text:
Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017
Businesses subject to MLR
Supervisory authorities
Requirement to be registered
Fit and proper test
Risk assessment
Policies, controls and procedures
Customer due diligence
Beneficial owner
Record keeping
Policies and procedures
The UK government implemented most of the provisions of the EU first anti-money laundering Directive of 1991 by making the Money Laundering Regulations 1993 (MLR 1993). These regulations came into force on 1 April 1994 and applied to banks and other credit institutions, insurance companies and investment business firms ('relevant financial business'). These firms were required to maintain procedures for the purposes of preventing money laundering, in particular by training employees in the recognition of money laundering transactions and applying identity checking procedures and report suspicious activities to the regulatory authorities.
The MLR 1993 were modified in 2001 by the addition of bureaux de change and certain other categories of money service business. Customs and Excise were required to keep a register of money service operators.
The Money Laundering Regulations 2003 replaced the MLR 1993 amended with updated provisions which reflected the EU second anti-money laundering 2001 Directive. Additional activities were brought within the scope of the regulations included estate agency work; operating a casino, insolvency practitioners, tax adviser, accountancy and audit services, legal services relating to financial or real property transactions, company and trust formation and management services and dealing in high value goods for cash of 15,000 euro or more. The regulations also required casino operators to obtain evidence of the identity of gaming customers. Customs and Excise were required to keep a register of high value dealers.
Following the EU 2005 Directive, the UK government made the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 (MLR 2007) which replaced the 2003 Regulations with updated provisions which implemented in part the EU 2005 Directive. Identification requirements were extended to identifying the beneficial owner of corporate entities, partnerships and trusts. Customs and Excise were required to keep a register of trust and company service providers. Minor amendments to MLR 2007 were made in 2007 and 2011. Amendments were made in 2012 which among other changes excluded from the scope of MLR 2007 an undertaking which provides credit by allowing time to pay for services, where payment is made over a period of no more than 12 months, and extended the definition of 'estate agent' to include estate agents selling property outside the UK.
The EU Commission made a proposal for a Fourth Money Laundering Directive in February 2005 (2013/0025 (COD). This proposed a number of changes to the regime, including greater harmonisation of EU member states' AML regulation, ensuring regulation is risk-focused, including tax crimes as predicate offences and clarifying inter-action of AML with data protection regulation. In addition, it proposed that legal entities and trusts should maintain registers of beneficial owners accessible to competent authorities and persons subject to the AML regime.
The proposal for a Fourth Money Laundering Directive was enacted the Fourth Money Laundering Directive 2015/849/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20th May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering or terrorist financing (OJ L 141, 05.06.2015, p73). The EU also enacted the Funds Transfer Regulation 2015/847/EU ("funds transfer regulation") of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20th May 2015 on information accompanying transfers of funds (OJ L 141, 05.06.2015, p1).
The Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 (MLR) replaced the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/2157) and the Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/3298) with updated provisions that implement in part the foregoing EU legislation.
The MLR apply to 'relevant persons': [MLR reg. 3/8] who carry on business in the UK [MLR reg. 9.: 'Relevant persons' is a category similar to the 'regulated sector' in relation to the POCA money laundering offences. They include broadly credit and financial institutions, auditors, accountants, tax advisers and insolvency practitioners, independent legal professionals, trust or company service providers, estate agents, high value dealers and licensed casinos. The MLR also apply to some extent to 'auction platforms', i.e. a platform which auctions two-day spot or five-day futures, within the meanings given by Article 3.4 and 3.5 of the emission allowance auctioning regulation.
HM Revenue & Customs have guidance for businesses on whether the Money Laundering Regulations apply to a business as well as detailed practical guidance on how to comply for businesses which are subject to the MLR.
Businesses subject to the MLR must register with the appropriate supervisory body (see Supervision and registration below) if they are not already supervised (e.g. by the FCA or a professional body). Businesses should follow the relevant supervisory body's guidance on AML and the MLR. Following such guidance will be important in establishing a possible due diligence defence to any charge of breaching the MLR.
What's new item on this topic [see What's new page or archive for full item]:
Money laundering and terrorist financing regulations amended
The Money Laundering Regulations(i) ('MLR') have been amended(ii) with effect from 10 January 2020. Key changes for HMRC customers include:
* the 'high value dealers' etc. category is extended to include 'art market participants' who deal in works of art and the value of the transaction, or a series of linked transactions, amounts to 10,000 euros or more; existing art market participants not already registered under the MLR may apply for registration to HM Revenue & Customs ('HMRC') via the online system from 10 January 2020 and must to trade lawfully be registered by 10 January 2021;
* the 'estate agents' category is extended to 'letting agents' who arrange the letting of properties for a term of a month or more at a monthly rent of 10,000 euros or more; existing letting agents may apply for registration to HMRC via the online system from May 2020 and must to trade lawfully be registered by 10 January 2021;
* 'cryptoasset exchange providers' and 'custodian wallet providers' i.e. providers of exchanges or custodian services for 'cryptoassets' (defined as a cryptographically secured digital representation of value or contractual rights that uses a form of distributed ledger technology and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically) are now subject to the MLR; existing providers must submit a completed application for registration via Connect by June 2020 and must to trade lawfully be registered with the Financial Conduct Authority by 10 January 2021;
* money service businesses and trust or company service providers who apply to register from 10 January 2020 will not be able to carry out relevant activity until HMRC has determined their application for registration;
* the 'customer due diligence' requirements on MLR regulated businesses have been extended in a number of respects including among others:
- measures to be taken to understand the ownership and control structure of persons, trusts and companies as a customer and to verify the identity of senior managing officials responsible for managing corporate bodies;
- a requirement to check trust and company beneficial ownership registers before establishing a business relationship, and to report any discrepancies found to the Registrar of Companies.
(i) The Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 (SI 2017 No. 692).
(ii) by the Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019 No. 1511).
See also:
Report a discrepancy about a beneficial owner on the PSC register by an obliged entity
How to tell Companies House if the information you hold, as an obliged entity, about a beneficial owner is different from the information on the people with significant control (PSC) register.
The following bodies are supervisory authorities:
Financial Conduct Authority (FCA): supervisory authority for the following categories of relevant persons:
* credit and financial institutions which are authorised persons but not excluded money service businesses;
* trust or company service providers which are FCA authorised persons;
* 'Annex I' financial institutions, and credit unions in Northern Ireland and recognised investment exchanges;
* electronic money institutions;
* auction platforms;
Professional bodies: each of the professional bodies listed in MLR Sched.1 as below is the supervisory authority for relevant persons who are regulated by it:
* Association of Accounting Technicians;
* Association of Chartered Certified Accountants;
* Association of International Accountants;
* Association of Taxation Technicians;
* Chartered Institute of Legal Executives;
* Chartered Institute of Management Accountants;
* Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy;
* Chartered Institute of Taxation;
* Council for Licensed Conveyancers;
* Faculty of Advocates;
* Faculty Office of the Archbishop of Canterbury;
* General Council of the Bar;
* General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland;
* Insolvency Practitioners Association;
* Institute of Certified Bookkeepers;
* Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales;
* Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland;
* Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland;
* Institute of Financial Accountants;
* International Association of Book-keepers;
* Law Society;
* Law Society of Northern Ireland;
* Law Society of Scotland
Commissioners of Revenue and Customs (HMRC): supervisory authority for:
* high value dealers;
* money service businesses which are not supervised by the FCA;
* trust or company service providers which are not supervised by the FCA or one of the above professional bodies listed in Schedule 3;
* auditors, external accountants and tax advisers who are not supervised by one of the bodies listed in Schedule 3;
* bill payment service providers which are not supervised by the FCA;
* telecommunication, digital and IT payment service providers which are not supervised by the FCA;
* estate agents which are not supervised by one of the professional bodies listed in Schedule 1;
The FCA is required to maintain a register of authorised persons who act or intend to act as a money service business or a trust or company service provider.
HMRC must maintain a register of relevant persons who are not on the FCA register and are a:
(a) high value dealer;
(b) money service business;
(c) trust or company service provider;
(d) bill payment service provider; or
(e) telecommunication, digital and IT payment service provider
[MLR reg. 54-55]
Unless he is registered, a person may not carry out any of the above activities.
This requirement does not apply if the person concerned has applied for registration in the register, but that application has not yet been determined.
[MLR reg. 56(1)-(2)]
Other firms which are within the 'relevant person' definition are supervised for anti-money laundering purposes by their professional body and are not subject to the above registration requirement.
