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|Thesis or Dissertation - Master of Arts in Communication Studies
|Communication strategies and leadership development among high school girls in rural Kenya
|Publication (Day/Month/Year)
|http://journalism.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/journalism/journalism/OMONDI DAN MARTINPROJECT K50-70144-2013.pdf
Despite numerous deliberate efforts to nurture leadership competencies among girls, statistics
show that gender imbalance is still experienced both in appointment and election to public
and private sector. A number of organizations have made deliberate efforts to correct this
trend with little success. This research holds the view that the problem is not with the
initiatives but the communication strategies used to package this kind of information. The
study set out to investigate communication strategies and development of leadership
competencies among high school girls in rural Kenya. It adopted a descriptive study design
which used both quantitative and qualitative approach to data gathering. Qualitative data was
gathered through interviews with positive change agents, key informants" interviews with
leadership development experts and other strategic stakeholders. Additionally, the researcher
conducted structured participant observation of a model leadership development workshop.
The researcher purposively sampled one schools from Migori County and the other from
Homa Bay County. The study focused more on the perspective of the students being the
beneficiaries of these communication strategies as they boost their self-confidence and
leadership competencies. A descriptive survey was conducted with 130 students. In total 132
people participated in the research including 121 students and prefects. The researcher also
interviewed program implementers/positive change agents and experts in gender issues and
leadership development. The study sought to understand which specific competencies are
necessary for leadership that need to be nurtured; which methods are used to identify these
competencies; and to understand what challenges the implementers face in such leadership
development initiatives with a view to proposing ways of addressing them. Since this study
was generally based on girls learning leadership skills by observation and to some extent
imitation through personal contacts and interaction, the study adopted Albert Bandura"s
social learning theory. Existing programs of leadership development amongst girls run by the
Women"s Initiative in Education- NEWI and other organizations served as model
interventions and were used to draw lessons in the study. The researcher participated in girls"
mentorship program sessions and interacted with the girls while recording his observations.
The sessions were held outside the conventional classroom settings to allow the girls a free
discussion atmosphere in a natural environment. Gathered quantitative data were processed
and analysed using descriptive analysis. The findings were presented in tables, graphs and pie
charts, and through narratives. Qualitative data were processed and analysed using thematic
analysis. Findings emanating from different sources and obtained through different tools were
triangulated to draw an all-encompassing conclusion. The study found that intelligence is the
most critical competency in leadership followed by assertiveness and boldness. However
physical appearance as a quality ranked low. All the four communication strategies were
useful, with most respondents preferring mentorship and role modelling as key methods of
developing leaders. The study concluded that communication strategies play a key role in
developing leadership both among girls and the society at large and more thought should be
put while planning one in an intervention.
|Kenya - AIDS Indicator Survey 2007


