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PCR and culture were comparatively evaluated for their abilities to demonstrate Francisella tularensis in wound specimens from tularemia patients during an outbreak in Sweden in 1998. For transport of the specimens used for PCR, a buffer solution containing a nuclease inhibitor was used, and for transport of the specimens used for culture, a commercial transport system was selected after experimental comparison of various systems. Of 40 patients with culture- and/or serology-verified ulceroglandular tularemia, PCR detected F. tularensis DNA in 30 (75%) patients, whereas culture detected bacterial growth in 25 (62%) patients. Compared to data from a previous study, the present inclusion of a nuclease inhibitor in the transport medium did not improve the sensitivity of the PCR, whereas the sensitivity of the culture procedure was significantly increased by selection of the system used for transport. Among eight patients with clinically suspected tularemia but with negative serology and culture, specimens from four patients showed detectable DNA. In three of these patients the diagnosis was verified by the demonstration of an F. tularensis-specific T-cell response in vitro. In conclusion, PCR was more sensitive than culture for demonstration of F. tularensis in wound specimens. Besides, we showed that tularemia may proceed without development of serum antibodies, and in these patients, PCR may be of special importance for verification of the diagnosis.
Francisella tularensis is endemic throughout the Northern Hemisphere and causes outbreaks of tularemia in various mammals including rodents, lagomorphs, and humans. In humans, the clinical presentation depends on the route of entrance of the bacteria. The ulceroglandular form of the disease is acquired either by direct contact with an infected animal or by vector transmission. Patients typically present with fever, enlarged and tender lymph nodes, and an ulcer at the place of entry (4, 5). The skin lesion is usually slight, and the appearance of an infected insect bite need not actually differ from that of a noninfected bite.
F. tularensis is highly virulent, and in diagnostic work involving culture procedures, nonvaccinated staff are at high risk of acquiring clinical disease (3). In most clinical laboratories, serology is the only diagnostic test used. Exceptions are patients with septicemia in whom tularemia may be diagnosed more or less accidentally by growth of F. tularensis in blood cultures. Consequently, some work is performed to optimize the blood culture procedure for F. tularensis (11, 12). There is, however, little experience with the use of culture of wound specimens in clinical diagnostic work. The optimal way of sampling and the optimal handling of wound specimens during transport are unknown, and therefore, the potential efficacy of the procedure is also unknown.
Rapid methods for the identification of F. tularensis such as the immunofluorescence assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antigen and the RNA hybridization assay have been tried but have so far not been included in routine diagnostics (9; M. Forsman, K. Kuoppa, A. Sjöstedt, and A. Tärnvik, Letter, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.9:784–785, 1990; A. Tärnvik, S. Löfgren, L.Öhlund, and G. Sandström, Letter, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:318–319, 1987). We recently introduced PCR for the demonstration of F. tularensis in wound specimens (16). The method showed a high degree of specificity, and by use of spiked samples, a sensitivity of 102 bacteria was demonstrated. In an outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia in Sweden in 1995, F. tularensis DNA was successfully amplified from wound specimens from 29 of 40 patients. In that study, specimens were sent in saline. When various methods for treatment of the specimens prior to the PCR analysis were compared, the best success was achieved by use of a protocol that included the nuclease inhibitor guanidine thiocyanate as the lysis agent.
The use of PCR for the direct diagnosis of ulceroglandular tularemia is thus highly promising, and more work on the conditions that might influence the assay seems to be warranted. By inclusion of a nuclease inhibitor in the transport medium, we addressed in the present study the question of whether degradation during transport might adversely affect the outcome of PCR. As regards culture, we compared various transport systems by experimental inoculation and storage. When in 1998 a new outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia occurred in the same geographic region as the 1995 outbreak (16), we compared the sensitivity of PCR with that of culture.
Bacteria. F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) (ATCC 29684) was supplied by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md. A virulent strain of F. tularensis (strain FSC200) was isolated from a patient during the 1998 outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia in central Sweden. F. tularensis strains were handled under biosafety level 3 laboratory conditions. Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600 was kindly provided by Victoria Shingler, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Bacterial transport systems.Four different transport systems were compared. First, a modified variant of the nonnutrient Stuart medium intended for transport of gonococci (13) has been used for several decades for transport of bacterial specimens and was used during the 1995 outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia (16). Second, a modified Thayer-Martin medium (14) routinely used in the laboratory for culture ofF. tularensis was evaluated. It was supplemented with 7.5 mg of colistin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) per liter, 2.5 mg of amphotericin B (Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, N.J.) per liter, 0.5 mg of lincomycin (Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Mich.) per liter, 4 mg of trimethoprim (Duchefa, Haarlem, The Netherlands) per liter, and 10 mg of ampicillin (Duchefa) per liter as described previously (2). Sterile saline (3-ml volumes) was also evaluated as a transport medium. Sterile cotton-tipped wood applicators (Selefatrade AB, Spånga, Sweden) were used for inoculation of F. tularensis in all these media. Finally, we assessed a commercial transport system designed for transport of common anaerobic and aerobic pathogens (7, 10); J. L. Perry, D. R. Ballou, and J. L. Salyer, Letter, J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3367–3368, 1997). The system included a rayon-tipped plastic applicator and a tube containing Amies agar with charcoal (Copan Italia, Brescia, Italy).
Patient samples.In August and September 1998, tularemia occurred along the Ljusnan River in central Sweden. Through general practitioners, wound and blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected ulceroglandular tularemia. Forty-eight patients (ages 1 to 83 years; mean age, 38.8 years; 22 females and 26 males) were included, but only 1 patient had received antibiotic treatment before the day of the visit. Material was collected from the ulcer by use of two applicators. A cotton-tipped applicator, intended for use in PCR analysis, was transported in a sterile tube containing 1.0 ml of a guanidine isothiocyanate-containing buffer (8), a solution previously shown under experimental conditions to preserve F. tularensis DNA for at least 1 month without a loss of amplifiable material (16). A rayon-tipped applicator was sent in Amies agar with charcoal for use in the culture diagnostic method. The samples arrived at the laboratory after 1 to 3 days of transport. Blood samples were drawn from each patient while the patient was in the acute phase of infection and 3 to 6 weeks after the onset of disease for assay of F. tularensis-specific antibodies. Before a patient was considered seronegative, at least four serum samples were analyzed over a period of ≥2 months.