Pre-exisiting registration under MLR 2007
A relevant person which is registered in the register maintained by the Commissioners under regulation 25 or 32 of the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 is to be treated as included in the appropriate registers maintained by the Commissioners under regulation 54 or 55 of the MLR 2017these Regulations for the purpose of paragraph (1):
(a) during the period of 12 months beginning with the date on which the MLR 2017 came into force [26/06/2017]; and
(b) after that period, if the person concerned has provided the additional information required for registration under regulation 57 within the above 12 month period.
[MLR reg. 56]
An applicant for registration must in effect be approved by the FCA or HMRC as the case may be as a 'fit and proper person' to carry on that business.
A person does not breach the prohibition if that person has before 26th June 2018 applied to the supervisory authority for approval and that application has not yet been determined.
[MLR reg. 58]
Risk assessment by relevant persons
The MLR require a relevant person to take appropriate steps to identify and assess the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing to which its business is subject. In carrying out the risk assessment, the relevant person must take into account:
(a) information made available to them by the supervisory authority under regulations 17(9) and 47, and
(b) risk factors including factors relating to—
(i) its customers;
(ii) the countries or geographic areas in which it operates;
(iii) its products or services;
(iv) its transactions; and
(v) its delivery channels.
In deciding what steps are appropriate, the relevant person must take into account the size and nature of its business.
A relevant person must keep an up-to-date record in writing of all the steps it has taken under paragraph (1), unless its supervisory authority notifies it in writing that such a record is not required.
[MLR reg. 18]
A relevant person must:
(a) establish and maintain policies, controls and procedures to mitigate and manage effectively the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing identified in any risk assessment undertaken by the relevant person under regulation 18(1);
(b) regularly review and update the policies, controls and procedures established under sub-paragraph (a);
(c) maintain a record in writing of:
(i) the policies, controls and procedures established under sub-paragraph (a);
(ii) any changes to those policies, controls and procedures made as a result of the review and update required by sub-paragraph (b); and
(iii) the steps taken to communicate those policies, controls and procedures, or any changes to them, within the relevant person's business.
The policies, controls and procedures adopted by a relevant person under paragraph (a) must be:
(a) proportionate with regard to the size and nature of the relevant person's business, and
(b) approved by its senior management.
The policies, controls and procedures referred to in paragraph (a) must include:
(a) risk management practices;
(b) internal controls ;
(c) customer due diligence;
(d) reliance and record keeping;
(e) the monitoring and management of compliance with, and the internal communication of, such policies, controls and procedures.
(4) The policies, controls and procedures referred to in paragraph (1) must include policies, controls and procedures—
(a) which provide for the identification and scrutiny of:
(i) any case where:
(aa) a transaction is complex and unusually large, or there is an unusual pattern of transactions, and
(bb )the transaction or transactions have no apparent economic or legal purpose, and;
(ii) any other activity or situation which the relevant person regards as particularly likely by its nature to be related to money laundering or terrorist financing;
(b) which specify the taking of additional measures, where appropriate, to prevent the use for money laundering or terrorist financing of products and transactions which might favour anonymity;
(c) which ensure that when new technology is adopted by the relevant person, appropriate measures are taken in preparation for, and during, the adoption of such technology to assess and if necessary mitigate any money laundering or terrorist financing risks this new technology may cause;
(d) under which anyone in the relevant person's organisation who knows or suspects (or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting) that a person is engaged in money laundering or terrorist financing as a result of information received in the course of the business or otherwise through carrying on that business is required to comply with:
(i) Part 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000; or
(ii) Part 7 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002).
In determining what is appropriate or proportionate with regard to the size and nature of its business, a relevant person may take into account any guidance which has been:
(a) issued by the FCA; or
(b) issued by any other supervisory authority or appropriate body and approved by the Treasury.
The policies, controls and procedures referred to above are implemented by Legaleze as explained in this document and in the Appendices.
lnternal controls
Where appropriate with regard to the size and nature of its business, a relevant person must:
(a) appoint one individual who is a member of the board of directors as the officer responsible for the relevant person's compliance with the MLR;
(b) carry out screening of relevant employees appointed by the relevant person, both before the appointment is made and during the course of the appointment;
(c) establish an independent audit function with the responsibility:
(i) to examine and evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the policies, controls and procedures adopted by the relevant person to comply with the requirements of these Regulations;
(ii) to make recommendations in relation to those policies, controls and procedures; and
(iii) to monitor the relevant person's compliance with those recommendations.
In determining what is appropriate with regard to the size and nature of its business, a relevant person:
(a) must take into account its risk assessment under regulation 18(1); and
(b) may take into account any guidance which has been—
(i) issued by the FCA; or
(ii) issued by any other supervisory authority or appropriate body and approved by the Treasury.
A relevant person must establish and maintain systems which enable it to respond fully and rapidly to enquiries from any authorised person as to:
(a) whether it maintains, or has maintained during the previous five years, a business relationship with any person; and
(b )the nature of that relationship.
(a) take appropriate measures to ensure that its relevant employees" are:
(i) made aware of the law relating to money laundering and terrorist financing, and to the requirements of data protection, which are relevant to the implementation of the MLR;
(ii) regularly given training in how to recognise and deal with transactions and other activities or situations which may be related to money laundering or terrorist financing;
(b) maintain a record in writing of the measures taken under sub-paragraph (a), and in particular, of the training given to its relevant employees.
In determining what measures are appropriate a relevant person:
(a) must take account of:
(i) the nature of its business;
(ii) its size;
(iii) the nature and extent of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing to which its business is subject; and
(b) may take into account any guidance which has been:
(i) issued by the FCA; or
(ii) issued by any other supervisory authority or appropriate body and approved by the Treasury.
(a) must take account of:
(i) the nature of its business;
(ii) its size;
(iii) the nature and extent of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing to which its business is subject; and
(b) may take into account any guidance which has been:
(i) issued by the FCA; or
(ii) issued by any other supervisory authority or appropriate body and approved by the Treasury.
Customer Due Diligence
A relevant person must apply 'customer due diligence measures' (CDD) when he:
* establishes a 'business relationship' (i.e. a business, professional or commercial relationship with a customer, which is expected by the relevant person, at the time when contact is established, to have an element of duration);
* carries out an 'occasional transaction' (i.e. a transaction amounting to 15,000 euro or more, whether the transaction is carried out in a single operation or several operations which appear to be linked);
* suspects money laundering or terrorist financing;
* doubts the veracity or adequacy of documents, data or information previously obtained for the purposes of identification or verification.
Special rules apply to CDD in relation to high value dealers and casinos.
CDD must be applied at other appropriate times to existing customers on a risk-sensitive basis.
A relevant person must determine the extent of CDD on a risk-sensitive basis depending on the type of customer, business relationship, product or transaction. He must also be able to demonstrate to his supervisory authority that the extent of the measures is appropriate in view of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing.
Customer due diligence measures consist of:
* identifying the customer and verifying the customer's identity on the basis of documents, data or information obtained from a reliable and independent source;
* identifying, where there is a beneficial owner who is not the customer, the beneficial owner and taking adequate measures, on a risk-sensitive basis, to verify his identity so that the relevant person is satisfied that he knows who the beneficial owner is, including, in the case of a legal person, trust or similar legal arrangement, measures to understand the ownership and control structure of the person, trust or arrangement; and
* obtaining information on the purpose and intended nature of the business relationship.
[MLR reg.27]:
In the case of a legal entity, a 'beneficial owner' means any individual who:
* ultimately owns or controls (directly or indirectly) more than 25% of the shares or voting rights in the entity (except in the case of a company whose securities are listed on a regulated market), or
* otherwise exercises control over the management of the entity.
A similar test applies to partnerships. Special rules apply in the case of a trust. In any case not specifically covered, beneficial owner means the individual who ultimately owns or controls the customer or on whose behalf a transaction is being conducted.
[MLR reg. 5]
In the case of a trust, the settlor; trustees, beneficiaries and any individual who has control over the trust are treated as the beneficial owner.
[MLR reg. 6]
Comment: 'Customer due diligence' was formerly known and often still is called 'Know Your Client' (KYC). While the basic aim of the customer due diligence regulations is understandable, they are often a source of inconvenience and annoyance to customers, and burdensome for firms to operate. This is so particularly in cases where the customer is a legal entity in a group or owned by offshore or multiple shareholders.
Requirement to cease transactions
If a relevant person is unable to apply customer due diligence measures, he must:(subject to certain exceptions):
(a) not carry out any transaction through a bank account with the customer or on behalf of the customer;
(b) not establish a business relationship or carry out a transaction with the customer otherwise than through a bank account;
(c) terminate any existing business relationship with the customer;
(d) consider whether the relevant person is required to make a disclosure (or to make further disclosure) by Part 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000 or Part 7 of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002.
