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Commonwealth systems of dispute resolution are so pervasive we sometimes overlook unique local considerations of the issue. Tradition and culture underpin our worldview and actions in every aspect of life. So why do negotiators so often try to apply a standard model to disputes in distinctive international environments?
What You'll Learn: The costs and benefits of Jirga, a traditional dispute resolution model in Afghanistan.
Expected Reading Time: 8-10 mins, (~1,400 words)
Conflicts are deeply rooted in the tradition and culture of societies. The tools used to address those conflicts should accordingly be tailored to the peoples involved. Though Commonwealth systems of dispute resolutions almost become conceptually accepted as inevitable and archetypical, it is important to reflect on different cultural systems of dispute resolution.
As nations build their principles of law and justice from the culture they arise in, we must consider where authority stems from. Within the building stage of dispute resolution structures for a nation, the values of a population can decide this authority. To explore how culture can shape conflict resolution, let's look at Jirga in Afghanistan. As a nation restoring its justice institutions after decades of instability, it has experienced a significant lack of participation of its people in formal systems. Instead, diverse ethnic groups around Afghanistan usually prefer the use of Jirga: an informal model of dispute resolution.
While stages of Jirga may appear to force a choice between tradition and global values, striking a balance between the two may result in an improved model for all involved.
1. History of Jirga
Jirga derives from the original Pashtun language meaning 'gathering of people to consult'. This word reflects the tradition of the Pashtun people to come together and resolve disputes by making a collective decision about community issues. Jirga can function for family matters, in a small community setting, or on a wider level of confederation. Developed centuries ago, it has been the standard for resolving economic, political, religious, social, and cultural issues alike. This has resulted in the vast majority of disputes in Afghanistan being resolved outside of the formal state-based justice system.
With ancient and modern histories of foreign intervention, Jirga presented an opportunity for grass-roots political stabilisation in Afghanistan. From the 1979 Soviet intervention to the U.S. intervention after the September 11 terrorist attack, Afghanistan's political and economic infrastructures have been left in ruin repeatedly. Jirga represented an internal alternative for rebuilding a nation. It is widely used informally by Afghani people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, such as the Hazaras, Uzbaks, and Tajiks.
2. Jirga in Action
Jirga places a strong value on reconciliation. As such, where State-based justice tends to create 'winners and losers' in Afghanistan, Jirga tends to promote restorative justice. For instance, in a village in the Behsud district of Nangarhar, a heated dispute arose over a local election of a government representative. After the election of one candidate over the other, two supporters of the candidates began to fight over a portion of contested land. To seek resolution, a Jirga was formed at a communal level in the village. After both sides had expressed their issues, with the election and the land, local leaders guided the parties acknolwedge the validity of the election and resolve the land dispute peaceably. This maintained the social harmony of the village.
Local leaders normally derive their power from local consent, as was the case here. Because the leaders mediating these Jirga sessions are historically beholden to their communities, they are more incentivised to achieve a resolution that preserves community harmony. Gathering an understanding of both parties perspectives, and encouraging reconciliation is not just a convenient solution, as is the case in many Western mediations for land disputes, but is a cultural imperative.
Though the structure's dependence on consent seems theoretically shaky, and may face severe challenge in coming decades, historically the 'by consent' feature has been Jirga's greatest strength. This is fundamentally linked to trust. According to a Asia Foundation survey, participants rated more favourable perceptions of Jirga compared to formal justice institutions, particularly in regards to following 'the values of our people' and being 'fair and trusted'. While communities trust the traditions of their cultural structures of dispute resolution, they are likely to produce more favourable conciliatory outcomes that are upheld by the parties.
3. Potential Issues with the Model
The level below communal resolution within Jirga is 'private' resolution. These matters are resolved by the extended family without the involvement of tribal or State institutions. Considered a 'cornerstone of society' within Afghanistan, this tradition sees the outcome of many potentially serious disputes concerning divorce, marriage arrangements, and domestic violence. However, each issue is ultimately decided by the male head of the family.
Afghani women can be dependent on a patriarchal, non-transparent system for achieving justice. These women are actively subjugated through the practise of 'baad': the offering of women into marriage as a dispute settlement tool. Though rare, the implications of this for the agency of Afghan women is troubling. This highlights the crucial battle between a desire to preserve cultural tradition and to equally promote a standard of global human rights. Unless there is a radical change in the traditional structure of Jirga for 'private' matters, Afghani women risk being inadequately represented and subject to potentially unjust decisions.
In response to this issue, the Afghan Ministry of Justice prepared a 'non-state' justice policy in 2009 that contained provisions allowing individuals to opt-out of informal, such as 'private' justice bodies, and that any decisions made through these bodies can be appealed at a state level. It specifically referred to an intent to improve access to justice for women and to increase their participation in informal Jirga settings. Whether such intentions have been realised is unclear. Likewise, given the strong patriarchal values of Afghani culture, it is dubious whether women would risk social isolation and punishment by seeking alternative dispute resolution. While those values are upheld as vital to Afghani culture, the traditional structures of Jirga are likely to continue to dominate.
So what can we learn from this?
Jirga encapsulates the values prioritised by diverse communities within Afghanistan. As a reflection of these values, it can produce more satisfactory reconciliation between disputing parties than foreign models devoid of cultural context. Though the battle rages on between discriminatory patriarchal values and modern global standards of human rights, slow steps to improve the participation of all within Jirga are being made.
The importance of cultural traditions should be fully appreciated for any negotiator attempting to assist local communties to resolve disputes, and improve the resolution process overall.
Asia Foundation. (2010). Afghanisatan in 2010: A Survey of the Afghan People. 134 < http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/Afghanistanin2010survey.pdf>
Boulle, L., Hunter, T., Weir, M., & Curnow, K. (2014). Negotiating conduct and compensation agreements for coal seam gas operations: Developing the Queensland regulatory framework. Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy, 17(1), 43.
Carter, L. and Connor, K. (1989) A Preliminary Investigation of Contemporary Afghan Councils, Peshawar: ACBAR.
Coburn, N., & Dempsey, J. (2010). Informal dispute resolution in Afghanistan. United States Institute Of Peace, Special Report 285.
Pashto Descriptive Dictionary (1978), Kabul: The Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan.
Rafi, H. (2002) Loya Jirga, Peshawar: Aman Publishing LTD
Waldman, M. (2008). Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Oxfam International, 29.
Wardak, A. (2004). Building a post-war justice system in Afghanistan. Crime, Law and Social Change, 41(4), 319-341.
Wardak, A. (2010). State and non-state justice systems in Afghanistan: the need for synergy. U. Pa. J. Int'l L., 32, 1305.
Wardak, A. (2003) 'The Tribal and Ethnic Composition of Afghan Society' in Afghanistan: Essential Field Guides to Humanitarian and Conflict Zones (Second Edition), edited by Edward Girardet & Jonathan Walter, Geneva: Crosslines Ltd.


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Brian Ulrich
Robert Koch Gallery
The ubiquitous Big Box is an irresistible, though problematic, subject for contemporary artists. In documenting these bloated retail havens (eleven such images made up this recent exhibition at Robert Koch Gallery), Chicago-based photographer Brian Ulrich sets himself the not uncomplicated task of addressing the perils of rampant consumerism without lapsing into simplistic, knee-jerk condemnation.
All but two of the pictures, culled almost entirely from the series "Copia," 2002–2006, were taken in the American Midwest and are titled after their locations: Black River Falls, WI, 2006; Minneapolis, MN, 2004; Gurnee, IL, 2003, to name a few. (The remainder were shot in Edinburgh.) Ulrich focuses on emporiums that cater to the white middle class, and he alternates between showing them with and without shoppers. Either way, the pictures feel forlorn and lonely. The candid portraits capture
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Photo by Kristen Wrzesniewski
In 1977, a water skiing Henry Winkler wore a leather coat and life preserver and attempted to 'jump the shark' in a move that become synonymous with the beginning of the end of a good thing. In that regard it was the long-running "Happy Days" sitcom. Last week in Austin, Texas, it was the South by Southwest Music conference that took the leap from humble beginnings to corporate cash in it's own rendition of 'jumping the shark'. No one pointed it out better than TDE-signee and Oxymoron artist Schoolboy Q, who interrupted his set at the Complex House several times to address several SXSW sets he played for 'yuppies' while his real fans stood outside unable to get in. Alas, the 2014 edition of SXSW couldn't have been described better. An armful of wristbands, garnered through careful planning and RSVPs was instantly trumped by a litany of barriers between them and the artists they had traveled to see. When it began in 1987, the festival was a place for new and unsigned artists to get recognized and for true fans to catch them before they hit the big time. Today, to put it the words of my Journalism professor, it is essentially 'one big blow job'. Despite a lack of a real industry, or perhaps because of it, record labels funnel top-tier artists to the highest bidders, who more often than not come with long guest lists that leave fans sitting outside wondering where all the public transportation in this 'city' is. Even the Illmore, the exclusive house party that has become a staple of the fest, running late into the night with star-studded performance, seemed a bit too big this year in it's new home at a sterile youth center.
For me, the best part of the week was living vicariously as if the SXSW Schoolboy Q encountered was somewhere else. I hustled interviews with true rising acts in Philadelphia-based Cheers Elephant, who's onstage presence is obviously culled from years of performing together and who I'm sure saw a significant boost afterwards, The Tontons, a Houston indie/soul group with a personality to match that hit SXSW on the heels of their latest project, the well received Make Out King and Other Stories of Love. Then there was Radkey, the trio of young brothers, aged 16, 18 and 20 respectively who single-handedly got me back into punk rock with one of the wildest, most raw sets I have seen in a long time, and 17-year-old Bishop Nehru who very well may be the second coming of Nas, The Lonely Biscuits, a band of Belmont University students who stopped down to ATX between projects and mid-terms. They weren't a sit down with Rick Ross, or an in-depth on Phantogram, but the stories I was able to dig up throughout my time at SXSW made me proud to be able to say I saw through the thick haze of bullshit and gerrymandering that descends on the city for a week and actually seek out acts that benefited from the experience.
To be sure, it was two Chicago artists who not only embodied all that SXSW should be, but capitalized on it to continue their independent, organic rises out of their hometown. A year ago, Chance The Rapper ran around SXSW playing sets in anticipation of his yet-to-be-released album, Acid Rap that turned 2013 into a roller coaster of experiences for the 20-year-old MC. At that time, Vic Mensa was still performing as part of the band Kids These Days, which broke up soon after Chance dropped his project on April 30. The two close friends arrived again in Austin at wildly different points in their careers. Chance, with just about every accolade possible under his belt is becoming the biggest independent artist in recent memory, while Mensa, fresh off a plane from Norway, put on a marathon of sets throughout the week that had crowds buzzing in the street about the kid from the Midwest with the funky, different flow to him. Chance's only show was cut short by Fire Marshalls, an ode to his popularity and a crux of the festival at large while also picking up a Woodie award with Austin Vesely for the "Everybody's Something" video. As independent, self-funded artists, Chance and Vic may have embodied the spirit of what SXSW is supposed to be better than anyone else in Austin this week.
In 1977, Fonzie made history by ruining a good thing while ten feet in the air on water skis, in 2014 Lady Gaga did the same by performing beneath a carefully-placed canopy of Doritos bags. Corporate money has always been prevalent (early 2000s 'ringtone rap), and it's just another chapter in the money making something so genuine so utterly unrecognizable.


