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Acta Amazonica
Print version ISSN 0044-5967On-line version ISSN 1809-4392
Acta Amaz. vol.34 no.1 Manaus 2004
Fishing territoriality and diversity between the ethnic populations Ashaninka and Kaxinawá ,Breu river, Brazil/Peru
Diversidade e territorialidade pesqueira entre as populações étnicas Ashaninka e Kaxinawá, rio Breu, Alto Juruá, Brasil/Peru
Benedito Domingues do Amaral
Geociências e Meio Ambiente. IGCE-UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro (SP), Brasil. e-mail: email@example.com
This study describes the diversity and the subsistence fishing territoriality of traditional populations of a village Ashaninka and two Kaxinawá living at the margins of Breu River (Brasil/Peru). In general, samplings in the dwellings were carried out late in the afternoon, as the fishermen arrived in the village. The data were analysed in an exploratory way through the index of pondered dominance (ID%), by analysis of variance and by a correspondence analysis in order to determine the associations of the fish species and the fishing spots between the villages of the Indigenous Reserve. The results of the analysis of variance demonstrated that differences exist between the fish diversities of the catches. However, post-hoc tests only detected differences in diversities between the hand fishhook and the other fishing gears (bow and arrow, castnets and rotenone tingui). Although the use of bow and arrow resulted in a low capture (Kg), this fishing strategy is associated with a high fishing diversity, in terms of number of species. These results demonstrate that there is no overlap in the frequency of the visits to the fishing spots between the Ashaninka and Kaxinawá populations. This pattern is the same found for the correspondence analysis for the fish species, which describes the relationship between the deep pools environments exploited by the fishermen Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Mourão. These ethnic populations still continue to maintain a strong cultural and cosmological tradition, with their territories defined in an informal way of the upper Juruá area.
Key words: Amazonia, Indigenous fisheries, Ashaninka, Kaxinawá, Breu river.
Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever a diversidade e a territorialidade pesqueira de subsistência das populações tradicionais de uma aldeia Ashaninka e duas Kaxinawá vivendo à beira do rio Breu. Elas se situam no alto rio Juruá acima de Marechal Taumaturgo (AC, Brasil/Peru) num complexo de unidades de conservação e territórios de diversas populações étnicas. As casas dos moradores das aldeias e as pescarias coletivas são as unidades amostrais nesse estudo. De modo geral, as amostragens nas casas foram realizadas nos fins de tarde, conforme a chegada dos pescadores à aldeia. O monitor de pesca fez a coleta das informações sobre a pescaria e a pesagem do pescado capturado. Os dados foram analisados de maneira exploratória através do índice ponderal de dominância (ID%), pela análise de variância para as diversidades das capturas nas aldeias e pela análise de correspondência para determinar as associações das espécies de pescado e os pontos pesqueiros entre as aldeias da Reserva Indígena. Os resultados das análises de variância demonstraram que existem diferenças entre as diversidades das capturas. No entanto, os testes a posteriori de comparações somente detectaram diferenças de diversidades entre o anzol de mão e os outros aparelhos (arco/flecha, tarrafa e tingui). Apesar do arco/flecha apresentar baixa captura (kg), sua estratégia de pesca gera alta diversidade de espécies. Os resultados demonstram que não há freqüência de sobreposição das visitas aos pontos pesqueiros entre as etnias Ashaninka e Kaxinawá. Esse padrão é o mesmo encontrado para a análise de correspondência para as espécies de pescado, que descreve a semelhança entre os ambientes de poços explorados entre os pescadores Ashaninka e Kaxinawá do Mourão devido a sua proximidade de localização na Reserva Indígena, mas não há sobreposição na exploração dos recursos pesqueiros. Essas populações étnicas ainda continuam a manter uma forte tradição cultural e cosmológica, com seus territórios definidos de maneira informal e com respeito aos que habitam a região do Alto Juruá.
Palavras-chave: Amazônia, pescarias indígenas, Ashaninka, Kaxinawá, rio Breu.
In the area known as the Brazilian Legal Amazônia there are about 364 indigenous territories, with the Juruá River standing as one of the most complexes areas. The upper Juruá River encompass a suite of conservation units with several territories of traditional human populations, like villages of workers exploring rubber trees and the ethnic Ashanikawa, Kaxinawá, Manchineri, Kulina, Katukina, Nukuni, Jaminawá, Arara, Poyanawá, Yawanawá, among others, that has no contact with the occidental civilizations.
However, the future of this area still depends on the demarcations of 21 indigenous territories which are connected to three Extrativist Reserves and with the Serra do Divisor National Park, an extension of continuous land with an area of about 2.839.850 ha harbouring a population around 15 thousand inhabitants, corresponding to 18.6% of the Acre State. The ecosystem in the area of the upper high Juruá River still maintains its structures and natural functions, mainly because it possesses a low demographic density, low mining for gold, farming activity and low use of hydroenergetic resources. An exception to this is the construction of the highway BR-364, which will link the cities of Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul, in Brazil, with possible expansions to the Pacific Ocean, after joining the Transamerica highway in Peru (Aquino, 1997).
In agreement with the Pilot Project for the Conservation of the Tropical Forests - PPG7 of the Ministry of the Environment - MMA/Indigenous National Foundation - FUNAI, it is expecting the identification of 42 indigenous territories and the physical demarcation of another 58 areas in the Amazon. However, once the demarcations of these territories are completed, it still would be necessary to demarcate another 111 territories in the area. Thus, it is expected that the optimization in the use of the available socio-economic resources for accomplishment of this work contemplate the longings established in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (GTA & Friends of the Earth, 1997). The objective of this study is to determine the fishing territoriality between fishermen and to compare the diversities of the catches in the Indigenous Reservation Ashaninka/Kaxinawá of the Breu River (AC, Brazil/Peru).
The Indigenous Reserve Ashaninka-Kaxinawá lies in the middle and upper Breu River, with an area of 23.840 hectares in the municipality of Taumaturgo (AC), with a population estimated as having 350 inhabitants (Aquino & Iglesias, 1992). The Reserve lies adjacent with Extrativist Reserve of Upper Juruá, with the Indigenous Reserve Kaxinawá Jordão River and, along with the Breu River, with the Peruvian Amazon forest (Figure 1).
The regional physiography has a landscape predominately dissected and undulated, encompassing lower plateaus covered by open tropical forest and spots of dense tropical forest. The Breu River is a third-order affluent of the alluvial basins of the Javari and upper Juruá Rivers. The regional climate is defined as having a rainy (November to May) and dry (June to November) periods, with annual precipitation around 2220mm (RADAMBRASIL, 1977; Emperaire et al. 1992).
Fisheries data sampling in the Indian Reserve encompassed a complete hydrological cycle, and were monitored by an interviewer (November 1995 and September 1996) and by the first author (September 1995 and April 1996). Fishermen dwellings in the villages and the collective fisheries were the sampling units in this study. In general, dwelling samplings were carried out late in the afternoon, as the fishermen arrived in the village. The interviewer sampled the information about the fishery, weighed and counted the fish caught. The inventory of fish species caught in the basin of the Breu River was performed in summer (August 1995) and winter (April 1996). Species collected were identified and voucher specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP). Taxonomic identification of specimens caught in the villages, but absent in the inventory, were done with the aid of a list of species for the studied area (Silvano et al. 2001).