[MLR reg. 31]
Ongoing monitoring
A relevant person must conduct ongoing monitoring of a business relationship, including:
(a) scrutiny of transactions undertaken throughout the course of the relationship (including, where necessary, the source of funds) to ensure that the transactions are consistent with the relevant person's knowledge of the customer, the customer's business and risk profile;
(b) undertaking reviews of existing records and keeping the documents or information obtained for the purpose of applying customer due diligence measures up-to-date.
[]MLR reg. 28(11)]
Enhanced customer due diligence and ongoing monitoring
A relevant person must apply enhanced customer due diligence measures (CDD) and enhanced ongoing monitoring in certain cases including:
* any case identified as one where there is a high risk of money laundering or terrorist financing;
* in any business relationship or transaction with a person established in a high-risk third country;
* if a relevant person has determined that a customer or potential customer is a Politically Exposed Person (PEP) (see below), or a family member or known close associate of a PEP;
* in any case where the relevant person discovers that a customer has provided false or stolen identification documentation;
* in any case where a transaction is complex and unusually large, or there is an unusual pattern of transactions, and the transaction or transactions have no apparent economic or legal purpose, and
* in any other case which by its nature can present a higher risk of money laundering or terrorist financing.
Relationship with PEPs
A relevant person who proposes to have a business relationship or carry out an occasional transaction (as defined in the MLR - see above) with a 'politically exposed person' (see below) must:
* have approval from senior management for establishing the business relationship with that person;
* take adequate measures to establish the source of wealth and source of funds which are involved in the proposed business relationship or occasional transaction; and
* where the business relationship is entered into, conduct enhanced ongoing monitoring of the relationship.
Where the customer has not been physically present for identification purposes, a relevant person must take specific and adequate measures to compensate for the higher risk, for example, by applying one or more of the following measures:
* ensuring that the customer's identity is established by additional documents, data or information;
* supplementary measures to verify or certify the documents supplied, or requiring confirmatory certification by a credit or financial institution which is subject to the money laundering directive;
* ensuring that the first payment is carried out through an account opened in the customer's name with a credit institution.
[MLR reg. 33]
'Politically exposed person' (PEP)
PEPs are individuals who are or have been entrusted with prominent public functions including the following:
* heads of state, heads of government, ministers and deputy or assistant ministers;
* members of parliaments or similar bodies;
* members of supreme courts, of constitutional courts or of other high-level judicial bodies whose decisions are not generally subject to further appeal;
* members of courts of auditors or of the boards of central banks;
* ambassadors, chargés d'affaires;
* high-ranking officers in the armed forces; and
* members of the administrative, management or supervisory bodies of state-owned enterprises.
Middle-ranking or more junior officials are excluded from the above categories.
Immediate family members of a PEP are also included; these are: a PEP's spouse, partner, children and their spouses or partners and parents.
Also included are persons known to be close business associates of the PEP. In this case, the relevant person who is carrying out the CDD need only have regard to information which is in his possession or is publicly known.
[MLR reg. 35]
Banks and credit institutions
Special rules apply for banks and credit institutions.
Simplified customer due diligence
A relevant person may apply simplified customer due diligence measures in relation to a particular business relationship or transaction if it determines that the business relationship or transaction presents a low degree of risk of money laundering and terrorist financing, having taken into account:
* the risk assessment it carried out;
* relevant information made available to it by a supervisory body;
* certain spefcified customer, product and geographical risk factors..
Where a relevant person applies simplified customer due diligence measures, it must:
* continue to comply with CDD requirements but may adjust the extent, timing or type of the measures it undertakes under that regulation to reflect its determination of the risk factors;
* carry out sufficient monitoring of any business relationships or transactions which are subject to those measures to enable it to detect any unusual or suspicious transactions.
[MLR reg. 37]
A relevant person must keep the following records for at least five years from the date the business relationship ends or the occasional transaction is completed:
* copies of or the references to, the evidence of the customers' identities as part of CDD;
* supporting records (original documents or copies) relating to the business relationship or occasional transaction which is the subject of CDD or ongoing monitoring.
[MLR reg. 39]
Civil enforcement
Enforcement of the MLR on persons not supervised by the FCA or HMRC will depend on the rules of the relevant body.
Civil penalties: in respect of persons supervised by the FCA or HMRC (the Authority), the Authority may impose a penalty of such amount as it considers appropriate on a person who fails to comply with [most of] the MLR requirements. 'Appropriate' means effective, proportionate and dissuasive. No penalty may be imposed on a person where there are reasonable grounds for it to be satisfied that the person took all reasonable steps and exercised all due diligence to ensure that the requirement would be complied with.
In deciding whether a person has failed to comply with an MLR requirement, the Authority must consider whether he followed any relevant guidance issued by the supervisor or the Treasury.
[MLR reg. 76]
A supervisory authority may impose a temporary or permanent prohibition on the individual concerned holding an office or position involving responsibility for taking decisions about the management of a relevant person or a payment service provider.
[MLR reg. 78]
Appeal and review: a person may appeal a decision of HMRC under:
* regulation 28, to the effect that a person is not a fit and proper person;
* regulation 29, to refuse to register an applicant;
* regulation 30, to cancel the registration of a registered person; and
* regulation 42, to impose a penalty.
Information gathering and search powers: supervisory authorities and their authorised officers have certain powers to require information, copies of documents and to enter premises in certain circumstances [MLR regs. 37-41].
Cases on enforcement of civil penalties:
Clarke & Co v Commissioners For Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs
[2012] UKFTT 300 (TC) 3 May 2012
Mr Clarke, the proprietor of Clarke & Co, failed to register as a tax advisor or external accountant in the period between 1 January 2009 and February 2011. HMRC imposed on him a penalty of £737.91 for the failure. The penalty of £737.91 imposed by HMRC was calculated by aggregating two amounts: an amount of £237.91 representing the registration fee which Mr. Clarke would have paid in respect of the period between 1 January 2009 and 30 January 2011 had he been registered, and £500 which HMRC regarded as an appropriate penalty for a prompted disclosure of a failure to comply with the regulations.
On appeal, the First-tier Tribunal took into account a nine month period in which Mr Clarke's ill-health effectively prevented him from paying attention to his business. The Tribunal therefore reduced the element of the penalty by £82 and assessed the appropriate penalty at £555.91.
03/10/2012: Estate agent loses Tribunal appeal against £3,000 OFT fine
The OFT has 'welcomed' the decision of the First-Tier Tribunal to dismiss the appeal by a Sussex-based estate agent against a fine imposed by the OFT for failing to register with the OFT under the Anti-Money Laundering Regulations (AML). Mansell McTaggart Limited was fined £3,000 by the OFT. The Tribunal found that the penalty imposed in this case was appropriate. Mansell McTaggart Limited has now registered.
Criminal enforcement
Offences: non-compliance with the MLR requirements is an offence and punishable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, to a fine or to both.
In deciding whether a person has committed an offence, the court must consider whether he followed any relevant guidance issued by a supervisory authority or any other appropriate body. There is a due diligence defence and provision for Director's criminal liability.
[Page updated: 12/01/2020]
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Moments. This EFL lesson is designed around a beautiful short film called Momentos by Nuno Rocha and the theme of homelessness.
Students use vocabulary to describe appearance, character and feelings, write a story, watch a short film and speak about homelessness. I would ask all teachers who use Film English to consider buying my book Film in Action as the royalties which I receive from sales help to keep the website completely free. Language level: Intermediate (B1) – Advanced (C1) Learner type: Teens and adults Time: 90 minutes Activity: Writing a story, watching a short film and speaking Topic: Homelessness Language: Vocabulary to describe appearance, character and feelings, and narrative tenses Materials: Short film and discussion questions Downloadable materials: moments lesson instructions moments photos homelessness discussion questions Support Film English Film English remains ad-free and takes many hours a month to research and write, and hundreds of dollars to sustain.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4. Verb Tense Tutorial. Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in their language.
You may find that many English tenses do not have direct translations in your language. That is not a problem. By studying this verb tense tutorial, you will learn to think like a native English speaker. If you prefer to use the verb tense pages as a reference only and do not want to complete the tutorial, Click Here. The tutorial should be completed as follows: Simple Present and Present continuous. Modal Verbs. Learning modal verbs can be difficult for some learners of the English language.
Of course, it helps to know what they are, and how they are used, but it's just as important to know the phrase combinations you'll find them in at the advanced level of the English language. As an introduction to modal verbs, please look through the following information. It will help you to get the most out of the modal verb pages on this site. First off, there are a few things worthy to note concerning these types of verbs. Typically, the following apply to all modals. A.
