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Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of acute otitis media in young children and has also been implicated as an important cause of exacerbations in adults with underlying pulmonary disease. Due to the considerable level of antibiotic resistance and the high degree of carriage rates in young children, it is likely that the incidence of M. catarrhalis infections will continue to rise. M. catarrhalis is a strict human respiratory pathogen, and this bacterium uses both transferrin and lactoferrin receptors to fulfill the essential iron requirement for survival in vivo. However, these are the only described iron acquisition systems for this organism. In this report we have demonstrated that M. catarrhalis can also utilize hemin as a sole source of iron for growth. In addition, we have identified and characterized an outer membrane protein with homology (26 to 28% similarity) to other known hemin binding and uptake proteins in related gram-negative organisms (i.e., Bordetella and Yersinia spp.). This newly described M. catarrhalis protein, termed HumA, is capable of directly binding to hemin coupled to a solid-phase matrix. M. catarrhalis HumA expressed on the surface of an Escherichia coli hemA-deficient strain (K-12 EB53) is fully capable of complementing the defect and thus restoring the ability of this strain to grow in the presence of hemin. When M. catarrhalis is grown in the presence of hemin, HumA expression is clearly increased as shown by Western blotting with polyclonal antiserum developed against a HumA peptide. In addition, growth analyses revealed that a HumA-deficient mutant of M. catarrhalis (7169::humA) is restricted for growth in the presence of hemin as the sole iron source compared to the wild-type strain. We conclude that HumA is an essential component of a hemin uptake and utilization system previously undescribed for M. catarrhalis, thus providing another mechanism of iron acquisition that may facilitate persistent colonization of the mucosal surface.
Moraxella catarrhalis, a gram-negative diplococcus bacterium, continues to emerge as a leading human mucosal pathogen. The most recent data reveal that M. catarrhalis remains one of the three leading causes of acute otitis media (AOM) in children (21). In addition to AOM, this pathogen is now becoming recognized as a factor in episodes of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children (1). M. catarrhalis is also a well-documented cause of exacerbations in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2, 16).
Due to the ability of this organism to cause disease in both children and adults, there are substantial health care costs associated with these infections (26). Also of major concern is the expression of β-lactamase by greater than 90% of all M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, resulting in resistance to the commonly prescribed antibacterial drug amoxicillin and certain cephalosporins (12, 21, 27). Clinical studies have revealed the inability to distinguish infection caused by M. catarrhalis from other pathogens based solely on symptomology, subsequently leading to the overuse of antibiotics (21). For these reasons there is clearly a need for further characterization of the virulence factors as well as the basic biology of this organism in order to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the host immune response elicited by this pathogen.
A key factor allowing M. catarrhalis to survive and cause disease on the human respiratory mucosa is the ability to acquire essential iron. The iron-limited environment of the human host requires pathogens to be diverse in their repertoire of iron acquisition systems. Host iron is sequestered and present in complexes with transferrin, lactoferrin, heme, and hemoglobin (Hb). The ability of M. catarrhalis to utilize human transferrin and lactoferrin for growth has been well studied (5, 18, 19, 23, 25). Previous work studying related organisms, such as Neisseria and Haemophilus spp., has extensively characterized both the transferrin and lactoferrin receptor systems for these important human pathogens in addition to identifying multiple systems for hemoprotein utilization that exist among species as well as redundant systems within species (6, 7, 14, 15, 29). However, to date, transferrin and lactoferrin remain the only defined usable sources of iron described for M. catarrhalis.
The studies described in this report were designed to investigate the ability of this organism to utilize hemoproteins for growth. These data have led to the identification of an outer membrane protein (OMP) involved specifically in hemin (Hm) utilization by M. catarrhalis, termed HumA. Expression of M. catarrhalis 7169 HumA in a hemA-deficient Escherichia coli strain restored the ability to grow in the presence of Hm, thus revealing that HumA is targeted to the outer membrane and functions in Hm acquisition. Our studies demonstrate that this protein is an Hm binding protein, and with growth in the presence of Hm, HumA expression is upregulated in the wild-type strain, 7169. These data provide a further understanding of the iron acquisition mechanisms that this pathogen uses to survive and cause disease in the human host.
Bacterial strains and culture conditions. M. catarrhalis 7169, a middle-ear isolate from a child with otitis media, was kindly provided by Howard Faden (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.). This strain was used to construct the HumA mutant 7169::humA. Routine culture of wild-type 7169 and 7169::humA was done at 35°C in 5% CO2 for agar plate-grown organisms and at 37°C with rotary shaking at 225 rpm for liquid broth growth. Both brain heart infusion (BHI) and GC broth and plates were used, as well as the previously described Chelex 100-treated chemically defined medium (CDM 0) supplemented with either 8 μM Hm (bovine; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) or 5 μM Hb (human; Sigma) in the presence of the iron chelator desferoxamine mesylate (10 μM; Sigma) (5). The antibiotic kanamycin was added for culture of the mutant strain 7169::humA at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. E. coli XL1-Blue was cultured using Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium or agar plates under the conditions described above with the appropriate antibiotic (ampicillin [100 μg/ml] and/or kanamycin [20 μg/ml]). E. coli K-12 EB53 (aroB tsx malT hemA) (11) was cultured using LB supplemented with 10 μM δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA; Sigma) for routine growth and with kanamycin (25 μg/ml), ampicillin (100 μg/ml), isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; 1 mM), and Hm (30 μM) for the complementation assay.
General DNA manipulations.All molecular biology reagents including restriction endonucleases were used according to standard protocols and were purchased from New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.), or Promega (Madison, Wis.). Chromosomal DNA from M. catarrhalis was prepared as previously described (22). PCR amplifications were performed using Platinum Taq High Fidelity Polymerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). All PCR products and plasmid constructs were purified using the Qiagen MinElute kit and QIAprep spin kit, respectively (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, Calif.). Automated sequence analysis of PCR products was performed at the RPCI Biopolymer Facility (Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.) and analyzed using MacVector software (version 7.2; Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.). Threading analysis and protein modeling of HumA were performed at the Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo (Buffalo, N.Y.) (17, 24).
Cloning and mutagenesis of M. catarrhalis 7169 humA. M. catarrhalis humA was identified through BLAST searches based on its homology to other hemoprotein receptors, often TonB dependent, in the National Center for Biotechnology Information data bank, such as those described in a recent review by Wandersman and Stojiljkovic (29). Those regions of homology in the patent database for M. catarrhalis were then analyzed for potential open reading frames (ORFs) (MacVector 7.2), which were then resubmitted through BLAST. The ORF encoding HumA returned the highest homologies to those proteins shown in the ClustalW alignment in Fig. 1. PCR primers were designed for cloning humA based on the nucleotide sequence submitted under Incyte Genomics sequence 34, patent WO0078968, accession number AX067459 . PCR amplification of 380 bp upstream of the predicted 5′ transcription start site and 245 bp downstream of the 3′ predicted stop site was performed using primers 474 (5′-CGGCGTAAATGAACAGG-3′) (sense) and 475 (5′-CAAGACACTATCTATCAGAGTCG-3′) (antisense). Primers 474 and 475 resulted in a 3,082-bp product that was ligated into pGEM-T Easy (Promega), resulting in pTB34-3KF. E. coli XL1-Blue was transformed with pTB34-3KF by using electroporation. PCR analysis, restriction digestion, and sequence analysis were performed using this plasmid to confirm the nucleotide organization of 7169 humA.
A deletion-insertion isogenic mutant of 7169 humA was constructed by inverse PCR with pTB34-3KF as a template. Primers 610 (5′-ATATCTCGAGTGGGATTATCGTCTTGGGGG-3′) (sense) and 609 (5′-CGCGAGATCTTTTGAAACTGTGATGCCACTG-3′) (antisense), with engineered XhoI and BglII sites, respectively (underlined), were designed to create a 1,425-bp deletion internal to the ORF of humA. Amplification of aphA-3, the nonpolar kanamycin resistance cassette, from pUC18K was performed using primers 417 (5′-TATAAGATCTGGGTGACTAACTAGGAGGAATAAATGGCTA-3′) (sense) and 491 (5′-TATACTCGAGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCCGGGTCATTA-3′) (antisense) with complementing restriction sites for directional cloning (20). Restriction digestion of the PCR products and ligation resulted in pTB34K-KF. E. coli XL1-Blue was transformed with pTB34K-KF by using electroporation. Sequence analysis confirmed proper insertion of the kanamycin resistance cassette.
Primers 474 and 475 were used to amplify a 2.5-kb product from pTB34K-KF (humA plus aphA-3) that was used to naturally transform M. catarrhalis 7169 as previously described (13). Sequence analysis of 7169::humA chromosomal DNA was performed to confirm that the inactivated humA gene had recombined into the chromosome.
Restoration of HumA expression in 7169::humA through reversion to wild type.Primers 474 and 475 (described above) were used to amplify the native humA gene from M. catarrhalis 7169 chromosomal DNA. The resulting PCR product was purified using the MinElute kit (Qiagen) and was used to naturally transform 7169::humA by the method previously described (13). Potential revertant clones were tested for the loss of kanamycin resistance through replicate plating on both BHI and BHI plus kanamycin (20 μg/ml) agar plates. One clone that demonstrated the loss of kanamycin resistance was chosen for further study. Chromosomal DNA was isolated from this strain and subjected to PCR analysis with primers 474 and 475. OMPs were isolated from this revertant strain and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting with anti-HumA antiserum (as described below).
HumA peptide design and antiserum production.The 10-amino-acid HumA peptide, EPDIRFKRLC (native amino acid sequence underlined; the terminal C was added in order to couple this peptide to keyhole limpet hemocyanin by using maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester), was chosen for production (Sigma-Genosys, The Woodlands, Tex.) based on multiple factors outlined by the manufacturer. This peptide was used to generate anti-HumA polyclonal antiserum with New Zealand White rabbits. Affinity-purified anti-HumA antiserum was diluted using phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) to a concentration of 0.28 mg/ml and stored at −20°C. Western blotting (anti-HumA antiserum concentration of 28 μg/ml) and colony lift analyses (anti-HumA antiserum concentration of 2.8 μg/ml) were performed as described previously (4, 5).
Hm-agarose binding of HumA.Hm-agarose binding was performed essentially as described by Dashper et al. (10) with the following modifications. Briefly, 50 μl of Hm-agarose (Sigma) was washed with 100 mM NaCl-25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4). Washes were performed three times by resuspending the agarose in 200 μl of buffer and centrifuging (7,000 rpm for 5 min in an Eppendorf model 5415C centrifuge). Zwittergent 3-14-extracted OMP preparations (10 μl) plus phosphate-buffered saline (40 μl) from either CDM Hm-grown 7169 or 7169::humA were incubated with the Hm-agarose for 3 h at 20°C with mixing. The samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants were removed. The Hm-agarose was washed three times as before, and wash fractions were concentrated using Centricon filters (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Bound proteins were eluted for 5 min with 3 M NaCl or 2 M guanidine-HCl (30 μl). Concentrated wash samples, Hm-agarose bound, and eluted proteins were subjected to SDS-7% PAGE and Western blotting (anti-HumA antiserum concentration of 28 μg/ml) analyses.
E. coli K-12 EB53 complementation analysis. E. coli K-12 EB53 (aroB tsx malT hemA) (11) was transformed with pREP4 (Qiagen; lacI; kanamycin resistance) to provide regulation of the pQE-70 (Qiagen; ampicillin resistance) protein expression plasmid designed for complementation. M. catarrhalis 7169 humA was cloned into pQE-70 by using wild-type 7169 chromosomal DNA and PCR primers 739 (5′-GCGCAGATCTTCATATATGAAGGTTACCAT-3′) (sense) and 740 (5′-ATATAAGCTTCAAGACACTATCTATCAGAGTCG-3′) (antisense) with the engineered restriction sites BglII and HindIII, respectively (underlined), and the native humA transcriptional start site (ATG) as noted by italics. As a negative control, the deletion-insertion mutant copy of M. catarrhalis humA was also cloned into the pQE-70 background by using 7169::humA chromosomal DNA and PCR primers 739 and 740. The resulting PCR products were purified, digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases, and then ligated to pQE-70 (also digested using appropriate enzymes). The plasmid responsible for expressing full-length M. catarrhalis 7169 HumA, pQE-P91E, as well as the negative control for HumA expression, pQE-P91EMut, was electroporated into E. coli XL1-Blue and subjected to sequence analysis. E. coli K-12 EB53(pREP4) was transformed with either pQE-P91E or pQE-P91EMut. For the complementation assay, LB agar plates were supplemented with kanamycin (25 μg/ml), ampicillin (100 μg/ml), IPTG (1 mM), and Hm (30 μM) and were inoculated for single colonies.
Growth and OMP analyses.CDM 0 (iron-depleted) and CDM Hm (8 μM Hm) 10-ml cultures were inoculated to a starting optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.1 from overnight GC agar plate-grown M. catarrhalis 7169 or 7169::humA. These strains were cultured at 37°C with rotary shaking at 225 rpm overnight (16 h). Both wild-type 7169 and 7169::humA cultures were centrifuged at 2,700 × g for 10 min, and fresh 10-ml cultures including desferoxamine mesylate were inoculated to a starting OD600 of 0.06 (CDM 0-0, no added iron source in preculture or experimental culture; CDM 0-Hm, no added iron source in preculture and Hm added for experimental culture; CDM Hm-Hm, Hm added in both preculture and experimental culture). CDM Hb (5 μM Hb) was inoculated to a starting OD600 of 0.1 from overnight GC agar plate-grown M. catarrhalis 7169 or 7169::humA without prior overnight culture. Growth, as described above, was measured for 7 h. OMPs were prepared as previously described (4, 5) following overnight (16-h) growth in CDM Hm that was inoculated from a 4-h culture in CDM Hm. OMPs were also prepared from M. catarrhalis 7169 and 7169::humA grown in CDM 0, CDM 100 [100 μM Fe(NO3)3], and CDM Hb without prior growth in CDM conditions. OMPs were subjected to SDS-7% PAGE and Western blot analyses (anti-HumA antiserum concentration of 28 μg/ml).
Nucleotide sequence accession number.The M. catarrhalis 7169 humA sequence has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. AY623791 .
Identification, cloning, and sequence analysis of M. catarrhalis 7169 humA.Searches of the National Center for Biotechnology Information patent sequence data bank for potential Hm receptor proteins revealed an M. catarrhalis ORF of 2.4 kb. This ORF was cloned and sequenced, and the encoded protein (815 amino acids; 91.2-kDa predicted molecular mass) was homologous to the class of heme iron utilization systems that utilize a single-component outer-membrane TonB-dependent receptor composed of plug-barrel architecture to acquire heme (28, 30). Gram-negative organisms expressing proteins with the highest homology to this previously undefined M. catarrhalis protein include Bordetella pertussis (BhuR), Yersinia pestis (HmuR), and Shigella dysenteriae (ShuA) (26 to 28% similar) (Fig. 1). Based on these similarities the protein was termed HumA (Hm utilization protein of M. catarrhalis).
Conserved domains of HumA correlated with the previously defined regions of TonB-dependent OMPs (8, 9), as well as the FRAP/H/NPNL amino acid domains characteristic of receptors known to transport heme into the periplasm (highlighted with asterisks in Fig. 1) (3). In addition, computer modeling and threading analyses of HumA revealed predicted structural homology to the outer membrane ferric citrate transporter of E. coli, FecA (17, 24, 30). These analyses also suggested an N-terminal globular domain thought to contain a region important for TonB interaction as well as C-terminal extracellular loops that are predicted to be the site(s) of substrate recognition (17, 24). These data suggested that HumA traverses the outer membrane by a series of β-strands forming a typical β-barrel architecture. This structure generated two solvent-exposed surfaces, one located in the periplasm potentially available for interaction with the energy-transducing TonB/ExbB/ExbD complex and the other exposed to the extracellular milieu and therefore expected to be the site of Hm binding.
Construction and characterization of the M. catarrhalis humA isogenic mutant, 7169::humA.To study the ability of M. catarrhalis 7169 to utilize Hm for growth as well as to determine the role of HumA in this process, an isogenic humA mutant was constructed, 7169::humA. A substantial 1.4-kb internal deletion was created in the humA ORF in order to ensure loss of function. A highly histidine-rich region central to HumA was included in this deletion, as we hypothesize that the approximately 22-amino-acid stretch of alternating acidic and basic charged amino acids may play a role in transporting Hm.
In order to begin to characterize HumA expression, polyclonal antibodies were developed to a HumA-specific peptide. OMPs were isolated from the wild type and 7169::humA and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 2A) and Western blotting (Fig. 2B). Comparison of the OMP profiles revealed that 7169::humA (Fig. 2A, lane 2) was defective in the expression of a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 91.2 kDa that was expressed by the wild-type strain (Fig. 2A, lane 1, asterisk). Western blot analysis, using the HumA-specific peptide antiserum, demonstrated that this 91.2-kDa protein, expressed by strain 7169, was HumA (Fig. 2B, lane 1), and this immunoblot also confirmed that 7169::humA had lost expression of this protein (Fig. 2B, lane 2).
To demonstrate that the loss of HumA expression was due to the internal deletion described above, the humA wild-type gene alone was reintroduced into the 7169::humA chromosome by natural transformation and confirmed by PCR (data not shown). OMPs were isolated from one revertant strain after culture in Hm and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 2A) and Western blotting (Fig. 2B). These studies demonstrated that the introduction of humA alone into the mutant restored the expression of HumA (Fig. 2A, lane 3) and that the level detected in the immunoblot (Fig. 2B, lane 3) was consistent with the wild-type strain (Fig. 2B, lane 1). Although these studies are not ideal, there is currently no reliable method to complement M. catarrhalis in trans, and these data confirm that the expected phenotype was restored in 7169::humA with the wild-type gene alone.
HumA binding of Hm-agarose.Although M. catarrhalis HumA showed relatively low homologies to known hemoprotein utilization proteins, many of the regions required for Hm binding and internalization were conserved. These data suggested that HumA was capable of direct interaction with Hm. OMPs from 7169 were incubated with Hm-agarose to determine the ability of HumA to bind Hm. SDS-PAGE analysis (Fig. 3A) of bound proteins (lane 3), washes (lanes 4), and eluted proteins (lanes 5 and 6) demonstrated very little nonspecific binding to the Hm-agarose matrix.
Subsequent Western blot analysis with anti-HumA antibodies (Fig. 3B) demonstrated that HumA was capable of binding to Hm-agarose and was removed from this matrix only with the stringent 2 M guanidine-HCl elution, a strong chaotropic agent (lanes 3 and 6, respectively). HumA was not released from the matrix with a high-salt elution (lane 5), indicating that binding of HumA to Hm is not due simply to nonspecific charge-charge interactions. As expected, HumA was not detected under any condition when 7169::humA OMPs were incubated with Hm-agarose (data not shown).
Outer membrane surface expression of M. catarrhalis HumA complements the hemA-deficient mutant E. coli K-12 EB53.The E. coli K-12 EB53 (aroB tsx malT hemA) outer membrane is impermeable to Hm; this strain lacks the ability to synthesize its own siderophore enterochelin (aroB) and is unable to synthesize porphyrin due to the hemA mutation (11). Previous studies have demonstrated complementation of this strain with potential Hm binding and uptake proteins (31). To determine if M. catarrhalis HumA functioned as a Hm utilization protein, the full-length HumA protein was expressed in E. coli K-12 EB53 by cloning humA in frame under the control of an IPTG-inducible promoter on an expression plasmid.
First, to confirm HumA outer membrane surface expression, colony lift analyses from LB agar plates supplemented with ALA and IPTG, as well as the respective antibiotic, were performed using the purified polyclonal antiserum. Figure 4A demonstrates that HumA was detected on the surface in E. coli K-12 EB53(pREP4) plus pQE-P91E (containing humA). As expected, the negative control strain, E. coli K-12 EB53(pREP4) plus pQE-P91EMut, revealed no expression of HumA (Fig. 4B). These data not only confirmed that HumA was expressed in this organism but demonstrated that HumA was transported to the surface of the outer membrane.
Second, the E. coli constructs described above were then evaluated for the ability to grow in the presence of Hm. E. coli K-12 EB53(pREP4) complemented with pQE-P91E expressing HumA allowed for single colony formation when inoculated onto selective LB agar plates (Fig. 5A). The negative control for expression of HumA, pQE-P91EMut, did not restore growth in this strain (Fig. 5B). E. coli K-12 EB53 and E. coli K-12 EB53(pREP4) were tested under these same conditions and were unable to grow (data not shown). Control conditions for growth of these strains included LB plus ALA with or without IPTG and/or Hm, all of which promoted growth as expected (data not shown).
Function of HumA in vivo was demonstrated through the complementation of this E. coli strain deficient in the ability to utilize Hm for growth. Restoration of the growth phenotype with Hm when HumA is expressed supports the hypothesis that HumA is targeted to the outer membrane and is able to bind to and internalize Hm. The fact that HumA expression alone promotes growth with Hm further suggests that this protein functions in a single-component receptor fashion as suggested above.
Growth analyses of 7169 versus 7169::humA in the presence of Hm and Hb.To determine the role and specificity of HumA in growth of M. catarrhalis 7169 with hemoproteins as the sole iron source, analyses were performed using both Hm and Hb. Conditions for which 7169 revealed a consistent growth pattern in the presence of Hm required that the organism be exposed to a medium containing 8 μM Hm (higher concentrations proved toxic) for a period of 16 h prior to growth studies in fresh medium (CDM Hm-Hm). As shown in Fig. 6A, wild-type 7169 was able to utilize Hm, while 7169::humA was clearly restricted in the ability to use this iron source, never able to reach wild-type levels of growth. These results are similar to those defined for Bordetella spp. (28). Those cultures that were not exposed to Hm prior to the studies (CDM 0-Hm) failed to grow and mimicked negative controls (Fig. 6A). In Fig. 6B, it is clear that both 7169 and the mutant 7169::humA were equally capable of utilizing Hb as a sole source of iron, thus attesting to the specificity of HumA for Hm.
While the overall growth rate in Hm was not comparable to that seen with other iron sources, i.e., transferrin and lactoferrin, there is an obvious difference between these isogenic strains, further supporting the role of HumA in Hm utilization by M. catarrhalis. We further hypothesize that, although 7169::humA shows a noticeable growth defect, the ability to grow with Hm (Fig. 6A) suggests the presence of a secondary Hm uptake system yet to be defined. As stated earlier, many gram-negative bacteria express numerous redundant systems involved in iron acquisition.
HumA expression is increased in the presence of Hm.Based on data obtained from the analyses described above, equivalent amounts of OMPs were isolated from M. catarrhalis grown with various iron sources to determine the optimal condition for HumA expression. SDS-PAGE analysis of M. catarrhalis 7169 OMP profiles revealed a clear upregulation of HumA in cultures exposed to Hm (CDM Hm; Fig. 7A, lane 7, asterisk). In contrast, those organisms grown in the presence of no added iron source (CDM 0), Fe(NO3)3 (CDM 100), or Hb (CDM Hb) alone exhibited undetectable levels of HumA (Fig. 7A, lanes 1, 3, and 5, respectively). As expected, HumA was not expressed by 7169::humA under any condition tested (Fig. 7A, lanes 2, 4, 6, and 8).
Antiserum specific to M. catarrhalis 7169 HumA was used to confirm the differential expression levels of HumA under the varied growth conditions. Figure 7B is a Western blot probed with anti-HumA antibodies, demonstrating that M. catarrhalis HumA expression was visibly increased in OMPs isolated from bacteria cultured in the presence of Hm (Fig. 7B, lane 7) compared to OMPs isolated from bacteria cultured in the absence of an additional iron source or in the presence of Fe(NO3)3 or Hb (Fig. 7B, lanes 1, 3, and 5, respectively). These results, along with the growth studies, suggest the ability of M. catarrhalis 7169 to sense Hm levels in the environment and regulate transcription of humA.
These studies demonstrate the ability of this pathogen to adapt to its environment and utilize a range of iron sources. During pronounced inflammation, particularly conditions associated with AOM in the middle ear, it is likely that the local tissue damage results in the release of various iron sources including Hb and Hm. Therefore, having a diverse repertoire of iron acquisition mechanisms contributes to the ability of M. catarrhalis to cause disease and persist on the human respiratory mucosa. Future studies will focus on further defining HumA as well as its potential regulation by Fur and its interaction with TonB. Although we have previously characterized the M. catarrhalis Fur, a consensus Fur box sequence has not yet been experimentally defined (13). It will also be important to characterize the human antibody response to HumA and to determine the merit of HumA as a potential vaccine component.
We thank Klaus Hantke for kindly providing the strain E. coli K-12 EB53 for our complementation analyses and also Jeffrey Skolnick and Iain Hay for their assistance with the computer modeling of HumA.
This research was supported by grant AI46469 from the National Institutes of Health (NIAID) to A.A.C.
- Received 17 May 2004.
- Returned for modification 22 June 2004.
- Accepted 28 July 2004.
- Copyright © 2004 American Society for Microbiology