The fixation of geographical co-ordinates of the main fishing spots in the Indigenous Reserves was accomplished in the last field trip (September 1996). The GPS was with the configuration in the system UTM, plan, meters and true north.
The index of pondered dominance, ID% = [(Ni*Pi)/S(N i*Pi)]*100, where Pi is the weight (Kg) of the species caught and Ni is the number of species caught in the fishing spots, was used to obtain data on the main fish species catches as well on the main fishings spots in the Indigenous Reservation (Beaumord, 1991).
The diversity of the species caught (weight and number of individuals) was calculated for each fishing gear used by the Shannon-Wiener H' index (Krebs, 1989). Calculations of the analysis of variance model were accomplished between the diversity presented by the different fishing gears, following the equation Yi = m + ai + ei, where: Yi is the diversity measure H'; m is a constant; ai identifies the fishing gear with i = 1, 2, 3 and 4, where 1=hand fishhook, 2=bow and arrow, 3=net and 4= rotenone "tingui"; and ei is the random error N(0, s2). The residual analysis was carried out by plotting studentizated residuals and the estimated values, with the random observation of the distributions of values close to zero, that is, the evaluation of the occurrence of tendencies and outliers. Asymmetry (g1) and kurtosis (g2) were also calculated. Whenever ANOVA was significant, Tukey test was used a post-hoc test (Sokal & Rholf, 1995).
The correspondence analysis (CA) was used to describe the fisheries between the villages, specially to obtain data on the overlap in the use of fishings spots and on the territorial relationships between the villages (Manly, 1986; Ludwig & Reynolds, 1988).
Description of the fisheries in the Indigenous Reserve.
In the inventories realized at the Indigenous Reserve, 41 species of fishes were collected. Other 27 species that were not collected during the sampling period are described in the fish list of the ExtrativistReserve of Upper Juruá (Silvano et al. 2000; Silvano et al. 2001). Thus, catches in the Indigenous Reserve Ashaninka/Kaxinawá encompass 59 species plus one species of crab (Sylviocarcinus devillei). The fish species belongs to the Order Characiformes, with 6 families, Siluriformes, with 3 families, Gymnotiformes and Perciformes, with 2 families each and Rajiformes with the family Potamotrygonidae.
Villages fisheries took place in 78 encompassing different fishing spots such as creeks mouths, creeks, deep pools, and lakes. The fishermen of the village Ashaninka visited 18 spots, the fishermen Kaxinawá of Mourão visited 48 and Kaxinawá of Japinim 31.
Total fish production in the Indigenous Reserve was 2,895 kg with a capture of 44,583 specimens of several species. A total of 359 fishing activities were sampled in the Indigenous Reserve, where 96, 176 and 87 trips occurred between the villages. The most common fish species were the "mandi" (35%, Pimelodus sp.), armoured catfishes (25%, Hypostomus sp.), curimatã (9%, Prochilodus sp.), "saburu" (8%, Curimatidae), among others.
Fisheries in the villages of the Indigenous Reserves have dominance in catches closely tied to the fishing gears and with the typology of the exploited fisheries environments. In the fishhook (average=0.086 kg/fishermen) fisheries used by Kaxinawá fishermen, there was a dominance of fish species caught such as the "mandi", the "pintadinha", the "piau" and the "piaba" which, in turn, are caught in habitats close to the village harbours. Armoured catfishes were more efficiently caught with bow and arrow. The Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Mourão fishermen use this gear to exploit rapids habitats, while the Kaxinawá of Japinim fishermen use bow and arrow in the igarapés, as they live near the head streams.
Catching with bow and arrow (average=0.116 kg/fishermen/village) in different habitats are associated with marked differences in the composition catch of fish species. In general, armoured catfishes dominate catches. However, there were subtle differences in species composition and, in fact, using of bow and arrow is associated with a higher diversity in the species. For example, in the rapids habitats, male painted and big armoured catfishes are the dominant species caught by bow and arrow, while in the creeks the dominant species are the yellow and black armoured catfishes. The use of bow and arrow also favour the catch, during the summer, of several other species of armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) and of the crab Sylviocarcinus devillei.
In fisheries with castnets (average=0.437 kg/fishermen/village) carried out in deep pools in Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Mourão villages, the most common species were male's catfishes and species of the genus Pimelodus sp. ("mandi") and Prochilodus sp. ("curimatã"). In the village Kaxinawá of Japinim, fisheries with castnets were associated with igarapés and lakes, with a dominance of species such as armoured catfishes, "piaba" "curimatã" (Prochilodus sp.) and "saburu" in the catches. It should be noticed that the use of castnets was associated with a high kg/fisherman.
The fisheries carried out with the use of rotenone "tingui" (average=0.240 kg/fishermen/village) stands out among Kaxinawá fishermen. Fishermen at the village of Mourão catch several species of Curimatidae and Loricariidae in deep pools during the winter, with a dominance of "piabas" when this gear is used in "igarapés" during the drying water period. Fisheries in the village Kaxinawá of Mourão had satisfactory catches (in terms of kg/fisherman) with the use of the rotenone, which is the most common fishing gear among the fishermen of Kaxinawá of Japinim village (Table 1).
Diversity (H') of the catches between different fishing gears.
The calculated values of the diversity indexes (H') can be interpreted for each of the fishing gears accordingly to their strategies of resource allocation (Table 2). The results of the analysis of variance for the diversities of species, calculated in the number of individuals and weight are show in Tables 3a and b and 4a and b. The post-hoc Tukey test of comparisons only detected differences of diversities between the hand fishhook and the other gears (bow and arrow, net and rotenone "tingui"). Residual analysis indicated that there was no inconvenience in these results.
Fishing territoriality between the villages.
Fishing spots with larger dominance in the catches were the Algodão deep pool (46%) in Kaxinawá of Mourão village, the Mulateiro (16%) and Alho deep pool (4%) used by the fishermen of Kaxinawá of Mourão and Japinim villages, while the Cuchirir deep pool (6%) was more frequented by the fishermen Ashaninka. Overlap in the use of spots between the fishermen of Ashaninka and Kaxinawá villages only occurred at the Pedra, Cuchirir and Passarinho deep pools. The visits to the spots with higher overlap in their use occurred between the Kaxinawá of Mourão and Japinim villages in 18 of the fishing spots.
The first factor in the correspondence analysis (CA) was related to the associations of fish species with higher dominances that were caught between villages Kaxinawá of Mourão and Ashaninka (Figure 2 and Table 5). These values excluded those related to extreme associations (> 2.5), which were related only to fish caught by the village.
It is suggested that the number of species associations in this factor is larger between those two villages, due to the exploitation of fishing resources in similar environments, such as deep pools. The second factor describes the associations of species of fish that were caught between the villages Kaxinawá of Mourão and Japinim. It can be noticed that the extreme values of the associations are due to the species caught exclusively in the village Kaxinawá of Japinim. The associations of the second factor describe the fish species that were caught jointly in the villages Kaxinawá, with a predominance of catches in the deep pools, creeks and lakes (Figure 2 and Table 5). Table 6 shows the associations between the villages as a function of the catches of fish species. It can be seen that in the first factor the highest association is related to the Ashaninka village, while in the second axis the highest association is related to the Kaxinawás village.