A. I should go visit them.I think it will be rather boring.Things could have been so different. B. I should go visit them.I think it will rain tomorrow.Things could have been better.Someone may have seen them.They might be home tomorrow.They may be late.They should have known.He can come by anytime. C. She ought to go out with Tom.Sam ought to have taken his medicine.You ought to be doing this, not me. Modal verbs exercises - advanced level. Modal verbs: presentation.
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For each space, put a relative pronoun: whose - where - when - who - which - that Where it is possible to leave the empty space without a relative pronoun, write 0 (zero) in the box. Where both which and that can be used, use that. The English Learning Lounge - our new iPhone/iPad App. The History of English (BBC animation) - LinkEngPark. Anglo-Saxon The English language begins with the phrase 'Up Yours Caesar!'
As the Romans leave Britain and a lot of Germanic tribes start flooding in, tribes such as the Angles and the Saxons – who together gave us the term Anglo-Saxon, and the Jutes – who didn't. The Romans left some very straight roads behind, but not much of their Latin language. The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful as it was mainly words for simple everyday things like 'house', 'woman', 'loaf' and 'werewolf'. Four of our days of the week – Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods, but they didn't bother with Saturday, Sunday and Monday as they had all gone off for a long weekend.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I would like to find out if TV12 has a setting in which we can add a count on every group created within computer & contact list to count the number of connections of computer or contacts?
Currently cannot see anything that would provide something to the below. Currently doing this manually, which means counting every connection to get the count & to count every site to get the count. This is more tedious when the group is 100+ site & connections.
I Agree with you.I would also like to see RemoteID numbers by each contact
for example "MyAwesomeClientName (r123456789)"
to the MOD: Please move this topic to IDEAS forum.
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Welcome to Downtown Eye Care's Patient Center, where you'll find educational resources on various eye conditions. Please see below where our ophthalmologists, Barbara E. Evans, MD and Jeffrianne S. Young, MD, provide a list of common eye conditions;
Comprehensive eye exams assess for the development of cataracts. Cataract surgery is performed when cataracts become visually significant. State-of-the-art intraocular lenses are discussed with each patient, including whether Toric Intraocular Lenses (to correct for astigmatism) or Multifocal Intraocular Lenses (to help correct both distance and near vision) would be appropriate for the individual patient.
Glaucoma services include intraocular pressure and optic nerve exams to assess for the risk of glaucoma. Additional testing is performed as needed, including Visual Fields and OCT™ nerve fiber layer analysis. Patients with glaucoma may receive treatment with glaucoma eyedrop medications, SLT™ laser treatments, and micro-stent surgery (iStent™ implants) when appropriate.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD):
AMD services include dilated exams to assess the macula, and specialized OCT™ testing and retinal photography as needed. Patients are advised whether AREDS vitamin supplements are necessary and are managed closely with retina specialists when needed.
Comprehensive eye exams are performed to assess for possible diabetic-related complications. Primary care physicians are updated on each eye exam. Patients are managed with retina specialists when necessary.
Dry Eyes:
During the comprehensive eye exam, patients are also evaluated for dry eye conditions which may be the result of tear film issues and/or eyelid issues. Treatments may include artificial tears, medicated eyedrops, and eyelid procedures. Eyelid surgery may be performed to correct eyelid positioning when necessary. Surgeries may include entropion repair and ectropion repair.
Droopy Eyelids:
Comprehensive eye exams also evaluate eyelids for potential loss of peripheral vision. Sometimes, patients do not even notice that they have gradually lost their peripheral vision. Visual Field testing may be used to evaluate the amount of peripheral vision loss. Depending on the cause of the peripheral vision loss, surgery may be performed. Lid surgeries performed include blepharoplasty, ptosis surgery and brow lift surgery.
When it comes to searching the internet for information about your eyes, it is important to use a reputable source. Clicking on the Get Eye Smart link or image will take you to the American Academy of Ophthalmology where you can easily find reliable information.
Our services at Downtown Eye Care are for adults and children. If you have any questions about our services, please contact our Des Moines office at (515) 281-0902.


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8.6E: Marx's View of Class Differentiation
- Page ID
- 8186
In the Marxist perspective, social stratification is created by unequal property relations, or unequal access to the means of production.
Learning Objectives
- Diagram the relationship between the owners of production, the proletariat, the substructure and the superstructure according to Marx's view
Key Points
- In capitalist societies, the bourgeoisie class owns the means of production while the proletariat class sells their labor to the bourgeoisie.
- The bourgeoisie have power and status, which they use to maintain the society's superstructure —it's values, ideologies, and norms.
- In an ideal Marxist communist society, everyone would share access to the means of production and social stratification would be nonexistent.
Key Terms
- egalitarian communist society: A society in which the state owns the means of production and equally distributes resources.
- superstructure: The ideas, philosophies, and culture that are built upon the means of production.
- substructure: The base of society, which in Marxist terms includes relations of production.
In Marx's view, social stratification is created by people's differing relationship to the means of production: either they own productive property or they labor for others.
In Marxist theory, the capitalist mode of production consists of two main economic parts: the substructure and the Superstructure. In a capitalist society, the ruling class, or the bourgeoisie, owns the means of production, such as machines or tools that can be used to produce valuable objects. The working class, or the proletariat, only possess their own labor power, which they sell to the ruling class in the form of wage labor to survive. These relations of production—employer-employee relations, the technical division of labor, and property relations—form the base of society or, in Marxist terms, the substructure. From this material substructure, the superstructure emerges. The superstructure includes the ideas, philosophies and culture of a society. In a capitalist society, the ruling class promotes its own ideologies and values as the norm for the entire society, and these ideas and values are accepted by the working class.
A temporary status quo could be achieved by employing various methods of social control—consciously or unconsciously—by the bourgeoisie in various aspects of social life. Eventually, however, Marx believed the capitalist economic order would erode, through its own internal conflict; this would lead to revolutionary consciousness and the development of egalitarian communist society. In this communist society, the state would own the means of production, and it would equally distribute resources to all citizens. The means of production would be shared by all members of society, and social stratification would be abolished.
Marx Memorial in Moscow: This memorial to Karl Marx in Moscow reads, "Proletarians of all countries unite! " Marxism is associated with a view of stratification that pits the owners of means of production against the laborers.


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WeWork and the rise and fall of fauxtech
Let's stop calling things "tech" just because they have charismatic founders and are losing a lot of money.
Welcome back to Tech Chronicle. I may not be a unicorn, but if you subscribe to this newsletter, you're in for some rare and pointed insights.
WeWorking the language
If WeWork weren't one of the biggest office tenants and landlords in San Francisco, I'm not sure we'd pay much attention to the travails of the New York company and its CEO, Adam Neumann. But it's 2019, the investing public's money is potentially at stake as it contemplates an initial public offering, and so we are forced to contemplate the fall of a CEO so loose with rules and proprieties that he reportedly got bounced from a private plane when the pilot discovered he was traveling internationally with a cereal box full of marijuana.
It is odd that Neumann — who stepped down Tuesday as CEO of his company, though he remains chairman — and WeWork are associated with Silicon Valley, considering the thousands of miles that separate him from Northern California's startup hub. But the definition of "tech" has been stretched, geographically and epistemologically, like a linguistic rubber band by louche self-promoters like the WeWork founder.
WeWork's S-1 uses the term "technology" 93 times. The company went as far as leasing space in Salesforce Tower for a "West Coast headquarters" where it houses its own software engineers and designers, developing what it calls "purpose-built technology" to run its locations. It even hired a YouTube veteran, Shiva Rajaraman, to run this operation, giving it the reputation-by-resume veneer investors look for.
Let's get this straight: WeWork is a real estate company. It rents offices and desks. It does so on more flexible contract terms than most traditional landlords, which startups find appealing and, increasingly, so do larger companies.
This is not a worthless endeavor. It's just not worth $47 billion, the value SoftBank assigned to it in January when it pumped another $2 billion into the 9-year-old company. The market will eventually find the right value to pin on WeWork. It may take brutal layoffs before that happens.
It's easy to see why entrepreneurs desperately try to spin their businesses as tech. Investable cash is sloshing around the world, trying to find a home where it will grow in value. Some of that lands in venture capital and private-equity funds, which have to put it to work.
At the same time, truly great tech companies are capital efficient. Google raised $36 million as a private company; it's now worth $845 billion. That's great for Google's venture capitalists and co-founders, but it doesn't solve the sloshing-cash problem.
So money goes into what I call "fauxtech": companies like WeWork, and Impossible Foods, and SoFi. Fake burgers are something, but they're not tech. SoFi is an old-fashioned lender dressed up as a startup. These businesses may need capital to beef up distribution or sign up customers, but losing money doesn't magically turn a food or finance operation into tech.