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Very interesting statistics on how much the world has become digital and how little our classrooms have. States that all classrooms should be using technology to teach.
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The land of fire and ice. Iceland is always a place I wanted to go ever since I was a teenager listening to Bjork songs. I remember seeing photos of Icelandic horses, lava fields and steam literally rising from a volcanic land and thinking now this is a place I have to go to. When I was younger, I used to print out photos found on the internet of exotic places and tape them on my wall. Thinking about it, it was most likely the picture of a pair of Icelandic horses printed on my wall that probably manifested not one but TWO trips to Iceland.
I was lucky enough to visit Iceland a few years ago to get a taste of what this tiny but breath-taking country had to offer from the Pingvellir National Park, the Geysir Geothermal Area and Gullfoss waterfall. On my second and most recent visit I was taken by The Blogger Programme to Reykjavik with two big boxes to tick – the Blue Lagoon and the Northern Lights.
Iceland is pretty easy to get to from the UK. We flew from Stansted Airport (if you are coming from central London just hop on the Stansted Express from Liverpool Street) which I personally love because there is a Joe and The Juice (right before departures) that do amazing oat milk lattes! We were incredibly lucky to get a Fast Track pass through security which saves a lot of time waiting in queues. With extra time saved on waiting to go through security this gave us a bit more time shopping and getting beauty treats in World Duty Free (I bought a pair of sunglasses with a voucher kindly gifted by Stansted Airport as well as a mini arm massage from Elemis).
Easy Jet flies from Stansted and the flight to Reykjavik is around 3 hours so not too bad. Upon arrival into Reykavik, we stopped for (another) Joe and The Juice Oat latte (the Reykjavik airport is strangely filled with Joe and The Juice shops – I think I counted 3?) before heading to the Radisson Blu Saga Hotel in Reykjavik. It's hard to choose a hotel in Reykjavik from previous experience and the Radisson Blu Saga is only about a 15-minute walk to the town centre so the distance from the hotel to the centre of Reykjavik is not too far.
We didn't have much time to freshen up before dinner at the new Mimir Restaurant in the Radisson Blu Saga. Therefore, it was a drop the bags, change and go situation which was fine by me because by the time we got to the restaurant I was starving. The food at the Radisson Blu Saga is really so good. Mimir has delicious food and the restaurant is actually owned by the Farmers Association of Iceland meaning that the restaurant works with the farms in Iceland and sources everything on the menu locally, as it should be everywhere. We should be eating seasonally and what we can grow locally which gives money back to our own economy and is better for the environment.
I ordered the Ling (type of cod) and waffles for dessert – absolutely delicious. I would highly recommend going to Mimir whether you are staying at the Radisson Blue Saga or not. I have to add that the breakfast at the Radisson Blu Saga is also amazing with fresh smoothies, Skyr (my Iceland foodie obsession), omelettes, etc. so I was really impressed by the food available at the hotel. So for a foodie, it's a great place to stay.
On our first day out we headed to the Blue Lagoon. The Blue Lagoon is one of the 25 Natural Wonders of the World and it's a geothermal hot spring that is located within a lava field about 45 minutes from Reykjavik. I would definitely recommend adding this to your bucket list when you go to Iceland, you just simply can't miss it. The water really is such a striking colour of milky blue and although it's freezing outside (we experienced a wind storm, sleet storm and rain storm within the 3 hours we were there) the water is so incredibly soothing and warm. They say there are four seasons in an hour in Iceland and I have to say that's actually true!
The water's milky blue shade is due to its high silica content and if you slide your feet on the bottom of the lagoon you can feel a layer of white mud. This white mud is good for the skin and you can actually take advantage of the free silica mud masks at the mask bar in the Blue Lagoon!
The water, being full of silica (which is really good for the skin) unfortunately does not have the same effect on the hair. Silica can dry your hair out and make it feel like straw if you don't protect it so a key beauty tip is to make sure you put conditioner in your hair before getting in the water and take a swim cap if you can! I used the Maria Nila True Soft Conditioner which kept my hair silky and soft whilst in the water (I applied the Maria Nila Structure Repair Mask as well on my hair later that evening to get out any remaining silica in my hair and to soften and treat it).
Also be prepared to really wash your swimwear after being in the Blue Lagoon. I wore my brand new Fig Leaves swimwear (love their swimwear and lingerie!) in the water and if you do have nice swimwear make sure you give it a good rinse in the showers when you get out. Otherwise it will be stiff with silica by the time you get home!
We spent 3 hours at the Blue Lagoon which I thought was a really good amount of time because this allows you enough time to relax, take some photos and also enjoy a Skyr smoothie or two at the drink bar (yes you can even order champagne!).
After leaving the Blue Lagoon we headed back to the Radisson Blu Saga to get ready for dinner at Burro Restaurant in the Reykjavik town centre. So after putting on my Maria Nila True Soft Hair Mask and Pixi FortifEYE gel eye masks to soothe my hair and skin from the weather, we headed to Burro. I have to say the foodie scene is AMAZING in Reykjavik. If you are a foodie you will absolutely love it and I could see a real difference and improvement in the food scene from my recent trip compared to my first trip to Iceland a few years ago.
Burro must not be missed if you are looking for places to eat in Reykjavik. We had a tasting menu (I went for the veggie option) that had about 6 tapa-like tasters inspired by food from South America. The entire restaurant is very Instagramable as well so it makes for a nice ambience and the food is INCREDIBLE! My favourite dish was the GRÆNMETIS TACO which is a green soft taco with smoked sweet potato, charlot and Japanese enoki (mushroom). The smoked celeriac with pickled mustard seeds, potatoes and BBQ sauce was also amazing (and the crab soup was incredible too). I would definitely recommend the 6-course tasting menu if you do go – it's South American fusion at its best and something unexpected in Reykjavik.
After we had filled our stomachs with such amazing food, we headed back to the Radisson Blu Saga to get ready to see the Northern Lights with Isango Travels. Now the thing about Northern Lights Tours in Iceland is that you are never guaranteed to see them and this is the same everywhere but it is most definitely worth a try! Because if you see them, of course it's an incredible experience.
We headed out on the road to hit several viewing points for the Northern Lights with Isango Travels – the whole tour is about 4 or 5 hours depending on if you see the lights. You depart in the evening around 8:30pm and get back around midnight (or even 1 to 2am) so you need some energy for this tour although the bus is very cosy and you can squeeze in a nap on the way to see the lights. We sadly didn't get a chance to see the lights this time but again I would highly recommend booking with Isango simply as the guides are so good and they do try really hard to find the lights.
One tip – wrap up warm! The weather in Iceland isn't warm and you know what they say – there's no such thing as bad weather, just inappropriate clothing. As sad as we were not to see the Northern Lights it was still a fun tour and nice to be outside after dark looking up at the starry night sky nonetheless.
The next day we had a free morning before heading for lunch at Kopar, an incredible restaurant on the harbour that serves fresh Icelandic fare. Icelandic seafood is incredible by the way and if you like fish, the country is a pescetarian's dream. I love that the restaurants we went to were all about farm to table and using local produce at their restaurants to reduce air miles on food.
At Kopar, I had the most incredible and delicious crab soup. It's a dish that seems to be very popular in Iceland and definitely worth trying for the creamy, rich flavour. It was followed by the catch of the day which was the ling fish (very popular in Iceland) on a bed of barley. The restaurant, being on the harbour also offers some incredible panoramic views so I would definitely recommend it.
We walked off lunch in the Reykjavik Old Town which is definitely worth a wander. There's lots of cafes in the area and it's good to note that Iceland does have good coffee!
If you are planning a trip to Iceland definitely head to the Golden Circle where I visited on my first trip but also plan to head to some of the restaurants I've recommended. I had no idea Iceland was such a foodie place and the food is definitely worth exploring!
This trip was kindly sponsored by The Blogger Programme and brands mentioned in this post but all views and opinions are my own and these are my own words. If you are a blogger and want to work with The Blogger Programme I would suggest you check them out for both paid and gifted opportunities as well as amazing trips like these.