This pattern describes the similarity between the deep pools exploited by fishermen of both villages (Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Mourão), due to their proximity in the Indigenous Reserve. Nevertheless, there was not overlap in the use of fisheries resources and of frequency of visits to the spots between these two villages (see Figure 3). For example, in Figure 3, the first factor makes the distinction between the spots visited by the village Ashaninka with high negative associations loads. The second factor demonstrates the spots visited by the Kaxinawá fishermen, with elevated positive associations' loads for the village Kaxinawá of Japinim. The Kaxinawá of Mourão fishermen were more active in the exploitation of the fisheries resources, overlapping with their close neighbours near to the heads of the Breu River (Table 7). The results displayed in Table 8 described a similar pattern as those presented in Table 6.
There was a division of fishing territory, as well as a distinction in the fish species caught and fishing spots visited between the fishermen of the villages Ashaninka and Kaxinawá of Japinim. The fishermen of the village Kaxinawá of Mourão presents a more active foraging behaviour of the fisheries resources as they devoted a portion of their time to other activities such as agriculture. The use of the fisheries resources was a more efficient and fast way to obtain the necessary protein, at least when compared to the time that would be devoted to obtain the same protein by other activities, such as hunting.
Catch Diversity in the Indigenous Reserves
The wealth of fish species caught and the number of fisheries habitats visited by the fishermen in the Indigenous Reservation were high. The use of bow and arrow entails a high diversity in number of species, which is the same as the values associated with the use of more generalists' gears such as castnets and rotenone.Use of hand fishhook entails lower diversity, as this gear is somewhat more specialists in terms of type of species caught. Castro & Begossi (1995) mentioned that the strategies in the use of different fishing gears vary with the objectives of the fishermen. These authors studied the ecology of a community of artisan fishermen in the Grande River (SP/MG) and concluded that the diversity of fish species varied in agreement with the fisheries patterns adopted during the hydrological cycle. The subsistence fisheries in the period of low-productivity using castnets leads to higher diversity values in relation to commercial catches, which seeks specific schools during the crop, high-productivity, period. Thus, a gradient can be described in catch diversity among the levels of subsistence fisheries, where the diversity is higher than that of commercial fisheries. A commercial fishery usually catches fish species that have a better acceptance in local markets, and consequently, is associated with a larger income (Petrere, 1978). The subsistence fishermen tend to exploitation a larger number of species of fish in the trophic chain, except those related to certain local taboos (Begossi & Braga, 1992; Aquino & Iglesias, 1992; Begossi et. al. 1999).
In the Indigenous Reserves, fisheries are subordinated to cultural habits. The perceptions of these traditional human populations about the natural resources come in a holistic approach. The knowledge and utilization of natural resources are taught through parental relationships and by the diffusion of information shared by these populations. Many of these perceptions are related with the functional characteristics of the resources. Thus, the inhabitants of the upper Juruá River (AC) classify the rays, snakes and the wasps, among other animals that possess poisons, as insects. From centuries, this functional vision has facilitated the sustained coexistence of these traditional populations with the ecosystems of the upper Juruá River. That coexistence is demonstrated by a relationship of respect and adoration, through strong mythological and cosmological traditions with the natural environments (Eid, 1994; Aquino & Iglesias, 1992; Costa, 1995; Begossi, et. al. 1999).
Posey (1983) suggested that popular knowledge and the daily practices of traditional populations, coupled with management strategies could be preponderant for the best use and conservation of natural resources. The management of natural resources by traditional populations is important experiences in the Amazon basin, and these experiences should be used as models for the sustainable development and for the maintenance of the biotic integrity of the area (Petrere, 1992).
Territoriality between traditional populations
The traditional populations use the fishing resources in a common way, respecting the fisheries territories of each other. In the case of the populations Ashaninka and Kaxinawá, differences exist in the frequency of use of the different fishing spots. This low frequency of overlap in the use of fishing spots is probably due to the usual trade and war relationships between sub-Andean Arawak and the Panos (Eid, 1994).
Although the property is of common use between the two ethnics, territory delimitation is important as it gives a base for the restriction to the regime of the common property, regulating the transfer, use and distributions of the rights of the common resources (McCay & Acheson, 1987; Berkes, 1985; Begossi, et al. 1995). The territory distinction between the two ethnics is rooted in history. The Ashaninkas are known in the area as possessors of great warring ability, their territory of domain are of difficult access and their organization are in the form of small nomadic groups of high mobility, denominated in the past as " Anti " by the Inca that dominated the oriental areas and its sub-Andean people. Like the sub-Andean Arawak, the Inca Empire (Century XI to XV) maintained exchange relationships without having vassalage power. The ancestors of the Ashaninkas had certain autonomy in the Incan relationships of conquests, or against their main enemies, the ethnics of the language Pano. However, in remote times, the Arawak and the Pano already possessed alliances in relation to the Spanish expansions in the area, and they blocked the attempts of the colonial conquest towards the oriental forests of Peru. After the onset of the rubber trade, this fact started to exercise strong pressure on the cultural and territorial patterns of the Arawak and Pano populations in the forests of the Amazon area (Eid, 1994).
Nowadays, these populations still continue to maintain a strong tradition of their cultures, with their territories informally and legally defined between the ethnics that inhabit the area of Upper Juruá. However, the definition of territories between traditional populations is a dynamic process, because some ethnic groups are nomadic and the populational growths of these ethnics, as well as of the rubber-gathers, are increasing in the border of the Brazilian/Peruvian Amazon (Eid, 1994; Aquino & Iglesias, 1992).
Management of free-access fisheries resources can include the following vulnerabilities: a low control of the resources by the community, the increase in the fisheries trade, the strong increase in the use of the resources, and the fast changes in the technologies (Berkes, 1985). Hames (1982) analyzed the conservation of the exploitation of free-access resources through optimum foraging and conclude that the indigenous hunters of the Amazon area are not concerned with conservation, as they only seek an increase in the efficiency in the way by which animal protein is obtained. Peres (1993) characterized the Kaxinawá of the Jordão River as opportunist fishermen, as they carefully observed the movements of fishes during the reproductive season "piracema", placing a strong demand on daily catches in order to supply the necessary intake of animal protein (Begossi & Richerson, 1992; Begossi, 1996). Roberts & Baird, (1995) showed that the Khone fishermen of Mekong River possess fisheries areas for generations with the domain of the local families.
The possibility of conflicts in the future is the new regional dynamics of territory restriction and the growth of the traditional human populations. Aquino & Iglesias (1992) mentioned that the incorporation of the rubber-gatheres farms Independence and Altamira to the Indigenous Area of Kaxinawá of the Jordão River occurred in order to absorb part of the populational contingent that inhabit the eight rubber-gatheres farms in the area. Along 18 years the population Kaxinawá triplicated. In 1975 the natives were 383 people but in 1992 this number increased to 1.085 in the Kaxinawá villages. In the first ten months of 1993, 63 children were born and only three adult died. Thus, the increase of the traditional populations, and the changes in the patterns of the regional economies, can constitute in a larger pressure upon the fisheries resources, which are the basic subsistence food for these populations. Eventually, this fact may lead to the appearance of conflicts in the exploitation of the fishing territories, implying in the establishment of the tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968) on the fisheries resources.