Culture diagnosis of tularemia.After inoculation on a modified Thayer-Martin agar plate (14) at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 6 days, growth of F. tularensis was confirmed by slide agglutination with a commercial antiserum (Difco Laboratories, Augsburg, Germany) and DNA amplification by PCR.
Enzyme immunoassay.For enzyme immunoassay, microplates were coated with an F. tularensis carbohydrate-protein complex (14), and serum samples, diluted 1/500, were assayed as described previously (18). Samples from a large number of subjects who denied that they had previously had tularemia or tularemia vaccination showed mean ± standard deviation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay values of 0.320 ± 0.084 for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and 0.099 ± 0.011 for IgM antibodies, and on that basis, an IgG value of ≥0.76 and an IgM value of ≥0.40 were considered to confirm the diagnosis.
Preparation of DNA and PCR analysis.A 450-μl volume was collected from each patient sample that had been suspended in a guanidine isothiocyanate-containing buffer (8), and the volume was further diluted with the buffer to a final volume of 900 μl. DNA was prepared as described previously (8, 16) and was dissolved in 12 μl of H2O for amplification in a multiplex PCR with primer pairs specific to the gene encoding a 17-kDa lipoprotein of F. tularensis LVS and to the human β-actin gene. The 17-kDa gene primers TUL4-435 and TUL4-863 (16) yield an F. tularensis-specific, 0.4-kb fragment (17), whereas the human β-actin gene primers yield a 0.2-kb fragment. In each PCR analysis, heat-killed F. tularensis and H2O were included as controls. The reaction mixture contained (at a final concentration) a mixture of deoxynucleoside triphosphates (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) at a concentration of 200 μM, each primer (Pharmacia Biotech) at a concentration of 0.8 μM, 3 mM MgCl2, and 1 U of thermostable Taq polymerase in 25 μl of Taqreaction buffer (Advanced Biotechnologies, London, United Kingdom). To each reaction mixture, 3 μl of sample was added for denaturation at 94°C for 3 min in a DNA Progene thermal cycler (Techne, Cambridge, United Kingdom), followed by amplification for 30 cycles. Each cycle consisted of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, primer annealing at 65°C for 30 s, and primer extension at 72°C for 1 min. After a final extension at 72°C for 5 min, the tubes were stored at 4°C until a 5-μl portion of each reaction mixture was subjected to electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel. After ethidium bromide staining, the amplified gene products were visualized with UV light.
Competitive PCR.A 1,141-bp fragment of theFrancisella 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) was amplified from patient samples by use of a genus-specific primer pair, primers F5 and F11 (6). For use as an internal standard, a 673-bp DNA fragment was generated from the 2,3-dioxygenase-encoding gene (dmpBgene) of Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600 (1) with the composite primers F11dmpF and F5dmpR. The primer F11dmpF (5′-TACCAGTTGGAAACGACTGTATCGACGAGGACTGCCTGAA) consisted of primer F11 (boldface letters) appended to the 5′ end of bases 259 to 278 of the dmpB gene, and F5dmpF (CCTTTTTGAGTTTCGCTCCCCAGCCAGGTCACGGGCTT) consisted of primer F5 (boldface letters) appended to the 5′ end of bases 892 to 874 of the dmpB gene. These primers thus generated a fragment flanked by the binding sequences for primers F5 and F11. To ascertain that Francisella 16S rDNA and the internal standard construct were amplified with similar efficiencies, an equal molar amount of the respective target was amplified separately. Aliquots were removed after cycles 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, and the quantity of each amplicon was plotted in relation to the number of cycles. In three experiments, no significant differences in the slope coefficients for the linear portions of two curves were found. The amount of 16S rDNA on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels was estimated by identifying the dilution of the competitor fragment that after amplification showed the same intensity as the amplicon of the sample DNA after correction for the different lengths of the two fragments.
Assay of proliferative T-cell response.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were prepared from heparinized blood by centrifugation on a Ficoll-Metrizoate gradient (Lymphoprep; NYCOMED AS, Oslo, Norway), and cultures were established. Each culture (200 μl) contained 3 × 105 mononuclear cells. The culture medium consisted of RPMI-HEPES (GIBCO Laboratories, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 15% pooled human serum, 100 μg of gentamicin per ml, and 2 mM l-glutamine. Concanavalin A (10 μg/ml) or heat-killed F. tularensis (105 cells/ml) was used as a stimulating agent. In preliminary experiments, these concentrations were found to be optimal. To estimate the proliferative response, five replicate cultures were incubated at 37°C for 4 days, pulsed for 6 h with 1 μCi of [3H]thymidine, and harvested. The proliferative indices were calculated by dividing the mean for cultures with and without stimulating agent. Concanavalin A-stimulated cell cultures all showed proliferative indices of >3.
Recovery of F. tularensis in various transport systems.To compare the various transport media, a virulent strain (strain FSC200) of F. tularensis, which was isolated from a Swedish patient in 1998 and passaged only once, and live vaccine strainF. tularensis LVS (ATCC 29684) were used. Bacteria were grown on modified Thayer-Martin medium and were suspended in saline at a density of 107 cells/ml. Portions of 0.1 ml were collected from the suspension by inserting a tipped applicator for 5 s. The applicator was stored in a transport medium at room temperature for a given period of time, removed, and rotated vigorously for 60 s in 200 μl of saline for determination of viable counts. For PCR analysis, a 50-μl portion was transferred to a tube containing 1.0 ml of the guanidine isothiocyanate-containing buffer. The DNA of the lysed bacteria was prepared as described previously (8) and was subjected to PCR with TUL4-435 and TUL4-863 as primers. Applicators inoculated in saline were used as negative controls. After amplification, a 5-μl portion of each reaction mixture was subjected to electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel. The amplified gene products were visualized with UV light after ethidium bromide staining.
Survival of F. tularensis in various transport media.The survival of F. tularensis after storage in modified Stuart medium, saline, or Amies agar with charcoal was tested for two different strains of F. tularensis, a recent patient isolate, strain FSC200, and the live vaccine strain, strain LVS. Irrespective of the strain used, storage in saline or Stuart medium resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial numbers within 4 h, and 2 days after inoculation of 1.5 × 106 or 5.5 × 106 organisms, no viable bacteria were demonstrated (Table 1). In contrast, Amies agar with charcoal (Copan) preserved bacterial viability for 1 week, and after 7 days bacterial numbers had decreased ≤1 log10. Irrespective of the medium, PCR analysis performed after 7 days of storage showed the presence of F. tularensisDNA. Control samples containing saline showed no visible amplicons. Thayer-Martin medium modified by the addition of antibiotics was repeatedly found to preserve bacterial viability as effectively as Amies agar with charcoal (data not shown).
