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Collaboration with institutes in Thailand
A research delegation from the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research has signed memoranda of understanding during its scientific trip to Thailand to expand collaborations on the research of nanostructures and responsive soft materials.
A group of scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, have recently visited Bangkok, Thailand, to discuss intensively with scientists from the Petroleum and Petrochemical College at the Chulalongkorn University, the National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC) and National Science and Development Agency (NSTDA). Professor Katharina Landfester, who is responsible for the department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, and Professor Hans-Jürgen Butt, who leads the department of Physics at Interfaces at the Max Planck Institutefor Polymer Research, have led the high-ranking nine-member Mainz research delegation.
During the multi-day symposium about nanostructures and responsive soft materials, the scientists from Mainz have intensively exchanged views with their Thai hosts. Professor Landfester confirmed: "Our common goal is to intensify scientific collaborations including research visits, as well as meetings, seminars and workshops on both sides." The conclusion of joint memoranda of understanding has been an important outcome of the symposium, for example to exchange students through various research programs to promote application-related polymer research.
Memoranda of understanding seal collaborations
The memoranda of understanding focus on strengthening scientific collaborations in the broad field of polymer, petrochemical and nanotechnology research. Professor Butt emphasized: "The memoranda of understanding are a visible sign of our joint efforts to strengthen the scientific relations between our institute and our Thai partners."
One memorandum of understanding for the collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research and Thailand has been signed by Professor Jumras Limtrakul, President of the Vidyasirimedhi Institute for Science and Technology (VISTEC) in Papyupnai, Thailand, and by Professor Landfester during a formal ceremony. Another memorandum seals the cooperation with the Petroleum and Petrochemical College at the Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. It has been signed by Professor Suwabun Chirachanchai and by Professor Landfester and Professor Butt.
The symposium has ended with lectures of the Mainz group leaders of the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research and the Thai scientists on their respective subject areas.

subset: commoncrawl


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Illuminating lens designed by extrinsic differential geometry
A grid defining illumination cells having areas to pass light from a source for use in generation of a lines, wherein the grid is defined by first lines extending about one axis defined by the source, and second lines emanating from the axis to intersect first lines, each cell having four edges defined by successive of first lines and successive of second lines, the cells having one of the following: i) equal areas ii) areas that increase in direction away from the source.
Latest Teledyne Lighting and Display Products, Inc. Patents:
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/935,774, filed Sep. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,788.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Almost all of the prior art of lens design can be subsumed under the imaging category, the purpose of which is an accurate rendering of the appearance of an object. Lenses have seen little use in the illumination field, where reflectors have predominated because of their lower cost and superior efficiency when used with conventional light sources. Thus, there has been little emphasis on the design of lenses for illumination, where the purpose is the fulfillment of a prescribed pattern of light distribution, and imaging of the light source is undesirable. Many of these prescriptions are for rectangular and other non-circular light patterns.
Because optical lenses have overwhelmingly been formed by grinding and polishing, their surfaces are figures of revolution, such as spheres, tori, and cylinders. In general, figures of revolution are not suitable for forming illumination patterns that are not circularly symmetric.
The present invention embodies a different method of lens design than that of optical imaging lenses. It utilizes shapes that are not figures of revolution, but which can be manufactured by molding of plastic or glass. They are especially suitable for use with light-emitting diodes, the tiny sizes of which allow such lenses to be small and easier to injection mold.
The most important lighting prescriptions addressed by the present invention are for vehicular lamps, by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and for ships, by the United States Coast Guard. Particular embodiments of the present invention address these prescriptions. These are far-field prescriptions for an angular distribution of light, whereas illumination prescriptions are for some nearby surface, such as the walls or ceiling of a room.
The current art of luminaire design utilizes the method of computerized searching through a number of design variations, with ray tracing used to evaluate the closeness of a candidate luminaire's output to the desired light distribution. This technique is not completely satisfactory because the vastness of the design space precludes an exact match of luminaire output to prescribed output, given that the design starting point is only a guess.
An example of traditional design is the lenslet array utilized in automotive signal lamps. Numerous small lens elements, usually spherical, cylindrical, or toric, transform the collimated beam from a reflector into a wide-angle beam shaped to fulfill government standards. Such combinations of reflector and lenslet arrays, however, typically have poor values of efficiency, such as one third. Although the reflector can be blamed for much of this inefficiency, also at fault is the restriction of lenslet shapes to spheres, cylinders, and torics (formed by rotating cutting elements), which greatly limits the designer's ability to match the shape of the output beam to the prescribed pattern. Such a match maximizes efficiency, since every point of the specification can be met with a minimum amount of light.
The general design of rotationally symmetric luminaires uses the method of matching the cumulative distribution of source intensity with that of the desired output. Cumulative intensity runs from 0 to 100%, starting at the optical axis and going outwards to the edge of the desired output pattern. Another cumulative distribution is calculated for the intensity of the light source, over the angular range to be redirected by the luminaire. Then, any angle of a ray from the source, having a particular percentage of cumulative source intensity, is redirected into an output angle having the same percentage of cumulative output intensity. From these two angles is calculated the angle the luminaire surface must have to perform the redirection. Then the actual luminaire surface is derived by radial integration outwards from an initial starting point. The resultant shape has the slope necessary to redirect the light from a rotationally symmetric source into a prescribed rotationally symmetric output pattern.
This method of matching cumulative distributions is not suitable, however, for cases where either the source intensity distribution or the desired output pattern are not figures of revolution, that is, azimuthally constant. (An example of such a source is a light-emitting diode with two bonding pads.) This is because a cumulative distribution is inherently one-dimensional, while the two dimensions of angle space prevent a unique line integral from being used to calculate a meaningful index of the shape of the distribution.
In optical lens design, the conceptually closest design method is that of anamorphic lenses. These, however, are designed for a prescribed distortion pattern, a quite different matter than fulfilling a prescribed variation in luminous intensity.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns a general class of illumination lenses that can accurately match a source with a particular desired output, when either or both of these are not figures of revolution. No trial and error processes are required for their design. The mathematical discipline of differential geometry is the basis for the generation of the shapes of particular lenses. As with the above-mentioned method of rotational symmetry, there are two basic stages in the design process:
(1) deriving a distribution of surface slope by matching source and output intensity patterns;
(2) generating the luminaire shape by integrating the surface slope.
At each stage, however, surface theory requires completely different design methods than those of the one-dimensional case of rotational symmetry. When surfaces are studied as curved two-dimensional spaces, intrinsic differential geometry is involved, regarding properties unaffected by folding, but altered by stretching.
In the case of the present invention, however, the lens surface operates in our everyday three-dimensional space, so that extrinsic differential geometry is used to design it. For example, a polyhedron, such as a cube, has a three-dimensional shape studied by extrinsic differential geometry; but, it also has such intrinsic properties as those revealed by drawing triangles on it that enclose a corner. These triangles will violate the laws of plane trigonometry (i.e., their interior angles do not add to 180°), so that this surface's cubic nature is an intrinsic aspect, independent of it being in three-dimensional space.
The particular use of extrinsic differential geometry for the present invention is in surface synthesis, whereby the lens surface is integrated from the specification of its tilt at a large number of points. The surface tilt is calculated according to the laws of optics from knowledge of how the light from a source must be redirected in order to fulfill a particular prescription. When either the source light or the prescription has an intensity distribution that is not rotationally symmetric, design methods of the prior art are deficient, as discussed above. The present invention utilizes computer calculations to numerically specify a lens surface given the intensity distributions of the source and the desired output.
When dealing with an intensity distribution that is not rotationally symmetric, the arena of expressing this distribution is the surface of a sphere of unit radius, known mathematically as the Gaussian sphere measured in steradians, with 4&pgr; being the solid angle of the entire Gaussian sphere. One steradian is a circle 65.5° across, or a square 59.3° on a side, in either case a total of (180/)2=3282.8 square degrees. Luminous intensity is simply the amount of lumens emitted into a solid angle, with a candela=1 lumen per steradian (this has replaced the old term "candlepower", which could mean either intensity or a measuring unit of intensity). An intensity pattern can be graphically presented with either a two-dimensional map of contours of constant intensity or a three-dimensional map with height representing intensity.
Central to the design method of the present invention, and an object of the invention, is a third method of displaying an intensity function: a grid, or mesh, on the Gaussian sphere, with cells of varying size. The cell size are inversely proportional to intensity, so that each cell has the same amount of luminous flux. The particular grid pattern chosen is called a tessellation, or tiling, or the sphere. An example is the latitude and longitude grid of geography, and another is the triangulation based on the icosahedron. In the case of the present invention, however, the entire sphere need not be tiled, since ordinarily neither light sources nor illumination prescriptions cover all directions. Therefore, there is more freedom to adopt tilings, for particular designs, that would form what are mathematically known as incomplete atlases.
It is a major object of the present invention to provide an illumination system with a prescribed output pattern, and which comprises a light source and an optical lens that redirects source light into an output beam, the lens having a shape that is not a surface of revolution.
It is another object of the invention to provide a lens, the surface of which is not a surface of revolution, and wherein the lens surface possesses surface normal vectors enabling the lens to transform source light into an object beam fulfilling the prescribed output pattern.