McGrath, et. al. (1994) mentioned that free-access fisheries resources lack any sort of regulation, and only exploitation rights exist in such systems. This type of system is confused with the regime of common property and the term "common" used by Hardin (1968) refers to the regime of free-access (McCay, 1996). However, and much on the contrary, the notion of common property rights excludes and defends the local resources from other exploiters, regulates the number of users and the techniques of resources allocation. The common property systems adopted by the fishermen in the lakes of the Lower Amazon contradict the thesis of Hardin (1968) of the tragedy of the commons,because the dynamics of free interest reconciled with responsibilities in avoiding the "tragedy" is the power underpinning the success of the collective management of the fisheries resources.
Hilborn et al. (1995) emphasized that most of the institutional successes in the maintenance of the sustainability of the fisheries resources has been happening in communities of traditional fishermen or in private properties. Begossi (1996) defined that the property right or uses of the resources varies in agreement with the different scales of the human behavior, with territoriality in its exploitation in an individual, familial way, ghetto, clan, communities, villas, societies, among another. The evolution in the change of the territoriality and the rights upon fishing spots are related to the densities of local fisheries, outsiders and sporting fishermen, to the diversities and availability of fishing spots and to the capacity of the fishing technologies.
In the complex of conservation units and indigenous territories in the area of Upper Juruá, there is the need of implementation of management plans for the sustained development of the natural resources of the area. When considering the indigenous area of common use between two populations with different habits, we have to define the priorities that minimize the conflicts between the parts and the gradual retraction of the fishing practices that depreciate the stocks of the river Breu. The maintenance of the biodiversity and the sustained use of the biological productivity of these ecosystems for the traditional populations should constitute the goals of the management to be established in the area. However, the future of those traditional populations depends on its cultural resiliency (Begossi, 1995), that is, of their functional structures, of the exploitation and the conservation of the natural resources and of their cultural habits, of the dissipation of the conflicts and the invigoration of the tribal community organization. Thus, the management of the common resource should be supported by a more realistic and effective co-operation between traditional populations and the western society represented by government and NGOs.
To the Ashaninka/Kaxinawá communities for their understanding and wisdom. CNPq for the grant, USP and NCI Indigenous Culture Centre and Austrian Government for the financial support of this study, and to Dr. Oswaldo T. Oyakawa, from the Zoological Museum of the University of São Paulo, for helping with taxonomic identification of the fish species. Dr Keith Brown Jr. and Dr. Miguel Petrere Jr. for their kindness in inviting us to participate in a pioneer project in Acre which opened the opportunity for the present work.
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McCay, B. J. 1996. Participation of Fishers in Fisheries Management, In: Meyer, R. M.; Jhang, C.; Windsor, M. L.; McCay, B. J.; Hushak, L. J.; Muth, R. M. (eds.). Fisheries resource utilization and policy. Preceeding of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing CO. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. [ Links ]
McGrath, D. G.; Castro, F.; Camara, E.; Futemma, C. 1994. Community management of floodplain lakes and the sustainable development of Amazonian fisheries. In: "Diversity, Development and Conservation of the Amazon Floodplain". Macapá. Amapá, Brazil. pp. 27. [ Links ]
Meyer, R. M. 1994. Theme 2. Fisheries Resource Utilization and Policy. In: Voigtlander, C. W. (eds). Condition of the world's aquatic habitat. Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Plenary Session. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. [ Links ]
Muth, R. M. 1996. Subsistence and Artisanal Fisheries policy: An International Assessment. In: Meyer, R. M., C. Jhang, M. L. Windsor, B. J. McCay, L. J. Hushak & Muth, R. M. (eds.). Fisheries resource utilization and policy. Proceeding of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing CO. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. [ Links ]
Peres, C. A. 1993. Biodiversity Conservation by Native Amazonians: a Pilot Study in the Kaxinawá Indigenous Reserve of Jordão River, Acre, Brazil. A project report submitted to the World Wildlife Fund, Washington D.C. pp. 47. [ Links ]
Petrere, M. J. 1978. Pesca e esforço de pesca no Estado de Amazonas. II-Locais, arreios de pesca e estatísticas de desembarque. Acta Amazonica 8, Suppl. 2(3). pp. 54. [ Links ]
Petrere, M. J. 1992. As comunidades humanas ribeirinhas da Amazônia e suas transformações sociais. In: Diegues, A. C. (ed.) VI Encontro de Ciências Sociais e o Mar no Brasil. São Paulo. Coletâneas de Trabalhos Apresentados. São Paulo - Programa de Pesquisa e Conservação de Áreas Úmidas no Brasil, IOUSP/F. Ford, UICN. [ Links ]
Posey, D. A. 1983. Indigenous knowledge and development: an ideological bridge to the future. Ciência e Cultura, 35(7): 877-894. [ Links ]
RADAMBRASIL, 1977. Folhas SB/SC, 18 Javari/Contamana; geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, vegetação e uso potencial da terra. Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral. Levantamento dos Recursos Naturais.Ministério das Minas e Energia. Rio de Janeiro. 420p. [ Links ]
Roberts, T. R.; Baird, I. G. 1995. Traditional fisheries and fish ecology on the Mekong river at Khone waterfalls in southern Laos. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam. Soc., 43: 219-262. [ Links ]
Silvano, R. A. M.; Amaral, B.D.; Oyakawa, O.T. 2000. Spatial and temporal patterns of diversity and distribution of the Upper Juruá River fish community (Brazilian Amazon). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57: 25-35. [ Links ]
Silvano, R. A. M.; Oyakawa, O. T.; Amaral, B. D.; Begossi, A. 2001. Peixes do Alto Rio Juruá (Amazonas, Brasil). FAPESP. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo. Imprensa Oficial do Estado. São Paulo. 304p. [ Links ]
Sokal, R. R.; Rohlf, F. J. 1995. Biometry. 3nd ed. Freeman San Francisco. C. A. [ Links ]
WCED, 1988. Nosso futuro comum. Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas. 430pp. [ Links ]
Recebido em 16/10/2001
Aceito em 12/12/2003


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Bee The Book Review
Farm friends is an interactive vibrant book that parents can bring to life. It allows children to maintain full eye contact and see the correct pronunciation of words as parents look through the hole and read a rhyme featured in a fold down flap which is only visible to the reader.
Author Debora Tobin came up with the innovative idea when she struggled to get her own children to sit and listen during story time. She decided to bring a whole new experience to reading. She wanted storytime to be fun with a baby or toddler.
The book is made from durable flexible card with a high gloss shine and 50% of the profits from the book go to charity Bee For Battens.
The book has been in our possession a few months now. It would definitely one of my top five baby and toddler books for the educational and interactive fun factor. We recently introduced it to Frankie and he thinks it's hilarious. Kayla reads it to him sometimes too, she actually knows most of the rhymes by heart now, just shows how much we actually read it.
If you buy one book for your little babog this year, it's got to BEE this one!!
