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Counselors – Invite Richie To Your Summer Camp To Write A Song!
I've done it before and am prepared do it again! I bought a new tent and canteen, so I'm all set. (Just kidding - all I bring is my keyboard and recording device). Why? I want to write a song with campers and air it on the Sean and Richie Show!
This was a camp group in Niskayuna from last year. Loved it - plus it was outside in a real campsite. Of course I'd rather do that, but if your "camp" is in a regular classroom, that's cool too. We come up with an idea, write it and record it. It's that simple. The song airs on the station and goes right here in the "article" section of our website. You can include photos and videos too if you'd like.
My best days to do this seems to be Thursday or Friday, and I would come around 11am. The program lasts an hour or so. If interested, please let me know by contacting me here- email@example.com


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sign upsign up
Home > Search quilting fabric by theme > Checks, gingham & plaid
(Details shown apply to the default selection)
Orders of 1 quarter metre can be cut either as a fat or long quarter - please choose from the drop down box above - see fabric guide below for sizes.
Orders of more than one unit will be sent as a single piece, e.g. For 1 metre of fabric order a quantity of 4.
Homestead Life, by Tara Reed for Riley Blake Designs, features ginghams, flowers and wheat stalks in a natural green, gold and cream colour palette - the perfect collection to bring a touch of rustic charm into your home! This is a large scale gingham pattern quilt fabric in soft green on cream, reference number C9452-GREEN.
This fabric is 100% cotton and is approximately 41-43 inches (102-107cm) wide off the bolt.
Our most common question is 'What is a fat quarter?' The diagram below shows how all the various cuts of fabric are measured, but in short:
UK: This item will be sent via Royal Mail first class, estimated delivery time 1-3 days.
Europe: This item will be sent via Royal Mail Airmail, estimated delivery time 3-5 days.
Rest of world: This item will be sent via Royal Mail Airmail, estimated delivery time 5-7 days.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I have always been and be grateful to these
1. Experiences and circumstances in जीवन that reveal purpose in जीवन
2. Parents for my early experiences in जीवन that shape up the जीवन
3. God for giving me जीवन full of teachable moments
4. Earthly gifts
5. Teachers, Gurus for guidance & showing the path to achieving purpose in जीवन
6. Countries that are providing proactive mental & physical support
(1) Do your duty to the best of your abilities for Me, without any selfish motive, and remember Me at all times --- while inactive and before starting a work and at the completion of a task
Interpretation - Action with Goal and Means in Consciousness
but without attachment to results
(2) Practice looking upon all creatures as Myself in thought, word, and deed; and mentally bow down to them.
Interpretation - Working for humanity is working for oneself
(3) Awaken your dormant Kundalini power and perceive --- through the activities of mind, senses, breathing, and emotions --- that the power of God is within you at all times and is constantly doing all the work using you as a mere instrument.
Interpretation - Power of Action is within you,
Power of Results with God
Bhagavad Geeta
Karma is sanskrit word for Justice


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100% COMMITED TO QUALITY AND SERVICE. Brand New Item In Box Never Opened: This Car Has The Following Features: Open Door, Trunk, Roll Wheels, Made of Heavy Die Cast With Some Plastic Parts. Dimensions approximately: 3 1/2 Inches Long. You may be interested in our other listings. All item (s) are new in boxes unless noted. We will make every effort to resolve the problem you may have. Make sure the item is properly packaged its original packaging. We appreciate your business. We assume no responsibility for those extra charges. We do not reply to outside emails. Thank you for your cooperation. Powered by SixBit's eCommerce Solution. The item "SET OF 12 PCS 2010 DODGE CHARGER LOS ANGELES COUNTY SHERIFF DEPT DIE CAST 1/64″ is in sale since Tuesday, August 15, 2017. This item is in the category "Toys & Hobbies\Diecast & Toy Vehicles\Cars, Trucks & Vans\Contemporary Manufacture". The seller is "mr_hobbies_la" and is located in Santa Ana, California. This item can be shipped worldwide.
- Brand: Jada Toys
- Scale: 1:64
- Vehicle Make: Dodge
- Material: Diecast
- Gender: Boys & Girls
- Type: Emergency Vehicle


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You are here
WeChat chats fuel China money exodus into Hong Kong policies
[HONG KONG] Here's how to sell Hong Kong insurance policies to mainland Chinese these days: Sit back, wait. Occasionally check your phone. Forget about restrictions imposed by mainland regulators trying to halt the exodus of billions of yuan out of China and into Hong Kong policy purchases.
For Hong Kong part-time agent Wen, who declined to give her first name, it's been that easy to make money.
After she posted a few remarks about insurance on WeChat, the popular Chinese instant-messaging service, her first three clients flew in from China at their own expense. She netted HK$130,000 (S$22,800) in commissions in the first month alone.
"People just come to me because my friends also tell their friends," said Ms Wen, 30, who started selling insurance in June while on maternity leave from a job where she has to work four months to make the same money. "I thought I wouldn't be getting any clients when I started."
An insurance buying frenzy by mainland Chinese in Hong Kong is being driven in part by such chatter on WeChat. As agents fear increased scrutiny by Chinese regulators, they're shifting to quieter practices such as general posts on social media, instead of organising public seminars and other more direct methods used previously on the mainland.
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Tell us what you think. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Ms Wen and other Hong Kong-based agents interviewed declined to give their full names lest they draw attention as the pace of insurance sales continues to surge to record levels.
On Wednesday, Hong Kong's Office of the Commissioner of Insurance said sales to mainland Chinese visitors more than doubled in the second quarter to reach HK$16.9 billion after already nearly doubling in the first quarter.
That puts first half sales of HK$30.1 billion close to the total HK$31.6 billion for all of 2015, which was already a 30 per cent increase from the previous year.
Demand is so great that recent moves by mainland regulators to clamp down on the purchases have had little dampening effect, according to Hong Kong agents. The boom has lifted the earnings of Prudential and AIA Group, with Prudential saying last month that mainland Chinese purchases helped boost its Hong Kong insurance sales by 58 per cent in the first half of 2016.
AIA said new premiums in Hong Kong rose 83 per cent in the same period, after receiving a "significant uplift" from China.
Spokesmen for both companies declined to comment.
"No matter what the new restrictions are, both the sellers and buyers have their own ways of getting around them," said Hu Xingdou, an economics professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Beijing Institute of Technology. "The government knows they have to turn a blind eye to a certain extent, because they know they can't completely shut the door."
The most popular policies in the city, Hong Kong agents say, are those that combine a life insurance element and an investment component. These can be cashed out after a few years, at which point the money can be used for property investment or other purposes, raising fewer questions about how the money left the Chinese mainland.
Hong Kong's insurance regulator last year warned of growing money laundering risks through the policies. Such outflows accelerated last year amid a corruption crackdown at home and fears that the yuan would continue to weaken.
Sales are also driven by the sense among many mainland Chinese that Hong Kong life and medical insurance products are superior to those sold in China.
"Chinese people are now more aware of Hong Kong insurance products, and they would actively find their way to buy insurance here," said Steven Lam, a Hong Kong-based insurance analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence. "The buying trend has touched the nerve of the Chinese government and led to the restrictions we've seen."
In the latest restriction, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission told its branches to investigate sales of overseas insurance policies on the mainland, Caixin magazine reported in May. The marketing of such policies inside China, through investment seminars or other public sessions, is prohibited.
Hong Kong's Office of the Commissioner of Insurance said in a statement in July that brokers may be violating China's rules by engaging in cross-border marketing and sales of products to China residents via social media. Mainland buyers are also required as of Thursday to sign an acknowledgment that they understand the risks of the policies they buy.
In February, mainland regulators limited the use of China UnionPay cards to buy policies to small transactions. In response, some buyers swiped cards hundreds of times to make a single purchase.
The practice shows just how eager Chinese remain to move money abroad amid a weakening economy and expectations of further declines in the yuan.
Insurance sellers say they have since taken a quieter marketing strategy as they've come under further scrutiny. For example, wealth managers on the mainland disguise meetings intended to sell insurance as general investment seminars and resort to more one-on-one meetings with potential customers, according to agents. Hong Kong agents say they've been able to sell the policies just as effectively through texts or WeChat.
"If I post news on WeChat Moments, I can only say Hong Kong insurance has many advantages, but that's it. We can't say too much," said Ms Li, a 35-year-old agent based in Hong Kong who only gave her surname. "We are more cautious, but we're really fine."
She said she's selling more critical illness and medical policies as people start to realize the importance of health coverage as well as investment, leading to a 200 per cent rise in her sales so far this year from 2015 and a 10 to 20 per cent jump in premiums in the first half.
Ms Wang, an agent in Hong Kong, said that some moves by China's regulators intended to curb the insurance sales have actually had the opposite effect and increased demand.
For example, when the CIRC pointed out that the Hong Kong policies aren't covered by Chinese law, in an attempt to deter purchases, it only served to highlight that they come under Hong Kong law where legal protections are better, Ms Wang said.
For some Hong Kong agents, it's an easy way to add to the regular paycheck.
"I never have to make cold calls or do anything aggressive to boost sales," said Wang, 33, another Hong Kong-based agent, who was born in Beijing. "News spreads quickly over WeChat. The message just goes from one to another."
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For daily updates on weekdays and specially selected content for the weekend. Subscribe to t.me/BizTimes