A further object is to provide a lens, as referred to, and having overall size relative to the size of the light source, and obtained by selection of the distance from an initial starting point of lens surface generated from the light source, that keeps blurring of the output beam below a level defined by the angular resolution of the object pattern prescription.
Yet another object concerns a lens shape generation method that includes the steps:
a) on the Gaussian sphere of directions of the output beam exiting the surface of the lens, in accordance with the prescribed output pattern, establish a first grid of equal-flux zones of equal solid angle;
b) on a portion of the Gaussian sphere of directions of the light emitted from the source into the interior of the lens, establish a grid with the same number of zones of equal-flux solid angles as the first grid, and with a coordinate system topology congruent with that of the first grid, such that the zones of the second grid are in one-to-one topological correspondence with the zones of the first grid, with the flux of each second grid zone in proportion to the flux of its corresponding zone of the first grid, according to the local transmittance of the lens, with either or both of the grids being rotationally non-symmetric;
c) by use of the correspondence, define a flux-redistributing directional mapping function from the first Gaussian sphere to the second Gaussian sphere, whereby any light ray from the source is assigned a direction in the output beam, according to the zone of the second grid into which the ray falls, and so that the redirected ray also falls in the corresponding zone of the first grid;
d) by the vector form of Snell's law of refraction, express the correspondence by establishing on the second grid an overlaying distribution of surface normal vectors;
e) from an initial starting point, mathematically generate the surface coordinates of the lens by contact-integrating the distribution of the surface normal vectors, along an initial strip that follows a principal curvature of the surface, and then, by successive contact-integrations, orthogonally outwards from the initial geodesic strip, of the grid surface normals, generate adjacent characteristic strips that follow the other principal curvature of the lens surface, outward to the boundary of the second grid.
The method also may include the step of performing successive integrations of adjacent characteristic strips in such a way as to fulfill the integrability condition dictating equality of the crossed second derivatives of the surface of the lens, thereby to ensure that the surface of the lens possesses the surface normals necessary for it to transform the light from the source into an output beam substantially fulfilling the prescription.
It is a yet further object of the invention to provide a grid useful for lens generation and defining illumination cells having areas to pass light from a source located centrally of the grid, and comprising:
a) a grid defined by first lines extending about one axis defined by the source, and second lines emanating from the axis to intersect first lines,
b) each cell having four edges defined by successive of first lines and successive of second lines,
c) the cells having one of the following:
i) equal areas
ii) areas that increase in direction away from the source.
In one form of the invention, the first lines may define a series of increasingly larger rectangles extending about said source, certain of said second lines intersecting corners of the rectangles. In another form of the invention, the first lines may define circular latitude lines, and said second lines define longitudinal lines.
A yet further object is to provide a grid that is generally spherical, and defines an axis, said latitude lines extending about said axis, the spacing between successive latitude lines increasing in directions extending along said longitudinal lines.
An additional object is to provide a grid that is generally spherical and defines an axis, said latitude lines extending about said axis, the spacing between successive latitude lines being equal, in direction along said longitudinal lines.
Another object is to provide a light projecting surface in the form of a butterfly. That surface may define curved flutes diverging from a dished zone. Such a butterfly shaped lens may have a conical base to receive or couple to a light source.
A yet additional object is to provide a conical lens having a base and diverging from the base toward a light projecting surface, and a light pipe coupled to said base. The light projecting surface typically has a center region, and ridges diverging away from said center region; and the surface typically has concavely dished zones located between said ridges.
Such lenses are well adapted to project or transmit light of uniform or selected areal intensity over selected non-uniform areas such as rectangular surfaces to be uniformly illuminated.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which:DRAWING DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 depicts a grid on the Gaussian sphere of prescribed intensity output;
FIG. 2 depicts a side view of a corresponding grid on the Gaussian sphere of light-source intensity;
FIG. 3 depicts a top view of the FIG. 2 grid;
FIG. 4 depicts a top view of a lens derived from these grids;
FIG. 5 depicts a side view of the lens;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of grids and a generated lens, and light outputs;
FIG. 7 is a cross section through a lens generated in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of a lens generated in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a lens unit generated in accordance with the invention, and a reflector;
FIG. 9a is a section taken through the FIG. 9 lens and reflector;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a lens unit array;
FIG. 11 is a video or television unit having a screen incorporating the FIG. 10 lens unit array;
FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram to control LEDs at each of the lens units in the FIG. 10 array;
FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic view of an audience viewing zone or area in relation to a large video screen incorporating the FIG. 10 array; and showing relative angling of lens units or cells;
FIG. 14 is a plan view of a vessel carrying light sources as will be referred to;
FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the FIG. 4 lens;
FIG. 16 is a rectangular grid representation;
FIG. 17 is a polar grid representation, on a generally spherical surface;
FIG. 18 is a modification of a polar grid;
FIG. 19 is a representation of a target grid over a polar grid;
FIG. 20 is a representation of a stair step, to be illuminated by a line in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 20a is a section taken through the FIG. 20 air step, to illustrate lens location;
FIG. 21 is a vector representation, on a polar grid; and
FIGS. 22-24 are perspective views of modified lenses.
FIG. 23a is an enlarged view showing a light source fitted in a lens base.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
There are several methods for constructing a grid, as referred to, for a particular specification. A regular tessellation, where all cells are the same size, can be warped to fit the prescription. With a large number of cells, such a warping can accurately match the prescription.
This warping is accomplished by a coordinate shrinkage of the regular grid. A typical prescription has a center or a nearby direction of greatest intensity IMAX. Align a rectangular grid (i.e., an equatorial sector of a latitude-longitude grid) on that center, so that it is located on the corner of a cell, at the direction (x0,y0). Use an iteration interval dx that is much smaller than the cell width Wx of the grid, e.g., dx=wx/1000. Then iterate the following summation to find the distance x1 to the other corner of the warped cell: x 1 = ∑ i = 0 1000   dx / I  ( x , y 0 )
This shrinks the cell in the x direction to compensate for the intensity as it varies with x. In the orthogonal direction y, along a grid line at xi, the same method is used: y 1 = ∑ i = 0 1000   dy / I  ( x , y 0 ) / I  ( x i , y )
Here there is an expansion of the cell as the intensity decreases relative to its value on the y0 line. By this method, the grid remains orthogonal, with a different warping pattern in the two directions, but the total warping is a product of the x and y warpings. This condition is known as separability.
Sometimes the convenience of such separability is not possible, as when the prescription has a large ratio I(xi,y0)/I(xi,yt), from grid center to grid top yt, at x and a much smaller one at grid edge xe. This will cause a much larger number of cells to be generated at xe than at x0. Instead, the x warping is redone at each yi, so that the grid is not orthogonal and the grid lines are curved.
Alternatively, a polar grid can be used, that is, the polar section of a latitude-longitude grid, with the pole at the source maximum. Then the warping can be by making the latitude circles into ovals or by making the longitude lines at uneven intervals, or both, so that an orthogonal grid would result. Alternatively, a non-orthogonal grid could be constructed by bending the longitude lines.
Alternatively, a regular tessellation with a very large number of cells can be condensed by grouping these small cells into larger ones of varying size, so that each group of cells has the same total luminous flux. In either case, the grid cells are indexed to express position within the grid, with either a single number or a pair of numbers, analogous to latitude and longitude in geography.
The key to the design method of the present invention is the construction of two such grids: the first (see FIG. 1) on the Gaussian sphere of output intensity and the second (see FIG. 2) on the Gaussian sphere of source intensity. Such grids are preferred. These spheres have no physical location but exist abstractly, with the purpose of establishing the two grids. The source grid can be thought of having a miniaturized version of the source at its center. The prescription grid can be thought of having a miniaturized version of the present invention at its center. Both express the far-field behavior of light.
Both grids have the same number of cells and the same indexing pattern, so that a one-to-one correspondence is established between them. This correspondence requires that both grids have the same topology, so that if one is triangular, for example, the other cannot be rectangular, or polar. Another grid topology is elliptical-parabolic. Thus, the warping method of grid generation would be preferable, since it could better accommodate the differences between the source and output distributions of intensity. The output grid is constructed first because the fulfillment of the prescription is the purpose of the lens, and typically, the prescription will have more irregularities or idiosyncrasies than the source output.
FIG. 1 depicts one typical grid 100 on the Gaussian sphere of directions, extending horizontally for a span of 112.5° and vertically 25° above and below the horizontal plane. In the vertical span of 5° above and below the horizontal plane, cells 110 are half the size of remaining cells 120. This grid expresses the U.S. Coast Guard specification for navigation lights, that full intensity be maintained within 5° of the horizontal and half intensity to within 25° of the horizontal. Thus, each cell contains the same amount of light flux. For the sake of clarity of illustration, there are only 22 horizontal rows of 46 cells in this pattern, although in actual practice there would be many times more. The grid is centered on axis 130.
FIG. 2 depicts a side view and FIG. 3 a top view of corresponding light source grid 200, also with 22 rows of 46 cells. This grid is on the Gaussian sphere of directions of light coming from a Lambertian source, which has intensity that falls off with the cosine of angle 210 with axis 220. Cells 230 nearest axis 220 are the smallest, while those further away are larger, with corner cell 240 the largest. Horizontal angle 250 is analogous to longitude, and vertical angle 210 to latitude.
