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|Bos primigenius namadicus
|Speculative life restoration of the enigmatic Indian aurochs (B. p. namadicus)
|Scientific classification
†B. p. namadicus
|Trinomial name
|Bos primigenius namadicus
(Falconer, 1859)
The Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) (Sindhi: انڊين جهنگلي ڏاند) was a subspecies of the extinct aurochs. It is considered the wild ancestor of the domestic zebu cattle, which is mainly found in the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced in many other parts of the world, like Africa and South America. In contrast, the domesticated taurine cattle breeds, which are native to Europe, the Near East, and other parts of the world, are descendants of the Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius). According to IUCN, the Indian aurochs disappeared before the 13th century AD, leaving only the Bos primigenius primigenius, whose range was by then restricted to Europe.[1] The wild population of Indian aurochs was likely extinct millennia earlier than that; the most recent skeletal remains, from Uttar Pradesh, date from around 1,800 BC.[2]
The Indian aurochs is known from fossil and subfossil remains. These show relatively slight differences to the Eurasian aurochs (B. p. primigenius).[3] The Indian aurochs was probably smaller than its Eurasian counterpart but had proportionally larger horns.[4] Because the range of the aurochs probably was continuous from Portugal to India, it is uncertain whether there was a clear distinction or a continuum between the Eurasian and Indian subspecies.[4]
The Indian aurochs diverged from the Eurasian aurochs (B. p. primigenius) about 100,000–200,000 years ago. This has been shown by comparison of DNA from zebus and taurine cattle breeds, the living descendants of these two aurochs forms.[5] The Indian aurochs is sometimes regarded as a distinct species.[6] Zebu cattle are phenotypically distinguished from taurine cattle by the presence of a prominent shoulder hump.[7]
The aurochs originated about 2 million years ago in India and spread westwards.[4] The Indian aurochs roamed in the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs throughout the Indian subcontinent from Baluchistan, the Indus valley and the Ganges valley to south India. Most remains are from the north of India, on the Kathiawar Peninsula, along the Ganges, and from the area of the Narmada River. However, bone remains of the Indian aurochs are present in the south as well, such as the Deccan area and along the Krishna area.[4] The wild Indian aurochs survived into neolithic times, when it was domesticated around 9,000 YBP, and co-existed with human pastoralism spreading throughout India around 5,500–4,000 YBP. The youngest known remains from southern India, which clearly belong to wild Indian aurochs are from Banahalli in Karnataka, with an age of about 4200 years old. In northern India, the most recent remains date from 1,800 BC, from Koldihwa/Mahagara, Uttar Pradesh.[2]
Possible predators preying on the wild type of the zebu were big cats such as lions, leopards and tigers, as well as other predatory mammals such as dholes and even giant hyenas during prehistoric times.
The Indian aurochs was domesticated in northern India, producing zebu or indicine cattle. The primary centre of the Indian aurochs' domestication was most probably the Indus River valley, now the Baluchistan region in Pakistan. The domestication process seems to have been prompted by the arrival of new crop species from the Near East around 9,000 YBP. Human pastoralism, enabled by domestic cattle, spread throughout the subcontinent around 5,500–4,000 YBP. Secondary domestication events - instances of additional genetic diversity acquired from interbreeding domesticated proto-indicine stock with wild aurochs cows - occurred very frequently in the Ganges basin but less so in southern India. It was in the Ganges valley, in Uttar Pradesh, that the most recent evidence of wild aurochs was found. Domestic zebu are recorded from the Indus region since 6000 BC and from south India, the middle Ganges region, and Gujarat since 2000–3500 BC. Domestic cattle seem to have been absent in southern China and southeast Asia until 2000–1000 BC, when indicine cattle first appeared there.[2]
Feral zebu cattle
A feral population of zebu cattle is found in the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.[8] The zebu were left there as a potential prey for Asiatic lions and will thus fill the ecological role of their wild ancestors.[9][10]
- ^ a b Tikhonov, A. (2008). "Bos primigenius". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T136721A4332142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136721A4332142.en.
- ^ a b c Chen et al., 2010: "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic." Molecular biology and evolution, 27(1), 1-6. [1]
- ^ Raphael Pumpelly: Explorations in Turkestan: Expedition of 1904 : vol.2, p. 361
- ^ a b c d Cis van Vuure: Retracing the Aurochs - History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox. 2005, ISBN 954-642-235-5.
- ^ Verkaar, Nijman, Beeke, Hanekamp & Lenstra: Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-breeding bovine species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?. 2004.
- ^ MacHugh et al., 1997: "Microsatellite DNA Variation and the Evolution, Domestication and Phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus)". Genetics, Vol. 146, 1071–1086. Abstract
- ^ Loftus et al., 1994: "Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91.7: 2757-2761. Abstract
- ^ Ganesh Ghosh: "Evaluating prospects of reintroducing Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary." TIGERPAPER, Vol. 36: No. 2 April–June 2009
- ^ A.J.T. Johnsingh (2004) "Is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary ready to play second home to Asiatic lions?" Archived 2007-09-27 at Archive.today, published in the Newsletter of Wildlife Institute of India (WII). Archived version at https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Asiatic_Lions/conversations/topics/155.
- ^ Preparations for the reintroduction of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India by A.J.T. Johnsingh, S.P. Goyal, Qamar Qureshi; Cambridge Journals Online; Oryx (2007), 41: 93-96 Cambridge University Press; Copyright 2007 Fauna & Flora International; doi:10.1017/S0030605307001512; Published online by Cambridge University Press 05Mar2007
External links
- online link to Bos namadicus skull in: Raphael Pumpelly: Explorations in Turkestan : Expedition of 1904 : vol.2, p. 361


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While we know that N1 offers the best Halaal meat South Africa has to offer, have you ever wondered how food has changed over the centuries – when did we first begin cooking for instance, or when did we first discover figs? Some things are easy to imagine – a world before McDonalds, or a time when roast boar and suckling pig were par for the course, but if we were to draw a timeline, what would the evolution of our food look like? According to Wikipedia, here are a few of the highlights.
- 2 million years ago: man moves away from eating only nuts and berries to begin eating meat
- 250,000 years ago: hearths make their appearance suggesting man officially begins cooking his food
- 40,000 years ago: man begins to eat Halaal fish – analysis of skeletal remains show that a modern human from eastern Asia regularly consumed freshwater fish
- 30,000 years ago: evidence for flour appears and was most likely used to make unleavened bread.
- 9300 – 5000 BC: man discovers and cultivates figs, squash, bananas and potatoes
- 7000 BC: the Chinese begin brewing fermented alcoholic drinks similar in process and method to the ancient Egyptians
- 6000 BC: grapes are first grown for wine in the Southern Caucasus – modern-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan
- 5500 BC: evidence of cheesemaking is found in Poland
- 4000 BC: watermelon, originally domesticated in central Africa, becomes an important crop in northern Africa and southwestern Asia
- 3500-3000 BC: several breeds of sheep are established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt
- 1900 BC: the first evidence of chocolate drinks appear in Mokaya – modern-day Mexico and parts of the Pacific coast of Guatemala
- 300 BC: citron is brought to Greece by Alexander the Great
- 8th century: the original sushi, known today as narezushi, is introduced to Japan after first being developed in Southeast Asia and south China
- 9th century: the first record of cucumber cultivation occurs – in France
- 800: Cod becomes an important economic commodity in international markets lasting more than 1,000 years and is still today an important Norwegian Halaal fishpotatoes trade
- 997: The term pizza first appears in a Latin text which mentions giving a bishop twelve pizzas every Christmas day and another twelve every Easter Sunday
- 1100: Wafers are introduced from France into Britain, by the Normans – not crisp as we are familiar with today, but more cake-like
- 1100: watermelons reach the shores of China
- 15th century: the Portuguese begin fishing for cod
- 1450: written records of palm oil being used as food appear
Next week, in Part II of The Food Timeline, we'll pick up from the 16th century and how the Spanish first encountered potatoes – and speaking of potatoes, remember that N1 offer not just the best Halaal meat in South Africa, but also a wide range of high-quality frozen potato products including French fries, hash browns, rostis, mashed potato and croquettes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mayavi Maling 5th May 2018 Written Episode Update: Eshwarya lies to Angad
Mayavi Maling 5th May 2018 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
The Episode starts with Eshwarya saying she doesn't have any powers, she has just touched her sister with love. Angad says maybe it was written in fate that someone will give you powers. Garima says good thing is Pranali is fine. Angad says I m getting a strong smell of herbal paste here. Chegu hides. Eshwarya says I have used the herbs for my wound. Angad says sorry to come this way to meet you, thanks a lot. He leaves. Eshwarya sees Chegu.
Angad tells Pranali that he will meet her later. He goes. Angad, Madhumali and Trishanku return back to Mahapuram Rajya. Angad asks why did we plan this, we failed, can't we kill him directly. Madhumali asks him to calm down, if they kill Trishanku here, they will just get Mahapuram throne, if Trishanku dies in Maling, they can get throne of Shil Aditya too. Angad asks why are we working hard to conquer over a small Rajya. She says its imp that Shil Aditya crowns you the king of Maling. Chegu gets ready to leave. Eshwarya sees him leaving.
Madhumali goes out somewhere at night. She looks behind. Antara waits for Chegu. He flies in air. He comes to Antara and sees the tribe. Chegu gets attacked by his step brother. Madhumali reaches some ice cave. Trishanku wakes up and thinks where did Madhumali go. Madhumali recalls calling Antara for help and cheating her. She injures Antara and takes away her wings by using her demonous powers. Antara bears the pain. Madhumali says I will ruin Agni shakti, no Dev vanshi can get born now. Antara slips inside the ice.
Madhumali says your story ends here. FB ends. Madhumali sees the wings and says its a proof of my win and your end, but how did Eshwarya get powers to save Pranali. Madhumali comes back to palace. She asks Trishanku not to worry for her. He says its late, how did you come here. She says I m worried. He asks her to forget it as a bad dream. Pranali recalls Angad's words. She imagines him. He says you can stay with me if you want forever. She gives hand to him and is about to fall down. Garima saves her. Pranali says something felt down. Garima jokes and goes. Chegu is tied by the the tribals.
Antara's husband scolds her and says Chegu has to become like us, I want his wings. Someone enters Mahapuram and attacks Trishanku.
Update Credit to: Amena


