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Mexico History and CultureBack
The word "Mexico" is derived from Mexica (pronounced "Me-shee-ka"), the name for the indigenous group that settled in central Mexico in the early fourteenth century and is best known as the Aztecs.
Mexicans make several cultural subdivisions within the nation. The most common one identifies northern, central, and south or south-eastern Mexico. The extensive and desertlike north was only sparsely populated until the middle of the twentieth century, except for some important cities such as Monterrey. It has traditionally housed only small indigenous populations and is generally regarded as a frontier culture. Densely populated central and western Mexico is the cradle of the nation. Highly developed Indian cultures populated this region in pre-Columbian times and it was also the heart of the colony of New Spain. Many prominent colonial cities are major urban and industrial centers today. Southern Mexico has a tropical or subtropical climate and some rain forest. It is characterized by a strong indigenous heritage and is also the poorest part of the country.
Another relevant cultural division is that between the central template highlands (the altiplano) and the much more humid mountainous regions (the sierras) and coastal plains. In many parts of Mexico this division parallels the relative presence of indigenous populations, with the sierra regions being the most indigenous. On a smaller scale the Mexican nation has traditionally been characterized by strong provincial and local cultural identities. People identify closely with their own state; stereotypes about people from other places abound. Strong regional and local identities have given rise to the idea that there exist "many Mexicos." Nevertheless, even though Mexican culture is diverse, there is also a strong identification with the nation-state; nationalism is vigorous.
Location and Geography. Mexico is situated in North America, although culturally, it is identified more closely with Central and South American countries. It borders the United States in the north, Guatemala and Belize in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and the Gulf of Mexico in the east. The national territory measures more than 750,000 square miles (nearly two million square kilometers) and contains a wide range of physical environments and natural resources. Two huge mountain chains—the Western Sierra Madre and the Eastern Sierra Madre—run from north to south and meet in central Mexico. East and west of the mountain chains are strips of humid coastal plains. The entirely flat Yucatán peninsula in the southeast is an exception in mountainous Mexico. The possibilities and limitations of this topographic and climatic system have had a strong influence on Mexico's social, economic, and cultural organization.
The national capital is Mexico City, situated in the heart of central Mexico. In pre-Columbian times it was the site of the capital of the Aztec Empire and during the three centuries of colonial rule it was the seat of the viceroys of New Spain. Mexico City today is the second largest city in the world with over 21 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area as of 2009. Most administrative and economic activities are concentrated in Mexico City. A ring of cities—Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, and Querétaro—surrounds the capital. Other major cities are Guadalajara in the west and the industrial city of Monterrey in the north. In the late twentieth century, major urban centers developed along the border with the United States.
Demography. The preliminary results of the 2000 population census calculated the total number of Mexicans as 97,361,711. In 1950, the total population amounted to approximately 25 million, with the figure reaching nearly 50 million in 1970. These numbers demonstrate the rapid rate of demographic growth that was so characteristic of Mexico during the second half of the twentieth century. The growth rate has slowed, but the population is still very young. The average life expectancy in 1999 was estimated at sixty-nine years for men and a little over seventy-five years for women; the infant mortality rate was almost twenty-five per one thousand.
Mexico's population still contains many Indian groups. Depending on the definition used, the total number of Indians varied from 6.7 million to 10 million in 1995. The most significant groups are the Nahuas, Otomís, Mayas, Zapotecas, Mixtecos, Tzeltales, and Tzotziles.
Linguistic Affiliation. Spoken by more than 95 percent of the population, Spanish is the official language of Mexico and was introduced through conquest and colonization. Mexican Spanish has its roots in the Spanish of Spain. In terms of grammar, syntax, and spelling there are no important differences between the two, but the pronunciation and sound are different. Certain words from the principal Indian language (Nahuatl) are incorporated into Mexican Spanish, especially in the domains of food and household. Some of these words have also been incorporated into other languages such as the English 'chocolate' from the Nahuatl 'chocolatl'. The national culture of Mexico boasts sixty-two indigenous languages. In 1995 at least 5.5 million people spoke an indigenous language. The level of bilinguism, however, was high at 85 percent.
Symbolism. The most prominent symbols that express and reinforce national culture belong to the domains of state, religion, and popular culture. As a product of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1917), the Mexican state has been an important point of convergence for national identity. Because it was a widely shared process that profoundly refashioned the country's social, political, economic, and cultural characteristics, the revolution itself has become an important source of national identity. The postrevolutionary state has been very active and effective in nurturing national symbols and heroes. Children who attend public schools honor the national flag and sing the national anthem every Monday morning. The flag consists of three vertical strips in the colors green (representing "hope"), white ("purity") and red ("blood"). In the central white strip is the image of an eagle standing on a cactus plant and eating a snake. This image represents the myth of the foundation of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec Empire.
The most important icon of Mexican national culture is the Virgin of Guadalupe, which illustrates the pervasive influence of Roman Catholicism in the national culture. She is viewed as the "mother" of all Mexicans. The dark-skinned Virgin is the Mexican version of the Virgin Mary and as such represents national identity as the product of the mixing of European and Meso-American religions and peoples. Her image was used in the struggle for independence against the Spanish.
Mexicans have developed a particular sense of uniqueness, which is expressed in the popular saying como México no hay dos (Mexico is second to none). This sense is also expressed in numerous elements of popular culture such as food and music.
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Mexican national culture slowly emerged from a process of accommodation between the indigenous cultures and the Spanish colonial domination that lasted three centuries. Mexico gained independence in 1821. In the nineteenth century, the formation of the national culture and polity remained a difficult task. In these years Mexico lost large portions of its original territory. Most important in this respect was the war with the United States between 1846 and 1848, which broke out when the United States attempted to annex independent Texas. The war ended with U.S. forces defeating the Mexican army. The 1848 peace treaty ceded Texas, California, and New Mexico to the United States and reduced Mexico's territory by half. Despite this tragic loss, the war did contribute to the development of a genuine nationalism for the first time. In 1853, in a contradictory decision, the Mexican government sold present-day southern New Mexico and Arizona to the United States in order to solve budgetary problems.
Mexico was invaded again in 1862, this time by the French, who installed a monarchy in coalition with conservative Mexican elites. Civil war ensued until the French were defeated by Mexican liberals in 1867, which inaugurated a new republic that was finally becoming a nation-state. These were years of nascent economic, infrastructural, and political modernization. Political stabilization and economic development were also the hallmarks of the regime of Porfirio Díaz (1876–1910). The years of the Díaz regime were also the time when Mexico became increasingly connected in a railroad network. These processes fostered the political, economic, and social integration of different groups and regions within the nation and strengthened state and nation building. These profound transformations, however, also created many tensions and conflicts between rich and poor, peasants and large landowners, Indians and non-Indians, and the politically influential and the aspiring middle classes. This instablility eventually led to the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which drove Díaz out of power and then developed into a harsh and violent civil war. It is estimated that 1 million people were killed during the revolutionary period (of a total population of a little more than 15 million in 1910). Armed struggle formally ended with the adoption of a new Constitution in early 1917, but it still took several decades more before a new nation-state consolidated. Postrevolutionary reconstruction affected all domains of society and gave an entirely new meaning to the nation.
National Identity. The development of Mexican national identity has occurred through distinctive positioning in the international arena and through internal strides towards unity and homogeneity. Mexico's history of complicated relationships with colonial or imperial powers explains its current drive toward a proud and self-conscious identity. Especially after World War II, the nation sought ways to project itself onto the international scene. For example, Mexico hosted major world sporting events on three occasions: the Olympic Games in 1968 and the World Cup world soccer championships in 1970 and 1986—an accomplishment achieved otherwise only by rich countries such as France and Italy. The development of Mexican national identity has also focused on Mexico's distinctive relationship to the United States. U.S. economic and cultural influence in Mexico is strong.
Internally, the forging of a national identity always revolved around the issue of race. The adoption of liberalism in the nineteenth century implied that all racial groups in Mexico were made legally equal in the framework of the incipient nation-state, although not in social practice. The dominant ideology actively sought to eliminate racial heterogeneity. It was believed that only a racially homogeneous population could develop a national identity, which led to the promotion of racial mixing, or mestizaje.
After the revolution, the emphasis shifted from racial to cultural differences. The value ascribed to Mexico's indigenous peoples also changed. The grandeur of pre-Columbian Indian culture was incorporated into the national imagery. At the same time, the ideas and policies that stressed cultural uniformity and homogeneity persisted. In the ideology of the revolution, the opposition between Indian and European had given rise to a synthesis, the mestizo, who was considered the authentic Mexican. In the middle of the twentieth century, the elaboration of the national identity increasingly concentrated on the supposed (psychological) character of the quintessential Mexican mestizo. This gave rise to the mythology of mexicanidad, or "the essence of being Mexican."
In recent years, the ideas about Mexican national identity have again changed. Although the absolute majority of the population is mestizo, there is a renewed attention to and appreciation of cultural differences and diversity. The rethinking of the role and meaning of indigenous peoples has given rise to the notion of a pluricultural national identity.
Urbanism, Architecture and Space.
Mexican cities have been built from the central square (zócalo) outwards. The main church and the municipal or state palace are invariably to be found on the zócalo, which is the center of a colonial checkerboard pattern of streets. The zócalo with its benches, bandstand, and fountain is a crucial place for citizens to meet for leisure activities, political rallies, civic rituals, and demonstrations. The huge zócalo in Mexico City has become synonymous with a public space appropriated by ordinary people.
In recent decades, Mexican cities have grown at a pace surpassing the capacities of urban planning. Urban growth has been accompanied by squatter settlements and uncontrolled commercial and industrial expansion. This growth has also consumed extreme amounts of space, because low-rise buildings prevail and because priority is given to new and prestigious projects in the outskirts as opposed to urban renewal.
Mexican architecture was heavily influenced by Spanish and French traditions. Nevertheless, local traditions and indigenous crafts always mediated European influences. In the twentieth century, Mexican architecture developed a proper style. Public buildings constructed in the latter half of the century breathe a monumental atmosphere, reminiscent of the great pre-Columbian pyramids.
The houses of well-to-do Mexicans have been inward looking, towards a patio, since colonial times. Their front sides mainly consist of plastered walls and barred windows. This reflects the desire to protect the family from the outside world and underscores the key role of family life in the national culture. Today, wealthy neighborhoods are mosaics of entirely walled residences. The majority of poor Mexicans live in smaller and very modest houses and apartment buildings. Building one's own house is an important cultural imperative. Mexicans like to paint their houses in vivid colors.
An extensive network of highways links Mexican cities and towns. All major highways converge on the capital, which illustrates the national culture's deeply engrained centralist tradition.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Mexico possesses an extensive and sophisticated culinary culture, with a great variety of regional dishes. Three products constitute the heart of most Mexican dishes: corn, hot peppers (chiles), and beans, products that stem from pre-Columbian times. Corn is consumed in all possible forms: as a cooked or roasted corncob (elote), cooked grain of corn, porridge (atole), as wrapped and steamed dough with filling (tamal), but most importantly as a tortilla, a thin, round "pancake." Tortillas are made from corn dough and come in many sizes, although the traditional tortilla that accompanies most meals has a diameter of approximately six inches (15 centimeters). When tortillas are filled with meat or other ingredients they are called tacos or quesadillas, which are especially popular in central Mexico. Much of the sophistication of Mexican cuisine comes from the use of more than one hundred different types of chiles, which range from the large and "sweet" chile ancho to the small and extremely hot chile habanero.
Mexicans generally have a light breakfast of coffee and/or fruit before they leave for work or school. Halfway through the morning, people may eat a warm tortilla-based snack or a bread roll. The most important meal of the day is served between two and four in the afternoon (the comida) and consists of three or four courses: soup; rice or pasta; meat or chicken—if affordable—accompanied by tortillas and refried beans; and dessert. Dinner is served between eight and ten at night and consists mainly of sweet rolls, coffee, and milk. Mexicans frequently eat outdoors. Homely restaurants serve inexpensive fixed menus known as comida corrida. Mexicans drink huge quantities of soft drinks and beer. Although the national liquor is tequila, which is produced from the maguey cactus, Mexicans prefer rum with cola during weddings and other celebrations, or fiestas.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. There are numerous religious and secular occasions in Mexico that are accompanied by special food. A popular religious fiesta is the Día de la Candelaria (Candlemas) on 2 February, which celebrates the purification of Mary and the presentation and blessing of Jesus. After the church ceremony family and close friends join for tamales. During the Day of the Dead, 2 November, people consume pan de muerto (bread of the dead), a long and flat sweet bread prepared with many eggs and sugar. At Christmas people eat romeritos, a plant similar to rosemary served with sauce and potatoes; bacalao, dried codfish cooked and served in a sauce of tomatoes, olives, and onions; and all sorts of stuffed turkey. In September people commemorate independence and, in central Mexico, eat a sophisticated dish called chile en nogada, a stuffed chile poblano dressed with a white walnut sauce, red pomegranate, and green parsley, in a representation of the Mexican flag.
Basic Economy. Mexico has a free-market economy with a mixture of modern and traditional industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Until the mid-1980s, state regulation of the economy and protectionist policies were influential, but since then the Mexican economy has experienced deregulation, internationalization, and privatization. The number of state-owned companies fell from more than one thousand in 1982 to fewer than two hundred in 1998. Economic restructuring was promoted by national and international interest groups in response to several late twentieth century economic and financial crises.
The gross domestic product (GDP) amounted to $415 billion (U.S.) in 1998. The composition of GDP by sector was as follows: agriculture, a little more than 5 percent; industry, 29 percent; and services, almost 66 percent, of which commerce, restaurants, and hotels accounted for a third. Mexico's external debt amounted to $154 billion (U.S.) in 1997.
Land Tenure and Property. The unequal distribution of land was a key cause of the Mexican Revolution. The struggle for land led to the adoption of a policy of land reform that reached its height in the 1930s but slowed steadily after. Since then Mexico has known three types of land tenure: pequeña propiedad (small property), ejido, and the tierra comunal. The first category refers to privately owned land. Ejido land, which was established after the revolution, is officially owned by the state, which confers usufruct rights to land reform recipients. Legally recognized communal lands, the tierra comunal, belong to particular communities and are distributed according to tradition. In 1992, a controversial constitutional reform put an end to land reform and made possible the privatization of ejido lands.
Commercial Activities. The GDP of commerce, restaurants, and hotels accounted for $77 billion (U.S.) in 1998. Mexicans have a long tradition of acquiring basic goods and foodstuffs in small neighborhood grocery shops (tienda de abarrote). These shops may sell very small quantities of certain products. In 1998, more than half of all commercial units belonged to this category and almost a third of all personnel employed in commercial activities worked in these shops. At the same time, in urban areas there is an increasing tendency to shop in huge supermarkets. Mexican merchants own most national supermarket chains, but American and French companies are rapidly gaining influence in this sector.
Major Industries. The gross national product (GNP) of the manufacturing industry in 1998 amounted to almost $82 billion (U.S.). The major manufactured goods were motor vehicles, consumer durables, food, beverages, tobacco, chemicals, textiles, and clothing. After Mexico City, the most important industrial center is Monterrey in the north. Much of recent industry is organized in so-called maquiladoras (labor-intensive assembly plants). All sorts of maquiladoras were originally introduced only in a narrow zone along the U.S. border, but they are now allowed throughout Mexico.
Trade. In 1998, Mexico's exports totaled more than $117 billion (U.S.) and its imports amounted to more than $125 billion (U.S.). Although Mexico produces and exports large quantities of oil, the overwhelming majority of exports came from the manufacturing industry. The most important sectors were, in diminishing order, machinery, automobiles, textiles, and clothing. The United States is by far the most important trading partner, accounting for more than three-quarters of Mexico's imports and exports. Trade with the United States and Canada increased substantially following the implementation in 1994 of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico is pursuing additional trade agreements with countries in Latin America, as well as with Israel and the European Union to lessen its dependence on the United States.
Division of Labor. The labor force consisted of 38,617,500 persons in 1998, of which 20 percent were employed in the primary sector, almost 25 percent in the secondary sector (especially in manufacturing and construction), and 55 percent in the tertiary sector, which includes commerce and services. Although jobs are formally assigned on the basis of cualifications, access to jobs is cruciallu mediated by person networks.
Political Life
Government. Mexico is a federal republic-hence its official name Estados Unidos Mexicanos-operating under a centralized government. Governmental powers at the federal level are divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, but in political practice the executive, that is, the presidency, has had strong control over the legislative branch. Only in recent years has the legislative branch seen its power increase because of the strengthening of the multiparty system. The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year period and is both the chief of state and head of government. The president appoints cabinet members. The legislative branch is a bicameral National Congress consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies has five hundred members, elected for three-year terms; the Senate has 128 members, elected for six-year terms. In the judicial branch the Supreme Court of Justice is the highest tribunal.
The federation is made up of thirty-one states and the Federal District (the capital). Each state has a governor, who serves a six-year term, and a unicameral legislature. Both are elected by popular vote. Before 1997, the chief of the Federal District was appointed by the president, but has since been elected directly by popular vote. The Federal District also has an Assembly of Representatives. The local administrative level is the municipality, which is governed by a popularly elected mayor and a municipal council for three-year terms. Suffrage is universal and mandatory (but not enforced) for those over the age of eighteen.
Leadership and Political Officials. The modern presidency stands in a long tradition of pre-Columbian rulers (tlatoani), Spanish colonial viceroys, and nineteenth century and revolutionary caudillos. The president holds great discretionary powers. Power and leadership are attained through the management of personal relations, which are ruled by principles of loyalty, trust, and reciprocity. These informal networks are interconnected in a pyramidal way and form the real centers of decision making. Vertical patron-client relations can be found in all segments of society. Interactions between politicians, union leaders, top bureaucrats, and ordinary people also take place through these networks. In recent years, academic credentials and technocratic knowledge have become more important than political and electoral experience.
Besides being chief of state and head of government, the president has traditionally been the leader of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which held power from 1929 to 2000. During much of the twentieth century, Mexico was a one-party democracy. The PRI emerged from the revolution and incorporated mass organizations of workers, peasants, and urban middle classes. Because of its particular origins, its longevity in power, and the influence of diverse interest groups, the PRI is difficult to classify ideologically. There are two other significant parties in Mexico. The conservative National Action Party (PAN) began enjoying electoral success at the state level in 1985. The social-democratic Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) emerged as a breakaway movement from the PRI in 1987 and began governing Mexico City in 1997. Both the PAN and the PRD aim at democratization, but the PRD also proposes a more equal distribution of wealth. The dominance of the PRI in federal elections was finally broken on 2 July 2000, when the candidate of the PAN won a stunning victory with 43 percent of the vote.
Social Welfare & Change