FIG. 4 depicts a top view of a lens 400, a particular embodiment of the invention, generated from the correspondence between the grids of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The optically active top surface 410 is mathematically generated from the surface normals derived from the corresponding grids 100 and 200. Below the top surface is conical support base 420. At the bottom of the lens is an indentation or recess 430 to receive a circuit board 440, upon which are mounted two rows of light-emitting diodes 450, embedded in a protective, transparent, epoxy mass 460. Lens 400 is in optical contact with transparent mass 460, so that there is no air gap. This lens will efficiently transform the Lambertian output, represented by grid 200, of absorbing-substrate LEDs 450 into radiation conforming to the Coast Guard Standard, represented by grid 100. This view shows how maximum horizontal source angle 470 is 77°, within which is emitted 95% of the output of a Lambertian source. This illustrates how the weak fringes of a source's output may not be worth collecting.
In FIG. 4, the generated, curved, surface lines 421 correspond to generated, curved, grid lines 230 in FIG. 3; and generated, curved, grid lines 422 in FIG. 4 (orthogonal to lines 421 ) correspond to generated, curved, grid lines 231 in FIG. 2.
Vertical lines 423 in FIG. 4 represent a side view of the tilted side of 420. The FIG. 4, FIG. 5 lens is generally dome-shaped and has overall length L1 in the directions indicated by arrows 424 in FIG. 4 that is greater than its overall width W1 in the direction indicated by arrows 427 in FIG. 5 normal to 424 and normal to the page of FIG. 4. The lens is upwardly convex along its different lengthwise surface indicated at 426, and upwardly convex along its uppermost widthwise surface 428.
FIG. 5 depicts a side view of the lens 400, with light-emitting diodes 450. Maximum vertical angle 480 is 60°, the maximum that can be refracted into the 25° limit of the grid 100. The overall height of a working model of lens 400 is only about half an inch, far smaller than equivalent light output incandescent lamps of the prior art. Initial point 500 at the lens crest is the starting point for striating lens surface 410. Initial strip 510 extends horizontally from 500. Characteristic strips 520 extend orthogonally from 510. The boundary is located at 530.
Usually, the geometry of the source grid is sufficiently different from that of the output grid that there will be "leftover" source light outside the source grid. In this case, the source grid can be overloaded so that some of the output grids will have more light than that prescribed. Thus, the overall light utilization can be maximized, and the extra light will result in the prescribed intensity being exceeded. In many cases, the prescription is only for a minimum intensity, so this would be permissible.
This correspondence, between the source grid and the output grid, specifies the redirection function that the lens must perform in order to transform the light from the source into the desired output beam. The grid cells must be sufficiently small so that the intensity is nearly constant within a cell. They also must be sufficiently numerous that the redirection function changes slowly from cell to adjacent cell. This enables a smooth construction of the lens surface.
FIG. 6 shows a lens 80 in cross sectional elevation, and which has been constructed in the manner described. The lens surface is shown at 81. The first grid 82 is shown as a section through the expanded Gaussian sphere of directions of the light output beam exiting from the surface 81 of the lens. See for example beam vector V1 exiting the lens surface, and corresponding to desired beam vector V11 exiting the surface of the grid 82; and beam vector V2 exiting the lens surface, and corresponding to the desired beam vector V21 exiting the surface of the grid.
The second grid 83 is shown as a section through the reduced Gaussian sphere of direction of light output from the LED source at 84. See light output vector V3.
For each pair of corresponding cells on the two grids, there is a deflection of source ray to output ray that must be carried out by the lens. This deflection can be produced by refraction, reflection by a thin-film metal coating, total internal reflection, or a combination of these, if the deflection is carried out in stages. Large deflection angles may require such staging, as in the case of a wide-angle source and a narrow output beam.
For redirection being done by a single refraction, the analysis is as follows. Snell's law of refraction, at the boundary between two isotropic media of refractive indices n and n′, is expressed by the equation
n sin i=n′ sin ′
for incidence angles i and i′, in the plane of incidence. Rays of light are represented by three-dimensional, unit-length vectors pointing in the direction of propagation. The boundary surface between the two media is represented by a unit-length vector perpendicular to it, the surface normal vector. For incident ray I and surface normal vector N, the refracted ray R can be calculated from the vector form of Snell's law , via the sine vector S and the cosine vector C:
These equations are for the derivation of the refracted vector R when vectors I and N are known. In designing the lens of the present invention, the vector I is given by position on the source grid, while the vector R is given by the corresponding position on the output grid. The surface normal vector N must be derived for each cell in the source grid. This is done differently according to whether n>n′ (ray going out of material) or n<n′ (going in). In both cases, a vector M is first calculated, and then unitized to give the surface normal vector:
In the first case, n>n′ (going out of material), the vector M is given by:
In the case of n<n′ (going into material), the vector M is given by:
For reflection, either by a metal film or totally internally, the surface normal that will reflect incoming ray I into reflected ray Q is given by utilizing
In one embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the source is in optical contact with the lens, so that the surface normal values N(i,j) are determined by the case of n>n′.
FIG. 7 shows another embodiment in which the lens 700 has an entry surface 710 as well as an exit surface 720, so that there is an intermediate ray 730 inside the lens with vector T(i,j), in the plane defined by incident ray 740 with vector I and exiting ray 750 with vector R and somewhere between them. To minimize aberrations that distort the effects of finite source size, T is chosen so that the two surface normals, entry N1 (755) and exit N2 (756), have the same angles with rays I and R. This can be done numerically with a root-bisection procedure. When the deflection angle between I and R is more than 35°, a refractive index in the 1.5 range, typical of injection-moldable plastic, requires two surfaces, and the minimum-aberration choice of ray T is required. When the biggest angle between the first and second grids is less than 35°, the entry surface may be hemispheric, with no net deflection of light. This would be the case for incandescent lamps, with envelopes having elevated temperatures that require an air gap to intervene between the lamp and the lens.
The Coast Guard standard for masthead lamps for an anchored ship has a 360-degree pattern, calling for an incandescent lamp with a vertical filament. Generally, such filaments come with a vertical supporting post that casts a shadow. The current invention can take a teardrop shape to in effect get light around this shadow.
FIG. 8 shows an overhead view with lamp 800, having transparent envelope 810, vertical oriented cylindrical filament 820, and vertical support post 830. Lens 840 has inner surface 850 and teardrop exterior 860. Ray 865 that just clears post 830 is refracted into its shadow, so the 360-degree prescription is fulfilled.
More generally, incandescent lamps usually transmit light into a pattern much bigger than a hemisphere, typically the entire sphere minus a small portion blocked by the filament support means or envelope sealing means. If the prescribed illumination pattern is relatively narrow (e.g., Society of Automotive Engineers taillight standard with 40° pattern width), even refraction by two surfaces would be insufficient to redirect a 300° wide lamp output into such a narrow pattern. In this case, part of the lens would utilize total internal reflection (TIR) as well as refraction by an entry and an exit surface. There are two design strategies, according to whether the TIR portion of the lens redirects light to the outer portion of the output grid or has an output grid of its own with a central portion that is additive to the output grid of the all-refractive portion of the lens. In effect, the second strategy amounts to having two independent sub-lenses acting in parallel to additively fulfill the illumination prescription.
The reflecting surface requires its own exit surface, which must not block significant amounts of light from the source. Therefore, the exit surface should take the form of a conicoid with its apex at the light source. A conicoid is a warped cone, a developable surface consisting of lines radiating from its apex. The outer part of the first output grid must be refracted through this conicoid to become a transformed grid that is the prescription for the reflecting surface. In FIG. 9, lens 900 has central body 910 that is similar to the lens of FIG. 4 & FIG. 5, with light source 920. Surrounding it and extending from its periphery is conicoid surface 930 with its apex at source 920. Reflecting surface 940 extends downward from conicoid 930.
The light-emitting diode (LED), in contrast, typically emits light into only a hemisphere, because of being mounted on larger objects, such as circuit boards. Also, its low operating temperature allows it to be in optical contact with a plastic lens, in the case of a relatively wide illumination prescription, such as the Coast Guard navigation lights. For the narrower-angle automotive lights, an entry surface may be necessary to redirect the light from the edge of the second grid to the edge of the first grid.
The object of the present invention is to construct one or more lens surfaces. The first surface encountered by light from the source is given by
where r is the distance from the source to the lens surface, in the direction of ray vector I. A second surface would be specified by
where r12 is the distance from the first surface, along refracted vector T. If the second surface is reflecting, then there would be a third surface, specified by
where r23 is the distance from the second surface, along reflected vector Q.
Each lens surface must be shaped so that each ray vector encountering it is properly redirected: I into R (single surface) or I into T and T into R ,or T into Q and Q into R. Each redirection happens when a ray encounters the proper surface normal vector N. Surfaces can be expressed in a coordinate system having its origin at the light source, with the z axis aligned with the output beam, so that a point (x,y,z) on the surface is specified by the function z(x,y), having derivatives p=(∂z/∂x) and q=(∂z/∂y). Then the surface normal is given by N=(−pi−qj+k)/(1+p2+q2) , where i, j, and k are the Cartesian unit vectors defining the x, y, and z coordinate axes, respectively.