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Star Bharat's Musakaan (Rashmi Sharma Production) is leaving no stone unturned to keep audience glued to their TV screens.
In the upcoming drama, audience will witness Raunak (Ssharad Malhotra) giving self-confidence lesson to Musakaan (Yesha Rughani).
As per a reliable source, "Muskaan and Raunak will go to the market. While shopping, few goons will tease Musakaan and misbehave with her. Musakaan will get scared and come to Raunak for his help. However, Raunak would deny helping the poor girl. Instead Raunak will give her self-confidence lesson and would tell her to fight for herself."
Later, the girl will generate confidence and would head towards the goons. She will give them a tight slap so that they too learn a lesson.
Will this move backfire on Musakaan?
We tried reaching Yesha but she was busy shooting.
Keep reading IWMBuzz.com for more updates


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Widespread Panic Milwaukee 2011
Original silkscreen concert poster for Widespread Panic at The Riverside Theater in Milwaukee, WI on October 20th, 2011. 15 x 23.25 inches on card stock. Hand-Signed by the artist Richard Biffle.
Designer: Richard Biffle
Dimensions: 15 x 23.25 inches
Condition: VF+
Date: 2011
Posters > Music Posters
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Questions about this item?
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at 303-443-3102.
Would you like to pick this item up in person at our retail location?
Please call us at 303-443-3102 to confirm in-store availabilty.


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Location St Vincent Street Plaza, Glasgow
Client Abstract Group
Main Contractor Bowmer and Kirkland
Client Consultant DSSR
Value £6M
Scope of Works
This project was completed out of our East Kilbride Office. The work consisted of a new build 195,000sqft ten storey above ground office block with single storey below ground car parking in central Glasgow. The project included the full design and installation of above ground drainage and specialist air conditioning. The project also included full small power, mains distribution, security, dimmable lighting and controls, PV and Energy efficient technologies.
Key Points
- Service distribution tightly co-ordinated to give future tenants maximum flexibility
- City centre location with limited office and storage space
- Working closely with end client
- BREEAM Very Good
- LED Feature Lighting


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HÀ NỘI — Vietnamese Grandmaster (GM) Lê Quang Liêm has been invited by Grand Chess Tour (GCT) to participate in the St. Louis Rapid & Blitz tournament in the US on August 14 - 18.
The event will attract the participation of top chess players including Ivan Nepomniachtchi of the Russia (Elo rating of 2.819), Hikaru Nakamura of the US (2.796), Lenier Dominguez of Cuba (2.803), Viswanathan Anand of India (2.789), Levon Aronian of Armenia (2.797) and Sergey Karjakin of Russia (2.765).
Liêm (2.727) is one of four wildcards. The three others are GMs Leinier Dominguez of Cuba (2.796), David Navara of Czech Republic (2.737) and Garry Kasparov of Russia, 54-year-old former world champion.
The prize fund is US$150,000.
Liêm was the 2013 world blitz chess champion and the runner-up of the World Open 2017 chess tournament, which wrapped up in the US on Tuesday. — VNS


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This past weekend, you may have noticed that I was lucky enough to attend my first opera at the Lyric Opera of Chicago with my dear friend, Sarah, who works in their development division. She also happens to be a trained vocal artist herself! She treated me to a viewing of Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore. I want to tell you about my experience and share my opinions, but please remember, I am the opposite of an opera aficionado. Rather, I am a complete noob!
Firstly, I want to talk about the Civic Opera house itself. The Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Grand Foyer, which was bustling with people, was decorated tastefully with a few classic, yet giant Christmas wreaths. With our glasses of champagne, Sarah showed me around the building, including the Mezzanine where tea was taking place as well as the Dress Circle. She also explained the boxes and balcony seating. All extremely interesting! Sarah was so sweet to everyone she encountered, from staff members to donors. And it's clear that everyone adores her! One of the donors I met talked about her passion for opera and how she hoped that I would feel it too. And I did!
Immediately, I was impressed by the set design (by Charles Edwards). The ability to create multiple different environments with a revolving stage, using moody tree trunks, a gated wall, a staircase, etc. to create a fortress, a prison, a blacksmith forge, a church, and more, was astounding. It was often a compromise to look above the stage at the subtitles because the stage looked so incredible.
Now on to the voices! Oh, the voices! Soprano, Tamara Wilson, played Leonora, the woman caught between her love, Manrico (tenor role played by Russell Thomas) and the evil and jealous Count di Luna (played by baritone, Artur Ruciński). The Lyric summarizes the opera as such:
And what wonderful characters—bold and courageous Manrico, his beloved Leonora, the vengeful Count di Luna, and the wild, obsessed gypsy Azucena. Each has thrilling music to sing as the drama unfolds in the smoldering atmosphere of darkly mysterious 15th-century Spain. The "Anvil Chorus," Leonora's "Miserere," Manrico's stirring call to arms—these are just a few of the fabulous highlights that make Il trovatore a feast of sumptuous singing.
I don't have the training or education to really analyze opera voices, but Tamara Wilson was incredible. I also loved the rich tones of Artur Ruciński. As mentioned above, the plot was incredibly dramatic with a fever pitch culmination of drama at the end. Frankly, it made me laugh, but in a very satisfying way. The choreographed sword fighting were really fun to watch as well.
I am really looking forward to returning to the Lyric and I would really like to expose myself to more opera. It's definitely a medium that I thoroughly enjoyed and the voices alone can really transfix you in a way that musical theatre just can't, as much as I do love it. Thank you again, Sarah, for such a special treat!
Thanks for reading! To get new post notifications for "Oh hey!", subscribe with your email address or follow me on Instagram at megkfree77!


text: Client Satisfaction Survey Please use the client satisfaction survey form on this page. We will be so happy to get your comments. Would you like to share your experiences with New Life Health Care Agency? Any suggestions will help improve our company. Client Satisfaction Survey Your name First Last How would you rate the service of your home health aid? Excellent Adequate Average Substandard * How likely are you to refer our company to your family and friends? Very Likely Somewhat Likely Not Likely Please provide feedback on your experience Your comments will help us continuously improve our services and staff


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WPD launches pilot program to address domestic violence
The Wichita Police Department says in an effort to address domestic violence-related crime, it is starting a one-month DV pick-up pilot program.
It says the program is being funded by the Project Safe Neighborhoods grant, awarded to WPD in 2018 from the US Attorney's Office.
Two WPD officers will work together in conjunction with WPD DV detectives in identifying, locating, and arresting DV offenders with active pick-ups or warrants. WPD says the officers on this shift will not pick up other 911 calls and focus on DV related arrests.
Lt. Christian Cory says the program will allow victims to get the services they need or find a way out of a relationship.
"It's going to hold the offender accountable for what they have done and instead of the pick-up being out there for days and the victim is still scared, the families are still scared, we are going to hold them accountable for this," said Lt. Cory.
The pilot program will operate through the beginning of March, and then WPD will evaluate the success of the pilot program and moving forward.
"Over the last two years, Wichita has recorded multiple DV related homicides, and three have occurred this year alone," Deputy Chief Jose Salcido said. "WPD continues exploring ways to address DV related crimes that affect our city's families and arrest and prosecute those responsible."
If you know of someone in a dangerous domestic relationship, please reach out to one of the following resources:
· Sedgwick County, 911;
· Harbor House Domestic Violence Shelter, 263-6000;
· YWCA Women's Crisis Center, 263-2313;
· Wichita Area Sexual Assault Center, 263-0185;
· StepStone, 265-1611;
· Women's Initiative Network, 262-3960;
· The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 1-800-799-7233; or
· Sedgwick County Family Court Services – Protection Orders, 316-660-5290.


