensive program.
It is also needless to study how to work with Mathcad worksheets. We should not be afraid to damage it: changing the inputs requires the methods that people had learnt long ago in various network forums, chats, network games.
This chapter tells how to adjust an existing Mathcad document to publish it on the Internet, the calculation techniques to make it usable both as WorkSheet and WebSheet.
We should rather title this section "Adjustment of Mathcad document to publication…" The point is that many of the mathematical programs do not allow us to adjust the existing document, but demand that the document should be created for publication on the Internet from the start.
As a rule the Mathcad worksheets have the structure consisting from three parts (a kind of a triptych): inputs, formulas, and results. Fig. 7.1 shows such a structure in extremely simplified form: these parts are divided into three titled areas which could be operated independently -- Lock/Unlock and (or) Collapse/Expand.
Fig. 7.1. The structure of a simplest Mathcad worksheet
The structure of a real Mathcad worksheet is usually more complicated and has the fuzzy borders between these three areas: the result may be displayed just after the formula, the souse data may be duplicated in a summary table etc. If the area containing calculation itself occupies several pages it is usually collapsed during checkout to see the source data and the results at the same time. We may divide the worksheet into several areas, place the results between them and expand them in turn. Fig. 7.1 shows that a user changes the values of variables a and (or) b and obtains the result, the value of c. The user may extend the worksheet: define new variables, insert formulae and graphs etc. In that case, the user turns into the developer. The MAS technology divides people clearly into two categories.
The first stage of preparation is to indicate assignment operators (not only := and ≡ ( global definition) but also so called Controls appeared in Mathcad 2001, see Fig. 1.13) for souse data adjustment. We should replace these operators with Web Controls. The reader knows the analogues of that by entering information on various Internet queries.
Web Controls appeared in Mathcad 11.1 Enterprise Edition and in Mathcad 12 (all realizations), see Fig. 7.2 that duplicate somewhere Fig. 1.14.
Fig. 7.2. Calling of the dialog box for inserting Mathcad network elements
A Web Control distinguishes from its standard analogue. We need not write or edit the programs in form of Active Scripting (JScript and VBScript) for its operating, see Fig. 1.16, 6.3, and7.21. Such programs are not desirable on the network because they often spread the viruses. Over that reason many of the users do not insert Controls into the worksheet but use := and ≡ as before. Mathcad 2001i enables us to fix such scriptable components in opening worksheet in a fashion similar to Word or Excel. Fig. 7.3 shows Script Security tab from the References dialog box which enables three security levels: Low Security -- opens the worksheet with no protection against harmful scriptable components; Medium Security – the user can choose disabling present scriptable components or not; High Security -- disables all present in a worksheet.
Fig. 7.3. Setting the security level in the Mathcad worksheet containing scriptable components
In Medium Security, opening the Mathcad worksheet containing scriptable components follows the prompt shown in Fig. 7.4.
Fig. 7.4. Setting the security level in the Mathcad worksheet containing scriptable components
For these reasons (threat of the viruses, increase of file size) it is recommended using Web Controls not only in documents converted for publication online but also in standard worksheets. Besides, Web Controls are more convenient comparing with "standard" Controls because setting the security level on such worksheet allow us to introduce the data into these interface elements but prevent us from "touching" the variable itself. If the worksheet contains Controls, both the access to the variable and changing its value are disabled (see Fig. 7.4a).
There is one more reason that Controls with their scriptable components are useless. As we noted in the beginning of the book, Mathcad was created as a tool alternative to programming languages for users who cannot or do not want to program. As with Controls, we left something to come to it again: we shut the door on programming but it got in through the window.
After converting and publication on MAS the worksheet shown in Fig. 7.1 should look like that shown in Fig. 7.5.
Fig. 7.5. The simplest Mathcad document converted to operate on MAS
Fig. 7.5 shows that Text boxes substitutes for operators а:= and b:= .The Submit button was inserted additionally which default marking Recalculate. When this document is published on MAS the lines and comments "Input Data", , "Answer output", indicating areas boarders, should not be displayed. The area "Calculations" could be collapsed to hide operator с: = a + b. The developer can hide part of the calculation online allowing a user only computing. On the contrary he (she) can display and highlight most interesting and important parts of the worksheet, for example, for checking the method of calculation as well as inputs. Opportunely, if the variables a and (or) b from Fig. 7.1 and 7.5 should be within defined range (for example, 0<a<3) it will be useful to insert a kind of check-point:
a := if(0 < a < 3, a, "Error!")
that blocks computing when the user enters wrong data purposely or unwittingly.
For that purpose a user usually inserts a slider but the list of Web Controls does not contain it.
It is better to insert such check-points above the results. That should block the result if a certain inputs combination gives wrong (unreal) result. That shows the worksheet containing design output of water treatment plant for power stations at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Calc_Q_VPU.mcd. It returns text "Wrong source data", not a value, if the user has entered impossible data combination of designed station, for example, the station is nuclear and the fuel to be used is coal.
The name Text box is not quite right for Web Controls or rather it is right for the standard analogue, Controls. We can enter text constants and numbers, real (as in Fig.7.6) or complex (for example, –5+3i), through this network element. At that, the number should be entered in old format (DOS): Е+3 (е+3) instead of 103, see Fig. 7.6. If entered symbols are not like a number it is understood as a text. In the standard analogue of the Text box any symbol file is recognized as text that could be converted into the number if needed by built-in function str2num (see Fig. 7.21) from the String category.
Fig. 7.6. Entering constants through the Text box
Tom Gudman and the Author developed the technique of entering arrays (vectors and matrixes) and user functions through the Text box as shown in Fig. 7.7—7.9.
Fig. 7.7. Entering the vector through the Text box (mcd-file)
Fig. 7.7 shows that the symbol file entered into the Text box is converted into the vector by the user function Str2VMat. At that, any symbol differing from 1, 2…9, the point (decimal delimiter), and minus sign can be used as the delimiter. In this case blanks are used as the delimiters. We can change its number aligning these numbers across if, for example, we enter some vectors of the same size through several Text boxes located upright (see Fig. 4.17).
Complicating the method shown in Fig.7.7 it is possible to fill the matrix in by rows or by columns. If the matrix is square and its size is arbitrary we can enter it as a vector of the size n2 and than "pack it up" the square matrix as shown in Fig. 7.8.
Fig. 7.8. Entering the square matrix through the Text box
Another way to enter a matrix is to specify the number of rows and columns at first and than fill the matrix in through the Text box as the horizontal vector that converted into square matrix.
You can find the method of solving equations of the kind А·х=В at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/lsolve.mcd where the arrays A (the square matrix of the unknown quantity coefficients) and B (vector of absolute terms) are filled in by the technique shown in Fig. 7.7.and 7.8.
The built-in function vec2str is changed in Mathcad 12. Thus the program shown in Fig. 7.7 requires revision.
Besides, the problem of entering formulae through the Text box has been partially solved, particularly user functions. Thus, Fig. 7.9 shows entering function with one argument, on which we created a plot. The algorithm of converting text into formula is rather bulky and it is not represented in Fig. 7.9, being hidden in collapsed area "Expless Compiler". The same algorithm could be used for entering the variable not as a constant (for example, 1.25) but as expression (45/12+11) including defined before and built-in variables (for example, pi/4*d^2, where pi is build-in and d defined before, i.e. the user). If it is needed to make arguments of a user-defined function grouped in a vector we use the additional operator (X):=f(X0, X1, ...). For example, this method was used for computing of global minimum through genetic algorithm, //twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/Minimum.mcd, which discussed in ch. 3, see Fig. 3.33.
Fig. 7.9. Entering the function through the Text box
You can see the example of work with the function entered through the Text box at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/F_X_Y_Plot.mcd. This technique is limited because we cannot apply symbol mathematics to this function and include the variables defined before into it, still the list of its arguments could be changed or extended (see the example at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Fit_f_x_a_b_c.mcd).
The following symbols and functions are acceptable in the Text box for entering formulae:
r Arithmetic – + plus, - minus, * multiply, and / divide.
r Involution ^.
r Mathematical constants – e is the radix of the natural logarithm; pi – p number. Other constants can be entered only if they are defined in the concrete worksheet.
There is another situation. To the left of the Text box we can place a user-defined function with a list of required constants and variables followed by definition operator, for example f(x,a,b,c):=. As was noted before, entering the number we use a period as decimal delimiter and letter e or E as decimal exponent: it is possible to enter 0.001, or 1E–3, or 10e–4.
r Parentheses changing the order of operations: 2+2*2=6 but (2+2)*2=8. It is recommended that a user types the left parenthesis "(" followed by a right one ")" and then moves a cursor left to one position and enters the required expression. Thus we can control the number of initial and close parentheses in the expression (formula). We cannot enter brackets and braces.
r Built-in functions and operators sqrt() — square root, abs() — absolute value, ! — factorial, sin() — sine, cos() — cosine, tan() — tangent, asin() — arcsine, acos() — arccosine и atan() — arctangent. It is possible to work with other functions if they have been defined before.