In seeking to calculate a lens surface from knowledge of its surface normals, expressed as an array N(i,j), a numerical iteration will be required, beginning with an initial point and moving outwards This iteration should neither move away from a correct solution or converge to an incorrect solution. Unlike many problems of surface generation, that of the present invention is greatly helped by the knowledge that each surface point z(i,j) must lie on a ray vector, such as I(i,j) in the case of a single-surface lens. Thus, a trial point can be moved along this ray until the best point is found for a fit of the desired surface normal to the adjacent surface points and to their surface normals. A fundamental property of surfaces in space is smoothness, expressed by the equality of crossed second derivatives:
It can also be expressed as an integrability constraint
This constraint can be utilized to check the fit of the generated surface to the array of surface normals.
Surface curvature is measured by how fast the normal vector rotates, due to motion tangent to the surface. Except for a very few surfaces, such as spheres that have constant curvature, the surface curvature at a point varies with the tangent direction, according to a function known as the shape operator. The maximum and minimum values of the surface curvature define the principal curvatures, primary and secondary respectively. They lie in directions perpendicular from each other. The two orthogonal tangent vectors aligned to the principal curvatures, along with the surface normal vector, define the principal frame field. This is a triad of vectors that is defined for every surface point. Also known as the Darboux frame, it is very convenient for surface generation.
Accordingly, the generation of the lens surface would typically begin at some initial point, r( 0,0), and proceed outwards, generating an initial strip of surface (using the terminology of partial differential equations). The most accurate integration is obtained when the outward direction is chosen to coincide with the primary principal curvature (for example as seen in FIG. 4), so that successive changes of the normal vectors align with the initial strip. Along this principal curvature, the integration is one-dimensional and hence easier to perform. Another initial strip would be generated along the secondary principal curvature (for example as seen in FIG. 5). Then the surface is completed by successively generating characteristic strips parallel to the primary initial strip, beginning on successive sites on the secondary initial strip.
Numerical accuracy is critical to a successful lens design, so that the derived surface has everywhere the proper surface normal vector. The method of initial and characteristic strips enables the use of the principal frame field, rather than the triple vector cross product. The latter method is abstractly suitable for keeping a characteristic strip parallel to a prior strip. For actual computation, however, the small angles between successive grid points causes the triple vector product, with its squaring of these small angles, to have extreme sensitivity to machine precision (i.e., the number of decimal points utilized by the particular computer). This sensitivity typically results in large surface generation errors and a failure of the generation process.
The use of principal curvatures to align the initial strip highlights an important factor in choosing the output and source grids: they should be aligned so that their axes correspond to the maximum and minimum amounts of redirection of the source light into the output light. Then the array N(i,j) of surface normals will be prealigned with the principal curvatures of the lens surface. The placement of the grids in the source and output light distributions should typically be either the maxima or the centroids of said distributions, which would respectively be the ray vectors I(0,0) and R(0,0). The primary and secondary initial strips would be formed by integrations from initial point r(0,0) through r(1,0), r(2,0), etc., and from r(0,0) through r(0,1), r(0,2), etc., respectively. The first characteristic strip would begin at r(0,1) through r(1,1), r(1,2), etc., and at each point r(i,j)=r(i,j) I(i,j), the value of r(i,j) is a function of prior values r(i,j−1), preceding it on the characteristic strip, and r(i−1,j) on the adjacent prior strip.
Once each strip has been generated, the prior strip, if it is not an initial strip, can be checked point-by-point for fit to both sides, and adjusted according to the integrability constraints. Then, the characteristic strip could be regenerated from this new prior strip. This is known as a relaxation method.
For implementations of the present invention with multiple surfaces, the surfaces are generated with the innermost surface first, and outwards in succession. The initial points for successive surfaces would be chosen so that the iteration does not collide with a prior surface. This may require several trials. In the case of FIG. 8, the initial strip of reflecting surface 840 can be either upper rim 850 or lower rim 860.
Finally, when a lens design is completed and checked for performance, it may need to be adjusted if its transmittance is anywhere significantly reduced by large angles of refraction. For example, at refractive index 1.5, the largest useable incidence angle from air into the material is 75°, where the transmittance is 75%, rather than the 96% of normal incidence. This is equivalent to a reduction in source intensity. The source grid would have its cells enlarged to accommodate this effect, and the lens would be recalculated with the modified grid. Similar adjustments can be made for scattering from surface roughness or from metal-film reflectivity of less than unity.
Accordingly, the invention contemplates an illumination system with a prescribed output pattern comprising a light source and an optical lens redirecting the light of the source into an output beam, the lens with multiple surfaces, at least one of which has a shape that is not a surface of revolution, the shape generated by the following method:
a) on the Gaussian sphere of directions of the output beam exiting the surface of the lens, in accordance with the prescribed output pattern, establish a first grid of equal-flux zones of solid angle;
b) on a portion of the Gaussian sphere of directions of the light emitted from the source into the interior of the lens, establish a second grid with the same number of equal-flux zones of solid angles as the first grid, with a coordinate-system topology congruent with that of the first grid, such that the zones of the second grid are in one-to-one correspondence with the zones of the first grid, with the flux of each zone in proportion to its corresponding zone of the first grid, according to the local transmittance of the lens, with either of both of the grids being rotationally non-symmetric;
c) by the correspondence define a flux-redistributing directional mapping function from the first Gaussian sphere to the second Gaussian sphere, whereby any light ray from the source can be assigned a direction in the output beam, according to the zone of the second grid into which the ray falls, so that the redirected ray falls in the corresponding zone of the first grid;
d) establish one or more lens surfaces to redirect the source rays to the output rays, using the vector laws of refraction or reflection to derive a distribution of normal vectors for each surface; and
e) from the distributions of normal vectors, successively generate each lens surface, beginning with that nearest source and progressing outwards.
Further, the lens surfaces are generated from the distributions of normal vectors by the following method:
f) from an initial starting point, calculate the surface coordinates of each surface of the lens by contact-integrating the distribution of surface normal vectors, along an initial strip that follows one principal curvature of the surface and then, by successive contact-integrations, orthogonally outwards from the initial strip, of the grid of surface normals, generate adjacent characteristic geodesic strips outward to the boundary of the second grid;
g) to ensure that the surface of the lens possesses the surface normals necessary for it to transform the light from the source into an output beam substantially fulfilling the prescription, perform the successive integrations of adjacent characteristic geodesic strips so as to fulfill the integrability condition dictating equality of the crossed second derivatives of the surface of the lens;
h) and determine the overall size of the lens relative to the size of the light source by selecting the distance of the initial point from the source to keep the blurring of the output beam below a level defined by the angular resolution of the prescription.
In addition, the source is typically provided to be in optical contact with the lens, and the redirection is from within the lens material outwards into the environment, by refraction, with the distribution of surface normals determined by the vector form of Snell's law of refraction.
In this regard, the lens is provided to have an entry surface admitting light from the source into its interior and an exit surface for light leaving the interior; and the entry surface performs negligible redirection, and substantially the entirety of the redirection is performed by the external surface. The entry surface redirects the source light, so that a new system of interior rays is used to generate the surface normal distributions of both of the surfaces, with redirection allocated between the entry and exit surface normals.
Typically, a reflecting surface may be provided, and wherein large redirection angles are implemented with the reflecting surface. Also, the reflecting surface typically utilizes total internal reflection, which is preferable to thin film metal coating. The coating would only be necessary when the incidence angle is less than the critical angle arcsin (1/n) for refractive index n.
An important application of the present invention is in large-scale video displays utilizing groups of individually controlled, light-emitting diodes: red, green, blue, and possibly yellow. Each group would have its own lens, similar to that of FIGS. 4 & 5, but possibly somewhat smaller. A full video display, as for a sports stadium, would have 525 rows of 800 lenses, each with a group of LEDs. As shown in FIG. 10, adjacent lenses 1101 and 1102 lie vertically staggered so that they do not obstruct each other's horizontally directed output. Lens 1101 is positioned over array 1110 of six LEDs: 2 red, 2 green, 1 blue, and 1 yellow. The lens has a horizontal swath of 120° and a vertical swath of 30°. An advantage over the prior art of large-scale television is that the curved surfaces of the lens disperse reflections from glare sources such as the sun. In addition, back surface 1120 would have a low reflectance means, such as a black matte coating.
FIG. 12 shows multiple LEDs at 850-855, controlled as at their luminous intensities, as by a master control 856. They have different wavelengths, as for example two red-emitting LEDs 850 and 851, two green-emitting LEDs, as at 852 and 853, one blue-emitting LED 854, and one yellow-emitting LED 855. Each of the lenses in FIG. 10 typically has a light source consisting of the FIG. 12 LED cluster; and the LEDs are controlled, as to provide a viewable colored picture, changing with time. Bus 857 represents control signal path to other LEDs in the array.
In FIG. 10, the multiple lenses or units indicated at 1120 are in an array, as shown (arranged in rows and columns), and may comprise a video screen for display of television or computer imagery, so that each of the lenses comprises a pixel of the display. See FIG. 11 showing a video unit, same as a flat TV set 859 having a viewable screen 860 made up of the lens array or raster of FIG. 10.
