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by Brian Shilhavy
Editor, Health Impact News
The State of New York recently passed legislation removing the religious exemption to mandatory vaccines for children. See:
New York Quickly Removes Religious Vaccine Exemptions with No Public Hearings
Attorneys Michael H. Sussman and Robert F. Kennedy have filed a lawsuit to repeal the law, as 26,000 families in New York wait to see if their children can attend school. See:
NY Lawsuit to Repeal Denial of Religious Exemptions to Vaccines Starts – 26,000 Families Wait to See if Children Can Start School
As of now, the only way to get an exemption to mandatory vaccines is to have a medical doctor write a medical exemption.
Last week, the New York Department of Health published "Emergency Regulations" to "Prevent Medical Exemptions."
The New York State Department of Health and Office of Children and Family Services today issued emergency regulations further strengthening and clarifying the process by which physicians can grant medical exemptions under the new state law which repealed non-medical exemptions for children attending school or child care.
Effective immediately, physicians who issue medical exemptions will be required to complete the applicable medical exemption form approved by the New York State Department of Health or New York City Department of Education, which specifically outlines the medical reason(s) that prevent a child from being vaccinated.
Additionally, the regulations require physicians to outline specific justifications for each required vaccine in order to be able to grant an exemption.
Previously, regulations allowed for a physician to submit a signed statement to schools without having to document on an approved form stating why immunization may be detrimental to the child's health. The emergency regulations apply to all children statewide, and they continue to require that medical exemptions must be reissued annually. By providing clear, evidence-based guidance to physicians regarding when immunization may be detrimental to a child's health, this emergency regulation will help prevent medical exemptions from being issued for inappropriate reasons.
So now, unelected bureaucrats will determine if doctors are qualified or not to write medical exemptions.
By having the Department of Health declare an "emergency" and issue an order without passing legislation, the entire democratic process is bypassed, resulting in medical tyranny.
This is not surprising, given how difficult it was to pass the secretive bill through the State legislature in New York to eliminate religious exemptions. The committee considering the bill did not have enough votes to bring it to the floor, so pressure had to be applied to get lawmakers opposed to the bill to change their mind. This was actually captured on video. See:
FBI Called Upon to Investigate NY Corruption in Removing Vaccine Religious Exemptions
California has also had a hard time passing a bill through the State Legislature requiring doctors to "get permission" from political bureaucrats to write medical exemptions to vaccines, so by having the New York Department of Health just declare an "emergency" and issue regulations, they were able to bypass the democratic process altogether.
In addition to requiring doctors to "get permission" from politicians to write medical exemptions, there appear to be serious consequences for families who fail to comply with the vaccine mandates.
The Office of Children and Family Services co-authored the regulations published by the Department of Health, and they have the authority to remove children from their parents if they do comply with the vaccine mandates.
Office of Children and Family Services (CFS) Commissioner Sheila J. Poole said:
Under the new law ending all nonmedical vaccine exemptions, children who were not previously vaccinated will have 14 days from the first day of school to receive the first age appropriate dose in each immunization series, and 30 days from the first day of school to schedule follow-up appointments.
Parents and guardians must demonstrate that their child has appointments scheduled for the next follow-up doses in accordance with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) schedule.
However, the actual appointments for the follow-up doses may be more than 30 days out, so long as they are in accordance with the ACIP schedule. A list of all required childhood vaccines can be found here.
Under current U.S. law, if the State takes custody of a child and places them into foster care, they can force medical procedures against the will of the parents, and bill everything to the State (usually Medicaid).
Non-compliant children and parents will most likely be reported to CFS by local school teachers and officials.
State Education Commissioner MaryEllen Elia said:
"Vaccines are the safest and most effective way to protect our students from debilitating diseases. NYSED will continue to work with the Health Department and Office of Children and Family Services to keep districts, parents and students informed on this new law and regulations. I'm grateful for this partnership and for the continued services we will provide to New York's students."
Leaving a lucrative career as a nephrologist (kidney doctor), Dr. Suzanne Humphries is now free to actually help cure people.
In this autobiography she explains why good doctors are constrained within the current corrupt medical system from practicing real, ethical medicine.
One of the sane voices when it comes to examining the science behind modern-day vaccines, no pro-vaccine extremist doctors have ever dared to debate her in public.
Book – The Vaccine Court, by Wayne Rohde – 240 pages
"The Dark Truth of America's Vaccine Injury Compensation Program"
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I can hardly believe that it's Easter time! This year is going so fast, and wedding season is just around the corner! We still have so many things from 2015, to share here on our blog!
This is the first wedding we are sharing on our journal since our rebrand (cannot believe it took us so long)! Alexandra and Adam got married in one of the most stunning Hotels we've ever seen: Hotel Vidago Palace! And yes, if you are wondering, me and André are huge fans of Wes Anderson, and The Grand Budapest Hotel is one of our favorite films, so we kind of love this place! Anyway, the couple lives in London, so the wedding was a great excuse to spend time with their friends and family! We love the fact that the religious ceremony was in Portuguese, English but also Polish (and this way all the guests understood every single word)!
Photography: André Teixeira, Brancoprata | Floral Design: Sofia Ferreira, BrancoprataMake up: Jenny Make up Land | Caterer and Venue: Hotel Vidago Palace Cinematographer: Videoart | Lab: Carmencita Film Lab | Favors: Castelbel | DJ: Zé Tó

subset: commoncrawl


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Staurosira venter is unique in that it builds a glass shell made of silica around itself for protection. Through its glass house, Staurosira venter collects the sun's energy which it converts into food and oxygen.
Fossil record keepers
Diatoms have existed for millions of years and can be found preserved in the fossil record. As the shell of Staurosira venter rarely decays, scientists can determine when they existed in the past. They can also learn what the climate was like during a specific period of time based on the different species' and qualities of the preserved shell.
Climate change indicators
Today, scientists use Staurosira venter as an indicator species of climate change. An indicator species is a species that is used by scientists to determine the overall health of a certain environment. Staurosirella pinnata is quickly becoming less dominant in the Arctic, an important indicator of the changing Arctic environment.