Fig. 7.9anew. Derivative – what is it? (pic) (mas)
Fig. 7.9bnew. Integral – what is it? (pic) (mas)
Fig. 7.9cnew. Input functions thru WebTextBox by Mathcad/Maple undocumented tools (pic) (pic) (mas)
The Reader may want to use the author's ideas on entering the formula through the Text box. For that, download the file Y_X_Plot.mcd from Internet description of MAS at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/ochkov/VPU_Book_New/mas/From_WorkSheet_to_WebSheet.html and enter required changes into two functions VARS and Eval shown in Fig. 7.10 and 7.11.
Fig. 7.10. Source functions VARS and Eval
Fig. 7.11. Modified function VARS and Eval
Fig. 7.11 shows changes in functions VARS and Eval that allow us to form the function named lp1 ("the left part of the first equation") having seven arguments x, y, p, a, b, ang and g. These variables are used in the problem (Fig. 7.12) which suggests a user form and enter the set of three equations with three unknown quantities describing the beam equilibrium(http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/beam.mcd).
Fig. 7.12. Entering the equation set through the Text box
If we open that WebSheet all six boxes will be empty. We should type left and right parts of equations there and push the button Ready. That WebSheet is aimed not for computing but for checking knowledge of students (also see sec. 7.8).
The very useful Mathcad feature is work with physical quantities (see sec. 1.4). Fig. 7.13 shows that operator Р:=123 mm was replaced by the Text box and additional definition operator (reassignment of the variable).
Fig. 7.13. Entering the dimensional quantity through the Text box
Dimensionless value is entered though the Text box into variable Р, at that the comment (mm) placed to the right of the Text box indicates that the variable becomes dimensional after execution of the second operator Р:=Р·mm. Switches or Check boxes discussed below allows us to choose the units (Fig. 7.14 and 7.15).
Fig. 7.14. Entering dimensional quantity and choosing the unit (the area is expanded)
Fig. 7.14 shows the argument in switches (UnitP). It could be and should be hidden as shown in Fig. 7.15. For that we call the corresponding command from pop-up menu.
Fig. 7.15. Entering dimensional quantity and choosing the unit (the area is collapsed)
In ch. 6 we used the method of choosing the unit from the list (see Fig. 6.9) th show work of operator and function if.
The units are often used as comments in worksheets but not as multipliers that simplify and check computing. That is connected with following:
r Many of the built-in functions cannot operate with dimensional arguments (see the article considering this problem at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/ochkov/Unit_MC_MP/Unit_MC_MP.htm).
r Mathcad arrays (matrixes and vectors) operate only with dimensionless values or with quantities of the same dimension – length, pressure etc.
r Worksheets include so-called empirical formulae where the variables depend on the specific units but not on quantities that was discussed in sec. 1.4.
If a unit (for example, руб) is used as a comment rather then a variable it is recommended inserting it into the calculation as a coefficient equal to one that completes evaluation operator руб:= 1 C=25 ¬ руб. In that case the unit becomes floating, it moves and remains in the end of the value if the number of decimal places has changed (see Fig. 7.16 showing the problem from a Chekhov's story at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Comp_procent.mcd.
Fig. 7.16. A floating unit equal to one
Fig. 7.17-7.20 show dialog boxes to create and format Web Controls listed in Fig. 7.2: Text box, Check box, List box/combo box and Radio button group. Submit button was discussed previously (see sec. 1.7).
If there is only a few variants of entering information the value should be selected from a preset list (by a mouse) rather than typed through a text box (from the keyboard). We did it asking the user to choose one of three units, m, mm, and cm, but not type from the keyboard. If a list contain only two choices (yes or no, the alternative question) we can use a check box (entering the Boolean value), for three or more choices –radio button group or/and list box. List box differs from Radio button only that it can hide a part of choices and display it by scrolling. If it is necessary to select not one but several values we may substitute a set of check boxes for that. Basically, a check box is more universal tool than a radio button, although it requires more complicated adjustment. A radio button always has an activated value thus it may prompt a user the solution that might be false. The check boxes may be empty that gives free choice to a user without any prompts, right or false. Besides, any distance is possible between the check boxes, they can be situated in any order in the worksheet but not only upright as radio buttons. Additionally, it is possible to set rearrangement of the check boxes in every call of the document. That also excludes preferences in choice. There may be few choices in the set of check boxes that conforms the developer idea of computing or checking technique.
Comparing a group of check boxes and radio
buttons evokes memory of an old story. During the iron curtain the Author
listened to "Voice of America" and other western radio stations pushing two
frequency range buttons, SW1 and SW2,
of the radio set "
Speaking of radio buttons and check box set we shall pose a problem similar to those discussed in ch. 6 about while and until loops: which is more important? A set of check boxes is more important than radio buttons because, first, a check box set allows us to choose none button or several buttons right up to all of them.
The dialog box shown in Fig. 7.17 and the similar (see Fig. 7.18 and 7.19) are displayed after pushing the button Next> in the right bottom corner of Fig. 7.2.
Fig. 7.17. The dialog box for formatting Text Box
Through the dialog box shown in Fig. 7.17
a user can change width a text box (it is equal to
There is own check box in the Check Box Properties tab (Fig. 7.18) which being enabling by a developer of MAS application transfer the changes in Mathcad document into the MAS. There are the same check boxes in the Radio Button Group Properties tab (Fig. 7.19) and the List/Combo Box Properties (Fig. 7.20).
Fig. 7.18. The dialog box for formatting Check Box
The check box returns zero or one to its variable (variable check in Fig. 7.18) depending on the state of the Web Control.
Comparing Fig. 7.19 and 7.20 we can see a counter Display height (rows) that fixes the number of elements displayed in a list at any given time. If this number less than the number of elements in the list they are displayed as a scrolling list box. If we set this number to one the list will be shown as standard combo box (see Fig. 7.22 and 7.23).
We can see all the elements (buttons) in the Radio Button Group. This is the only difference between the List box and the Radio Button.
Fig. 7.19. The dialog box for formatting Radio Button Group
Fig. 7.19 and 7.20 shows two ways of setup Radio Button Group and List/Combo Box – see the check box Values equal Names. In the first case (Fig. 7.19) the value connected with the Combo Box or with the List (our unitP) receives a text name keeping in the corresponding cell of the Name column; and in the second case (Fig. 7.20) the value (number or text) from the cell of the Value column. Unfortunately, a user cannot type there a built-in variable or an expression but only constants. In the non-Web analogues of the Radio button and the List box such a formatting was made through programming in one of the BASIC versions, in VBS (Visual Basic Script) — Fig. 7.21.
Fig. 7.20. The dialog box for formatting the List box
Assignment of the values returned by the radio button or the list box to the Names but not to the Value (compare Fig. 7.19 and 7.20) may result to errors if the names contain reserved characters, for example, degree sign (<Alt>+0176). Creating the WebSheet for temperature computing the Author was worried with this error (http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Temperature_Recalc.mcd) until he understood that the degree sign was losing (was used up) while transferring the data on the Web.
Fig. 7.21. An example of the program maintaining the List box
As was noted above, presence of the programs (macros) inserted into Mathcad worksheet causes us to refuse the Controls and replace them with the Web Controls. For that reason, the Web Control List does not contain such a convenient interface element as Slider. The Slider is convenient because it allow us to set with a mouse the required value within defined range and with defined unit. Nevertheless, we can simulate a slider (Fig. 7.22) formatting a list box accordingly, if we keep only one element in the box which we assign required number of the discrete values in the formatting table (in the columns Name and Value), for example, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, ..., 0.2 as in Fog. 7.22.
Fig. 7.22. Simulation of a slider through the list box
Ideally, it is possible to design such interface of a MAS user that the user will not push a keyboard: he will work only with a mouse.
As we noted before, WebSheet may have not the Submit button. On the other hand, we may insert some of such buttons into designed document if it is bulky and the source data are entered in the different places. In that case it is advisable to fix these places with the Submit button. It is a good solution to divide the document into several parts and fix the end of each one with Submit button. Computing of the following parts will be enabled until the user enters required source data in the previous: check the solution and push next Submit button.
Those who designed a user interface in Visual C, Visual Basic, Delphi etc note that the MAS interface is rather scanty. We noted above that it has not the Combo box combining the text box and the list box.
Fig. 7.23 shows a way to combine the Text box and the List box and obtain the Combo box.