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Mayor London Breed: FCC proposal would hurt SF consumers
San Francisco Mayor London Breed has spoken out against the Federal Communications Commission's attempt to overrule a provision of a city ordinance.
In a letter sent on Tuesday to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-San Francisco, Breed wrote that the FCC's proposal to preempt part of a city law that prevents landlords of multi-unit buildings from blocking tenants from accessing the internet service provider of their choice would hurt residents by reducing competition for communications services.
The provision of the ordinance, known as Article 52, says property owners can't deny internet service providers access to existing wiring within multi-unit residential and commercial buildings. It was the first such rule in the nation when the Board of Supervisors unanimously passed it in 2016, according to then-supervisor Mark Farrell.
"San Francisco adopted Article 52 because it is uneconomic and, in the case of many older buildings, impossible, for multiple carriers to install their own wiring to reach each occupant," Breed wrote, in a letter thanking Pelosi for her leadership on the topic. "Consequently, rather than fostering competition, the proposed order would strip occupants of many (multi-tenant environments) in San Francisco of a meaningful choice of communications providers."
Breed was president of the Board of Supervisors when the ordinance was approved.
The law also says that internet service providers must pay property owners "reasonable compensation" for access to their buildings. The process has step-by-step guidelines with specific deadlines.
The FCC has scheduled a vote on the matter for their July 10 meeting. The commission's proposal would "preempt an outlier San Francisco ordinance to the extent it requires the sharing of in-use wiring in MTEs (multiple tenant environments), a policy which deters broadband deployment," Chairman Ajit Pai wrote in a June 18 blog post.
Breed said the characterization of Article 52 was wrong.
"Article 52 does not require sharing of 'in-use' wiring," Breed wrote. "The proposed order also suggests that this 'forced sharing of in-use facilities ... encourages providers to free ride on existing infrastructure rather than building their own.' In making this statement, the proposed order ignores clear language in Article 52 that a 'property owner is entitled to just and reasonable compensation from a communications services provider.'" While Article 52 lowers the cost for a provider to obtain access to an multi-unit building, she said, "it does not provide a ... 'free ride.'"
The FCC proposal has hit at least one bump: The House of Representatives last week approved a budget amendment introduced by Rep. Katie Porter, D-Irvine, that would prevent the FCC from finalizing a draft rule that would overturn a provision of San Francisco's local ordinance. The amendment was passed as part of a group, but it could still fail in the Senate.
"The communications industry is in dire need of more competition," Porter said in a statement. "San Francisco's Article 52 has been incredibly effective in promoting broadband competition — giving residents the benefit of competition and choice in the market, increasing their service quality while decreasing their monthly bills."
Chronicle staff writer Dominic Fracassa contributed to this report.
Sophia Kunthara is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @SophiaKunthara


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Helix Jump
"Helix Jump" will begin after the advertisement.
Briefly explain your problem
Helix Jump
Try to descend the tower with your red ball in Helix Jump, an addictive skill game in which you have to avoid the yellow platforms. Collect the diamonds and look for spots where the gaps between the platforms line up. If you make a big drop and gather enough speed, you'll be able to smash through the first layer of platforms you hit, even if that platform is yellow! Have fun!


text: The first thing you see when you go to the new WW site is the price. The second, when you scroll down, is your choice of weight loss plans. For all its rebranding as a "wellness" resource, along with claims that the company no longer just focuses on weight loss, WW -- the company formerly known as Weight Watchers -- still makes its priorities very clear.


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Reverse Mortgage Eligibility Requirements | Find Out If You. – Many homeowners who take out a reverse mortgage use it to pay off their existing mortgage, so they can stop making monthly mortgage payments. 1 Do all 62-year olds who own their home qualify? No. Some homeowners who want to get a reverse mortgage are not eligible because they don't have enough equity built up in their home.
How to Get Out of a Reverse Mortgage | LendingTree – Finally, you might simply decide that the terms of the reverse mortgage are not right for you or find you can get a better deal elsewhere. How to get out of a reverse mortgage . If you've decided you want out of your reverse mortgage, you have a few options besides dying or selling the home.
What Is a Reverse Mortgage? The Real Risks and Rewards, Revealed – think through various life scenarios before committing to a reverse mortgage. Shop around to get the right mortgage product, and check to see if a mortgage lender has had any complaints from past.
Bay Docs, RTG Partnership Bridges Reverse Mortgage Origination, Servicing Platforms – they can always use Reverse Express for the origination phases of the process (pre-application through funding)." RTG's ReverseQuest launched last March from Gherardi, a co-founder of Reverse Mortgage.
best home mortgage loan usda loan rates today Legacy Bank and Trust | Trusted Banking Since 1907 – Since Legacy Bank and Trust opened in 1907, it has been committed to providing the best in banking for citizens looking for a trusted local partner.6 Tips to Get Approved for a Home Mortgage Loan – 6 Tips to Get Approved for a Home Mortgage Loan. By. Valencia Higuera. Learn how to think like a lender and educate yourself on the best ways to get your mortgage loan approved:. Walking into a lender's office with zero cash is a quick way to get your home loan application rejected.
Reverse Mortgage: What It Is, How Seniors Use It – NerdWallet – If you decide to apply for a reverse mortgage, you can contact an FHA-approved lender. You may also like. Get preapproved for a mortgage Get preapproved for a mortgage. check today's mortgage rates
When do I have to pay back a reverse mortgage loan? – Get Help. Talk to a HUD-approved reverse mortgage (HECM) counselor. Visit HUD's counselor search page or call HUD's housing counselor referral line at (800) 569-4287. Here are two ways to find a lawyer: The legal services corporation (LSC) offers a directory of legal services that are free for eligible clients.
calculate how much mortgage i can afford Home Affordability Calculator – How Much House Can I. – The home affordability calculator from realtor.com® helps you estimate how much house you can afford. quickly find the maximum home price within your price range.how to get loan for investment property The Complete Guide to Financing an Investment Property – The Complete Guide to Financing an Investment Property . FACEBOOK TWITTER. It's also possible to get loan funding in a matter of days rather than waiting weeks or months for a conventional.
Reverse Mortgage Calculator – The National Reverse Mortgage Lenders Association (NRMLA) is not a licensed lender or broker and does not make or offer loans. You can find a list of our lender members by clicking here . About Reverse Mortgages
Too good to be true? Could your family use a reverse mortgage? – "A reverse mortgage loan can help some older homeowners meet financial needs. "It's not another way for banks to get your house, and it's also not too good to be true." That's easy for Selleck to.
Should You Get a Reverse Mortgage? — The Motley Fool – Should You Get a Reverse Mortgage? A reverse mortgage isn't right for everyone and it does have some drawbacks, but for certain people, it can be a solid solution to retirement income needs.
what banks do reverse mortgages Where Do Banks Get Their Money? Fractional Reserve Banking – · Do Banks Create New Money out of Thin Air? **Re-posted after the events of the credit crunch and 700 bailout packages, enjoy the read and learn how the banks got themselves in this mess.**