Culture and PCR analysis of wound specimens.Wound specimens from 48 patients with clinically suspected tularemia were sent in Amies agar with charcoal for culture and in guanidine isothiocyanate-containing buffer for PCR. For 40 patients the diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or culture. F. tularensis was isolated from 25 (62%) of these 40 patients, and F. tularensis DNA was successfully amplified from 30 (75%) of these 40 patients (Table 2). β-Actin DNA was amplifiable from all 30 F. tularensis DNA-containing specimens. For 4 of 10 F. tularensis DNA-negative specimens, however, β-actin DNA was not detected, indicating that these specimens may not have contained significant amounts of biological material. Thus, F. tularensis DNA was detected in 30 (83%) of 36 patients from whose samples β-actin DNA was amplified.
T-cell response to F. tularensis of patients with detectable F. tularensis DNA but negative serology and culture.In eight patients with clinically suspected tularemia, neither serology of samples obtained over ≥12 weeks nor wound culture confirmed the diagnosis (Table 3).F. tularensis DNA was successfully amplified from wound samples from four of these patients. To more fully investigate the latter patients with regard to laboratory-based evidence of tularemia, the in vitro T-cell stimulation test was performed. In three of the patients, a recall T-cell response to F. tularensis was demonstrated ∼5 months after onset of disease (Table4). Stimulatory indices were >3.0 times higher than the background value, whereas it was <2.3 times higher for seven reference subjects who lacked a history of tularemia or tularemia vaccination. The fourth patient showed a stimulatory index of 1.0. The latter patient showed no typical signs of tularemia, and specific antibiotic treatment was not instituted.
Quantitation of F. tularensis DNA in wound samples.A competitive PCR was used to assess the amount of DNA present in six specimens (three PCR- and culture-positive specimens and three PCR-positive and culture-negative specimens) obtained during the 1995 tularemia outbreak. For all investigated samples, the estimated amount of DNA varied from 106 to 107 genomic equivalents per specimen. Results of a representative analysis are shown in Fig. 1.
Although the nutritional requirements of F. tularensishave been known for decades, there has been little experience with the use of culture for the routine diagnosis of tularemia. Due to the high degree of virulence of the organism, culture of wound specimens is normally avoided (5). A more general use of culture for the diagnosis of tularemia has been reported only from Scandinavia, where the less virulent subspecies F. tularensis subsp.holarctica is endemic (4, 16). In one of the latter studies (16), the sensitivity of the culture procedure was found to be as low as 25%. In that study a modified Stuart medium was used for transport, but it was found to be suboptimal in the present study. According to the present experiments with spiked samples, a commercial transport medium and a medium recommended for culture were more preservative. When the commercial medium was used as the transport medium for specimens from the present outbreak, a sensitivity of 62% was recorded. The transport medium thus seemed to be important for the success of culture of F. tularensisfrom wound specimens.
Due to hazards associated with culture, ulceroglandular tularemia seems to be a perfect target for gene-based pathogen identification. PCR for identification of the gene encoding a 17-kDa outer membrane lipoprotein allows the sensitive identification of F. tularensis. The gene is conserved among various strains of F. tularensis and shows no significant similarity to other prokaryotic or eukaryotic gene sequences in current gene banks. F. tularensis is not closely related to organisms known to be associated with human infection or colonization (6), thus further minimizing problems with interpretation of the findings.
According to the present results and those of a previous study (16), the sensitivity of PCR applied to wound specimens from patients with ulceroglandular tularemia is ∼75%. In principle, a failure to detect DNA may be due either to inefficient sampling or to degradation of DNA during transport. The present and previous results favor the first explanation. If degradation was the main problem, the present inclusion of a nuclease inhibitor in the transport medium would have been expected to result in an increased sensitivity. The sensitivity was, however, not higher than that found when samples were sent in saline (16). Moreover, some samples would have been expected to contain relatively small amounts of amplifiable DNA. When six samples were subjected to quantitative PCR, all were found to have large amounts of DNA (106 to 107 genomic equivalents). In line with this, we previously showed that the success of PCR amplification was not decisively affected by the time of transport (16).
If the transport is not the weak link of the present PCR application, difficulties associated with sampling may be the more important. Some of those specimens that lacked amplifiable F. tularensis DNA also lacked amounts of β-actin DNA sufficient for PCR detection, indicating that in those samples, no or very little biological material was present. By contrast, β-actin DNA was amplified from all 30 samples in which F. tularensis-specific DNA was detectable. Moreover, only 1 of the 10 PCR-negative samples was culture positive. It should be recalled that in some patients with tularemia, the ulcer is very slight, and it may even be difficult to distinguish between an infected and a noninfected mosquito bite (4). Thus, the sensitivity of the PCR may well be restricted by difficulty with obtaining representative material. To improve sensitivity, intense rubbing of the wound surface may be tried, and sampling from more than one lesion may also be attempted. When lesions are minute or dry, a skin biopsy might be useful.
In the present study we identified four patients with clinically suspected tularemia but with repeated negative serology results when their sera were tested up to 12 weeks after the onset of symptoms and with negative culture results. When subjected to the T-cell stimulation test, three of them showed a strong cell-mediated immune response toF. tularensis. In previous vaccination trials, such a lack of correlation between serological and cell-mediated responses to the organism has been demonstrated, and similar to the patients in the present study, some of the vaccinees showed a strong T-cell response but no antibodies (18, 19). In clinical studies of tularemia, there are virtually no reports of the absence of antibodies in patients who were monitored by serologic testing for several weeks. A problem, however, is that the presence of serum antibodies is often used as an inclusion criterion for a study, and seronegative patients with tularemia may thereby be excluded a priori. In the present study those three patients who failed to respond with detectable antibodies all received treatment within 2 days of the onset of disease. An inhibitory effect of the early institution of antibiotics on the serological response in tularemia has been suggested previously (15). In essence, PCR may verify some cases of tularemia that would otherwise escape detection.
Thus, under transport conditions believed to preserve the viability ofF. tularensis, in the present study PCR showed a sensitivity of ∼75% and culture showed a sensitivity of 62%. Moreover, PCR allowed detection of some cases of tularemia that failed to be detected by culture or serology. The sensitivity of PCR may possibly be restricted by difficulty with obtaining representative material from all patients.