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Watch multiple Grammy Award-winning songwriter and record producer Bryan-Michael Cox use the Native Instruments iMASCHINE app for iOS on an Apple iPad to create some basic sketches for Tamar Braxton's "Pieces" before completing production in Native Instruments MASCHINE STUDIO. The iMaschine app enables Cox to capture his ideas whenever they happen, wherever they happen, and easily import them into his studio rig later on. It's a powerful combination that anyone can use.
Home Demos Live Sound/Recording/DJ Creating hits with Native Instruments MASCHINE STUDIO


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Are you thinking of selling your home or interested in learning about home prices in your neighborhood? We can help you.
Search the entire MLS for your Sacramento home.
When it comes to buying or selling a home the key element is to have a strong agent to make sure you are represented properly. You deserve the best and my team and I are here to assist in making sure you get the best outcome in the sale or purchase of your home.
With me by your side you can expect to get a skilled negotiator who is available when you have questions and who is resourceful with market knowledge and connections in the industry.
Dan Ellison
The Dan Ellison Group
Keller Williams
3001 I St 200, Sacramento, CA 95816
©2020 The Dan Ellison GroupProudly Brought To You By Vyral Marketing


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Andy Samberg is on a roll!
FOX Broadcasting Company has inked a multi-year deal with the Brooklyn Nine-Nine star and new Golden Globe winner's The Lonely Island. Under the pact, Samberg and his partners Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone will produce comedy content on digital platforms like Hulu and Roku, with an eye toward developing them into full series on FOX, FX and FXX, and other nets.
"Andy and I came up with this deal on a cocktail napkin last night," joked FOX Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly joked to critics at today's Television Critics Association press tour, adding that he hopes to find the next Brooklyn Nine-Nine or Key & Peele out of the deal.
"I've admired Akiva, Andy and Jorma's work for many years, and they share our desire to give creators more independence and the opportunity to take risks," said Reilly said in a press release announcing the agreement. "These guys know what it takes to break through — whether online or on air — and they are the perfect partners to help us find the next generation of comedy hits."
Lifelong friends Samberg, Schaffer and Taccone launched The Lonely Island as a tongue-in-cheek rap trio named for the apartment they shared as fledgling comics, eventually scoring three not-for-the-faint-of-heart, platinum singles, "I'm On a Boat," "Jizz in My Pants" and "I Just Had Sex." In 2005, they signed onto SNL — Samberg as a cast member and Schaffer and Taccone as writer/directors — where they were responsible for "D*ck In A Box," "I'm On A Boat," "Lazy Sunday" and other memorable digital shorts. Their YouTube channel has been visited more than 1.24 billion times.
"Andy, Jorma and I are super excited to work with Mr. Reilly and everyone at Fox to make innovative and cool TV shows that might not otherwise make it through the normal development process," said Schaffer in the same statement. "Reilly has given us a sandbox to play in, and we've brought our shovels, buckets, towels, sunblock, some old Grisham paperbacks, a Luna bar – wait – what was I talking about again?"
The deal will mark FOX's third multi-platform development initiative, joining the alternative animation unit Animation Domination High-Def, and a 2013 deal with film producers Jon Avnet and Rodrigo Garcia's digital studio, WIGS.
Meanwhile Brooklyn Nine-Nine, which won its own Golden Globe for Best Comedy Series, will air a special episode on Sunday, Feb. 2, after Super Bowl XLVIII. "Operation Broken Feather" features Samberg's Jake wondering if Amy will leave the Nine-Nine for a post in the Major Crimes unit. Fred Armisen and Joe Thiesman will guest star.


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Here's an alternate take on the same sunset in Lahaina, Maui. I am always fascinated with how different the same scene can feel with just a change in perspective. To me, where the other version conveys a feeling of peace and tranquility, this version has a slight feeling of unease while still remaining extremely beautiful.
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The local Express & Echo newspaper is featuring their work throughout March and readers are invited to vote for their favourite. The 2016 competition has a botanical theme and the shortlisted entries are:
• 21 Group of Artists, Bovey Tracey
• Alphington Art Group, Exeter
• Flying Colours, Teignmouth
• Macula Collective, Exmouth
• Newton Abbot Art Group
• Tiverton Art Society
• Village Art, Colaton Raleigh
Votes must be made on original coupons taken from the newspaper and sent to the Express & Echo to arrive by noon on Thursday 31 March. The winning group will be announced on April 7.
Rosie Denham, Lead Councillor for Economy and Culture, explains: "Exeter City Council is delighted to be working with the Express & Echo to help recognise, reward and foster creativity in the city. This annual competition allows us to give recognition to the work of local art groups, help broaden appreciation of the wealth of local talent and give one group the opportunity to display their best work in perfect surroundings. Complementing the International Garden Photographer of the Year exhibition in April and Botanical Drawings in June, this year's competition has a botanical theme."
Previous winners are Topsham Art Group (2015), Sense (2014), Hive Art Group (2013) and Fairstream Arts (2012).
For more information contact Gillian Taylor, Audience Development Lead, email@example.com or 07761546075; Rob Mackenzie, Marketing Assistant, on 01392 265317 or email@example.com or Steve Upsher, Media Relations Officer, on 01392 265103.
The Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery (RAMM) is one of Exeter City Council's flagship services. RAMM is also supported using public funding by Arts Council England.
Stunning displays reveal Devon and Exeter's rich history and global connections. Exotic animals, birds and insects delight children and a changing programme of exhibitions and events means there is likely to be something different to see on every visit. Free entry gives everyone the freedom to visit many times and to stay any length of time.
Awards and standards include Museum of the Year 2012, the Arts Council Designation Scheme, Devon Visitor Attraction of the Year 2012, Collections Trust Best Practice Award 2013, RIBA South West Special Award for Conservation and Building of the Year 2013, the Accreditation Scheme for Museums in the United Kingdom, Inspiring Learning for All, 2012 Silver Tourist Attraction Award in the South West and Trip Advisor Certificate of Excellence 2015.
The Royal Albert Memorial Museum &Art Gallery is in Queen Street, Exeter EX4 3RX. Phone 01392 265858. Web: www.exeter.gov.uk/RAMM Email: firstname.lastname@example.com or www.facebook.com/RAMMuseum and twitter.com/RAMMuseum.
Free admission. Open 10am to 5pm Tuesday to Sunday. Closed Mondays and bank holidays.
Sign up for email bulletins at www.exeter.gov.uk/rammmail.
Member since: 10th July 2012
Hi, I am Dave, I run thebestof Exeter along with my colleagues. If you want to promote your business or event, get in touch with us on 01392 349 130.


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New to iced tea and want to try something new? Why not give looseleaf tea a try. We wanted to offer a tea bundle with the essential items to keep your summer cool and refreshing.
Become familiar with our hand selection of three different iced tea blends. Save Big and stay aware when you bundle this selection of amazing teas together!
Don't have an infuser, no worries, we have an option for that!
Here is what you will get:
1oz of Each
*Judy's Butterflies Herbal Tea
(Optional Tea Infuser)
This Product is our Top Selling tea of all time. What is in the Tea? A smooth blend of Organic Pouchong Oolong (Flower Tea), Organic Lemon Myrtle, and Marigolds that will provide you with a citrus and vanilla flavored aroma....
An organic herbal blend created in honor of the women in our life to help rebalance the essential nutrients during their moon cycle. Ingredients Organic Green Rooibos, Organic Fennel Seed, Organic Hibiscus, Chrysanthemum Blossoms, Organic Rose Petal, Organic Shatavari, Organic...
Skip the bags and let your tea open up the proper way. This large Infuser will be perfect for your standard cup or mug, but can also be used for larger pots. When using this product, please be aware of...
For the more advanced tea drinker, the Gaiwan set is perfect for the eastern style of steeping where a lot of tea is steeped in short bursts. This allows for multiple infusions of a single tea throughout the day, during a tea session,...


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Men's Clothing Levi's Men's 511 Slim Fit Jeans Gray WTUWDIGJX
Product Code: WTUWDIGJX
Availability: In Stock
Slim leg - 37 cm opening.Measurements taken from a 32 waist98% Cotton, 2% ElastaneMachine Wash - Cold (30° max)Fastening: Button and zipLowSlim
Levi′s 511 slim fit jeans in harbour, slim fit, regular waist, tapered leg, comfortable cotton denim, worn wash with crease effects, edges with distressed parts, elegant five-pocket style with zip fly, logo patch on back waistband, discreet logo flyer on back pockets. Inside leg length in size 32/34 approximate 86 cm, ankle width approximate 18 cm, 98 per cent cotton, 2 per cent elastane, our model is wearing size 32/34.
Levi's Men's 511 Slim Fit Jeans Gray WTUWDIGJX


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Samantha Proctor
Events and Facility Director at Cornerstone Coworking
About Me
Samantha is the Events and Facility Director at Cornerstone Coworking and has been apart of Cornerstone since May 2017. She absolutely loves her job! Samantha has a passion for American history! She can always be found cuddled up with a historical novel or traveling around the US with her husband, Robbie. But above all else, she loves going to the park with her furry kiddos, Rocky and Tyson!