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Bernie Sanders has a Democrat opponent running against him in Vermont.
While Bernie Sanders is supposed to be wildly popular with Democrats, there are signs of discontent. While many hate the way the Clinton/DNC combine worked against Sanders, there are also people who think his damage to Clinton helped Donald Trump win. Additionally, the FBI investigation into his wife's actions at Burlington College also raise ethical question.
NBC News reports, "Bernie Sanders Faces Feisty Democratic Challenger."
Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., is one of the country's most popular political figures, but opponents hope an continuing FBI investigation and his national ambitions could make him vulnerable at home.
Sanders' record of winning with landslide margins in Vermont has scared off would-be Democratic opponents since his first Senate campaign over a decade ago.
Trending: Obama Forgot He is No Longer President, Shows Up at G20 Summit
But on Friday, the former 2016 presidential hopeful drew an opponent for his expected re-election campaign next year.
Jon Svitavsky, a homeless advocate who has never held public office, tore into Sanders for undercutting Hillary Clinton and the Democratic party during last year's presidential primaries.
"I hold him absolutely, centrally responsible for Donald Trump being president," Svitavsky told NBC News, expressing a view held by other Clinton loyalists. "That's my number-one issue."
He said that within hours of "soft-launching" his campaign, he had already heard from thousands of people across the country who want to donate or volunteer. "There's a lot of anger out there in my party against Bernie," Svitavsky said.
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by EagleRising.com


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GAME 67: Yankees at Marlins
Friday, June 19, 2009
YANKEES (37-28, 2nd place AL East)
Jeter SS
Damon LF
Teixeira 1B
Posada C
Cano 2B
Swisher RF
Cabrera CF
Berroa 3B
Pettitte LHP
Pitching: LHP Andy Pettitte (6-3, 4.52).
MARLINS (37-28, 3rd place, NL East)
Coghlan LF
Helms 3B
Ramirez SS
Cantu 1B
Uggla 2B
Paulino C
Hermida RF
Ross CF
West LHP
Pitching: LHP Sean West (2-1, 3.00).
Cy No-name: I've never heard of the Marlins starter, so it looks like it is going to be a long night.
A-Rod Homecoming: A-Rod will play the first regular season game of his career in Miami, his hometown. (Oh, so that's where the confusion about the World Baseball Classic comes from. I forgot that the border of the United States and the Dominican Republic ran through Miami).
.333 is a good batting average, not winning percentage: The Yankees are 3-6 in their last nine games.
Rain drops are falling on my head: So the Yankees leave here and it stops raining (it's still crappy, just not raining) and, according to PeteAbe, it is raining in South Beach.
Extra cavalry: With the game being in a National League park, there is no DH. So Matsui is available as a pinch hitter.
Vote Tex: Mark Teixiera needs help getting into the All-Star game starting lineup. If you needed any extra motivation, Kevin Pukeilus of the team-that-shall-not-be-named is in first place.
UPDATE 7:15: I just got back home, and the lineup is different. A-Rod will get today and tomorrow off. Jeter looked winded after running hard out of the box. I guess that's what happens when a guy used to playing everyday rides the pine for two days. And with that double, Jeter tied Babe Ruth on the all-time Yankees double list.
UPDATE 7:21: The Yankees are very adept at grounding into double plays to kill big rallies. They only push one run across when it should have been more.
UPDATE 7:23: I just realized that the last time the Yankees were here was Game 5 of the 2003 World Series. That was the game where David Wells only went 1 inning and the Yanks screwed up the rundown play that gave up two runs. I remember my baseball coaches going over rundown for 30 minutes the day after that happened.
UPDATE 7:30: Whoever is in charge of selling the naming rights for the Marlins and Dolphins stadium must really suck at his (or her) job.
UPDATE 7:32: Am I hallucinating? Did Angel Berroa just get a hit? And an RBI? On the same play?
UPDATE 7:33: Am I hallucinating? Did Andy Pettitte just get a hit? And an RBI? On the same play?
UPDATE 7:35: Great, now Pettitte has to run (if you can call it that) the bases.
UPDATE 7:40: Good to see that the Yankees finally tried looking at some film of the opposing pitcher.
UPDATE 8:36: Pettite got through the 4th inning with 68 pitches. He needs to get through 6 and maybe into the 7th.
UPDATE 8:42: Just looked at the box score and every Yankee is "at the party," as Ken Singleton would say. Everyone has a hit, which is weird with Berroa and Pettitte in the lineup.
UPDATE 9:10: Pettitte gets through 6 with 97 pitches, and 3 hits. He's been grimacing a lot today, so my guess is he's done.
UPDATE 9:25: Well, I was dead wrong about Pettitte, as he gets through the 7th.


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Item details
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Offer type: Sell
Price: $300
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Lovely blue and gold macaw now available. She is well trained, love playing with people and other household pets. She will come along with her cage.contact me at 8722100387 and giving them out for a very good price so just contact for more