We thank Stig Granström for expert advice on transport systems for culture specimens and Michal Kroca and Thorsten Johansson for help with lymphocyte stimulation assays.
Financial support was obtained from the Swedish Medical Research Council (grant 9485), Västerbottens Landsting, and the Medical Faculty, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Received 4 May 1999.
- Accepted 30 September 1999.
- Copyright © 2000 American Society for Microbiology


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Dear All,
I have quite a bit of information that I would like to get out and wanted to save some time (and number of emails) by combining the flyers. Please do take time to look over all and feel free to forward or print off anything that you would like to share with others. I would appreciate that as would those who are working hard to get this information out to more people.
1.) Open Burning Law – This gives some of the information about burning in Marion County. Remember leaves can not be burned, nor can trash. For more information go to: Indy.Gov/BNS Open Burning.
2.) Holiday Shopping Safety Tips – Since the "Black Friday Sales" are already starting and many folks getting ready to shop for those special gifts, preparing for parties, family meals, etc., IMPD has put together some tips for while you are at a shopping center or store that are good not only for the Holidays, but all year long. Please read over these and encourage others in your family to do the same.
3.) IMPD Contact Sheet – With several changes over the past year in our IMPD Northwest District there is a new sheet out on their contact information. This has not only the important phone numbers, but email addresses as well.
4.) "Coffee With a Cop" – The next "Coffee With a Cop" will be on Monday, Nov. 27th (right after Thanksgiving) from 9 a.m. – 10 a.m. at the McDonald's located 7236 W. 10th Street. This is about as close as you can be to our district without actually being in it. I hope many of you can make it. What a great way to talk one-on-one with many of our officers and Commander Jefferson! Don't forget to put it on your calendar.
5.) IMPD Task Force Meeting – And while the last item is not until December, with the hustle and bustle of Thanksgiving, I thought I would get this out early. IMPD Northwest District Task Force Meeting is on Wednesday, December 6th, from 6 p.m. – 7 p.m. at the Fay Biccard Glick Neighborhood Center located at 2990 W. 71st Street (just east of Michigan Road). The Pike Township Fire Department will go over Holiday Fire Prevention Tips and how to keep your family safe. Some great information for everyone to follow.
Hope that this information and the flyers are useful to you. Again, please pass this on to others who may not be getting it from me or other sources.
Janice McHenry
City-County Councillor District 6

subset: commoncrawl


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How to Make a Reuben Sandwich
German-Inspired Reuben Sandwich. Though both New York and Omaha claim to be home of the famous Reuben sandwich, it is actually created using German ingredients."According to Omaha lore, the combination of rye bread, corned beef, Swiss cheese, and sauerkraut had been dreamed up in 1925 to feed participants in a late-night poker game at the Blackstone Hotel in downtown Omaha by a local grocer, Reuben Kulakofsky. Charles Schimmel, the hotel's owner, was so taken with the sandwich that he put it on …
9th Nov 2019


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This week's Come, Follow Me lesson covers the story of Nephi praying on a tower in his garden, drawing a crowd, and revealing facts about the murder of the chief judge that he could only know through revelation. As I…
Category: Book of Mormon
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Notes on Book of Mormon Philology. Vb2-3. The utility of philology: Nephite origins
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Notes on Book of Mormon Philology. IV. The Puzzle of 3 Nephi
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Notes on Book of Mormon Philology. IIIc. The source structure of the Book of Mormon
If you trace the history of a text from earlier manuscripts to later ones, it's not unusual for the text to be extended in various ways.
A Lake of Fire and the Problem of Evil
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Notes on Book of Mormon Philology. IIIb note 1. A note on the uniformity of the Golden Plates
Mark Ashurst-McGee asks about the uniformity of the Golden Plates in eyewitness accounts, even though they contain both Mormon's abridgement and Nephi's small plates, and this is in fact genuinely weird.
Notes on Book of Mormon Philology. IIIa. Nephite literacy
Unless someone gets lucky with a spade or a metal detector, the full extent of Mormon's sources will remain unknown. To keep even tentative answers on the side of plausibility rather than fantasy, how we think about Mormon's sources should be informed by any information we have about Nephite literacy and textual culture.
Notes on Book of Mormon philology. II. What did Mormon know?
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Notes on Book of Mormon philology. The philological instinct
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MUST SEE CHARTS: Financial Disaster vs. Gold & Silver
Just think about this for a minute…
From SRSRocco:
The financial disaster taking place at the U.S. Government costs one heck of a lot of gold and silver. I doubt many precious metals investors understand the tremendous amount of gold and silver it takes to service the U.S. debt or supplement the massive budget deficits.
I was actually quite surprised by the results when I compared the calculations. In 2015, the U.S. Federal Government paid $402 billion just to service the interest on its debt. This figure can be found at TreasuryDirect.gov. According to the Federal Reserve Q1 2016 Statistical Release, the U.S. Federal Government spent a total of $4.02 trillion in 2015. Thus, the interest on U.S. debt consumed 10% of the total budget.
While this is not much of a surprise to most precious metals investors, when we compare it to the total value of global gold and silver production, it most certainly is:
If we multiply the total global gold and silver production in 2015 by the average spot price (of each metal), the total market value of these two precious metals was $136 billion.
NOTE: Actually I used $1,200 for gold even though the average spot price in 2015 was $1,160. Furthermore, I rounded up the price of silver to $16 even though the average spot price was $15.68.
Regardless, the total value of global gold production in 2015 was $122 billion while the total value of silver was $14 billion. Which means, the U.S. Federal Govt. could purchase three times the global gold and silver production in 2015, just to pay the interest on its debt.
Just think about that for a minute. The U.S. Govt finance cost of its debt in 2015 would be able to purchase three years worth of global gold and silver production.
Let's look at it another way. Total global gold production in 2015 was 101.5 million oz (Moz), while total global silver production was 877 Moz (source: GFMS Gold & Silver Surveys). Thus, the U.S. Federal Govt interest expense in 2015 would purchase 304.5 Moz of gold and 2.6 billion oz of silver.
Let's put that into perspective. The United States Treasury supposedly holds 8,133 metric tons of gold in its official reserves (again, supposedly… haha). However, 304.5 Moz of gold equals 9,471 metric tons.