As part of its revolutionary heritage, the state provides welfare facilities for most Mexicans. In urban centers, but not in rural areas, health facilities are mostly well equipped. Based on the revolutionary constitution of 1917, education is provided freely by the state. People who have worked in the formal economy receive small pensions after they retire. There are no unemployment benefits. After 1982, the state's ability to uphold social expenditures was seriously undermined by economic crises, the financial burden of external debt, and the adoption of structural adjustment policies. A major government initiative, the National Solidarity Program, was launched at the end of the 1980s to attempt to counteract this development and revitalize social policies. The program was based on a shared obligation by the state and local communities to implement projects aimed at improving the standard of living. The National Solidarity Program was practically discontinued with the election of a new president in 1994, and replaced with new, but less ambitious, programs. Given the magnitude of Mexico's problems of poverty, unemployment and underemployment, and deficient social services, the effects of these programs have been modest.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Division of Labor by Gender. The degree of economic participation of women was 35 percent in 1995, while that of men was about 75 percent. Nevertheless, female economic participation is increasing rapidly. In addition, it is generally assumed that many women are employed in nonregistered and underpaid informal activities. Women also generally earn less than men and their level of educational is lower. Most women are economically active when they are young (between twenty and twenty-four years of age).
Although the political arena is strongly dominated by men, the presence of women in public space has become more common place. In the early twenty-first century, for example, the leadership of major political parties was in the hands of female politicians, as was the government of Mexico City and the chair of Mexico's largest union. The involvement of women in numerous social movements has also been significant.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. Although women and men are equal before the law, clear differences persist in terms of authority and privileges. Women play crucial roles in the family, but even here the male is "chief of the family" (jefe de familia). Women are seen as the caretakers of morality and hence take center stage in the domain of religion.
In assigning males and females to different economic, political, and social roles, Mexicans can make use of complex and sometimes contradictory cultural representations of masculinity and femininity. The two key cultural icons for defining femininity are La Malinche and the Virgin of Guadalupe. The myth of La Malinche refers to the Indian woman who was given to conqueror Hernán Cortés in 1519. During the remaining part of the conquest she was his interpreter and "mistress." La Malinche is the collaborator and traitor, but also the sexually violated who gave birth to an illegitimate son, the first mestizo. In contrast to La Malinche, the Virgin of Guadalupe represents suffering and sacrifice. This has given rise to the image of the submissive, self-sacrificing, but virtuous woman (la abnegada). Together these myths explain the ambiguity attached to defining females. The key concept for defining masculinity is machismo, which is associated with violence, power, aggressiveness, and sexual assertiveness. These general cultural representations have formed the basis for ideas of "natural" male dominance and power and female suffering and motherhood. They have been influential in the imagery of Mexican men and women, but they are increasingly considered simple stereotypes. Under the influence of profound social and cultural transformations in an increasingly urbanized Mexico, perceptions of masculinity and femininity are shifting continuously.
Marriage, Family and Kinship
Marriage. Mexicans are free to choose their marriage partners. Informally, however, there are rules that constrain choices, most importantly those related to class and ethnicity. People usually marry after a period of formal engagement that can last several years. In 1995, the average age at marriage for a male was almost twenty-four years; for a woman it was nearly twenty-two years. Out of all Mexicans aged twelve and above, just over half were married or otherwise united. Although the basis for marriage is love, many Mexicans consciously or unconsciously look for a partner who can provide social and economic security or upward mobility. Monogamy is the only marriage form allowed. A marriage ceremony consists of a civil registration and a religious wedding. Afterwards, the couple holds a huge and costly party with family and friends. At the beginning of the 1990s, the divorce rate was a relatively low 6.5 percent. It is legally easy to divorce but the social pressure against it can be formidable.
Domestic Unit. The nuclear family is the common household unit: in 1995, almost three-quarters of all family households were nuclear. Households consisted of an average of 4.6 members. In the same year, almost 6 percent of the households were single-person. At the same time, a significant number of households consist of "extended" nuclear families, which often exist on a temporary basis. Particularly among the urban poor there are households consisting of parents, children, grandparents and sometimes other relatives. Recently married couples may live for a few years with the kin of husband or wife in order to save sufficient money to establish an independent domestic unit. In the countryside different nuclear families might live close to each other and share common resources. In 1995, 82 percent of households were male-headed. Although women generally hold fundamental responsibilities in the household, men are still the principal authority.
Inheritance. Inheritance laws make no distinction between men and women. Each child is legally entitled to an equal share, but in practice male descendants are often privileged. In the countryside land is often distributed only among sons. Kin Groups. The extended family is of crucial importance to most Mexicans. Although family members generally live dispersed, sometimes very far away due to international migration, they seek opportunities to gather on several occasions. Family members will occasionally get together for a meal during the weekend, but will more typically gather on religious occasions. Fictive kinship relations are established through godfathers (padrinos) and godmothers (madrinas) at Catholic baptismal ceremonies. The family and larger kin groups are the main locus of trust, solidarity, and support in Mexico. These networks are mobilized with diverse objectives such as finding work, establishing political connections, and evading tape.
Infant Care. The average number of children per household has decreased in recent decades and was just over two in 1995. Infants are mostly cared for at the parental home. Some are cared for at a private nursery from the age of three months. At the age of four, children are officially required to attend a kindergarten for two years. Children in Mexico are rapidly integrated into the activities of adults, but they are also strongly protected and not actively encouraged to discover their surroundings on their own.
Child Rearing and Education. After kindergarten, children are required to go to primary school for six years. Nevertheless, in 1995 almost 32 percent of the population over the age of fifteen had not finished primary school. In public and private schools pupils have to wear uniforms. Whereas public schools stress civic values and lay education, the majority of private schools tend to place more emphasis on religious values. There are also more liberal private schools. Relations between teacher and pupils tend to be strict.
Role and rule differentiation between girls and boys begins at an early age and forms key aspects of child rearing until adolescence. Male babies are dressed in blue and female babies in soft pink. There is a tendency to raise boys as "little men" and girls as "little women," thereby preparing them for their future gender roles. Sexual education within the family is still taboo for many Mexicans. Methods of child rearing also show differences according to class. In lower-class households it can be strict and traditional. During the 1990s, the government launched campaigns against the use of corporal punishment.
The most important initiation ceremony for girls is held when they turn fifteen. This fiesta de quince años marks the transition from girl to señorita, that is, a young virgin. The event also indicates that the young woman is now available for marriage. The ritual includes a holy mass during which the need to maintain purity until marriage is stressed. Afterward, the family holds a large party. There is no comparable ritual for boys.
Higher Education. In Mexico higher education is considered a road to socioeconomic progress and well-being. During several decades, public universities were recruitment sites for the political and administrative elite. This function has increasingly been taken over by the most prestigious private universities. In 1995, nearly 12 percent of the population over the age of twenty-five enjoyed some degree of higher education. At the beginning of university courses in 1998, there were just over 1.5 million students in the universities (excluding preparatory schools), of which 811,000 were men and 704,000 were women. Half the students studied social and administrative sciences and a third were in engineering and technology.
Mexican etiquette is strongly informed by the culture of social hierarchies and distance. These can exist along the lines of race and gender, but class distinctions regulate social interaction most decisively. It goes without saying that the different social hierarchies frequently run parallel.
Generally speaking, Mexicans shake hands when they meet or in the case of two women meeting or a man and a woman meeting, kiss each other on the cheek once. In the case of close friends and on special occasions, such as New Year's Eve, Mexican men and women embrace each other, pat each other gently on the back, and then shake hands. This abrazo expresses confidentiality and the crucial value of trust. Because strangers cannot be placed within the different circles of intimacy and confidentiality they are generally treated with suspicion.
When people of different socioeconomic status meet, the individual with the socially ascribed inferior status will wait for the person with superior status to define the terms of the encounter. Mexicans are very keen on being addressed with their academic or professional title. The most commonly used academic title is that of licenciado. The form of address of licenciado is more linked to the position someone holds than to that person's precise academic credentials. People of lower standing will also invariably address a socially superior with the formal you (usted), while the latter will most likely use the informal you (tu). These forms of address draw boundaries, create distance, and confirm the social hierarchies so characteristic of the national culture.
Mexicans value the art of eloquence. Conversations will mostly begin with polite and informal exchanges and slowly move toward the subject matter.
Religious Beliefs. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Mexico. After the conquest by the Spanish, Mexico's indigenous peoples readily accepted Catholic beliefs and practices, but they did so on the basis of their pre-Hispanic religious beliefs. The Virgin of Guadalupe, for example, was associated with the pagan goddess Tonantzin. As a result, Mexican folk Catholicism is frequently described as syncretic. Catholic beliefs pervade the life of ordinary Mexicans. Because the Catholic Church has been a very powerful institution in Mexican history, its relationship with the state has at times been tense and sometimes openly hostile. In recent decades, Protestant missionaries have been particularly active in southern Mexico and among the urban poor.
Religious Practitioners. The most important practitioners are Catholic priests, who conduct regular masses and officiate over events Mexicans consider crucial such as birth, weddings, death, and quince años (the initiation ceremony for girls). Priests also perform more quotidian rituals such as the blessing of new houses or cars. As parish priests are profoundly involved in the social life of local communities, their influence reaches beyond religious matters.
Rituals and Holy Places. Mexico's most significant religious rituals are determined by the Catholic calendar. Easter (Semana Santa) is perhaps the most important of all. In different places within Mexico, the reenactment of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ on Good Friday is attended by great crowds. The largest is in Iztapalapa in Mexico City and attracts more than 100,000 believers. The nation's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, has her shrine in Mexico City, near the hill of Tepeyac, where she first appeared in 1531. The huge modern basilica there attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims from all over the country every year, especially on 12 December, Guadalupe's Day. Every community (rural or urban) has its own patron saint who is honored with processions and fiestas every year.
Death and the Afterlife. Representations and rituals of death play a prominent role in popular culture, art, and religion. It has been suggested that this is related to pre-Columbian indigenous beliefs. Such rituals are most vigorously expressed in the festivities of the Days of the Dead, 1 and 2 November. On this occasion, Mexicans arrange altars for the dead in their homes with food, beverages, and other objects (such as skulls made of sugar or chocolate) to welcome them on their return to earth. Many Mexicans also visit churchyards and adorn the graves with large orange flowers. They will spend some time by the grave praying but also sharing memories about the deceased. The so-called Mexican cult of the dead has attracted much attention abroad.
Medicine and Healthcare
The Mexican health system is sharply divided between public and private facilities, the latter being accessible only to the well-to-do. The overwhelming majority of the population depends on government institutions such as the Mexican Social Security Institute.
The national health system consisted of more than seventeen thousand medical units in 1998, of which 885 were hospitals and the rest basic medical service centers in rural areas. The government health sector had a budget of approximately $11 billion (U.S.) in 1999 and employed around 300,000 doctors and nurses. Many doctors from public hospitals also have their own private consultation clinics.
Ordinary Mexicans frequently discuss sickness, health, and medicine and are familiar with self-treatment. Since most medicines can be purchased freely in commercial pharmacies, Mexicans tend to consume medication in considerable quantities. In addition, several folk health-providers exist and have a regular clientele. Herbalists can be found at local markets. Curanderos ("healers") use traditional curing procedures and medicinal plants. Spiritualist healers consider themselves religious practitioners first and alternative health-providers second. Generally, Mexicans do not assume a fundamental inconsistency between folk health-providers and physicians.
Secular Celebrations
The Battle against the French is celebrated on 5 May (Cinco de Mayo), remembering the victory of Mexican forces over the French invaders in the hills near the city of Puebla in 1862. It took the French a year to bring reinforcements and take the Mexican capital in 1863. Cinco de Mayo is an important symbol of national sovereignty and parades are held throughout the country.
Independence Day is 16 September and celebrates the start of the struggle for independence in 1810, which began when the Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla rang the church bells in the village of Dolores and called upon the parishioners to drive out the Spanish. This act—the so-called Grito de Dolores —is repeated ritually on the night of 15 September by the authorities throughout Mexico and even by ambassadors abroad. The ritual ends with the vigorous shouting of "Viva México" three times. On the morning of 16 September there are military parades organized by the government. Independence Day is the most important civic ritual and enjoys broad popular participation. During the whole month of September houses, offices, and public buildings are decorated with the colors of the Mexican flag.
The Day of the Revolution, 20 November, commemorates the planned uprising of Francisco Madero against the dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 that marked the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. It is mainly a state-orchestrated event that arouses modest popular participation. The main event is the long sports parade in front of the National Palace in the center of Mexico City.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. The most important federal institution active in the field of arts is the National Council for Culture and Arts (CNCA). The CNCA coordinates the activities of more than thirty public institutions in the world of arts; one of them is the National Fund for Culture and Arts, founded in 1989, which provides modest financial support (such as scholarships and project financing) to young and distinguished artists in a wide variety of disciplines. There are also private funds that support the arts.
Literature. The earliest evidence of writing dates back to 600 B.C.E. in the form of Zapotec glyphs, which have not yet been deciphered. Pre-Columbian literature is generally considered to include the scarce writings from before the conquest as well as the poetry and prose in indigenous languages that was recorded in alphabetical writing and produced after the conquest. The former group comprises the codices, pictographic writings on accordion-pleated amate ("paper,") most of which were destroyed. Their content is mainly religious and historical. The most important Mayan literary texts, such as the Popol Vuh, belong to the second group. One of the most significant legacies of Aztec culture is the poetry of the king of Texcoco, Nezahualcóyotl (1402–1472). In colonial New Spain, the seventeenth century produced two most outstanding literary talents: writer and scientist Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora (1645–1700), and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651–1695), a brilliant woman who became a nun in order to continue her scholarly and literary pursuits. She is best known for her poetry and her theological and secular prose.
After independence, such international literary trends as romanticism, realism, and modernism influenced Mexico's literary achievements. Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893) was the foremost representative of Mexican romanticism, which strove to develop a national literature nurtured by the realities of the country. Others include José López Portillo y Rojas (1850–1923) and Amado Nervo (1870–1919).
The Mexican Revolution and its aftermath led to the emergence of a new generation of writers and literary themes. The "novel of the revolution," which started with the 1915 publication of Los de abajo ("The underdogs") by Mariano Azuela (1873–1952) and expanded with Martín Luis Guzmán's novels, takes a bitter look at the revolution, the violence, and its leaders. This theme has also inspired other authors, among them Mexico's contemporary literary giant Carlos Fuentes. Juan Rulfo published very little but Pedro Páramo (1955) is considered a masterpiece. In poetry, a group centered around the literary journal Contemporáneos set new standards in the 1920s. Mexico's most outstanding poet, however was Octavio Paz (1914–1998), who also wrote numerous essays including El laberinto de la soledad (1950), a classic essay about Mexico's national character that earned him international recognition. In 1990 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. In recent decades female novelists as Elena Poniatowska, Angeles Mastretta, and Laura Esquivel have gained prestige in Mexico and abroad.
Graphic Arts. Mexico's long tradition of graphic arts goes back to pre-Columbian times. When the different Indian civilizations prospered, they constructed impressive urban centers and religious buildings and produced sophisticated graphic art such as pottery and frescos. In general, pre-Columbian sculptures and images of gods provoke a sense of awe and fear. Pre-Columbian art has acquired a prominent place in the canon of the national culture and is displayed in numerous museums, especially the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. These museums are frequently visited by pupils from primary and secondary schools as part of their history assignments. After the Spanish conquest, the church and the monasteries were the key contributors in the field of arts. As a consequence, religious architecture became the most important form of creative expression. Although icons and styles were imported, techniques, materials, and forms used by indigenous artisans gradually gave way to a distinctively Mexican style. At the end of the seventeenth century a recognizable Mexican baroque with an abundance of decorative elements flourished. In the eighteenth century, this developed into the even more profuse Churrigueresque style. Sculpture and painting developed along similar lines.
Political instability and recurrent war seriously hampered artistic development in the nineteenth century, with the exception of painting, where there was a hesitant interest in pre-Columbian themes. The most important artists were Pelegrín Clavé and landscape painter José Maria Velasco.
After the Mexican Revolution, a period of intense artistic innovation commenced, giving rise to the most widely acknowledged Mexican art form, the mural. A recognition of artistic independence by the new revolutionary elite and active state support coincided with a renewed interest in popular culture, such as the engravings of José Guadalupe Posada (1851–1913), and in pre-Columbian themes and artistic expressions. Mexico, its history, and its people became the single most important themes of the huge murals that decorate the walls of public buildings. The most well-known exponents of the Mexican Muralist school are Diego Rivera (1886–1957), David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896–1974), and José Clemente Orozco (1883–1949). In recent years, the eccentric paintings of Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) have attracted worldwide attention. Painters of later generations who have gained national and international reputations include José Luis Cuevas, Juan O'Gorman, Rufino Tamayo, and Francisco Toledo.
Mexico's artistic qualities are perhaps best illustrated by the broad variety of popular art and handicrafts. Popular artists can be found throughout Mexico, but regions and even villages specialize in particular trades.
Performance Arts. In classical music the Mexico City–based National Symphony Orchestra and the Philarmonic Orchestra of the National University are most renowned. Mexico's most important composer of the twentieth century was Carlos Chávez (1899–1978). Popular music, such as mariachi and ranchero music, has acquired fame throughout the world and produced such stars as Vicente Fernández and Juan Gabriel. Mexico also has a native rock scene. Mexico City has become a major recording center for the Spanish-speaking world. The same is true for the production of soap opera series for television. Mexican cinema flourished in the 1940s and 1950s, producing such heroes of popular culture as Jorge Negrete and Pedro Infante. One of Mexico's most important venues for the performance arts is the Festival Cervantino, which is held every year in the provincial town of Guanajuato.
State of the Physical and Social Sciences
Most scientific research in Mexico is conducted in the public universities, mainly in the National Autonomous University and the Autonomous Metropolitan University, both in Mexico City. The National Polytechnic Institute, also in Mexico City, is the foremost research institute in engineering and technology. In recent years there has been government support for developing research centers outside the capital. There is also an extensive network of specialized autonomous research institutes that are dependent on state finances such as the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics and the College of Mexico.
Just over half of the almost $2 billion (U.S.) of federal expenditures in science and technology in 1998 was channeled through the Ministry of Public Education and another 34 percent was channeled through the Ministry of Energy. The majority of the latter funds are spent on research into the exploitation of oil. Public policy concentrates on three areas: promotion of quality and quantity of scientific research, establishment of linkages between science and industry, and the promotion of technological innovation.
The National Council of Science and Technology is the most important funding agency for the physical and social sciences. In 1998 it had a budget of $287 million (U.S.), with 47 percent allocated to individual postgraduate grants, 25 percent to scientific research and technological development, and 22 percent to the National System of Researchers (SNI), a program of financial incentives to productive academics. In 1998, more than sixty-five hundred researchers were in the SNI. Information on corporate funding of research and development is unavailable but is estimated to be very modest compared to Mexico's main trading partners.