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Johann Hari writes of Obama's chance to end the Star Wars programme:
One of Obama's first choices will bewhether to bring to an end one of the strangest episodes in American political history.
This is the tale of how a man with Alzheimer's Disease came up with a physically impossible fantasy based on a B-movie he once starred in – and how the US spent $160bn trying to make it come true. These billions succeeded only in making some defence companies very rich, and making Russia point its nukes at Poland and the UK once more. And if Obama doesn't decide to close this long-running farce now, it will make one more contribution to world history: the number of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the world will dramatically increase.
Read more.
Will Obama take the opportunity to make a dramatic shift from the policies of his predecessors? Would it be the right thing to do or would he immediately draw criticisms over the state of US security?


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Greig Porter
18K, Sterling Silver, Ruby, Garnet, & Mexican Fire Opal 6 Stone Ring
Product Details
Greig Porter 18K, Sterling Silver, Ruby, Garnet, & Mexican Fire Opal 6 Stone Ring
Greig Porter's Jewelry showcases the natural beauty of precious, unusual stones. His simple 18K and 22K gold designs frame each gem exquisitely, and each gem is faceted to accent its natural opacity. In this way, his work has a certain humility to its philosophy: let the stone speak for itself. This grouping of various stones shines brightly due to its color and the faceted cuts.
• Faceted Ruby, Garnet, and Mexican Fire Opal Stones Bezel set in 18K Gold
• Stones Cut in Various Shapes
• Sterling Silver Band
• GP Signature Inside Band
Materials: 18K Gold, Sterling Silver, Ruby, Garnet, Mexican Fire Opal
Stone Group Size: 1.5cm x 2.2cm
Ring Size: 7.5
Origin: Handmade in Santa Fe, New Mexico


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September 21, 2020
Early last year, Sercom developed a wireless system, based on radiographic technology, to connect field stations in the horticulture and e.g. potato storage cells up to a distance of 5 kilometres (3 miles) apart.
April 22, 2020
Studies show that 70-80% of people research a company online before making a purchase. Shoppers search to find information about their potential food purchases in addition to the companies that produce it and what they stand for.
SoilEssentials now reseller of the wireless irrigation sensor and the T & RH monitoring system of 7Sense
November 21, 2019
The Scottish precision farming pioneers SoilEssentials announces collaboration with Norwegian company 7Sense, to be the UK's reseller of their smart, wireless temperature & humidity sensor monitoring system and their reliable, waterproof irrigation sensor
November 21, 2019
CLAAS announced a global partnership with The Climate Corporation, Bayer's digital farming arm, and its industry-leading FieldView™ digital farming platform.
Israeli precision agriculture startup Agritask secures $8.5M in ag-insurance oriented financing round
November 07, 2019
Agritask's agronomic management software platform serves farmers and other stakeholders in the ecosystem, covering 20 countries worldwide and more than 50 crop types.
October 30, 2019
UK Storage systems provider Crop Systems Limited is adding new features to its SmartStor® controller, which will help users reduce storage costs, while improving their ability to manage stores remotely on mobile devices. See it at BP2019!
July 30, 2019
To protect the interest of the Punjab farmers and uphold the state's leadership position as the largest potato seed producing state in India, Punjab is planning the certification and traceability of seed potato using blockchain technology as of next year.
July 03, 2019
Utz Quality Foods, LLC announced today their affiliation with WeStock™, the crowd-stocking application (app) designed to help every day shoppers discover and request new food and beverage products.
May 21, 2019
PepsiCo, Inc., announced the launch of PepsiCo Foodservice Digital Lab, a first-of-its-kind suite of capabilities built to connect foodservice operators with the companies, services, insights, and solutions best suited for their specific needs.
April 29, 2019
Many potato store operators could make significant savings in energy costs if they obtained more usage data to make informed decisions, according to Ray Andrews of Crop Systems Limited.


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Make a Building Regs application
The quickest and simplest way to submit an application (including attaching plans and making an online payment) is to make an online application here on our website. However if you prefer to download a form please use the pdf links below. Please note this method of submission may take longer to process as we need to manually add you application details to our systems. There is no charge for a Demolition or Dangerous Structure Notification.)
If you are short of time or unsure how to complete an application we will be happy to complete a Telephone Application with you. Please call our business support team during office hours on 0330 024 9355.


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By Kudzai Chikiwa
A grade One pupil at Mckeurtan Primary School in Bulawayo died yesterday after she was knocked down by a speeding vehicle a few metres away from the school gate.
Mbalenhle Sibanda (6) was run over by the car and died on the spot as she was crossing the road with her sister after knocking off from school.
Her uncle, who declined to be named, said the family was devastated by Mbalenhle's death and blamed the driver for negligent driving.
"We're told that the driver who was speeding hit her once and reversed and crushed her head and she died on the spot. This is devastating and we are saddened as a family by her death which was caused by a reckless driver," he said.
"The young girl was excited about going to school in the morning and she didn't bid me farewell as she does every day. She just left like that. She was with her sister who usually collects her from school."
He said Mbalenhle lived with her grandmother as her parents live and work in South Africa.
Mbalenhle's uncle said they want justice to be served saying the driver tried to flee after the accident.
"If he had not been stopped by other motorists he would have run away. The police have to deal with him or else he will cause the death of many children," he said.
When The Chronicle crew narrived at the scene, family members were cleaning blood from the tarred road while police were assessing the accident scene. Mbalenhle's grandmother who appeared devastated was holding her satchel while calling some family members.
Sources said the driver was arrested.
Mr Patrick Sande, a resident who was at the scene said the city council should restructure the road as it has become a black spot.
"There are flaws in engineering as you can see there is no immediate warning to a motorist that this is a crossing zone. This is a pedestrian zone used mostly by school children and the City Fathers should consider that. It is better that they make the road one-way because it's inconveniencing drivers," he said. Bulawayo Provincial spokesperson Chief Inspector Precious Simango could not be reached for comment. The Chronicle


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CAS Burnley and Pendle Hub Meeting
Hosted by
Pendle Vale College
Wednesday Jul 11, 2018 from 4:00PM to 5:00PM
Light refreshments available
Programming in Java for beginners
For further information: Saqib Chaudhry (email@example.com)
Electronic Privacy
Computing At School (CAS) communicates with its interested parties by email. I understand that CAS will not pass on my email address to other organisations.
Data Protection Act 1998
CAS as part of the BCS Group will hold your personal data on its computer database and process it in accordance with the Act. This information may be accessed, viewed and used by CAS for administrative purposes and conducting market research. All of these purposes have been notified to the Commissioner. If you are based outside the European Economic Area (the 'EEA'), information about you may be transferred outside the EEA in accordance with the requirements of the Act.
Full legal and privacy notices: http://www.bcs.org/category/5655