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CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Cleveland Cavaliers sharpshooter Kyle Korver marked his right hand with a red X during Thursday night's game against the New York Knicks. It was still there when he exited the arena.
It didn't mark the spot where he wanted the ball from his teammates. No, this stain carried a much deeper meaning.
"The red X that I'm wearing, it's on my clothes too, went all out today," Korver said while pointing to his t-shirt and hat that also had the mark. "One day a year, and literally thousands of people across the world, letting people know there's over 27 million slaves in the world today."
It's called the End It Movement, which Korver has been part of for three or four years.
His photo is on the website, one of the many athletes that has joined this fight for freedom that started in Atlanta in 2013, raising awareness for this global issue. Korver also tweeted out his own picture in support Thursday, the day on this year's calendar that represented "Shine A Light On Slavery Day."
"It looks a little differently than we thought before," Korver said of slavery. "There's human trafficking, unfair wages across the world so it looks a little differently, but 27 million people live like this and they don't have a voice so this is a campaign.
"I think it's the fifth year, everyone putting on a red X and posting it on social media. Raising awareness. Just trying -- I mean, people hear that number and they're like, 'Man, are you serious? I didn't know about that.'"
Notable celebrities have also joined forces with the movement and Freedom Fighters worldwide, using their voices. Ashton Kutcher made an emotional speech about human trafficking at a Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on how to put an end to modern slavery. The hope is to turn awareness into action.
"There's a bill in Congress right now that's about to go through to raise a bunch of money," Korver said.
According to enditmovement.com, more than $4 million has been raised and the distinct red X has been shared over 500 million times. In previous years, "Shine a Light on Slavery Day" has sparked a viral response on social media, with numerous people, including Korver, drawing red X's on their hands and sharing the photos on social media platforms.
"There's a lot of people fighting this fight," he said. "That's what these red X's are all about."
You can visit the website to hear personal testimonials, download resources, purchase some of the items Korver wore Thursday or donate to the cause.