text:
Firstly, sorry for my English. Secondly, please don't blame on me, I will start this project to learn some thinks and maybe I don't full understand passthrought, etc.
Main goal of this project will be delivering way to use applications, which needs specific drivers under GNU/Linux systems, without virtualization stack. Also it could promote ReactOS.
I know running Windows programs with Wine is better solution than ReactOS, but:
- Thanks to this project ReactOS will get some love
- Some applications needs to load custom drivers
You must know, GNU/Linux already can use Windows network drivers, thanks ndiswrapper and printer driver, thanks ddwrapper. There's also Wine to run Windows applications,. My project will help in more complicated case: running application, which needs specific driver under GNU/Linux with best as possible integration with desktop environment.
The project:
- Will be system deamon (look at coLinux on WIndows)
- Can asks Linux to allocate/free memory
- Allows devices passthrought, like KVM/XEN
- Well integrate with GNU/Linux desktop and filesystem
I'm searching some helping hand. Where should I start? Who will help me with developing?
Linux subsystem for Windows
If it doesn't fit anywhere else, drop it in here. (not to be used as a chat/nonsense section)
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Re: Linux subsystem for Windows
Look at this project.
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text:
Power10 Gases showcases its products that provide for a diverse range of projects from welding to food preservation, wine making to firefighting. The range includes Argon, Argon 5/2, Oxygen, Helium and Nitrogen.
Power10 Gases team has provided over 50,000 cylinders of industrial grade gas, and now has over 110 distributors across Australia.
Power10 Gases will take the empty cylinder and give back a full one in return, available to swap Power10 Gases, SpeedGas and Puregas cylinders.
Power10 Gases has been distributed in Australia since 2012.
More information: Power10 Gases' full range