The trick in Fig. 7.23 is that the value in the text box is assigned to one variable and the value from the list box to another, hidden variable. The first or the second value may be assigned to the resulting variable depending on a user choice. A sign that it was chosen from the list box but not the text box -- there are no symbols in the text box. Such a box combining the text box and the list box is used in a document at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/VPU_4_1.mcd. A user is enabled to choose the filter diameter from the list (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.6, 3.0 or 3.4 m) or type his own value. A reader understands that the solution shown in Fig. 7.23 cannot be considered as a complete one. Thus, we still need the Combo box.
Fig. 7.23. Simulation of a Combo box through the list box and the text box
There are other "requirements". For example, MAS does not enable us to "suppress" some interface elements if a variable possess definite value. Partial solution of that problem is shown at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/Smart_Input.mcd and in Fig. 7.24.
Fig. 7.24. Suppressing of the text boxes
Fig. 7.24 shows the problem of converting the concentration of a solution from mass percent to titre or molarity. We use two formulae with the different sets of source data that requires or, otherwise, not require entering of them through the text box. In Fig. 7.24 we suppress the text box covering its text variable with operator = with varying length, highlighted in black. Here we use such Mathcad feature as overlapping regions (see sec. 1.6).The check boxes of the titre (the concentration of solution expressed in mg/l) and molarity (the concentration of solution expressed in mole/l) are set thus their changes are transformed on the server right away that results in opening or closing corresponding text boxes of density entrance or/and mass of the solute. Fig. 7.24 shows three computing situations: the upper part is the WebSheet state after it being open on the Web; the middle part is computing of the titre; and the bottom part is computing of the molarity. There is also the fourth state: a user enables two check boxes accidentally or intentionally that correspond to initial state of computing.
Discussing limitations of Web Controls we should note that Controls were not created by Mathsoft but are standard tools for data transfer on the Internet, rather weak for the present time. They are half-finished products that require to be worked out. We can do that through programming only, through a script which… see above. There is a magic circle and the problem is where we can tear it!
As was noted above we should to be lazy creating a Web Sheet and insert enough comments, text and graphic. They do not affect computing but help viewers and even the developer to understand it (see sec. 1.3).
Converting a worksheet for Web distribution we should examine this rule. The point is that a bulky document is decelerated on the Web and loads a server with superfluous nonspecialized work. For this reason it is worthwhile to place the main comments, the creation history, the detailed description, instructions etc, into a separate non-Mathcad file, for example, html-file created in Word or FrontPage. The Mathcad document itself should contain short comments and references to the "bulky", additional comments that are opened in a new browser window. For the same reason it is not recommended inserting too much complicated plots. It is better to "freeze" static plots that do not change with the source data varying and insert them as pictures.
Publishing a document on the Internet we should think of making it polylingual. For that, we may duplicate all comments in some languages, in Russian, in English etc. Another way is to allow a user to choose the language (Fig. 7.25).
Fig. 7.25. Polylingual Mathcad document
The solution shown in Fig. 7.25 is the following: we entered the comments into the vectors and their elements are displayed depending on the chosen language (the first language corresponds to the first elements of vectors, the second language -- to the second elements etc). Also there is the third solution that allows a user to open some variants of a document (several files) with variables and comments written in different languages, for example Vinput and Vвх. The Web Sheets at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Tests/Test_Cone.mcd and http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Tests/Test_Cone_Eng.mcd were created in this way.
It is possible to make that the server application will "feel" what browser, Russian or English, "touches" it and open the Russian or English variant of the Web Sheet accordingly.
There is another solution shown in Fig. 7.26. Information representing also a part of Mathcad worksheet could be turned into the graphic files with different names (in Fig. 7.26 their names are Counter_Flow.gif and Direct_Flow.gif). Such pictures we can read from a disk and insert in any part of a worksheet following the calculation logic. The reader will find a virtual laboratory work concerning heat mass exchange at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/Solodov/Heat%20exchanger_Design.mcd in which the student choice the heat exchanger (direct flow or counter flow) open a proper apparatus scheme.
Fig. 7.26. Interactive information change in the Web Sheet
And finally, a word about letters. Opening MAS applications on the Internet we can face the problem of Cyrillic character representing both in operators and in text comments. These problems are widespread – representing of characters in wrong coding ("abracadabra"): the characters are not placed in a visible region but fall down behind the following operator (the problem common for the browser sets not only for Cyrillic characters). The "abracadabra" problem can be solved partly by addition of such notice inserted as a picture at the top: "If coding of the Cyrillic characters is wrong change it pushing Encoding from the View menu". It is recommended that a user substitutes variable names (pictures) for text comments in which reserved characters are inserted after pushing <Ctrl>+<Shift>+<j>. We should remember that their number must be minimal, and it is better to type some blanks before and after such comment. «для страховки» что имелось ввиду We should debug a ready-made Web Sheet in computers which monitors differ in size and settings and in different browsers (Netscape, Mozilla etc., not only in Internet Explorer)
It is known that we can insert some fragments of other applications, Excel, MATLAB, LabView, into a Mathcad document and exchange data with these programs. The fragment of Excel is often inserted for easy entering and representing of the tables (vectors and matrixes, see Fig. 1.19) or for bringing its feature sets.
The list of such applications depends on the programs installed on the computer (worksheets) or on the server (WebSheets, Fig. 7.27 shows the dialog tab of inserting components into the Mathcad document).
Fig. 7.27. Dialog tab of inserting Windows applications into the Mathcad document
But we may publish the Mathcad documents containing such components on the MAS only if we have solved license problems with developers of corresponding applications. The programs were bought for using on a work station not for installing on the server and publishing on the Internet.
Preparing a Mathcad document for the Web publication we can pose a problem that the name of a function or a variable working in the worksheet has failed while we open the document on the Internet. Usually that situation occurs if we use Russian characters in the names. It is not advisable to use Cyrillic characters in the "working" names of variables, functions, files and even in comments (see sec. 7.4). Nevertheless we have to use them, basically in special calculations in which one or another object has got customary Russian name. Some of them have their Latin analogues others have not. If we need Russian characters it is a good idea to smooth away the "Russianness" of these variables as was noted in Ch. 1. The Author noted that variables ч (hour), мг-экв (milligram-equivalents) etc fail while he open a Mathcad document on the Web: they became red and clicking on them displays the error message is displaying "This variable or function is undefined". We can "cure" such variables starting their names from blank. They will have the same look (but will be shifted slightly to the right) and the document will work again. It is possible to "cure" such variable by changing its name via Edit | Replace clicking Find in Math Region.
We should remember that Mathcad really supports only Greek and Latin letters. Our ruses to "heal" reddening variable names that contain reserved characters (blanks) are non-documented. Therefore this technique may not work in next Mathcad versions. If we cannot do without Russian letters it is recommended that a user covers Latin names with the pictures of Russian characters, and MAS allows us to remove any restriction from the variable names. Thus, Fig. 7.28 shows computation of a temperature difference in which the variables contains "tops", - and ~, subscripts, in and out, superscripts, 2 and x, located one over another without horizontal shift.
Fig. 7.28. Optional variable names on the MAS
The secret in Fig. 7.28 is that the real names of t1 and t2 are hidden and a user view pictures of the variables and the formulae. Such "trick" does not work in a Worksheet but is applicable to a WebSheet. As mentioned in sec. 1.22 the document requires minimum comments if the variable names are conventional for the specialists: it is quite enough to title the document and make reference to the description in HTML. Perhaps, it is superfluous because the variable names speak for themselves and for the document.
Working with Mathcad document opened on the MAS or on the application itself we can face with the problem of entering an extensional changing array of source data (see the example at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Exp_Steam_K_300_240_LMZ.mcd in which a user should view and change values in dozens of text boxes before pushing the Recalculate button). Entry of such data via Web Controls is time-consuming and inconvenient. Working in individual computer (not on the Network) we can solve this problem saving the data to disk and reading it into the arrays via the READPRN function and others. This technique is difficult for work on the MAS and we can suggest another one. Before working on the MAS a user, for example prepares new source data in electronic tables (Fig. 7.29).
Fig. 7.29. Source data table for the MAS (small part is shown)
After preparing the data (for example, changing data of the previous connection with MAS which saved in the user archive) we can copy them (pushing <Ctrl>+<Insert>followed by <Shift>+<Insert>) to the long text box of the Mathcad document opened on the Network, one text box or several of them if the length of the file exceeds 255 symbols. After that we push the Submit button and the calculation operates with new source data. If the result is also extensional we recommend representing it as a table not as scalar values. The table can be easily copied from the WebSheet to transfer it to the user Mathcad document for analysis and redesign. At that, we should remember that scrolling of extensional arrays does not work on the Network. Besides, we cannot display nested arrays there. Such data should be prepared for display beforehand: insert some tables, expand nested arrays etc.