Kayla's Review
I love Bee the Book. My mammy looks so funny with wings, wool and four legs. She sometimes makes up her own funny stories. Frankie thinks mammy is so funny too, she always makes funny noises and silly faces. I read it to him too. I've never seen a bee on a farm though, my mammy says that's because I've never looked for one. So next I go to the farm in Wexford I'm going to look for bee's.
Bee The Book – Farm Friends is €9.99 and available to buy HERE. I also have a discount code; use MYLITTLEBABOG at the checkout to receive 20% off.
I also have a book to giveaway to one of my lucky readers. To enter LIKE Bee The Books on Facebook and COMMENT on this post. Competition closes Tuesday 3rd of March.
Disclaimer: I was giving this product for reviewing purposes. This does not affect my honest opinion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Please consider supporting this website by disabling your ad-blocker. This website does not use audio ads, pop-ups, or other annoyances. And please support Terra Relicta by giving a little donation if you can! Thank you!!!
Norwegian dark alternative rockers Ljungblut, the band around Kim Ljung (Zeromancer, Seigmen) are releasing their 6th album Villa Carlotta 5959 on 2nd November via Karisma Records and today they are presenting the music video for the first single "Hasselblad".
Founding member Kim Ljung about the video: "The video of "Hasselblad" is shot and directed and Hans Christian Moen and Freddy Samson Fagerheim. Both friends of the band. Their first collaboration was "Kast blomstene på" from the previous Ljungblut album, Ikke alle netter er like sorte. Again they were given total artistic freedom. The concept being the moon, loneliness, camera and distance."
And on the single Kim Ljung extensively comments: "It was just one of those days. An early morning. I read somewhere about the twelve Hasselblad cameras left on the moon. Made some fresh coffee and locked myself into the studio without any particular ideas in my head. In a few hours it was all there. Lyrics and everything. A real special feeling when it happens. The guys loved the demo. A few weeks later we rehearsed "Hasselblad" as a band, keeping it close to the original idea. Of course, Ted added a real great drum-pattern. It was only just over a two-minute arrangement though. Right after I wrote it, I was visting Erik Ljunggren in his studio. Blown away by the collection of modular and vintage synthesizers, I asked him if he wanted to contribute for the end part. The Arp 2600 and the Oberheim Matrix creating most of the magic. All analogue. It was perfect. The drums, the bass, the guitar (with the Morley flanger pedal), the Omni and the Roland strings were all recorded live. I believe it was the third take. Sincerely happy with this one. Enjoy."
Ljungblut originally started out as a solo project from Seigmen/Zeromancer bass player and main songwriter Kim Ljung in 2005. He needed an outlet for songs which didn't fit in with his main bands. After three solo albums in English, the project evolved into a full quintet – and they released two independent albums in Norwegian. Villa Carlotta 5959 is the sixth Ljungblut album, and the last in a trilogy of albums with Norwegian lyrics. Link


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Protini Polypeptide Cream by Drunk Elephant
Please note we are unable to ship Drunk Elephant products to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea, Malaysia and USA.
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Order before midday (Monday to Friday only) and receive your order by 6pm the same day. Only available for central London postcodes (check the map here).
Order before midday and collect your order for free from your chosen store in 2-5 days. Read more about our Click & Collect service.
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You won't find what they call the "Suspicious 6" in any of their products (essential oils, drying alcohols, silicones, chemical sunscreens, fragrances/dyes, SLS). The brand believes that when these are entirely removed from one's routine, skin can reset and return to a healthy, balanced state.
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We are happy to have the chance to interview the first genderfluid fashion retail in London, VERV London. www.vervlondon.com We are pleased to have a conversation with Sannu Shresta, the Managing Director of the brand which is also one of the founders of the brand.
We are happy to have the chance to interview Niki Horrorshow from Germany (full name: Berenike Haack). She identifies herself as gender neutral, with sexuality as bisexual/pansexual. Included in the interview below will be an elaboration of her interesting vision on gender/sexuality.
We are pleased to have the chance to talk and had a conversation with the confident August Aiden.
August Aiden was born in 1994, assigned biologically as female from Rhode Island. However he never felt like a woman or feminine from the inside since such a young age. He is now living in Los Angeles, California.
We are lucky to have the chance to interview a fabulous, beautiful drag queen Miss Anne Dromeda.
"My name is Anne Dromeda and I'm out of this world!"
Miss Anne Dromeda (her male name: Scott) is a drag queen based in Los Angeles, California. Scott identifies himself as a gay male that performs in drag as a hobby. He's happy that all his friends, parents, and coworkers all know and support him. His mom comes to almost every one of his shows, and his coworkers come out from time to time. "I'm lucky to live in Los Angeles and in a gay friendly community and workplace."
Cess Rey is a gorgeous brave soul who is expressing herself bravely and with pride. She lives in Davao City. If you haven't read our article on Argie Pabroa who is also there, we adore our presence there.
Her beautiful Mom was the one that truly gave Cess her first support to express true self.
We Will Never Fit In Boxes Again
HumanEditorial note: If you haven't yet come across Adore Delano, you could start by reading these recent articles from Vice and Billboard , then watch their Youtube Videos, follow them on Instagram and I'm sorry not sorry, you'll be obsessed. Huge thank you to Aisha [link] and Michelle [link] in particular for being so generous with their time in the interview process.
Adore isn't just another emerging star.
In the last 6 months, Adore has become an icon for the fluidity movement. Adore will simply not be put in a box. Adore is more than YouTuber, not just a drag star, not a boy, not a girl - find a box and you'll find Adore won't fit in it. Even Adore's most devoted fans are unsure of which pronouns to use and when. Adore's YouTube channel is still named "DannyNoriega", Adore's boy name, though the recent video titles on that channel present her name as Adore Delano. Adore presents as a boy and a girl as she and he and they please. Fixing a pronoun just won't do.