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Episode Chapters
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Stratification of reactivity determines nitrate removal in groundwater
Edited by William A. Jury, University of California, Riverside, CA, and approved December 24, 2018 (received for review October 2, 2018)
Although groundwater is a critical source of drinking water and irrigation, it has been polluted worldwide by agriculture, industry, and domestic activity. Because assessing groundwater quality and recovery rates is challenging, we developed a method for determining where and how quickly nitrate is removed in aquifers using just a few point measurements of groundwater chemistry. This methodology opens new avenues for characterizing catchment-scale nutrient dynamics, including nitrogen, carbon, and silica, with existing datasets for ecosystems around the globe. Understanding the subsurface structure of reactivity would also improve estimates of recovery time frames for polluted ecosystems and inform sustainable limits for anthropogenic activity.
Biogeochemical reactions occur unevenly in space and time, but this heterogeneity is often simplified as a linear average due to sparse data, especially in subsurface environments where access is limited. For example, little is known about the spatial variability of groundwater denitrification, an important process in removing nitrate originating from agriculture and land use conversion. Information about the rate, arrangement, and extent of denitrification is needed to determine sustainable limits of human activity and to predict recovery time frames. Here, we developed and validated a method for inferring the spatial organization of sequential biogeochemical reactions in an aquifer in France. We applied it to five other aquifers in different geological settings located in the United States and compared results among 44 locations across the six aquifers to assess the generality of reactivity trends. Of the sampling locations, 79% showed pronounced increases of reactivity with depth. This suggests that previous estimates of denitrification have underestimated the capacity of deep aquifers to remove nitrate, while overestimating nitrate removal in shallow flow paths. Oxygen and nitrate reduction likely increases with depth because there is relatively little organic carbon in agricultural soils and because excess nitrate input has depleted solid phase electron donors near the surface. Our findings explain the long-standing conundrum of why apparent reaction rates of oxygen in aquifers are typically smaller than those of nitrate, which is energetically less favorable. This stratified reactivity framework is promising for mapping vertical reactivity trends in aquifers, generating new understanding of subsurface ecosystems and their capacity to remove contaminants.
Humans have exceeded the Earth's capacity to receive and process nitrogen (1), triggering eutrophication in rivers, lakes, and coastal zones, which imposes billions of dollars of ecological and socioeconomic costs annually (2, 3). However, even if anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen (e.g., , ) were stopped today, elevated nitrate concentrations in aquifers could persist for decades to centuries, sustaining eutrophication in rivers, lakes, and estuaries (4⇓⇓–7). The capacity of aquifers to immobilize or remove reactive nitrogen is highly variable within and among aquifers, underlying their functional heterogeneity but complicating evaluation of sustainable limits at medium to large scales. Heterogeneity of reactivity is typical of all ecosystems, meaning that information about the biogeochemical transformation of nutrients (7) and the spatial organization of reactivity is necessary to determine ecosystem functioning (8, 9). There is substantial evidence from aquifers around the globe that is removed by denitrification or retained in the subsurface because of inorganic and organic electron donors (10⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–17); however, the spatial distribution of these reactants in aquifers remains almost completely unknown. Consequently, new methods to efficiently characterize the vertical and lateral spatial pattern of subsurface reactivity are urgently needed to determine sustainable limits of anthropogenic activity and predict recovery time frames of polluted ecosystems (18, 19).
Denitrification is the primary removal pathway of reactive nitrogen in aquifers (20), and it occurs when three factors coincide: occurrence of denitrifying microorganisms, presence of anoxic conditions, and availability of electron donors (20⇓⇓⇓–24). Denitrification rates in groundwater can be inferred from disappearance and production during transport along flow paths from aquifer recharge to discharge zones. These overall, or bulk, rates are generally interpreted as apparent reaction rates integrating flow, transport, and reactive conditions over large aquifer widths and depths (24⇓–26). Consequently, the same apparent rates could result from either slow reactions over long flow paths or fast reactions in localized zones. The assumption of continuous reactivity may be appropriate for some sedimentary aquifers, but structured vertical patterns of denitrification activity are likely the norm in most aquifers because both the abundance of microbial communities and the availability of electron donors vary in three dimensions (27). Concerning electron donors, the abundance of organic carbon typically decreases with depth, while availability of reduced iron and pyrite commonly increases with depth in discrete layered formations (23, 28). The decrease in organic carbon is not linear, with the amounts in the soil zone (1–2 m) often being orders of magnitude greater than those in the underlying geological media (29⇓–31).
Inferring Stratified Reactivity in Groundwater
In complex environments, such as aquifers, the investigation of reactivity requires the deconvolution of information about hydrological mixing, time-varying solute inputs, and reaction rates (7). Tracer concentrations in wells, C(t)s, can be modeled by weighting the input concentrations, C0(t)s, by the transit time distribution, p(u), using Eq. 1 (25, 32):[1]Degradation of and is generically expressed by a reaction term, r. The integration variable u represents the transit time of a water parcel. Assessing successive and depletion for each well is achieved by deconvoluting the effects of vertically separated flow paths (6, 33). For some of these flow paths, oxic conditions may prevent denitrification, while in others, conditions favorable to denitrification could have resulted in complete depletion of .
We developed a framework to constrain transit times (water travel times from the water table to the sampling point), reaction times (inverses of the first-order rate coefficient), and reaction locations. Because biological reactions are typically fast compared with total groundwater transit times (34, 35), reaction times are primarily controlled by transport and access to electron donors. While this has long been known for reaction times generally, we found that differences in apparent and reaction times can inform about the spatial pattern of reactivity. When electron donors are only available at depth, apparent reaction times will be greater than apparent reaction times, because must be sufficiently depleted before reduction can start. We describe this configuration of deep reactivity as a late start. Conversely, an early stop of reactivity due to a decrease of electron donors with depth results in apparent reaction times being larger than apparent reaction times.
Fig. 1 shows possible patterns of stratified reactivity that result in different relations of apparent and reaction times. The patterns are determined by vertical differences in availability of electron donors, which either occur primarily in deeper strata because of the depletion of reduced elements by weathering in shallow strata (Fig. 1A) or in shallow strata due to abundant surface-derived organic carbon (Fig. 1B). We define the stratum reaction time as the inverse of the characteristic first-order rate coefficient for a discrete reactive layer or stratum. Assuming that reaction rates in the reactive stratum are similar for and (36), differences in apparent reaction rates and times for and are only related to the time needed to enter (late start pattern, Fig. 1A) and to leave (early stop pattern, Fig. 1B) the reactive stratum. Within the reactive stratum, reactivity can be uniform or randomly distributed in microsites (hot spots; a*/b*, Fig. 1). The relative importance of uniform and hot spot reactivity within the stratum can be assessed by the stratum reaction time, with lower density of hot spots corresponding to longer reaction times. This uniform/hot spot ratio can be accounted for with the well-established concept of exposure time scales, which extracts the duration of contact with hot spots along the flow path (7, 37, 38).
We inferred the stratification of reactivity (i.e., the increasing or decreasing availability of electron donors with depth) of a crystalline aquifer in western France by analyzing the relationship between apparent and reaction times for 16 individual wells. Apparent reaction times were derived by using Eq. 1 and environmental tracers (Materials and Methods). We synthesized published apparent and reaction times from all studies, to our knowledge, that had appropriate data consisting of first-order reaction times estimated from the deconvolution approach or multiwell sites (i.e., each site contains three or four wells screened at multiple depths) in a transect. This synthesis includes data from 23 individual wells of an aquifer in the Central Valley of California (39) and five multiwell sites from five aquifers located in glacial sediments in Brighton, Michigan (40); Perham, central Minnesota (41); and the Anoka Sand Plain, Minnesota (42), as well as alluvial aquifers on the coastal plain of North Carolina (43) and in the Central Valley of California (24). Published apparent reaction times of the individual wells were also determined by Eq. 1 and environmental tracers, whereas apparent reaction times at the multiwell sites resulted from the relation of measured concentrations to tracer-based groundwater ages based on the piston flow assumption. This method at the multiwell sites allowed independent verification of the stratified reactivity framework because the apparent reaction times of and could be estimated directly with data from multiple depths.
Results and Discussion
Observed Vertical Reactivity Patterns and Reaction Times.
The relations of apparent and reaction times obtained from the unconfined crystalline aquifer located in an agricultural area in Brittany, France (6), show a predominance of the late start pattern with apparent reaction times larger than apparent reaction times (88% of the sampling locations; SI Appendix, section S1). The dominance of the late start pattern appears to be driven by biotite and sulfide minerals, which are found in borehole cuttings from deeper fractured zones (44), with reactions occurring between the weathered and fractured zones (44⇓⇓⇓–48). The time to enter the reactive zone, τenter, is verified by comparing the depth when a water parcel reaches the reactive zone and the depth of the interface between the weathered and fractured zones (Fig. 2). The depths of the reactive zone were determined by the depth of a water parcel at the time it enters the reactive zone by using information about groundwater flow and transit times from a numerical groundwater flow model (6). Alternatively, analytical solutions for the depth versus age relationship (42) could be used to determine the depth of the reactive zone. Existing stratum reaction times measured in Brittany show a similar range as determined here, ranging within a few hours and several years depending on the electron donor availability (47⇓⇓⇓–51).
The synthesis of new and published data (44 sampling locations in total) shows that only 5% of the observed data points indicated a uniform reactivity pattern (data points along the 1:1 line ± 1 y) independent of aquifer type (e.g., crystalline, glacial, sedimentary; Fig. 3). Approximately 79% of the data points had longer apparent reaction times for than for , indicating a late start pattern. This suggests that relatively deep electron donor sources from geological deposits of organic matter or sulfide minerals exert a strong control on the reduction of and independent of the water table and well depth (SI Appendix, section S1.3). This is supported by studies of the alluvial aquifer in the Central Valley of California and the glacial sediment aquifers in Minnesota. In these aquifer systems, the solid phase electron donors are the main energy sources for groundwater denitrification compared with surface-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that is not sufficiently available based on electron and mass balance calculations (42, 52). In the alluvial aquifer in California, pyrite and reduced iron minerals (along with organic matter) have been identified as electron donors (52). Increased sulfate concentrations at the sampling location in Brighton, Michigan, suggest that iron sulfides are potential electron donors for reduction reactions. The analysis of apparent reaction times obtained at the multiwell sites (24) allows one to sample the vertical profile of the aquifer and to independently verify the stratified reactivity framework. Apparent reaction times indicate a late start pattern that is supported by detailed vertical profiles (substrata scale) (23, 42) showing the electron donor availability and degradation of and with depth. can be quickly reduced when it encounters reactive strata shown for aquifers worldwide (47, 53, 54), providing additional evidence on the prevalence of deeper reactivity.
Sixteen percent of the data points showed the early stop pattern, with shorter apparent reaction times for than for . For these sites, the predominant electron donor is likely surface-derived DOC that has not been mineralized in the unsaturated zone before reaching the aquifer (23, 24, 29, 55, 56). The low occurrence of the early stop pattern in our sample could be partially due to human activity, because increased nitrogen application and disruption of soil aggregates during cultivation decrease organic carbon in agricultural soils, decreasing DOC, the primary electron donor in surface and near-surface waters (57).
Apparent and reaction times at the studied sites varied widely, indicating both uniform and hot spot dynamics in reactive strata. This diversity of sites with different subsurface characteristics and nutrient loads demonstrates the general utility of the proposed stratified reactivity framework for extracting information about the location and intensity of and reactions from apparent reaction times. Atmospheric tracers and dissolved gases are preferable for deriving apparent reaction times at the stratum scale, because rate estimates are scale-dependent (25) and approaches such as in-situ mesocosms do not sample the full stratum (52).
One of the central advantages of the stratified reactivity framework is that it relies on widely measured analytical parameters (e.g., solute concentrations, dissolved gas concentrations) and allows identifying the dominant reactivity pattern by analyzing apparent reactivity and not actual rate measurements with an individual sampling location. Used data and common modeling approaches denote the framework as easily deployable to make advanced inferences about the reactivity state of the investigated object. A combination of reactivity patterns is conceivable and would need further investigations. Nevertheless, the stratified reactivity framework could allow regional and interbiome comparison of subsurface reactivity to quantify the relative influence of climate, geology, and surficial processes (e.g., human disturbance, ecosystem development) in determining initial groundwater chemistry and removal capacity. From the perspective of the receiving surface waters, the framework could also analyze downstream river quality data to infer complex ecohydrological processes in headwater catchments, a long goal of freshwater ecology and land management (58, 59).
Implications of Stratified Reactivity for Water Quality.
The observed differences in apparent and reaction times reveal important vertical patterns in denitrification. Groundwater recovery times from pollution are related to the heterogeneous flow paths in the subsurface and their intersections with reactive strata (20, 28, 60). Our reanalysis of apparent and reaction times revealed that 79% of groundwater reaction times (Fig. 3) are consistent with the late start pattern, indicating exposure to reactive conditions only after some time spent traveling through a nonreactive zone. This pattern of lithogenic electron donor sources implies relatively conservative transport of in the upper part of the aquifer. Depending on the depth of the reactive stratum, this means that a considerable amount of could persist in the upper aquifer, with implications for near-surface groundwater quality. Conversely, deeper reactive stratum can have a higher removal capacity for deeper water resources, although it is clear that this protective capacity can be exceeded (61).
In the case of the early stop pattern observed in 16% of the sites, which occurs when surface-derived electron donors decrease with depth, could pass through the reactive layer if electron donors are insufficient to substantially decrease and concentrations. Remaining below the reactive stratum would then persist for long time scales in the deeper aquifer, significantly affecting the quality of water resources and fueling the long-term eutrophication of surface waters as a function of the aquifer contribution to the overall streamflow.
Numerous studies deal with denitrification in aquifers and show that is potentially removed in the subsurface, but solving the issue of heterogeneity of reactions and locating them have remained extremely challenging. Existing estimates and predictions of denitrification in aquifers often neglect stratified reactivity (55, 62), but accounting for stratified reactivity is central to understanding subsurface denitrification and global nitrogen cycling. Global estimates of groundwater denitrification of ∼44 Tg of N per year derive from models of reduction in shallow groundwater (0–5 m) with the assumptions that DOC serves as an electron donor and that denitrification is negligible in deeper zones (55, 63, 64). Reconsidering this estimate by accounting for prevalent denitrification activity in deeper strata, the actual nitrate reduction in groundwater might be greater, toward the estimated upper limit of 138 Tg of N per year (55). By adding information about apparent reaction times, previously estimated reduction times could be reanalyzed with the stratified reactivity framework to quantify the reactive front (depth of electron donors) and related stocks in reactive and nonreactive subsurface zones. The reactive patterns inferred from aquifers in different hydrogeological settings with this framework demonstrate the general applicability and capacity to improve predictions of subsurface reactions that affect groundwater as well as surface water quality. Because this methodology discerns spatial patterns using a relatively small number of samples (compared with well-transect studies) that can be collected from existing wells, it facilitates more widespread assessment of natural attenuation time frames and sustainable loading limits in agricultural landscapes where water quality is rapidly degrading, including in the developing world, where groundwater contamination most directly affects human health (59, 65⇓–67). Finally, while we applied the stratified reactivity framework to explore the denitrification patterns in aquifers, the method is general and could be used to infer reactivity patterns in "black box" situations using apparent reaction times and various chemical compounds, such as silica and carbon. For example, our proposed method could generate understanding about broader climatic, geological, and socioecological controls on weathering, freshwater chemistry, and transport of solutes from land to sea.
Materials and Methods
Study Sites.
We used new and published data from 44 well locations from six different aquifers in France and the United States to infer reactivity patterns in groundwater. We investigated 16 well locations of the Pleine-Fougères aquifer in Brittany, France. We used pointwise atmospheric and anthropogenic tracer data [chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), as well as , , and excess] interpreted within adapted lumped parameter models to derive apparent reaction times (Modeling Approach and SI Appendix, sections S1.1 and S1.2). The unconfined crystalline aquifer is partly characterized by granite and schist. The 16 wells are distributed over the 76-km2 study area with depths ranging from 28 to 98 m below the surface. The water table remains shallow, from close to the surface down to a few meters. The tracer-based mean groundwater age is around 40 y, with mean travel distances around 350 m (6).
We supplemented the dataset with already published and apparent reaction times that were derived using a similar method to the Pleine-Fougères study at 23 wells in another aquifer in the United States. Published data of 23 wells were obtained from the regional alluvial fan aquifer in the Central Valley of California in a 4,000-km2 study area (39, 68). The 24 wells' depths ranged from 3 to 95 m below the water table, with a median of 33 m, and water table depths ranged from 2 to 106 m below ground surface, with a median of 11 m. Tracer-based groundwater ages range from 0.2 to >100 y, with a median of 25 y. The five other and apparent reaction times were obtained from a multiwell analysis, each from a separate aquifer system located in the United States (24). The aquifer in Stevinson, California, is also located in the Central Valley of California containing alluvial sand, silt, and clay, with a saturated thickness of 24 m. The water table is 5–10 m below the ground surface, and tracer-based groundwater ages range from approximately 10 to 30 y (52). The aquifer in Brighton, Michigan, is characterized by glacial outwash and till, with a saturated thickness of 17 m. The unsaturated zone is between 3 and 6 m below the ground surface. The tracer-based groundwater age varies between approximately 1 and 30 y (24, 40). Another aquifer is located in the North Carolina coastal plain. The saturated subsurface contains marine deposits of medium to fine sand and is 13 m thick. Tracer-based groundwater ages are between approximately 3 and 40 y. The water table is shallow, with just a few meters below the ground surface (24, 43). The Perham and Princeton aquifers, located, respectively, in central Minnesota and the Anoka Sand Plain in Minnesota, are characterized by glacial outwash with a saturated thickness of 5 m and 14 m, respectively. The water table depth of the Perham aquifer ranges from close to the ground surface up to a depth of 10 m. Tracer-based groundwater ages range between 5 and 50 y. The Princeton aquifer shows tracer-based groundwater ages within <1 and 30 y, and the water table is between 0 and 4 m depth below the ground surface (24, 41, 42).
Mixing of different waters arriving at the well allows the determination of characteristic and reaction times. Based on apparent reaction times, the time spent in the reactive stratum, the time needed to enter the reactive stratum (late start pattern) or to leave it (early stop pattern), and the characteristic denitrification time in the reactive stratum (stratum reaction time) can be deduced (SI Appendix, section S2).
Apparent reaction time.
The apparent reaction time, , derives from the degradation of an element from its inlet concentration in the aquifer, C0(t), to its sampled concentration, C(t). Assuming first-order kinetics and reaction occurrence along the whole flow path in uniform or randomly distributed hot spots, the relative reduction of concentration can be expressed as a function of travel time, t:[2]
Sampled concentrations C(t)s are obtained by using Eq. 1.
Stratum reaction time.
The stratum reaction time, , characterizes the degradation of a chemical compound within the reactive stratum of the aquifer, following either the late start or early stop pattern (Fig. 1). The reaction rate along a flow line solely depends on the time spent in the reactive stratum, . Assuming first-order kinetics, the relative stratum reaction rate along a flow line is expressed as[3]
Because the reactive stratum may be determined by lithology, such as for autotrophic denitrification (24), or by surficial processes, such as for heterotrophic denitrification, the vertical stratification of reactivity indicates the type of electron donors supporting denitrification hot spots. The stratum reaction time would thus be substantially larger than the intrinsic reaction time, which can be measured in laboratory experiments with only the reactive minerals.
Modeling Approach.
A time-based modeling approach was used to infer apparent reaction times and stratum reaction times, as well as the time to enter or leave the reactive stratum at the unconfined crystalline aquifer in Brittany, France. The modeled tracer concentrations at a well, C(t)s, were calculated from the convolution integral of Eq. 1 (32). CFC dating proxies interpreted within a formerly developed groundwater flow and transport model were used to generate the transit time distributions and CFC concentration distributions, from which we derived mean groundwater ages (6, 69). While site transmissivity and porosity were well constrained by the overall flux and CFC-12 concentrations, local sampling conditions in agricultural wells were calibrated using the detailed conservative tracer information. We evaluated the reliability of measured CFC-12 concentrations by comparing the agreement between all quantified CFCs, sulfur hexafluoride concentrations (another anthropogenic gas used as a tracer of transit time), and dissolved silica concentrations (6, 7, 45, 70). This modeling approach let us include data from wells that were not drilled specifically for scientific monitoring and for which the depths of water arrivals were unknown (26). Alternatively, transit time distributions at well locations could be derived by lumped parameter models (71, 72). The reaction term of Eq. 3 derives from the vertical distribution of electron donors (Fig. 1).
Calibration of inputs to the aquifer.
Land use information from 1991 to 2013 shows a general uniformity of agricultural practices over the catchment area with no significant evolution of specific land use types in any of the well capture zones, supporting the assumption of uniformly distributed inputs to the aquifer. However, overall input concentrations have strongly changed, with large increases from 1945 to 1980 and a maximum around 2000, followed by a gradual decline (73). Because of local differences in land management practices, we used the extensive dataset of concentrations, excess, and transit time distributions to reconstruct the input chronicle with Eq. 1. This method also has the advantage of being applicable in areas where historical contaminant inputs are not known.
Calibration of apparent and stratum reaction times.
Apparent and stratum reaction times for and reduction were calibrated to produce the best fit between simulated and measured and concentrations using Eq. 1 for each location. Apparent concentrations are interpreted in terms of apparent and reaction times, and stratum concentrations are interpreted in terms of stratum reaction times and the time to enter or to leave the reactive stratum. The stratum reaction times are similar for and based on similar intrinsic reaction times (36) and similar limitations of the access to the reactive sites in the reactive stratum. We assumed that denitrification only started after was depleted below a threshold concentration, , of 2 mg/L, which creates a time lag for denitrification, tc. Initial concentrations, , of 7 mg/L were considered to be constant over time, agreeing with measured concentrations in shallow piezometers.
Financial support for this research was provided by the European Union's Seventh Framework for research, technological development, and demonstration under Grant 607150. This paper was supported by the European Union Innovative Training Network "INTERFACES: Ecohydrological interfaces as critical hot spots for transformations of ecosystem exchange fluxes and biogeochemical cycling."
- ↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: tamara.kolbe{at}posteo.net.
↵2Present address: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
↵3L.A., T.B., C.T.G., J.H.F., T.L., A.M.L., J.M., S.P., and Z.T. contributed equally to this work.
Author contributions: T.K., J.-R.d.D., B.W.A., and G.P. designed research; T.K. and J.-R.d.D. performed research; T.K. analyzed data; T.K., J.-R.d.D., B.W.A., L.A., T.B., C.T.G., J.H.F., T.L., A.M.L., J.M., S.P., Z.T., and G.P. wrote the paper; T.K. and J.-R.d.D. developed the stratified reactivity framework; B.W.A., C.T.G., T.L., and Z.T. provided data; and T.B. and J.M. performed processing of data.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1816892116/-/DCSupplemental.
- Copyright © 2019 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).
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Financial Aid for the summer semester will be open for use in the Campus Store from May 23 through June 14. And remember – you can use financial aid as payment on all orders placed on the campus store website! Shop with us at CampusStore.mga.edu!
Summer Semester
Remember to Visit Your Advisor and to Register! Spring 2018 classes are filling fast!
Advising and Registration are still open for Spring and Summer 2018 Semesters! Spring 2018 classes begin on January 8, 2018 Popular classes are filling fast If you haven't registered yet, you should do so today Having trouble locating your advisor? Check the Find Your Advisor page or call 478 471-2792. Classes available for Spring 2018 can be Continue reading
Campus Store – Textbook Requisitions
All Textbook Requisitions for Spring and Summer semesters are due to the Campus Store on Monday, October 9th, 2017.