Suggested solution for archiving and entering extensional data in a WebSheet should be built in MAS. Many non-network Windows applications for calculation have the special commands New [Project], Open [Project] and Save [Project] in the File menu that allow us to work with an archive of source data, see Fig. 7.30 showing these commands (the menu and dialog windows of a Window application which save data concerning separate projects to a disk in files Sample1.rod, Sample2.rod, ... Sample8.rod).
Fig. 7.30. Menu and dialog window for opening calculation projects
Converting a worksheet to function as Web document we should choose start values of the source data. As a rule, WebSheet developer follows tradition of Mathcad with its basic interface operator := and creates it in such a way that the document contains common initial data that could be changed, edited by a user. On the one hand it is convenient: we can view a document right away and do not change anything there or change just some initial data. On the other hand it may result to errors if a user have not change required data and obtains wrong solution. Therefore it is recommended that the developer put a dash ("-") into a text box but does not type standard value. That will disable calculation and thus demand that a user enters required data. For the same reason it is advisable to use check boxes instead of the list box or the radio button in creating data choice. As mentioned above we cannot choose none of the elements in a check box ("clean page for calculation").
The problems represented on the MAS are aimed basically to practical problems. They are created in such a way that suggest a user to enter initial data via Web Controls, push the Recalculate button and obtain a result. But it is possible to set it for knowledge checking if we "turn it inside out", such document shown in Fig. 7.12. It is acceptable to generate initial data and ask a user (a trainee) to enter required formulae. The result of calculation by these formulae is compared with the true one. We can check knowledge of corresponding process, equipment or technology on the base of the comparison. It could be used in education and for practical training and also as self-control. At that it is necessary to give the theoretical footing and references prompting a user to the right answer in the document itself or in the referenced worksheets. You can see the example of such WebSheet at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/mas/worksheets/Tests/Test_Cone.mcd which asks to define height and volume of the right circular cone by given geometry (Fig. 7.31).
Fig. 7.31. Knowledge checking via MAS: choice of the variant and entering an expression (mas)
In Fig. 7.31 point one suggests traditional choice the right solution from the list containing also some wrong solutions. This technique is obsolete. Point two asks to enter solution but not choose. At that, we can enter both variables (D, H, and рi) and numerical constants.
Fig. 7.32. Knowledge checking via MAS: working out and solving an equation (mas)
The WebSheet at http://twt.mpei.ac.ru/MAS/Worksheets/Chem/Chem_R_N26t.mcd shown in Fig. 7.32 asks a student to solve a chemical problem on computer not by entering numerical constants as shown in Fig. 7.31 but by composing the required equation. At that, Mathcad with its procedures of finding a solution allows us to change method in one or another branch. Thus, similar problems are solved via proportions in schools. Having the method of finding a solution we can forget about "primitive" proportions and turn to the problem essence, to solve equation for conservation of substance.
We should solve the following problems in such documents (Fig. 7.31 and 7.32):
r It is necessary to generate data within the reasonable range.
r The initial data should be chosen from quite extensional table or created via true or pseudo random number generator excluding wrong data (such generator shown in Fig. 6.17).
r Initial data may have different units that encourages a student to study some sections of metrology.
r A trainee can choose a formula from the list (height of the cone, Fig. 7.31) or enter it in a text box (volume of the cone). These methods have their advantages and limitations. Choice of solution implies wrong variants. It is controversial point in methodology: a student may remember a wrong result from the list but not the right one. Entrance of a formula in the text box is rather inconvenient: we should enter the formula in the text mode basing on "computer" but not mathematical way of operator notation. There are some advantages in this method: a user studies some techniques of work with computer and special science at the same time. It is possible to enter numerical constants and the variables which keep them.
r Comparing numerical answers of the user including those entered via formulae with true results we should take into consideration accuracy of mathematical operations. For example, the user may enter p equal to 3.14 that differ from the real value of this fundamental mathematical constant. A solution of this problem is to display not the message of the kind "Right/Wrong" but two values, user's result and true result analyzed by a person.
The problem of access to the MAS documents could be solved with traditional technologies used on the Internet: registration, password etc. These technologies could be applied to whole site or to separate calculations. For example, Fig. 7.33 shows calculation of the temperature in the condenser of a turbine which created in such a way that result is displayed only with proper initial data: at Pv=0.95 bar and В=750 torr (mm Hg) the result will be Pc=4.99 kPa tc=32.8ºС etc, but the calculation is disabled with other data The user may view the WebSheet but not calculate. To make calculations the user with name Login should get the password from the developer and enter it in the corresponding text box.
Fig. 7.33. The document that requires password entering (mas)
Entered registration name and the password are compared with (operators or functions if) that keeping in the program and if they agree the calculation is enabled.
Thus, what should we do to make a Mathcad document accessible on the Internet:
1. Edit Mathcad document in Mathcad 11.2 Enterprise Edition or Mathcad 12 (all versions): insert Web Controls instead of assignment operators, exclude or change superfluous comments, exclude formatting of some results etc. If the developer has no such versions he(she) may, for example, highlight these operators and ask MAS administrator make required changes (se Fig. 7.1 and 7.5)
The Mathcad documents converted in this way can also work in individual computers that have installed Mathcad. It is possible to protect the documents (see Fig. 1.23). Thus we stick a kind of protective film with openings in the Web Controls that protect document from intentional or unintentional damage and from curious look to the collapsed areas.
The only difference between such WebSheet and a WorkSheet is recalculation begins after we have change the Web Controls but not after pushing the Submit button (see Fig.1.74). In that case we can switch to manual mode and ask to press F9, not the Submit button. Fig. П.3 from Foreword shows section "Разное" from the Author's MAS www.vpu.ru/mas with general mathematical problems. Besides, this server contains the problems connected with power engineering, the Author's professional activity (also see www.true.ru). Readers can add interesting WebSheets to favorites list via the Favorites menu of their Internet Explorer browsers as shown in Fig. 7.34.
Fig. 7.34. An example of formatting list of favorite calculation pages on the Internet
The Author hopes that readers will expand the list of problems shown in Fig. 7.34. MAS can also be used for creating the Internet versions of reference books and encyclopedias, inserting calculations in their Internet copies.
As mentioned above, Mathcad have reference tables, see Fig. 7.35. Here is another "cast" from Mathcad reference tables containing information on thermal conductivity of metals
Fig. 7.35. The page from Mathcad reference tables with data on thermal conductivity of metals
Many of the properties of metals (and non-metals) including thermal conductivity are known to depend on temperature. Fig. 7.36 shows the WebSheet containing detailed information on thermal conductivity of metals.
Fig. 7.36. The site concerning thermal conductivity of metals (mas)
This WebSheet has three features that give additional information:
1. A user can choose both metal and temperature.
2. The result is displayed numerically and on the plot that allow us to view changing of thermal conductivity with temperature
3. The site shows values of coefficients of the polynomial which smoothes the data given in the table. A user can define exponent of the polynomial and transfer the interpolation formula obtained not only to Mathcad but also to other application.
Besides tables the formulae for calculations are considered as reference information (for example, see Fig. 3.1). The MAS technology allows us to "animate" such formulae. Fig. 7.37 shows the WebSheet enabling us both to compute the temperature inside of the wall and view temperature distribution in the wall depending on changing conditions of heat exchange.
Fig. 7.37. The site on thermal conductivity formulae on the Internet (mas)
The list of sites "animated" by the MAS technology is extending. Students help the Author in that converting reference books into the Internet sites. Thus they combine usefulness (studying basis of informatics on examples of power engineering) and pleasure (to see own work on the Internet). With that useful and pleasure note we are finishing the book.


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History of Edwin Mellen Press
10 Reasons Publish with us
Steps in Publishing with Mellen
Our Production Process
Contact Information
Mellen Books
Subject Areas
Selection of Mellen Books
Reviewed by Choice
Mellen Authors
Author Testimonials
A - Z of Authors
New Titles
New Titles from The Edwin Mellen Press
Publish with Mellen
1400 Year War Between Islam and the West. The Paradigm for Understanding and Overcoming Enmity Among Civilizations
Towfighi, Parviz
Searches the development of Judaism, Christianity and Islam to provide reasons for the hatred of a faction of the Islamic world toward the West in general, and the United States in particular. It examines the possibility that the roots of this animosity are the result of the historical interactions between these three Abrahamic religions and more fundamentally the result of corruption of the original message of each religion.