text: IF YOU NEED TO CONTACT ME ABOUT ANYTHING INCLUDING THE PRICE!!!!! OFFERED HERE IS A BEAUTIFUL PAIR OF ORIGINAL PEG OIL LAMPS , THE THIRD OF THREE IDENTICAL PATTERN GLASS PAIRS I HAVE TO OFFER, . THEY ARE MADE OF CASED YELLOW SATIN GLASS OVER OPAL GLOSS AND THEY WERE DESIGNED TO PUSH INTO CANDLESTICKS TO CONVERT THEM TO OIL LAMPS, THEY HAVE SPRING CLIPS ON THE BASE TO HOLD THEM IN... IN FACT IF YOU HAD A SIX LIGHT CANDELABRA YOU COULD TURN IT INTO THE BIGGEST OIL LAMP EVER!!!! THE GLASS IS IN PERFECT ORIGINAL ANTIQUE CONDITION, THESE WERE BLOWN BY HAND AND THERE IS ALWAYS SOME VARIATIONS IN DEPTH OF COLOUR IN EACH INDIVIDUAL PIECE.THEY HAVE 5.5 INCH FITTER SHADES... YOU CAN ALWAYS TALK TO ME USING THE RED DETAILS ABOVE! The item "THIRD OF THREE PAIRS OF MATCHING ORIGINAL VICTORIAN PEG OIL PIANO LAMPS 3" is in sale since Monday, July 9, 2018. This item is in the category "Antiques\Antique Furniture\Lamps\Victorian (1837-1901)". The seller is "lampman64" and is located in Spalding. This item can be shipped worldwide.