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Jefferson-Sigma Xi Student Research Day-Wed. March 22, 2017
Each spring, the Thomas Jefferson University Chapter of Sigma Xi organizes a Student Research Day. The main focus of this day is poster presentations by undergraduate, graduate and medical students. The poster session offers students the opportunity to interact with colleagues and faculty, to win prizes, to catch up on current scientific discoveries, to learn about new areas of research, and to practice networking and scientific presentation skills.
This year the TJU Student Research Day will be held on Wednesday, March 22nd, 2017.
Princeton undergraduate students are encouraged to submit posters of their research.
Click here to submit an abstract
Poster presentations will be judged by TJU scientists and cash prizes will be awarded for the best poster in each research category, including the undergraduate student category.
Undergraduate students and advisers will also have the opportunity to attend an information session with the Jefferson College of Biomedical Sciences Admissions to discuss learn more about graduate education at Jefferson.
The poster session will be followed by the annual William Potter Lecture at 4:00 pm. We are excited to announce that the 2017 Potter Lecture will be given by Arthur Lander, MD, PhD, Donald Bren Professor of Developmental and Cell Biology at the University of California, Irvine, and Director of the Center for Complex Biological Systems, an NIGMS National Center for Systems Biology. Students and their advisers are cordially invited to the reception at the conclusion of the awards ceremony.
Key dates:
- Abstract submission OPENS - Friday, January 13th, 2017
- Abstract submission DEADLINE - Tuesday, February 21st, 2017
- Acceptance notification - Thursday, March 2nd, 2017
- Research Day - Wednesday, March 22nd, 2017
Please note: we can accommodate up to 130 posters, so submit early while space is available!
If you have questions about the event, please contact me by email: email@example.com