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Research Article | Open Access
Isaac Nyambe Simate, Sam Cherotich, "Design and Testing of a Natural Convection Solar Tunnel Dryer for Mango", Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 2017, Article ID 4525141, 10 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4525141
Design and Testing of a Natural Convection Solar Tunnel Dryer for Mango
A natural convection solar tunnel dryer comprising three major units, a solar collector unit, a drying unit, and a vertical bare flat-plate chimney, was constructed. No-load tests with a horizontal configuration of air entry into the collector resulted in a bidirectional air flow in the dryer. To correct this undesirable situation, an air guide at the collector was incorporated to ensure that air entered in a vertical direction. To investigate its performance, drying experiments with mango were carried out at the University of Zambia, Department of Agricultural Engineering. Uncertainties in the parameters measured in the experiment were analysed and quantified. The results showed that, under solar radiation between 568.4 and 999.5 W/m2, air temperature of up to 65.8°C was attained at the collector unit. The average relative humidity values were 30.8%, 6.4%, and 8.4% for the ambient, collector, and drying unit, respectively. Under these conditions, mango with an initial moisture content of 85.5% (wet basis) was dried to 13.0% (wet basis) in 9.5 hours. The collector, drying, and pick-up efficiencies were found to be 24.7%, 12.8%, and 35.0%, respectively. The average temperature difference between the chimney air and ambient air was 12.1°C, and this was sufficient in driving the flow of air through the dryer.
1. Introduction
Due to their perishable nature, fruits such as mangoes are likely to suffer from high postharvest losses if they are not utilized immediately after maturity. In Zambia, the postharvest losses of fruits are estimated to be 50% of their annual production [1]. Some of the reasons for the high losses are poor harvesting technologies, lack of or underdeveloped handling and processing technologies, and failure of the market to consume most of the supply during the harvest season.
One of the effective methods in reducing postharvest losses in fruits is solar drying technology. According to Kumar et al. [2], solar drying has the capacity to meet the growing demand for healthy but low cost natural foods in addition to providing income in a sustainable way. However, solar dryers require careful design and experimentation to determine the drying time, solar radiation, and attainable air conditions such as temperatures, relative humidity, and air speed for optimum drying in order to obtain a high quality product.
There are two broad categories of solar dryers, that is, natural (passive) and forced (active) convection solar dryers. Natural convection solar drying systems rely on solar energy for their operation [3, 4]. The air heated by the sun becomes less dense than the ambient air resulting in a difference in air densities which in turn creates a buoyancy force. The buoyancy force or wind pressure or both cause air to be driven in and out of the dryer [5]. Forced convection systems, however, require a fan driven by grid electricity or generator to move air through the dryer. Alternatively, harnessing solar energy through a solar PV module employing a solar powered fan [6–8] could be a much viable option for active solar drying systems in areas without access to grid electricity. The major advantage of forced convection systems is their high efficiency in air movement, making them suitable for drying large amounts of material and high moisture content products like grains, papaya, cabbage, kiwi and others [5, 9].
Although forced convection systems have higher efficiency than natural systems, their application in rural areas presents some challenges. The requirements for a fan and a source of power to drive the fan make forced convection solar dryers more complex and relatively more expensive than natural convection solar dryers [3]. In most rural areas in developing countries such as Zambia, access to grid electricity is still lacking while areas with access to electricity are prone to load shading. Limitation in the viability of a grid powered fan in an active solar drying system is hence apparent. Further, using a solar PV module to power a fan in an active solar dryer has some downsides which include high initial cost and high chances of theft of the PV module if the system is to be operated in a field setup remote from close monitoring.
In the current study, we investigate the performance of a locally made natural convection solar tunnel dryer under natural weather conditions of Lusaka, Zambia, using mango as the product. The natural convection solar tunnel fruit dryer (Figure 1) used in this study was fabricated from locally available materials by Cherotich [10] having been adapted from forced convection solar tunnel dryers [6–8]. The dryer was used to develop an appropriate thin layer drying model for mango [11]. There is no other literature on natural convection solar tunnel drying of mango under Zambian weather conditions. In this study, the design and testing of the natural convection solar tunnel dryer with the necessary adjustments to achieve satisfactory performance are presented. Previous studies on the design of natural convection solar tunnel dryers include that done by Berinyuy et al. [12] who adapted the dryer from Esper and Mühlbauer [13] but added a 12 cm diameter and 3.8 m high, black-painted PVC chimney instead of a solar PV module and a fan, to drive the air through the dryer. Berinyuy et al. [12] then carried out experiments drying indigenous vegetables of Cameroon. In the current study, the dryer was made in modular form; that is, the chimney and legs could be detached from the collector-drying chamber subassembly for ease of transportation and assembly.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Determination of the Dryer Dimensions
This study adopted the general design of solar tunnel dryers from past studies [6–8] but with the incorporation of a solar chimney to make the dryer a natural convection type. Solar dryers are constructed to dry a recommended amount of product known as the loading density (LD). It is a measure of the amount of product loaded per unit tray area and the LD aids in sizing the drying area of the dryer. The LD is calculated mathematically according to [9] where is the weight of fresh product, kg, and is the area of the tray in the drying chamber in m2.
For mango, an LD of 2.6 kg/m2 previously used by Akoy et al. [14] was used. A unique feature of solar tunnel dryers is that the collector unit and the drying unit have the same size in terms of area. Therefore, by sizing the drying unit, the collector unit size is set automatically and this emphasizes the simplicity in construction of solar tunnel dryers. However, for experimental purposes and minimization of cost, a drying unit size slightly less than 1 m2 was chosen as shown in Table 1.
| tray dimensions and area.
Since the chimney unit is usually attached at one end of the drying unit, its width was defined by the width of the drying unit. To simplify the design and to keep the dryer as compact as possible for transportation purposes, the chimney height was made equal to its width. A summary of the major components and their dimensions is shown in Table 1.
2.2. Description of the Dryer and Its Components
The fabricated solar tunnel dryer shown in Figure 1 consists of three major components: the collector unit, the drying unit, and a bare flat-plate chimney unit. The solar collector unit was a flat-plate type with air flow above the absorber plate while the cover was a transparent 200 µm polythene sheet. The reason for using this type of collector unit is because of its low thermal losses [15, 16]. The absorber plate was made from a flat Galvanized Iron (GI) sheet and in order to increase the solar absorptivity of the plate, it was painted matte black. To minimize heat losses to the surrounding, the base and sides of the collector unit were insulated with 20 mm Styrofoam sheets.
The drying unit and the collector unit were made in one subassembly and from the same materials and configured in series. The base and sides of the drying unit were also clad with 20 mm Styrofoam sheets to minimize heat losses to the ambient air. To provide for the drying of the product, the drying unit was mounted with a removable wire mesh tray to hold the product during the drying as shown in Figure 1.
The chimney was a bare flat-plate type collector constructed from a 0.3 mm thick flat GI sheet with a channel depth of 0.1 m and served the purpose of reheating the air exiting the drying unit. The solar radiation receiving surface of the chimney was painted matte black to absorb as much of the incident solar radiation as possible.
The whole dryer assembly was supported by four legs 0.6 m above the ground, and the collector-drying unit subassembly, the chimney, and the legs were all detachable to allow for easier transportation.
2.3. Mode of Operation of the Dryer
The mode of operation of the dryer given in Figure 2 assumed a unidirectional air flow. The solar radiation falling through the transparent cover in both the collector and drying units heats the air entering the collector unit through convective heat transfer at the cover and the absorber plate.
The heated air becomes less dense compared to ambient air and, as a result, buoyancy pressure is generated which causes the air in the collector unit to be displaced to the drying unit.
At the drying unit, if the product is loaded, mass and heat transfer between the product and the air takes place and hence the air temperature is expected to reduce while the relative humidity increases due to moisture transfer from the product to the air. The heat and mass transfer processes which take place at the same time cause the product to dry with time. In addition to drying caused by the heated air, the solar radiation through the transparent cover of the drying unit facilitates the product to be dried directly. Therefore in the solar tunnel dryer, the product is dried through convective heat transfer and direct radiation and these result in high drying rates.
With no product loaded in the drying unit, the air from the collector unit continues to be heated as it passes through the drying unit and therefore becomes hotter than the air at the collector unit. Through the chimney unit, the air exiting the drying unit is further heated and rises by natural convection to the outside and the cycle repeats itself as long as there is solar radiation.
2.4. Experimentation
The experiments were carried out during the months of October and November at the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Zambia, Lusaka, with the following coordinates: latitude 15.3°S; longitude 28.3°E.
2.4.1. No-Load Experiments
During the no-load experiments, the dryer was operated from 09:00 hours to 16:00 hours a day without any product loaded for drying. The parameters of interest were attainable air temperatures in the dryer, relative humidity reduction, and air flow direction under solar radiation typical of the study area.
Thermocouple type temperature probes (Campbell Scientific Inc., model: 108–L accuracy ±0.01°C) capable of measuring temperatures ranging between −5 and +95°C were used to measure air temperatures at the following points: entry to the collector unit (), exit of the collector unit (), exit of the drying unit (), and the exit of the chimney unit (). Relative humidity probes (Campbell Scientific Inc., model: HMP35D; accuracy at +20°C is ±2% RH (0–90% RH) and ±3% RH (90–100% RH)) that were capable of measuring humidity ranges of 0 and 100% were used to measure air relative humidity at the following points: the entry point to the collector (), collector unit exit (), and the drying unit exit (). A pyranometer (Kipp & Zonen Delft BV, model: CM11, irradiance range: 0–1,400 W/m2, sensitivity: between 4 and 6 µV/Wm−2) placed on a flat horizontal ground surface near the solar tunnel dryer was used to measure solar radiation. All the probes were connected to a multiprobe data logger (Campbell Scientific Inc., model: CR 1000) which recorded the air temperatures, relative humidity, and solar radiation every minute. The air flow in the dryer was measured at 30-minute intervals with a digital air flow meter (Keonders Instruments BV, The Netherlands, model: µP 2308, measurement range: 0–30 m/s, accuracy: <20 m/s = ±2%, ≥20 m/s = ±5%) by inserting its probe through the plastic cover of the dryer. These recorded air conditions varied with time of the day and defined the drying of the product.
2.4.2. Mango Drying Experiments