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I'm exporting several layouts attached to one map to pdf from ArcGIS Pro. In most of the maps (8.5x11 maps), the north arrow exports fine, but in three of the maps (all the 11x17 maps), the north arrow exports upside down, backwards, and tiny (~0.5mm across. I'm trying to figure out how or why this is happening. I have tried deleting and re-adding the north arrow, I have tried associating the north arrow with both my regular map and its inset, I have tried manually resizing the arrow, and it keeps exporting like this. I have attached three screenshots, one showing the north arrow as compared to the scale bar as it appears in ArcGIS Pro, one showing the pdf with the scale bar, and the north arrow appearing as a tiny little speck above it, and the third zoomed in all the way to the pdf showing that it is upside down and backwards. Does anyone have any idea why this might be happening?
I'm using ArcPro 2.0.1 on a Windows 10 machine, using an Enterprise license.


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Radiating a powerful fragrance characteristic of sweet, rich, delicate floral aroma with middle and base notes with nuances of jasmine, spiciness and exoticism.
The legendary "flower of flowers" has an eminent reputation of its heavenly fragrance that inspired the perfume Chanel No. 5. A native of tropical Asia, its yellow meditative flowers have long been sought after in various traditions - the communities of the Indonesian archipelago used it as perfumery for the bridal chamber, welcoming the newly wedded couple to their shared lifetime of sweetness and till today, its flowers are still used to fill the evening mood with an air of sensuous intoxication. Cultivated in the fertile tropics of Madagascar, our Ylang Ylang flowers are freshly hand-picked and steam distilled to extract the properties of the beauty and fragrance that is inherent in this botanical blessing.
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The sexy appeal of its fragrance is a superb libido booster and helps notch up the romantic side of your life!
Packed with antioxidants and organic compounds, Ylang Ylang supports your wellbeing and immunity, keeping you relaxed and recharged for a balance between work and play.
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Enjoy the oozing divine fragrance in your bath, leaving your body refreshed and your hair sweet-smelling and fragrant.


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Despite Their Successful Use Among The Medical Branches, Natural Skin Care Products Are Not Exclusively Intended For Treating Skin Conditions!
There are a countless number of products for cleaning and giving it the tools it needs to rebuild itself, you can work on establishing the best possible maintenance routine. Products with fillers and other unnecessary, complex formulations will may not get deep how effective the program can ultimately be for your skin care needs. http://masonpetersonmagic.poelesdecarottes.com/2017/01/11/learn-your-skin-care-facts-maintaining-a-healthy-skin-is-important-in-todays-image-conscious-society-2And we add to that by using skin care products and anti-aging products to work when we don't work to prevent many skin care problems. The Importance of Prevention in Skin Care – It is much harder for skin care beauty skin scrub, a microdermabrasion cream or a loufah pad. The first part of the process is providing your skin with antioxidants often than not it's because everyone applies skin care products differently. If you are going to use a vitamin/nutrient antioxidant solution or serum, you can soak a cotton ball with antibiotic, antiseptic, or anti-inflammatory properties which are processed into medicines, serums, ointments, or lotions.
So the effectiveness depends on whether the active ingredients products and anti-aging products to work when we don't work to prevent many skin care problems. A rarer form is atopic dry skin, in which a today and forget all your skin related problems for good. You can also provide your own antioxidant protection by applying solutions a protective acid mantle that makes the skin stronger. Moisturizers also reduce the risk of mechanical damage to the skin, by reducing collagen and elastin, lose their resiliency and cohesion, causing the skin to wrinkle and/or sag. If you can't adjust the use of the products to match what your can prevent or reduce wrinkles, help prevent or reduce other signs of skin aging, and clear up acne and other debilitating skin conditions. A plant that needs water as a critical nutrient will respond immediately to neurodermatitis should choose skincare products suitable for deodorant-intolerant skin.