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Abbas describes Israel's 'war of genocide'Comments
Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas has accused Israel of conducting a "war of genocide" against the Palestinian people during the 50-day summer war in Gaza.
In his speech to the UN General Assembly in New York, Abbas said the "occupying power" had destroyed the remaining hopes for peace but he still believes in a negotiated solution.
"Israel has decided that this year will see a new war of genocide perpetrated against the Palestinian people; in the same year in which this Assembly, on behalf of the people and countries of the world, conveyed the world's yearning and determination to realise a just peace that achieves freedom and independence for the Palestinian people in their state of Palestine alongside Israel."
Abbas stopped short of saying he will pursue war crime charges against the Jewish state at the International Criminal Court (ICC), but said that "we will not forget, nor will we forgive or allow war criminals to escape punishment."
His speech followed Thursday's agreement between Hamas and rival Palestinian group Fatah to work together to form a unity government to run Gaza.
More than 2,100 Palestinians were killed and some 18,000 homes were destroyed during the war between Hamas and Israel.
Sixty-six soldiers and six civilians were killed on the Israeli side.


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YouView, the BBC backed video on-demand IPTV service, is actively pursing content providers wishing to create a channel and offer on demand programs on the platform.
The company has said that the first phase will identify audio and video content providers who will be working with the technical team to help develop and make content available on the platform.
YouView later plans to extend its services to other content types, like providing web applications and IP channels.
Richard Halton, the YouView CEO, said that he is looking forward to see the response from UK's rich and vibrant content community.
Halton added that the company's ambition is to open up the TV to content providers currently unable to build an audience.
The major stakeholders in YouView, aside from the BBC, include ITV, Channel 4, Five, BT, TalkTalk, Orange and Arqiva.
YouView was given the go ahead by Ofcom last week after it declined to launch an investigation into how the platform would affect the market following complaints from both Sky and Virgin Media, who believe that YouView will distort competition in the content on demand market


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NHS England has said the Healthier You diabetes prevention programme – the first of its kind – will help make England 'the best country on the planet' at preventing diabetes.
The first 10 sites – in Leeds, Cumbria, Lincolnshire, Birmingham, the East Midlands, Herefordshire, Berkshire, south London, east London and Durham – are expected to start taking referrals 'in the next two to four weeks'.
Patients referred onto the scheme will receive tailored help to reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes, including education on healthy eating and lifestyle, help to lose weight and bespoke physical exercise programmes.
These interventions have 'been proven to reduce the risk of developing the disease', NHS England said.
Prevent diabetes
The scheme will roll out across a total of 27 areas throughout the rest of 2016, covering around half of the population – some 26m patients.
It will be available to all patients after staggered roll out by 2020, by which date there will be around 100,000 places on programmes available each year, it said.
GP Dr Matt Kearney, NHS England's national clinical director for cardiovascular disease prevention, said: 'Every year we see the progressive rise of overweight and obesity among our patients, with increasing numbers developing type 2 diabetes.
'As a result of this we see more people developing the serious complications of diabetes at an earlier age – heart attacks and strokes, kidney, eye and foot problems, all increasing the risk of early death or major disability in relatively young people.
'GPs and nurses are well aware of the need to take action to reduce the risk. Once up and running we will be able to refer patients on to the programme, knowing they will be offered intensive professional support to lose weight, improve their diet and increase physical activity – all known to reduce the risk of diabetes.'