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Kadoma is a vector of acworks author. This vector includes Kadotsu, fan, plum, with, New Year decoration tags. To download vector (JPG, SVG, PNG, AI/EPS types) you need to register the account and log in.
As the free account, you can download for free with some limits.
As the premium account, you can download unlimited, no waiting time, etc. Enjoin premium membership at here


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Commercial Garden Maintenance Services
A tidy entrance outside, gives the impression that you care about your business, your service, your customers whatever the nature of your business.
Commercial Gardening Services
We are experienced in Commercial Garden Maintenance at CCG Gardeners. Commercial grounds of all-sorts, including public spaces, hotels, pubs, doctors surgeries, industrial units, offices and domestic rental properties. With our Commercial services you won't have to worry that the first impression of your business is the wrong one.
We understand the importance of keeping commerical grounds and gardens maintained throughout the year. The space around your premises is the first thing your customers and clients see when they arrive. A tidy entrance gives the right impression.
The CCG Gardeners professional garden services can maintain grounds around Commercial Premises and Public Spaces. In central Bury St Edmunds, we work with 'Bury In Bloom', for example maintaining containers in The Arc.


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Statement from Chief Opposition Whip Mark Strahl
April 10, 2018
**OTTAWA, ONTARIO **– Chief Opposition Whip Mark Strahl today issued the following statement to members of the Conservative National Caucus: "Canada's Conservatives have succeeded in having the National Security Advisor, Daniel Jean, agree to appear before the Public Safety and National Security Committee to brief Members of Parliament about how a convicted attempted murderer was allowed to attend events with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in India. "We will leave it to the Prime Minister to explain to his caucus why he forced them to vote against numerous motions at Committee which would have allowed this briefing to happen weeks ago, and why he forced them to vote for 20 straight hours to prevent this briefing from occurring, only to suddenly allow it to happen days later. "I would like to thank all Conservative MPs and Senators for their hard work in helping us get to this point. We have been relentless in keeping up the pressure on the Liberals for their India cover-up, but there is more work to do. "The Liberals on the Public Safety Committee have repeatedly blocked these hearings and we cannot let the pressure off. That said, until Daniel Jean's testimony is complete, the current ban on travel will remain in place. Unfortunately we cannot trust the Liberals to do the right thing unless we keep the pressure on them. I know we are up to the task." -30- For more information: Office of Mark Strahl, MP [email protected] 613-992-2940


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Donald Trump has been known to get into more than a few arguments -- and those started before, and continued throughout, the 2016 presidential election. Now that's he's the President-elect, why not have some fun ranking his top feuds? Pick what you think are the top three battles by clicking on the "like" button. Then you can view the Readers' Choice list to see what people ranked as the best and the worst arguments.
Donald Trump vs. Everybody


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|Home PageShorts - 3/4 LengthCastelli Velocissimo 2 Bib Knickers
Castelli Velocissimo 2 Bib Knickers £65.99
Whether you're gearing up for the cyclocross season or you're already focused on building a base for next year, the great all-purpose Velocissimo 3/4 length bibknicker will keep you warm and comfortable while you tick off the kilometers.
Castelli make high performance technical cycling clothing. When choosing shorts or jerseys you should normally base your choice on chest and waist size. The clothing should fit snugly for aerodynamics but not restrict movement. Please refer to the charts below for fitting.
NB - you should normally pick one size smaller for armwarmers. If you use an XL jersey then chose a size L armwarmer.
We stock a range of Castelli at our retail shop in Pennyburn where you can call in to try sizing before you buy.
Seen a lower price elsewhere? Total Cycling will do our best to match any price request, simply click below


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Written By: RayTrill Harvey
We just premiered a brand new track from Houston Local Alex Vargo, producing under the alias, GRAVO! The tracks starts off with a sick drum filled build and an upbeat, inspiring intro with electric guitar chords that lead into the surprising voice of Mr. Krabs from Spongebob asking to, "Play that song again!" The drop is filthy, growling you into bass face submission.
We sat down to ask him a few questions so you can get to know him better while you jam to his new track.
Whats up gravo, we're so stoked to have this track premiere with TRILLVO, can you tell us a little bit about the creation of the track and what inspired you?
"I tried to pull inspiration from my more melodic side for this song. Everything I make ends up being heavy, but I wanted this to have a brighter, more melodic intro. The drums stand out on this song too." -Gravo
How long have you been DJing and producing and whats your favorite genre to make?
"I've been DJing off and on for about 7 years now and producing for about the same time. And my favorite genre to make is definitely dubstep, but I like to play around with other things. When I was in Ghost Theory, we made all sorts of stuff. Trap, future bass, electro-house. And now, doing the solo thing, I'm trying to take everything I've learned over the years and pull it together into on project."
When can we catch you play next?
"I'm playing at Buda Love Presents: Whiplash ft. CHMST & LORD SWAN3X tomorrow night, come out if you want all of the heavy bass vibes!"