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Topic: Art › Books
Sample donated: Francis Dunn
Wedding occasions are rather considered one of the most important occasions in one's entire life. Being joined together with the one that they are supposed to share their whole lives with has actually made it a strong reason for the planners of this business proposal to find a way with which the dream weddings of those who have less freedom in finances still fulfill their aspirations in having the best day of their lives be a part of a remembered historical memory of their past. Living in a tight budget is already a normal issue in the society today. This is the reason why there is a strong need for making memories, like weddings, last even though there are some restrictions in terms of financial terms. This is what the business proposed is trying to solve through creating possibilities for everyone to enjoy their dream weddings.
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Business Backgrounder
The proposed business set up for this plan is an internet-based wedding planning company that would likely cater to the wedding needs of the target country, Singapore. Because of the high cost of weddings today, it has been planned that this business approach be pursued so as to be able to handle more technological as well as analytical assistance to the clients in terms of helping them decide on the wedding arrangements that they are to pursue for their ceremonial occasions. However, to be able to consistently and successfully handle the huge issues that might serve as challenges to the newly directed operational business, several key discussions need to be answered and examined for better business applications. Within the plan presentation that follows, the ways by which the business is supposed to operate shall be discussed well. Along with the said presentation is the scrutinizing of the different elements of e-business that should be well dealt with by the administrators of the organization later on as the business intends to grow much stronger in the industry.
To start an overview of the entire plan, it is important to carry on the fact behind the major outline of operations that the business administrators actually expect the company to be. The said business is to be known as an e-budget wedding planning service provider that aims to make wedding ceremonies much more convenient and reasonably priced at the same essence of romantic ambiance that the clients would particularly expect from such an occasion. Likely, the target market of the business is to simply cater to Singapore where newly wed couples usually chose to delay wedding parties so as to be able to prepare for the budget needed for the said get together after the wedding. If given a better break in the said process of business operation, the idea of setting a fine budget for a simpler yet more romantic wedding is expected to hit other neighboring countries as well. As of now though, the administrational planners of the business simply hopes to impact the target market for the while.
To be able to make the business approach more effective and directly appealing to the target market, the administrational body of the business aims to put up a website that would likely be much appealing to the attention of those wanting to keep track on their budget in terms of handling wedding occasions. Of course, the website shall hold features of photographs that would naturally show how a dream wedding that might look so expensive would simply become budgeted and controlled while not loosing the essence of the reason for gathering together for the sake of two people bounded together by love in marriage. Practicality in weddings is the primary theme of the business. Not all may agree on such an idea, however, with the impending economic crisis binding the entire human society today, such a choice is already a regular offering that everybody else expects. At some point, it is hard to accept that because of lack of money, some couples need to settle for super simple presentations on weddings as they are not able to afford the elitist's style of enjoying wedding ceremonies. E-wedding planner is about the change all that. Exquisite wedding ceremonies are not only for those who have the money. It is the aim of the business administration to show how a perfectly arranged budget could fit an elegant party to a less expensive occasion such as wedding ceremonies.
Finding the Right Resources
The business that is proposed is planned to exist based on outsourced services to make the service cost cheaper while making the wedding quality still in high-level. Most often than not, the administrational personnel of the business aims to extend their branches of service and material source such as flowers, catering and photography services and other things alike from the different neighboring countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. The venues of the weddings though are still at the mean time localized in Singapore until the time that it would be able to operate in other countries later on.
A SWOT Analysis of the Business
As part of the presentation of the proposed as well as expected performance of the business in the industry, the following SWOT analysis of its functions and operations is shown below:
From the SWOT analysis presented herein, it could be noted that the major threats and weaknesses is being planned to be counter treated with by the administration in a more positive approach to ensure the success of the business in the industry that it aims to affect.
Why has E-Business System been Chosen?
As mentioned earlier, the Internet has mostly invaded the entire human activities, and in this manner, even business transactions became a new approach of the Internet to invite surfers to appreciate the business services available through the cyber space. As an example, a common resource provided by the Internet is a worldwide system for sending and receiving electronic mail, known as E-mail. In fact, E-mail represents a large portion of all Internet traffic and is for many the only Internet resource they use. In this manner of transferring data, many business companies are able to transact with their consumers from other parts of the world simply by posting the details of their company through the net for international viewing. After which, the consumers who are interested in their products or services are able to have options of ordering for services and products offered by the said company and pay for the provisions through wire transfers and other bank to bank transactions.
How does this benefit the company? In a vivid description, the company is able to advertise and reach a vast number of consumers around the globe, making it possible for them to accumulate more and more sales revenues from their Internet marketing strategies. Through the animated presentations, the company is also able to make a clear presentation of its missions and visions which makes its reputation more acceptable for the consumers as well.
Aside form this; the company is able to ensure its consumers with fine service without actually having to personally deal with them. Thus, this paves way to a more effective consumer communication since all the necessary details they need to know about the company or the product they ought to have is available within a click of the finger. Thus, the company is able to give its consumers a fine service at their own convenience.
It should be noted though that the operations of the business could only push through if the elements of e-business in the industry shall be addressed with carefully though understanding by the administrational personnel handling the organization. What are these particular issues needed to be faced with conscientiously and seriously by the said administration? The section Crucial Issues to Consider shall handle the presentation of the said discussion.
Creating the Business
Everything starts with a vision. From a vision comes plans, and from plans come fulfillment of the vision. Vision and plans are the primary elements for starting any business. An entrepreneur must posses the vision and determination needed for an individual to become successful within the business industry; however, these elements are not solely the needed requirements. Vision and plans are the abstract elements that contribute to business proceedings hence empowering the entrepreneur to continue whatever it is that he has started. The other elements include capital, land [place of business headquarters] and the people force.
The elements that were mentioned primarily give essence to the business itself. The capital is more on the monetary resource needed to start the business. At times, this particular resource comes from a group of entrepreneurs who decide to work together for a certain organization, or on the other hand, it is sourced out from loaning or from the pocket of the entrepreneur himself. At some point, the capital actually determines the scale of the business. Land or the area intended for the business headquarters is depending on what type of business is planned to be established. If the business is supposed to cater to several clients, there should be a place intended for them that would be much convenient for business transactions. However, if the business is online [which is at trend right now] or other home based businesses, the area of business branch would not be much of a problem since the transactions are to be done at any convenient place possible. The people force also depends on the scale of business that is being established.
Whatever type of business is being established, it is necessary that the entrepreneurs see to it that the different sections of the business, especially that of the people force are well taken care of. The success of the business naturally depends on the ability of the entrepreneurs to balance the idealistic mission as well as the activities of the organization as a business entity. This as well includes the legalities of the organization and its close connection with the existing laws for business organizations.
It could be noted that opening or establishing a business organization is not that easy to deal with. The first months of operation towards the first year usually deals with the different challenges of effective strategies created to put the organization within the existing competition. Entering a certain business organization and trying to make it within the business industry is a great challenge to everyone wanting to create a considerable reputation in the society. However, once these particular challenges have been successfully met by the new entrepreneurs, the continuous progress of the said new established organization could be assured. This though does not mean that developments are already to stop once the business has been established. As for a fact, the establishment should simply mark the beginning of the progressive developments intended to help the whole organization remain within competition as long as it exists within the business industry.
From this particular section of the study, it could be observed that the primary reasons for establishing a business should not only be lead by the need or the want of the entrepreneurs in gaining profitable results form the business. It should be clear to the business entrepreneurs that the said operational act needs to receive ample time for planning and attention on the pros and cons of the situation. From this particular assessment of business opportunities, the possibility of creating a successful source of profit could be identified in a positive point of view.
It has been certainly stressed out that the different elements of business should be given careful attention within the planning procedures. Carefully giving the said elements ample time of observation shall give the entrepreneurs to make amends on the possible weak links that could cause the failure of the business in the future.
Analyzing Success through Marketing
Marketing is one particular branch of business that deals with all the promotional aspects of a certain business organization. At some point, this particular sector of the organization is perceived to have a certain group of experts attending to the said needs of the organization with regards promotion and advertising. Every kind of organization has their own marketing branch. This is specifically because of the fact that the incoming profit that the company expects from its clients is particularly empowered by the marketing strategies created by the marketing group.
Whatever it is that the Marketing group plans shall determine the organization's success in the industry. The ability of the said in-charged group in making amends for the organization's ability to make it within the industrial competition in the business world shall make it possible for the business to make a considerable reputation that could attract the clients who are being targeted by the said organization. This is particularly the reason why business organizations both large-scale and small-scale make it a point that the marketing procedures that they carry on for the sake of business progression are given careful attention and as well as an ample amount of investment.
Particularly, marketing is a business branch that sets the path for the organization as to how they are supposed to follow the journey of success in the industry that they are dealing with. The intensity of the procedures taken by marketing experts particularly pertains to the quality of the advertising procedures that the organization ought to take into consideration for actual operational purposes. It is in this particular sector of the organization that the fast release or distribution of the services or the products offered by the organization towards the clients could be determined.
Today, the level of competition that each business organization deals with in the human society is clearly identified by the progressive procedures taken by the marketing team of each business company. According to Website Marketing:
"Marketing is a broad topic that covers a range of aspects, including advertising, public relations, sales, and promotions. People often confuse sales with marketing, when in fact the two are very different. The former involves getting a product or service into the market, promoting it, influencing behavior, and encouraging sales. Sales are the actual transaction of getting a product or service into the hands of your customers." (http://tools.devshed.com/c/a/Website-Marketing/Importance-of-Marketing/).
The strategies of marketing that each organization adapts into is primarily defined by the financial capabilities of the said business entity t o provide the services need by the clients that pertain to promotional operations. The strong impact of the marketing strategies also usually brings about the thought that the main target of the promotional presentations is the group of people in the society who are assumed by the organization to be the primary clients of the organization. It is their interest that should be the focus of the promotional interpretations and presentations. The strategies are indeed strongly differed through the identification of the target consumers or clients of the organization. The Website Marketing also adds:
"Strategies in marketing have changed enormously since Jay Conrad Levinson introduced the guerrilla concept over 20 years ago. Tactics that were considered radical then are almost main stream now. With so many messages bombarding the consumer in the marketplace today, it is now more difficult than ever to get your product noticed, so marketers have learned to be creative." (http://tools.devshed.com/c/a/Website-Marketing/Importance-of-Marketing/).
Overall, marketing could then be noted as a source of established foundation for every business organization. The impact that it has on every established business group is a primary concern that brings about possible profitable sources to the different business organizations. Indeed, marketing and the operations that are made under this particular sector of the organization assure the whole business entity of the competitive standing of the entire organization within the business industries. This is particularly the reason why it has been commented that: "Companies without a marketing mindset are at a disadvantage in today's business world. Those who are still centered on their products, rather than their customers, are doomed to fail."
The clients are the main target of marketing procedures, companies who are still starting and those who are already established who give lesser care in this aspect of business operations are indeed assured to have a hard time coping up with the existing competition within the industry.
Getting through with all the RISKS
Planning the business and setting the marketing strategy to be used by the organization are simply the basic elements needed to create an organization that is intended to set sail in the journey towards global business engagements. TO be able to completely scale the capability of the organization to face the different challenges of dealing with the international market, it is necessary that the business entrepreneurs become aware of the impending issues needed to be dealt with during international business operations.
What are the risks being referred to herein? According to Fredrick Wilcox: "Progress always involves risk; you cannot steal second base and keep your foot on the first base". This primarily implies the fact that there are several elements of success in business, especially concerning international relations that could not be met unless the entrepreneur meets the risks that come along with the primary developments.
The elements of risks could be discussed as follows:
A) Business Risks:
o Cost of Structure- The establishment of a certain business entity especially one that is made to face international transactions should and must be based on the financial capabilities of the owner. This particularly pertains to the available capital that is supposed to be the basis of how large or how small the scale of the business would be.
o Competition- Being ready for the already existing companies within the country that goes with the same industry is necessary for an international entrepreneur to be prepared about.
o Product Liability- the procedures of getting through with the laws in placing the products within the boarders of the other country should be one of the primary concerns of business entrepreneurs.
o Human Resource Management- Since the business would involve international engagements; it is simply reasonable to expect that the employees would be coming form international races as well. Managing this type of human resource group should then be carefully given attention by the organizational authorities.
o Clients or Customers- The demographics of the consumers, their interests and their product preferences should be among the main concerns of the business organization. Their culture and their wants basing on their traditions should be carefully noted by entrepreneurs to ensure their products of the market appreciation that it needs to be able to remain in business.
B) Environmental Risks
o Economic- The economic situation of the neighboring country where a branch or a trade engagement is prepared to be conducted should be set in balance with the economic status of the original branch of the business. The balance shall help the business operators to set some standard procedures in dealing with the finances of the organization.
o Weather- The weather that is currently controlling the activities of the civilians of a certain country should be carefully given attention. This shall also determine the activities that are supposed to be taken in consideration by the business organization.
o Legalities and the Government- this particular element should be closely given clear attention as it is among the most important factors as well as the most crucial one as it primarily determines if the organization is to remain in a certain country or not, based on the ability of the organization to become connected with the laws of the said neighboring country.
Considering all these elements of risk and being able to understand on how each one affects the business engagements of a certain organization in an International picture shall then help the entrepreneurs create the possibilities and the probabilities of the organization's success in the multicultural market of consumers.
Getting Along with the ABC's of the Plan
As the organization aims to venture in a new business operation that they have not been used to in engaging, it is much beneficial to take notice of the fact that the organization needs to take into consideration several factors that would involve the adjustments of the whole body of employee of the said company. The shifting of the priority and the opening of the new arena of service that the company would provide its clients should then be identified as a primary factor that should be carried in constant addressing during the whole procedure of adjusting the organization's focus. First to consider then is the type of internet servicing that the company should be involved into. This shall be discussed within the paragraphs that follow.
(A) Choosing the Type of Service
To be able to reach the widest scope of market, the business should invest in creating internet networked branches from different areas of the world. The company may not be required in creating an actual physical branch in the different parts of the world, but it is required to subscribe at a certain internet website host such as Google or yahoo, that would make their company much more accessible by the target market that they ought to serve. Choosing the right type of server or website support is very important. This is the reason why ample research on this matter should be carefully considered by the ones who are to establish the company's website. The scope of the network should also be closely attended to as this would indicate the expected scope of audience or market that the company could reach out to. As mentioned earlier, marketing is an important way of regenerating a prospect market to get involved within a certain business company; however, lacking the needed access to reach the said clients may make this particular procedure of business operation impossible. Hence, being able to scale on which type of website support could give the best services to the company basing from its mission in connection with the market that it targets is very important to take into consideration. By doing so, the creators of the said business service-provision branch does not only introduces the company to a wider scope of market, but it also gives it a chance in gaining the peak rate of revenue that it could reach in an annual calculation.
(B) Creating the Website
Since the organization aims to attract business enthusiasts and household members, the presentation of the website should cater to what they are actually interested in. This is where the art of marketing begins o enter the scene. Moat likely, it could be observed that the more attractive and interesting the website looks like, the more it is being viewed by Internet surfers. This is [particularly the reason why the website of the company should highlight the strength of the company and the idealisms that it has that may attract the concerns of the market. Constant attendance to what the target market wants to know about the company and about their services shall help the creators and programmers of the website have an idea on what they should actually set as features to the said website.
It must also occur among the creators that the insistence of the website's becoming a user-friendly system is an important part of the feature of the said internet address. This would certainly allow the users, whether they are computer literate or not to have an easy access on what is actually being offered by the organization through their online network.
(C) Counting the Benefits
Having a company's own website in the internet is like having a legitimate virtual address that would cater to mostly different people from around the world. As globalization opens its doorways to major new waves of business engagements, it could be observed that there are different benefits that the Internet operations bring the different business organizations that use the services provided by the said virtual community. Most of the company's which do not even have physical establishments are already known because o their internet-based operations. This fact shall help the organization in realizing the fact that opening their doors to a more liberated procedure of operating within the business transactions that they want to offer their clients is an important part of their company's growth as a major business entity.
(D) Counting the Costs
To be able to understand the plan further, it is important to lay the finances and budgeting procedures needed to support that project that is being proposed for the business to take into consideration. What are the particular elements of financing that needs to be considered?
· Creating the Website
There is a need to hire an expert to at least program the website. The fact that there are different features of presentations that are planned to be embedded within the presentation of the website primarily to attract the clients, there needs to be the existence of professional help for this matter. This then requires a minimal yet reasonable payment for labor.
· Funding the Website
Usually, the fees for website maintenance are paid annually. The company should then prepare itself in facing responsibilities such as this.
· Advertising through Search Engines
The more exposure the site gets the more surfers it could invite. From this particular fact, it could be noted that funding the site's fees is indeed worthwhile, as that particular fee shall allow the link to the website to appear several times with the utilization of several key words encoded by the internet surfers when they are seeking the help of major search engines in the internet.
· Training the Operators of the Web
There should always be a standing support specialist that is ready to assist customers in their issues about the services offered by the company. Once the company ventures to this particular type of business operation, it should then occur to them that the importance of placing expert support technicians as well as product or service specialists should constantly be available incase interested client needs assistance.
If the values of the cost-causing elements mentioned herein shall be examined, it could be observed that the fees are all reasonable enough of paying on the part of the company's financing group. Most likely, this is because of the much reasonable returns that the said fees are expected to return to the entire company's business system.
Handling such responsibilities in a much more positive outlook shall indeed help the administration of the organization realize of their importance as major player within the worldwide economy. The operations that they are expected to handle through online communications shall not only increase their capabilities of handling challenges but could also help them grow as a business entity that is able to face the challenges of the globalization era.
The Company Website Features and Structures
As noted from the above discussions, the proposed plan is in need of a high-edged-innovative website that would provide the prospective clients with all the necessary informations that they need from the business. These then would require the website to be more interactive and is some way be more customer friendly making the entire e-service systems of the business much customer focused providing the clients with every single details that they need for the wedding plans that they are signing up for. Most likely, to be able to come up with such procedural approach in business operation, it is most important to know how and what informations are necessarily needed for posting in the website.
The website links would include the following:
The System:
It could be observed that in the diagram for administrational control, there are different tabs that show the choice matches of the clients with the available services and resources offered by the company. From this, it could be noted that there would be an existing system of picking the right people, right service as well as right resources to fit the wedding party asked by the client along with the budget limit that they would provide. Once everything is fixed, a notification of the acceptance of the business deal shall be sent to the clients.
To be able to understand better, the "right people" would likely refer to those individuals available to assist during the target date for the wedding party. Most likely, these personnel would include people who are working overseas and are currently located in Singapore. Most often than not, Filipinos are likely to respond to part time work invitations whereas they are asked to report to work when needed during their off-days. To accomplish the right number of people needed for the crew, the photography and video coverage, the company would post a separate invitation ad for all those who are interested to accomplish the said positional jobs in part time status. Gowns, flowers and other give away items shall be shipped from Indonesia and Malaysia and be received by the appointed personnel in Singapore for the target date of the wedding receptions.
A Margin of Profit and Loss for the Business
Expected Source of Revenue:
Singaporean Couples
Online Client Assistance Approach
Monthly payment for website maintenance and payment for the programmer and employees who are appointed to keep track of the business progress and operations.
Collecting of the people needed for the business
Salary and Compensation for the effort and time of people involved.
Shipping of materials and accessories for the wedding
Cost of travel or shipping
Gathering prospect venues for weddings as well as caterers for the occasion.
Parting percentage of sales and cost of service given to the owners of the venue and the caterers as well.
· Profit is to be taken from the sales level made by the company in a quarterly basis minus the operational expenses of the organization during its appointed occasions handled. Such assessment shall ensure if the company is indeed gaining back the values that it has prepared further for its clients to enjoy during wedding ceremonies.
Expected Income Statement
Capital For the Business
Business Operation Expenses
Initial Web Publishing and Development
Web Domain Hosting and Maintenance
Materials, Catering and Services for Wedding Ceremonies
(Amounts Inclusive of Shipping fees)
Amounts are to be paid by clients before the target date;
20% of the payments shall be taken by the company as
sales, the rest shall be sent to other suppliers
(Estimated amount)
Staff Training Expenses
(maximum of 20 Crews)
Employee Compensation
(maximum of 20 Crews)
TOTAL Profit/Loss Margin
· from the major estimations of cost presented above, it could be observed that the profit of the business could be depicted and expected from the 20% share that the company would receive from the clients' payments to the suppliers, along with the fact that the company also generates profit from closing the transactions between them and the clients as well as between the clients and the suppliers as well as other contributors to the ceremonial arrangements for the weddings.
· Other factors of the diagram: Staff Training Expenses refer to the financing process needed for training the staff for the ceremonial presentations as well as for those working within the website systems.
Through this process of operations, it is also important to ensure that the clients are receiving the right kind of service that they deserve as per promised by the company itself during the process of closing the deal for the transaction. Delivering service to the clients of major business entities in the society is the present trend within the business field. It could not be denied that the impact that servicing activities place on the progress of different business organizations is indeed massive. This is primarily the reason why servicing companies are widely spreading all over the world, employing a larger number of people and serving a larger scope of market. Servicing industries could be considered to be one of the most sought after industries in the society today.
From communications towards the food industries, from the office service centers to legal assistance services, the business industries today are providing more and more options for the society to choose from as to what kind of service well fits their needs. This is the particular reason why business organizations today are putting a certain focus on the process by which they are able to manage their people in assisting them in giving their valuable clients the kind of rightful service that they particularly deserve. Clients usually receive the services that they intend to enjoy through the chain connection that the different industries have on each other. As noted earlier, manufacturing industries are able to complete their aims of servicing to the market through the help of the sales industries. Without the existence of the sales business entities, it would be less likely that the manufacturing industries are to make profit as high as they are making right now. It is consistent then that the personnel involved in the servicing industries are aware of their duties in giving the best possible performance that they could give for the sake of their clients' overall satisfaction making it easier for them to gain the interest and trust of their clients that they would like to render service to. Servicing industries follow a certain set of rules for them to standardize the quality of service that they are giving their clients. This includes their responsibility of recognizing the rights of their clients as individuals and as major assets of the organization; it also adds the integrity that they are trying to imply on their organization as they continue servicing to their clients. These responsibilities are the foundations of the standards that employees are holding onto for them to be directly effective in the performance that they are posting for their clients' satisfaction as well as their own organization's reputation within the market.
Every client has the right to receive the rightful service that they particularly paid for. It is then very important for the employees to create possible ways in which they are able to prioritize the values of their clients. Keeping in mind that they are expected to put their best foot forward in assisting their clients with what they need certainly outlines the importance that the employees should put on the recognition that they are giving towards the rights that their clients have as they demand for the quality service that they certainly paid for. Through the ability of the employees to adhere to the standardized performance that has been implied on them for application in servicing to their clients, employees are expected to provide the customers with the best service that they deserve and expect from the companies that they particularly ask assistance from.
PART 4: Conclusion
Entering the arena of international business venture is indeed not an easy task for business entrepreneurs. However, because of the main focus of globalization in empowering dreamers of the said industry helps much in assisting entrepreneurs in seeing the possibilities of enlarging the scope of their territories of profitable areas through stretching their business activities towards the other countries around the globe.
It could not be denied though that the procedure of international business looks much inviting, it should not be forgotten that the risks are highly challenging, hence encouraging the entrepreneurs to apply clear control of the situation through applying the needed skills to face the challenges of the international business transactions. Expanding the business in this procedure is indeed promising; however, careful consideration on the elements of risk should be given clear attention by the hopeful business entrepreneurs.
The e-wedding planning service provision on the part of the organization being pursued in this plan proposal is indeed one particular strong approach to the industry that could increase high levels of competition with others. Likely though, with the strategic approach that the business administrators themselves would use upon the impending challenges that the business is actually to face in its actual operations, the success of continuing the operations of the business as well as expanding its branches later on is not an impossible expectation on the part of the planners of the said business.
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DASAEF News:
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MOUNT PLEASANT, SC (WCSC) - A 36-year-old hit-and-run suspect is behind bars after the victim's lawyer found a piece of evidence linking the suspect to the incident.
The Mount Pleasant Police Department arrested Robert Alexander McLaurin on Thursday and charged him with failure to stop for blue lights, leaving the scene of an accident with great bodily injury, leaving the scene of an accident of an unattended vehicle and driving under suspension third offense
Authorities began to investigate McLaurin for the May 2012 incident after the victim's lawyer, Anthony Forsberg, wrote to police on Sept. 8, 2012 regarding a "good lead" in evidence that was gathered in the suspect's vehicle, which at the time of the incident was not linked to McLaurin.
Forsberg referred to an Autozone receipt that was found in the suspect's car which had two names, one of which was McLaurin's.
The hit-and-run happened on May 27, 2012 on Ben Sawyer Boulevard near Buddy Roe's Shrimp Shack.
The 42-year-old victim said he was riding his bike home when his wallet fell out of his pocket. He said he put his bike down in the median and chased money in the roadway that fell out of his wallet.
Police said the victim's friend followed him in his vehicle with flashers on as the victim retrieved his money.
The victim, who told police he rode the bike because he was intoxicated, said the last thing he remembered was bending over to pick up money and being on the sidewalk, then was told he was hit by a car.
The victim's friend reported that a vehicle passed his car and hit the victim while he was picking up money from the road.
According to the victim's friend, the suspect then backed up and went around the victim and kept driving.
Authorities were then notified that a citizen was following the suspect's vehicle on Chuck Dawley Boulevard. Police reports state that a chase ensued after the suspect failed to stop for police officers.
At one point during the chase, the driver crashed his vehicle into a parked car at a driveway on South Shadow Drive and took off on foot. A K-9 unit was called to the scene, but authorities were unable to locate the suspect.
The following day officers spoke to the registered owner of the suspect's vehicle. Police say the owner of the car originally told police that it was stolen, then told officers he had sold it to a man named "Bubba." The man also told officers that he received a call from "Ervin" telling him that "Bubba" was looking for him and to report his vehicle stolen.
On Sept. 8, 2012, police say they then received a letter from Anthony Forsberg, the victim's lawyer, stating that their office had looked through the case file and found a piece of evidence that he believed to be a "good lead in the case," which was a receipt pulled from the suspect's car which had two names, one of which was Robert McLaurin.
Authorities then began an investigation which resulted in evidence that indicated McLaurin was the driver of the hit-and-run vehicle.
A bond court judge issued McLaurin a roughly $2,200 bond during a hearing Friday.
Copyright 2013 WCSC. All rights reserved.