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Ontario greenhouses could lose $10M because of new cap-and-trade rules
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Ontario, Canada has 2,900 acres of greenhouses, and export over $1 billion of cucumbers, tomatoes, and green peppers to the United States. But greenhouse growers are saying they'll suffer under the province's new climate action plan. Their plants absorb carbon dioxide, but unlike in British Columbia and Alberta, Ontario growers won't receive a rebate for the carbon consumption, which could cost them around $10 million a year. Related:


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So now it is the day before yesterday instead of yesterday my girlfriend of over 30 years called me out of the blue. Her name is Laurie DeGraw. Anyhow last year we went to a craft festable that was in Kershaw Park. We both like crafts...though she doesn't make lace she is very crafty in other things. I have been trying to get her to come over to the darkside of learning how to make lace but I guess her force is stronger than mine. Anyhow we were looking at some very pretty stones that could be used for jewerly and we decided to make each other a necklace. I am so sorry to say I haven't started hers yet but I will....Laurie did make my necklace and gave it to me on Saturday. Isn't the necklace pretty. I was so surprised. It was kinda funny....I had my eyes closed when she gave me the box...of coarse I knew what was in it...so while opening eyes were closed and when I opened the box....I opened my eyes and I gave a surprise OOHHH WOOWWW. So here is the picture of the necklace my friend made for me. I love the pink stone...what do you think Erin...isn't the necklace gorgeous....Look at all the pink in it.
Also I thought I would share with you a couple pictures of butterflies. Connie Angeline and I decided that we would both make butterflies and trade them when we saw each other in Hector, New York Tatting event that was earlier this month. She made hers out of pink thread and black beads. It reminds me of 1950s but I don't know why...Does anybody know why I would think that? And since I was born in 1955 I don't remember the fifties. Kinda wierd huh??
Also I will share the picture of the butterfly I made for her. My pattern came from an old "Old Crochet" magazine. So here are the pictures.
Later on this week I will show you more pictures that I took at Hector, New YOrk Tatting event.


text: Consumer electronics maker Daewoo announced Thursday at the Internationale Funkausstellung (IFA) conference in Berlin that it will develop wireless home entertainment products using start-up Vixs Systems' chips. The companies will work together on technologies and products for streaming video over 802.11a-based local area networks. The first product is a point-to-point media access device. Daewoo is demonstrating devices at IFA this week.


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text: Out of Houston, Texas, USA comes the new shining star on the heavy metal sky : Outworld. This amazing band has a unique way of blending musical styles with a genuine conviction in which they express themselves. Musically they can be described as anything from power metal to progressive, groove and melodic metal. With influences ranging from neoclassical and progressive metal heroes such as Yngwie Malmsteen, Symphony X and Dream Theater, to modern day hard edged bands such as Pantera and Meshuggah. Outworld is one of the few bands in the metal genre that is not afraid to groove and try out new things hence forming a stand alone image. Outworld not only take their music seriously, but also spend as much time on lyrics and subject matter to grab the interest of many.


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I have to admit this is not my usual type of post but I just had to share one small part of my world. I clean cars for part of my job each day. Some are trade-ins but most are 2-3 year old vehicles that are lease turn ins or repossessions. Over the years I keep developing my list of things I hate to find in cars when I clean them. All of the items have been found by me at least once in the past five years.
10. leftover food, ie french fries, bits of hamburgers and condiment packages
9. door pockets filled with garbage, ie used kleenex, gum wrappers
8. used toothpicks, usually in various stage of being chewed, and dental floss (at least they are concerned about their dental hygiene
7. unrecognizable chunks of candy melted together under the seat
6. a pair of men's dirty underwear and socks ( I wonder if he changed them while driving?)
5. pet hair, lots of it (This reminds me of the Turner and Hooch movie)
4. finger nail clippings including toe nail clippings ( Who does this in a car? I can tell you more than one person)
3. a chocolate milk bottle with milk soured in it ..chunky, chunky, chunky
2. a pop bottle with a lot of spit from a tobacco chewer in it (What's the official name of that slimy stuff?)
1. cockroaches along with the eggs & nymphs (just once) but that was enough!


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Ryerson has provided the Toronto police with closed-circuit video from street cameras as the investigation continues into last Friday's fatal shooting on campus.
Tanya Fermin-Poppleton, manager of security and emergency services, confirmed the university's aid in the investigation.
Ryerson security did not rush to the scene itself at Mutual and Gould streets, Fermin-Poppleton said, because they lacked the training and equipment to deal with a shooting. But she said security kept students in lockdown in the International Living / Learning Centre (ILLC) building until police had given the all-clear. The streets were shut off for most of the morning.
Shmar Parris, also known as YouTube rapper Murda Marz, was a victim of the drive-by shooting in the early hours on April 4. He was later pronounced dead in hospital. Police are still searching for suspects in their investigation.
President Sheldon Levy said that Ryerson can be at risk to these incidents because it is an urban campus.
"It happens very, very seldom and I think, we always have to keep in mind that the campus is a safe campus and these episodes will happen," he said. "But they happen much, much more in empty parking lots than they do in crowded streets."
Parris would have turned 26 in May. He lived in the campus area. He had won a grant through MuchMusic and was scheduled to shoot a video later this week that would be aired on MuchMusic, according to his cousin, Jessica Smith.
"He was popular, loving, caring and he put everyone's feelings above his own," said Smith, a Ryerson social work graduate. "He was just a great person to be around, really charismatic.
"Everybody's taking it really hard. We've had a lot of people from (our extended family) and the community come up to us and share memories they had of him, about how kind he was and the things he used to do," said Smith. "There was a candlelit vigil at Carlton and Parliament this past Friday and the family is planning a funeral service for later this week."
Police haven't released any new information since Friday. Investigators are looking for the light-coloured SUV seen driving "erratically" southbound on Parliament Street at 2:30 a.m and said it was damaged on its right side.
Const. Victor Kwong told The Ryersonian that Parris was shot at around 2:20 a.m. Friday morning, steps away from the ILLC. A man and woman were in the car with Parris, Kwong said.
The woman was injured and is in hospital and the other passenger did not suffer serious injuries.
The victim was known to the police for a "high-risk criminal lifestyle," Det. Sgt. Steve Ryan told media on Friday.
Parris fled the scene of the shooting in a bullet-riddled black Chevrolet Malibu, police said. Moments later, the car crashed into a pole at Parliament and Carlton streets. That pole has since been turned into a memorial covered in flowers and signs, where the candlelight vigil was held Friday night.
This story was first published in The Ryersonian, a weekly newspaper produced by the Ryerson School of Journalism, on April 9, 2014.
Bethany Van Lingen graduated from the Ryerson School of Journalism in 2014. She is a former staff writer and copy editor for The Ryersonian.


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This high end, coffee table style lifestyle magazine is an extension of our online community & blog. Now you can get your own copy of the coffee table style NW.Life magazine delivered to your door step! This high end magazine is made with thick quality paper and is sure to last you many reads.
The Spring & Summer issue of the NW Life magazine features stunning photography by Marianne Stickles, foodies adventures, shopping opportunities & getaways guides for Skagit, Whatcom, Island and North Snohomish Counties filled with places to stay, play, eat and drink!
Shipping and sales tax not included in price. Shipping can take 1-2 weeks.


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Teens and young adults who spend more time outdoors may be less likely to become nearsighted later in life than those who spend less time outdoors, a new study suggests. People in the study who spent more time exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation — which the researchers calculated based on the participants' exposure to sunlight — between ages 14 and 39 were less likely to be nearsighted at 65 than those who spent less time exposed to UVB radiation, the researchers found. "Increased UVB exposure was associated with reduced myopia, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood," the researchers wrote in the study, published December 1st in the journal JAMA Ophthalmology.
Trained researchers examined the participants' eyesight, and collected blood samples to examine the levels of vitamin D in their blood. They did that because previous research had linked higher vitamin D concentrations to a lower risk of nearsightedness. It turned out that people who had been exposed to higher levels of UVB radiation — a factor that's closely related to how much time a person spends outdoors and is exposed to sunlight — as teens and young adults were less likely to be nearsighted at age 65 than those who had been exposed to lower levels of UVB radiation. This is in line with previous research, published in 2015 in the journal JAMA that suggested that children who spent more time outdoors had a lower risk of becoming nearsighted. However, in contrast to previous research, the new study did not find a link between higher levels of vitamin D and a person's risk of developing nearsightedness, the researchers said. The new study shows a link between higher levels of exposure to UVB radiation and a lower risk of nearsightedness, but it does not prove that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.