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In online gaming, lag is a noticeable delay between the action of players and the reaction of the server. Although lag may be caused by high latency, it may also occur due to insufficient processing power in the client and/or server.
The tolerance for lag depends heavily on the type of game. For instance, a strategy game or a turn-based game with a low pace may have a high threshold or even be mostly unaffected by high delays, whereas a twitch gameplay game such as a first-person shooter with a considerably higher pace may require significantly lower delay to be able to provide satisfying gameplay. But, the specific characteristic of the game matter. For example, fast chess is a turn-based game that is fast action and may not tolerate high lag. And, some twitch games can be designed such that only events that impact the outcome of the game introduce lag, allowing for fast local response most of the time.
While a single-player game maintains the main game state on the local machine, an online game requires it to be maintained on a central server in order to avoid inconsistencies between individual clients. As such, the client has no direct control over the central game state and may only send change requests to the server, and can only update the local game state by receiving updates from the server. This need to communicate causes a delay between the clients and the server, and is the fundamental cause behind lag. While there may be numerous underlying reasons for why a player experiences lag, they can be summarized as insufficient hardware in either the client or the server, or a poor connection between the client and server.
Hardware related issues causes lag due to the fundamental structure of the game architecture. Generally, games consists of a looped sequence of states, or "frames". During each frame, the game accepts user input, performs necessary calculations (AI, graphics etc.). When all processing is finished, the game will update the game state and produce an output, for example in the form of a new image on the screen and/or a packet to be sent to the server. The frequency at which frames are generated is often referred to as the frame rate. As the central game state is located on the server, the updated information must be sent from the client to the server in order to take effect. In addition, the client must receive the necessary information from the server in order to fully update the state. Generating packets to send to the server and processing the received packets can only be done as often as the client is able to update its local state. Although packets could theoretically be generated and sent faster than this, it would only result in sending redundant data if the game state cannot be updated between each packet. A low frame rate would therefore make the game less responsive to updates and may force it to skip outdated data.
Conversely, the same hold true for the server. The frame rate (or tick rate) of the server determines how often it can process data from clients and send updates.
This type of problem is difficult to predict and compensate for. Apart from enforcing minimum hardware requirements and attempting to optimize the game for better performance, there are no feasible ways to deal with it.
Perhaps the most common type of lag is caused by network performance problems. Losses, corruption or jitter (an outdated packet is in effect a loss) may all cause problems, but these problems are relatively rare in network with sufficient bandwidth and no or little congestion. Instead, the latency involved in transmitting data between clients and server play a significant role. Latency varies depending on a number of factors, such as the physical distance between the end-systems, as a longer distance means additional transmission length and routing required and therefore higher latency. Routing over the Internet may be extremely indirect, resulting in far more transmission length (and consequential latency) than a direct route, although the cloud gaming service OnLive has developed a solution to this issue by establishing peering relationships with multiple Tier 1 network Internet Service Providers and choosing an optimal route between server and user.[1] In addition, insufficient bandwidth and congestion, even if not severe enough to cause losses, may cause additional delays regardless of distance. As with the hardware issues, packets that arrive slowly or not at all will make both the client and server unable to update the game state in a timely manner.
Online game systems utilizing a wireless network may be subject to significant lag, depending on the architecture of the wireless network and local electromagnetic interference impacting that network. Although radio propagation through air is faster than light through optical fiber, wireless systems are often shared among many users and may suffer from latency incurred due to network congestion, or due to network protocols that introduce latency. And, in the event of electromagnetic interference, transmitted packets may be lost, requiring a retransmission which also incurs latency.
The noticeable effects of lag vary depending on the exact cause, but also on any and all techniques for lag compensation that the game may implement (described below). As all clients experience some amount of delay, implementing these methods to minimize the effect on players is important for smooth gameplay. Lag causes numerous problems for issues such as accurate rendering of the game state and hit detection. In many games, lag is often frowned upon because it disrupts normal gameplay. The severity of lag depends on the type of game and its inherent tolerance for lag. Some games with a slower pace can tolerate significant delays without any need to compensate at all, where as others with a faster pace are considerably more sensitive and requires extensive use of compensation to be playable (most prevalent is probably the first-person shooter genre). Due to the various problems lag can cause, many players that have a lower speed Internet connection are often not permitted, or discouraged from playing with other players or servers that have a distant server host or have high latency to one another. Extreme cases of lag may result in extensive desynchronization of the game state.
Lag caused by an insufficient update rate between client and server can cause some problems, but these are generally limited to the client itself. Other players may notice jerky movement and similar problems for the affected client, but the real problem lies with the client itself. If the client cannot update the game state at a quick enough pace, the player may be shown outdated renditions of the game, which in turn causes various problems with hit- and collision detection. If the low update rate is caused by a low frame rate (as opposed to a setting on the client, as some games allow), these problems are usually overshadowed by numerous problems related to the client-side processing itself. Both the display and controls will be sluggish and unresponsive. While this may increase the perceived lag, it is important to note that it is of a different kind than network-related delays.
In comparison, the same problem on the server may cause significant problems for all clients involved. If the server is unable or unwilling to accept packets from clients fast enough and process these in a timely manner, client actions may never be registered. When the server then sends out updates to the clients, they may experience freezing (unresponsive game) and/or rollbacks, depending on what types of lag compensation, if any, the game uses.
Lag due to network delay is in contrast often less of a problem. Though more common, the actual effects are generally smaller, and it is possible to compensate for these types of delays. Without any form of lag compensation, the clients will notice that the game responds only a short time after an action is performed. This is especially problematic in first-person shooters, where enemies are likely to move as a player attempts to shoot them and the margin for errors is often small.
There are various methods for reducing or disguising delays, though many of these have their drawbacks and may not be applicable in all cases. If synchronization is not possible by the game itself, the clients themselves may be able to choose to play on servers in geographical proximity to themselves in order to reduce latencies, or the servers may simply opt to drop clients with high latencies in order to avoid having to deal with the resulting problems. However, these are hardly optimal solutions. Instead, games will often be designed with lag compensation in mind.
Many problems can be solved simply by allowing the clients to keep track of their own state and send absolute states to the server or directly to other clients.[2] For example, the client can state exactly at what position it is or who they shot. This solution works and will all but eliminate most problems related to lag. Unfortunately, it also relies on the assumption that the client is honest. There is nothing that prevents a player from modifying the data they send, directly at the client or indirectly via a proxy, in order to ensure they will always hit their targets. In online games, the risk of cheating may make this solution infeasible, and clients will be limited to sending relative states (i.e. which vector it moved or shot in).
As clients are normally not allowed to define the main game state, but rather receive it from the server, the main task of the client-side compensation is to render the virtual world as accurately as possible. As updates come with a delay and may even be dropped, it is sometimes necessary for the client to predict the flow of the game. Since the state is updated in discrete steps, the client must be able to estimate a movement based on available samples. Two basic methods can be used to accomplish this; extrapolation and interpolation.[2]
Extrapolation is an attempt to estimate a future game state. As soon as a packet from the server is received, the position of an object is updated to the new position. Awaiting the next update, the next position is extrapolated based on the current position and the movement at the time of the update. Essentially, the client will assume that a moving object will continue in the same direction. When a new packet is received, the position may be corrected slightly.
Interpolation works by essentially buffering a game state and rendering the game state to the player with a slight, constant delay. When a packet from the server arrives, instead of updating the position of an object immediately, the client will start to interpolate the position, starting from the last known position. Over an interpolation interval, the object will be rendered moving smoothly between the two positions. Ideally this interval should exactly match the delay between packets, but due to loss and variable delay, this is rarely the case.
Both methods have advantages and drawbacks.
Often, in order to allow smooth gameplay, the client is allowed to do soft changes to the game state. While the server may ultimately keep track of ammunition, health, position etc., the client may be allowed to predict the new server-side game state based on the player's actions, such as allowing a player to start moving before the server has responded to the command. These changes will generally be accepted under normal conditions and make delay mostly transparent. Problems will arise only in the case of high delays or losses, when the clients predictions are very noticeably undone by the server. Sometimes, in the case of minor differences, the server may even allow "incorrect" changes to the state based on updates from the client.
Unlike clients the server knows the exact current game state, and as such prediction is unnecessary. The main purpose of server-side lag compensation is instead to provide accurate effects of client actions. This is important because by the time a player's command has arrived time will have moved on, and the world will no longer be in the state that the player saw when issuing their command. A very explicit example of this is hit detection for weapons fired in first-person shooters, where margins are small and can potentially cause significant problems if not properly handled.
One potential "solution" is to simply ignore the problem. For hit detection in first-person shooters this means leading one's target, aiming at the position where it will be by the time the shot reaches the server. With variable latency this may be frustrating even under ideal conditions; with higher latency and random player movement it can make playing virtually impossible. For example, if a remote player passes by a window in a period shorter than the client's latency it will be impossible for the local player to hit them even if they fire immediately.
However, doing nothing does have the advantage of giving players the truest possible picture of what is happening to their input. In games where the player can only exert indirect control, such as RTS games, it is considered acceptable for the local player's troops to be lagged as long as his or her direct inputs (typically cursor position, unit selection, and camera position) are responsive.
Another way to address the issue is to store past game states for a certain length of time, then rewind player locations when processing a command.[2] The server uses the latency of the player (including any inherent delay due to interpolation; see above) to rewind time by an appropriate amount in order to determine what the shooting client saw at the time the shot was fired. This will usually result in the server seeing the client firing at the target's old position and thus hitting. In the worst case a player will be so far behind that the server runs out of historic data and they have to start leading their targets.
This is a WYSIWYG solution that allows players to aim directly at what they are seeing. But the price is an aggravation of the effects of latency when a player is under fire: not only does their own latency play a part, but their attacker's too. In many situations this is not noticeable, but players who have just taken cover will notice that they carry on receiving damage/death messages from the server for longer than their own latency can justify. This can lead more often to the (false) impression that they were shot through cover and the (not entirely inaccurate) impression of "laggy hitboxes".[2]
The effects of rewinding can be seen from the perspective of both parties in this video.
One design issue that arises from rewinding is whether to stop rewinding a dead player's lagged commands as soon as they die on the server, or to continue running them until they "catch up" to the time of death. Cutting compensation off immediately prevents victims from posthumously attacking their killers, which meets expectations, but preserves the natural advantage of moving players who round a corner, acquire a target and kill them in less time than a round trip to the stationary victim's client.
Rewinding can be criticised for allowing the high latency of one player to negatively affect the experience of low-latency players. Servers with lag compensation will sometimes reduce the length of player history stored, or enforce ping limits, to reduce this problem.
It is possible for clients to tell the server what they are doing and for the server to trust the data it receives. This method is avoided if at all possible due to its susceptibility to cheating: it is a simple matter to route network data through a second computer which inserts fabricated hit messages or modifies existing ones, a technique which cannot be detected by anti-cheat tools.[2]
However, the sheer scale of some games makes computationally expensive solutions like rewinding impossible. In Battlefield 3, for example, a "hybrid hit detection" system is used where clients tell the server that they hit and the server performs only a vague test of plausibility before accepting the claim.[3]
Trusting a client's results otherwise has the same advantages and disadvantages as rewinding.
A less common lag solution is to do nothing on the server and to have each client extrapolate (see above) to cover its latency.[4] This produces incorrect results unless remote players maintain a constant velocity, granting an advantage to those who dodge back and forth or simply start/stop moving.
Extended extrapolation also results in remote players becoming visible (though not vulnerable) when they should not be: for example if a remote player sprints up to a corner then stops abruptly at the edge, other clients will render them sprinting onward, into the open, for the duration of their own latency. On the other side of this problem, clients have to give remote players who just started moving an extra burst of speed in order to push them into a theoretically-accurate predicted location.
It is possible to reduce the perception of lag through game design. Techniques include playing client-side animations as if the action took place immediately, reducing/removing built-in timers on the host machine, and using camera transitions to hide warping.[5]
Cloud gaming is a type of online gaming where the entire game is hosted on a game server in a data center, and the user is only running a thin client locally that forwards game controller actions upstream to the game server. The game server then renders the next frame of the game video which is compressed using low-lag video compression and is sent downstream and decompressed by the thin client. For the cloud gaming experience to be acceptable, the round-trip lag of all elements of the cloud gaming system (the thin client, the Internet and/or LAN connection the game server, the game execution on the game server, the video and audio compression and decompression, and the display of the video on a display device) must be low enough that the user perception is that the game is running locally.[6][1] Because of such tight lag requirements, distance considerations of the speed of light through optical fiber come into play, currently limiting the distance between a user and a cloud gaming game server to approximately 1000 miles, according to OnLive, the only company thus far operating a cloud gaming service.[7]
There is also much controversy about the lag associated with cloud gaming. In typical multiplayer games the player's computer renders the game's graphics locally and only information about the player's in-game actions are sent to the server. For example when the player presses a button, the character on-screen instantly performs the corresponding action. However, the consequences of the action such as an enemy being killed are only seen after a short delay due to the time taken for the action to reach the server. This is acceptable since as long as the player's character responds instantly the player still feels in complete control.
With cloud gaming when the player presses a button, nothing appears to happen for a short while. The button press must first be transmitted to the remote server, which takes time. Then the server must start rendering the graphics of the action being performed and stream the video back to the player over the network, which again takes time. Thus the player experiences a noticeable delay between pressing a button and seeing something happen on-screen. Depending on the skill & experience of the player, this can cause disorientation and confusion similar to Delayed Auditory Feedback and hampers navigation & aiming in the game world. When rapidly inputting a long combination move, the on-screen character will not be synchronized with the button presses. This usually causes severe confusion in the player resulting in the failure of the combination move.
The extra input lag can also make it very difficult to play certain single player games. For example, if an enemy takes a swing at the player and the player is expected to block, then by the time the player's screen shows that the enemy has commenced attacking, the enemy would have already struck and killed the player on the server.
Transmission control protocol, Quality of service, Queueing theory, Ethernet, Router (computing)
Cloud gaming, YouTube, San Francisco, Microsoft Windows, Windows XP
Transmission Control Protocol, Throughput, Network congestion, Quality of service, Voice over IP
Computer networking, Jitter, Electronics, Multimedia, End-to-end principle
Linux, Microsoft Windows, Os X, FreeBSD, First-person shooter
Source code, Lag (online gaming), Image hosting service, Video hosting service, Server (computing)
Video games, Lag, Artillery, Luck, Second Life
Internet, Interpolation, Game design, Cloud gaming, Jagex