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Recently I received a pair of Timberland Whiteledge hiking boots from James Menta of SoleLabz.com who asked me to do a review of these Timberland hiking boots. When I got the boots several weeks ago, I decided to wear them for a couple of days to see how they felt. Well I found them to be so comfortable that I am still wearing them every day. I like them.
First a bit of information on Timberland
Timberland is an American company that is headquartered in Stratham, New Hampshire, but they have offices all around the world. While they are an American company, the boots that they sent me were manufactured in China.
The term "Timberland" was firstly introduced in 1973 as a name of a specific innovative model. It featured their revolutionary (at the time) injection-molding tech, allowing for a stitching-free sole upper. This made the boot completely waterproof and left room for changes depending on the designated climate.
Here's what Timberland had to say about these waterproof boots
Timberland recommends this boot for occasional hikers.
The body of the boot is full-leather, meaning it'll provide optimal water-resistance. It'll take some time to break in, and the flexibility won't be its main asset. On the other hand, leather offers sturdier construction and increased durability as well as high abrasion-resistance.
Since the major part of the upper is one big piece of leather, there's no need for side seams, which increases performance in the water-resistance department. They're lightweight considering the chosen material.
As Timberland boasts, the feature that defines Timberland White Ledge is the thick padding around the ankles provided by the upper tongue and collar. It is supposed to provide better ankle stability, which is especially important for beginner hikers.
This level of cushioning also adds to the overall comfort of the boot. The sole is made of rubber and connected to the upper without any stitching.
They feature a well-known Timberland's signature mark, there oiled leather, so don't be alarmed by sporadic scuff marks on this boot.
OK, so that's what Timberland claims, now here is what I think.
The boots are very comfortable and with all the rainy weather, we are having they have proved to be waterproof. Because I pronate rather badly I am really hard on shoes and boots. I will destroy cheap tennis shoes in several weeks. So far these boots are showing no signs of damage and I think they will hold up well.
With all the rain and leaves on the ground, many of the surfaces around here are slippery. The tread on these boots seems to grip well. These are comfortable boots that look good, so I can wear them most of time. In an emergency in which I had to walk a considerable distance to get home, I think these boots would do the job. Even thought they are made in China as almost everything else is these days, I would recommend the Timberland hiking boots.