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The Free Syrian Army, which many in the West view as a moderate armed opposition, is a Syrian militia group that has been fighting both President Bashar Assad's forces and ISIL.
Some Gulf kingdoms, as well as Turkey and the United States are supplying weapons to the FSA and helping train new conscripts.
According to the Syrian authorities, many FSA units have recently been siding with the Islamic State and Jabhat an-Nusra terrorists in their fight against the government forces.
Russia has consistently been holding out for a political solution to the Syrian conflict and for a dialogue with the opposition, including the Free Syrian Army.
Moscow recently asked Britain and the US to help establish direct contact with the FSA leaders.
Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia did not consider the FSA as a terrorist organization and was ready to negotiate.


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When a water main malfunctions, it's a major problem! You may need main water line repair when leaks, loss of pressure and a significant drop in water quality are a constant bother. It takes an experienced plumbing team like 24-hr Rooter Connectionz to discover the problem and whether it's with the main water line or another pipe.
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Also, a water main leak means you need a professional on the job. It's definitely not a do-it-yourself task because of the potential complexity of the project. Make sure you call us right away!
What Are the Signs You Need to Call for Main Water Line Repair?
Some of the signs that you need plumbing help and main water line repair include pooling water in your back yard. You might not see this in wintertime, but all other times of the year, a perpetually soggy section of your yard is suspicious and could point to a leak.
You may also notice that what used to be a full-force flow from your faucet has slowed to a slight trickle. Even if it isn't that dramatic, you should still call our team if there is a noticeable drop in water pressure throughout the house.
In addition, listen closely for any strange noises. Gurgling sounds coming from your drains are cause for concern.
Finally, keep an eye on your water bill. If it shoots up, you probably have an unseen leak somewhere — potentially in your water main — especially if many of the other signs are present as well.
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Orthotists fit external braces and supports for patients with malformed and weakened body parts. The goal of orthotists is to enable their patients to function to the best of their physical abilities. Orthotists are different from prosthetists who make and fit artificial limbs for patients. Both orthotists and prosthetists use knowledge of medicine, anatomy, engineering and materials science to enhance the lives of their patients.
Career Requirements
The National Commission on Orthotics and Prosthetics Education (NCOPE) requires a master's degree in orthotics and prosthetics to become a certified professional. There are only approximately one dozen master's degree programs in the country.
During the second half of an individual's education, there is a mandatory, supervised residency. After graduation from a program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Program (CAAHEP), candidates must complete a residency program that is accredited by the NCOPE to gain clinical training, knowledge and experience in specialization areas like adult, pediatric and geriatric orthotics. Anyone who wants to professional practice as an orthoptist, must be certified by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics (ABC-OP). After certification, candidates may use the credential CO (certified orthotist) after their name.
Program Requirements
Most orthotics programs require students to have completed at least one year in biology, anatomy, physiology, physics, chemistry, psychology and college algebra. Most degree programs recommend students to take courses in biomechanics, kinesiology, material science and dissection anatomy. Other non-medical courses include art, such as drawing and sculpture, and business courses, such as communication and public speaking. Program applicants should gain experience by volunteering or working at a health care facility, such as a hospital or clinical rehabilitation program. They should have basic lab experience with techniques like laminating, plaster work and vacuum forming. Most programs encourage applicants to have at least one year of prosthetics or orthotics experience. Most of these master's programs require students to submit their Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores.
Degree Programs
Orthotics graduate-level degree programs deliver curricula that provides the clinical, technical and practice management skills needed for successful medical careers. In order to prepare students for proper patient care, teachers use a clinical standard, evidence-based perspective. Faculty members usually have direct experience in clinics or hospitals. They teach by hands-on examples, clinical scenarios and simulated clinical activities. Students practice the processes and techniques for casting, fabricating and fitting orthoses on patient models. There are sometimes live volunteers who present themselves with a wide range of medical needs and conditions. Many programs require students to complete research projects and community service activities. Some programs provide hands-on clinical training in local clinics or one to two month clinical internships.
Orthotics degree programs will offer classes in neuroscience, clinical research, contemporary practices, orthotic materials, prosthetic management, orthotic technology and human movement and biomechanics. Anyone who wants to learn more about becoming an orthotist should visit the American Academy of Orthotists & Prosthetists' website to learn more.


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happy valentine's day
A wee bit late, but I am still enjoying adding photos to blip from the time when I was away. The valentine on the top left is one of Steven's cartoons! He started drawing again last summer and has since amassed over 600 cartoons and self-published 4 books, two of which are for 2 year olds, like our granddaughter Eleanor. We have heard that she LOVES them and her mom & dad said jokingly that the books were like "toddler crack!!!" oh My. Well, at least she enjoys them and wants to read them over & over!
I will add 2 "extra" photos sharing Steven's books and one of him at work drawing. You can follow his almost daily cartoons on Instagram where he posts as steven_deming. He mostly draws our two cats and their antics. They are quite funny drawings, but good, clean humor. And he has a lovely relaxed line when he draws. He says I have been an inspiration to him! I'm happy to hear that. I laugh at his cartoons all the time :O) I will add a gallery of his drawing to my website sometime soon & let you know when.
The other valentine in the collage above, front & back plus matching envelope were made by me for Steve. I still employ many of my favorite art rubber stamps when I do art like this. Amazingly, I bought some of them 20 - 30 years ago starting when my youngest (father of Eleanor) was 6 years old. Some of the stamps do not stamp as well as back then, but many still do and it is such fun! I believe you gotta have fun while you can!!!
- Google Pixel 2 XL


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Chanel Black Lambskin Quilted Classic Flap Bag with Dust bag and Receipt
|Black Lambskin Braided in Silver Chain
Single Strap: 12″ Drop
|10″ x 2″ x 5″
|Black Lambskin Exterior
Silver Tone Hardware
|Burgundy Leather Interior Lining
2 Small Pockets, Gusset
|1 Rear Pocket Compartment
|Signature "CC" Logo Twist Lock
Front Flap Closure
|Additional Info
|Comes with Chanel dust bag, authenticity card and original receipt
|You are viewing this classic Chanel Black Lambskin Quilted Classic Flap Bag with Dust bag and Receipt. This gorgeous Chanel purse has a black lambskin leather exterior, silver tone hardware and burgundy leather interior lining. On the exterior of the bag, you will notice slight imperfections in the leather due to use. There is a small a small white mark on the upper left corner of the purse, and there is also a small scratch on the bottom left corner of the purse below the toggle closure. Faint scratches may be seen on the front flap in specific lighting. The interlocking "C" clasp has a small scuff mark which can be seen in the picture listed. Both sides of this purse are in excellent condition with no visible scratches, scuff marks or stains. The bottom panel of the bag is very clean but may show light scratches in specific lighting as well. The bottom corners are also clean with very subtle light wear from use. On the back of the bag you will see a pocket compartment which is in excellent condition. When you open the front flap, you will see visible white marks on the backside of the flap which can all be seen in the pictures listed. There are two pocket compartments and a gusset within the interior. The interior is very clean with only one small stain on the interior bottom corner and small white stains within the gusset. No foul odors, pen marks or rips of the leather can be seen. The date code is visible within the bottom corner of the interior. This Chanel classic flap bag has a comfortable silver tone chain braided with black leather shoulder strap. The shoulder strap has a drop of 12 inches. Don't pass up the opportunity to own this beautiful classic Chanel flap bag which comes with original receipt, dust bag and authenticity card. Buy it now or make us your best offer!