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Welcome to the In and Out of the Kitchen Link Party #26. I am so glad you are here and I look forward to seeing what you bring to the party!
As you know, I live in Virginia and if you have been watching the news, you know it is Hot, Hot, HOT! Yes, I was getting a bit loud!
I was so happy to see the Top 12 Refreshing Beverages from With A Blast as the most clicked post! I know there are many of you who need this list of wonderful drinks as much as I do!
If you have not seen the Top 10 Favorites of the In and Out of the Kitchen Link Party #25, please drop by. I know you will be inspired.
Latest posts by Cynthia (see all)
- Roasted Sweet Potatoes and Apples - September 29, 2017
- Easy Fried Apples - September 27, 2017
- Nutmeg-Apple Conserve, a canning recipe - September 26, 2017


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Started in 2011 as Navapaloosa, the blog begin as a hobby and a way to write about the things that were an interest to me. As time went on, I made the decision to rename the blog and make changes to reflect the person who I am now.
On the Dime is about being able to live life to the fullest while not having a large amount of money or time at your disposal. Being a jack of all trades in many aspects of my life, I have learned how to use the time and money that I do have to work for me. I will be sharing where I eat, drink, how I save money, recipes, and nutrition/fitness advice as well.
Thank you for stopping by and come back to see how I live On the Dime.


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Not So Fast, MALDEF Warns Arizona
PHOENIX (CN) – Civil rights groups warned Gov. Jan Brewer that the "papers please" provision of Arizona's immigration law, SB 1070, remains enjoined "unless and until the District Court of the Ninth Circuit dissolves the injunction currently in place."
In a letter on MALDEF letterhead, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund told Bewer that the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on SB 1070 "did not lift the injunction," but remanded it "for further proceedings."
The Supreme Court, in throwing out several sections of Arizona's immigration law, as treading upon federal powers, refused to kill the "papers please" provision, finding that it (the court) could not determine if state officers asking for immigration papers was unconstitutional. It depended upon what happened next, the court said, in essence.
Arizona's "papers please" provision requires police officers with "reasonable suspicion" to check the immigration status of anyone they stop or arrest.
"The Supreme Court's decision in Arizona v. United States did not lift the injunction as to Section 2(B)," MALDEF attorney wrote in the June 27 letter. "Instead, it stated that the court would remand the case for further proceedings. And as the Supreme Court stated in a June 25, 2012 letter to the Ninth Circuit that defendants have also received, 'The judgment or mandate of this Court will not issue for at least twenty-five days pursuant to Rule 45.' Attached as Ex. 1. After the Supreme Court mandate is issued, the proceedings on remand can follow, and only if the Section 2(B) injunction is actually lifted can the provision lawfully be implemented.
"We are aware that some defendants have stated that Section 2(B) is now in effect. We ask you to correct your clients regarding this fact and correct any public statements indicating that Section 2(B) is currently operative. Please notify plaintiffs'
Counsel immediately if you disagree with plaintiff's position and if you intend to implement Section 2(B) before the federal courts rule that the injunction is dissolved."
MALDEF was joined by the ACLU, the ACLU of Arizona, the National Immigration Law Center, the National Day Labor Organizing Network, the Asian Pacific American Legal Center, and the Asian American Justice Center.


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High 15 FREE Internet Marketing Instruments To Boost Your On-line Business
The Business Model Canvas is a template, in the form of a visible chart, which can be utilized to document a business's strategic management plan. Keyword Blueprint is a strong and simple to make use of keyword analysis software that allows you to next drill into the area of interest to find helpful keyword phrases that would be the foundation for search engine advertising and marketing.
To do this you'll have to have full command of online tools that permit you to leverage the attain and different capabilities of social networks in a time and price efficient method.
Qzzr is a quiz creation software that empowers you to develop instruments on a wide range of matters for simple social media dissemination.
Free web traffic management shareware and netlimiter v.1.30 netlimiter is an ultimate internet internet marketing for dummies visitors management and monitoring tool designed for win98.
It describes an in depth plan about advertising so that you could put up a profitable competition against all the competing products out there within the part mainly deal with with the market weak spot of direct competition and achieve the benefit over this present weak point to take a considerable market shares of your product.
Simply because the title implies, Micro Niche Finder is a device that can assist those working in internet affiliate marketing and different sorts of net based mostly enterprise to search out exactly the niche they are seeking.
The use of digital advertising in the digital era not solely permits for brands to market their services and products, but in addition permits for online customer help via 24/7 providers to make clients feel supported and valued.
Advertising and marketing 360® acquisition advertising software – the first and only centralized digital media buying trade, powered by confirmed algorithms, entrepreneurs, tools, strategies, and networks to ensures that your advertising and marketing investment delivers measurable ROI and grows your corporation by acquiring new customers (market Share).


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The Latest on the effects of the coronavirus outbreak on sports around the world:
The start of the Georgia Tech-Syracuse football game at the Carrier Dome was delayed to confirm negative COVID-19 test results, Syracuse University officials said.
Three Syracuse players were re-tested for COVID-19 and the negative tests were confirmed, officials said.
The game is the home opener for the Orange in the refurbished Dome.
in coronavirus infections.
More AP sports: https://apnews.com/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports


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|Napa Trip -Circa 2009
(Yes, that is flight & hotel.
And no, we did not stay at a hostel, brothel, or campground to get that price. Bahahaha. Me? Campground? Yeah right. My idea of roughing it is staying at a Holiday Inn.) So, you ready for the irony in this???
...... I am a complete homebody. I crave structure & get grumpy without it. My vacations aren't like most people's vacations.... For starters, I like to work out on vacations. I prefer to eat my normal breakfasts & lunches because otherwise it'll throw my stomach into a whirlwind of hurting. (My stomach is definitely comparable to that of a senile 82 year old senior citizen. It hurts when I eat almost anything. Big thanks to Big P (my dad) for that little genetic gem.) I even go to bed at my normal time (or before) on vacations. Kevin swears I turn into a drill sergeant on vacay because I prefer to keep everything (including my workouts) on a time schedule. I tend to stress if I think my structure is going to be messed with.
And yall, honestly I do great like in this structured type of vacay for a couple days & even manage to enjoy some time off of work.... but then, I start missing home. Namely- my bed, my puppy, and the Diva. Sad part of it is, this need to be at home & sleep in my own bed started when I was a toddler. On occasion, my parents would be lenient on our bedtime while having friends over, in which case my brother would also still be up, undoubtedly wrecking havoc in the house too, yet I inevitably would find my Mom or Dad & BEG them to take me up to my bed.
Oh don't worry, as time progressed, I got even more neurotic about missing home & sleeping arrangements. For example, when I would host OR attend sleepovers, parents would come down to check on us girls late night, only to find that I had bounced. (Calm down, I didn't try to walk home or anything weird like that. They would always either up to my own bed or the host's bed, but regardless, I'm sure it was pretty startling the first few times it happened.) Someone please tell me they did this too. Anyone?.... Seriously anyone?.... Bueller?
Obviously, I know my homebody tendencies aren't exactly, ummm, normal, so I've tried to figure out why I am always dying to come home from vacation. Heres what I've come up with...
1) I like to be in control, so doing things on other peoples' schedules drives me insane.
2) I absolutely adore what I get to come home to (ie, my fabulous hubby, sweet puppy Hudson, our beautiful house, and my crazy kitties.) & feel most like myself at home.
**Side note- I was oddly obsessed with Wizard of Oz from age 1-4 years old. I'm now highly suspicious there might be a direct correlation with my homebody preferences & this movie. Seriously, think about it. Here Dorothy is, transplanted in this magical place, and all she can think about is getting home. Surely the possibility exists that her ridiculous need to leave the Yellow Brick Road & Oz was projected onto me & permanently ingrained into my brain, right? Then again, I know some of my friends watched Barney & none of them have shown ANY signs of having their travel preferences based solely upon what they learned from his show (ie: traveling in a goofy hat while partaking in that particular means of transportation, or singing ridic songs while on a plane.) Hmmm. Dang, I thought I was onto something for a second. Maybe I'm just an oddball.