FIG. 13 shows the lens array 860 like that of FIG. 10, for example, which is shallowly curved to be effectively aimed at a specific audience location indicated at 861. Lenses at opposite ends of the screen are differentially angled to provide light outputs subtending the audience zone. The lenses in the array in FIG. 10 are mounted as on a surface 1150 of low reflectance, to provide the effective "screen".
FIG. 14 shows a vessel 870 in plan view, incorporating lens units as described. The light sources shown may include incandescent lamps, at the LED locations described above, with a white light prescription for lenses. Lens 871 is a Coast Guard 360-degree masthead navigation light, as seen in FIG. 8; and the lens has a horizontal cross section with a teardrop shape that eliminates shadowing of the filament of the lamp by support posts of the filament. The lamps 872 may have a substantially cylindrical filament in a vertical orientation. The prescription is the Coast Guard 135-degree stern navigation light; and the lens utilizes a reflective surface to redirect a portion of the output of the lamp into the prescribed output.
Bow lenses are indicated at 873 for red starboard, and 874, each with the 112° side marker prescription.
FIG. 9a shows a luminaire, in accordance with the invention, and characterized by the following:
a) a lens body 880 having a forwardly dome-shaped inner portion 880a, and an outer portion 880b extending about and spaced from the inner portion, the portions being light-transmitting and integral;
b) the inner portion extending non-circularly about a forwardly extending axis 882;
c) there being a reflector 883 on the outer portion, whereby a light source at 884 in rearward alignment with the inner portion provides certain light rays 885 that travel forwardly and are refracted by the dome-shaped inner portion to travel forwardly from the inner portion, and other light rays 886 that travel in the outer portion and are reflected by the reflector to travel forwardly in the outer portion and forwardly from the outer portion.
The FIG. 9a luminaire may have the configuration of the FIG. 9 lens unit.
The reflecting surface of reflector 883 is typically generated by the method that includes:
a) partitioning the first grid into an inner refraction-only portion and an outer reflection-assisted zone, according to the maximum practical redirection angle of the refractive index of the material of the lens, and effect a corresponding partition of the third grid of light interior to the lens,
b) surrounding the exterior surface of the central refraction-only portion of the lens, establish an outer conicoid portion of the exterior surface of the lens, the conicoid tilted so as to minimize the impingement upon it of rays coming directly from the source,
c) via backwards ray tracing of refraction through the tilted surface, transform the outer portion of the first grid into a grid upon the Gaussian sphere of directions of light interior to the lens,
d) establish a one-to-one correspondence between the partial grid of backwards-ray-traced light interior to the lens and the outer portion of the third grid,
e) by the vector form of the law of reflection, express the correspondence by establishing on the outer portion of the third grid an overlaying distribution of surface normal vectors,
f) utilizing the outer perimeter of the tilted exterior surface as an initial strip, mathematically generate the surface coordinates of the reflective surface by the method of contact integration of orthogonal characteristic strips,
g) and extending the conical surface sufficiently far so that the characteristic strips will not impinge upon the light source or the inner lens surface.
The lens is further characterized as having
a) TIR surface,
b) mirror surface.
FIG. 15 shows the generally ellipsoidal (elongated) top plan view outline shape of the FIG. 4 lens.
Often the light distribution from a source is nearly completely radially symmetric, so that it can be conveniently represented in a polar grid. Then it becomes desirable to express the illumination prescription as a polar grid. FIG. 16 shows flat polar grid 710, for a rectangle of w=20 inches and length 1=48 inches, representing a uniformly illuminated stair step for stadium seating in a movie theater. There are N&thgr;=32 concentric rectangular subdivisions 710a, with a square-root size dependence, so that the zone between any pair of successive rectangles has an area equal to that of central rectangle 711. There are N&thgr;=64 radial lines 712 emanating from pole 713 of the grid, and terminating at points 712a with equal spacing &Dgr;1=4l/N&thgr; along the long sides; and points 712b with equal spacing &Dgr;w=4w/N&thgr; along the width. The total number of defined cells as at 717 is N&thgr;N&phgr;, and in spite of their widely varying shape all have the same area lw/N&thgr;N&phgr;. In general, a polar grid of an irregular shape will have its pole at the shape's centroid, and the instantaneous azimuthal spacing of the radial grid lines, at any point on the shape's perimeter, will be inversely proportional to the closest approach of the perimeter tangent to the pole, in analogy with the conservation of angular momentum in mechanics.
The non-uniform radial spacing of the sides 714 and ends 715 of successive rectangles of a polar grid is due to the square root factor required for equal areas of the grid cells. This equality can be relaxed, however, when the cells of the source grid are varied in size to match. This is necessary to obtain equally spaced points on the surface of the lens, which is important for manufacturing accuracy. The grid is illuminated to produce a lens.
FIG. 17 shows corresponding source grid 720′ on unit radius sphere 721, with first gap 723a between the pole and first colatitude line 722 shown as larger than succeeding concentric gaps 723. Changes in source light flux passing cell size correspond to varying source intersection. Cells 724 are defined by successive circular lines 722 and successive longitudinal lines 725.
FIG. 18 is like FIG. 17 but shows source grid 730′ with uniform spacing &Dgr; between successive colatitude lines 731. Successive cells transmit different light flux, i.e. increasing toward the equator.
FIG. 19 shows the same, but adding corresponding target grid 740′ projected onto unit sphere 741, and with projected rectangles 742 on the sphere distributed in size according to the encircle flux of their respective colatitude lines. The target grid is projected from a position only 6.5 inches above a 20 inch by 48 inch rectangular step. FIG. 20 depicts this step lighting situation for a cement stair 750 and having an overlying carpet 751. At lens position 752, L-shaped moulding 753 is interrupted or configured to form recess 754 where the step light is located. See also the section of FIG. 20a, showing light uniformly projected at 756 onto the step 757, for step uniform lighting. The step light includes a lens defined or determined (generated) by a source grid as in any of FIGS. 16-19. FIGS. 19 and 20 may be considered preferred.
The array of surface normal vectors required to transform the source grid into the output grid becomes a vector field N[r] when it is placed on the lens surface r(&phgr;,&thgr;), as expressed in spherical coordinates, azimuth &phgr; and colatitude &thgr;. The above equation for surface integrability implies that this vector function be irrotational, a condition expressed by the following:
The array of surface normals N corresponding to the grids in FIG. 19 is depicted in FIG. 21 and is in fact irrotational because of the extreme obliquity of the lighting situation depicted in FIG. 20. Thus the generated lens typically has discontinuities in order to express the surface normal vectors.
FIGS. 22 and 23 show views of the butterfly surface scalloped lens 760, with radial stepped or fluted segments 761, extending and diverging as shown from a contiguous central depressed or dished zone 765, and a conical base 763 for location of LED source at 764 in that base in alignment with the central depression 765 formed by the butterfly curved surface lens, and from which curved fluted or stepped segments 761 diverge. The steps at 761 are parallel to the light from the source. The edges of the flutes form ridges. The FIG. 22 lens may also be described as having radially associated segments, each segment having a characteristic light bending profile. The segments are shown to have curved, fluted configuration. Steps 761 are defined at boundaries between the curved flutes which extend in a succession of arching configurations. Further, the steps lie in planes containing the light source 764, or central pole. FIG. 23a shows a recess 768 in the conical base 763 to receive LED source unit 764, having a domed upper surface 769.
Another important application of the invention is fiber-optic lighting, for which a lens is coupled to the end of an illumination fiber in order to shape its circular output into a more useful form, such as a square or rectangle, especially from an oblique situation. Such a conical lens is shown in FIG. 24, with fiber 770, conical lens base 771, and ridged outer surface 772 which forms a square periphery illumination output. The outer surface 772 of the lens has four ridges 773 diverging from a center 774 in alignment with 770. Surface 772 is dished over each of the four pie-shaped segment surfaces 772a - - - 772d, as shown. This lens configuration changes the circular periphery light beam in 770 into a square periphery beam, from surface 772. The dishing of the surface at multiple locations from a modified butterfly surface shape.
1. First and second virtual grids each defining illumination cells having areas to pass light from a source, for use in mathematical generation of a lens shape, comprising
- a) said virtual grids being spaced apart along an axis, both grids being dome shaped to bulge in the same generally axial direction, each grid defined by first lines and second lines that intersect said first lines,
- b) each cell having four edges defined by successive of said first lines and successive of said second lines, each cell having four corners, each corner defined by an intersection of a first said line and a second said line,
- c) the respective cells of the first grid having light flux passing one to one correspondence with the respective cells of the second grid all cells of at least one grid having substantially equal areas.
2. The grids of claim 1 wherein said lines define a series of increasingly larger rectangles, certain of said second lines intersecting corners of the rectangles, and of cells, at each grid.
3. The grids of claim 1 wherein for each grid said first lines define circular latitude lines, and said second lines define longitude lines, with respect to said axis.
4. The grids of claim 3 wherein said latitude lines extend about said axis, the spacing between successive latitude lines increasing in directions extending along said longitude lines.
5. The grids of claim 1 wherein the first grid is substantially smaller than the second grid whereby they are spaced apart to define a lens zone therebetween.
6. The lens of claim 1 wherein the lens has a conical base.
7. The lens of claim 6 including a light source coupled with said base.
8. In combination, a lens having a conical base and diverging from the base toward a light projecting surface, and a light pipe coupled to said base, said lens having overall length and overall width, said length being greater than said width, said lens having an associated grid defining light flux passing cells having substantially equal areas.