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Caveat emptor: you're not getting what you think you're getting
Attn: gun nerds…if there's an error in here, please let me know. I will gladly update accordingly with corrections)
With all due respect to those calling for an assault weapons ban, 99% of the problem with the idea is the kind of checklist people use for categorizing an assault weapon.
From Wikipedia:
Common attributes used in legislative definitions of assault weapons include:
- Semi-automatic firearm capable of accepting a detachable magazine[10][13]
- Folding or telescoping (collapsible) stock,[13] which reduces the overall length of the firearm[15]
- A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon[13]
- Bayonet lug,[13] which allows the mounting of a bayonet
- Threaded barrel, which can accept devices such as a flash suppressor, Suppressor,[13] compensator or muzzle brake
- Grenade launcher[13]
- Barrel shroud, which prevents burning of shooter's arm or hand as a safety device.
Detachable magazine. Insofar as magazine signifies "thingy with the bullets in it," revolvers have a fidget spinner that holds bullets and…it's detachable. There's also fast reloaders for them. As a criterion, it doesn't actually help define anything much if it can include so much.
Folding stock. Nice feature. Makes the murderstick easier to lug around. I don't recall a shooting where the folding stock was essential to the mass shooter's success.
Pistol grip. Also a nice feature. Helps with acquiring all targets after the first one. Know what else has them? Pistols.
Bayonet lug. One might have noticed that we don't keep hearing about school kids getting mass bayonetted.
Threaded barrel. Useful for mounting flash suppression or noise suppression.
- Flash suppression. Useful mainly at night, as the glare from a muzzle flash can make it difficult to acquire each target after the first. I'm pretty sure the school shootings aren't happening at night. Also useful for minimizing risk of detection because muzzle flash can give away your position. I'm pretty sure that during a school shooting the whereabouts of the shooter is pretty easy to figure out from the trail of bodies and the loud bang bang bang. We're not having a hard time finding the shooter because we couldn't see his muzzle flash.
- Noise suppression. Useful for, um. Help me out here. This isn't Hollywood, and they don't make a weapon whisper out a gentle pew pew pew. Are there tactical situations where the difference in decibels is useful? Yes. I'm pretty sure lone shooter in the reverb chamber called a school hallway isn't one of those tactical situations.
Grenade launcher. Now we're just being silly. When's the last news of the kiddos having death rained down on them from above because some murderer is using something like an M203?
Barrel shroud. Useful for not burning yourself on a hot barrel. Know what else is useful for that? Ever see how far up the barrel a wood stock goes?
Not a single one of those features is what makes a so-called assault weapon more lethal than the next weapon. Want to focus on what makes them so lethal? It's not firing rate, either. If that's the measure, then be honest and say you also want revolvers and semi-automatic pistols gone. Same rate…fast as the finger can pull the trigger.
What makes them more lethal, if anything does, is the combination of recoil suppression and accuracy. The first shot is fairly easy with any weapon. It's the ones that come after that rack up the body count. Every new body [target] needs to be acquired. It's easier to do if recovery from the recoil of the previous shot is minimized. Bonus points for being able to use high-velocity ammo without as much recoil as a handgun with high velocity ammo would have. High velocity ammo usually means more mushrooming of the round on impact, much greater trauma, and maybe an exit wound you can drive a truck through.
But here's the kicker. You might not know all that. And the details are arguable among gun nerds. There's nothing wrong with being a gun nerd or a car nerd, by the way. It's more useful than memorizing football stats or all the Pokemon. BUT…do you think the Congresstitutes writing the bills aren't surrounded with experts who could tell them exactly those kinds of details? Yet they go after the cosmetics instead. Why is that?
The next time someone pushes an assault weapons ban bill to get your vote, just remember that. They're pandering to you with empty symbolism.
All the things that actually make mass shooting weapons deadlier are either already illegal for all but a relative few who come under intense federal scrutiny (selective fire, for instance, the missing feature in an AR that means you won't find them on an actual battlefield). The remaining things are accessories, not arms. Infringe on those all you want. Show me the Senator even attempting a standalone bill infringing on ammo choices, or a standalone bill infringing on removable magazines, or a standalone bill restricting recoil suppression.
Good luck with that. It's all a smoke and mirrors show, and they all thank you for your support and validation by participating in the farce. If you do manage to infringe on the ownership of a certain kind of arm by virtue of superior votes, the Congresstitute still wins even though it's just another kicking of the can. Will a ban survive this SCOTUS? Will another turn in political fortunes just mean the opposition will unban them again as soon as they can? And what about the existing weapons that you just know will be grandfathered in? There's not a snowball's chance in hell of getting a confiscatory policy on such weapons that are already out and about, and that policy would absolutely end up in a SCOTUS challenge with no guarantee of your side winning. A loss there could arguably make your case even harder to make in the future.
If you go after the ammo, accessories, and features that actually make them deadlier than you prefer, you might have more luck. We got rid of lawn darts with a far lower body count. And without access to those things, perhaps demand for the weapons that use them will fall off. What good is a truck without a gas tank, after all? And without demand, what's the point in making the weapons? Ask Remington how well not planning for an entirely predictable turn of political fortunes worked out for them.
Show me the Congresstitute even attempting a standalone bill infringing on ammo choices, or a standalone bill infringing on removable magazines, or a standalone bill restricting recoil suppression.
Categories: Crime/Corruption, Politics/Law/Government


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5 Key Takeaways on the Road to Dominating
Ways of Financing Apartment Building
It is evident that resourcing your apartment building with the right amount of finances is a task if you do not have enough money that you can utilize. Various apartment building owners will use multiple methods to get finances. The amount of money that one will require will depend on their size of the building and its facilities. It is evident that some apartment buildings will be expensive to finance than others. The best thing about buying apartments is that you will get long-term rental incomes from your clients. You can as well utilize the money from your tenants by settling some loans. The report explains the tips that you need to consider when financing your apartment building.
It is wise that you put in mind that the government loans are not dependable. The loans from any governmental organization will delay before you are given the money. You will need to be persistent on them if you do not have other ways of financing your apartment building. These government loans are best for people that wish to apply for small amounts of credits. The problem comes in if you wish to apply for a large amount of money since you will have to wait. It is wise that you do all the paperwork that is required for anyone that is applying for a loan so that you will be given the credit that you want. Make sure that you ask for the loan a long time earlier so that you will be given credit almost the time that you will need the money.
Secondly, make sure that you look for some lenders. There are many service providers that are involved in giving loans. Before you choose any lender, make sure that you research if they have enough finances to give you the amount of money that you require. Ensure that you research enough about them before you choose to apply for loans from them so that you will have an idea of their work. It is wise that you learn about their repayment interests. It is recommended that you analyze the various rates from various loan service providers so that you will choose one that will give you a loan with the best interests. However, the lender will have to check if you qualify for a loan by checking on your credit history. They will also make sure that you will be able to pay their loan as well.
Ensure that you organize for a mortgage closure. You will be required to sign some documents, so that shows all your records about your apartment building with your mortgage service provider.
Lastly, before buying the apartment building, analyze what income it can bring to you.