text: Setting Core Targets Success in Sales means taking stock of your performance across multiple metrics Nick Fawbert / Monday, October 29, 2018 / Categories: Sales Fundamentals, First Principles If you've come this far in sales, you'll already have covered how important the right mindset is, so now we need to explore the best ways to apply ourselves! The Big Picture We can learn lessons from Formula 1 Race Directors when it comes to establishing a successful approach to sales:. Just as success in Formula 1 is about more than winning the odd race, the sales process is not just about delivering on a single sale, it's about successfully managing both your time and your client portfolio to deliver a profitable and growing revenue stream. Just knowing whether you won or lost won't give you much to work with when you need to improve, Like Race Directors we need to be measuring all key factors to see what's working well and what needs attention. If you're struggling to meet your overall revenue ambitions, it may be that there's just a particular area of your business that needs to improve – perhaps there's not enough new customers being contacted, or there's a particular objection you're finding hard to handle, or you're not able to negotiate the best price possible. Measuring it means you can manage it. Create a Shared Vision Before you start setting targets, be prepapred to communicate them to others – both inside and outside your business if it helps. It doesn't matter that we sometimes fail, what matters is that we understand what we are trying to do and commit ourselves to improving. Targets should always be shared with your colleagues and management team if you have one – they may be able to show you a few tricks that would help both you and entire teams build their performance. If you are working as part of a team, it can also be a good pointer to where your managers can help you most. Think about setting and communicating targets from two perspectives: Qualitative targets apply to underlying styles, approaches and behaviours Quantitative targets apply to specific, measurable numbers Think about whether you can set yourself targets and expectations in all the following areas (and make sure your colleagues and managers have them too!).... Build a Qualitative Foundation Let's look at the initial approach. Firstly, appearance can be best measured by giving yourself a Dress Code. Whilst this sounds proscriptive, in fact it's just a guide to the way other people perceive you. It's a truism that we shouldn't judge a book by its cover, the fact is that people do, and we should dress accordingly. It's also useful because it acts as a constant visual reminder that you are now on company time, with professional obligations. This doesn't mean that dressing smartly means better revenues (although it often does), it's that the way you dress should reflect your customer's perception of authority and credibility in your business area. You won't be able to make this decision on your own, so ask the opinions of others and act as a group. Secondly, set yourself a golden set of rules covering your attitude and approach. Create a wall chart that illustrates them and put them in a place where they will be in constant view at all time. For example, these could be 'A Formula for Success' or 'Our Values'. Whatever you choose to call them, make sure they are an accurate representation of your professional brand. It will help you sustain a constant idea of who you are and how your company presents itself to your customers. It will also ensure that everyone in your company knows what you expect of each other at all times. Establish Quantitative Goals Targets surrounding day to day activity are more specific. Reach against your client base is a good place to start. The world keeps turning, and your key customers today will have moved on tomorrow, whilst customers you never thought were important may be your best customers next year. Measure the percentage of your client base you've contacted in the last three months. Even if you think you've nailed the model, keep prospecting with new clients just to make sure they know you're there. Frequency of contact is another key metric, and telephone call rate targets help you get an idea of how your business is sustaining its contact with customers. We all find it easy to focus on 'live' business, but too much focus on current customers can leave you with a dead patch if their spend starts to drop. We call telephone call rates 'feeding the pipeline' because however successful your business is, you need to keep putting new leads into the system to keep converting new business at the other end. Measure Engagement External Meetings are a good measure of customer engagement. Whilst high meeting rates themselves don't tell you anything, the majority of your customers won't sign big cheques to people they've only encountered over the phone or email. That means you need to get in front of them and shake hands! Proposals are a measure of your ability to generate new ideas that actually meet customer needs. It's important that you don't make proposals unless you understand what your customer wants, and that they are actually interested in seeing your offer, otherwise you'll simply be generating pointless work. Ensure a Return on Investment Conversion rate will then give you an idea of what proposals are actually meeting your customer needs. Low conversion rates mean that many of your proposals are falling to customers who aren't interested, and it points to problems higher up the chain. Yield is important. It often takes the same effort to get low value deals closed as it does the larger ones, so revenue per deal will give you an idea if you are focusing on delivering the right levels of deals to customers who can invest the most. There's no right answer here: Small deals in large numbers underpin your business security Large deals can drive profitability and provide a platform for growth Gross Revenue is critical to measure to see if you are generating enough income to maintain your company growth, and typically will be linked to performance incentives. Gross Profit will measure whether your deals are actually making profit for the company. If you're losing money on every deal, then you won't be improving the fortunes of your business, but driving it into the ground. Be Accountable Once you've set those goals, score your performance against them on a weekly basis and keep a record. Accountability and up to date records are simply a measure of whether you are achieving the goals you set in your initial plan, and whether you are making them transparent to others. Whilst you don't want to create an unnecessary administrative workload, if you don't feel willing to be accountable it is often because you're not proud of your performance or you're worried what the figures may say. Either way, this is a cause for concern, so even if you're working on your own as opposed to being part of a team, do your records, keep your paperwork up to date, and be the rational successful sales person that we know will win the day. Whether you choose to make them public is up to you. League tables for teams are a double edged sword. Used correctly they provide a competitive basis for improvement, used badly they become a source of stress and can damage motivation. Get Started So that should give you a few key metrics to set from the start: Dress Code Values Reach Frequency External Meetings Proposals Conversion Rate Yield Gross Revenue Gross Profit Accountability League Tables Tracking these foundation targets should equip you with the measurements necessary to focus on great performance in all of these areas, and ensure you a firm foundation for substantial rewards and a high-flying career. 1121 Rate this article: 5.0 Nick FawbertNick Fawbert With 25 years in the media and marketing industry, and almost 20 of those in digital marketing, Nick is one of the most experienced practitioners in the Asia marketing industry. He is Founder and CEO of Mutiny Consulting. Other posts by Nick Fawbert Contact author Linked In Please login or register to post comments.


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Workers are long running proccesses that are intended to always be running. Amezmo manages the logging, stopping, restarting, and monitoring of your workers. Common use cases for workers are background processing queues, email queues, and othe asynchronous processing activities.
Supported Runtimes
- Node.js and NPM
Need support?
We're always happy to help with either application or infrastructure questions Always feel free to reach out to us on Twitter, or contact support.


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FAFSA: Completing Your Application
FAFSA is used to determine student eligibility in several state and federal programs such as:
- Federal Pell Grant
- Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
- Federal Work-Study
- William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program
- Texas Public Education Grant (TPEG)
- TEXAS Grant
- TEXAS Educational Opportunity Grant
- TEXAS Work-study
- Adult Education (non credit coursework)
- & other programs
- If you have questions, please contact us. Below are the steps used in completing your FAFSA (Free Application For Federal Student Aid).
Click here for a video clip about the FAFSA or complete the following steps to apply.
Step 1: Get a FSA ID
The FSA ID - a username and password- has replaced the Federal Student Aid PIN and must be used to log in to certain U.S. Department of Education websites. Your FSA ID confirms your identity when you access your financial aid information and electronically sign Federal Student Aid documents. Directions on how to apply for FSA ID
BOTH THE STUDENT AND PARENT (if required) WILL NEED A SEPARATE FSA ID! Apply for FSA ID at https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/fafsa/filling-out/fsaid
Step 2: Documentation
Collect the documents needed to apply, including IRS Tax Return Transcripts (See Step 5) and W-2 forms (and other records of income). Use the link below for details on what will be required.
If you have not filed the required tax returns at the time you apply, you may estimate the tax information, apply, and correct information later. You will be responsible for repaying any aid awarded with incorrect data.
Print or preview the paper FAFSA application.
Step 3: Filling Out the FAFSA
Complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Using the IRS Data Retrieval tool when completing your application is the easiest and most accurate way to complete the income section of the application. Steps to using IRS Data Retrieval Tool.
You may save your incomplete application until you are ready to submit to FAFSA. TVCC' s school code 003572. This gives us access to your processed report.
Step 4: Review
Review your Student Aid Report (SAR), the result of your FAFSA application. If necessary, make changes or corrections and resubmit your SAR for reprocessing. Your SAR will contain your Expected Family Contribution (EFC). This number will be used to determine your eligibility for federal student aid.
Step 5: Verification
If your application is selected for verification and you did not use the IRS Data Retrieval tool, you will need to provide a copy of your IRS Tax Transcript (not a copy of the 1040 form) and other documents, as appropriate. You can request a copy of your Tax Transcript by calling 1-800-908-9946 or you can request one from the IRS Website. If a correction has been made, you will be notified of the change from the Department of Education through the email address listed on your FAFSA. Be sure to meet the TVCC deadline, or you will need to pay at registration, then get reimbursed if you qualify.