What the U.S. Federal Govt paid in just its interest expense of $402 billion in 2015, would purchase more gold in one year than its entire official gold reserves. Furthermore, we can't forget about the 2.6 billion oz of silver.
According to my article, How High Will Silver's Value Increase Compared To Gold During The Next Crash?, I stated that the total available amount of physical silver investment in the world (bars and coins) was estimated to be 2.5 billion oz. So, if we include the additional 2.6 billion oz of silver that could also be purchased (along with the all the gold), the U.S. Federal Govt could acquire more silver in one year, greater than the total amount of silver investment stockpiles in the world.
This reveals just how insane the financial situation in the U.S. Federal Government has become.
And… its even much worse when we include the U.S. annual budget deficits.
Take A Look At How Much Gold & Silver The U.S. Federal Govt. Deficits Could Purchase
According to the Federal Reserve Q1 2016 Statistical Report, the U.S. Govt budget deficits totaled $4.2 trillion for the past five years (2011 to 2015). If we applied the same gold and silver values for 2015 to the five-year U.S. budget deficits, this would be the result:
The total amount of U.S. Govt budget deficits from 2011-2015 would purchase 30 times the amount of global gold and silver production in 2015. This turns out to be one hell of a lot of gold and silver. How much?
Gold & Silver Production To Equal $4.2 trillion in Budget Deficits
Gold Production of 101.5 Moz X 30 = 3.04 billion oz
Silver Production of 877 Moz X 30 = 26.3 billion oz
Just to supplement the U.S. Govt deficits for the past five years, the amount would purchase 3 billion oz of gold and 26.3 billion oz of silver. For example, here is my chart from my article linked above on the total official physical global gold and silver investment stockpiles:
According to the official sources, the world has approximately $3.04 trillion in Central Bank and private gold investment stockpiles in the world. The value of the 2.25 billion oz of gold is higher in this chart than shown in my figures above because this was based on a much higher gold price of $1,350 this year than the figure of $1,200 for 2015.
Regardless, the total sum of U.S. Budget deficits over the past five years could purchase ALL of the known Central Bank and private gold investment holdings in the world. Furthermore, we also have to include the additional 26.3 billion oz of silver the U.S. Govt could purchase from the remaining funds to supplement its 2011-2015 budget deficits.
Amazingly, this would nearly equal all the cumulative world silver production since 1950:
This is the first chart of a total of 48 charts in my THE SILVER CHART REPORT. From 1950 to 2014, the world produced a total of 27.4 billion oz of silver. This turns out to be more than half of all known global silver production to date.
So, the $4.2 trillion in funds to supplement the U.S. budget deficits from 2011 to 2015 would purchase all known Central Bank and private gold investment stockpiles as well as all the global silver production since 1950.
This is how completely insane the U.S. Federal Govt financial situation has become. Now we hear from Fed Chairman Janet Yellen that the Federal Reserve may start to buy stocks. While the Fed has more than likely been propping up the U.S. Stock Markets in private, they are now publicly stating they are considering buying U.S. stocks.
This is a sign that we are at the END GAME of the Greatest Financial Ponzi Scheme in history. While many investors will see this as a green light to BUY STOCKS, instead they should be acquiring physical gold and silver hand over fist.
Lastly, to give you an idea just how insane our $402 billion of annual interest expense is, let's look at the following figures below:
2015 U.S. Govt Outlays
Food Assistance = $104 billion
Education = $70 billion
Housing & Community = $63 billion
Internal Affairs = $41 billion
Energy & Environment = $39 billion
Unemployment = $36 billion
Transportation = $26 billion
Total = $379 billion
If we total all the U.S. Federal Govt outlays above from Food Assistance to Transportation, it equaled $379 billion in 2015. The U.S. Govt forked out more money just to service its debt last year than it did in all eight government sectors shown above.
Anyone investing in U.S. Treasuries for the long-term, you really need to get your head examined.
I will be publishing more articles on the ongoing U.S. Federal Govt financial disaster in the following weeks. With the upcoming collapse of the U.S. and global oil industries, it would be wise for investors to consider increasing their allocation of physical gold and silver. Holding ones wealth in most Stocks, Bonds and Real Estate in the future will likely turn out to be the worst investment strategy ever.


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If you would like to support to Read With Pride, click "SUPPORT".
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Destiny 2 Players Aren't Happy About Exotics Getting Weaker In Upcoming Patch
Season of Opulence is going to make some favorite gear less useful.
As ever, Bungie is continuing to tweak Destiny 2 with balancing changes through live updates, but the next one hasn't garnered much excitement from fans. With the Season of the Drifter coming to a close at the end of the month, Bungie used a blog post to detail its next slate of changes to the game, and they're all of the "nerf" variety--weakening some of the game's most-used, best-loved equipment.
On its blog, Bungie detailed some of the upcoming changes coming with its next content season, the Season of Opulence, which starts on June 4. The new tweaks focus on ratcheting down the power of several Exotic weapons and pieces of armor. According to the post, through the Season of the Drifter, Bungie saw a lot of Exotics becoming "must-pick" items for various loadouts, and the changes are meant to get other items back into the rotation a bit more. Most of the changes focus on players' Super abilities, which charge up over time but which can be fast-tracked with certain pieces of armor and "Orbs of Light" created by other players.
"Primarily, we're paying attention to pieces of Exotic armor that grant back Super energy," the post reads. "We felt they are increasingly becoming 'must-pick gear choices. Orb generation from teammates is meant to be the best way to accelerate your Super generation. These Exotics are allowing players to bypass this teamwork mechanic by generating a large amount of Super energy without relying on other players' orbs."
Exotics like the Skull of Dire Ahamkara helmet for Warlocks and the Ursa Furiosa gauntlets for Titans give Super energy back to players when they use their Super abilities, and under the right circumstances, can almost fully fill up a player's energy bar--which means they can launch several Supers in succession. That's great if you're enjoying wrecking a lot of enemies all at once, but apparently, it's not really what Bungie is going for.
Several weapons are also receiving nerfs in the update, most notably the Whisper of the Worm. The Exotic sniper rifle currently sports infinite ammo if you can manage to land only critical hits with it on enemies. The change will remove the infinite ammo perk; Bungie says it's hoping to make other sniper rifles more viable with the change, instead of Whisper being the de facto choice in all circumstances. It's worth noting that Bungie made this same change in Destiny 1 to Black Spindle, an Exotic sniper rifle that's very similar to Whisper.