text:
The Manhattan Comfort Liberty rustic brown TV stand with 3D brown prints is mid-century modern at its best. Quality craftsmanship and careful detailing create the ultimate blend of style, functionality, and brilliant design. This sophisticated entertainment centre features open shelving, as well as two hidden compartments perfect for stashing DVDs, board games, electronics, and media accessories. Freestanding and easily moved, this TV stand will mix well with any decor and its artful grooves will create a statement in any space.
- Freestanding TV stand for living room and bedroom use
- Dimensions: 70.86-in (L) x 26.57-in (H) x 15.19-in (D)
- Recommended for a 50-in - 65-in TV
- Includes 2 media holes for wire management
- Fashionable splayed legs made from solid wood for extra durability
- 90° open door style with ring handles and sleek line indent design
- Includes 3 open shelves, 1 concealed large cubby, and 1 full extension drawer
- Home assembly required. All hardware included.
Product specifications
Accommodates Tv Size
TVs up to 70-in
Assembly Required
Color/finish Family
Multiple colors/finishes
Collection Name
Integrated Storage
Integrated Tv Mount
Tip-resistant Hardware
Manufacturer Color/finish
Rustic Brown and 3D Brown Prints
Tv Mounting Bracket Type
TV stand
Frame Material
Wood Species
N/A (composite)
Assembled Weight (lb)
Assembled Depth (in)
Assembled Width (in)
Assembled Height (in)
Number Of Shelves
Weight Capacity (lb)
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text: Mariah Carey Lollipop Bling Mine Again for Women Eau De Parfum Spray - 3.3 oz. This attractive feminine perfume's main accords are sweet, fruity, cacao, vanilla, and sour. Top notes are red currant, blood orange and heliotrope; middle notes are magnolia, raspberry, chocolate and cotton candy; base notes are musk, tonka bean and vanille. Take your senses on a sweet adventure when you wear Lollipop Bling Mine Again eau de parfum. This deliciously intriguing women's fragrance was introduced by songstress Mariah Carey in 2010. Juicy red currant blends with heliotrope on the open for a tangy and powdery aroma, while raspberry and chocolate notes make the heart sing. Warm musk notes enter on the grand finale, balancing the fragrance in perfect harmony. Mist yourself with this indulgent scent whenever you want to start your day on a high note.