I've argued before about why we need to stop parroting problematic terms like "platforms" that serve to obfuscate what companies actually do. Airbnb rents out homes. Uber provides rides. Twitter lets strangers mock you on the internet. Before you call something "tech," try stating its real business in plain English.
If we had refused to accept WeWork as anything but a real estate play from the get-go — if the private-money marketplace had rejected collective delusion — the company would be smaller today. Perhaps even profitable. It wouldn't be a tech company. But isn't that better than being a laughingstock?
— Owen Thomas, email@example.com
Quote of the week
"They have an app my cat could have written." — Oracle founder Larry Ellison, speaking to a small group of entrepreneurs about Uber (spoiler: He's not a fan of WeWork, either)
Coming up
Facebook holds its big Oculus Connect conference in San Jose Wednesday and Thursday.
What I'm reading
Maureen Dowd talks to Disney's Bob Iger about, among other things, why he didn't buy Twitter. (New York Times)
Sign Up for the Newsletter
Want to get the latest on Silicon Valley in your inbox? Subscribe to Tech Chronicle.
Dustin Gardiner looks at privacy crusader Alastair Mactaggart, who's preparing a new sally against Big Tech. (San Francisco Chronicle)
Marc Gunther digs into the mysterious collapse of San Francisco's ZeroDivide Foundation. (Chronicle of Philanthropy)
Tech Chronicle is a thrice-weekly newsletter from Owen Thomas, The Chronicle's business editor, and the rest of the tech team. Follow along on Twitter: @techchronicle and Instagram: @techchronicle


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The Wakefield & District Family History Society was formed in 1997 by a small group of people in order to further their interest in family history. We have since grown to a membership of around 500 from around the world.
The objective of the Society is to advance public education in Family History and Genealogy for the benefit of anyone living in the area of the Wakefield Metropolitan District Council or with interests or family in that area.
To fulfil this aim we organise regular monthly meetings with speakers on a variety of topics, training courses and visits to places of interest to family historians. All members receive a quarterly journal, "The Wakefield Kinsman".
We also transcribe and publish a wide range of records from parishes, censuses, trade directories, newspapers and other sources which provide invaluable information for those researching their family.
Click here to view a map of the area covered.
Society Monthly Meeting
All Society meetings have been cancelled until further notice. Please check this page for further announcements.
NB Members of Wakefield Libraries can access for free Ancestry Library Edition which has been extended until the end of the year. We have now been informed that FMP has been extended until October 31st with free access also to their World Edition! Log on to Wakefield Library; enter your card number and pin number then click on Digital library to access the relevant websites. Good luck!


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Scientists at University of Edinburgh discovers chain-melted state of matter
The scientists at University of Edinburgh have discovered a new state of physical matter – which allows atoms to exist as both solid and liquid at the same time. Until now, atoms in physical matter were understood to exist typically in one of three states — solid, liquid or gas. An international team of physicists ..


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|Head-up displays
|Television microscope surgical method and apparatus therefor
|Stereoscopic video system
|Stereofluoroscopy system
|Roese et al.
|Polysensory mobility aid
|Moricca et al.
|Ratliff, Jr.
|Wide-angle stereoscopic recording and viewing apparatus utilizing fisheyetype distortion and diverging lens axes
|Ratliff, Jr.
|Cathode ray tube optical viewing device for reproducing wide angle stereoscopic stereophonic motion pictures
|Ratliff, Jr.
|Stereoscopic-television apparatus for individual use
|April, 1981
(a) spectacle means adapted to be worn on a user's head and having a first field of view,
(b) a view-defining means on the spectacle means, through which the user can see the real world directly, and having a second field of view smaller than said first field of view,
(c) a video receptor associated with the spectacle means, and arranged to create a video signal in accordance with only said second field of view, and
(d) a transmitting means for transmitting the video signal from the receptor to a recording or display device.
This invention relates to portable electronic video recording devices.
In the past, video cameras have been bulky, and those in most widespread use have been hand-held or, in some cases, shoulder mounted. Such devices have been prone to producing shaky pictures as a result of the unsteadiness of the operator's hands. Also, it has been difficult to film a subject without that subject's being aware that he is being recorded. As a result, the subject tends to behave other than normally, due to self-consciousness.
Various proposals have been made to incorporate television viewing apparatus in association with a head mounted viewing device, so that the user's field of vision is obscured by a surrounding frame forcing the user to look directly at two separate television screens, thereby to create a stereoscopic viewing apparatus.
Examples of this include the following U.S. patent specifications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,955,156 (Heilig) 3,504,122 (Ratliff) 3,670,097 (Jones) 3,784,738 (Natter) 4,214,267 (Roese) 4,310,849 (Glass) U.S. Pat. No. 3,614,314 (Rossire) teaches a head up optical display for aircraft pilots with a system of mirrors enabling the pilot to view the real world simultaneously with the reception of information from television displays reflected from mirrors in front of the pilot's eyes for the purpose of viewing information not otherwise visible to the pilot.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,731 (Schoolman) teaches the combination of a pair of video cameras and video screens mounted on a user's head to provide a stereoscopic microscope for surgeons. In this arrangement, the surgeon cannot view the real world, but sees only the image displayed on the video screens directly in front of his eyes.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a readily portable electronic video recording device in which the electronic video signal substantially corresponds to what the operator sees directly.
Accordingly, the present invention broadly consists in an electronic video device comprising:
(a) a pair of spectacles adapted to be worn on a user's head,
(b) a view-defining means on the spectacles, through which the user can see the real world directly,
(c) a video receptor associated with the spectacles, and arranged to create a video signal in accordance with the view seen by the user through the view-defining means of the spectacles, and
(d) a transmitting means for transmitting the video signal from the receptor to a recording or display device (such as a monitor).
The view-defining means may comprise markings on either or both lenses of the spectacles, or there could be a liquid crystal display built into the spectacle lens(es) for indicating the current field of view of the video receptor.
The transmitting means may include a radio or other transmitter for transmitting the signal to a remote recording station, or it may simply comprise a conducting link between the receptor and an electronic recording medium adapted to be worn on the operator's body, or forming part of the spectacles themselves.
The recording device may make a permanent recording of the scene sensed by the receptor, or it may simply comprise a visual display device for somebody other than the operator of the device. There may, in fact, be two receptors, one for each eye frame of the spectacles, for recording a stereoscopic image.
There may also be one or more microphones within the sideframes of the spectacles.
Using present day technology the invention is made possible be the remote location of the CCD chip (charge coupled device) from the camera circuitry with which it is normally associated. This invention allows the spectacle frames to maintain the appearance of a normal pair of spectacles, while the comparatively bulky camera circuitry plus storage circuitry and devices, can be located elsewhere.
It will be appreciated however that with current advances in microchip technology, it will soon be possible to incorporate the whole camera circuitry (and eventually the storage circuitry and devices) in a chip the size of the present commercially produced CCD used in the prototype of this invention. Such advances will eventually provide the user with absolute freedom of movement.
FIG. 1 is a rear perspective view of a video device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the video device of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan view of an alternative video device of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the camera of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative camera of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates a tape recorder for use with the present invention; and
FIG. 7 illustrates a further alternative camera of the present invention.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a video device 10 of the present invention. The device includes a pair of spectacles 12 with sideframes 14 and spectacle lenses 16. Between the spectacle lenses is a further lens 18, behind which is a miniature camera 20, typically a CCD device.
Mounted on one of the lenses 16 is a frame 22, which may comprise strips of tape or other marking. The frame serves as a view-defining means, or view finder. In other words, what the user sees through the frame when he is wearing the spectacles is the same as the field of view of the camera 20.
By providing the view finder 22 as a marking on one lens of the spectacles, marking out an area corresponding to the field of view of the camera, the view finder is invisible to other people as it is on the inside of the lens. The mirrored lens acts as a one way lens so that the marking cannot be seen by others. Surprisingly, the marking on one lens is effectively invisible to the wearer when both eyes are open. However, the user can see the view finder by closing his other eye, and the frame 22 then becomes apparent.
A convenient view finder is achieved by providing a self-adhesive matt frame which can be adhered to the inside of one of the lenses, corresponding to the camera's field of view when mounted before the user's eyes. It will be appreciated that different people's eyes are differently spaced, and the view should be adjusted to suit the user. It will be generally convenient to adjust the position of the view finder on the lens, rather than adjusting the receptor within the camera up or down. The view finder can be moved from side to side, or up and down, or the movement can be adjusted by the nose pads of the spectacles.
The self adhesive view finder is conveniently formed from a 4 mm wide strip of matt finish material which can be adhered to the inside of one of the lenses. Alternatively, an area of one lens 16 can be tinted, or a liquid crystal rectangle could appear on the lens. Other variations are possible.