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Beginning today, Mark E. Ojakian, President of the Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), has implemented a hiring freeze across all 17 campuses and the system office.
"These spending control measures are necessary given our projected cut of $25 million for the next fiscal year," said President Ojakian. "We must be strategic given our limited resources."
For more information, please contact:
Leigh Appleby


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@simX Mail didn't record the fact that it's already downloaded the message. It helps to make a local copy and then delete it via Web mail.
@simX That can happen if Mail reprocesses messages that are stuck on the server.
@bradleychambers @danfrakes @danielpunkass @tnorthcutt The belt or the armband?
@tnorthcutt @danielpunkass Sounds like it's worth a try. Thanks.
Still not used to PayPal's "Sign Up" button being in the default position (right) and color (blue).
@danielpunkass @tnorthcutt Haha. It does make logical sense.
@danielpunkass For tighter, I have a Tuneband, which is good for what it is, but I'm not that keen on armbands. Got a recommendation?
@danielpunkass Favorite is some discontinued REI running shorts that had zippered *side* pockets. Still bounces, but not too bad.
@LifeinAPR Looks interesting, but it gives me pause that there are more 1-star ratings than any other.


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HVG Quality Management
Hops and processed hop products are some of the most important ingredients when brewing beer. Hops have always been described as "the soul of beer". Only by using hops, is it possible to brew typical beer with all of its attractive characteristics.
HVG e.G. introduced a quality management system (QMS) in the year 2000 based on the DIN EN ISO 9000 family of standards. It has been continuously improved and sustained. The HVG e.G. is currently certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2008. We can therefore guarantee that our customers are supplied with top quality hops and hop products. Only then can the soul of beer correctly unfurl.
The HACCP system was also integrated into HVG e.G.'s QMS. We constantly further our continuous improvement process with QMS and HCCP.
HVG e.G.'s QMS covers the quality of the hops from our growers' hop-yard to our customers' brewhouse. We therefore guarantee a complete quality process chain.
The continual improvement of our quality management system and the quality of our hops and hop products is the central focus of our daily work. We are only satisfied when our customers are too.
Download section
• QMS certificates HVG
• QMS certificates NateCo2 Wolnzach
• QMS certificates Hopfenveredlung St. Johann
• Organic certificate HVG Mainburg
• Kosher certificate NateCo2 Wolnzach
• Kosher certificate Hopfenveredlung St. Johann
• HACCP certificate NateCo2 Wolnzach
• HACCP certificate Hopfenveredlung St. Johann
• MSDS in several languages


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|LIVELY Vita Glow™ Sleeping Mask
|A sleeping mask to provide vitamin and vitality for dull skin
|Retail Price
Comforting Calendula Decoction Juicy Cream
Vitalizing Rosemary Decoction Toner
Comforting Calendula Decoction Intensive Cream
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Select quantity.
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|LIVELY Vita Glow™ Sleeping Mask
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Discounted amount of your subtotal will appear when you place your orders.
IngredientsNatural ingredients 91.6%Aqua, Glycerin(Plant-derived moisturizer), Butylene glycol(Moisturizer), Caprylic/capric triglyceride(Plant-derived emollient), Elaeis guineensis oil(Palm oil), 1,2-Hexanediol(Emollient), Glyceryl glucoside(Plant-derived moisturizer), Ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer(Moisturizing/Thickening agent), Panthenol(Vitamin B5), Propanediol(Plant-derived moisturizer), Ethylhexylglycerin(Emollient), Verbena officinalis extract, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, Chamomilla recutita flower extract, Polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate(Plant-derived emulsifier), Mangifera indica fruit extract, Psidium guajava fruit extract, Hippophae rhamnoides fruit extract(Sea buckthorn fruit extract), Litchi chinensis fruit extract, Hylocereus undatus fruit extract, Orbignya oleifera seed oil, Thiamine HCl(Vitamin B1 derivatives), Benzyl glycol(Emollient), Pyridoxine HCl(Vitamin B6 derivatives), Ascorbic acid(Vitamin C), Riboflavin(Vitamin B2), Menadione(Vitamin K), Biotin(Vitamin B), Ceramide NP(Tonka bean-derived ceramide), Malpighia glabra fruit extract, Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit extract, Vaccinium angustifolium fruit extract, Citrus aurantium dulcis fruit extract, Punica granatum fruit extract, Fragaria ananassa fruit extract, Vitis vinifera fruit extract
Once a day, your skin gets easily moisturized anywhere, anytime.
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Almond-sized amount is enough for one-time use!
It cleanses the skin overnight and makes the skin smooth and moisturized the next day.
The 'Green Waterfull' texture, which is enriched with rich moisture and green vegetables, melts gently into the skin, filling its moisture without any sticky feeling!
At the last step of your skin care routine, apply a sufficient amount on the face avoiding eyes and mouth, and go to sleep without rinsing it off.
(It is more effective to take enough sleep between 10am and 2am.)
TIP 1. Day & Night double care
Although it is a sleeping pack, you can lightly apply it as a moisturizing cream during the day. In the daytime, it improves the skin texture while at night, it calms the skin and brightens the complexion.
TIP 2. One pack a day
If your outer skin is oily but inner part is dry, apply one pack a day and fill the moisture shortage. Apply a thicker pack if you want to see smoother skin the next day. (You can adjust the moisturizing level according to your skin condition by applying thicker or thinner).
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Around 14,000 unemployed Michigan workers are about to lose vital food assistance due to Michigan's so-called economic recovery, even though many of these individual workers are not seeing any relief.
Federal law stipulates that able-bodied adults without dependents who receive federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits must work or participate in a training program for a minimum of 20 hours per week. If they have more than three months of benefits in which they do not meet those requirements within a 36-month period, they lose their benefits.
Since 2002, due to its high unemployment rate, Michigan has received a statewide waiver from the three-month limit from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Due to declining unemployment, that waiver will begin to expire this month beginning with four counties (Oakland, Washtenaw, Kent and Ottawa). The state expects the waiver to be eliminated for all counties by October 2017.
The loss of the four county waivers this month will strip benefits from approximately 14,000 adults not raising children who are having a hard time finding work. These workers receive approximately $150 to $200 per person per month. When the entire state waiver is phased out next year, upward of 40,000 adults could be affected.
While it is certainly good news that unemployment has been declining in Michigan and these counties, many people are still having a difficult time finding work. The county unemployment rate only tells one part of the economic story, as there are still high-unemployment pockets in many low-unemployment counties. Oakland County has an unemployment rate of 4.2%, for example, while that of its largest city, Pontiac, is 9.9%. While Wayne County workers have not yet been affected by this change, there are similar employment discrepancies. Detroit's unemployment rate is 11.1%, nearly double the 6.6% rate for Wayne County.
And in rural areas with no public transportation, a single factory closing could cause a community to have much higher unemployment than other areas of its county. In addition to scarce jobs, lack of access to adequate child care and transportation also hinder people's ability to work, get training or volunteer.
The Michigan League for Public Policy is concerned that people in struggling communities will get left behind if they have not found work after three months of food assistance. We urge the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services to do what it can to continue providing food assistance to struggling workers without dependents as they look for jobs, including eliminating the asset test for food assistance. Another way to help these workers is through the hardship exemption allowed by the USDA, which provides Michigan with a current total of 483,000 "assistance months" for recipients not yet meeting the work requirement. In addition, these workers should be encouraged to participate in market-driven occupational training programs or finish their GED.
Let's celebrate the fact that Michigan's unemployment rate this past year has been at its lowest level since 2001. But let's not use this good news to pull the rug out from under workers who have not yet experienced the benefits of the improving economy.
— Peter Ruark
We have not had good ways to deal with poverty and unemployment. It is easier and cheaper to vilify those that are struggling to make it OK to take away the safety nets. The solutions are not simple. It will take planning that includes solving health, economic, education and political issues. We cannot solve these issues without first understanding how these different aspects affect the issues.
Facts are not knowledge. Facts only tell us we have a problem, not what is causing the problem or how to solve that problem. The current political situation in Michigan and the US is only going to make these concerns worse. It is time for all hands on deck.