This fascinating retrospective historical and political study is based on the premise that the knowledge of historical facts is important to a proper understanding of present day world conflicts and also those that may develop in the future. It offers real solutions for the resolution of those conflicts.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements / Introduction
Chapter I: Paradigmatic Discourse
Clash of Civilizations Paradigm
Empire and Multitude Paradigm
In Search of a New Paradigm
Chapter II: Christianity and its Change Process
Early Christianity
The Rise of the Christian Empire
Reform Movements in Christianity
Chapter III: Islam and its Change Process
The Early Islamic State
The Rise of the Islamic Empire
The Umayyad Empire
The Moorish Empire: The Moors of Iberia
Islamic Reformist Movements
Mulla Sadra
Asadabadi (Afghani)
Formative Years (1837-1859)
The Wandering Persian (1866-1868)
Egypt the Biggest Gamble (1871-1879)
Misguided Efforts (1880-1889)
Return of the Prodigal Son (1886-1891)
The End: Ottoman Empire (1892-1897)
Jamal al Din's Position as an Islamic Thinker and Reformist
A Man for All Seasons
A Blueprint for an Islamic Government
A Program for Reform
On Democracy
On Women
On Modernization
On Implementation of Shari'a (Islamic Law)
On the Economy
Chapter IV: Religious Wars of the Middle-Ages
The Christian Crusades for Jerusalem
The Islamic Jihad for Recapturing Jerusalem
Chapter V: The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
Chapter VI: Zionism and the Creation of the Jewish State
Love of Zion (Ahavat Zion)
Chapter VII: Islamic Fundamentalism: Its Roots in History and its Recent Revival
Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-Moslemin)
Chapter VIII: Revival of the Medieval Conflict Between Christianity and Islam
New Call for Liberation of Jerusalem by Muslims
Revival of the Crusading Spirit among Christians
Evangelical Movement
Chapter IX: The Hope and the Realities
Concluding Remarks
Appendix A: Important Dates and Events

subset: commoncrawl


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As a proud sponsor of Bronx Week 2018, we want to celebrate the local businesses that contribute to the rich culture which defines the Bronx. See the list of last month's top local destinations for Uber users in the Bronx.
Did you know: The Bronx is the fastest growing borough in New York City for Uber users.
Havana Café
This restaurant on Tremont and La Salle Ave offers Cuban classics, from Pizza Cubana to the Cuban Sandwich.
Where: 3151 East Tremont Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
The Bronx Public
Formerly The Kilt, The Bronx Public is a bar and restaurant that focuses on shared plates and has themed trivia nights and brunches.
Where: 170 W. 231st Street, Bronx, NY 10463
Bronx Zoo
The largest metropolitan zoo in the country, the Bronx Zoo opens at 10am every day this summer. You can visit to the zoo for $36.95 for adults and kids under 2-years-old get in for free.
Where: 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460
Barcelona Bites
Barcelona Bites is a Nuevo Latino restaurant and bar that has music playing from brunch until bar-close.
Where: 220 W 242nd St, Bronx, New York
MTA Fordham Metro-North Station
The MTA Fordham Metro-North Station is one of the Bronx's top destinations for Uber users, helping riders get to this subway stop.
Where: 417 E Fordham Rd, Bronx, NY 10458
Seafood City
Situated in City Island, this seafood restaurant sits on the water, offers a menu of seafood classics, and has outdoor seating in the summer.
Where: 459 City Island Ave, Bronx, NY 10464
Lehman College
Located near the Jerome Park Reservoir, Lehman College is home to over almost 12,000 students.
Where: 250 Bedford Park Blvd W, Bronx, NY 10468
Isla Cafe
Isla Cafe provides a full Puerto Rican lunch, dinner, and brunch menu, and DJ's mix it up every night at 10pm.
Where: 1859 Westchester Ave. Bronx, NY 10472


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On Etsy, shops are expected to offer reliable, solution-oriented customer service to Etsy buyers. This level of customer service helps buyers trust shops, and Etsy, with their business. Etsy measures customer service using Order Dissatisfaction Rate (ODR) and manual account reviews conducted by specialists.
This article provides information about Etsy's ODR system and Service Level Standards, and offers tips to prevent unsatisfied buyers.
What does Order Dissatisfaction Rate mean?
Etsy considers a shop's Order Dissatisfaction Rate (ODR) a measurement of the quality of customer service provided to its buyers. ODR is the percentage of a shop's orders where buyers expressed they had an unsatisfactory experience through either of the following:
- leaving a review of two stars or less
- filing a case
Cases and low reviews are strong indicators that buyers haven't received the customer service they expect from a shop. Shops should have less than 1% of their orders result in an unsatisfactory customer experience.
Why are low reviews and cases part of the ODR?
When a customer leaves a low review or files a case, it indicates they aren't satisfied with either the product or experience they received from a shop. Common reasons for unsatisfied customers are:
- the order was not shipped on time
- the item(s) delivered differed from what the buyer expected based on the listing description or images
- the shop insufficiently handled issues shared via Etsy Messages
Because cases and low reviews often indicate that buyers didn't receive the customer service Etsy expected, they're included in a shop's ODR regardless of the resolution.
Why does a removed review or case closed in my favor count toward my ODR?
Cases and low reviews are usually submitted because one or more of the following occurred:
- the order was not shipped within the processing time set by a shop
- the buyer contacted the shop, but didn't receive a sufficient response (or a response at all)
- the buyer contacted the shop about an issue and the shop promised a resolution, but didn't follow through
Because cases and low reviews are often the result of a customer service mishap, they're how we measure the rate at which buyers express unhappiness during a transaction. Although ODR can't be manually adjusted, specialists on the Trust & Safety team will consider the circumstances of each buyer complaint when manually reviewing an account.
In order to have a customer service performance metric that would be fair and easy to understand, Etsy does not currently have a threshold for case resolutions themselves. Etsy believes a case or low review is reliable data that tells us when a buyer's expectations haven't been met by a shop.
When is a Customer Service Warning email sent to a shop?
If a shop receives a Customer Service Warning, this means its ODR is above the acceptable threshold. Shops with a high ODR will need to show sustainable customer service improvement, and maintain an ODR below 1%, in order to continue selling on Etsy.
We understand low reviews and cases may occur on occasion; buyer feedback is a natural part of business. The goal of ODR is to help prevent patterns of unsatisfied buyers from continuing in a shop.
For shops otherwise compliant with Etsy's policies and expectations, warnings will only be sent if a shop meets all of the following criteria:
- The shop's ODR is 1% or higher
- The shop has three or more orders with a case or low review since its first sale
- The shop has two or more orders placed within a 60 day evaluation period that resulted in a case or low review.
Learn what to do if you received a Customer Service Warning.
Why did Etsy implement customer service expectations?
As part of our Seller Policy, our Service Level Standards are a set of customer service expectations we have for members who sell on Etsy. We implemented ODR in an effort to offer sellers more insight into how we measure customer service.
We also created the Customer Service Performance dashboard, which includes a shop's ODR, to give sellers the ability to see how they're doing on a daily basis and identify potential concerns among their buyers. Only sellers who meet the criteria outlined in this article will receive the Customer Service Performance dashboard. If you did not receive a link to this dashboard, your shop is currently in good standing.


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One of Suffolk's last remaining RBL Women's Sections closes after 90 years
PUBLISHED: 16:12 14 February 2018 | UPDATED: 16:12 14 February 2018
Archant © 2007
One of Suffolk's last remaining branches of the Royal British Legion Women's Section has announced its closure after 90 years service.
Sue Doy, former chairman and secretary of the Southwold and Reydon branch, said it was with "great sadness" that the section was folding.
Formed in 1927, the branch has raised thousands of pounds for ex-service women and their families.
But Mrs Doy, who is aged 81, said a shrinking membership and the lack of a treasurer meant the group could no longer continue.
"It is very sad, and it will be even sadder when we lay the standard up," she said. "But we cannot get the youngsters to join and a lot of our members have died recently.
"Over all these years, the women of Southwold and Reydon, past and present, have worked tirelessly to keep to our motto 'service, not self'."
She said the group celebrated its 90th anniversary in May last year, and in September the decision was made to close the branch.
However, members agreed to present the women's section standard for the last time at the Remembrance service in November 2017.
Mrs Doy said she was one of five members who voted to keep the branch open. But seven others voted in favour of its closure.
She said the branch was one of just three women's sections still operating in Suffolk following the reorganisation of the RBL.
In October 2016 the decision was taken by the armed forces charity to absorb the women's sections into its ranks, rather than keep it as a separate entity.
"When I first joined there were eight or nine branches in our group and that went down to just one in the end," Mrs Doy said. "We used to have so many members and the motto for our meetings was 'fundraising, friendship and fun."
Mrs Doy, who has been secretary for around 15 years and chairman for around 10, said the monthly meetings, which took place at Southwold town hall, would include a raffle, bingo and a quiz. The group would also host regular events to raise money for the charity.
Mrs Doy said the branch's president, Mollie Robinson, died around three years ago, aged 99.
She added: "Thank you to all our forbearers and members and the public who have always supported us over all these years."
If you value what this story gives you, please consider supporting the Lowestoft Journal. Click the link in the orange box above for details.