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We love our social media here at GeekMom, Twitter to G+, Facebook to Erly.Lately we've been talking about Pinterest, the virtual pinboard that lets you create, organize, and share what you find online. Because it's a visually-oriented site, it attracts us using something other social media sites haven't done nearly as well: images. While online we tend to be seekers. We look for information, distraction, connection, and inspiration. Pinterest lets us find (and revel in) all these things through compelling images.
The site was launched in March 2010. One of the founders, Ben Silbermann, said in an interview that the idea stemmed from his penchant for collecting. As a child he was particularly taken with entomology. He realized that collecting bugs said something about him, just as any of our interests say something about us. Co-founder Evan Sharp noted that he too was a collector as a child. As an adult that tendency shifted to amassing images in folders on his desktop. So they, along with the third co-founder, Paul Sciarra, developed Pinterest as a way for users to collect and share related images, linking back to the originating site.
Pinterest didn't catch on immediately. But within a few months users began applying it in ways the founders hadn't anticipated. They posted Star Wars memorabilia, travel destinations, Etsy items, wedding plans, and gift ideas. And it's really taking off. From Oct 2010 to Oct 2011, Pinterest went from 40,000 to 3.2 million monthly unique visitors. Big retailers like Nordstrom and Lands End are seeking to integrate Pinterest into their sites.
Articles about Pinterest often focus on how it can drive sales or be used as a PR tool. For example TechCrunch predicts Pinterest could change consumer behavior, causing them to seek out goods favored by other Pinterest users. This may be true.
But what's noted but little understood is that the primary users of Pinterest, at least so far, tend to be women. A regular look at the Everything front page indicates that these users aren't necessarily on Pinterest primarily to share consumer recommendations, although there are plenty of tempting pins for fashion and home décor products. They're using it to share inspiration for ways to live; with more humor and less angst, with beauty found in an evocative landscape, with clever ideas for raising kids or making gifts or building a garden shed. This in itself makes Pinterest seem like a blessed relief from the endless marketing found online.
What do Geek Moms like about Pinterest?
I've fallen for it for several reasons.
First, it's hubbub free. Unlike FB, Twitter, or G+ you don't need to scroll past drama or post repeats, nor do need to hop in regularly lest it seem you're ignoring ongoing conversations. Instead of all those voices clamoring for your attention, Pinterest has a peaceful vibe. It's like moseying through a quiet gallery of images, each one ready to tell you more with a click.
Second, it's a wonderful way to store visually inspiring ideas for later use. Going back over your own boards can be like flipping through magazines made entirely of what you love. Previous pins can help you find the appetizer you want to serve at tomorrow's party, the shelves you want to build in your kitchen next summer, and the project that teaches your kids about the periodic table as soon as they're old enough.
Third, it's a way to browse freely and casually within any interest you might have. Yes, you can create circles on G+ and lists on Twitter, but on Pinterest it's easy to follow any chosen user's specific boards.
And finally, it's a way of sharing what delights us with others. By organizing what appeals to us, we make it easier for other people to find interesting ideas and images. It's heartening, in a way, to find that a woman I know as a writer of math books also has a thing for Spanish architecture, punk t-shirts, frothy cocktails, and Daniel Craig movies.
find me on Pinterest
I like finding ideas for handmade gifts. It has become a good addition to Twitter because it is photo based instead of word based.
Cathe Post
find me on Pinterest
I tried it out and was hooked immediately. I love seeing new/funky stuff and Pinterest has constantly evolving new and funky stuff! It's like the best part of every magazine I would buy, minus all the ads.
My kids love it too. We all have our favorite categories. Early on I created a board for each of them, as things kept reminding me of them. My daughter loves the fashion and hair and nails posts. My son loves the animal and humor posts. I love sifting through the 'everything' category, so I don't miss any treasures!
I have to admit, we have had several evenings, when we are all sitting around, waiting to go somewhere, or just deciding how the night will play out, and someone will pull up the humor section of Pinterest and we'll laugh and laugh together, calling out our favorites. ('click on that one!...click on that one!..")
It works great with facebook. For Thanksgiving I was able to find some fun, funky pictures to post for the holiday. I had planned to make simple ornaments for nieces/nephews, gluing pics from Pinterest, of things they love, onto wooden circles. Still may do it.
I also love the food sections. I'm not a cook, hate the whole idea of being in the kitchen. But I find so many easy, clever things that even I could do, that my kids have been pleased that I have become more inspired.
I think Pinterest helps a mom nurture her geekhood. Through the tech and science categories, it opens up new ideas and information that would be hard to find on your own. I personally don't cruise the 'home dec' boards much, because I'm not much of a designer. But I love that my boys even click over to the science related boards, and discuss things for hours afterward.
I don't get to visit as often as I did when I first found it, but I know its always there, with great pics and ideas. My only warning for people is "Be careful! Make sure you have LOTS of time to kill on the day you first try it!"
Judy Berna
I used to keep a binder with magazine clippings of future projects to try, but now I have Pinterest for inspiration. I've even made some of the items I pinned – bracelets, wreaths, and Halloween decorations. I feel like a DIY Queen.
Whenever I need a smile, I take a look through the "Geek" category. It's usually heavy on Harry Potter and Doctor Who images, along with other geeky goodness.
I love browsing the site and looking for my next big project!
Kelly Knox
I've never been one to do more than look at a magazine photo and decide that I love it. I've not collected images in a folder, and have never really sat and compared different looks. But with Pinterest? I can easily glance and see that I seem to be drawn to very *beige decor. ;) I'm using it as a way to gather my ideas together. I've always bookmarked links that I like, but the visual that pinterest offers is SO much easier for me to maneuver.
find me on Pinterest
It's funny, for all I'm such a social media junkie, Pinterest hasn't grabbed me. I occasionally crosspost my "daily swoon" G+ posts there, but when I start clicking around other people's pins, it pretty much just creates a mountain of want–so much gorgeousness out there to admire and yearn for!
But I have a number of friends who have never been keen on Facebook, Twitter, blogging, etc—but they love Pinterest, LOVE it. I think part of it, for me, is that I'm a word person, not a picture person. When I go to Twitter, I'm sucked right in. So many conversations! I'm in heaven. But Pinterest doesn't absorb me in that way. I get overwhelmed by all the beautiful visuals and find myself clicking away.
OK, now I'm LOL because I just went to Pinterest to follow those of you who've chimed in on this thread, and the first post I saw was this one about how to draw hair. Which I know my manga-drawing daughters will be interested in—so it just occurred to me to create a pinboard especially for them, a place where I can share things they'll enjoy. Now *that* I might be able to get into...
I am the only one on it at our house. To me it was a long awaited solution to my magazine addiction. I get several magazines a month and I love looking through them and dog earring pages with stuff I like, want to make, etc. Then they would sit by my bed for months, sometimes years, at a time and I would never get to do anything with them. Eventually I would just recycle them. When I found Pinterest I realized I can find all those projects, ideas, and recipes and pin them. Then when I have a few minutes, I can go to my crafts or recipes board and find something I have wanted to make instead of having to search through magazines to find it.
My only problem is that is seems to crash quite a bit.
To me, it is different that FB because it is less of a social outlet for me and more of a barrel of ideas. I still check FB more than Pinterest but I have used Pinterest for decorating ideas and gift ideas for this Christmas.
Jen D.
I've been on Pinterest for a few months now. I'm using it in a way much different than I had expected when I first started. At first I treated it like a social network, creating boards of things I want to share with others, same as my Facebook profile with lists of my favorite books, favorite kid books, favorite movies, etc. Now I use it not as a place to share with others but as a place to save things for myself. My repository of DIY projects I want to do, new recipes I want to try, home decor inspirations, or even just saving the picture and link of an item I want to purchase at a later date.
I recently bought a new house and during escrow I spent hours and hours browsing the home decor thread and saving pictures of things I liked. I've always been a beige, brown, and red kind of girl, but reviewing my home decor board I noticed everything was blue and grey! Finally I decided the paint color scheme for the new house would be white, dark grey, and bright teal. I don't think I would have gone for it if it wasn't for Pinterest teaching me a thing or two about myself!
The app is (was?) super buggy in terms of connectivity. I do 100% of my social media browsing from my phone (during breaks, in bed at night, on the road if I'm not the driver) so I've had serious issues with it not pinning/repinning my stuff a lot of times. I don't know how the new update is yet, I'm installing now. Fingers crossed!
I could never get used to Twitter. When it comes to words, I'm a verbose person. Being limited to X-number of characters drives me bat sh**crazy. FB and G+ are oriented towards making a people-to-people connection. No one on FB of G+ cares if I like this lamp or that lamp or that other lamp, and I wouldn't want to bog down people with a million links and pictures to home decor items I'm considering for my new house. With Pinterest, we're all there to find visual inspiration so I don't feel bad to posting 15 styles of lamps or 37 rugs I like. I do follow my friends' Pinterest boards and they follow mine so there is still a social element, but I really spend most of my time scrolling down the "everything" list to find new ideas and saving things on my boards for my convenience. I consider Pinterest more of a tool than a social network.
I also love to save cute bento boxes and DYI project ideas for my daughter when she's older!
find me on Pinterest


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$ 4.95
$ 4.95
*Featured on KSL Studio 5* Are you struggling to manage your weekly to-dos? This simple, editable printable will help you streamline the process and keep your goals organized and top-of-mind.
My 'mom game plan' chart breaks a typical day into 5 big categories:
I keep one game plan on my fridge and a smaller one on my bathroom mirror. I call it my 'perfect week' plan because it's not reality. I know I'll never manage to do it perfectly but having those goals in place helps me feel more focused and successful.
All the text in this chart is editable (the categories on the side are not editable). This listing is DIY & instant download. Print as many as you need for your personal use.
Each color variation of printable includes:
You can add in your own schedule using Adobe Acrobat Reader and following the steps below:
This listing is for the printable INSTANT DOWNLOAD version of this file. Once purchased this file can be printed as many times as you like for personal use. Please respect the copyright - don't share or sell the file with others.


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Version: *A
Translation - Japanese: nvSRAMデバイスの初期値 - KBA83096 - Community Translated (JA)
What are the contents of an nvSRAM device when it is shipped? Can I assume that the data is fixed?
Cypress ships nvSRAM devices with nonvolatile cells that are programmed to 0x00. However, incoming inspection routines at customer or contract manufacturer sites often reprogram these values to repeating patterns of 0xAA, 0x55, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xA5, and 0x5A.
Do not assume that the nvSRAM is in a set programmed state. If your system routines use the nvSRAM contents to determine first-time system configuration and cold or warm boot status, you must always program a complex 4-byte pattern (for example, 0x46, 0xE6, 0x49, 0x53) as part of the final system manufacturing test.