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Practice Areas
Class Actions; Complex Litigation; Consumer Fraud; Employment Litigation and Counseling; General Liability; Insurance Law; Bad Faith; Personal Injury; Business Litigation; Auto Dealerships
Insurance; Restaurant and Hospitality; Healthcare; Education; Non Profit
Annette C. Clark, Partner
Annette Clark is a partner with CTSC. Her practice encompasses many areas including personal injury, employment litigation and consultation, business, bad faith, class action, general liability, premises liability, and declaratory judgment actions.
In addition to litigation, Annette handles a wide variety of insurance coverage matters including offering coverage opinions and advice to both insurance carriers and institutional clients, and handling uninsured motorist arbitrations on behalf of both insureds and carriers. Annette has helped many clients obtain insurance benefits which were originally denied by the carrier under both commercial and personal insurance policies and has obtained summary judgment for insurers accused of bad faith for denying coverage.
Annette has successfully litigated cases through jury and bench trials in both state and federal court, in private arbitration and has handled declaratory judgment actions on behalf of both insureds and insurers.
Before switching careers to become an attorney, Annette worked for 14 years in insurance management where she gained extensive experience and knowledge in the areas of general insurance industry, claims handling and underwriting practices.
Obtained Summary Judgment for Insurer accused of bad faith for denying a defense.
Obtained jury verdict of $31,000 in bad faith case, when the last demand from plaintiff was $1 million.
Obtained $7,500 settlement of class action alleging minimum wage violations because interns were unpaid.
Obtained declaratory judgment from Arbitrator who adopted our interpretation of insurance provisions in ancient lease and ruled that client had not breached the lease.
March, 2016; DRI Insurance Coverage and Claims Institute: Bet the Bank Litigation, Class Actions from the Insurer's Perspective
June, 2017; Sterling Education Service, Inc.: Personal Injury from A to Z
June, 2017; LawPro CLE: Handling Your First Class Action
January, 2018; Lawline: Ethical Challenges in a California PI Case


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Update of "Debugging Manipulation"
I have updated the "Debugging Manipulation" essay with a new failure mechanism, along with the means to counteract it, that you can read here.
[Note: Comments on this update may have been lost due to a reset of the feeback system. I am in the process of debugging what happened. Gerald]
2010-12-17 07:28:21 by Gerald


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If you are a curry lover like me i was thrilled that i could include a yummy naan bread with my meal! After experimenting i have come up with a wonderful gluten free and even gluten free and dairy free version. Even the non gluten free family thought they tasted good and that's a great test!
These are really delicious and i would say relatively easy to make. I love putting ghee and corriander and garlic ontop once cooked but you could change this and make chilli and garlic, roasted cumin seeds or just plain.
As a note – if you are cooking these gluten and dairy free they do not puff up but still taste delicious.
Gluten Free Naan Bread (and dairy free version)
- baking tray
- large bowl for mixing
- 450 g Gluten Free Plain Flour I have used Doves Farm
- 1 tsp salt
- 1 tsp baking powder ensure this is gluten free
- 200 ml milk or dairy free milk – oat milk or other dairy free alternative milk note that not all milks work so go for something like hemp or oat and you may need to experiment with the rest
- 1 large egg
- 100 ml yogurt coconut yogurt or other dairy free yogurt
- 1 tbsp caster sugar
- 1 small bunch of coriander
- ghee you may want to use dairy free butter option
- garlic to taste
- measure the flour into a bowl, with the salt and the baking powder and mix to combine.
- In a jug, whisk together the egg, milk, yogurt and sugar.
- you can do this in a large bowl or on a clean surface. Make a well in the centre of the flour and pour the liquid mixture slowly to combine with the flour mixture bringing it into the centre slowly to make it a slightly sticky mixture when it has combined. Then move it onto a clean counter top with some flour and work it for 5 minutes and kneed it until smooth.
- Place it in a clean oiled bowl and cover with cling film for 30 minutes to rest.
- Preheat a metal baking tray under the grill for 5 minutes so its very hot.
- Remove the dough from the bowl and cut it until 8 equal pieces on a floured surface. Roll out each piece on a floured surface into teardrop shape about 3mm thick.
- Lift the dough from the surface and place on the hot baking tray and place under the grill and watch it puff up (please not that the gluten free and dairy free nann do not puff up but still taste delicious) when it is browned turn over and repeat and remove onto a board and brush while hot with melted ghee and crushed garlic and sprinkle with chopped coriander. Repeat the process with remaining naan breads.


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Our alluring collection of Silver Fancy Bangle is designed by using silver coated metal that is procured from authentic vendors. Offered bangle is beautifully finished and crafted in an alluring shape with help of modern cutting edges tools and techniques. This bangle is studded with elegant glass stone and has colorful stone that makes it look eye-catchy and appealing. This fancy bangle enhances beauty of your wrist and goes well with any casual attire. Silver Fancy Bangle comes in attractive bangle box to make it ideal for gifting purpose.
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Fall from Height
High-Level Safety For-High Risk Workers
Working at height is one of the biggest causes of work-related injuries and fatalities. The risks of falls, collapsing platforms of falling objects are an everyday threat to workers in many industries, such as construction, oil and gas, manufacturing, utilities and so many others.
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With Honeywell's safety equipment, workers benefit from comfort and freedom of movement, while concentrating on their job and doing great work at height.
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Jim Simms
Certified Executive Coach & Padraig Associate
James Simms is passionate about helping individuals and organizations advance through complexity or to solve hard problems. He has a rich history of building ethical, progressive and high performing teams and is committed to leadership development through mentoring, executive coaching and teaching.
Jim is an accomplished senior executive having completed a military career spanning more than 35 years including – the last five as a general officer at the strategic level. James was recognized numerous times for his leadership including as Canada's task force commander for a United Nation's peacekeeping mission in Africa and as Chief of Staff of Regional Command, Southern Afghanistan during the dynamic period of 2008-2009. He is committed to helping individuals and organizations be their genuine best.
CONTACT Jim:
Telephone: (204) 818-0600 ext 102
E-mail: email@example.com
To download Jim's biography, please click here: BIOGRAPHY


text: ...I am always tempted when I am lurking to stick my oar in, but I still worry about authors getting in the way of readers. I never have joined. I comment from time to time, so Sounis will know I am around, reading, but I try not to be intrusive. I want people to think for themselves because I like thinking for myself. (I butted heads with an English teacher once when he tried to tell me that the ghost in a short story was just a hallucination. He had a lot of textual evidence. I didn't care. It was still a ghost for me.) I would never want a discussion to stop because someone, somewhere, found what I said was the "right" answer.


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The first phase of the Miss Mexico 2019 is ahead of us! On June 1, Miss Grand México 2019 will be chosen in San Cristobal de Las Casas in Chiapas. Among the candidates for the crown is 22-year-old Alexia Orozco from Puebla in the Puebla state. Here are a basic information about beautiful candidate.
Full Name: Alexia Orozco
Age: 22 years
Height: 173 cm
City: Puebla
Nationality: Mexican
Education: student of engineering studies in the field of business management and applied mathematics
Occupation: employee for transfer pricing and valuation of intangible assets at Kreston BSG
Hobbies: sport (athletics)
Successes in other competitions:
Nuestra Belleza Puebla 2016 (3th place)
Miss Puebla 2018 (win)
Photos. Miss Mexico Organization, Miss Puebla


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Exhibitors: Please select from one of the options in the orange menu bar above (i.e. to select a booth, choose "Reserve Booth", etc.). You will only be able to select/manage your booth if you are logged in and have a booth at the 2019 show. (if you are logged in, it will say your company name in the top left corner of this page). Questions on booth selection can be directed to email@example.com
Bascom Maple Farms, Inc. is America's leading seventh generation family owned independent supplier of pure and organic bulk maple syrup and maple sugar products. Our strict grading standards lead the industry - all of our maple syrup is certified Kosher as well as Non-GMO, and our organic maple is certified by Quality Assurance International (QAI).
Bascom Maple Farms, Inc. is fully equipped to assist you with product application whenever you need it. Whether you have high or small volume demand for our bulk maple products, we can easily handle them. We will deliver your products throughout the year when and where you need them. We guarantee our products are always in stock all year round, so that whatever you need, whenever you need it - you can count on Bascom.
With our consistent flavor and color profiles, your product will have the impact you're looking for. And if you are not exactly sure what flavor will work best for your needs, stop by booth 22031 to find out!


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This week's Meatless Monday is being brought to you live from Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland.
This province was the last to join Canadian confederation in 1949 and it is also known as The Rock. It is also known for the screech in or kissing the cod, a welcoming ceremony for newcomers that involves a fish (i.e. cod*), screech (Newfoundland rum) and an oath. A menu of typical Newfoundland cuisine reads, though, like a book of horrors for the vegetarian/vegan: cod cheeks, moose burger/sausage/stew, seal flipper pie, rabbit, capelin etc. As usual, it's the baked goods that are the most vegetarian friendly: figgy duff, toutons, and an assortment of sweets made with local berries .
- Figgy Duff is basically a boiled pudding. It consists of flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, milk, butter and vanilla. I bought a Newfoundland pudding bag as a souvenir and shall be testing it out to make my own dairy-free Figgy Duff.
- Toutons are basically fried dough discs served with molasses as a breakfast or brunch item. Traditionally pork fat was used as the frying oil but a vegetable oil will work just as well.
- The common and beloved local berries are wild blueberry, partridge berry and cloudberry or bakeapple as it is known here. The latter two are quite tart so they pair well with the high sugar content that jams typically contain. Any of the berries can be made into a sauce/jam/jelly or baked into a cake, muffin or scone.
Alcohol also figures prominently when there is talk of food and drink in Newfoundland. Screech is the local rum and iceberg vodka is actually made with icebergs! I suspect they are not vegan beverages. Will have to do more research to confirm this. Stay tuned…
There will be more Meatless Monday on the Rock next week. Watch this space on Labour Day (September 2, 2013) as I review local vegetarian restaurants, share my experience of Newfoundland berry jams and chocolate, and discuss my recipe alchemy on Figgy Duff and toutons.