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Symptoms of Low Blood Sugar – How to Prevent Diabetic Coma?
A diabetic coma is a state of unconsciousness that is brought on by blood sugar levels that are much too high or much too low and stay that way for too long. During a diabetic coma, sufferers are non responsive to sounds, lights and other stimuli. The condition can be fatal if not treated promptly and is considered life threatening. A diabetic coma is considered one of the complications of diabetes, and its potential can be signaled by both symptoms of low blood sugar as well as symptoms of high blood sugar. Knowing and understanding the symptoms of both, particularly low blood sugar levels, can help people with diabetes avoid the scary and serious condition.
Anytime that blood glucose levels fall outside the range of normal and acceptable blood sugar levels, symptoms can become present. For many people, the symptoms of dangerous blood sugar levels aren't always easy to identify if they are elevated. An increase in urination frequency and a fruity odor to the breath, for instance, are some of the potential symptoms. Dry mouth and increased thirst are also not uncommon. These may not be enough to alert all people however, and it may not be until more severe symptoms of high blood sugar come about that they understand the risk of a coma brought on by diabetes is possible. These symptoms include vomiting and stomach pain.
Conversely, the symptoms of low blood sugar can be much more severe and ominous. Although early signs like nausea, hunger and irritability may be easily ignored, more severe symptoms of low blood sugar can signal serious danger. Shakiness, a rapid heartbeat and nervousness are all signs that something is seriously wrong, and as time progresses, the symptoms of low blood sugar can become more and more severe leading up to an inability to speak coherently, confusion and increased sweating. What's perhaps most disturbing is that people with low blood sugar may not experience symptoms as all, even if blood glucose levels are dangerously low. This condition is called hypoglycemia unawareness, and it literally means that a person is completely unaware that a their blood glucose levels are well below normal blood sugar levels.
The absolute best way to avoid both symptoms and the eventual progression to complications like coma is regular and diligent use of a home blood sugar test. Modern medicine has made monitoring diabetes blood sugar levels very easy, and knowing when intervention is required is very important. These tests measure the amount of glucose in the blood and can signal a problem before the symptoms of low blood sugar or conversely, those of high blood sugar, ever begin to manifest. These tests are also useful once symptoms have come about in order to see how far glucose levels have deviated from normal or an individual's normal in order to determine the next appropriate course of action.
Results from a blood test are often compared to a blood sugar levels chart. These visual aids can show people where their results fall and how high or low they are in comparison to normal. Results that come back very high or very low are easily identified when compared to a blood sugar levels chart and this can help determine what type of treatment, if any, is required.
For people who have high blood sugar, one of the best ways to help bring it back down to acceptable and less dangerous levels is walking or other low intensity exercise. However, persons with the symptoms of low blood sugar have additional steps that they may need to take in order to bring their blood glucose levels to an acceptable range. These people should absolutely not exercise at all, as doing so lowers glucose levels in the blood. What's recommended in these cases is the ingestion of sugar such as orange juice or hard candies. There are even glucose tablets that can be kept handy for when the symptoms of low blood sugar become apparent in order to help restore levels and reduce symptoms.
Symptoms from very high or very low blood sugar are not uncommon and do not always indicate that the potential for a coma is high. However, if symptoms include feeling like fainting or passing out is imminent, it's considered a medical emergency and medical professionals should be summoned right away. Preventing a diabetic coma in the first place is very important. People with very low blood sugar should never work out very intensely as this can cause a very rapid drop in blood glucose levels. Additionally, drinking too much alcohol, especially in a very short period of time, can also have a similar outcome. In both of these cases, the effect may be so rapid that the early symptoms of low blood sugar, such as hunger, are completely skipped over. Using illegal drugs, skipping medication and a recent illness or surgery are all also considered common risk factors for a diabetic coma.
Diabetes is well managed in most people and with solid medical care and advice and a commitment to dietary and lifestyle changes, many people live long and healthy lives with the condition. However, diligent care is required and without proper medicine, diet and following instructions, the risk of complications from diabetes including coma are significantly increased.

subset: commoncrawl


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Writer: Greg Rucka / Artist: Liam Sharp / DC Comics
Rucka stay giving us the behind the back pass on perspective. We open this issue up with the god of war himself, Ares, hosting Diana, Veronica and Isabelle Cale in his Air B&B. They're really out here having a fireside chat with a chained up Ares who is way different than we'd expect. Ares explains how his predicament came to be and along with the terms of his imprisonment on Themyscira.
While this is taking place, Ares' children Phobos and Deimos have broken through to Themyscira and are coming to either free or merk Ares. We've seen various incarnations of Wonder Woman going hand to hand against Ares but this interpretation of the god of war is vastly different from previous tales. Rucka has Ares give his side of the story and explain how war is an all-consuming portion of his life but not all of who he is. In this arc's conclusion, we get a look at Ares as an actual person who isn't enraged about his situation but rather very accepting of it and why it is necessary.
There's not much action this issue but we do see the Amazons at arms against Deimos and Phobos. Sharp draws this war something fucking fierce right here. The look of Phobos and Deimos as these war-torn Rottweilers with their faces half way blow off is visually grimy as fuck. Sharp really made these demigods look intimidating, threatening, and vicious as all hell. The final showdown between Wonder Woman and the threat of these two demigods may be surprising but it also makes the most sense, so you can't be mad at it.
Rucka has been having the Midas touch with Wonder Woman, especially when it comes to her character. Rucka never wastes an issue, and his path for Wonder Woman has been clear cut and always made sense. Each issue, monologue, and dialogue have been a stepping stone toward growing Diana's mythos.
Reading Wonder Woman? Find BNP's other reviews of the series here.
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We all know that Axe is sexy stuff that drives girls mad (or so it claims) but here are two girls apparently succumbing to its attractions in a new campaign from Argentina.
It's volume one of momentos de la verdad (moment of truth).
Surely this can't be an ad by our always tasteful BBH?
Can't wait to see what happens in sesenta nueva


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These gorgeous scarves from Alison Dupernex are recent arrivals at Yarmouth Gallery, timeless classics with a contemporary look, there are now 34 designs in Alison's repertoire. She mixes cashmere, linen, cotton and silk to create her own particular alchemy of colour and texture and gives her designs names that evoke beaches, sea and sky - some of my favourites are Turning Tide (Donegal Tweed), Porthminster Pebbles (silk Marl). St Ives, Winter (cashmere & silk) Wearing any of these would be an antidote to the winter chill.
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