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Every small business has hit a point of stagnation, where you decided to explore the options to expand their market. Whether or not this is your current situation, here are 10 marketing ideas for small business.
1. Join the Chamber of Commerce
- Membership brings Identity to your business It will increase positive perception to your prospective customers. And show your loyalty to the community.
- It can help Increase your visibility in the community. The Chamber can help you promote your business within its web site, blogs and newsletters.
- They can assist in Creating networking opportunities. This will help you meet and discuss opportunity's within the community and increase business contacts.
- Receive customer referrals. Your local Chamber receives calls daily from prospective customers looking for referrals, by being a chamber member they will know who to direct your business too.
- Get involved with theChamber events and programs. Get involved with local Chamber events to show community support.
2. Use Email Automation
An email automation system like Constant Contact helps you create emails that provides you HTML templates which includes fonts, colors and graphic placeholders for the ease of customizing your logo and email format. It gives you the ability to measure the response to your email campaign, it will tell you who opened the email and what they clicked on.
3. Have a Facebook Page
With Facebook you can put yourself in front of your customers with just a click, it gives you to update products, videos and it gives your customer a way of sharing comments to other customers about you business to your target community.
4. Twitter
It gives you the ability to keep informed about what is happening in your industry and keeps you informed as to what your competition is doing. It will help direct traffic to your business and it will help to inform your customers about your products. Twitter is also a good way to promote your business immediately. If you are running a one-day promotion, Twitter may be a good place to promote it.
5. Write Blogs
Writing blogs will help attracting customers to your website. This can bring in additional leads and additional sales. It gives the customer the opportunity to learn more about you company and your products. It also allows you to prove your knowledge of your industry, and draw in people who are locally searching for information about your industry.If you research SEO and look into starting a blog, blog posting can be a powerful marketing idea for small businesses.
6. Customer Testimonials
There is nothing better than great customer testimonials about your product and services. It gives your company and products credibility and trust.
7. Keep Your Web Site User Friendly
Their is nothing more harmful than a website that will turn customers away. Keep your website user friendly, keep your menu easy to find and navigate through. don't ad pop ups, don't hide contact information or make it hard to find. Keep your web site updated and fresh. Provide a link to customer testimonials.
8. Join LinkedIn
You can find several benefits from joining LinkedIn. Including finding qualified business connections, increases your exposure, it gives you the ability to discuss your accomplishments, it gives you credibility and it can help generate new customers.
9. Upload Videos On Youtube
Much like other social media services Youtube can be a great way to reach out to your prospective customers to show them your products and tell them the features that will help benefit them. It gives you the ability to reach out to a broader audience and introduce your products.
10. Customer Satisfaction Surveys
The benefit of customer surveys will help you improve your product and service to your customer, it will help you monitor your customers satisfaction with you products and service, it will help you create a better customer experience. It will also help you keep customers loyal to your company.
There are many different marketing ideas for small business visibility. While one large side of promoting business visibility is the digital realm, don't ignore the benefits of promoting your small business phsycially.
Continue at: http://blog.visual.electro-matic.com/10-marketing-ideas-for-small-businesses
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Headlines 2018
Roger Svensson, IFN, participated on Friday in a panel discussing Anders Gustafsson's dissertation "Industrial Policy: Political Considerations, Payoffs, and Peculiar Incentives." The seminar was organized by Ratio. "We have to pull down on selective programs," said Roger Svensson. He advocated a bottom-up-perspective, that is, today's financial support is replaced with general tax incentives so that more people can start innovative projects in companies. "Or give tax incentives for individuals to invest in unlisted companies, like in Britain."
Roger Svensson also proposed that existing programs be evaluated and revised before new launches. "There are 10 billion in state venture capital and only half are invested. Nevertheless, new programs start and add another 2.5 billion ..."
Read more about Roger Svensson's research
Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Grevgatan 34 - 2 fl, Box 55665, SE-102 15 Stockholm, Sweden | Phone: +46-(0)8-665 45 00 | email@example.com


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FISH queue
FISH queue
/n./ [acronym, by analogy with FIFO (First In, First Out)] `First In, Still Here'. A joking way of pointing out that processing of a particular sequence of events or requests has stopped dead. Also `FISH mode' and `FISHnet'; the latter may be applied to any network that is running really slowly or exhibiting extreme flakiness.
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text: Longtime country music fans remember the day when the songs were traditional and the big names were super familiar. It changes however time. In 1989 there the new "class" that launched whole new COUNTRY movement. Names like Clint Black, Alan Jackson, Garth Brooks, Travis Tritt, and Mary Chapin Carpenter were all breakthrough artists that year. Interestingly it was they year one of our new leaders, Taylor Swift, came to be. Tour saving money Cay Wetlands today at 4 r.m. as well. This guided tour will teach anyone with a entire family about Florida's natural environments and the creatures that reside there. 12800 Hagen Ranch Rd., Boynton Beach. Spare. Each Saturday through February 2, well-known kids performers take the stage in the Nautilus Theater at SeaWorld Orlando. Laurie Berknew - Solo! could be the January 19, followed by Choo Choo Soul with Genevieve on January 26 and the Kratt Brothers Live, light and portable stars within the Wild Kratts, on February 2. Jason Aldean is in addition the mountain as a male vocalist with new country songs spiking to number one at radio and online with downloads and album sales. His 2012 album "Night Train" surprised critics with another instant jump to 1 on the all genres Billboard Top 200. His ascent into the pinnacle was clinched with his or her signature song "Dirt Road Anthem" that blended today's rap vibe with [[real country>http://www.usatoday.com/search/real%20country/]] words. His latest releases promise rabid fans that much more to are. India is often a land of music and also the country embraces all forms of music all over earth. The youth in India is musically inclined and this is why world famous artists readily make their dates in order to come here and [[perform>http://Www.Buzzfeed.com/search?q=perform]] for the masses. So, when FloRida Jay Sean and Ludacris come to India, for Champion's League 20-20 ; won't you wish to be there and Boost to the coolest numbers? Deals and You gives you this offer to shop through them and obtain the concert ticket absolutely free. So guys and girls now you can shop a particular example is do every so often and be charged with think about saving when using the shopping pay off the [[niall horan concert tickets>http://www.niallhorantickets.org]] Tickets. Shop from dealsandyou and let them sponsor the tickets for nothing FREE Reduce!! The latest generation of their iPod is designed for any man especially the outdoorsy man in living and makes a person of finest Christmas gifts 2010. May multi-tasker that could be a great iPod, game player, as well as as a computer in the tips of your fingers. I possibly be taking it to the streets (oh yeah, I am that dorky, lol) of Mizner Park tonight in the Michael McDonald concert. Tickets are $40 - $68. Come early and benefit from the sights and sounds (and holiday decorations) at Mizner - 590 Plaza Real, Boca Raton. 8 s.m. Needless to say, number of obvious a regarding great suggestions for a retirement gift every retiree is bound to appreciate. Gather have to understand is what they enjoy probably the most and the way that they feel concerning retirement and you will definitely have all the tools elements to discover the perfect gifts for the golden years!


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If you are in Houston, you must not miss a day at the races hosted by one of the biggest entertainment venues in the area: the Sam Houston Race Park.
Texans have a passion for races, whether there are horses or dogs that compete in them. They also love hanging out with friends and loved ones at concerts and food festivals. The Sam Houston Race Park has them all. Here are five reasons why you should not miss it while visiting Houston:
Traditional Horse Races
The Sam Houston Race Park opened its doors for the first time on April 24, 1994, as the first Class 1 Horse Racing Venue built in Texas.
The venue disposes of a 1-mile dirt track and no less than 7-furlong turf course for the horses. It has a daily average attendance of 6,600 people and the highest number of attendees was recorded in 2008 when 32,177 people taking a seat in the stands.
From late January to early March you can attend thoroughbred horse races, which are the local public's delight. During the rest of the year, you can enjoy watching one of the thrilling Quarter Horse tournaments.
Family-Friendly Dog Races
If you happen to be in Houston in February, you must go to the Sam Houston Race Park for the annual dog race. In spite of its name, the contest does not feature traditional racing dogs like hounds, but wieners in a light-hearted race that spells fun for the entire family.
A few years ago, the park administration introduced this type of cheerful event for people to pass the time between the horse races. The wiener race became so popular that the organizers decided to keep it as a fix annual event in their calendar.
If you stay in Houston for a longer time, then you should also attend the Derby Dog Dash that takes place in April of every year and places corgis in a hair-raising contest against each other.
Annual Food Festivals
When it doesn't host horse races or dog races, the Sam Houston Race Park lends its venue to other equally exciting events. One of them is the Annual Food Truck Festival, which allows many of the local restaurants and small pubs to showcase their latest menus.