These experiments involved running the dryer with the tray loaded with mango slices. The instrumentation used in the no-load experiments (Section 2.4.1) was all used in the same way but there was an addition of a balance for monitoring the weight loss of the samples.
The procedure described below was followed:(i)Ripe mango was purchased from the local market on an evening before the day of the experiment and kept under room temperature overnight.(ii)Starting at 07:00 h on the day of the experiment, mango was cleaned, peeled, and sliced into approximately 5 mm thickness [17].(iii)To determine the initial moisture content, three 10 g samples were removed from the sliced mango and their moisture content was determined using the standard method of moisture content determination as described by AOAC [18]. The moisture content on wet basis, , was calculated according to where is the moisture content, percent wet basis; is the weight of water, g; and is the weight of dry matter, g. The moisture content on dry basis was calculated according to where is the moisture content, dry basis.(iv)For the drying experiment, samples of mango (weighing about 60 g each) placed on small polyethylene nets were positioned at three locations on the drying tray as shown in Figure 3 to monitor the weight loss. The rest of the drying tray area which was covered by a similar net was spread with a thin layer of sliced mango. At full capacity, the drying unit could carry 1.8 kg of sliced mango, hence a LD of 2.6 kg/m2.(v)By 09:00 h, the setup of the equipment and preparation of the product were complete and the drying of the product started. The samples were weighed at 30-minute intervals on an electronic top balance (Mettler Instruments BV, Switzerland, model PE 3000, maximum weighing capacity: 3,100 g, sensitivity: 0.1 g). Through the data logger, air temperatures, , , , and ; relative humidities , , and ; and finally, the solar radiation were recorded as the drying progressed until the end of the experimental day (16:00 h).(vi)The weight loss measurements were done by unloading the small nets containing the three samples and weighing on the digital balance. This took approximately 60 seconds each time it was done.(vii)From the weight loss measurements, the moisture content of the sample at any time was calculated using where is the moisture content (dry basis) at any time; is the weight of the sample at any time, g; and is the weight of the dry matter of the sample, g.(viii)At the end of a drying day, if the mango was still losing weight, it was packed tightly in polyethylene bags and stored under room temperature to prevent any moisture migration in and out of the product during the night.(ix)The following day, the mango was unpacked from the polythene bags and reloaded into the dryer to continue drying until there was no significant change in the weight of the samples in successive weight measurements.
2.5. Dryer Performance Evaluation
The collector unit, the drying unit, and the chimney unit were analysed for their performance as detailed in the following sections.
2.5.1. The Collector Unit Efficiency
The collector efficiency expresses the heat gained as a ratio of the solar radiation falling on its surface. The solar collector unit efficiency was calculated using [19]where is the collector efficiency; is the air mass flow rate per unit collector area, kg/m2s; is the specific heat capacity of the air, J/kg K; is the temperature of air leaving the collector, K; is the temperature of air entering the collector, K; and is the solar radiation, W/m2.
2.5.2. The Drying Efficiency and Pick-Up Efficiency
In the drying unit, two parameters were evaluated, that is, the drying efficiency and the pick-up efficiency. For natural convection solar dryers, the drying efficiency is given by [20]where is the drying efficiency; is the total moisture removed, kg; is the latent heat of vaporization of water at the dryer air temperature, J/kg; is the total solar radiation received during the drying period, J/m2; and is the effective area for solar collection, m2. For a dryer that receives only direct radiation on the product, can be taken as the area of the drying tray.
However, for a solar tunnel dryer, the drying product receives both direct radiation from the sun and hot air from the collector. The drying efficiency therefore has to consider these two sources of energy used in the evaporation of moisture from the product. For this reason, (5) was combined with (6) to give (7) which takes into consideration the two sources of energy.where is the collector area, m2, and is the drying tray area, m2.
The pick-up efficiency is a parameter that defines the utilized capacity of the heated air in evaporating the moisture from the product. The pick-up efficiency was calculated according to [15] where is the pick-up efficiency; is the absolute humidity of the air leaving the drying unit, kg/kg; is the absolute humidity of the air leaving the collector unit and entering the drying unit, kg/kg; and is the adiabatic saturation humidity of the air entering the drying unit, kg/kg.
2.6. Uncertainties and Errors in Measured Parameters
Parameters that were measured in these experiments include air temperature, air relative humidity, solar radiation, sample weight, and air flow in the dryer. Errors and uncertainties could have arisen from the design of the experiments, inaccurate reading of instruments, calibration, and instrument resolution. According to Moffat [21], an estimate of the possible residual error in a measurement after all proposed corrections have been made is the uncertainty attributed to that measurement and is that the overall uncertainty of a measurement is the root-sum-square combination of the uncertainties of all the subordinate measurements considered to be part of the present measurement.
Uncertainty due to repeatability or random error is determined from the standard deviation of the sample data, while uncertainty due to systematic errors is estimated heuristically from containment limits, containment probability, and the inverse error distribution. Therefore the uncertainty due to systematic error for a normally distributed error is given by (9) and for uniformly distributed error is given by (10) [22]:where are the containment limits which may be taken from manufacturer tolerance limits, calibration records or certificates, or statistical process control limits; is the containment probability; and is the inverse normal distribution function.
The overall uncertainty is therefore given by [22]where is the overall uncertainty; is the uncertainty due to reference attribute bias and persists during a measurement session; is the uncertainty due to repeat measurement and manifests itself as differences in measured value from measurement to measurement during a measurement session; is uncertainty due to the smallest discernible value indicated in a measurement; is uncertainty due to errors introduced by the person taking the measurement and producing a systematic bias towards a measurement; and is due to errors introduced by changing environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Uncertainty Analyses
The overall uncertainties of the measured parameters are presented in Table 2. All the uncertainties were calculated according to methods described by NASA [22]. For all the parameters measured, the error contributing to measurement bias uncertainty was considered to be normally distributed with 97.5% containment probability. For the temperature measurement, this was the only contributor to the overall uncertainty.
The error contributing to repeatability, that is, random uncertainty, was not observed for all the measured parameters. This is because the parameter values change continuously with time as the sun, which the main contributor to the weather, changes its position throughout the day.
The error contributing to resolution of measuring instruments was not considered for the air temperature, air relative humidity, and solar radiation. The instruments that measured temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation were connected to the data logger which recorded the measurements automatically. However, for the mass and air flow measurements, the operator read the measurements and recorded them. The error contributing to resolution was considered to be uniformly distributed and therefore the uncertainty was calculated using (10) with 100% containment probability.
The operator uncertainty error source was considered to be normally distributed with containment limits assumed to be half of the resolution error and 90% containment probability. For the air temperature and relative humidity and solar radiation, this error was considered zero as the measuring instruments for these parameters were not handled during the experiment after the initial setup. For the moisture and air flow, measurements were done every 30 minutes and the operator influence was present.
The main factors that could have contributed to environmental uncertainty are temperature, wind, and solar radiation. For the air temperature, the changes in temperature were related to the changes in the reading of the temperature instrument. The probes were shielded with aluminium foil to avoid direct radiation as recommended by the manufacturer. The mass balance was operated in a room at ambient temperature, with no direct radiation and very low wind flow. The air flow meter was operated for a few seconds every 30 minutes to take a reading and the environmental factors were assumed to have no influence during the measurement periods.
3.2. No-Load Results
A total of five no-load experiments were conducted and from these experiments, the first three were carried out with the air entry point located at the collector unit having no air guide as shown in Figure 4. From this configuration, the air entry into the collector unit was directly in a horizontal manner.
The average air velocities in the ambient, , and in the collector, , were 0.36 m s−1 and 0.04 m s−1, respectively. With these relatively low air velocities, an undesirable air flow which can be described as bidirectional according to this study was experienced. This bidirectional air flow was evidenced from the recorded air temperatures at the collector entry, collector exit, drying unit exit, and chimney exit abbreviated previously as , , , and , respectively. These air temperatures are plotted in Figure 5.
On the other hand, the desired air flow pattern which can be described as unidirectional referring to air entry from the collector unit and exit through the chimney unit would show the air getting progressively hotter. However this was not the case (as seen in Figure 5) and this was attributed to an undesirable air exit from the collector entry point.
From Figure 5, the observed pattern of the air temperatures shows a complete distortion in the air flow. Between 09:00 h and 10:00 h, the air temperature was higher than the air temperatures in all the other measured points and this was contrary to the results that would be expected for a unidirectional air flow under no-load conditions. In a unidirectional air flow, air is heated progressively from the collector unit, then at the drying unit, and finally at the chimney unit and, therefore, should be less than and should be less than . Between 10:00 h and 11:00 h, a sharp drop in the air temperatures and is observed amidst increasing solar radiation while the air temperatures and continued to rise. This suggested two relationships in the air temperatures which were relationship between and and relationship between and under the registered average solar radiation of 930.0 W/m 2.
This data suggests that there was some hot air mixing with cold air at the entry and exit points, the result of which was that the recorded mean ambient air temperature of 39.1°C at the collector entry point was greater than the recorded chimney exit temperature of 36.8°C. With these conditions, it was deduced that the buoyancy pressure was negative or, in other words, the air flow in the chimney was in the reverse direction [16]. This was attributed to the configuration of the air entry point which was directly adjacent to the collector unit and allowed air to enter in a horizontal manner and thus could be influenced by external wind flow. With the possible cause of the anomalous bidirectional air flow identified, an air guide at the entry unit was incorporated in order to block air entering directly in a horizontal direction but allowing it in a vertical direction (see Figure 6); and the last two no-load experiments were conducted using this configuration.