text:
Philosopher Café: Tolerate and Endure
Are there unbearable burdens or intolerable vexations and sorrows in life?
Are acceptance and forbearance the opposite of each other?
Or do they just differ in extent?
What kind of perspective will it bring to our lives with the understanding of the proverb such as "take a step back to view a bigger and broader world"?
If you are willing to believe that there is a philosopher within you waiting to be discovered,
If you are willing to spend an weekend afternoon to allow your light of insight to shine in life,
If you are willing to participate and engage in a dialogue about life between you and others,
In the hope that through listening, expressing, contemplating, and communicating, the potential of transforming life will be activated.
Then you are the one whom Philosopher Cafe would most eagerly invite to participate in the event.
Topic: Tolerate and Endure
Place: 77, Yanping S. Rd., Taipei; Degui Academy 10th floor
Inviter: Ku, Chung-Yu/ Assistant Professor of Life and Living School, DDU
Host: Dharma Drum University﹘School of life and living
Registration Fee:$200(can be made at the venue). Coffee and refreshments will be served.
Online registration: http://www.ddc.edu.tw/zh-tw/registration/pc-tolerateandendure


text:
Volotea will be operating two new routes - from Malta to Nice and Bilbao for 2018.
The flights are already on sale on the airline website and through travel agents.
The route to Bilbao, which will become a new base for the airline next year, will start operating once weekly on March 24 and the airline will offer more than 7,300 seats.
The route to Nice will also be operated once weekly, from April 26. The airline will offer more than 7,000 seats which are on sale on the site.
Volotea offers 32,400 seats and 230 flights for next year from Malta and the new flights will be increasing the capacity by 175%.
As a special promotion, Volotea is selling both flights (one way) for €9 on certain days for 48 hours.
Independent journalism costs money. Support Times of Malta for the price of a coffee.Support Us


text:
Mon, 30 April 2018
In this episode Dan and Johnny discuss the upcoming NAFC, the new GW Chaos releases, all the current goings on in the world of Blood Bowl and insult half of their listeners. As per.
Direct download: DBBL_SKLLZ_2X.mp3
Category:Gaming -- posted at: 2:13pm EDT
Fri, 20 April 2018
In this episode Johnny and Dan catch up on their results from the Waterbowl and look forward to Slann taking over the World Cup. Johnny goes on 2 of his 4 standard rants and then discusses why the DBBL is currently stark, raving bonkers.
Direct download: DBBL_SKLLZ_1999.mp3
Category:Gaming -- posted at: 10:32am EDT


text:
Want to contribute to this article?
Northern Marine Group, a global family of ship management and marine service companies headquartered in Glasgow, is implementing a centralised, multinational quality management system using EQMS by Qualsys.
We spoke to Managing Director Philip Fullerton, Group Business Controller Eileen Leith and Marine Compliance Director Ken McConnell about their journey to world class development.
Qualsys: Why have you decided to implement an electronic quality management system?
Philip: Northern Marine has grown significantly over the past few years through organic growth and acquisitions.
This has given us a number of challenges operating the company using a variety of different systems.
So it was our intention to standardise and implement a single-source quality management system across our global companies to aid our business development and growth.
Qualsys: How will EQMS help you do that?
Philip: EQMS provides us with a common platform to host our management system and allows us to digitise our document workflows.
It will allow us to enhance visibility of process management and risk assessment to give us greater business intelligence.
And the common database gives us enhanced control and visibility of our suppliers across our various business entities.
Qualsys: Northern Marine Group is a diverse family of businesses. Which companies will be using EQMS?
Philip: Employees across Northern Marine in our IT, commercial, finance, HR, business control and secretarial departments will all have immediate access to the system.
The system will then be rolled out to all business units who aren't directly involved in our ship management activities.
Qualsys: Why did you choose us?
Ken: After reviewing our options and looking at the various systems on the market, it very quickly became apparent to us that the best fit for our business was EQMS - particularly with its flexible range of individual and integrated modules, and also the flexibility of its workflow and dashboard capabilities.
We see EQMS as an asset to the business and also a great benefit to our employees.
Having a structured platform will help us, as a group, expand, and having the continuity of the group working together is important for us.
Qualsys: What do you want to achieve with EQMS?
Ken: Success for us would be timely roll-out of our EQMS modules and buy-in from our employees.
What we aim to do with EQMS first is to move as many document flows as we can into a digital format, so we can realise the efficiencies and benefits of the system.
EQMS fits very well with our current tool set.
We will be retaining our electronic safety management system (ESMS), which is Blueline and InForum, for all our vessel documentation - the reason being that this is our established and mature safety management system which we need for our ships.
But for all other documents, we'll be transferring them to EQMS.
Another advantage of EQMS is it can integrate with our other systems like Agresso. So we'll do that on a case-by-case basis as the business requires.
EQMS provides us with a common platform to host our management system and allows us to digitise our document workflow processes.
It allows us to enhance our visibility of process management and risk assessment to give us greater business intelligence.
And the common database will give us better control of suppliers across our various business entities.
- Philip Fullerton, Managing Director, Northern Marine
Qualsys: We think it's important that all EQMS users find benefit in accessing the system, not just senior managers. How do you think day-to-day work will become easier for Northern Marine staff?
Eileen: Employees can log into the system and access all the policies, procedures and related documents they need in one easy-to-use system.
That will result in less hard copy paperwork, less manual signatures, and a more efficient workflow for each process.
We see EQMS as a great asset to the business and also a great benefit to our employees.
Having a structured platform will help us expand, and having the continuity of the Group working together is important for us.
- Ken McConnell, Marine Compliance Director,
Northern Marine
Qualsys: How will you be kick-starting your EQMS project?
Eileen: We want all employees to start by accessing the system, making use of the tutorial videos on our bespoke landing page, and to start thinking how the system can add value to their daily work and the work we do for our clients.
Next steps
Download our business case toolkit to find a quality system that works for you, know what questions to ask and get internal buy-in.


text:
Regg Cohn recycles last weeks news and hits the "Strategic Voting" button again and again, like the reflex action of a lab rat when the treats run out: Blames CUPE and OPSEU for defending their members jobs from the Liberal axe and supporting the NDP.
Warren "Smokey" Thomas, head of the Ontario Public Sector Employees Union, was smoking mad. Together with Fred Hahn, head of CUPE Ontario, he backed a controversial decision by NDP Leader Andrea Horwath to reject the Liberal budget, triggering the June 12 election.
In so doing, they dissented from the consensus within the main union umbrella group, the Ontario Federation of Labour...
Does Cohn even know what a consensus is?


text:
Those Flags Are Red for a Reason
"God, please show me a sign. If he isn't the one or if he is out to harm my heart, show me. Give me signs." It's a talk some of us may or may not have had with God. You're dating a new guy or chick. You're feeling him or her. They make you smile […]Read More Those Flags Are Red for a Reason