The lenses 16 of the spectacles are preferably mirrored, in the fashion of sun glasses, so that the presence of the camera apparatus is concealed from others. By darkening or mirroring the lenses, the presence of a view finder frame 22 can be concealed from others. The presence of the camera lens is also preferably concealed either by design or by covering with the same material as the spectacle lenses.
The user places the spectacles on his head and faces towards the scene to be viewed by the camera. The video receptor within the camera generates an electronic signal in accordance with the scene before the user, as seen through the frame 22. The signal is conducted along a lead 24 to a video recorder or a radio or other transmitter on or near the user.
If desired, there may also be a microphone 26 within one of the sideframes, so that an audio signal accompanies the video signal being sent along the cable 24. The microphone may alternatively be at any other location on the spectacles, or elsewhere on or adjacent the user.
Underneath the camera there may be an aperture adjustment control 28, and on the side there may be an aperture indicator LED 30. The aperture control may comprise a sliding V (not shown) whose movement is controlled by screwing the aperture adjust screw 28. This is coupled to the LED 30, which is provided with circuitry so that it will be switched off if the incident light on the CCD is within its operating bandwidth, and will be switched on if the image is too dark, or will blink if too much light is reaching the CCD.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a second video device or camera unit 40 of the present invention. This device is similar to the device 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2, except that instead of a single mid-mounted camera there are two cameras 42, one adjacent each hinge 44 of a pair of spectacles 46. Each individual camera comprises a CCD chip 48 capable of receiving light and producing an electronic signal responsive to the image received by the charge-coupled optical device. The chip 48 is mounted behind a single element lens 50, typically a 16 millimeter F.2 wide angle lens, and a mirror 52.
The lens 50 has an aperture adjustment control on the underside thereof.
A lead 54 is connected to the frame of the spectacles and leads to a video tape recorder or transmitter, as described above.
The lenses 56 of the spectacles are preferably mirrored or darkened as described above.
A view finder frame 58 is still provided on one of the lenses 56 to act as a view-defining means.
An aperture indicator LED 60 may be provided on each side of the lens frame, one for each camera.
Stereophonic microphones 62 may be built into the side frames 64 of the spectacles.
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative camera unit 70, similar to the unit 10. It incorporates one camera 72 between the lenses 74 of the spectacles. An aperture adjustment control knob 78, aperture indicator LED 80 and single view finder frame 82 are provided. Additional LED indicators 84 could be provided on the inside of the main frame to show Record, Battery low, Storage full, Zoom positions, and other functions.
If a zoom facility is required, this could be achieved electronically. The LED could inform the user of the zoom mode, as follows for instance:
OFF=no zoom,
SLOW BLINK=mild zoom,
THE FASTER THE BLINK=the stronger the zoom, until
FULL ON=full zoom.
For this function, it is preferred that the CCD have sufficient elements to provide an acceptable resolution in the zoom mode.
The camera unit need not have focal adjustment, provided that an optical les with a short focal length is used. Focal adjustment could be provided if required, in which case a simple focal screw could be introduced to adjust the lens. If it is desired that the focal screw adjustment be concealed, a small sliding lever could be fitted to the back of the frame. A focal indicator could also be provided, colour coded for instance and inserted alongside the CCD so as to be visible only to the user. Alternatively automatic focus can be achieved by electronic or other means.
The aperture could be controlled manually as described above, or could be controlled by a simple electronic method such as a liquid crystal device directly behind the camera lens. Alternatively, a CCD could be chosen with enough light acceptance band, so that the aperture function could be achieved via an automatic gain control circuit in the recording device.
It is preferred that the video camera be connected to a recorder mounted on the user's person, and it is particularly preferred that the recorder be mounted on a belt, in such a manner as to be concealed, as shown in FIG. 6. The bulk of the recorder can be broken into two components for ease of wearing. For example, the batteries and camera circuitry can be provided in a separate container. The recorder can utilize a moving magnetic tape as presently used on video cameras, although it will be appreciated that the recording medium can be any other means of storing a signal from the CCD, including magnetic discs, digital electronic memories such as magnetic bubble memories, or other electronic memories.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 6 has flaps to conceal the deck from others, with the connections being on the inner side of the deck, and shoot and zoom controls concealed underneath the deck for ease of access. The components can be designed to appear as a traveller's money belt or the like so as not to appear as electronic circuitry.
For most uses, concealing the camera lens or lenses within spectacles, and concealing the recorder in components worn on a belt, will be the most suitable configuration. However, for some purposes, concealment may not be required; for instance where recording is carried out for training films or the like.
The means for transmitting picture information may involve a cable connecting the portable camera to an appropriate recorder, as shown, or may include an optical wave guide, or a radio, ultrasonic or other transmitter.
By this means the video receptor on the spectacles need not be directly coupled to the recorder or monitor of the signal.
For example, the spectacles may have a transmission device associated with it to transmit a signal containing picture information to a recorder mounted on the person's body, such as on a belt, or near him, as in a storage case in the same or adjacent room. For short distance transmission, it would be possible to use a relatively small transmitter transmitting picture information by a small radio transmitter, or ultrasonic or other sound emitter. The size and type of transmitter will depend upon the amount of picture information required to be transmitted. For example, in the case of an electronic still camera, there may be a small buffer memory associated with the portable camera which stores the information from a particular frame, and then transmits this information at a somewhat slower rate than the information is received in the buffer memory. This would enable a transmitter to use a smaller band width than a transmitter involved in transmitting live motion pictures. As it is possible to generate the picture information as a series of binary digits, it is possible to transmit the information as a series of on-off sound or radio pulses. Alternatively, an analogue signal can be used to transmit the information to the appropriate receiver.
In another example, the transmitter associated with the portable camera could transmit greater distances, or involve the used of a booster or relay transmitter close to the user. In either event, this could be transmitted to a distant receiver, or a monitor, or via a modem to a telephone line or via a satellite, or any other transmission device, to a distant receiver. The receiver at any point along the transmission chain could have an appropriate recorder associated with it to store the picture information, or the information could be processed live via a monitor as might be the case with live news TV broadcasts.
It will thus be appreciated that by transmitting the signal from the video receptor via any suitable transmitter to a receiver, it is possible to operate the portable camera in a relatively free and easy manner without being encumbered by wires or cables. Moreover, this enables the user more readily to conceal the presence of the camera and to record information received by the camera, as he will be able to record the scene he is looking at.
FIG. 7 illustrates a further embodiment of a camera device of the present invention. In this embodiment a hat or helmet 90 is provided with a spectacle frame 92 extending down from the brim. A single or dual unit camera 94 is mounted upon the hat and aligned with a view finding arrangement on the spectacles.
In a modification of this embodiment, the hat 90 could be replaced by a simple head band or like arrangement. The spectacles 92 may be separate from the hat or head band, but will need to be aligned manually in use.
It will be appreciated that the concept of this invention involving the mounting of an electronic lens and a view finder on glasses, goggles or other spectacles, has a wide range of uses. Ordinary recording of a video tape or electronic still pictures can be carried out with a minimum of fuss and without encumbering the hands. This makes it possible to operate the camera while skiing, driving, flying, and so on. The invention also lends itself to the provision of do-it-yourself video training tapes. For example, an instructor could create a video tape of his own actions and instructions, so that a student watching the video would have the sensation of actually being there carrying out the instructor's actions. Other applications are in the industrial field, in providing training films, and in providing on-the-spot recording, as a camera for handicapped persons, and in the security and military fields where concealment is sometimes desirable.
Many configurations and combinations of features not specifically described above are possible and are envisaged to fall within the scope of the appended claims.


text: NLP Video Practical NLP skills for business by John Cassidy-Rice | 0 comments How to grow as a leader & improve your team at the same time John Cassidy-Rice Submit a Comment Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *CommentName * Email * Website This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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Last year, I started to include photos of my family on my business holiday card. I mean, my son is adorable — so this made logical sense to start including photos once he was born. I love showing him off! But in all seriousness, I send this card and include a personal photo to show gratitude as well.
I am not a huge company, I am one person. But with the help of my amazing associate photographers, editors, virtual assistants, designers, bookkeepers, and accountants – my business has thrived!
When you work with a small business you are directly supporting them, their families, and other small businesses in a way that is real and tangible. So from my family to yours, THANK YOU! Thank you for allowing me into your life, your homes, and trusting me with some of the most precious moments of your life. Thank you for helping make 2018 such an incredible adventure and allowing me to continue doing what I love!
I wish you a wonderful holiday season, and blessed new year!
Happy Holidays


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I am a huge Stargate fan, and I have seen every episode many a time, but, I don't ever remember this question be answered, at least not directly.