With the air guide in place, the air flow in to the collector unit was confined to a perpendicular entry relative to the horizontal axis of the collector unit as shown in Figure 6. The results of the air temperatures with the air guide in place showed a unidirectional air flow as shown in Figure 7. The average values for , , , and were obtained as 32.8°C, 49.5°C, 52.6°C, and 40.5°C, respectively, and these were expected as the pattern described a flow from the collector entry point and exit at the chimney unit.
After the drying unit, a temperature drop of 12.1°C from the drying unit temperature was observed at the bare flat-plate chimney exit. This drop in air temperature at the chimney exit was unexpected because the chimney unit, a bare flat-plate solar collector, was expected to continue heating the air from the drying unit to a higher temperature than the drying unit air temperature; that is, should be greater than . This phenomenon of drop in temperature at the chimney unit could be explained by the high thermal heat losses associated with bare flat-plate collectors [16].
The relative humidity associated with the air temperatures in Figure 7 is shown in Figure 8. It is noticed that the relative humidity of air at collector entry () decreased appreciably from 29.6% at 09:00 h to values as low as 12.0% at 13:00 h while the solar radiation increased sharply to a peak value of 968.8 W/m2 in this time period. After 12:00 h a sharp decline in the solar radiation to a value of 434.0 W/m2 at 16:00 h was experienced and this was due to a cloud cover that was observed during this period. Within the recorded solar radiation, the air relative humidity was reduced to average values of 6.3% and 5.1% in the collector () and dryer (), respectively.
At this point, it is worth noting that the sharp increase in the solar radiation produced a corresponding decrease in the relative humidity thus pointing out a dependence of the relative humidity on the solar radiation. Despite the low air velocities of 0.36 ms−1 and 0.04 ms−1 for and , respectively, the pattern of air temperatures and relative humidity shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively, indicated that a unidirectional air flow was achieved with the air guide in place. The air velocity of 0.04 ms−1 translates into a volume air flow of 10.3 m3/h which compares well to the air flow of 9.68 m3/h obtained by Berinyuy et al. [12] in a natural convection solar tunnel dryer.
With a unidirectional flow achieved and the observed good conditioning (low relative humidity) of the ambient air by the dryer (Figure 8), 4 sets of mango solar drying experiments were done with the dryer having an air guide at collector entry.
3.3. Initial Moisture Content and Drying Experiments
The initial moisture content of mango was found to be 5.9 kg water/kg dry matter (85.5% wet basis) and this value is comparable to initial moisture contents obtained by Touré and Kibangu-Nkembo [23] of 84% (wet basis) and Ajila et al. [24] of 81% (wet basis).
The mango drying curve is shown in Figure 9 with the moisture content on dry basis plotted against drying time. The figure shows that the moisture content decreases with drying time, with a very sharp decrease in the first 4 hours and very low reduction thereafter. This curve is similar to what Akoy [25] obtained for solar mango drying in Sudan.
The final moisture content was found to be 0.15 kg water/kg dry matter (13.0% wet basis) and this was reached in 9.5 hours. After this, any further drying resulted in no further weight loss; hence this was considered as the equilibrium moisture content under the air conditions in the drying unit. The total drying time of 9.5 hours required more than a day of drying; hence 7 hours was used on the first day of drying because a typical experimental day was from 09:00 hours to 16:00 hours and 2.5 hours on the following day.
The final moisture contents of the dried mango in this study compare well with what has been reported previously by Dissa et al. [26] and Goyal et al. [27] of 13.79% (wet basis) and 12% (wet basis), respectively.
Figures 10(a) and 10(b) show the drying rate of mango plotted against moisture content and drying time, respectively. The curves do not show any constant rate period but have at least one falling rate period. The drying rate is highest at the beginning when the moisture content is also at its maximum. This result is similar to what other studies found: Akoy [28] for convective drying of mango slices, Jokić et al. [29] for hot air tray drying of apples, and Toğrul and Pehlivan [30] for open-air sun drying of apricots, grapes, peaches, figs, and plums. Guiné [31] explained that there are generally two stages in the falling rate period with the first one being characterised by moisture evaporation from the surface being higher than the rate of moisture movement to the surface. Then during the second stage heat and mass transfer takes longer due to reduced moisture content as the moisture content reaches the equilibrium moisture content.
(a) Drying rate against moisture content
(b) Drying rate against drying time
The conditions of air under which the mango was dried in the dryer are shown in Figures 11 and 12 for air temperature and relative humidity, respectively.
With the solar radiation varying between a minimum of 568.4 W/m2 and a maximum of 999.5 W/m2 as shown in Figure 11, the resulting pattern of dryer air temperatures shows that was greater than , , and . A maximum air temperature of 65.8°C was recorded at the collector unit while the product was loaded in the drying unit. This is in contrast with the no-load experiment discussed in Section 3.2 where the maximum air temperature occurred in the drying unit. With the product loaded in the drying unit, the air from the collector loses its heat to the product to evaporate moisture and thus results in a drop in the air temperature as it passes over the product from to .
Despite the temperature drop which was expected due to the heat and mass transfer processes, the air temperatures in the drying unit remained well above ambient by over 10°C for most of the day. A further drop from to by an average value of 4.5°C at the chimney unit was registered although remained above by 12.1°C. The ability of the chimney to keep the air temperature above ambient was desirable for the generation of buoyancy pressure head.
The relative humidities associated with the air temperatures in Figure 11 are shown in Figure 12.
The ambient relative humidity varied between 28.2% and 38.9% as shown in Figure 12. As observed in the case of air temperatures, the relative humidity also exhibited a dependence on the solar radiation. , , and started reducing at 09:00 hours and continued reducing until 14:00 hours when a small increase was observed due to the decrease in the solar radiation. Therefore the relative humidity followed a diurnal regime defined by the solar radiation as reported by Pangavhane et al. [32]. At the drying unit where the air picks up moisture from the product, rose above but was below . The average relative humidity values were 30.8%, 6.4%, and 8.4% for , , and , respectively. It can be seen from these values that the relative humidity of the air leaving the drying unit (8.4%) was still relatively low compared to ambient (30.8%) and could still be used sufficiently for drying.
3.4. Evaluation of the Dryer Performance
The collector, drying, and pick-up efficiencies were found to be 24.7%, 12.8%, and 35.0%, respectively. These efficiencies are similar to those obtained by Schiavone [33] for the collector, drying, and pick-up efficiencies of 29.05%, 10.8%, and 33.9%, respectively, for a natural convection solar dryer. Further, Brenndorfer et al. [15] estimated the typical drying efficiency of natural convection dryers to be in the range of 10 and 15%, and therefore the drying efficiency of 12.8% found in this study is within the two limits. From these results, it can be inferred that natural convection systems are generally characterised by low efficiencies.
4. Conclusions
A horizontal configuration of air entry into the collector results in a bidirectional air flow in the dryer which is influenced by external wind flow. Incorporation of an air guide at the collector in order to block air entering directly in a horizontal direction, but in a vertical direction, resulted in a unidirectional air flow in the dryer, which is desirable.
It took 9.5 hours to dry mango slices from a moisture content of 85.5% wet basis to a final safe moisture content of 13.0% wet basis which compares well with what others have reported.
Besides the drying time as one of the performance evaluation parameters for the dryer, the collector, drying, and pick-up efficiencies were calculated and found to be 24.7%, 12.8%, and 35.0%, respectively, which were typical of natural convection dryers according to the reviewed literature.
Although the chimney air temperature above ambient was low at 12.1°C, its performance was sufficient in driving the flow of air through the dryer.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors hereby declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors are highly grateful to the European Commission (EACEA) through the Mobility to Enhance Training of Engineering Graduates in Africa (METEGA) project for awarding Sam Cherotich the scholarship to pursue a MEng-Agricultural Engineering at the University of Zambia.
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- G. A. Mastekbayeva, M. A. Leon, and S. Kumar, "Performance evaluation of a solar tunnel dryer for chilli drying," in Asean Seminar and Workshop on Solar Drying Technology, 1998, http://www.faculty.ait.asia/kumar/rets/Publications/PERFORMANCE-SOLAR%20DRYER-pitsanulok.pdf>. View at: Google Scholar
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- S. Touré and S. Kibangu-Nkembo, "Comparative study of natural solar drying of cassava, banana and mango," Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 975–990, 2004. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
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Copyright © 2017 Isaac Nyambe Simate and Sam Cherotich. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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After an apparent motor vehicle accident about ten years ago, it was ruled by the Road Accident Fund administrator that the mother of late Baby X, was unfit to manage her affairs and would be reliant on being taken care by someone else.
LATEST: Durban High Court finds Baby X's mother guilty.
This is how the Chatsworth Magistrate's Court appearance of the accused was presented by defence lawyer, Vijay Sivakumoor.
It was on record that Baby X's mother was in need of "care and assistance for the rest of her life" and that she had "child-like tendencies in her speech".
Ishwarlal (Baby X's mother), a known sex worker and drug addict, and her mother Salatchee Basanich, 55, have been charged with Jamie's murder.
The three-year-old's lifeless remains was discovered by a neighbour in Salatchee Basanich, the grandmother's bed – in Chatsworth, south of Durban, two weeks ago.
Her body was covered in bruises, marks which resembled cigarette burns and she had sustained broken limbs.
Magistrate Busisiwe Mpungose yesterday ruled in favour of a mental assessment for Ishwarlal and her mother and that they be kept in isolation until they are transferred to Fort Napier Hospital
The defence lawyer for the accused also requested that the accused Ishwarlal & Basanich be remanded to custody at a police station however, Mpungose denied the request even though the pair were allegedly assaulted by inmates at Westville Prison where they are currently being held. .
The matter was adjourned to January 7.
Previous court appearances had the public gallery swarm with remarks of 'ugly bitches' not worth having 'such a beautiful child' of which the 2 accused had to endure.
The case has also opened other investigations into government and NGO departments that were responsible for the monitoring and placement of the child in to Ishwarlal and Basanich's care.
KwaZulu-Natal's Social Development representative Nokuthula Khanyile said an investigation has been launched into the placement of Ishwarlal's four children.
How Baby X's life started off? Baby X was sold just for R100 on Durban's beachfront, the then six-month-old was taken to a place of safety where records state that she was flourishing.
Records show that Basanich wanted Jamie to be put up for adoption.
Despite Jamie's paternal grandparents requesting custody of her, the child was placed in Basanich's foster care in 2011.
Baby X's father Demitri van Vuuren was released from a Durban prison recently following a drug-related conviction and was living in the city centre at the time of her death.
Van Vuuren was present at Baby X's death was also found asking the public for money at his child's funeral also indicating the dire case of the father, when he realised he approached certain media he left shortly after the incident.