text:
« AnteriorContinuar »
Saint Philip.
diately imparted the glad tidings of the Mes
siah's appearance to his brother Nathaniel, The Transactions of St. Philip, from his i and conducted him to him. Birth to his being called to the Apostle
After being called to the apostleship we ship p oja ..! is Die toets
have very little recorded of him by the THIS a postle was a native of Bethsaida,
evangelists. It was, however, to him that 1 the city of Andrew and Peter. He had
our Saviour proposed the question, 'where the honour of being first called to be a disci
they should find bread sufficient to satisfy ple of the great Messiah, wbich happened
the hunger of so great a multitude ? Philip in the following manner : Our blessed Sa
answered, that it was not easy to procure viour, soon after bis return from the wilder
so great a quantity; not considering that ness, where he had been tempted by the de
it was equally easy for Almighty power to vil, met with Andrew and his brother Peter,
feed double the number, when it should be and after some discourse parted from them.
bis divine will. It was also to the same The next day, as he was passing through
apostle that the Gentile proselytes, who Galilee, he found Philip, whom he present
came up to worship at Jerusalem, applied, ly commanded to follow him, the constant
when they were desirous to see the Saviour form he made use of in calling his disciples,
of the world. And it was with him our and those that inseparably attended him.
Lord had the discourse a little before the So that the prerogative of being first called, ! paschal supper. evidently belongs to St. Philip, he being the
The compassionate Jesus had been fortie first of our Lord's disciples; for though
fying their minds with proper considerations Andrew and St. John were the first that
against his departure from them, and had came and conversed with the Saviour of the
told them that he was going to prepare for world, yet they immediately returned to
them a place in the mansions of the heaventheir occupation, and were not called till
ly Canaan; that he was "the way, the a whole year after...pár lydyti
truth, and the life ; and that no man could
come to the Father but by him." It cannot be doubted, that notwithstanding St. Philip was a pative of Galilee, yet he
Philip, not thoroughly understanding the was excellently skilled in the law and 'the force of his Master's reasonings, begged of prophets. Metaphrastes assures us, that he
| him, that he would shew them the Father. had, froin his childhood, been excellently educated : that be frequently read over the Our blessed Lord gertly reprored his books of Moses, and attentively considered | ignorance, that after attending so long the prophecies relating to the Messiah. to his instructions, he should not know that
he was the image of bis Father, the express Nor was our apostle idle after the ho. character of his infinite wisdom, power, and pour he had received of being called to at goodness appearing in him ; that he said and tend the Saviour of the world; he imme. I did nothing but by his Father's appointment; which if they did not believe, his miracles, calling on the name of Christ, he procured were a sufficient evidence : that such de- the death, or, at least, the vanishing, of mands were therefore, unnecessary and an enormous serpent, to which they paid impertient : and that it was an indication of adoration. .
great weakness in him, after three years' · education under his discipline and institu Having thus demolished their deity, he tion, to appear so ignorant with regard to
demonstrated to them how ridiculous and these particulars.
unjust it was for them to pay divine honours to such odious creatures ; shewed them that God alone was to be worshipped as the
great parent of all the world, who, in the CHAP. II.
beginning made man after his glorious
image, and when fallen from that innocent · The Transactions of St. Philip to the and happy state, sent his own Son into the ... Time of his Martyrdom. | world to redeem him : that in order to per
form this glorious work, he died on the THE ancients tell us, that in the distri cross and rose again from the dead, and
bution made by the apostles of the at the end of the world, will come again to several regions of the world, the Upper raise all the sons of men from the chambers Asia fell to his share, where he laboured of the dust, and sentence them to everlastwith indefatigable diligence and industry ing rewards or punishments. This dis By the constancy and power of his preach- | course roused them from their lethargy, ing, and the efficacy of his miracles, be they were ashamed of their late idolatry, gained numerous converts, whom be bap. and great numbers embraced the doctrines tized into the Christian faith, curing at of the gospel. once their bodies of infirmities and distempers, and their souls of errors and idolatry: This provoked the great enemy of manHe continued with them a considerable kind, and he bad recourse to his old methods, time in settling churches, and appointing cruelty and persecution. The magistrates them guides and ministers of religion. of the city seized the apostle, and, having
thrown him into prison, caused him to be After several years successfully exercising scourged. When this preparatory cruelty his apostolical office in all those parts, he was over, he was led to execution, and, came at last to' Hieropolis, in Phrygia, a being bound, was hanged against a pillar: city remarkably rich and populous, but at lor, according to others, crucified. The the same time over-run with the most enor a postle being dead, his body was taken mous idolatry.
down by St. Bartholomew, his fellow-labour
er in the gospel, and Mariamne, St. Philip's St. Pbilip, being grieved to see the peo sister, the constant companion of bis travels, ple so wretchedly enslaved by error and sú and decently buried; after which they conperstition, continually offered his addresses firmed the people in the faith of Christ, and to heaven, till, by his prayers, and often departed from them.
St. Bartholomer.
ajd 1999. TOLIB ATONASİ 01894108 011501)
was no guile, not in an absolute but restrict
ed sense; for perfection cannot be attached The Transactions of St. Bartholomew, to human nature, but in the character of the
from his Birth to the Ascension of his blessed Jesus, of whom it is said, with peculiar great Master.
propriety, that he was holy,harmless, unde
filed and separate from sinners; also that THIS apostle is mentioned amongst the | he knew no sin, neither was guile, that is,
1 twelve immediate disciples of our fraud, or deception, found in his tongue. Lord, under the appellation of Bartholomew, Our Saviour knew that Bartholomew's doubt though it is evident, from divers passages of his Messiahship arose from Philip's announof scripture, that he was also called Natha. cing him in the character of Jesus of Nazaniel: we shall therefore, in our account of reth, a place stigmatized for the vices of its his life, consider the names of Nathaniel inhabitants; which on a similar occasion and Bartholomew, as belonging to one and caused an interrogatory, which accords with the same person. This
Bartholomew's opinion ; Can any good
come out of Nazareth ? Our Saviour thereWith regard to his descent and family, fore commends his frankness, by denomisome are of opinion that he was a Syrian, nating him, an Israelite indeed, in whom and that he was descended from the Ptole there is no guile. In another sense he apmies of Egypt. But it is plain, from the peared to be a true Israelite, or one that evangelical history that he was a Galilean, waited for redemption in Israel, which St. John having expressly told us that Na from the times mentioned in the scripture thaniel was of Cana, in Galilee. Pontos predictions, he knew to be near at hand.
815092017! T o
je The scripture is silent with regard to his He was greatly surprised at our Lord's trade and inanner of life, though from some salutations, wondering how he could know circumstances, there is room to imagine him at first sight, as imagining he had never that he was a fisherman. He was at the before seen his face. But he was answered, first coming to Christ, conducted by Philip, that he had seen him while he was yet who told him they had now found the long | under the lig-tree, even before Philip called espected Messiah, so often foretold by him. Convinced by this instance of our Moses, and the prophets, Jesus of Naza Lord's divinity, he presently made his conreth, the son of Joseph. And when he ob fession that he was now sure that Jesus was jected that the Messiah could not be born the promised Messiah, that Son of God at Nazareth, Philip desired him to come whom he had appointed to govern the and satisfy himself, that be was the Mesa church. Our blessed Saviour told him, that siah.
if from this instance he could believe him to
be the Messiah, he should have far greater At his approach, our blessed Saviour salu- | arguments to confirm his faith ; for that he ted bim with this honourable appellation, that should hereafter behold the heavens opened he was an Israelite indeed, in whom there to receive him, and the angels visibly appearing joyful at his entrance into the hea-' | the blind idolaters of the evil of their ways, venly Canaan,
and direct them in the paths that lead to
eternal salvation. This enraged the biarresired
gotted magistrates, and he was, together
with St. Philip, designed for 'martyrdom, CHAP. II.
and in order to this, fastened to a cross ;
but their consciences pricking them for a The Transactions of St. Bartholomewo, time, they took St. Bartholomew down from
from the Ascension of Christ to his the cross and set bim at liberty...! Martyrdom.
UR apostle having his peculiar spot From hence he retired to Lycaonia, and
allotted him, for the promulgation of St. Chrysostom assures us that he instructed the gospel of bis blessed Master, who had and trained up the inhabitants in the Chrisnow ascended into heaven, and dispersed tian discipline. His last remove was to his Holy Spirit to fit and qualify bis disciples Albanople, in Great Armenia, a place mifor the important work, visited different serably overrun with idolatry, from which parts of the world to preach the gospel, and he laboured to reclaim the people. But his penetrated as far as the higher India. . endeavours to turn them from darkness
unto light, and from the power of Satan . After spending considerable time in India, unto God, were so far from having the deand the eastern extremities of Asia, he re sired effect, that it provoked, the magisturned to the northern and western parts,
trates, who prevailed on the governor to and we find him at Hieropolis, in Phrygia,
put him to death, which he cheerfully underlabouring in copsort with St. Philip to plant
went, sealing the truth of the doctrine he Christianity in those parts; and to convince | preached with his blood.
Saint Matthew.
| Jews on two accounts; first, because hav.
ing farmed the custom of the Romans, they
used every method of oppression to pay The Transactions of St. Matthew, from
their rents to the Romans; secondly, behis Birth to the Ascension of Christ.
cause they demanded of the Jews, who con
sidered themselves as a free people, having ST. Matthew, called also Levi, though a received that privilege froni God himself. w Roman officer, was a true Hebrew, and And hence they had a common proverb probably a Galilean. His trade was that of l among them, " Take not a wite out of that a publican, or tax-gatherer to the Romans, 1 family in which there is a publican, for an office detested by the generality of the 1 they are all publicans." That is, they are. No. 22.
all thieves, robbers, and notorious sinners. | humble self-convinced signers, to repentAnd to this proverbial custom our blessed ance.
{{3}}TP) uns! Saviour alludes, when speaking of an hardened sinner, on whom neither private re | After St. Matthew's election to the apoproofs, nor the public censures and admoni stleship, he continued with the rest till the tions of the church, can prevail. Let him bc ascension of his great and beloved Master ; 10 thee as an Heathen man and a publican.. but the evangelical writers bave recorded
nothing particular concerning him, during Our blessed Saviour having cured a per
that period. .' } En
9 401 son long afflicted with the palsy, retired out of Capernaum, to walk by the sea-side,
oororum. .. where he taught the people that fucked after him.
De fetigre
Here he saw Matthew sitting in his office,
26 BIS IN BB by B TO and called him to follow him. The man The Transactions of St. Matthew, from the was rich, had a large and profitable employe Ascension of Christ to his Martyrdom. ment, was a wise and prudent person, and doubtless understood what would be his
AFTER our blessed Saviour's ascension loss to comply with the call of Jesus. He
| A into heaven, St. Mattbew, for the first was not ignorant that he must exchange
eight years at least, preached in different wealth for poverty, a custom-house for a
parts of Judea ; but afterwards he left the prison, and rich and powerful masters for
country of Palestine to convert the Gentile a naked and despised Saviour. But he
world. Before his departure he was intreatoverlooked all these considerations, left all
ed by the Jewish converts to write the his. his interest and relations to become our
tory of the life and actions of the blessed Lord's disciple, and to embrace a more spi
Jesus, and leave it among them as a stand. rilual way of life.
ing monument of what he had so often de.
livered to them in his sermons. This he The Pharisees, who sought all opportu readily complied with, as we shall more parnities of raising objections against the doc ticularly mention in giving an account of trines of the blessed Jesus, took this oppor
his gospel. tunity of suggesting to his disciples, that it was highly unbecoming so pure and holy a
After his leaving Judea, he travelled into person as their Master appeared to be, to
ter appeared to be, to several parts, especially Ethiopia, but the converse so familiarly with the worst of men;
particular places he visited are not known with publicans and sinners, persons infa
with any certainty. mous to a proverb. But he presently replied to them, that these were the sick, and | However, after labouring indefatigably in therefore needed the physician; that his the vineyard of his Master, he suffered marcompany was of most consequence where tyrdom at a city of Ethiopia, called Naddathe souls of men most required it ; that God bar; but by what kind of death is not absohimself preferred works of mercy and cha. lutely known, though the general opinion rity, especially in doing good to the souls | is, that he was slain with au halbert. of men, infinitely above all ritual obsery. ·ances ; and that the principal design of his St. Matthew was a remarkable instance
coming into the world was not to call the of the power of religion, in bringing men righteous, or those who, like themsclves, to a better temper of mind. If we reflect vainly pretended to be so, but sinners, upon his circumstances while he continued