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Clotilde Courau joined Toni Garrn on the red carpet for the 67th Berlinale International Film Festival opening night premiere for 'Django' on Thursday (February 9) in Berlin, Germany.
The French actress opted to take a rare dark, moodier turn in Stephane Rolland Couture.
The look was full of mystery and intrigue all while possessing a regal air.
Do you love the simple styling of the look, or were you craving for something more?
Credit: Vogue.com & Getty


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Tommy Robinson being imprisoned for reporting on Muslim child rapists may have woken some journalists from their slumber. Is the judicial system protecting Muslim rapists?
Restricting The Truth
Journalism has come under fire; the latest case and conviction of Tommy Robinson perfectly highlights this issue. For those few journalists who want to report the news rather than create the news now seem to understand that reality. We have come to learn that certain individuals in certain cases who happen to belong to a certain religious demographic are offered special legal protections. But how and why?
TR.News recently highlighted the fact that a young ISIS organiser, tried and convicted at Manchester Crown Court, had been given legal protection by the woman who found Tommy Robinson guilty. Dame Victoria Sharp ruled that the Press could not name the young ISIS organiser, that his identity would be legally protected from public exposure even though he has now turned 18 years of age. This means from a legal standpoint, although he is now an adult and a convicted organiser of terrorism, the judicial system has decided to "protect him".
You can find that article HERE.
Confronting The Charge Of Conspiracy Theory
It appears to be far more common than people believe. When those of us try to report the truth or research into wrongdoings, we can, and often are, labelled as "conspiracy theorists" or "racially motivated". Those labels are intentional because they deliberately reduce the impact of reporting the truth.
Tommy has said for some time now that courts are making it more and more difficult to report on Muslim child-rape gangs. Judges are placing reporting restrictions on many cases, and Tommy believes this is an intentional way of hiding the truth from the general public, especially when there is a "public interest".
Fighting Reporting Restrictions
A recent case involving more alleged Rotherham child rapists had the presiding judge rule on protecting defendants anonymity during the trial. Adele Forrest (deputy news editor of the Rotherham Advertiser) went to court to argue against the reporting restrictions because they were unlawful. Adele won the argument when she made her case saying:
"Not only were the restrictions involving four of the defendants made while the judge was sitting in chambers (in private), the Press were not given advanced notice of them or invited to challenge them, despite myself and another reporter being sat outside the courtroom.
I not only believed the manner in which they had been made was unlawful but I also believed correctly that the grounds on which they had been granted for two of the defendants were invalid."
Judge Slater presiding over the case invited Adele to address the court, she pointed out rule 16.2(3) of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2013 which states a court should not impose a restriction unless each party and any other person directly affected — including the media — was present or had been given the opportunity to make representations.
Judge Slater considered Adele's argument against the reporting restriction. After being given "updated information" about two of the defendants who were granted anonymity it was found that the information he received about them had been "inaccurate".
Overturning Reporting Restrictions
Judge Slater overturned his decision to protect the identities of two of the men involved and that he initially ordered the restrictions due to sensitivities concerning the case.
The question that needs to asking is what "inaccurate" information was the judge given in the first place which led him to protect the identities of the defendants?
Adele went on to say:
"Not being allowed in court to hear defence counsels' arguments for applying for the restrictions meant we were on the back foot.
If I had not been present in court for those first two days, the trial would have opened with two restrictions made due to inaccurate information."
If journalists are not allowed in court to hear the reasoning behind the defence's case for anonymity, how can it ever be challenged? How many times has this "procedural error" protected the identities of those accused of gang-raping young children?
Hopefully, journalists will learn from this, do their job, and "press" the courts on reporting restrictions because it seems, at least on its face, this is but one example of procedural skulduggery. Who does that benefit?
You can find the original article HERE.


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Residential Care
Cavendish House
Currently full
Cavendish House has a large, secure rear garden and all rooms have en-suite bathrooms.
The house is within a five minute walk of all local amenities and clients have good links with the community.
Cavendish House is a well-established home where timetables are based around the needs of individual clients.
Redhill, Surrey
Ruzziella Tamargo
Assistant Manager:
Holly Emery
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Find out more about residential living with Cavendish Care


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As the first and so far only company in Turkey, İGA has received the renewed ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management System certificate in aviation and other comparative sectors. It specifies the process in which a company identifies its environmental performance; minimizes, prevents, and controls its environmental impact, and accordingly, continuously improves its environmental performance.
"Since day one we have given the utmost attention to environmental matters and sustainability," says Yusuf Akçayoğlu, CEO of İGA Airport Construction. "And today, we are experiencing the well-earned pride of achieving a new standard with İstanbul New Airport. We have crowned our Environmental Management System and we will continue to accomplish even more 'firsts' in our sector."
Renewed every five years by the International Standardization Organization (ISO), the ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management System certificate was issued in Turkey in January 2016 by the Turkish Standards Institution. The process of certification began in August 2016, led by the İGA Environment and Sustainability Directorate. The work program involved the entirety of the 22,000 personnel that constitute the İGA family. After a series of meticulous audits and examinations by a team from Bureau Veritas, an independent audit, environmental, health, and risk-prevention company, İGA qualified to receive the certificate.


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Today we visited the Collection Neurs Heritages Africans du Benin, a collection of Ancient and Contempory African Art. It was sponsored by a range of businesses, mostly banks, and as admission was free we thought might be worth spending a few minutes there. Sam was initially not very keen on coming to an Art exhibition/museum, but muttered something about a possible return visit after seeing an incredible model football pitch - all made of junk - old toothbrushes, bottle tops, mini drink bottles, phone cards. It was very well done, there was the right number of players in matching kits, with a referee and subs benches and supporters all around in the stands, all made from rubbish!
We would have taken more photos - the one above is the only one we took before the man told us we couldn't take any more! Which explains why there is a photo with Joshua covered in chocolate ice cream - its the only one we have but hopefully gives you an example of the African Art! It was pretty impressive - but also totally bizarre hidden amongst a little street of market stalls.


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Tip Jar
An infectious mix of original CJ pop-rock tunes... Check it out! :)
CJ Li- What If
Pop - Rock
An infectious mix of original CJ pop-rock tunes... Check it out! :)
You're Nothing More
©, CJ Li, 2006.
Find out what they want you for
It's money and it's nothing more
Find out that they've got you down
On your knees
Find out what they say's a lie
And tell me who'd care if you died?
Find out that they're using you
Open your eyes
Open your eyes
It's money
They're dirty
So greedy
Why can't you see?
It's money
They're happy
So greedy
Believe me that you're nothing more
You're nothing more to them
You're nothing more
You're nothing more to them
Find out they don't care for you
Everything they say's untrue
Find out all they wanna do
Is wreck your life
Find out that they're insincere
They spit out words you wanna hear
Find out all they wanna do
Is mess your mind
Mess up your mind
Won't you give it up for another chance?
To prove to yourself
Fix up your mess
Won't you wake up from your big lie?
And realize they've stolen your life
Song Length3:08
GenresPop - Rock, Rock - General
What If
©, CJ Li, 2006
Today I
I found something quite disturbing
Now I?m worrying, oh
I turned my back on it
?Cause I didn?t wanna face it
I hoped my mind would just erase it
But it didn?t
Oh my what?s wrong with my head
It?s playing games with me again
Saying why let it go
I can?t ignore
My head tortures me with
What if
What if, what if, what if
What if, what if, what if
What if, what if, what if
And so I
Decided to try and play it cool
But I acted like a fool, fool
My thoughts had me
tied up me as expected
I?m infected
I walked in circles disconnected
Song Length3:32
GenresPop - Rock, Pop - General
Don?t Belong There
©, CJ Li, 2006.
Walked in that place again
Forgetting how long it?s really been
Either I grew taller or my house got smaller
The walls stood the same
But everything that changed
And in my mind
I remember feeling alive
In a parent?s arms
Waking up to the alarm
But all I recognize is that old closet?s side
The one I engraved my name behind
And although I saw it
I couldn?t help it
I didn?t feel like I did before
I left it behind
Alive in my mind
But my memories
Don?t belong there anymore
I visited my old empty room
Each night I?d sing there for an hour or two
I didn?t expect to leave there so soon
Time had stolen
What I once knew
Time to leave it all behind
I gotta learn to say goodbye
I gotta move on with my life
I walked in that place again
Forgetting how long it?s really been
Song Length3:21
GenrePop - General
I actually wrote this song in class when I was completely bored and had no idea what the teacher was blabbling away about...
Whatcha Gonna Do
©, CJ Li, 2006
Stuck in the classroom
Another boring day
Turn to page "What was that?"
Guy's head is in the way
Get a good education
So they say
You wanna know what I think?
I don't ever wanna go to school
I'd just wake up and make up
What I wanna do
I'm sick and tired of following the rules
I'd just go out
Shout it out
Whatcha gonna do about it?
Fallin' asleep
Trying hard to stay awake
My teacher despises me
'Cause I'm not the same
As most other Asians
She says I am to blame
It's like she has a pinecone up her ass
She's insane
We are stuck with this curse
Expected school and then work
That's why I must convert
It's my life
Your plans I'll burn
Song Length2:18
GenresPop - Rock, Rock - Modern
What Happened to the World?
©, CJ Li, 2006.
Sometimes I don?t wanna get out of bed
I used to think I could change the world
But instead
I found everyone lacks morality
I didn?t want to make it real to me
I woke up in reality
Oh, where did all the moral people go?
What happened to the empathetic world?
It?s like we all got sucked down
Into a selfish and despairing, hopeless world
Where values don?t exist and greed is gold
Please save us
What happened to the world we used to know?
At times, it?s hard to really believe
The emptiness that I see is real
And it?s staring at me
Some parents raising children egocentrically
Without respect, love and honesty
The future?s looking pretty bleak
It?s time we make a change
Song Length4:10
GenresRock - Alternative, Pop - Rock
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Darvell Huffman- Indianapolis Colts
Dennis Mitchell- USA Track
Ernie Mills- Pittsburg Steelers
AJ Solito- Georgia Tech
Devin Perkins- Marshall
Dominic Bell- Grambling
Ricky Hunter- Bethune Cookman
Dominique Jacobs- Oklahoma
Jalisa Foster- Flagler
Sam Smith- Delaware State, MEAC Defensive Player of the Year
Zeonte Sherman- Arizona State
Jeremiah Chambliss- Virginia
Colin McCarthy- Miami; Baltimore Ravens
Riley Cooper- Florida; Philadelphia Eagles
Anthony Cochran- West Georgia
Adarius Bellamy- Univ. South Florida
Anthony Sneed- Arena Football
David Green- Canadian Football League
Chris Campbell- FIU
Kelly Campbell-USF (soccer)
Soloman Johnson- South Dakota
Paul Freedman- Virginia
Jay Campara- John Carrol
Kyle Rettig- Brown
Nathan Lenz- Columbia
Joe Smiley- John C. Smith University
Allen Gamble- Azusu Pacific
Leonard Johnson- Iowa State Univ, TB Buccaneers
Jeremiah George- Iowa State Univ
Jarrett Fisher- Quincy University/UCF
Billy Henderson- Univ. South Florida
Kellie Campbell- Univ. South Florida (soccer)
Ryan Epps- Univ. South Florida
Jennifer Opper- Piedmont College (volleyball)
Nathan Diehl- Jacksonville University
Joe Marshall- Delta State University
Fred Marshall- Delta State University
Nick Newton- Presbyterian; W. Kentucky
Chase Vaughan- Presbyterian
Tanner Wozniak- FIU (basketball)
Joey De La Rosa- FIU (basketball)
Jeremie Powell- Univ. of Florida
Marquis Glen- UCF (track)
Brandon Leston- W. Kentucky
Fred Marshall- Delta State
Copyright © 2018 Stacey Simmons Sports Training - All Rights Reserved.