If you are in town during the food festival at the Sam Houston Race Park, you have a great chance of sampling some of the most delicious dishes in Texas.
Outdoor Music Concerts
Other fun events that you can attend at the race park in northwest Houston are music concerts that are held there throughout the year. The annual ZiegenBock Music Festival brings together some of the greatest country artists from the Texas area and beyond.
Entertaining Car Shows
Last, but not least, car lovers can attend automotive shows at the Sam Houston Race Park. The annually-held Guitars N' Cars Auto Show is an entertaining event that involves live music and car displays from local vendors. All the money that derives from ticket sales goes to the Houston US Vets Program, which supports the war veterans of Houston.


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Argentine Republic. State of S. America, including the s. part of the continent e. of the summit of the Andes. Its area is 1.200,000 sq. m. The w. part consists of the Andes with their foothills; the remainder of broad plains, partially timbered in the north, becoming more arid and grass-covered in the middle (the pampas region) and sterile in the s. portion, or what was formerly Patagonia. The most important industry is the raising of cattle and sheep, and the principal commerce is in their products. Railroad building is very active; in 1892 there were ab. 7,000 miles in operation. The capital is Buenos Ayres, on the La Plata, founded 1535, pop. 550,000. Other important cities are Cordova, Rosario, and La Plata. Pop. ab. 3,500,000, including nearly 600,000 of European birth.
The region about the mouth of the Rio de la Plata was first explored 1512. The country was dependent on the Government of Paraguay till 1620, when Buenos Ayres became the seat of government, but still subject to the vice-royalty of Peru. In
1809–10 the people renounced their allegiance to Spain, and in 1813 a Congress was assembled at Buenos Ayres, with Povadas as dictator. In 1825 a Constitution was adopted and a federation formed. A war with Brazil for the possession of the region lying between the two resulted in a treaty, 1828, by wiich Uruguay became independent. Other wars ended, 1852, in Rosas' defeat and the independence of Paraguay. A financial crisis in 1890–91, with the repudiation of the public debt, caused the failure of Baring Bros. in London and heavy losses in Europe.
Argentite. AgaS. One of the most valuable of the silver ores, containing 87 o cent of silver and 13 per cent of sulphur; found in many of the best known silver mining regions of the world.
Arginusae. Three small islands s. e. from Lesbos, famous for naval victory of Athenians over Lacedenonians 406 B.C.
Argo. Ship in which Jason, Hercules, Theseus, Castor and Pollux, with 45 other heroes, called Argonauts, sailed to Aea (Colchis) to fetch the Golden Fleece. Athena superintended its building. California gold miners, 1849, were called Argonauts.
Argo. Southern constellation. mean declination 50°.
Argol. Crude cream of tartar, potassium bitartrate, formed in interior of wine casks.
Lithological name for clay slate.
People of ancient Argolis.
Mean right ascension 8h;
Argolis. Ancient state of n. e. Peloponnesus, ruled b Agamemnon at time of Trojan war. Argos was its capital, and Mycenae one of the chief cities.
Argon. At. wit. 20. Sp. gr. 0.138. liq.—121° C. 50.6 Atm. Solid–191° C. Absorption spectrum differs from all others. Constituent of the atmosphere, discovered, 1894, by Lord Rayleigh, by passing air, freed from moisture, carbon dioxide and oxygen, over heated magnesium turnings leaving on volume of Argon. Chemically it is very inert. Facts yet obtained do not warrant a final decision as to its elemental nature.
Argonauta. Argonauts.
See DIBRANCHIATA. See ARGO.
Argos. Capital of Argolis, famous for worship of Hera (Juno). It emerges in history ab. 750 B.C. as chief state in the peninsula; frequently at war with Sparta; joined Achaean
Argus. Genus of birds, Gallinae phasianidae. . The wings - are marked by iridescent eye-like ring s. Asiatic. Argyle, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, MARQUIS OF, 1598–1661. At first a leader of the Scottish Covenanters, he was defeated by Montrose 1644; sided with Charles II. against Cromwell 1657; was beheaded for submission to the Protector May 27, 1661.-His son and namesake, 9th earl (1663), was condemned 1681 for taking the testoath with a reservation, escaped, took part in Monmouth's rebellion, and was beheaded June 30, 1685. Argyle, GEORGE **. John DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, 8TH DUKE OF (1847), b. 1823. Scottish statesman and author; Presbytery, 1848; Reign of
Sec. for India 1868–74 and 1880–81. Law, 1866; Primeval Man, 1869.
Argyropulos, JohannDs, 1416–1473. Greek teacher in Italy; tr. Aristotle.
Arhagea. Group of Nemertean worms, having no ciliated grooves on the head. It includes the Palaeonemertea and Haplonemertea.
Arhan. Sanskrit name of the perfected Arya, those who have mastered the four spiritual truths and thereby entered the path to Nirvana. Also applied to all the disciples of Sakyamuni. The Chinese Buddhists apply it especially to the famous 18 and 500 disciples whom they call Lo-hán.
Ari, "THE WISE," 1067–1148. Icelandic historian. His Book of Kings and Icelanders exist only in fragments; the Settlements is his in part.
Aria. Musical composition for solo voice or instrument with accompaniment, consisting generally of three divisions, the third being a repetition of the first. It had its origin ab. 1650, and in the operatic form of the 18th century was thus classified: Aria cantabile, a flowing melody lightly acceompanied; Aria di portamento, in a sustained style; Aria di mezzo carattere, more fully developed and embellished: Aria parlante, Aria di nota e parola, Aria agitato, Aria di strepito, or Aria infuriata, charged with more passionate emotion; Aria di bravura, or Aria d'agilità, florid and designed to display the singer's skill.
Ariadne. Daughter of Minos, King of Crete. She fell in love with Theseus and gave him the clew by which he found his way out of the Labyrinth; accompanied him on his return to Athens, but was deserted by him in Naxos, and became the wife of Dionysus.
Arianism. Movement proceeding from ARIUS (q.v.), intended to make the mystery of the Trinity plainer. It declared the Son to have proceeded not from the Being but from the Will of God, and to be of different substance both from the Father and the World, which God created through Him. Condemned by the First General Council, at Nicaea, 325, it died very slowly in the Empire, and much more slowly among the Teutonic tribes, some of which, especially the Visigoths of Spain, held it almost to 600, and the Lombards till toward 700.
Arias Montanus, BENEDICTUs, 1527–1598. Spanish Benedictine monk, editor of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible, 1568–72; famous as an Orientalist.
Aries. See ZODIAC. Arietta.
, Aril. , Accessory seed-covering found in certain plants, as in the white water-lily; formed by growth of a membrane at or near the base of the ovule after fertilization.
Diminutive of Aria.
Arillode. Accessory seed-covering resembling an aril, but developing from the apex of the ovule downward, as in Mace.
Ariobarzanes. (1) Three kings of Pontus. One of them revolted from Artaxerxes 362 B.C., reigned 363–337, and may be regarded as the founder of kingdom of Pontus. (2) Three kings of Cappadocia. One reigned 93–63 B.C. under the §o. His grandson ruled 51–42, and aided Pompey against aesar.
power of the aristocracy through the gift of suffrage to the inlasses.
Aristol. Cao H, O, I. Diiododithymol, prepared by action of iodine on thymol; used in pharmacy.
Aristolochiaceae. Natural family of Flowering Plants, of the class Angiospermae and sub-class Dicotyledones; comprising 5 genera and ab. 225 species, widely distributed throughout the
o o 47/ Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis.)
temperate and warm regions of the globe; commonly called the Birthwort family. Aristomenes. Half legendary hero of Messenia. He successfully resisted Sparta 685–668 B.C.; withdrew to Arcadia. whence he continued to harass the Spartans, and d. in Rhodes.