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Gibson: To LNG or Not to LNG?
The current orderbook for dual-fuel vessels shows some considerable growth in shipowners' investment in LNG-powered vessels, Gibson Shipbrokers says in its weekly tanker market report.
Some significant orders have been Sovcomflot's 4 ice class Aframax tankers and AET's order of 4 Aframaxes in addition to 2 Afras and 3 MRs capable of switching to LNG bunkers currently trading.
Prompted by the upcoming global sulphur emission limit of 0.5%, shipowners have been faced with making tough decisions ahead of the impending deadline, one of them being investing in LNG as a marine fuel.
Even though the decision has been widely embraced by vessels currently operating in ECAs however, the global merchant fleet has so far not been so enthusiastic in choosing a path, Gibson said.
Excluding LNG carriers, the global merchant fleet of dual-fuel vessels (capable of burning LNG bunkers) has grown considerably since 2014. Nevertheless, the numbers show that this is still a fairly insignificant portion of the global fleet.
As disclosed in the report, the majority of LNG bunker ready ports are located in the Baltic and North Sea, where Norway has the largest with 6, mostly catering to ferries and cruise ships. However, new bunkering facilities or upgrades are planned in the Netherlands, France, Belgium and Spain.
Repsol in cooperation with Enagás has completed what is considered to be Europe's first pipe-to-ship LNG bunkering at the Cartagena regasification terminal. Furthermore, the port of Fujairah, the second-largest bunkering port globally, has begun strengthening infrastructure whilst introducing LNG ship-to-ship transfers. The United States has grasped available technology and aims to take advantage of an abundance of cheap gas to push forward plans for LNG bunkering. Further afield in Asia, momentum is gathering to remove obstacles standing in the way of a widespread implementation of LNG as a marine fuel.
In Japan, the port of Yokohama can provide truck-to-ship bunkering, and is planning to introduce ship-to-ship bunkering by 2020, positioning Yokohama as a regional LNG bunkering hub. South Korea now provides LNG bunkering services from Incheon with an additional facility planned at Busan. China will also be increasing LNG services at inland waterways and at Zhoushan. Unsurprisingly, given its position as the world's largest bunkering port, Singapore has also made big strides. The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore has awarded two separate LNG bunkering licenses and expects to begin supplying LNG bunkers this year. In addition, Singapore has joined forces with other global ports to progress and harmonise LNG bunkering standards and operations, the report further reads.
"Oil majors including Shell, BP, Chevron and Total have invested heavily in downstream LNG distribution and infrastructure. Shell in particular is taking an active role as evidenced by the agreement to supply bunkers to Sovcomflot's newbuilding Aframax tankers for the North Sea and Baltic," Gibson noted.
Despite its environmental benefits, there are still numerous downsides to its widespread use across the industry, one of them being LNG pricing- a relative unknown when compared with traditional marine fuels.
Another significant drawback is that LNG will require around twice the storage space of marine fuel, reducing cargo intake.
"There are several positives and negatives to LNG bunkering but expect it to become a more viable alternative in the coming years. With the dual-fuel capable fleet forecast to grow and major strides being made by ports to harmonise operations and improve global standards. Perhaps we will see an increasing number of owners turn to LNG as a viable marine fuel in the future," Gibson said.
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Satirists could have accidentally struck on a novel way to boost interest in Luxembourg politics after editing a video of a parliamentary debate to the song Gangnam Style.
(JB) Satirists could have accidentally struck on a novel way to boost interest in Luxembourg politics after editing a video of a parliamentary debate to the song Gangnam Style.
The video by Luxembourg satirical group "Eemol de Mount" (once a month) combines footage from Chamber TV of Prime Minister Xavier Bettel, ministers and deputies during a heated debate following the referendum in the Chamber of Deputies.
The editors have cleverly selected snippets from the debate and set them on repeat to the pop song by South Korean musician Psy. The song culminates with the head of CSV deputy Michel Wolter going red and exploding.
Eemol de Mount is a satirical experiment launched three months ago in Luxembourg. It is currently published online but its creators hope it will eventually reach "bigger platforms".
Creator Ronny Kwiatkowski (Rok) told wort.lu/en: "In
this latest episode, I took a look at the aftermath of the referendum.
When I saw the heated discussion in the Parliament, I noticed some
mannerisms that reminded me of the Gangnam clips."
Rok said he removed the dialogue and kept the movements or "dancy" bits that could fit the song's beat.
"I've done a couple of music clips, so I'm used
to edit on the beat. There was a longer bit with Mars di Bartolomeo,
where the lyrics of the song almost perfecty fit his speech, when you
speed it up," Rok explained, adding: "That was a pure stroke of luck, one of those things you end
up with, quite randomly, and notice: man, that is so cool. It looks as
if he's telling off the members of the Parliament. And he was, too."
Other humorous videos worth a look include "Jiddreen ass e Brudder (Bourgeoisian Rhapsody), a tongue-in-cheek Luxembourgish cover of Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody.
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Norwood Furnace, Cooling & Heating Services
Over 150 Years of Dedicated Service
Rusk Heating and Cooling has been helping people in the Norwood community since 1865. Our team of dedicated service providers are factory-trained to bring our customers expert service. Our top priority is to ensure your home climate control systems are operating at the highest level. From complex installations to routine maintenance, Rusk has the products and tools to provide a system that best fits your lifestyle.
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To get through chilly Norwood winters in optimum comfort, you need to have a fully functioning heating system. If your home is warmed by a furnace, it's important to ensure the system is running at its highest capacity. A furnace running at its best will not only sufficiently warm your home, it will also save you money on your energy bill each month. Whether you need to change your filter or are having pilot light issues, we are here for you.
Aside from furnace maintenance, we offer the following heating system services:
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In your home, a fully functioning cooling system is equally as important as the heating system. When the temperatures outside begin to swelter, you want the temperature inside to stay at a comfortable level. We offer a wide variety of home cooling services and solutions. If you currently have a heat pump installed in your home to keep it warm in the winter, we can also help you ensure it will keep your home cool in the summer. Like an air conditioner, a heat pump works to lock cool air into your home. It achieves this by extracting heat from inside your house and pushing it to the outside where it belongs.
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Contact our Norwood technicians at (859) 405-0414 or online for a FREE estimate.