9. The combination of claim 8 wherein said light projecting surface has a center region, and stepped ridges diverging away from said center region.
10. The combination of claim 9 wherein said surface has concavely dished zones located between said ridges.
11. The combination of claim 9 wherein said surface has steps between the ridges.
12. A grid defining illumination cells to distribute light from a source, for use in generation of a lens, said grid having an associated pattern of rectangles os successively larger sized, successively larger rectangles extending about said source, all rectangles having coincident centers at said source, said grid having an associated pattern of radial lines emanating from said source to intersect said rectangles at corners thereof and along lines extending between said corners, thereby to define said cells, said grid defining at least one asymmetric dome, said cells having substantially equal flux passing areas.
13. The grid of claim 12 wherein all cells have the same area.
14. The grid of claim 12 wherein successive cells have increasing area.
15. The method of prescribing the design of a lens having a light entrance surface, an interior, and alight exit surface, the steps that include:
- a) on the Gaussian sphere of directions of the output beam exiting the surface of the lens, in accordance with the prescribed output pattern, establish a first grid of equal-flux zones of solid angle;
- b) on a portion of the Gaussian sphere of directions of the light emitted from the source into the interior of the lens, establish a second grid with the same number of equal-flux zones of solid angles as the first grid, with a coordinate-system topology congruent with that of the first grid, such that the zones of the second grid are in one-to-one correspondence with the zones of the first grid, with the flux of each zone in proportion to its corresponding zone of the first grid, according to the local transmittance of the lens, with either of both of the grids being rotationally non-symmetric; the flux zones of at least one of said grids defining cells having substantially equal flux passing areas;
- c) by correspondence define a flux-redistributing directional mapping function from the first Gaussian sphere to the second Gaussian sphere, whereby any light ray from the source can be assigned a direction in the output beam, according to the zone of the second grid into which the ray falls, so that the redirected ray falls in the corresponding zone of the first grid;
- d) establish one or more lens surfaces to redirect the source rays to the output rays, using the vector laws of refraction or reflection to derive a distribution of normal vectors for each surface; and
- e) from the distributions of normal vectors, successively generate each lens surface, beginning with that nearest source and progressing outwards, whereby from an initial starting point, calculate the surface coordinates of each surface of the lens by contact-integrating the distribution of surface normal vectors, along an initial strip that follows one principal curvature of the surface and then, by successive contact-integrations, orthogonally outwards from the initial strip, of the grid of surface normals, generate adjacent characteristic geodesic strips outward to the boundary of the second grid.
16. The method of claim 15, including:
- g) to ensure that the surface of the lens possesses the surface normals necessary for it to transform the light from the source into an output beam substantially fulfilling the prescription, perform the successive integrations of adjacent characteristic geodesic strips so as to fulfill the integrability condition dictating equality of the crossed second derivatives of the surface of the lens;
- h) and determine the overall size of the lens relative to the size of the light source by selecting the distance of the initial point from the source to keep the blurring of the output beam below a level defined by the angular resolution of the prescription.
17. A lens formed by use of two grids as defined in claim 1, the lens located between the grids, one grid located at the light output side of the lens being larger than the other grid located at the light input side of the lens.
18. Multiple lenses as defined in claim 17, and arrayed generally in rows and columns.
19. A grid defining illumination cells having substantially equal light flux passing areas to pass light from a source, for using in generation of a lens, comprising:
- a) said grid defined by first lines defining a series of rectangles extending about an axis defined by the source and second lines emanating from said axis to intersect said first lines, successive rectangles being larger in directions away from said axis, said rectangles having corners intersected by certain of said second lines,
- b) each cell having four edges defined by successive of said first lines and successive of said second lines, each cell having four corners, each corner defined by an intersection of a first said line and a second said line.
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Type: Grant
Filed: May 20, 1999
Date of Patent: Aug 14, 2001
Assignee: Teledyne Lighting and Display Products, Inc. (Hawthorne, CA)
Inventor: William A. Parkyn, Jr. (Lomita, CA)
Primary Examiner: Stephen Husar
Assistant Examiner: John Anthony Ward
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: William W. Haefliger
Application Number: 09/315,262
International Classification: F21V/500;


text:
Relevant Catholic Divine Inspirations and Holy Lights
Newton/Needham, Massachusetts
On Friday, December 13th, the Feast of Saint Lucy, Fr. Peter West of
Human Life International,
as part of
The Ocean to Ocean Campaign in Defense of Life,
brought the replica-icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa to the Mary Immaculate of Lourdes Parish. According to pious belief, this icon was painted by St. Luke the Evangelist on a cedar table and was recovered from the Holy Land by Saint Helena in the 4th century.
Excerpt from Fr. Higgins, Mary Immaculate of Lourdes,
December 22, 2013 Bulletin
In the summer of 2010, a group of Catholic and Orthodox faithful began a global campaign in support of life and family under the patronage of Our Lady of Czestochowa. Starting at Vladivostok, Russia, the
Ocean to Ocean Campaign in Defense of Life
has received the support and blessings of numerous bishops in Europe as well as Metropolitan Hilarion of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is expected to circle the globe and enkindle a sustainable movement to build a culture of life.
The Campaign is based on the pilgrimage of an icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa, the "Black Madonna," which as already traveled over 40 thousand miles, traversed 24 countries, visited 75 cathedrals and 60 Orthodox churches in over 400 cities, and has been venerated by hundreds of thousands since the campaign began.
for the success of the campaign
to your pastor about welcoming the icon
the campaign financially as much as you are able
Excerpt from Human Life International
O Mary, bright dawn of the new world, Mother of the living, to you do we entrust the cause of life. Look down, O Mother, upon the vast numbers of babies not allowed to be born, of the poor whose lives are made difficult, of men and women who are victims of brutal violence, of the elderly and the sick killed by indifference or out of misguided mercy.
Grant that all who believe in your Son may proclaim the Gospel of life with honesty and love to the people of our time. Obtain for them the grace to accept that Gospel as a gift ever new, the joy of celebtrating it with gratitude throughout their lives, and the courage to bear witness to it resolutely, in order to build, together with all people of good will, a civilization of truth and love, to the praise and glory of God, the Creator and lover of life.
Blessed Pope John Paul II, Evangelium vitae
From Human Life International in commemoration of the visit of the Icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa to North America
Close-up of the Icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa at the Epistle side of the altar at Mary Immaculate of Lourdes, Newton, Massachusetts
Another view of the Icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa with the high altar, partially visible
View of the Icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa and the high altar from the rear nave
December 13, 2013 - The Peregrination of the Icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa
This site is dedicated to Our Lord Jesus Christ
in the Most Holy Virgin Mary,
for the Glory of God
The Apostolic Blessing by the Holy See in Rome is bestowed (October 28, 2013)
Cooperatores Veritatis
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text:
Blue Seashell Cottage, Vic
Accommodation Name - Blue Seashell Cottage
Location - Indented Head, Vic (1a Batman Court)
Contact Details - 0430077224 or [email protected]
Web Site - http://
Type of Accommodation - Self Contained Unit/Cottage
Details - Tariff: From $205 per night. Please call for a quote. Mention dogzonline for a 10 percent discount
Come and relax at our modern 3 bedroom beach cottage. Walk to gorgeous Half Moon Bay Beach. Indented Head is a tranquil little village on the beautiful Bellarine Peninsula.
Fall asleep to the sound of the waves. Each bedroom has a Sleepmaker Queen size bed with 100 percent pure cotton bedlinen. Cotton cellular blankets Pure Wool Blankets and Feather and Down Quilts. Pure cotton bath towels are also included. You only need to bring your beach towel!
Open plan kitchen, lounge and dining area overlooks large deck with timber outdoor setting and gas BBQ.
Sink into a comfortable sofa or armchair and relax with a good book or watch a movie on the flat screen TV.
The Cottage is fully self contained. The kitchen with its gas cooktop, electric full size oven, microwave oven, dishwasher and fridge/freezer.
The bathroom has a deep bathtub to soak in after a big day at the beach, Separate shower recess and a separate toilet.
The Cottage is connected to the NBN providing fast internet service.
Yours pets are always welcome at Blue Seashell Cottage.
Towels are supplied especially for the dogs wet paws . Dogs can be with you inside the cottage.
The Australian native garden is securely fenced four children and the canine family members safety.
What are you waiting for?
You can do a little or a lot. It is up to you.
Matthew Flinders arrived in 1802. The area is historic and you can see a lot of Colonial architecture by visiting
QUEENSCLIFF: Heaps of 19th Century buildings to discover including the Vue Grand Hotel built in 1881, great walks around the town with its quaint historical homes.
Late November the The Music Festival cranks up..
PORTARLINGTON: The Annual Port Mussell Festival is held on the 2nd weekend in January
ST LEONARDS: Visit the Edwards Point State Wildlife Reserve a haven for birdlife. Walk along dog friendly beaches.
OCEAN GROVE: Kilometres of sandy surf beaches and the largest of the towns on the Bellarine
POINT LONSDALE: Located at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay, huge lighthouse is a must see. Shops and cafes overlook the water
INDENTED HEAD: Sshhh! It's the best kept secret on the Bellarine. Beautiful beaches, walk for ever, swim, play with your dogs.