Players haven't responded too well to the upcoming slate of changes, even though they're not actually in the game yet. Bungie's Twitter post pointing to its blog was awash in memes mocking the changes as fans protested the weakening of armor and weapons that have become staples in the game.
Rest In Peace our fallen soldiers #Gameofnerfs pic.twitter.com/0liNPW9a99— Jeezy (@xyjeezy) May 17, 2019
May 16, 2019
Destiny community: Shards of Galanor are useless— Rob - Dredgen Scathe (@Black_Knight_7) May 16, 2019
Bungie: Got it, nerfing the good super exotics to be useless as well
It's worth noting that Bungie hasn't released the full patch notes for the Season of Opulence update, so there will probably be others to go with these changes that might change how players feel about them. And Bungie is constantly making adjustments to Destiny 2 in order to make weapons, armor, Supers, and abilities more or less viable. It's very likely we'll see further adjustments to a lot of these things as the game continues to evolve.
But it's undeniable that much of the Destiny community is pretty upset with Bungie's upcoming changes, with some even threatening to defect before the next content drop. That seems like a major overreaction, but Destiny has a pretty vocal community, and Bungie often talks about how much it's paying attention to what players want. The question now is whether the developer responds to those complaints, and how it might do so.
GameSpot may get a commission from retail offers.
Got a news tip or want to contact us directly? Email firstname.lastname@example.com


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In the 19th century, Atlantic sturgeon were so abundant in the Hudson River in NY State that locals referred to them as "Albany beef." The sturgeon was the largest fish in the Hudson - weighing up to 800 pounds and some measuring over 8ft.
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As the weather begins to cool off, the last thing you want to do is turn down your heat. Unfortunately, those energy costs can rise higher than an Alaskan snow drift. While the obvious answer is to bundle up and wait it out, there are a number of small steps you can take to reduce your energy bills.
It's the Little Things that Count
How many times have you left your cell phone charger plugged in long after you've removed your phone? Have you left a power strip switched on when there was nothing plugged into it? Little things like that seep little bits of power out of your home that can quickly add up. Try to unplug any item that isn't being used.
Make Your Home Seem Warmer Than It Is
While lowering your thermostat by just one degree can reduce your energy costs by up to three percent, there are other ways to make you feel warm. Do you have tile or wood floors? Invest in a few more throw rugs to keep the floor and your feet from feeling that winter sting.
During the winter, the air inside your home can get very dry. A humidifier will add moisture to the air and help you feel more comfortable so you can actually lower your thermostat. (Household plants and aquariums can also add moisture.)
Your Fireplace May Be to Blame
You may think your fireplace will keep your home warm at a lower cost, but it will actually increase your heating bill. A roaring fire requires lots of oxygen, and it will suck the warm air right out of your house. This doesn't mean you shouldn't use your fireplace, but avoid doing so when the outside temperature is less than 20 degrees Fahrenheit. The cold air that will enter your house through the open flue wastes more heat than is gained.
Don't forget that your chimney can be just as detrimental as an open window. Make sure the fireplace damper is closed when you're not using it to avoid cold air leaks.


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Residents in the community also have full access to the numerous walking trails that are woven throughout the Southfort area.
Centrally located between the Dow Centennial Centre and the new hospital site, the community of Southfort Bend provides residents with access to numerous shops and retail outlets in the adjacent power centre.
Gary has been involved in the hospitality industry for a long time.


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The Starlite Budget Inn of Mackinaw City has affordable prices for a great location, clean rooms with amenities, and a friendly staff. We are located a very short walk from historic downtown Mackinaw City shopping, restaurants, entertainment, and attractions. Ferries to Mackinac Island are close enough to quickly walk to, or a shuttle is available to pick you up and bring you to the dock. Tickets for most attractions are available for purchase right at the front desk.
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We have Pet Friendly Rooms: Dogs only, prior approval required, weight and breed restrictions. Non pet friendly rooms also available.


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Foucault's Archaeology: Science and Transformation
Foucault's Archaeology: Science and Transformation
David Webb reveals the extent to which Foucault's approach to language in The Archaeology of Knowledgewas influenced by the mathematical sciences, adopting a mode of thought indebted to thinkers in the scientific and epistemological traditions such as Cavailles and Serres. By aligning his thought with the challenge to Kantian philosophy from mathematics and science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he shows how Foucault established his own perspective on the future of critical philosophy.
The Archaeology of Knowledge by Michel Foucault is a book that presents a number of challenges. Most obviously, it introduces a lot of new terminology and makes many methodological distinctions, and for this reason presents a certain technical difficulty. However, there are other reasons. First and foremost, it addresses a specific problem that is not really explained in the book itself, concerning how thought in late modernity has responded to the impasse that Foucault describes in the final chapters of The Order of Things, and which hinges on the finitude of man. My first aim in this book is to show that The Archaeology of Knowledge is a deliberate attempt to accelerate a response that was in his view already underway. in addition, Foucault's text does little to make it clear where the most important precedents lie for the conceptual and methodological steps that he takes. For many readers, this is made worse by the fact that some of these precedents may be relatively unfamiliar today. Without some appreciation of them, however, I believe one's understanding of what Foucault is doing in this book will be incomplete. the precedents lie primarily in the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of science and the epistemology of the first half of the twentieth century, and in particular in the work of Gaston Bachelard and Jean Cavaillès. Michel Serres' early work on the history and epistemology of mathematics is also very significant, as are other elements of his thinking, such as his readings of atomism and of Leibniz.
It is on the basis of this work, I maintain, that Foucault elaborates the central ideas of The Archaeology of Knowledge, and in particular his attempt to respond to the challenge that he set near the end of The Order of Things; namely, to repeat Kant's critique of pure reason on the basis of the mathematical a priori (OT 383, 394). in different ways, for Bachelard, Cavaillès and Serres, mathematics is fundamentally . . .


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AdvoCare Reviews – Does This Work or a Scam?
There are a lot of AdvoCare reviews on the internet done by biased marketers who are in the company.
How are you suppose to take their review serious when they don't present all of the facts? Well, in this Advocare review, you will learn everything you need to make the right decision…
…Make sure you read this to the end because I am going to reveal something shocking that can cause you to fail.
First let's find out what the company is all about…
Advocare reviews – The Company
Website: www.advocare.com
AdvoCare was founded in 1993 by man named Charlie Ragus. His main goal was to help people to live their lives to the fullest with proper nutrition and financial stability.