What happens to a person that goes into a Stargate wormhole, when it was initiated from the other end. I know for a fact that you cannot travel backwards, but do you die or do you just move right through the Event Horizon as if it were not there?
Does anyone know if this has been addressed and in what episode?


text:
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text: News Marriage ends after man chooses mother over wife who wanted mother-in-law kicked out of their matrimonial home in Lang'ata Published 1 year ago on May 22, 2019 By KSN Reporter Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 A man has opted to lose his wife for his mother. In a divorce where a woman gave her husband an option of kicking out her mother-in-law from their matrimonial home in Lang'ata, Nairobi or lose her, he chose to have his mother stay and the wife out. The divorce case between Hussein and wife Dayman did not have the grave issues that others normally cite such as infidelity, cruelty or desertion. Instead, it was small squabbles, including one that Hussein's mother should leave their matrimonial house. Another was that his wife was not breastfeeding their baby well. The issues could have been easily solved out of court according to the principal Kadhi, who dissolved their union.When the woman filed for divorce in January, the court decided that the two approach an elder and iron out their differences. This, however, did not work, as both parties returned to court seeking to part ways. Hussein and Dayman married in Lang'ata on November 29, 2015. They have two children, one aged two and a younger one. The woman's only complaint was that her mother-in-law took over control of their house and had reduced her to a mere house help. She accused her husband of being weak for avoiding to reconcile her with his mother in a bid to quell frequent disagreements over control of the matrimonial house.The man was also accused of failing to guarantee his wife's privacy, as their home was full of his relatives.Another thing that hurt Dayman, the court heard, was Hussein's search of her bag "like a thief" whenever she wanted to go run errands. Fled in October Hussein told the court it was his estranged wife who fled sometime in October 2017 after they took their now two-year-old child to the hospital over malnutrition. He said that on the day she left home, he had instructed her to prepare porridge for the child. "Dayman was irresponsible and caused child malnutrition," he testified. According to the man, it cost him Sh82,000 in hospital bills to treat malnutrition.Court records show that even when both parties appeared for the hearing, they objected to any reconciliation. "Parties herein agitated for dissolution of their marriage based on normal matrimonial issues that could have been solved out of court," Principal Kadhi Sebastian Ratori said."Hussein was put in a dilemma to choose between living with his mother or wife and preferred the mother, thus the separation. May be the separation of the mother and wife could have saved their relationship." According to Kadhi, the man had an option of separating his mother and her daughter-in-law or even partitioning their house in a bid to have the two live independently, but he did not.The issue of Hussein's failure to pay dowry also emerged. Dayman told the court her husband, an oil supplier, promised to pay Sh200,000 and one set of jewellery as dowry, but did not. Hussein could not also trust his wife with the children. He had urged the court to give him custody so that his mother would raise them. But the Kadhi dismissed his prayer as the two are young.In reply, he told the court he would pay his dowry debt in 180 days.He was ordered to be paying Sh26,000 before the 5th of each month. He is also to provide for school and medical fees for the two children.The woman is to provide basics for the children besides effectively breastfeeding the seven-months-old baby until the age of two. Post Views: 164 Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 Related Topics:Hussein and Dayman Up Next Fena Gitu thrilled after meet up with Raila Don't Miss BREAKING: Binyavanga Wainaina dies aged 48 You may like Click to comment Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website News Body of missing Maranda teacher recovered in River Nzoia Published 24 mins ago on October 24, 2020 By KSN Reporter Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 The body of a teacher at Maranda High School who went missing two weeks ago has been found floating in River Nzoia. The decomposed body of Kevin Otieno Ongoma was sighted by a resident of Sio Port at Bukoma area on Thursday evening. The 33-year-old teacher went missing on October 10, 2020. Siaya county police commander Mr Francis Kooli on Friday told the Nation the deceased's family members positively identified the body following its discovery. "Someone spotted a body in the river with similar clothes to the ones the teacher had when he went missing. The school was later informed about the discovery," Kooli said. The police commander said they suspect the teacher may have committed suicide. "It is highly suspected that he might have committed suicide by throwing himself into the river but investigations will however establish what happened," said Mr Kooli. Suicide theory But some family members have dismissed the suicide theory, claiming that the body of the deceased had injuries, an indication that the teacher could have been tortured, killed and dumped in the river. They asked the police to conduct thorough investigations into the teacher's death. The Nation has established that the deceased will be buried on Monday, October 26 at his home village in Mbosie. A teacher at Maranda High School, who spoke on condition of anonymity, told the Nation that a burial committee has already been formed at the school. "We have been meeting to make burial arrangements, including contributing money towards the same ," he said. A police report seen earlier by the Nation indicates that the teacher, who headed the head biology department in the school, was last seen leaving the school while driving his car. The vehicle was found the following day abandoned near River Nzoia in Ugunja Sub-county. According to detectives investigating the matter, the teacher lived with his family within the school compound. "He left the school quarters that morning and drove himself to an unknown destination," said Mr Kooli. His two mobile phones went off near the banks of river Nzoia where his vehicle was recovered. Police said the body is being preserved at Ambira Sub-county Hospital mortuary. by nation.co.ke Post Views: 41 Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 Continue Reading Lifestyle Alarm as more children are caught up in deadly lovers' tiffs Published 2 hours ago on October 24, 2020 By KSN Reporter Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 "What wrong did my son do to deserve such a death?" a father asked as he watched the body of his 11-year-old son wheeled into a mortuary. The boy was a victim of a failed relationship between the mother and an estranged lover. His death adds to the growing list of children paying the ultimate price due to fights between their parents. Gideon Kang'ethe, Shanice Maua and Prince Michael are among the victims. And so are Claire Wanjira and Faith Wanjiru, both 10 years old. On October 22, Mercy Gathoni (35), her daughter Claire Wanjira and Faith Wanjiru her niece, were found strangled in a shop at Jambo in Karatina Town. Initial investigations by homicide detectives point at yet another case of children caught up in adult fights. They were found lying on a bed each with a rope around their necks, an indication that they had been strangled to death. Detectives placed their time of death at between 10am and 1pm. Commotion What has baffled both the residents and the police is that no one heard any commotion despite the fact that the scene where the murder was committed usually has heavy human traffic as it is along the busy Karatina-Nairobi highway. According to residents, Ms Gathoni was last seen at around 9am. It still remains unclear how a man, believed to be known to the victims, walked into the backroom of the shop and strangled them. After noticing that the shopkeeper was not attending to customers, Ms Gathoni's niece Faith was sent to check on them. She was also strangled. The bodies, according to residents were found at around 1pm in a room behind a grocery shop by Gathoni's sister, Ms Rahab Mugure, who had gone to look for her daughter who had overstayed after being sent to check on her aunt. Love triangle In yet another case of a love affair turned sour, an innocent boy's life was cut short brutally after he was caught up in a love triangle he neither understood nor played part in. He had been reported missing for a week. Mr Charles Muriuki was identified as a prime suspect in what was then seen as abduction of the Kirigu School pupil. For days, detectives interrogated him at the Karatina sub county police headquarters as he denied his involvement. Kangethe's body was found decomposing in a grave in Mathira, Nyeri County. Mr Muriuki is now facing murder charges, accused of killing Kang'ethe. Shanice and Prince Michael were also killed following a bitter spat between their mother and former Kenya Defence Forces soldier Peter Mugure. by nation.co.ke Post Views: 49 Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 Continue Reading Business I bought a car from an online bazaar, but it ended in tears Published 8 hours ago on October 23, 2020 By KSN Reporter Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 Buyer beware! The sleek car that you saw on that online bazaar may not be on sale – but a ruse to rip you off. Three buyers fell for this trap, hoodwinked by a smooth-talking 'salesman' who promised to help them upgrade their cars, in a saga that ended in tears. And the victims had thought that because a lawyer was involved in the transaction, this protected their interests as well. However, the manner in which they lost their cash raises questions about his role. The address was an office block in the city centre, where the sale agreements would be drafted, buyers would part with their cash and the seller would thereafter vanish into thin air without delivering the vehicle. Since 2018, when one of the cases was reported, the victim is yet to recover his money, with the lawyer claiming he did not know the seller. This year, however, two more people have fallen prey to the scam and it's unclear how many more have been conned. Wanted to upgrade his car Earlier this year, Mr Kelvin Ngugi, 23, wanted to