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Pasterniak, Wojciech (1935-2018)
The paper formulates and attempts to solve some crucial theoretical and methodological problems constituting the foundations of the empirical research in the didactics of literatura. The paper, among other things, presents the context of discovering a theory and the context of proving it, the relationship of theory to fact, the application of the empirical research, the falsification of the theory, the categories of empirical research. The author deals with the prob&ms of humanistic interpretation in the didactics of literatura and constructs the general model of the empirical research within thie discipline.
Zielona Góra: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna
Pasterniak, Wojciech (1935-2018 ) - red.
Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
Jan 16, 2019
Jan 16, 2019


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GrandMaster Poster
Family Guy. Do you like it? It Is ONE of my best shows ever. When I first watched it, I did not like it . I thought that it was terrible humor and was bland, But the more I watched it, The more it grew on me, Now I love it It is funny as hell, And Just all around awesome, But do you like it?


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Writers Reminder
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Is there a Writers Website you admire? Nominate it for our website of the month.
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For months Megan Martin thought she has lost her cat, Harmony, to an Edmonton condo fire.
Earlier this week, the pair were reunited in an astonishing story that proves the resilience of animals.
Martin was one of the victims of a July 21 condo fire, that forced 400 residents from the Park Place South Hamptons complex.
Martin told the Edmonton Journal when she first saw the flames on a neighbour's balcony she grabbed her infant son and fled. By time she remembered her cat, Harmony, there was no way to go back in the building.
For weeks after she tried to find her cat. Edmonton's Saving Animals from Euthanasia (SAFE) Team, the organization where Martin adopted Harmony, offered help by leaving out water and food, in case the cat survived.
It's almost like losing a child," Martin told CBC News. "You don't think that your pets are going to be that close to you but it was very heartbreaking."
Everything changed for Martin on Tuesday, when she was told a demolition worker at the destroyed condo found Harmony huddled inside a section of wall.
"Its fur looked very dull and dry and dead-looking," Jack Murray, site superintendent for ServiceMaster Restore, told the National Post. "You could see every bone in the poor little thing's body."
Murray fed hungry Harmony a tuna sandwich and called SAFE Team to identify the cat.
The cat was severely underweight, reports CBC News, but otherwise healthy.
Martin told the Edmonton Journal she's excited to have her cat back in time for Christmas as that she's surprised Harmony survived.
"For her to get out and still be alive, we don't know how that happened."


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MomMe And More Teal Blue Tunic Dress is the most comfortable casual pull over dress you will ever wear! Cute paisley ruffles in navy blue and white create a whimsical touch. So fun! This dress doubles as a tunic, long dress, or swim cover. It is a must have for spring break, beach vacation or summer travels. Match this ruffled dress with our solid navy blue leggings and you create the perfect leggings outfit. Order Today.
- One Size fits sizes 0-10
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Book now
Via Ariberto 1 Milan Italy
Area: --
View map
Book online or call +39 041 8624040
view info & map
Property Location
With a stay at this apartment, you'll be centrally located in Milan, a 4-minute drive from Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology and 10 minutes from Castello Sforzesco. This apartment is 1.6 mi (2.6 km) from Cathedral of Milan and 1.6 mi (2.6 km) from Piazza del Duomo.
Make yourself comfortable in this air-conditioned apartment, featuring a kitchen with a full-sized refrigerator/freezer and an oven. Your bed comes with Frette Italian sheets and there's also a double sofa bed. There's a private balcony or patio. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and a flat-screen television is provided for your entertainment. A private bathroom has a deep soaking tub and designer toiletries.
Take in the views from a terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and concierge services.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and multilingual staff.


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Pardon me. I invited you in weeks ago, but I never formally introduced myself.
I'm Monique Danielle, but most call me Mo-. What I do for a living is not as important as who I am or what I stand for.
I'm proudly middle-aged and convinced that as long as I have a measure of good health, I can attempt the one or two or three things I should have done sooner. The question now is not about capability but whether I have the heart for the sacrifice. Everything cost something.
I believe in love in all of its forms. I am strong enough to be a part of someone's life and discerning enough to know when to leave. I care immensely and love intensely, but it is evil to infringe upon another person's happiness, or allow them to interfere with mine.
I have three expectations of others: (1) be who you truly are; (2) live up to the standards that you set; and, (3) demand the same from me.
I'm tolerant, even of things that I may disagree with. I tend to go left when everyone is going right. I'm exacting and demanding and sometimes my patience runs really short. Empathy comes natural to me, shallowness bores me, and human connection drives me.
I strive for an "A" even when I know that my best is a "B." I'm innately curious and can never learn enough. In everyone and everything there is a lesson: even a broken clock is right twice a day. (Cliché, I know.)
My daily motto is: "I will judge nothing that occurs today." Each day I get better at living this out.
My spiritual journey is sacred and personal, so is yours. The road you travel and how you arrive are not my concerns. Not because I lack interest, but because I hold in the highest regard your right to define you, your life and God. I will never interfere with another's journey, and neither will anyone impinge upon mine.
If you need to know what type of daughter, mother, grandmother, godmother, niece, cousin, friend or co-worker that I am, confer with someone who knows me well.
Have I done things that I thought I would never do, said things that I shouldn't have said, made decisions that I wouldn't make again, apologized when I didn't mean it, refused to apologize when I should have, loved good people at bad times, left too soon, stayed too long, talked too much or didn't speak enough?
Yes. I lack perfection.
I am not etched in stone. Neither is my life. Who I am today is the sum of my experiences thus far. But each day I seek out and thrive for moments that lead me to different places, new people, and purposeful events that could ultimately change it all.
Eventually I may have to reintroduce myself. But for now, this is my snapshot.
Truly yours,
P.S. – Feel free to introduce yourself.


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World oil prices have fallen dramatically since their summertime highs of more than $140 a barrel. In Southeast Alaska prices for heating oil and gasoline have declined much more slowly. In some communities, prices have actually increased since this summer. Angoon, Gustavus, Kake, Pelican, Point Baker, and Thorne Bay all report gasoline prices increasing from June to mid-October. In all those communities — except Gustavus and Thorne Bay — heating oil prices also increased.
John Ryan, KTOO – Juneau
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Persephone's Of Pokesdown
Persephone\\\'s is a small friendly treatment centre in Pokesdown, within 10 minutes walk of Pokesdown train station.
I offer:
Distance Healing
Animal Reiki
Swedish Massage
Myofascial Release
Reiki attunements
I work on a donation basis so you can pay what ever you can afford and whatever you feel the treatment was worth. This way I feel it is fair for everyone and everyone has access to alternative healthcare.
I use beautiful locally made organic body butter for reflexology and natural oils for massage. I will ensure you have a fantastic and rejuvenating treatment and you will leave feeling a million dollars!
I specialise in helping people overcome candida problems - please take a look at my site for more inforamtion.


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We all wish to have a spacious beautiful environment that every time whoever visits wish to stay there. Here are listed the 8 most famous and amazing offices that are popular in their own stream and their amazing looks makes anyone lucky. Some offices are known for their trademark and social activity and some for their amazing designs and looks that make them feel at home. So now let's take a look at some amazing offices.
The Google office is available all around the world. The employees feel like at home because of their designs which look so refreshing.
Selgas Cano Architecture
Their offices are in the middle of the trees feeling more connected to nature. This is an architecture firm which designs various places and offices.
Inventionland Design Factory
Their office design is also amazing that you will feel like you just entered another dimension. It is a Pittsburg based immersive work environment where ideas of any project are bought to life.
YouTube is a video based website which provide users to bring their talent into the large platform. Their office has a really cool sliding exit.
Facebook is a very well known social media network where people communicate. Their office looks are remarkable.
White Mountain Office
Their office looks like it's located inside a mountain and the looks are also breathtaking. It is also an architecture firm where they design for others.
Operated by an American company, Dropbox is a file hosting service. You will love to work there because of their sophisticated office.
Pallotta Teamworks
Their office is not like other offices. Their office has some tents, shipping containers where the employees work.


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The Dubliner has big shoes to fill! It is the latest restaurant to open in the Power & Light District. It is replacing Raglan Road. It has a prime location across from the Sprint Center at 14th & Grand. And just like Raglan Road, it is serving up Irish fare. Raglan Road was one of the first restaurants to open in P&L. But, it never seemed to be that busy. When it closed last year, I was crushed! I thought it had the best shepherd's pie ever. But, I may have to rethink that! After eating at The Dubliner, I'm now asking, "Raglan what??"
The Dubliner is opening just in time for the Big 12 tournament. It's owned by KC Hopps. That's the same company that runs 810 Zone, The Blue Moose, 75th Street Brewery, and more. And, this restaurant is definitely a worthy addition to that portfolio. The restaurant still looks the same as it did when Raglan Road occupied the space. My partner and I tried to see if we could notice any changes to the appearance, but we couldn't. That's probably a good thing since the restaurant is the probably the most authentic-looking Irish restaurant I've ever been to.
The menu is a little limited right now. The restaurant expects to roll out its full menu in the first week of April. So, while there aren't a lot of choices right now, the menu still manages to hit the right notes with the type of food you'd expect to find at an Irish pub. You can find corned beef & cabbage, fish & chips, bangers & mash, and Irish stew. For starters, we had pub chips with a blue cheese sauce. The blue cheese sauce was delectable! We had to order a second helping of that sauce for our chips. This dish is probably best for a large crowd. The portion size is really big! For my main course, I decided to order my favorite Irish dish…shepherd's pie. The shepherd's pie is out of this world, and absolutely bursting with flavor! It is served in a fairly large bowl. It has ground beef, that's been slowly stewed with red wine, carrots, onions and green peas. It's topped with mashed potatoes, as well as cheddar and Monterey jack cheeses. I think it's the red wine that really sets the sauce off. It definitely has a nice kick! And, the mashed potatoes were most certainly not instant. I could taste the chunks of potatoes. That is just how I like them! My partner got the corned beef & cabbage. He was also pleased with his dish. I tried a bite and was most impressed with the mustard cream sauce.
Considering the fact that we went to The Dubliner during a pre-opening lunch, it's hard to know for sure how their service will hold up. But, our first experience there was wonderful. Our waitress had actually tried most of the dishes on the menu, so she was able to give us her opinions on the food. At least two different managers came to our table to see how we were doing. I hope the service and attention to detail keeps up on our return visits. Because without a doubt, we will go back to The Dubliner!
Prices: $9-$15 for most dishes
Drinks: Extensive selection of beers, plus martini & cocktail menu