21 years later the company is going strong and the main website gets ton of web traffic…
…That just means people are actually interested in the company and it's a good sign how much more it will grow.
It's still one of the biggest mlm companies out there…at least in the top 25!
Even though the company has a great track record, you will see people saying "This company is a scam…" Or… "I didn't make any money!".
I will get into that later in the blog post so pay attention and keep reading.
Next, let's check out the product line.
AdvoCare Review – The Product Line
When it comes to products, AdvoCare doesn't have any shortages…LOL , they have so much to choose from it's crazy. I will just list the main categories..
- 24-Day Challenge
- Trim
- Active
- Performance Elite
- Skincare
- AdvoCare workout series
And… In these categories, there are several other products that reflect the main category. For example, if you want to lose weight… Check out their "TRIM" section.
After doing a thorough investigation on their products, it seems like I can't find anything negative… Which is a good thing :).
I personally haven't tried the products – but the people that did love them.
Now the moment you have been waiting for…Show me the MONIES!
Let's look at the business opportunity…
AdvoCare Business Opportunity Review
Like every other network marketing company out there – if you sponsor someone in your business, you will get a commission. The main goal here is to have as many people buy a product pack and get into the business.
…so here is their compensation plan: Warning, the comp plan is done by a AdvoCare distributor so he/she will ask you to join. But, I rather have AdvoCare explain their comp plan.
The compensation plan is pretty good… For the right people – there is HUGE potential… But the keyword is "The right people".
Now I going to reveal to you what most reps are not telling you…
AdvoCare Scam – Is this a rip off?
Let's just be frank here… Any company that is over 20 years old is NOT a scam. You think the FTC would let a pyramid scam last this long? NO.
Network marketing isn't a Pyramid scheme, it's a legit business. A pyramid scheme is your JOB if you have one. Why doesn't the FTC shut those down? LOL
Anyway, lets get back on topic…
The biggest problem is people can't recruit for beans… Seriously, the average person only recruits 1.6 people into a business.
… That is NOT enough to make a huge income.
So you either have to learn how to become a sponsoring monster… OR… Look at a different business model that doesn't require sponsoring.
THAT my friends is the truth.
Now there is a few options to learn how to recruit, you can get some stuff from Dani Johnson, or if you want to sponsor people online on auto pilot…
I would recommend this system here click here.
If you want a proven online system that works step by step..
Click Here And Watch This Training Video!
It's all thanks to the amazing training and the one on one coaching you get in the system.
In other words, it works!
Click Here and See What I mean.
You will thank me later 🙂
I laid out the truth unlike so many other AdvoCare reviews out there. If you are in this company, please comment below and let my readers know how you are doing.
Follow me on Social media below (I am a real person :)):
Subscribe To My YouTube Channel Here.
Bless And Be Blessed,
-Jesse Singh


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$23.00 Sale: $22.42
Item Discontinued
This lo is for the monthly sketch challenge, bonus sketch #3, 4 categories challenge- stars and stripes and the color challenge and boys challenge. This is of my DH's friend who was killed while they were serving together in Iraq. Thank you for taking a look!! Have a great week!!
Entered in the following challenges:
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Wendi Williamson joked that she was perfecting the art of coming second after ending up Reserve Champion in both Level 4 and Level 5 at the 2019 Land Rover Horse of the Year, but yesterday the win was all hers in the CDI FEI Grand Prix Special. Wendi and Don Amour MH scored 69.957%, showing some really lovely work in a relatively mistake-free test.
Although his trot work has always been fancy, Don Amour's canter work is much improved from at the same show 12 months ago and three of the five judges had her above the 70% mark.
"I was pleased – I came out thinking it was a 70%. I was very focused on doing a clean test. Clearly, the neck is our biggest issue – he needs to be longer in the neck still. But that's about balance and strength; it's not a five-minute job," she says.
Wendi and Don Amour MH have gone head to head with Vanessa Way and NRM Andreas at Level 9 all season, but it was not a two-horse race in the Special. The surprise of the day was Jody Hartstone's second place with her 14-year-old stallion Ali Baba, their tidy test scoring a personal best of 67.596%.
"I'm stoked, although it's still a work in progress," says Jody. "Ali Baba is really coming along and Christine Weal has done a good job of helping me. It's made a big difference having controlled riding every day – I tend to want to go off to the beach! But Ali Baba is a thinker and that calm, steady work has really paid off."
Vanessa and NRM Andreas are usually impressive in the piaffe and passage work, but weren't quite on song in the Special, finishing on 66.851%, just in front of Bill Millar on Raukura Satori MH (66.59%) in fourth and Victoria Wall on Letty Lei EDH (65.19%) in fifth.
However, Vanessa and Andreas won the previous day's Grand Prix on 68.804%, with Wendi second (67.76%) and Jody third (66.23%).
"Andreas is still a baby and he's a big horse with a lot of power, so it's still very early days," says Vanessa. "Looking at my sheets, the judges would probably disagree with me, but I thought we did the best canter zig-zag we've ever done and I was really pleased with his changes. He's coming! And I just love his willing attitude – he gives it his all."
The Grand Prix doesn't count for the overall Horse of the Year title – points are only taken from the Special and the Kur. And with the musical's 1.5 weighting, the Dressage Horse of the Year won't be clear until after the final day's competition today.
Level 7
Northland's Julie Flintoff and her super special mare Belladonna MH continued their unstoppable run, winning the Level 7 Horse of the Year crown. Julie and the 10-year-old by Brentano II topped both the musical freestyle on 71.4% and the Inter I on 69.7%. Bella was not only incredibly consistent at the show – she was also remarkably relaxed, contentedly snoozing in her yard all day, the exact same one Julie has requested for the past three years.
"I don't know what it is about this show, but she just really likes it! I did get a bit worried when someone opened up their tent this morning as we were going around the outside of the arena, but she was fine."
Runner-up in the Level 7 was Christine Weal on the striking black 10-year-old Schindlers Liszt (by Lessing). They finished second in both title tests, with 68.1% in the Inter 1 and 67.6% in the freestyle.
This is Christine's second season on the horse she bought a couple of seasons ago from her pupil Louis Schindler, and he has progressed rapidly from Level 4 to Level 7.
"Louis had done an awesome job with him, but he's still quite green. Unfortunately I lost my changes today, but it's just mileage for him as this is only his second time to Horse of the Year – last year he was terrified!"