upgrade his KBX Toyota Sienta and, while scrolling through the internet one evening, he came across a dealer who identified himself as Mr Ronald Bundi on Jiji.ke, the online classifieds website that acquired OLX. Mr Bundi was willing to trade in Mr Ngugi's old vehicle and Mr Ngugi, impressed at the convenience of that possibility, began making arrangements for that to happen. However, before the deal could be closed, Mr Bundi informed him that the trade-in option was no longer viable. He was left with the sole option of selling his car to buy the one he wanted, a white Toyota Sienta, registration KCQ. Mr Ngugi hunted for a buyer, sold it and reached out to Mr Bundi for the car he wanted. He was informed the car was still available at a showroom along Kiambu road at Sh600,000. "The plan was that I pay a Sh500,000 deposit and remit the balance in instalments of Sh25,000," recalled Ngugi. Mr Kelvin Ngugi. On February 19, when they were to close the deal, Mr Bundi advised Mr Ngugi to meet him at lawyer Wilberforce Mariaria Nyaboga's office at Uniafric House, along Koinange Street, for the payment and signing of a sale agreement. "The lawyer finished drafting the agreement at around 3:45pm and asked me to go withdraw the deposit since the banks were about to close and pay in cash. He advised that the payment be done at his office so that in case of anything, he'd be held liable," Mr Ngugi recounted. Mr Ngugi says he did as advised, returned with the money and gave it to the lawyer, who, alongside the seller, started counting it. When they confirmed the amount, the seller offered to go get the car with Mr Ngugi's father from a garage in Hurlingham. Mr Bundi explained the car had been taken to Hurlingham to be fitted with an alarm system to ease its tracking in the event Mr Ngugi failed to remit the balance. Unbeknown to Mr Ngugi, this was the seller's trick to get away with his money. The two stepped out to hop onto motorbike taxis to speed them to the garage, but Mr Bundi sped past Mr Ngugi's father and disappeared. "Later Dad called to inform me that they had lost him. We tried reaching Bundi on the phone in vain. That is how I realised I had been conned," he said. Mr Ngugi says he recorded a statement with a Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) officer at Central Police Station but that is yet to bear any fruit. He says the police have been unable to track down both Mr Bundi and the lawyer, even on the occasions the latter is spotted at his office. On Thursday, the lawyer denied knowing Ngugi and ever having drafted the agreement. ———— Another victim After giving up hope of ever recovering the Sh900,000 she paid for a Toyota RAV4, Ms Florence Awour (36) decided to share her predicament on a Facebook's parenting group to expose Mr Bundi, who had conned her too. Ms Awuor had spotted the car at Jiji.ke and involved her brother in making the purchase. She paid Sh1.1 million through the lawyer's Equity Bank account but never got the car. Ms Florence Awour. Nation Media Group Her brother had been assured the car was at a yard along Kiambu road. Her brother and a mechanic had checked out and test-driven the car twice before she paid for it. Mr Bundi asked to meet her brother at the same lawyer's office, where the sale agreement was signed but when they went for the car at Tito Motors along Kiambu road, her brother was told by the attendants that Mr Bundi wasn't known to them. She conducted a search on the car's registration and realised her brother had also been given a fake logbook. "I alerted the car's owner, who in turn filed a report with a DCI officer at Central Police Station under OB number 67/26/02/2020." After publicising her tribulations, she said the lawyer refunded Sh200,000 and alleged the balance had been wired to the seller. Yesterday, the lawyer acknowledged he refunded the money but after realising that the deal had gone sour. He admitted to having recorded a statement at Central police station where the matter has been pending under investigation for months. "I was acting on behalf of the two because they came to me asking for an agreement to seal their deal. I am therefore not to blame. I am also aware that the police have been hunting the seller who I only know as Robert, who is unknown to me," he said. The sale agreement however was with Alice Nancy Momanyi. —- Seller disappeared into thin air Henry Munene Muchiri (35) also gave up after a long wait for justice. He said police were unable to help him recover Sh600,000 paid for a Toyota Sienta bought via OLX but was never delivered to him in 2018. "After expressing my interest, I was taken to a yard on Ngong Road where I saw the vehicle, inspected it and agreed to make a purchase." A Toyota Sienta 2010 model. File | Nation Media Group But before the car was released, Mr Munene was asked to accompany the seller to his lawyer's office in town to sign a sale agreement. "At some point everything was fine, the car's logbook and search hinted at no foul play until I was asked to make the payment. Apparently they did not have a bank account so I was requested to pay in cash and I brought the money to the lawyer's office." At some point the seller said he needed to rush downstairs to pick up a laptop for use in the transaction but he never came back. "The lawyer claimed he didn't know the seller in person and I reported the matter at Central Police Station under OB number 146/10/7/18 but the investigating officer kept asking for a facilitation fee to speed up investigations. I later gave up and returned to Kirinyaga," he said. On Monday, DCI detectives at Central Police Station said the lawyer had already recorded a statement. Efforts to contact Mr Bundi were futile. His contacts as received from the victims were out of service and others were not being picked. Cash withdrawn immediately However, an attempt to send Sh5 to one of Mr Bundi's contact to get his Mpesa-registered name was successful. The amount was, however, withdrawn from his end as soon as it was received. A text message the Nation sent to this number thereafter requesting his response to the claims by the victims wasn't responded to. After placing a call and sending a text message to the lawyer on Tuesday, October 20, requesting his response to the claims by the victims, he called back but declined an interview on phone. Mr Mariaria told this writer to meet him on Wednesday, October 21, in his office. The meeting was then pushed to Thursday when the lawyer denied claims of acting in collusion with Mr Bundi. He explained that although he had drafted two agreements in the past for transactions in which the buyers never got the vehicles, he has never been involved in any deal with Mr Bundi. Mr Mariaria added he could not recall parties to the transactions because he offers legal services to many people. "People come to me after agreeing to sell and buy cars from each other and all I do is sign the agreement and witness the transaction," added the lawyer. Denies culpability Asked whether he was concerned about his office being used to swindle Kenyans money, he responded he cannot stop people from flocking to his office in search of legal services. "The only mistake I committed was receiving Florence's money in my account. Otherwise, there are too many criminals in town and cars are being sold every day. The only thing I can do is to be careful next time," the lawyer said. Jiji, a subsidiary of Digital Spring Ventures, acquired OLX from five countries in its efforts to become the leading classified marketplace in the world by traffic. The transactions made through the platform are virtual, which exposes it to abuse but to cushion its clients from theft, the website advises buyers to only make payments for items bought after successful delivery. "Avoid anything that appears too good to be true, such as unrealistically low prices and promises of quick money," further reads the disclaimer. by nation.co.ke Post Views: 61 Facebook0Tweet0Pin0 Continue Reading Like us on Facebook, stay informed Latest Popular Videos News24 mins ago Body of missing Maranda teacher recovered in River Nzoia Lifestyle2 hours ago Alarm as more children are caught up in deadly lovers' tiffs Business8 hours ago I bought a car from an online bazaar, but it ended in tears News15 hours ago Court postpones case against Sonko's impeachment News16 hours ago Uhuru warns boda boda riders against being used by politicians for personal gains Lifestyle2 weeks ago Nimetumia Ksh 960,000 kujenga hii nyumba mdogo mdogo tu, usiogope kuanza kujenga News2 weeks ago SAD: Kenyan woman Annah K Maitho passes away in Atlanta, Georgia Diaspora4 weeks ago VIDEO: US-Based Kenyan Woman Whose Daughter Confessed to Infecting Men with HIV speaks out Diaspora7 days ago HOPE: 36 year old man who scored D+ in Kenya now has 5 degrees from US universities! 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So I'm walking out the door today, and as I go to turn off the TV, I see the e*Trade talking baby commercial. Just before I turn it off, I heard something that didn't jive with what I had heard the 10 times I added the video to my last blog post (yes, I obsess at times).
I step back and play the commercial again, and sure enough: eTrade is now advertising savings accounts that earn six times the national average – down from their initial claim 8x. It turns out that the national average isn't actually falling; eTrade just couldn't sustain their initial promise. There aren't any online videos with this updated version yet, but I'll be keeping an eye out.
This makes me even less likely to sign up for an account with them. In two more months, will it be four times the national average? Or perhaps they'll aim for the top of the bell curve. Either way, it won't be with my money.


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Two restaurants in the Bella Terra shopping center in Huntington Beach were evacuated Saturday after receiving a threat, authorities said.
It happened about 6:15 p.m. at the California Pizza Kitchen and Islands restaurants in the parking lot of the center at Beach Boulevard and Edinger Avenue, Huntington Beach Police Sgt. J. Goodspeed said.
The California Pizza Kitchen called to report the threat, Goodspeed said. Both eateries voluntarily evacuated patrons.
Huntington Beach police and the Orange County Sheriff's Department were at the restaurants investigating the threat, he said.
— City News Service
2 Huntington Beach restaurants evacuated after receiving threats was last modified: January 14th, 2018 by
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text:
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