World class seafood mussels and oysters available at the farm gate Advance Mussell Supply in Portarlington. Fish straight off the boats at St Leonard's pier on Sunday morning
Mi Shells Seafood sell fresh locally caught seafood off the boat at Queenscliff Harbour
Pick your own strawberries , blueberries at Tuckerberry Farm down a country lane in Drysdale, best of all they don't use any spray on the berries! (December to March for Pick Your Own) Snap frozen any other time. You pass the turn off on the way to Blue Seashell Cottage.
Strawberries at Wallington September to May
Beer and Cider breweries too!
Visit Award winning wineries, they're everywhere. Discover them for yourself or take a winery tour.
Nearly every weekend there is a market on the Bellarine
Every Saturday:
Barwon Heads -Barwon Heads Community Hall 9.00am to 1.00pm (December through March)
!st Sunday: Ocean Grove Craft Market - Kingston Park Ocean Grove 9 to 1 (Oct to Easter),
Ocean Grove Indoor Market-Bellarine Aquatic and Sports Centre Shell Road, (May to September),
2nd Sunday: Point Lonsdale Primary School Market -Bowen Road, Point Lonsdale (9 to 2)
3rd Sunday: Drysdale Community Market -Drysdale Recreation Reserve, 9. to 1 (Oct to May)
Last Sunday : Portarlington Sunday Market -Parks Hall, Portarlington (9 to 2)
SWAN BAY: See the black swans the bay is named for as well as pelicans and cormorants and of course gulls of all sizes.
SURF BEACHES: Ocean Grove, Barwon Heads, Point Lonsdale
CALM BAY BEACHES: Indented Head, St Leonards, Portarlington
GOLF COURSES: There are only 18 to choose from!
GETTING HERE: Drive to Geelong and following the Bellarine Peninsula signs to Indented Head.
The bus from Geelong Station stops just a few steps from Blue Seashell Cottage.
Looking forward to your booking.
Rating - (Out of a possible 5 ... 5 being excellent)
This review was submitted on 22-Jan-2017 by Vicki and David Robertson
Return to Victorian Accommodation List
* Disclaimer : The above accommodation listing has been produced with information supplied in good faith by visitors to this site. It is NOT a paid advertisement by the proprietors of the accommodation. Therefore we cannot guarantee that dogs are in fact allowed on this property or the standard/rating/facilities of this accommodation. Please contact the accommodation directly to verify this information. Dogz Online Pty Ltd takes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided.


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Fri, Jun 21, 2019
Colorado Rockies
Rockies slugger opened Coors Field with this gem of a walkout
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Every day, roughly 150 people move out of the city. Some leave because old dreams have died. Others, because new dreams are born. Some lose their jobs. Others accept new positions. Some have lost love, or found love, or grown bored, or developed new interests. Some move to forget themselves, others to find themselves. Whatever change has happened, it takes them away.
These aren't their stories. These are the stories of four of the roughly 145 people who move to the city on any particular day. And the reasons that bring them are much the same as the reasons that eventually will take them away.
CT surveyed her dank apartment, trying to hold in her mind her purpose for being here. Any recent MFA grad would consider herself lucky to have found employment within a few months of completing her degree. And to find employment that actually ties in with that degree would be even luckier.
So when newly graduated CT came across the advertisement for arts critic with an online city magazine, she knew she had to apply. And when she was offered the position, she knew she'd be foolish not to accept.
She didn't allow herself to consider commuting. Sure, the towns across the bay promised bucolic charms, but if she was gonna rock the talk, she'd have to rock the walk: commuting wouldn't cut it.
She traded her old car for a bike and walking shoes, and reduced her footprint by a good 50 percent or more.
She just hadn't realized that the city would be so much of a city. She counted all of two trees on her block, and those were spindly, suffocating things without enough leaves for the sorriest of house sparrows.
She could barely see the sky over the ugly faces of brick and concrete.
Buck up, she told herself. The job was one-in-a-million, offering time for her own painting, music, and writing, with a salary that would keep her in oil paints and maybe, in a year or two, let her save up for a half-way decent violin.
If only the apartment held a bit more color. Think of it as a blank canvas, she thought, and her first night, she pulled out her spray paint and covered the stained, frayed carpet with a mural of rivers and stones.
It would do, she realized, before she turned in on her first night in the city. After all, think how many people would give anything for this opportunity. Least she could do was give it a chance. Maybe she'd find a vacant lot somewhere where some wildflowers grew. Or dandelions, at the very least.
The job kept her busy. Chasing down art shows, checking out buskers, and frequenting festivals got her out of the apartment. She had to admit, with scents of cinnamon, chocolate, and coffee, sights of rich Indian hues, and music from every country, the city had charms of its own.
Late one night, leaving an evening tea festival, she ran into the man who lived next door.
"I know you!" she said.
He raised his left eyebrow. When she explained they were neighbors, and she'd seen him getting into or out of the elevator a few times, he sighed heavily.
"I suppose this makes us friends of a sort," he said.
"Well, acquaintances, at least!" she answered.
She wondered sometimes if the lack of green, growing things made people grumpy. Hardly anyone smiled, ever. She hadn't lost her country habit of walking with a grin on her face, greeting neighbors, friends, and strangers alike with a cheerful hello.
But it slowly began to occur to her that, maybe, friendliness wasn't a trait native to the city.
She didn't mind. Just because she worked and lived here, she didn't have to belong here. She could keep her country ways so that when, at last, she followed her career out of the city, she would still remember the warmth of a smile and a friendly word.
She found nature where she could find it: in the garden plots surrounding the squares, in the planter boxes lining the sidewalks, in her container garden on the patio, even in the cracks in the sidewalks where she might find a willow shoot or a mahonia seedling struggling to grow.
Her first response when the brown rat scampered out of the hole in the floorboard in her living room was to welcome the four-legged furry creature. But it didn't look all that healthy. And she supposed it would find its way to the pantry, eventually.
She dialed her landlord's number.
"I really am not even sure if I should be calling you," she said when he answered. "Maybe it's something I should take care of myself? I mean, I don't want any poison used or to have it killed, but I also think I probably shouldn't just let it keep running around here. It might eat the wires, right? Or get into my oatmeal? Though I could feed it."
"I'll be right over," said Atharv Kumar, her landlord. "No need for concern!"
When he came, he explained his methods. "This is a green zone apartment!" he said. "No poisons, no chemicals! Everything natural! No kill! No worries!"
He explained that he belonged to a capture-and-release program for mammals and birds. He and the other members of the group had been trained in using live-traps and nets, and then once the creatures were captive, they were transported to wildlands near the park, where they were released under the park manager's supervision.
"This is wonderful!" she said. "And you don't mind having come over to take care of this?"
"Of course not!" replied Atharv, who suddenly leapt up, tossed his canvas work bag onto the floor, and cried, "Got it!"
Then ensued squeaking.
"Don't hurt it!" CT yelled.
"I won't!" said Atharv. "Can you get me a towel?"
All the towels were in the wash, but CT grabbed an old T-shirt. "Use this."
And Atharv gently wrapped the T-shirt around the rat, who stopped squeaking and looked out at them with bright eyes. "See?" said Atharv. "I didn't even need to use the trap."
CT didn't know who he was talking to, her or the rat.
"Tally-ho, then!" said Atharv, and off he and the rat went, to the wildlands beside the park.
Her heart still beating quickly from all the excitement, CT stepped out onto the balcony. A cool breeze blew in from the bay. She could see the water, if she leaned over the railing. And there was a little corner of sky, right above those hills that called to her every day.
Maybe it wasn't home, at least not yet, but at least, from out here, she could see home.
She thought of Atharv in his truck, with the brown rat in the canvas work bag on the passenger's seat next to him, driving to the wildlands. At least someone is getting a new green home today! She hoped the meadows would welcome him.


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Georgetown University in Qatar designs, delivers and facilitates custom learning solutions for teams and organizations, enabling them to meet their existing and emerging needs.
Drawing on our Doha-based expertise and leveraging the resources of Georgetown University's nine schools in Washington, D.C., including world-renowned faculty and research centers, Georgetown University in Qatar can facilitate customized training on a variety of subjects.
These training and education programs offer an effective means to develop new capabilities, improve performance, and gain efficiencies. Practical training is offered in a flexible format that is designed to work seamlessly with each organization or team's unique culture, needs, and objectives.
Thanks to the diverse expertise and skill set of Georgetown's schools, custom training can be organized on areas such as leadership, global communications, diplomacy, human resources, finance, as well as regional-related subjects, among others.
Previous topics of customized training facilitated or designed by GU-Q have included:
- Leadership and Management in the Gulf
- Sports and Events Management
- Tourism and Hospitality Management
To meet with us and discuss your organization's needs, please contact us.


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SUSB annual or static data include number of firms, number of establishments, employment, and annual payroll for most U.S. business establishments. The data are tabulated by geographic area, industry, and employment size of the enterprise. The industry classification is based on 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. An establishment with 0 employment is an establishment with no paid employees in the mid-March pay period but with paid employees at some time during the year.