Step 6: Questions?
Contact the financial aid office if you have any questions about the financial aid being offered. If you have not received an award letter before registration, contact the financial aid office to check your status.


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Your lines are no good proof :-)! Difference in eval is lower than 0.02 at equal depth. And the shown line is equal for d=19 and d=14 (time: 2:02 vs 0:07).
I recall it was -2 straight away, as soon as I had entered the move :-)
congratulations for Rybka Team.
It will be not 'post factum' verification', fortunately ;-) .
15... Bxf3 was played by Hiarcs, but not out of book. So it was 'over the board inspiration'.
Best regards,
Anyway, compared with other programs Rybka should be also the best in endings I would think.
I´m not a great fan of tbs (only for decent analysis). But: Better than nothing!
Seriously, I'm not against TB's at all. They obviously help. Who cares about some tiny % slowdown? It's just that in the big scheme of things they don't help that much - the critical moments are typically earlier.
The move was first played in Kallisto 1.83-Junior 4, 1997, 1-0. (Kallisto was sporting a 486 processor running at 66 MHz; Junior had a Pentium running at 100 MHz.)
First played by humans in Kelly (2423)-Cobb (2275), 1999, 1-0.
First correspondence game by Kristensen-Lylloff, 2001, 0-1.
First played by Nick Carlin in DONETSK-Flyingfatman, 2007, 1/2-1/2. A bit late to the party, Nick!
> First played by Nick Carlin in DONETSK-Flyingfatman, 2007, 1/2-1/2.
Doh! I told you I don't put drawn games into my books :) Too funny.
2) If black stays with his king at g7 then white should not push the pawn at a7 (which Rybka does not understand)
this position is drawn but only on with the King on certain squares. They key is that black wants to put the Rook to f6
Either way the evaluations of Rybka are not correct
I am far from being an endgame expert, so I might well miss some subtlety here - although the position looks pretty much standard to me. But I guess you'd have to say a 'bit' more to back up your thesis 1).
By the way, for a real rook endgame expert, Vas could contact Krasenkow - he is really impressive.
White just plays Kg1-f1-e1-d1, and if 1. Kf1 Ra4 2. Ke2 Rxh4, white wins with 3. Ra7+ Kg8 4. Rb7 Ra4 5. a7.
The following position is still winning.
ie. 1. Kf1 Ra5 2. Ra7+! Kg8 3. Ke2 Rxg5 4. Rb7 etc.
Black can prevent a white pawn from reaching g5, but then he must weaken his kingside and other white ideas become possible.
For what it's worth, Rybka would have badly misplayed this endgame had black defended better. I won't even terrify you with the details :)
Nick Carlin: 60-40 is my guess, I suspect that the centaur advantage will come especially in the end game, where human assistance can avoid losses and win games that engines might draw. An example is in some rook endings where the engine will push a pawn to the seventh rank and obtain a draw in a won position. The missed win is coming through leaving the pawn on the sixth rank and bringing the King up to support its coronation.
Good luck for the victory in Leiden!
Perhaps my knowledge of programming is too basic, but couldn't you just make endgame code that only activates after the queens come off, for instance? For example, have a material count variable which activates the endgame evaluation function and deactivates the middlegame evaluation (when enough material comes off to warrent it). This way you could even have different evaluation functions depending on the type of ending.
In addition to this, endgame play is simply less important in chess than middlegame play. Endgame play is comparable to special teams in football - or penalty kicks in soccer, for the less enlightened :)
Of course, we will have gradual improvements in endgame play via better heuristics and deeper search, but I don't see any revolution just around the corner.
Hmmm, this is a strange comment to be coming from you. The Redskins under George Allen elevated special teams play to an art, but this was before your time.
If you want to do research, you need a research grant and the freedom to fail and maybe write about that failure as a learning experience.
Research grants have always amazed me. My experience is that the grants are generally fairly small (my sister earned tenure at Cornell by bringing in a $1M grant), there is generally a lot of overhead, and dealing with university rules and IP rights can be daunting. As you point out, one of the reasons that it is possible to do any research, is that failure is always an option as long as you follow up by writing a nice paper.
Pattern recognition is a useful technique in a lot of areas with a lot of development money, so I suspect that the tools necessary for chess will be available by the time you are ready to address this less important aspect of the game. I'm betting that better heuristics used with alpha-beta search will continue to have problems in positions with more than a handful of pieces where a GM can quickly identify the winning or drawing plan.
If you want to release products, you absolutely need an incremental path, and I don't see what that would be right now for directly addressing these endgame play issues.
Well, I'm nothing if not a capitalist. There is not a single Che Guevara tee shirt in my closet! (and a Milton Friedman tee shirt wouldn't have quite the same effect) :-) Anyway, this doesn't concern me too much, because as you well know, Americans don't play endgames.
>Research grants ... there is generally a lot of overhead
Usually the university negotiates this with the funding agency. Numbers around 40% are typical with the NSF (US National Science Foundation).
Thank for claryfying, Alan
Even more, they are the researchers that look around for contracts...
>The 40% that BB refers to is a tax on the grant.
If I were at a US (or possibly Canadian) university, and got a "$1M maths grant" from the NSF [well, the university formally gets the grant from some standpoints], my university has already pre-negotiated some percentage that will go to the university, the college of science, the math department, etc. So the government could really be giving (say) $1.5 million to the university, who would confiscate a cool half million for its own use. My own knowledge here was largely instigated from Dan Bernstein's What it's like to work at UIC.
There is also the 5% of the NSF budget that goes to administrative costs involved in running the NSF, but that's a minor matter.
>This had a lot to do with her getting tenure at Cornell.
This is a general rule at many places. When I was at a Big Ten school, having a suitable grant was seen in practise to be equivalent to getting tenure in the maths department.
>Next time I talk with her I'll find out how much Cornell grabbed.
In some places, the "indirect cost rate" on institutional grants is actually considered to be proprietary information. My impression is that 25% is the minimum, and numbers in the forties have been known to occur. From Bernstein:
Extra payments to the university for no reason at all
NSF's grant CCR-9983950 to UIC has a 55.3% overhead rate [this would be 35.6% in your accounting], as specified by a university agreement with the government. In April 2004, after a huge amount of effort, I finally managed to get my hands on some account statements. I added up the direct payments, subtracted tuition remission (which isn't charged overhead), subtracted the amounts labelled by the university as capital equipment (never mind the amounts incorrectly labelled non-capital), and multiplied by 55.3%. The resulting number was hundreds of dollars smaller than the actual overhead payments taken by the university.
>Why the cloak and dagger?
Universities have been known to keep (at least) two sets of books... :-P [as Bernstein attempts to document]
> Pattern recognition is a useful technique in a lot of areas with a lot of development money, so I suspect that the tools necessary for chess will be available by the time you are ready to address this less important aspect of the game.
I'm sure that a lot of interesting stuff already exists, but it's always going to be a big step to apply any of it to chess.
> I'm betting that better heuristics used with alpha-beta search will continue to have problems in positions with more than a handful of pieces where a GM can quickly identify the winning or drawing plan.
Probably so, but we'll see. I remember some ancient writings from 30 years ago from people who were sure that alpha-beta could never play master-level chess. Monte-Carlo might also help here.