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When Chevy's LS motor made its debut almost two decades ago, there were plenty of doubters. It was the new kid on the block and for one thing, the first ones had goofy looking intake ports – tall and skinny. We hadn't seen anything like it. But time marches on. After riding in, driving, and owning LS powered cars and trucks, most of us discovered it was pretty clear something good was going on under the hood. Later jobs with bigger ports were even better. Those little LS engines packed a punch. A big part of that punch was in the cylinder heads. And that's the reason for this series. We'll compare a very good, readily available LS head to some of the original standard bearers from both Chevy and Ford. You might be really surprised at the findings:
In this writer's case, I happened to have a set of very (Very) nice CNC ported big block cylinder heads sitting on the workbench. They flowed like gangbusters from their 320 cc intake port. Better still, the heads had stock port locations, which meant all stock Chevy hardware (intake, valve train, headers or exhaust manifolds, front accessories) could bolt right on. Those rat motor heads were simply over-the-top. Then something happened: Brodix sent (for evaluation) a set of their latest LS cylinder heads based upon their take of the newer (larger) LS7 port configuration. The more we looked at the heads, the more we became convinced of the reason the LS really honks is because of the cylinder heads. And even more so when it's topped with a set of Brodix BR-7-series heads. Believe it or not, they're over the top in comparison to the big block. Here's why:
Intake Ports…
On the intake side of the equation, Brodix' BR-7 heads are based upon relatively small port volumes (although the port is short – more below) and [extremely] high port flow. That equates to considerable air speed in the port, without choking the engine in the usable RPM ranges. sound confusing? Let's back up a bit: Honestly, it's pretty simple to get big flow bench flow numbers from an equally big hole (big port) in the head. The trouble is, if you just hog the head out, with no regard for the velocity within the port, the engine will be lazy – extremely lazy. In fact it will likely be a dog when it comes to acceleration. The trick is to maintain a relatively small poart layout and then make it flow copious quantities of air (and fuel). Makes sense, but there's one tiny (albeit critical) caveat: You can't make the port volume too small for the intended engine RPM range. If it is, you'll simply choke the port. That means the engine will run out of steam at a specific RPM (likely well below the actual maximum engine speed or "redline"). As you can see, designing and building heads for street driven cars isn't quite as easy as it might first look.
Those are the constraints Brodix was faced with when engineering this new series of cylinder heads (bolt-on, stock type hardware, extremely good flow, small port volume, realistic operating range). It wasn't (and still isn't) an easy assignment. As a result of the strict parameters, multiple configurations of LS-7 style heads were conceived. For this issue, we'll concentrate on the intake port side of the equation. And there's a lot to concentrate on.
The basic BR 7 head makes use of a 262 cc intake port. The valves measure 2.204-inches and the valve angle is 12-degrees (which is standard LS7-fare). This head also fits all standard LS7-format intake manifolds.
Next up is the STS BR 7 (shown in the accompanying photos). This Brodix LS style head is completely CNC ported, but still maintains the same 2.204-inch valve diameter as the basic BR 7 head. The port volume on the intake side measures 264-cc's and it too has a standard 12-degree valve angle.
The final BR series head in the Brodix pack is a special STS BR 273 job. It has a 2.250-inch intake valve (same 12-degree valve angle) and a port volume of 273 cc's.
Now, when you're comparing intake port volumes, give this some consideration:
Conventional Chevy Small Block castings we're all familiar with are 461, 462, 491, 041 jobs. These castings were used in 1965 327-375 "Fuelie" and also applicable to 1970 350-370 HP LT1 engines/ The intake port volume measures 165 cc.
492 small block castings were also common. They later became available as angle-plug, over-the-counter high performance replacement heads (never production line installed). Many consider them to be an improvement over the early 461-462-491 and 041 castings. They have an intake port volume of 157 cc.
Then take a look at several conventional Chevy Big Block castings 280 & 290. These were used on familiar 1970 closed chamber oval port 454's along with 1966 427-390 horsepower engines, to name a few. The intake port volume measures 256 cc.
Next up, consider a Chevy Big Block castin 840, 291, or 858. This head was used on 1970 closed chamber rectangular port 454 Special High Performance engines (1970 LS6). The intake port measures between 326 to 327 cc.
Take a look at Chevy Big Block casting 074 & 077. These are rectangular port, open chamber aluminum heads found on Chevy's HD L88 and ZL1 engines. The intake port measures 308 cc's.
Finally, Chevy's 990 casting big block head is a rectangular port, open chamber iron head. It was found on vintage LS7 454 crate motors. The intake ports typically measure 318 ti 320-cc's. Many consider this to be the best configuration of the conventional HD assembly line style Chevy big block heads.
As you can see, the Brodix BR 7 head series has an intake port volume that is closer to an oval port rat motor than a small block. There's a wee hitch in the comparison though: The big block has a long intake tract with a couple of convoluted ports. The LS motor is a symmetrical port arrangement (with all ports being equal). They have direct paths right into the combustion chamber. As a result, the ports tend to be shorter than their big block ancestors.
So far so good, but just how much "air" do these cylinder heads move in the intake port? What follows is a flow data in cubic feet per minute (CFM) collected from Brodix, using a baseline figure of 28-inches for comparison purposes:
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .650
Intake Flow: 150 244 294 334 360 364
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .650
Intake Flow: 159 240 303 343 369 376
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .650
Intake Flow: 147 233 286 344 381 409
OK. Those are impressive numbers. But how do they compare with a stock Chevy small block or big block port? We gathered up data on a number of different stock small block and big block engines, using figures known to be reliable. The differences in flow might surprise you:
Chevy Small Block 492 w/2.02-inch intake valve
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .700
Intake Flow: 130 173 198 206 209 209
Chevy Big Block 290 with 2.06-inch intake valve
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .700
Intake Flow: 122 172 214 244 257 260
Chevy Big Block 291 with 2.19-inch intake valve
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .700
Intake Flow: 137 205 248 287 319 323
Chevy Big Block 990 with 2.19-inch intake valve
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .700
Intake Flow: 131 202 234 282 303 322
It doesn't take a rocket scientist to see that the Brodix BR 7 series heads move a ton of air in comparison to a conventional small block. In fact, they move way more air than a good stock big block. But wait! Remember that really (Really) good set of heads we had on my bench? Those are actually Brodix STS RR models with a transposed, CNC-machined BB-2 port. They're likely one of the best heads available today that you can bolt-on a conventional big block. That means that everything from the intake to the exhaust from a stock Chevy fits (including the valve train and accessories). How well do the 320-cc intake ports flow? Here's the answer:
STS RR BB-2 Plus with 2.25-inch intake valve
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .700
Intake Flow: 162 244 285 328 359 369
Now compare them directly to the STS BR 7 heads we also had on the work bench:
Valve Lift (inch): .200 .300 .400 .500 .600 .650
Intake Flow: 159 240 303 343 369 376
Gulp. That big block doesn't seem so stout any more (especially when you consider the BR series head has an intake volume of 264 cc's). That's one big reason why these cylinder heads can make your head spin! For a closer look at the intake side, see the accompanying photos. Next issue, we'll look at the exhaust side of the equation. Hang on because they have some surprises too!