Receipts data are available only for Economic Census years (years ending in 2 and 7). View the latest receipts data in the 2012 SUSB Annual Datasets by Establishment Industry.
The following links are complete SUSB data files in comma-delimited format. Record layout documentation available to the right under Related Information.


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Sigma Delta Tau's national philanthropy is Prevent Child Abuse America (PCAA), an organization whose mission is to put an end to the treacheries of child abuse, while instilling hope into youth. Each spring we put together a philanthropic event to raise money for and support PCAA. This past spring our event was named, "Sig Delt Street Hockey." We also strongly support the PCAA Pinwheels for Prevention campaign through sales of their blue pinwheels. Through these year-round sales, we are able to promote the PCAA cause on campus while raising funds to support the organization. We are proud to support an important and worthy cause!
Additionally, Sigma Delta Tau supports Jewish Women International (JWI), as well as Women for Women International, which both aid in the development of financially independent women. JWI focuses on supporting women financially and in times of domestic unrest through supporting women's shelters and workshops. Women for Women focuses on supporting females in war-torn countries, helping them to regain independence.
JWI has partnered with Sigma Delta Tau chapters nationwide to create Girls Achieve Grapeness! – a campaign empowering the next generation to break the cycle of violence against women. It began with a custom shade of OPI nail polish created to support JWI programs that help girls and young women become safe and independent. To help support these organizations prevent domestic violence, we sell OPI nail polish during the month of October.
For more information on the organizations that we support, click here.


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Omnitel Pronto Italia
1.What was Omnitel's advantage when the service was launched in December 1995? Why did the launch not perform to expectations? Omnitel was the first private sector participant in Italian telecommunication market. The company paid $469 million in December 1994 for GSM license and launched its commercial service in December 1995 with network coverage of 40% of Italian territory. The company offered plans similar to its rival Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM)'s with the hopes that superior customer care would be its competitive advantage. Customer service focused on 3 main areas:
•A Polite/Personal approach of the operator
•Minimize a customer's waiting time during a call with a goal to have a zero waiting time •One-Stop Call i.e. operators were trained to answer all of a customer's questions and tried to avoid transferring a call to another operator
However, after several months' data proved that although customers were pleased with the quality of service, the strategy did not result in a corresponding increase in market share. Only 4% of the market was gained as a result of this initiative. In January 1996, Omnitel reported 60,000 subscribers (its first month of service) and by May 1996, only 180,000 subscribers had signed up. Omnitel was at a critical stage at this point unless penetration in the market is achieved prospects for growth were limited. By means of a market survey conducted it was found that a large share of mobile phone users were reluctant to change brands. Unless Omnitel introduce new revised plans and schemes the company would not appear attractive to prospective customers. So, company's strategy of differentiating just based on the superior customer service was not so successful.
2.How does the revenue from the proposed LIBERO plan continue to those from Omnitel's current calling plans? Omnitel's strategy:
oNo intention to reduce prices.
oFocus on the High end of the market.
oReducing the churn...
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Running CLion for the First Time
Selecting to start CLion evaluation or activating a license
Do one of the following:
- Evaluate for free for 30 days. Click this button to start evaluating CLion.
- Buy CLion. Click this button to go to the JetBrains Web site to study the CLion purchasing options and to buy a license.
- If you are ready to activate your license, do so.
The CLion License Agreement is shown at the company's site.
Selecting the user interface theme
Select the user interface theme to be used and click Next.
Configuring Toolchains
On this page of the wizard, specify your preferred environment (fow Windows and Linux), CMake and GDB executables.
Note that if a certain compiler or variable is missing, CLion shows the image:
Note that Next button is still available; however, if you create or open a project without properly configured Toolchains, you'll get error messages.
Select the proper installation and make sure there are no red exclamation marks:
When ready, click Next.
Disabling unnecessary plugins
On the Default plugins page, you can disable the plugins that you are not going to use. (The more plugins are enabled, the more features you have available. On the other hand, disabling unnecessary plugins may increase the IDE performance, especially on "less powerful" computers.)
The squares on the page correspond to groups of plugins and individual plugins. All these plugins are bundled with the IDE and enabled by default.
- Customize to disable one or more plugins in a group. (Use the check boxes on the page that opens.)
- Disable All or Disable to disable all plugins in a group or an individual plugin.
Note that you can come back to disabling and enabling the plugins at a later time.
Click Next: Featured plugins.
Downloading and installing additional plugins
The Featured plugins page shows the plugins that you might want to download and install. (All these plugins are not included in the CLion distribution.)
Click Install to download and install anyone of the plugins.
Click Start using CLion to complete the wizard. As a result, the Welcome screen opens.


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Guy's Hospital, Borough, c. 1830
Two of London's ancient hospitals have their origins in Southwark.
St.Thomas', which is now on the Lambeth river front, grew from a hospital attached to the priory of St Mary Overie.
Guy's Hospital was founded in 1725 by Thomas Guy in an attempt to provide extra care in the area.
Until the establishment of the NHS in 1948 patients had to pay for their care here.
Print of an engraving by W.J.Welchs.


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Cherry Hill NJ Terroristic Threats Attorney
Criminal and Restraining Order Defense Lawyers in Camden County, New Jersey
Terroristic Threats, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3, is an indictable criminal offense in New Jersey, also known as a felony. A person can be charged with terroristic threats for threatening to commit any type of violence against another, or to cause the evacuation of a public building or public place. In many cases involving terroristic threats, there are companion charges for offenses such as possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose. Terroristic threats is also commonly issued in the context of domestic abuse, in which case the person may face a criminal charge as well as a restraining order. If you have been charged with terroristic threats, there are grave consequences associated with a conviction, including a term in New Jersey State Prison.
William Fay is a highly experienced criminal and restraining order defense attorney who knows what it takes to get these charges dismissed. In fact, Mr. Fay is a former Deputy Attorney General who worked in the New Jersey Office of the Attorney General. Now, he leverages this unique insight to successfully undermine the prosecution's case against his clients and obtain dismissals and lesser penalties whenever possible. Mr. Fay defends clients in Haddonfield, Lawnside, Lindenwold, Mt. Ephraim, Oaklyn, Pennsauken and surrounding areas. For a free consultation about your case and to learn how you can beat your terroristic threats charges, contact our offices today at 609-832-3202 or use our online contact form.
Terroristic Threats Charges in New Jersey: N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3
According to New Jersey Statute 2C:12-3, there are several acts that constitute terroristic threats. Specifically, the law stipulates:
a. A person is guilty of a crime of the third degree if he threatens to commit any crime of violence with the purpose to terrorize another or to cause evacuation of a building, place of assembly, or facility of public transportation, or otherwise to cause serious public inconvenience, or in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience. A violation of this subsection is a crime of the second degree if it occurs during a declared period of national, State or county emergency. The actor shall be strictly liable upon proof that the crime occurred, in fact, during a declared period of national, State or county emergency. It shall not be a defense that the actor did not know that there was a declared period of emergency at the time the crime occurred.
b. A person is guilty of a crime of the third degree if he threatens to kill another with the purpose to put him in imminent fear of death under circumstances reasonably causing the victim to believe the immediacy of the threat and the likelihood that it will be carried out.
What Happens if you are Convicted of Terroristic Threats?
As stated above, terroristic threats is generally considered a third degree crime in New Jersey, which is a felony handled at the Superior Court in the county where the alleged offense occurred. For example, if you are arrested on a terroristic threats charge in Cherry Hill, your case will be heard and decided in the Camden County Superior Court, Criminal Division. If you are convicted of third degree terroristic threats, you face an NJ State Prison term of between 3 and 5 years. You will also have a felony conviction on your criminal record, which can present a serious problem when pursuing future job or education opportunities. On the other hand, if an act of terroristic threats occurs during a state of emergency, this is a second degree charge, even if you were unaware that the state of emergency had been declared. A second degree crime is punishable by a term of incarceration ranging from 5 to 10 years. Lastly, if you are facing a restraining order as well as a criminal charge for terroristic threats, this is a separate case that is handled in the Family Division of the Superior Court. If a permanent restraining order is placed in effect, you cannot have any contact with the victim or any of his or her friends or family. Violation of a restraining order is a fourth degree crime in New Jersey and is punishable by up to 18 months in jail.
Consult Winslow Terroristic Threats Lawyers to Discuss Your Case
If you or a loved one has been accused of terroristic threats or another act of domestic violence in Camden County or elsewhere in South Jersey, William Fay is the person you want on your side. His knowledge of the law, decades of experience, and dedication to his clients is evidenced from the moment you contact his office. Call now to discuss your terroristic threats charge and protect your innocence: 609-832-3202. With local offices, we represent clients in all Camden County towns and we are happy to schedule a free appointment at your convenience.


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When Saeed Ajmal made a late entry into the international cricketing circuit at age 32, he quickly went on to fill a void left in the Pakistani squad after an earlier-than-expected retirement of legendary off spinner Saqlain Mushtaq in 2004. Best known …Continue reading
Smart Mouthguard Monitors Your Saliva and Your Health
Your spit says a lot about your health, and now there's wearable technology being tested to track it. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, have demonstrated a mouthguard with electronic sensors that can detect concentrations of certain chemicals in saliva. …Continue reading