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Wednesday 20th March 2019
Wednesday 20th March 2019
Tuesday 19th March 2019
Ten new AEC-Q101 qualified SiC MOSFETs provide high reliability for automotive on board chargers and DC/DC converters
Tuesday 19th March 2019
4.5kg On-Board-Charger has a power density of 3kW/
Tuesday 19th March 2019
Jaguar Land Rover has installed 166 smart charging outlets for electric vehicles at its Gaydon engineering centre.
Monday 18th March 2019
Partnership enables development of power-dense, Aerospace-Compliant conversion modules that use 3 Phase power.
Monday 18th March 2019
Friday 15th March 2019
Small footprint power transistor targets 48V DC-DC, motor drives, and lidar applications
Friday 15th March 2019
Highways England has awarded a multi-million-pound contract to help people take longer journeys in electric vehicles.
Tuesday 12th March 2019
Tuesday 12th March 2019
European 'HiPERFORM' to introduce wide-bandgap power electronics in next-generation electric cars.Electric cars rely on power electronic circuits for various functions. What if we could make these better by using new materials, such as SiC and GaN?
Friday 8th March 2019
Wednesday 6th March 2019
EPC team will be showing new products and delivering eleven technical presentations in Anaheim
Tuesday 5th March 2019
New low current GaN transistor line is developed for consumer level power supply products
Tuesday 5th March 2019
But is the industrial supply chain ready?
Wednesday 20th February 2019
GaN Systems' 100V and 650V Products meet the demand and addressing the unsolved power system challenges
Wednesday 13th February 2019
Tuesday 12th February 2019
Tuesday 12th February 2019
JEP173 outlines method for consistent measurement of GaN power FET Drain-to-Source Resistance in the ON-state
Tuesday 12th February 2019
Monday 11th February 2019
WiTricity, the industry pioneer in wireless power transfer, announced the acquisition from Qualcomm Incorporated and Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. of certain technology platform and IP assets, which will bring over 1,500 patents and patent applications related to wireless charging that WiTricity will own or control. Through the transaction, Qualcomm Incorporated will become a minority WiTricity shareholder.
Monday 11th February 2019
Yole tech day: a combination of presentations, debates, and networking
Friday 8th February 2019
Friday 8th February 2019
Projects aim to find new ways to harness medium-voltage electricity in industry, transportation, and on the grid


text:
Hi there! We hope that you are enjoying your summer (or winter in the Southern Hemisphere) wherever you are in the world. We are definitely enjoying taking some time off from broadcasting, but we still have our minds on the show, since we want to come back with something even better for you in the autumn semester!
We have prepared this short survey for you to give us some feedback on whatever you have experienced with the show (even if this has been just to look at our logo ;)) and on what you would like us to bring you when we come back:
Thank you in advance and keep it up with the fun :)


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5.12.2015. 15:17
Europski Židovski Kongres o antisemitizmu
Dear Friends,
Please find below the EJC statement following the terror attack in Copenhagen for your information.
Kind regards,
The EJC Team
EJC: Europe Must Move from Defense to Offense and Prevent Future Attacks
European Jewish Congress President Dr. Moshe Kantor, has urged European authorities to go on the offensive against radical Islamists, if they are to stand any chances of beating back the terrorist wave spreading across Europe.
"Last night's terrorist attack on a synagogue in Denmark demonstrates that defensive measures to protect the public, and the Jewish community in particular, are not enough," Dr. Kantor said.
"The authorities must change the paradigm and take the battle to the radical Islamist enclaves, prevent the next attack and bring the terrorists and their supporters to task."
"Islamic terrorists are targeting Jews specifically in their homes, markets, places of business and houses of worship. Unless serious action is taken to prevent these attacks every Jew in Europe is at risk.
To win this war on terror and anti-Semitism, European authorities must immediately establish a pan-European task force with legal authority and significant budgetary resources dedicated to stopping this threat... Now is the time for all EU member states to act swiftly and effectively."
"The wave of anti-Semitism which is sweeping the continent is becoming more and more violent and endangers Jewish existence. The threats against Jews and the inability of governments to defend them are forcing Jews out of Europe,"
Dr. Kantor said. "It is clear that Jews continue to be the main target of these attacks. While others are attacked for what they do, Jews are continuously attacked for who they are. It is a slow and deliberate religious massacre and it is killing Jewish communities by the death of a thousand cuts.".....
European Jewish Congress (EJC)
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Turquoise & Peachy Cats Eye stretch bracelet
Beautiful color combination of Turquoise with a touch of peachy~ love this simple sweet everyday bracelet! Perfect for stacking with all your favorite gemstone bangles.
Turquoise & Peach Cats Eye
•grounding and protective
•transforming negative thoughts into positive
•connection to spirit
•optimism and joy
•enhancing confidence
•clear communication
•enhances creativity and action
made in a size small-medium for general size wrists 7-8"
• comes home cleansed with love! And a note about the gems for you to keep.
Handmade with love and one of a kind by garden gypsy collective!


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Shani 28th April 2017 Written Episode Update
Shani 28th April 2017 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
Mahadev tells Shani he has to do his duty as Karamfaldata on earth now. You will have to go meet Raja Harishchandra.
Raja Harishchandra smiles as Rani Taramati enters in the Sabha with their son. Raja Harishchandra notices the worry on her face. Be patient Taramati. Keep a hold on yourself. She says it reflects on face when one is tensed. Raja Harishchandra thanks his people for coming here to bless his son on his 12th birthday. A Maha Puja has been organised for the occasion. Everyone is invited. People cheer after their son. A Maharishi (Rishi Vishwamitra) shows an inclination to be part of it as well. Raja Harishchandra and Rani Taramati get tensed. Raja Harishchandra tells his wife not to worry. I will protect my son come what may. I wont let anything happen to him. He next greets Rishi Vishwamitra. Rishi Vishwamitra hopes he will fulfil his promise asap. Remember how Varun Dev blessed you with a son 13 years ago. You had promised to return your son to him when he turns 12 years old. Raja Harishchandra nods. Rishi Vishwamitra points out that it is time to fulfil that promise. I ask your son Rohitashva from you today. Why does your face say otherwise? You are Suryavanshi. I hope you will neither break your promise nor hurt your family's respect. Everyone requests Rishi Vishwamitra not to take their prince. Raja Harishchandra announces that he cannot back out from his promise as a King just because he is a father. Will you (his people) accept me as a King even if I break my promises? He turns to Maharishi. I will surely live to my word. He walks up to his son and takes him to Maharishi. Shani watches everything from far.
Raja Harishchandra tells Maharishi he can take his son with him. He tells the same to his son. Maharishi keeps a hand on Rohitashva's head.
Maharani Taramati goes to a room and tells someone not to step out of the room. She leaves.
Shani follows Maharni Taramati in the jungle. Maharishi is happy with Raja Harishchandra for living to his word. Shani is watching everything from a distance. Rohitashva keeps looking around in confusion. Raja Harishchandra gives his hand in Maharishi's hand. A couple gestures the kid to go with Maharishi. The kid nods. Shani notices it. Who is this couple who continues looking at this kid? Why is Rani Taramati looking at the palace again and again? Things are not how they appear to be! I have to find out the secret.
Shani comes to the same secretive room in palace. He is shocked to see a shadow inside and peeks in. Someone is hiding under of the tables. Shani very politely asks for his introduction. I will help you. The kid introduces him as Prince Rohitashva, Raja Harishchandra's kid. Shani understands Raja Harishchandra's ploy. It was his plan to handover someone else to Maharishi.
Raja Harishchandra pays a hefty amount to the couple. Maharani Taramati thanks the mother of the kid for her sacrifice. Her husband points out that just as the king protects its people, we too have some duty towards the king. Raja Harishchandra says I will look after you for life from now on. I am indebted to you for what you did. But make sure no one else should know about this. The guy nods. Shani walks in saying he knows the secret now. You are King who looks after its people as his kids. He does not snatch anyone's kid for selfish reasons. What you did today is adharma, injustice. If you have promised Maharishi then it was you who should have followed it. You should have refused his proposal at that time itself if you dint want to give him your son! You have cheated a Maharishi! You should have been thoughtful about the consequences in future. It does not suit a king like you to cheat people. Raja Harishchandra demands his introduction. Shani gives his introduction. I am Chhaya-putra Shani. I came here to warn you. What you did was wrong. You cannot make someone else do your karma. Your attitude will cast wrong influence on people. Will they trust you when they will find out the truth? There is time to come on the right path. Give your real son to Maharishi.
Rishi Vishwamitra wants to sacrifice the kid to Mahadev to complete his tapasya. World will remember me as Brahma-rishi. I will prove Brahmarishi Vashishtha I am no less than him. He begins to chant mantras when he is disturbed by someone's voice. It is Rahu who tells him that sadly his tapasya wont be complete. Maharishi asks him how he dare create a hindrance in my yagya. Give your introduction or I will burn your right away. Rahu shares his introduction. This kid here isn't Rohitashva, Harishchandra's son.
Rani Taramati refuses to give up her son at any case. Raja Harishchandra advises Shani to stay out of his personal matter. You have committed a crime by entering in my state. I can punish you for the same. I wont do it though as you are a kid. You haven't harmed anyone as of now. I allow you to leave but on one condition – you wont tell the truth to Maharishi. Shani promises him. I am not used to breaking promises but you will have to bear the consequence of breaking your promise. Are you ready to get the results of your karmas?
Precap: Maharishi asks Shani why he shouldn't punish Harishschandra. Shani asks the king to vow never to lie. He will remember it forever. Raja Harishchandra takes the vow.
Update Credit to: Pooja