Level 6
Wendi Williamson and her chestnut mare Decadance MH won the Level 6 title, coming second in the freestyle on 71.83% and second in the Prix St Georges on 67.44%.
Wendi has been riding the nine-year-old by Dacaprio for less than a year. "She's a hot mare, but a real worker, which is why I've been able to get her up to speed so quickly."
Vanessa and her prolific winner NSC Pronto didn't have the best start in Level 6, finishing fourth in the Prix St Georges after a few glitches in the changes. "He just lost confidence on the footing," explains Vanessa. However, they were back to their usual brilliance in the freestyle, which they won on 72.25%, thus ending up Reserve Level 6 Champion.


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Where would you find your groceries if your supermarket's shelves were suddenly empty? The threat of earthquakes, trucker strikes, power outages or a global market collapse make us vulnerable like never before. With spiralling fuel prices and unstable world economies, individuals and communities are demanding more control over their food supply. Food Security for the Faint of Heart is designed to gently ease readers into a more empowered place so that shocks to our food supply can be handled confidently. As well as acquiring new skills and ideas, there are other compelling reasons to get better prepared. The local economy gains support and encouragement to expand, in turn boosting food's taste and nutritional value, along with the health of people and ecosystems. Community support helps low-income families eat higher quality food, and the preparation provides a psychological edge in an emergency. Chapters are devoted to useful, transferable skills, including: * Preserving garden food * Saving freezer food during a power outage * Managing through an earthquake * Preparing quick herbal medicinals * Foraging for wild food. A humorous treatment of a sometimes threatening topic, this book will appeal to both long-time food security advocates, as well as to newcomers to the topic who are wary of it all and would prefer to avoid it.
Title: Food Security for the Faint of Heart: Keeping Your Larder Full in Lean Times
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Personalised jewellery brand, Merci Maman, has announced the launch of a new and exclusive collection for the Christmas period.
The Limited Edition Sparkling Gemstone Collection features two new necklace designs from the London-based brand.
Starting at £89, each necklace features a druzy gemstone with the option of having a single stone necklace, or a druzy and disc combination.
Each necklace is hand-engraved with a personal message.
The brand, who celebrated their 10th anniversary this October, will be releasing the collection on its website from 1 December 2017.


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New Swipe-Fee Settlement Draws C-store Industry Objections
SAN FRANCISCO — Visa Inc., Mastercard Inc. and several other financial institutions reached a $6.2-billion settlement to address monetary claims in on-going litigation with the retail industry. However, the agreement does not address efforts to change network rules.
"After years of thoughtful negotiation, we are pleased to be able to reach this agreement and move forward in our partnership with merchants to provide consumers convenient, reliable, secure ways to pay," said Kelly Mahon Tullier, executive vice president, general counsel, Visa. "This outcome benefits all parties and enables us to focus more of our resources and attention to building the future of digital commerce together."
The agreement is the latest development in an antitrust lawsuit over swipe fees between retailers and the financial institutions dating back to 2005.
Visa's share of the proposed settlement represents approximately $4.1 billion, which will be satisfied through funds previously deposited with the court plus the $600 million Visa deposited into its litigation escrow on June 28.
No additional funds are required for this class settlement, the San Francisco-based company added.
According to Purchase, N.Y.-based Mastercard, the settlement is an amendment to the financial terms of the 2012 Class Settlement Agreement and will be filed with the court seeking approval.
"We are taking a significant step toward closing a chapter in a long-standing case," said Tim Murphy, general counsel, Mastercard. "We can put this behind us and focus on continuing to innovate with our merchant partners to deliver the experience and convenience that consumers expect."
In addition to the original 2012 monetary terms, Mastercard's share of the financial agreement is an additional $108 million, which is based upon the allocation of financial responsibility that was set out in the judgment and settlement sharing agreements that were executed in February 2011.
In total, the defendants have agreed upon an additional payment of $900 million in the current agreement, the company added.
Despite the news, retail associations don't think the agreement goes far enough.
NACS, the Association for Convenience & Fuel Retailing, called the settlement "inadequate" and said it supports lawyers and merchants advocating for reforms.
"The broken swipe fee system will not be fixed simply by Visa and Mastercard throwing some money to merchants," said Lyle Beckwith, NACS senior vice president for government relations. "These cases must bring real reform to make a difference. We are pleased to see that some of the merchants' lawyers and representatives refused to sign onto this flawed settlement and are continuing to press for the changes that antitrust law calls for and merchants and their customers deserve."
NACS was one of the original named plaintiffs the multidistrict litigation but successfully objected to the last settlement filed in 2012. That settlement eventually was overturned by the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York because the court found that NACS and other merchants were not adequately represented in the settlement.
According to NACS, the antitrust case will continue as merchants that opted out of the 2012 settlement pursue lawsuits and legal claims by the class of merchants seeking changes to the rules that restrict the payment card market will continue.
Lawyers leading those actions have not signed onto this new settlement.
The Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) and Retail Litigation Center (RLC) said the agreement fails to fix a broken payment system.
"Today's proposed settlement is just another symptom of our nation's broken payment ecosystem. It still offers merchants only pennies on the dollar for the harms that they suffered as a result of the anti-competitive rules backed by the card networks and big banks," said Deborah White, RILA senior executive vice president and RLC president.
"More importantly, the proposal does not provide for any changes in those rules — and would limit the ability to pursue meaningful change of the rules that the payments card cartel will install to govern the payment ecosystem in the future," she said.
White added the settlement does not address escalating fees collected by Wall Street and "is a drop in the bucket" when compared to billions of dollars the payment network collects in swipe fees.
The National Retail Federation (NRF) today said a proposed new class action largely resembles part of an agreement that both a federal appellate court and the retail industry had already rejected.
"The monetary settlement doesn't solve the problem. Swipe fees cost retailers and their customers tens of billions of dollars a year and have been skyrocketing for nearly two decades," said Stephanie Martz, NRF senior vice president and general counsel. "Ending the practices that lead to these anticompetitive fees is the only way to give merchants and consumers full relief once and for all."
The deal awaits court approval after it is filed in the Eastern District of New York.


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Origin & History
Valued for its unusual foliage, cut kalanchoe is known to remain fresh for as long as eight weeks. Popular varieties of the kalanchoe are the "Calypso," "Bonanza," and "Garnet." Kalanchoe is both a house-plant and gardening favorite since it requires very little care in order to thrive.