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I'm going to make this short, because frankly, I don't want to spend much time on the internet today. Why? Because it seems like the internet, collectively, has a giant stick up its ass of late, and I don't really have time for it. (Yes, there are exceptions. Duh.) Here's an idea, everyone: take a deep breath and try spreading some positivity for a change. We'll all be better off for it.
Anyway, what's out this week? Skeletonwitch has a new EP dropping today. Winterfylleth has a new full-length dropping tomorrow. Blood Incantation dropped their debut full-length yesterday. I don't know, there's a lot — and most of it's listed out after the jump, so just check it out there. As I said, I've neither the time nor the energy for this right now. So here's what's on tap for this week:
Continue reading


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Cheese, wine, charcuterie -it's all on the menu at this new Norfolk restaurant
PUBLISHED: 06:49 05 October 2018 | UPDATED: 14:01 05 October 2018
Business duo celebrate award and open a new restaurant in Wroxham.
The owners of the Scrummy Pig in Wroxham have more than one reason to celebrate this month.
Not only were Mike Fish and business partner Sam Tate named Proudly Norfolk's Food and Drink Champion 2018, but the pair have just opened the doors to a tasty new business – The Hungry Ewe.
If you've got a penchant for cheese and wine, the eatery (based in a former hairdressers in Hoveton) is definitely going to float your boat Mike says.
"We'd had the idea for a couple of years after doing wines and cheeses in the Scrummy Pig. There was a real demand for cheese and we found we could sell it so easily that got us thinking!"
Currently in a 'soft opening' stage, with a bar due to be installed at the end of October, the Hungry Ewe is hoped to become a big part of the local dining scene- and all without any cooking!
"What we're offering," Mike reveals, "is cheeseboards, charcuterie and pates, served with things like honey and nuts and fruit. We'll have wine, real ale or gin flights paired with the cheeses. And desserts will be quite fun – individual cheesecakes served with sugars and sauces and fruits and ice cream to dip and flavour them."
Mike says he wants to "raise the bar in Wroxham" at the Hungry Ewe, which currently has room for 22 diners on the ground floor, and 12 outside, with plans to expand upstairs in phase two of the development.
"That will be really exciting, because we'll be able to do things like fondues and raclette up there!"
Cheeses from all over the world feature on the menus in the restaurant, alongside a Norfolk, and English board. Bringing a local touch to the platters is important, says Mike, but they're not afraid to bring in elements from out of the county, or even out of the UK, to enhance the edible experience of their customers.
"So we'll have wine from all over the place – a lot of people prefer French and Italian wines so we have those, but we'll also be selling Winbirri wines, and wine from Flint. When people are on holiday around here they want to try local products, but while we wanted to keep a link with what we do up the road [at the Scrummy Pig] we didn't want to mirror it and water it down."
Expect to find across the menu beautifully creamy butter from Nortons Dairy, bread from the Pye Bakery, seasonal fruits changing throughout the year (the pears poached in cognac sound yummy and other accompaniments which could switch at a whim to keep the offering fresh.
Cured meats and salamis are sourced from Marsh Pig and the Norfolk Charcuterie Company, with delectable pates such as Black Magic (studded with Italian black truffle) featuring too.
Many items from the menu will be available to buy from the retail area of The Hungry Ewe, alongside very special products from further afield.
At the moment the restaurant is open seven days a week.
Just up the road is the recently award-winning Scrummy Pig.
Mike and Sam took on the business three years ago after their other operation (The Norfolk Sausage Company) suffered devastating fire damage.
"We'd been supplying the restaurant at Wroxham with sausages for quite a while," Mike says. "The owner invited us up, we had a look around and he asked if we wanted to take over.
"We took over in October 2015 and it soon became apparent people were after Norfolk produce. We decided to kick out anything not Norfolk, and today have about 95% Norfolk produce. We've got lots of mustards, and beers, jams, chutneys, Crush oils, gins and spirits – everything.
"We were completely shocked," he says of the Champion award.
"We didn't even know we were up for nomination. The first we heard of it was Anna Stevenson walking in through the doors with the award. We were really surprised and, given the previous winners, very chuffed."
If you value what this story gives you, please consider supporting the Eastern Daily Press. Click the link in the orange box above for details.


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"I've always believed there are moments in our lives which can be defined as a transition between the before and after, between the cause and the effect."~ Benjamin X. Wretlind Though one of the happiest days, it can also come with a daunting list of changes you have to comprehend #marriage #change #transition I have spent … Continue reading Beguiling
Category: Uncategorized
" Infuse your life with action. Don't wait for it to happen. Make it happen. Make your own future. Make your own hope. Make your own love. And whatever your beliefs, honor your creator, not by passively waiting for grace to come down from upon high, but by doing what you can to make grace … Continue reading Construction…!
"You can't live your life for other people. You've got to do what's right for you, even if it hurts some people you love." ~ The Notebook I had the idea for the title of my blog, way before I actually put 'pen to paper'. Being shelved is all I felt, for so long…before the … Continue reading Constricted
"It's not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives. It's what we do consistently."~ Anthony Robbins I hate those 30 seconds when you wake up and don't remember your turmoil's. When for that fleeting moment everything is 'normal' and then, quite painfully you are jolted back to reality…the feeling of coming down … Continue reading Descent
"If you hear a voice within you say 'you cannot paint,' then by all means paint, and that voice will be silenced." ~ Vincent Van Gogh I was asked today what my three strengths were, I didn't know. I was asked what other people would say my strengths were – I said I really didn't … Continue reading Credence
"As women, we know that we must always find ways to change the process because the present institutions want to hold on to power and keep the status quo." ~ Bella Abzug I have two younger siblings, whom are both women. There is a three year age gap, between me and my middle sister … Continue reading Tralatitious
"Here's to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes. The ones who see things differently. They're not fond of rules. And they have no respect for the status quo. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them. About the only thing you can't … Continue reading Anomalous
"If you cannot find a good companion to walk with, walk alone, like an elephant roaming the jungle. It is better to be alone than to be with those who hinder your progress." ~ Buddha 'You'll have a queue of people lining up to be with you…..' I still remember when that was said to … Continue reading Unaccompanied
"Everything happens for a reason, for experience or a lesson. Nothing is ever wasted because the soul is always gaining insight." ~ Leon Brown I remember flying back home from Barcelona and cruising over London, I had just had an amazing holiday with my family in the South of France and I was thinking about … Continue reading Opprobrium
"There is a difference between knowing the path and walking the path" - Morpheus, The Matrix Don't forget that what you prayed for is happening now – I think about this every day….you get so stuck thinking you're stuck you don't think you will ever be out of it and I honestly thought that was … Continue reading Burgeoning


text: Lactose-free products Read more Oven-baked hamOne of the most succulent hams in our range, oven-baked ham is dry-salted by hand to a secret family recipe. Simply delicious! Read more Natural hamThe absolute number one among hams, prepared according to a family recipe that is 3 generations old. Be surprised by the subtle flavour and refined aroma. Read more HAM COOKED ON THE BONEA ham with its own special flavour, due to being cooked and smoked on the bone. Read more Ham grillThe only Charles ham that is grilled after cooking, creating a lightly smoked meat with a unique aroma. Average weight per pack: 150 g Read more Chicken salamiThis salami made of chicken meat and vegetable fat is seasoned with a fresh bouquet garni. The result? A delicious salami with a subtle flavour! Average weight per pack: 125 g Read more Turkey salamiA real salami favourite! The combination of lean turkey meat and tasty bacon creates a soft salami with a fresh and spicy aroma! Average weight per pack: 125 g Read more Farmhouse sausageA salami made of pure pork meat, seasoned with the finest herbs and chunky bacon bits. An absolute favourite among connoisseurs. Read more Salami ClassicA genuine classic from our range, prepared with the finest meat, fresh herbs and a hefty dose of craftsmanship! Average weight per pack: 150 g Read more Pepper salamiThis salami's spiciness comes from a unique blend of pepper from the Far East. A spectacle of elegant flavours and a spicy finish! Average weight per pack: 125 g Read more Salami Classic with garlicA variation on our salami Classic, but with a kick of garlic. Average weight per pack: 150 g