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When you hear the word HABIT does a negative connotation come to mind? For most people YES. How about for you? The future of your internet business will depend on your day to day habits. Are your treating your business like a business? or more like a hobby?
So, how do you define HABIT? A dear friend of mine recently sent me an excerpt that is the best description of habit that I have ever heard. It goes like this.
I am your greatest burden or your greatest asset because I am your constant companion. I will push you forward or drag you down.
I am completely at your command. Half the things you do you may as well just turn over to me and I will do them quickly and quietly.
I am easily managed with firm direction. Show me exactly what you want done, and I will do them automatically without you having to think about it
I am your servant and the servant of all great men and women. Those who are great, I have made great. Those who are failures, I have made failures.
I am very powerful both positively and negatively, so use me wisely. I am not a machine, although I work more efficiently than any machine when operated properly.
You may operate me for profit or operate me for loss, it makes no difference to me. Be easy and lackadasical with me and I will destroy you. Who am I? I am HABIT.
That excerpt made a huge difference on me and my internet business. You see, the tendency for most internet marketers, especially if your part-time, is that the business will take care of itself when it takes care of itself. Well I beg to differ.
Your internet business will take care of nothing. You are your internet business. So let me ask you, "Are your habits moving you and your business closer to where you want to be or farther away? I believe you are only going in one of two directions, forward or backward.
If you are not yet full-time in your business and work a 9 to 5 job elsewhere, how much time daily do you spend on your business? I'm not here to judge anyone. I hope everyone is successful in whatever they pursue. However, below is a great example of a new positive daily routine anyone can use to further their daily business.
Spend the first 30 minutes of your morning each day to further your business. Examples include:
1 – Write an article, submit that article to article directories with your business link.
2 – Add one message per day to your autoresponder list.
3 – Update your email signature file.
4 – Submit an email ad to 5 mailers promoting your business by offering free downloads, free software, etc. and building your list.
5 – Be organized and when you reach your 30 minute timeline, stop.
You should be able to complete those daily tasks within 30 minutes. It may take a short while to get that timeline to 30 minutes, but eventually if will be automatic and part of your normal daily routine.


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that time he had a shooting percentage of 10% by scoring 20 goals on 193 shots.
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Savings bonds have long been around since World War I. They are basically paper issued by the government that gathers interest given time. Basically, buying a savings bond is the same as lending money to the government. The only difference is that there is a set interest rate for each savings bond purchased. So why opt for investing in a savings bond? Well, investing in a savings bond is investing your money in the government wherein your money will be for the mean time used for causes that will benefit the greater large or society. It is a patriotic way of investing your money if you think about it. So how do you do so? Just follow these simple steps.
Reinvesting on savings bonds does have its perks, but remember to know your investments and to do it wisely. Good luck!
How To Do Things. Copyright Howtodothings.com © 2016, all rights reserved.


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Whether you own a restaurant, hotel, bar, gym or any other business venue – we can refurbish it to give you the hottest establishment on the scene.
We listen to your design ideas and requirements and budget and deliver a high quality service and manage the full refurbishment from start to finish.
For further information, contact Tony Pinkstone.


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Hollywood has long been suspicious that the box office receipts they receive from the movies they release in China have been underreported, and now they are taking action.
The Motion Picture Association of America, which represents the six major movie studios in the US, have hired an accounting firm to audit the box office sales of select titles that have been released in China, according to Bloomberg News.
The audit comes on the heels of ticket sales growth slowing last year to less than 3.7% in China after a 35% average growth the previous five years.
China is one of the fastest growing movie markets in the world and has been the saviour of numerous big budget releases that flopped in the US, including recent releases like "The Mummy" and "Transformers: The Last Knight." So studios have recently been giving more attention to what returns they are getting out of the region.
And the studios have reason for concern.
In March, China's State Administration of Press, Publication Radio, Film and Television penalised more than 300 theatres in March for under-reporting ticket sales, Bloomberg reports. The biggest penalties were 90-day suspensions for exhibitors that understated revenue by more than 1 million yuan ($US146,000). And this is after China approved new fines for falsifying box-office sales in November. Some are five times the illegal gains.
The results of the audit may come as soon as the third quarter of this year, according to Bloomberg. That's ahead of the deadline for the US to renegotiate its film-trade deal with China. Under the current deal, US studios receive 25% of box office sales. The studios export the movies to the county on a flat fee.
A representative for the MPAA did not immediately respond to Business Insider's request for comment.
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Sorry, The Hatch does not ship wine to United States.
Canadian wine delivered right to your door!
Roussanne is arguably one of the most amazing white grapes and it's peak can produce some of the finest dry whites in the world. The problem is, it's hard to grow and harder to vinify so you don't see much of it. It's starting to make some in-roads here in the Okanagan which is really exciting as it's showing some promise. I've described Roussanne as being like 'Chardonnay on steroids'; it loves oak, is super rich and textured. This wine has all the elements of this grape you could ask for with the jasmine, pear skin and honeysuckle framed by the additional texture of older neutral oak. The addition of the Viognier lifts the aromatics and adds an intriguing exotic sense to the wine.
Awards & Ratings
Critic's Rating:
90 pts
- Tony Aspler
Connoisseur Note(s):
'The fruit is grown at the Stone's Throw Vineyard along the Lower Black Sage Bench. The ferment and the malolactic fermentation takes place in neutral puncheons where the wine stays on its lees for six months. Lemon, orange zest coats the palate, with a slightly bitter leesy undercurrent. The texture is rich but not overbearing, with a long, warm finish. This blend in the Okanagan continues to show a lot of promise as does winemaker Parkes. Try this with lobster or duck a l'orange. 88 points'
- – Anthony Gismondi, Gismondi on Wine March 1, 2017
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Tasting Notes
This was a featured wine in September's Wine Club package, 2019.
Tasting notes written by Tony Aspler.
Geographical Indication: BC VQA British Columbia
Varietal: Roussanne (60%) and Viognier (40%)
Vineyard: Stone's Throw Vineyard
Cases Produced: 175
Appearance: Bright, lemon-straw colour.
Nose: Minerally, lightly floral, spicy, apricot nose.
Palate: Medium to full-bodied, dry, peachy-tangerine flavours with balancing acidity; finely textured, palate-caressing and long on finish.
Quality: Outstanding. 90 points. Very Northern Rhône in style. Drink now or within two years.
Food Pairing: Roast chicken with a creamy green peppercorn sauce, Thai braised beef with a coconut-ginger curry, apricot chicken salad with a honey vinaigrette, oven-baked parsnips, or creamy baked crab dip with crostini.


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Ever wish you could magically connect with friends and partners who both excite and accept you while managing the stress of being an adult? It's a completely learnable skill and we are going to learn some strategies with Relationship Coach Regina Fletcher, in a fun, interactive workshop that outlines proven strategies for how to successfully make authentic connections that lead to friendship or more with people you meet without an introduction.
Note: For those of you that have been to my past How to Meet Great People workshops, this will be based on the first half of that workshop, and will be customized to empower people to make connections at local festivals such as the Stern Grove Music Festival in San Francisco, or long weekend festivals such as Lightning in a Bottle.
What are my transport/parking options getting to the event?
Short walk from Powell Station
Across the street from 5th and Mission Parking Lot
Free street parking after 6pm
Where can I contact the organizer with any questions?
Send me an email at email@example.com or send a message through Eventbrite.
I want to learn great strategies for connecing with people, but I am not interested in going to festivals. Will this workshop be useful for me?
Yes! The underlying strategies can be applied to making new freinds or going on first dates.
What age group/sexual orientation is the group for?
This event is LGBTQ, poly, kink, married and single friendly. There is typically a 30 year age span with many people currently not in long-term relationships, and a few who are in relationships and looking for more friends. This workshop is not designed to be a forum for people to connect with eachother for specific purposes, although it does happen 🙂
- When: W
- Where: The Hub - 925 Mission St , San Francisco, CA 94103


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Memorial Child Development Center Playgrounds
Client: Army NAF Contracting | Location: Fort Drum, NY | Completion Date: 2016 | Services Provided: Civil/Site Engineering, Land Surveying, QA/QC, Construction Administration Support
The Memorial Child Development Center is an existing 132 student Military child care center which serves children 3 to 6 years of age. The center is comprised of six (6) classrooms, three (3) of which serve students 3 to 5 years of age, and three (3) which serve students 5 to 6 years of age. The facility underwent building renovations in 2015 and received funding for playground renovations, replacement and upgrades in 2016. Each classroom has direct access to one of six (6) dedicated outdoor recreation and educational playground areas. All playground areas are ABA and ADA accessible, with specific pieces of equipment and play areas being designated for use by students with specific disability impairments. Each of the six (6) playgrounds have diverse individually themed play areas. Play Area components included:
-Green House
-Work Benches
-Trike Garage
-Trike Track
-Tables/Shade Shelter
-Triple Paint
-Pump House
-Balance Beam
-Nesting Nature Tables
-RSP Planters
-Belt Seat Swings
-Cape Playset
-Drum Ensemble
-Chickadee Chime
-Elec Vehicles
-Tot Tekker
-Vine House
-Police Station
-Drama Deck
-Triple Water Trough
-Storage Chart
-Fire Station
-Pagoda Bells
-Sand Hut/Castle Roof
-Flat Benches
Aubertine and Currier Architects, Engineers and Land Surveyors, PLLC Land Survey and Civil/Site design services to include preliminary planning, local design support and Quality Assurance Quality Control support to the Design/Built Contractor and their designer which was located out of state. In addition to QA/QC design support services, A&C provided construction administration support and materials testing services. The playground construction project include the demolition and removal of the majority of play equipment, utilization of some equipment and shade structures to remain, complete regrading, complete concrete and asphalt path reconstruction for ADA accessibility, complete underground drainage collection system replacement, play area cushioned carpet areas, sod play areas, and fencing replacement. All construction and equipment were installed in the summer of 2016 in preparation for the students return in the fall of 2016.