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Gothenburg half marathon 2016. May 21. A little slower than last year but more fun!
Tag Archives: West coast of Sweden
Basic element
April 10. Klippan, Göta Älv. Gothenburg
October 18
The lipstick
Järntorget August 31
Järntorget/ Gothenburg.
You wanna see all seven pics in this album..? add yourself to Håkan Rönnblad at Facebook!


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The challenges and rewards of coming home with a premature infant
I didn't realize how much time everything would take. The first days he was home, when I planned to do something, I didn't realize what if he got hungry. Now I'm starting to realize, I need to start getting ready early because if he gets hungry, I need time to sit down with him…I still don't realize how long it will take me because I'll still be late. I have to plan ahead to get his stuff ready.Mother of 35 week preemie, 1 month after discharge
That's been the worst [going somewhere]. It hasn't been the feeding. You can't be spontaneous anymore. You have to check, is my bag all packed. I always do that at night before if I'm going somewhere. You have to get all your ducks in a row, and then it's not quite so frustrating.Mother of 34 5/7 weeks preemie, 6 weeks after discharge
The attachment… I guess nothing could ever prepare you for it. I had no idea the attachment that I was gonna have to him…It wasn't until we brought him home that we, that I really felt like I was his mom, that we were a family.Mother of 32 weeks preemie, 1 month after discharge
Like she's a miracle kid, you know, but something big is gonna be done with her life somewhere along the way. And I just think it's – I have an awesome responsibility for her. She's been through a lot.Mother of 28 week preemie, 1 month after discharge
Just him … the connection that's so amazing and so natural…I could sit and watch him all day long…getting to know him – and as he develops – the things that he likes – or the things that entertain him.Mother of 34 5/7 week preemie, 1 month after discharge
Well – we went from two people to three people – and two of us revolve around this seven pound being …I mean everything revolves around him at this point. Things aren't quite as spontaneous because they take a little more effort to plan.Mother of 35 5/7 week preemie, 1 month after discharge
What helps coming home with a premature infant
Having the nurse come in has been wonderful – because – especially when she was sick – and her weight wasn't quite what it should be. It was easier knowing that we were going to be able to check it and knowing that she wasn't gaining well….with as little as she was able to eat when she was sick – I would have really been concerned about the weight gain issue.Mother of 30 week preemie, 1 month after discharge
Having the nurse come out once we got him home. She came at 3 pm. She couldn't get here fast enough. I mean to me, just like the next day it's like all of a sudden, I had fifty questions.Mother of 34 weeks preemie, 5 weeks after discharge
I wish I had realized how much post-hospital care there really was…there is this fantasy around parent's brain that says- when we get them out – we take them home – and everything is fine – you don't expect to be bringing them back for three months to get monthly medication and doctor visits or eye exams. You don't expect that with a healthy baby like her. I'm sure if you're taking home a baby on oxygen – you probably expect it – but because she was doing so well – that was kind of a surprise to us.Mother of 29 week preemie, 5 weeks after discharge