Aristophanes, ab.444—ab.380 B.C. , Greatest of Athenian writers of comedy; classed with the Old Comedy, although his style suggested . Middle and New schools. He employed the play to satirize and combat tendencies in politics, religion, and education which he considered to be dangerous to Athens, and caricatured the champions of obnoxious changes, especially the sophists. Eleven of his 40 plays, remain; the Acharmians. Knights, Clouds, Wasps, Birds, Peace, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, First Plutus, Frogs, and Ecclesiazusae. Aristophanes, of BYZANTIUM, ab. 264—ab.185 B.C. Grammarian at Alexandria, librarian at the Museum; teacher of Aristarchus, maker of the canon or list of classic authors, and great literary and textual critic. He introduced the use of acEents in Greek, and wrote many works which have perished. Aristotle, 384–322 B.C. Son of Nicomachus, a physician.9f Greek descent; b. at Stageira on the Macedonian frontier. He went to Athens at 17, and for twenty years was the pupil and associate of Plato. In 347 he went to the court of Hermeas at Atarneus in Asia Minor, whose niece he married. Later he removed to Mitylene, whence he was called by Philip of Macedon to be the tutor of Alexander the Great. In 335 he returned to Athens, where he established the Peripatetic, school, of philosophy and wrote the works now extant. On the death of Alexander, with whose cause he was identified, he fled from Athens, and died shortly afterward in Chalcis. - His writings were long lost: those now attributed to him were pub. about 50 B.C.. They exercised a great influence on the Arabic and Scholastic philosophy, and are regarded as the most important contributions, ever made to philosophy and science. They cover nearly the whole field of knowledge, and make ad; vances in every department. The Organum develops formal logic much as it is now taught; and contaios in ortant discussión of scientific method and of dialectic. The Rhetoric and the fragment On Poetry contain, many acute observations on human nature and conduct, which are elaborated with greater thoroughness and insight in the Ethics. In the Poletics both the idol state and the actual political condition of Greece are discussed. In his writings on metaphysics, psychology, and science, he treats both the most abstruse problems of philosophy and an immense range of special facts. Physical and natural science may be regarded almost as his creation. Aristotle's Lantern. System of teeth guarding the mouth of Sea-urchins. There are sive teeth set, in as many ossicles (the alveoli), which in turn unite at their bases each with two pairs of ossicles, and a central process. Aristoxenus, fl. ab. 350 B.C.. Greek philosopher, pupil of Aristotle. His treatise on Rhythm exists only as a fragment, but his valuable Elements of Harmony, the oldest known book
on Greek music, is to be found in Meibom's Antiquae Musicae Scriptores, 1652. Arithmetic. Science of numbers. Its beginning is found everywhere with the beginnings of civilization. Egyptian monuments show figures evidently using their hands for counting. The Roman numerals were used in Europe until the 15th century. Our present notation is of Hindoo origin, derived through the Arabs. Traces of it are found in Aryabhatta, an ear Hindoo writer. With the nine digits and zero to denote position, an indefinite range is obtained. The basic notions of reckoning are addition and subtraction: then multiplication and division: still further involution and evolution. Fractions with their decimal notation, the processes of percentage, the progressions and analysis complete the subdivisions of the subject. . Much has been written on the "Theory of Numbers" and their relations when combined.
Arithmetical Complement of a Logarithm. Remainder found by subtracting the logarithm from 10; used in computations by common logarithms to compact addition and subtraction of logarithms into one operation, 10 being subtracted from the sum for each complement used to obtain the required result.
Arithmetical Mean. Half sum of two magnitudes.
Arithmetical Progression. Series whose terms increase or decrease by a constant difference. Analysis of the series shows that any term equals the first term increased by the constant difference multiplied by the number of terms less one: if m =number of terms: a, the first term; d, the difference; and an the last of the n terms, an = a + (n—1) d. (1). The sum of the n terms equals the sum of the first term and last term multiplied by + the number of terms.
n xn = 3 (a + an) (2). Equations (1) and (2)—three elements being known, will solve algebraically all questions in Arithmetical Progression. Arius, 256–336. Heresiarch: Alexandrian presbyter of much ability and learning. His views have been condemned by modern Unitarians, as making Christ to be no more man than God; but they long convulsed Christendom, and his sudden death was regarded by the orthodox as a special providence. See ARIANISM. Arizona. S. w. territory of U. S. Its area is 113,020 sq. m. The n. e. part, including nearly half its area, consists of an arid plateau, having a mean elevation of from 6,000 to 7,000 ft., in which the Colorado River has cut its stupendous series of canons. The s. w. part is ...'...}} low, ranging from near sea level up to 2,000 ft., the limits of the high plateau being sharply outlined in most places by an abrupt descent. This lower region is composed of desert plains and valleys, intersected by narrow, sharp mountain ranges. The climate is extremely hot and arid, and agriculture is impossible anywhere without the aid of irrigation. The industries consist mainly of gold and silver mining, with a little agriculture and sheepraising. The capital is Prescott. A. was organized as a Territory 1863, from lands ceded by Mexico 1848, or purchased 1853. Pop., 1890, 59,620, besides 16,933 Indians. Ark. Vessel in which Noah and his family escaped the Flood; 300 cubits long, 50 wide, and 80 high. It rested on Mt. Ararat: Gen. vi.-viii.-The ark to which the infant Moses was committed was of papyrus reeds: Ex. ii. 8. Ark. Large box or caisson, formerly used to convey coal or ore down a river; the lumber was sold on arriving at its destination. Coal was thus floated down the Lehigh and Delaware from Mauch Chunk to Phila. prior to 1830.
Ark of the Covenant. Chest of acacia-wood, overlaid with gold, 24 cubits long, 13 broad and deep, containing the two Tables of the Law, given to Moses at Sinai, and especially symbolizing the Divine presence. It was lost at the sack of erusalem and never recovered.
Arkansas. One of the s. w. States. Its area is 58,850 sq.m. The n. w. part, including nearly half, its area, is broken and hilly, in some places rising to mountains of 2,500 to 2,800 st., consisting of ridges with e. and w: trend, forming part of the Ozark hill region. The e. part is low and mainly alluvial, and large areas are subject to overflow in time of flood. The principal streams are the Mississippi, Arkansas, White and Washita. The Ozark hill region is composed of carboniferous beds, the hills and mountains being of sandstone. The s. portion is mainly composed of Eocene beds, except the alluvial tracts, which are Quaternary. The dominating industry is agriculture, and chiefly the raising of cotton. In 1890 the value of farm products was ab. $88,000,000. The cotton crop of 1891 was 830,000 bales. The State is covered with magnificent forests, and the cutting and manufacture of lumber is an industry of large and growing importance. Its railroads in 1891 had a total length of 2,287 m. The capital is Little Rock, on


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The works are said to be done by Tretchikoff who is known for weird and out of norm scenes or characters but are not. They are done by Giovanni Bragolin who produced the crying boys series of painting in Venice for tourists. Reproductions of the works were sold world-wide and the series found in South Africa were distributed by Band-Aid. They are unsigned and can be found in all matter of frames as they came to the collector in a roll tube.
In the 1970's Band-Aid launched its first series of plasters. Up to then strip plasters were unknown. One bought plaster in a roll and it was generally of a fabric type with strong glue. Plastic rolls came out just before strip plaster was released. A purchaser of the product had to collect 4 coupons from the back of the box and then post these with a fee for postage in the form of a stamp to the offices of the company. In return the collector received a roll of the painting chosen. Some collectors were lucky and received all for 4 according to the number of coupons submitted. At the time I was a child on a farm and the workers used a lot of plasters so I was lucky.
Both unsigned and signed works exists as Bragolin would repaint and sell the works. The signature and name may vary. The characters are so life like that it is rumoured that the eyes follow the rooms occupants. The most famous of the 65 works are the two shown here which were almost to be found in every home in South Africa.
A superstition grew up around the one known as the crying boy due to a spate of fires caused by outdated electrical house wiring. The BBC released this video to show the curse of the crying boy. In the video you can see that this is not the same painting.
Rumours ranged from having to hang the little girl across the room from the little boy to stop the tears to the paintings being indestructible by fire.
Here is the myth of the crying boy.
Band-Aid released 4 painting in their drive to combat the depression and raise awareness for their new product.
These works have become highly collectable due to the fable and differing signatures.
These works have remained popular and in demand due to the artists policy of free share whereby he allowed companies to use his work on a payment for marketing and allowed media houses to display his work in print and reproduction.
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Product Information
Product Description:
Primitive ferocity unleashed.
A pewter dragon's skull upon a ¾ (20mm) wide black leather wriststrap; adjustable, fastened by a buckle.
Weight & Dimensions (approx.): H: 36mm (1.42") W: 54mm (2.13") D: 14mm (0.55") Weight: 42g (1.48oz)
(Please note neck jewellery dimensions are excluding the fastenings)
Fastening & Packaging:
Packaged in an Alchemy branded bag, including Alchemy Guarantee and care instructions.
Materials & Origin:
Designed and hand made in England in fine English pewter. (Lead, cadmium & nickel compliant)
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The AskmyGP online service is available 8.00am – 4.00pm weekdays. Please call the surgery outside of these hours.
If you have an urgent problem that cannot wait until the surgery is open please telephone 0115 979 2691 and your call will be diverted to our deputising service. Your needs will be assessed and you will be given advice or arrangements will be made for you to be seen by a healthcare professional.
If you need urgent medical advice between the hours of 6.30 pm – 8 am weekdays, during weekends or on Bank Holidays – please telephone 111.
NHS 111 can help if you have an urgent medical problem and you're not sure what to do. For children under 5 call 111
For people aged 5 and over go to 111.nhs.uk
Serious medical emergencies please call 999.