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The Technology Student Association (TSA) is a national organization of students engaged in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). TSA enhances personal development, leadership, and career opportunities in STEM, whereby members apply and integrate these concepts through intracurricular activities, competitions, and related programs. To be a member, students must have taken, or currently be enrolled in, a technology course. For more information about TSA and a list of competitions students can choose to compete in go to https://tsaweb.org/
Why JoinThe Technology Student Association (TSA) provides student members the opportunity to explore a wide variety of (science, technology, engineering, and math) STEM career interest areas.
All 70 TSA competitions are correlated with national STEM standards and can be integrated into and enhance STEM curriculum. Participation in TSA competitions allows TSA members to apply technology and engineering skills in challenging and innovative ways. Working individually or as a team, student members are motivated by the inspiration and enthusiasm gained from being recognized for the successful application of those skills.
Other benefits include opportunities to:
- Enhance technological literacy.
- Work on complex activities from start to finish.
- Compete on local, state, and national levels.
- Develop leadership skills through TSA's customized program, LEAP.
- Explore STEM career options.
- Attend organized meetings.
- Meet and work with business and industry leaders.
- Network with students and teachers with similar interests from across the United States.
- Contribute time and effort to a national service project.
- Receive national membership communications.
- Gain recognition through TSA's honor society and scholarships.
- Have a voice in a national organization that is helping to shape the future of technology and engineering education.


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Trust Housing Association
Trust Housing Association provides help for Scotland's ethnic minority older people during COVID-19
Trust Housing Association has partnered with the Scottish Government to provide a network of grassroots support for ethnic minority older people during the devastating coronavirus pandemic.
Published 18 May 2020
Trust, Hanover and Bield unveil research into needs of Scotland's ethnic minority older people
A major research report providing unprecedented insights into the growing needs of ethnic minority older people in Scotland was launched this week by national housing associations, Trust, Hanover (Scotland) and Bield.
Published 3 March 2020
Trust Housing Association achieves Leaders in Diversity reaccreditation
National housing, support and care provider Trust Housing Association has been reaccredited with the Leaders in Diversity (LiD) award.
Published 16 January 2020
All change at Wishaw & District as transfer to Trust completes
Wishaw & District Housing Association has completed its transfer of engagements to Trust Housing Association following approval from the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
Published 3 December 2019
Trust Housing and Scottish Care launch new Care Cameo report
The latest in a programme of papers by care professionals designed to foster debate on some of the most important issues associated with the delivery of care and support for older people across Scotland has been launched by Trust Housing and Scottish Care.
Published 5 November 2019
Trust Housing Association attends Happy to Translate award presentation
Trust Housing Association was among the Happy to Translate members to attend its first-ever awards presentation at its annual members' event in Edinburgh last week.
Published 9 October 2019
Wishaw & District Housing Association tenants vote yes for transfer
Tenants of Wishaw & District Housing Association (WDHA) have definitively backed the proposed transfer to Trust Housing Association.
Published 20 September 2019
Housing minister welcomed to new Borders site
The sun shone to greet minister for local government & housing, Kevin Stewart MSP, to Trust Housing's new Extra Care development in Duns.
Published 19 August 2019
Regulator continues statutory intervention at Wishaw & District Housing Association
The Scottish Housing Regulator is to extend the appointment of a manager and six governing body appointees at Wishaw & District Housing Association (WDHA) for a further six months as the landlord undergoes its proposed transfer with Trust Housing Association.
Published 9 August 2019
Trust continues to receive excellent Care Inspectorate grades
Trust Housing has been awarded two excellent grades (6's) for its quality of care and support and quality of staffing following a recent inspection.
Published 11 June 2019
Trust Housing welcomes £23k Lottery funding across North Lanarkshire developments
Staff and tenants at Trust Housing's Airdrie, Wishaw and Motherwell developments have recently been granted a total of £23,870.
Published 29 May 2019
Trust taking steps to prevent isolation and loneliness
Trust Housing Association has partnered with national walking charity Living Streets Scotland and North Lanarkshire Council to open a new path, gate and lighting at its Airdrie development.
Published 28 March 2019
Trust expands mid-market and social rent offering in East Dunbartonshire
Trust Housing Association is building 35 new homes across two sites in East Dunbartonshire.
Published 8 January 2019
Wishaw & District Housing Association announces preferred partner
Wishaw & District Housing Association (WDHA) has announced the preferred organisation with whom it has agreed to pursue a merger through a transfer of engagements.
Published 21 December 2018
Trust Housing Association translation initiative celebrates community champions
A translation team at Trust Housing Association held their first open event for members in Glasgow.
Published 4 December 2018


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Here's my piece for the "Mythic" Group Show in Aberdeen, Scotland opening this weekend.
You can view all the works for sale online too: Click here
My painting is nspired by will-o'-the-wisp (or ignis fatuus in Medieval Latin meaning "foolish fire") which are mysterious lights said to lead curious nightly travelers from their safe paths. As you get closer they recede, slowly drawing you further and further with them to their mysterious destination. Often that destination is a marsh or a swamp, but there's many variations throughout European folklore.
For me it has always represented a light hovering on a forest path, beckoning the watcher to follow it into the unknown, leaving your safe path which perhaps translates to your real life comfort zone.
You don't know what you're gonna get out of following the light but if you don't go and see you'll spend your whole life wondering.
Do stop by if you're in the area :)


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This browser doesn't support Spotify Web Player. Switch browsers or download Spotify for your desktop.
Just a collection of song´s i like. I will introduce new tracks every week. Calm Guitar music for Background/Studying or conscious listening / meditation on sound. (Instrumentals, acoustic, guitar music. Ruhige Musik. tranquilo, estudiar, lectura, creatividad, guitarra Acústica Relevante, tranquilo)
409 songs
Listen to Calm Instrumental Guitar Acoustic. (Peaceful and Calm melodies) Lance Allen, Alan Gogoll & similar.. in full in the Spotify app


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In 2020, we are embracing the style of lavish fun loving glamour with our very special theme of Studio 54. Arrive to our decadent Ballroom where we will welcome you to a night of glitz and glamour.
Think metallics, glitter, feather boas and sequins! A disco inferno backdrop that will make you want to jungle boogie the night away and throw some moves to Night Fever!
Whether you're looking for a shared party of 10 or an exclusive party for up to 200, our beautiful Ballroom is the perfect space. We guarantee you will celebrate in ultimate style and enjoy some scrumptious food, creative cocktails and oh so dreamy desserts.
Follow the call of the disco ball …
Prices from: £45.00 per person
Roasted celeriac and apple soup, chive oil
Beetroot marinated salmon, shaved fennel and radish, horseradish crème fraiche
Smoked ham hock terrine, pickled red onion, burned mandarin, pear ketchup
Roast turkey breast, pigs in blanket, cranberry stuffing, turkey gravy
Slow braised daube of beef, roasted shallot, carrot and honey puree, red wine gravy
Baked sea bream fillet, roasted butternut squash and kale, shrimp and saffron butter sauce
Lightly curried roasted cauliflower, chickpea, carrots and kale pie
All served with roast potatoes, seasonal market vegetables and appropriate sauces
French chocolate tart, marinated cherries, Chantilly cream
Traditional Christmas pudding, crème anglaise, orange syrup
Vanilla panna cotta, poached rhubarb, rhubarb jelly and shortbread biscuits
(Pre-orders are required 4 weeks before your Christmas party)
Rather dance than dine? Speak to us about designing your own exclusive disco party, with our casual dining options. Think live cooking, grazing stations or even a curry and a pint! You can make your exclusive party your own.
Make a night of it! We've got 12 beautifully designed bedrooms for you to kick back and relax in. Some of our rooms and suites even feature four poster beds and roll top baths; enjoy a night of luxury, then wake up and enjoy a full Cotswold breakfast, there's no better way to start your day!
We've got it covered, our team will provide you with everything you need to know about Christmas parties at Manor By The Lake. Download our brochure or call out team today on 01242 245 071
Stuck at home? Take our 360 virtual tour