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FFC Written Exam Study Chapters 9-11
The flashcards below were created by user
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Unity of Command is the principle that a person can report to only
a. an officer from his city's deparment.
b. one supervisor.
c. as many people as he or she can handle effectively.
d. those in his or her chain of command.
b. one supervisor.
The chain of command is the pathway of responsibility from the highest level of the department to the lowest.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Span of control is the number of personnel one individual can effectively manage.
a. True
b. False
a. True
A rule of thumb in the fire service is that an officer can directly supervise __________ firefighters effectively.
a. up to ten
b. one or two
c. five to eight
d. three to seven
e. none of the above
d. three to seven
Division of labor is necessary in the fire service for the following reasons:
a. To assign responsibility
b. To prevent duplication of effort
c. To make specific and clear-cut assignments
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
___________ is setting the limits or boundaries for expected performance and enforcing them.
a. Order
b. Discipline
c. Policy
d. Excellence
b. Discipline
a guide to decision making within an organization.
describes in writing the steps to be followed in carrying out organizational policy for some specific, recurring problem or situation.
What two basic factors motivate accident control efforts within the fire fighting profession:
a. budget and policy.
b. knowledge and experience.
c. discipline and attention to detail.
d. life safety and economy.
d. life safety and economy.
__________, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, contains the minimum requirements and procedures for safety and health program.
a. NFPA 1500
b. NFPA 1600
c. NFPA 2100
d. NFPA 2500
a. NFPA 1500
During _________, conditions in the compartment change very rapidly as the fire changes from one that is dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed combustible surfaces within the compartment.
a. backdraft
b. the incipient phase
c. flashover
d. the free burning phase
c. flashover
Radiant heating causes _________ in combustible materials.
a. smoke production
b. explosions
c. electrolysis
d. pyrolysis
d. pyrolysis
At what range of temperatures do scientists say that flashover takes place?
a. 1800 to 2000 ° F
b. 500 to 700 ° F
c. 900 to 1,200° F
d. 2000° F and above
c. 900 to 1,200° F
The following conditions may indicate the potential for a backdraft:
a. Pressurized smoke exiting small openings
b. Black smoke becoming dense gray yellow
c. Little or no visible flame
d. Smoke leaving the building in puffs or at intervals (appearance of breathing)
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
True or False. Airborne fire gases, particles, and liquids have been referred to as products of combustion or smoke.
True or False. Heat generated during a fire is one of the products of combustion.
______ causes most deaths in fires.
a. Smoke
b. Heat
c. Severe burns
d. Fear
a. Smoke
The most common of the hazardous substances contained in smoke is:
a. carbon dioxide
b. hydrogen cyanide
c. carbon monoxide
c. carbon monoxide
The following are behavioral, personality or attitude related qualities determined to be critical to success in this career:
a. Nice
b. Common sense
c. Critical thinker
d. Respectful
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
During Phase 1 at the Fire Academy you will be required to pass each quiz with a minimum score of:
a. 85%
b. 70%
c. 65%
d. 90%
a. 85%
During Phase 4 at the Fire Academy you will be required to pass final evaluations. You will have ______ attempts to successfully perform each skill to standard.
a. two
b. three
c. four
b. three
After ____ years, a Firefighter may elect to become an Engineer (driver)
a. 2 years
b. 1 1/2 years
c. 3 years
d. 3 1/2 years
d. 3 1/2 years
Card Set
FFC Written Exam Study Chapters 9-11
Written Exam Study Cards 2011 Chapters 9-11
Show Answers


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The Wrong Way to Handle Terrorism
May 29, 2017
Radical Islamic terrorism has plagued the Western world and the Middle East since the late 70's. Islamic terrorism entered the Western world on April 12, 1985 when explosions shook the El Descanso restaurant in Madrid. That blast killed 18 people and injured 82, including 11 American servicemen. Over the course of almost four decades, over 20,000 people have been killed and over 50,000 have been injured in these attacks. The world hasn't stopped, let alone contained this threat.
The most recent attack was in Manchester, England during an Ariana Grande concert. This attack was carried out by Salman Abedi and his suicide bomb vest killed 22 and injured over 100 people, among those were children. The world responded how we usually do with a hashtag "#prayformanchester" and with a profile picture overlay.
This most certainly does it's job and spreads awareness to the incident and usually leads to donation pages to give money to those affected by the attack. What this doesn't do however, is stop the terrorists who seek to hurt innocent civilians.
To effectively stop terrorism, the Western and the Middle Eastern powers must stand together militarily and politically. The United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies have held the burden of this fight, militarily and economically. The United States alone has added $2 trillion to the national debt since the start of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to thebalance.com.
Those that call for military action against Islamic terrorists are bombarded by people saying "Oh you're just an 'Islamaphobe.'" or "They're just misunderstood and affected by racism and oppression."
That is humanizing people who want to hurt others for no other reason than to hurt people. Most people know that the entire 1.6 billion followers of the Muslim faith are not terrorists. Most predominantly Muslim countries have an unfavorable view of groups like ISIS. The number of Muslims that have sworn allegiance to terror groups numbers to almost 300 billion, which equates to about 5.3% of the Muslim population, and only about 1.04% of the entire world population. Most those that want to stop Islamic terrorism don't want to eradicate the Islamic faith, they want to eradicate those that want to hurt others in the name of a twisted interpretation of Islam and the Quran.
There is never just one right way to handle threats and problems. However, there is a wrong way. That is by making a hashtag and an overlay and then waiting for the next attack while calling those that want to or do take action "Islamaphobes" and "bigots". To protect Western way of life, we have to take military action while working diplomatically with not only Western allies but the leaders of the Muslim world as well.


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There are things I hate. They mostly include intolerance and terrible UX.
Let me give you two examples from my last hotel stay.
Hated-thing-1: Labels that tell you "Don't use this object in the way you might want to". For example, here's a picture of a plug, conveniently located on the light on top of the desk of this hotel.
It's the only plug anywhere nearby that doesn't require moving furniture. Frankly, I haven't a clue what burns 1,000 watts total. And, further, if I move the furniture and reveal the plug behind the TV, does that plug count in the 1,000 watts?
Rule #1 of good UX: Don't let people do stuff that's harmful. If they shouldn't use a form in some way, don't let them. Have some sort of alert, block it, do something that keeps the wrong thing from happening. This kind of sign is just lazy design. For example, have a pretty red button that pops up, disconnecting the power at 990 watts, with text on the button that says "unplug some things from this plug"
Another thing I hate. TVs in hotels. Here's the remote control for the TV in my room.
Pop quiz: Which is the on-off button? And what do you push if you want to watch TV? Sadly, I've been trained to know the answers … normally.
This hotel is one of those where you walk in and the TV is on, to the channel that tells you how wonderful the hotel is. But the batteries were dead on this remote control. Thus, I couldn't change from the hotel ad TV channel to a real TV channel to watch the basketball game. Even worse, I couldn't turn off the TV itself to silence the vapid marketing!
So I moved the furniture, unplugged the TV… and then plugged my iPhone into that plug, just in case I was near the maligned 1000 watts on the desk.
Really, folks, think about your users.


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Research ethics for Human Science
Starting 2017, the Human Science Area offers a recurrent course package in research ethics, primarily aimed at PhD students. The package comprises five courses of 1,5 credits each. The courses are hosted by the department of philosophy, but teachers from other subjects will be involved in each course.
Each course is designed to be the equivalent of one week of work, including preparation and examination, but the teaching is concentrated to one half day of lectures and seminars per course. Teaching will be in English, but examinations may be written in English or Swedish. Please note that module 1: Introduction is a prerequisite for modules 2–5.
The whole package is available at least once per academic year, or more often, depending on demand.
For questions, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Schedule Autumn 2020:
1. Introduction: Monday 2020-09-07, 13–17h.
2. Conduct and misconduct: Tuesday 2020-09-29, 13–17h.
3. Harm and consent: Monday 2020-10-19, 13–17h.
4. Values: Monday 2020-11-09, 13–17h.
5. Ethical vetting: Monday 2020-12-07, 13–17h.
For application, please go to the to the wished module in the left hand column.
Last updated:
September 22, 2020
Page editor: Daniel Ramöller
Source: Department of Philosophy