>I remember some ancient writings from 30 years ago from people who were sure that alpha-beta could never play master-level chess.
Yes, Botvinnik had some influence in this regard, if I recall.
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We are happy to announce that Calef's has reopened, thanks to all who have come to visit so far. We will continue our modified hours and CDC Covid protocols until further notice. We now offer Porch Pick-up, just call to place your order and we will leave it on our front porch for you, 603 664-2231. Thanks for your patience and support during these unusual times!
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Cheese Pepper: Scoville Rating: 0. This pepper is an extremely sweet, 3" round, flat, with thick, red flesh; great in recipes or fresh eating. So good they are barely make it into the house from the garden, they are
also great stuffed, pickled, canned, or dried for a delicious paprika. It is a very productive plants that produces peppers in approx. 80 days. Peppers start out green and are red when ripe. It grows well in both the garden and in a large pot. Plant grows 2' to 3' tall and 2' to 3' wide. Does well in full sun with moderate water and hot summers does not like frost. Once used to color cheese.
PKT: 10 Seeds $3.00
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Cheese Pepper Seeds
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Fédération Internationale de Football Association, FIFA-Strasse 20, 8044 Zurich


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Live Audio Radio host, John Pollock says that he was told by Dana White that CM Punk's next fight probably shouldn't be in UFC.
What happened during the post-fight press conference is that Punk said that he was initially looking at fighting at the amateur level, but then the UFC opportunity was presented to him. It looks like he will fight again sometime, but it might not be in UFC.
Below is that tweet that John Pollock posted for the sake of reference.
Dana White tells me that if CM Punk has another fight, it probably shouldn't be in the UFC— John Pollock (@iamjohnpollock) September 11, 2016


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Hear Another Sunwatchers Tune
You're going to have to face it; there's really nothing out there like Sunwatchers at the moment. Sure, you had hints of the psychedelic noise with late Mars Volta, but it never delved into the realms of free-form jazz like this bunch does with their keys/sax work. Plus, while other acts of the same ilk seem to rely upon over-indulgence, or jamming, everything about this latest single reeks of purpose. The guitar line slithers about from the get-go, backed by the drums, awaiting the arrival of the keys; eventually the sax joins in and they break all confines of modern pop structures. If you're willing to take a chance on rocking outside the norm, then be sure to grab II from Trouble In Mind Records on February 2nd.


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Butterfly Rose Gold Eearrings
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Posts made in September 29th, 2018
Finding the Ocean – Interrupted
Before I continue my "Finding the Ocean" story, I feel the need to share a few quick thoughts about the press conference and subsequent release of the Jacob Wetterling case file that happened last Thursday, September 20th.
Mostly what I want to say is… wow. That was really hard.
I've been sharing this story about my random 2017 road trip because it was something good and happy that turned out to be a very healing journey for me. It brought me peace and helped me replace all those bad Labor Day memories with good, happy ones. However, last week was a jarring reminder of why I'd wanted to take off in the first place. It was hard to relive and remember. In fact, it was like ripping the Band-Aid off all over again.
We have all struggled with the release of this case file… for obvious and different reasons. From my end, I dreaded to think what tips I might have shared in private that were now to be made public. It makes me wonder why anyone would EVER want to submit a tip in a criminal case, knowing their personal (and sometimes painful) information might eventually become public. These were good people who did the right thing. They responded to our pleas for help and shared their tips in good faith. Is it fair to them that their personal information should now become a part of the public record? In some cases, is that even safe?
As it turns out, very few of the tips I submitted to the Stearns County Sheriff's Office ever made it into the case file. While I'm happy and relieved about that, it does make me wonder why. It also makes me wonder about the Paynesville incidents. They have referred to "eight cases." Of those eight, Jared and I knew about five of them. That means there were another five cases we found on our own. That makes at least 13 Paynesville incidents in all. Heinrich said he was "involved in a couple, but not all of them." What does that mean? Was someone else involved? I really don't even want to think about what that might mean.
As for the press conference itself, I watched the entire thing in shock… with tears running down my cheeks much of the time. Never in a million years did I expect the new Stearns County Sheriff to lay it all out there like that… slide by slide, mistake by mistake, missed opportunity by missed opportunity. While I was happy to hear him admit fault and take responsibility, I thought it was completely unfair to "name names" and throw people under the bus the way he did. Yes, mistakes were made, but it's not like those early investigators weren't doing everything humanly possible to solve this case. They cared deeply and tried as hard as they could to bring Jacob home to his family. I felt that was unnecessary and unkind.
When the press conference ended, I was overcome by emotion. It was all just so heartbreaking. I couldn't help but think, if they had just LISTENED to those Paynesville kids… if they just would have tried something, ANYTHING, to catch that guy… Jared and Jacob would have never been abducted in the first place. How incredibly sad and heartbreaking.
Now, I just want this to be over. More than anything, I just want peace for the Wetterlings, for Jared, for Paynesville, and for Dan Rassier. This has been such a long, hard journey, and I continue to struggle with my role in all of it. When will it start to feel better? I so desperately want it to get better, but right now, it all still feels really bad.
For those of you have been following my "Finding the Ocean" story, I promise chapter 5 will be coming soon. I just really needed to get this off my chest first. Thanks for listening.
Next time… a "missing" poster and a new planRead More


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I recently discovered Bean Sprouts Cafe when researching for our San Diego Dairy-Free Guide. It's a kid-friendly eatery that is located inside museums, zoos, parks, and other family-oriented sites.
Bean Sprouts Cafe merges playfulness into every menu item to make healthy eating fun for little ones. They have a very visual menu with cute names, so that kids of all ages can pick what they want.
Their color-coded allergen information includes an easy to ready menu chart that is labeled for gluten-free, dairy-free, egg-free, soy-free, shellfish-free, vegan, and vegetarian. None of their menu items contain peanuts or tree nuts. It doesn't look like any of their menu items contain shellfish, but a couple contain fish. So I'm not sure why they label for shellfish, but not fish.
And they do include the following allergen statement.
While we do our best to accommodate special dietary needs, and our recipes do not contain nuts, Bean Sprouts cannot guarantee that food from our vendors is free of nuts, dairy, gluten, soy, eggs, or other allergens.
As for the dairy-free menu items, they have a few fun Imaginibbles for children. At last check they included the Do-Re-For-Me, Crocamole, Googly Fruit Cups, Veggie Fun-due, Gluten-free Bread, and Veggie Tots. They might also be able to enjoy a cheese-free pizza, as the pepperoni, chicken, and gluten-free pizza crust are dairy-free. But be sure to ask at the cafe.
Bean Sprouts Cafe has some adult eats, too, but only one grown-up sandwich that is dairy-free: the Great Turkado. Fortunately, the dairy-free soup selection is bigger with Creamy Tomato, Vegetable Lentil, and Chicken & Wild Rice. The first two are also vegan.
To help you keep up with the kids, they pour organic tea and coffee drinks, and have organic dairy-free soy milk available. And for all ages, they have dairy-free Pea-Moji Cookies and vegan smoothies for dessert.
Where to Find Bean Sprouts Cafe
They have locations at museums, zoos, and parks throughout the U.S. See the website below for locations.
Website: beansprouts.com


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