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Bots are complicated. They're made to process repetitive actions autonomously and can be fairly easy to build, but they aren't always working on the side of good. Here's what you need to know.
Each year, EContent magazine compiles a list of the 100 companies that matter most in the digital content industry.
Voting is now closed. We'll announce the results of the first-ever EContent 100 list chosen by the people!
Dec 02, 2014
They say data is the "oil" of the 21st century – raw material that, when extracted, refined, and "manufactured" into information products and analytic insights–will drive our economy to new heights.
It follows, then, that information products companies need to think about what they do in the same way that manufacturers of tangible goods do: as a process that requires a flow of inputs, a manufacturing plant, and a delivery system. And data products manufacturers must make this data supply chain as efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and flexible as possible.
This is where Connotate comes in, specifically for companies seeking to make website content part of their data supply chain so they can turn it into revenue streams and analytic insights. Our patented technology has been specifically built to ensure efficient harvesting, structuring, and delivery of this content, at high scale. Every day, industry leaders like Thomson Reuters, McGraw-Hill, the Associated Press and more deploy millions of Connotate extraction Agents, bring back terabytes of clean, structured Web data, and transform it into products and analytic insights driving billions to their collective bottom lines.
In other words, we're at the heart of their data supply chain.
Our industry-leading platform reduces the need for expensive programming talent, offers change detection and in-line transformations to cut down on post-processing requirements, and improves production efficiencies via automated extraction scheduling. (it was recently named a KMWorld "Trend-Setting Product – for the 9th time). Our custom data pipes provide a reliable flow of clean website content for companies that just want data. We also offer FetchCheck, which automates pre-employment background check, and AdStats, which collects and aggregates online ad statistics.
For more information, visit www.connotate.com, follow us on LinkedIn (connotate-inc), and on Twitter at @Connotate. For more on the data supply chain, read Connotate's Web Data Insider blog.
Connotate, Inc.120 Albany StTower II, 4th FloorNew Brunswick, NJ 08901United Stateswww.connotate.com


text: News Volleyball 04/12/2018 Guidetti: "Our block and defence made the difference" VakifBank Istanbul coach Giovanni Guidetti steered his team to a 3-0 win over Zhejiang Women's Volleyball Club Shaoxing, China, December 4, 2018 – VakifBank Istanbul recorded a 3-0 win against Zhejiang Women's Volleyball Club to start their title defence on a positive note in the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship.VakifBank Istanbul coach Giovanni Guidetti: "It was a very good match for my team. Zhejiang played very well in the first set, but in the end our block and defence made a big difference. My players were really focused and also very excited to play in front of an incredible crowd. We hope we can experience more of this atmosphere in the next days."VakifBank Istanbul captain Ayse Melis Gurkaynak: "It was very important for us to start the tournament with a win. The atmosphere on the court was very good and we really enjoyed playing this match. We want to thank the Chinese people who also cheered for our team."VakifBank Istanbul player Zhu Ting: "It's always nice to play in your own country and I am happy to play in front of the home fans. Our team had a good performance today. I hope we can continue playing well in the next matches."Zhejiang Women's Volleyball Club coach Wang Hebin: "We are honoured to play a strong team like VakifBank. I think my team played very well in the first set, but we lost a lot of points from our opponents' blocks in the second and third sets."Zhejiang Women's Volleyball Club captain Wang Na: "We had a good performance in the first set, but VakifBank is such a strong opponent that is why we lost the next two sets. We are still happy that we are able to show a good performance against a good team."Quick links - Volleyball:FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World ChampionshipNewsScheduleTeamsHost city and venueVolleyball TV Print this Page News {{item.LocalShortDate}} {{item.Title}} All the News


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Jollibee Funko Pop! arrives last week of July - Availability, Pricing and where to buy one
The first ever Funko POP Ad Icon for PH will arrive this July. Like what you've already seen in the Internet, Jollibee will have it's own Funko POP Figure. So how and where can you get one?
Philippines' first Funko Pop Ad Icon, Jollibee, was recently revealed and now it will be officially available this month of July.
|Photo: Funko.com
According to Jollibee's official social media channels, the Jollibee Funko Pop will be launched first in the upcoming AsiaPOP ComicCon this July 27-29.
Then starting July 30(Monday), the Jollibe Funko POP Vinyl Figure will be available in select Jollibee stores, Filbar's, Toys R Us, Toy Kingdom and Toy Town. No info yet about the price of the Jollibee Funko figure, but the usual price range of their figures ranges from 595-895.
There are also rumors that a limited edition of Jollibee Funko POP figure will also be available and might be limited to a few thousand pieces.
Yesterday, Funko officially release the news that brand's Jollibee mascot will be immortalized into a Funko POP! figure which also commemorate Jollibee's 40th anniversary. Truly it's something first for a Philippine brand, to have it's official mascot Funko- fied, and hopefully not the last.
Will there be other Jollibee icons in the mix? That what we're going to find out soon!


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I'm often asked how someone who chooses to be vegetarian, or vegan, can get enough protein in their diet.
While that's an important question, I want to start my answer by pointing out that choosing this lifestyle can put you at risk for mineral deficiencies and vitamin deficiencies (like B12 and D). While these are not destined to happen, they are risks, and ones you must control for.
Now, when it comes to protein, think about nuts and seeds. Legumes and soy tend to not end up on my list of best choices, and I'll explain why.


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The Gardens of Arasapha
Only in charming historic New Castle will you discover two delightful and distinctive gardens within a short, pleasing walk of each other. The gardens are free and open daily, sunrise to sunset. You're welcome to sit on a bench, reflect, read, or perhaps enjoy a brown bag lunch.
Amstel House Garden
Dutch House Garden
Spend a Delightful Day Visiting Historic New Castle!
Historic New Castle is a step back in time, filled with beautiful, charming, and educational historic buildings and gardens including the historic Green and Battery Park along the Delaware River. Make your visit to Arasapha's gardens part of a day touring New Castle's treasures.
Tour the historic Amstel House and Dutch House operated by New Castle Historical Society.
Visit First State National Historical Park, Delaware's first national park.
Learn more about things to do and places to visit in historic New Castle.


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If you have a dream in which you are a drunkard this will have a totally different meaning than a dream in which you were drunk.
If you have a dream about a drunk driver it means you are worried that your future is in the hands of an incapable person that will bring you into danger. But if you have a dream in which you are a drunk driver it means that you are worried that you are taking yourself out of the place where you want to be and bringing yourself trouble. It means that you are not taking care of problems with a clear head, your head is clouded by other thoughts and it is causing you to perform detrimentally in one area or another. Don't let your life get take over by bouts of confusion. Keep a clear head because it's more than most people get.
Having a drunk dream could be positive or negative in meaning but a drunkard is someone that can no longer control their alcohol consumption, this is someone that cannot function without it and has become a slave to the feeling that alcohol creates in them. Therefore if you have a dream in which you are a drunkard it means that you feel like your actions are not your own anymore, you may even be having an identity crisis and have no idea how to return to what you once were and where you are now.


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What's New
The provincial government is seeking input from New Brunswickers on adopting into provincial family law, key concepts recently changed in the federal Divorce Act. In order to help New Brunswickers share their thoughts on the matter, the Department of Justice and Office of the Attorney General has launched a discussion paper that covers key elements of the provincial legislation in regard to the federal amendments. Those interested in participating in the consultation can choose to submit a brief or respond to a questionnaire in the appendix of the Family Law Reform discussion paper. The discussion paper is available on the Government of New Brunswick website at the Citizen Engagement and Consultations webpage at www.gnb.ca until November 15, 2019.
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Warm-up your winter wardrobe with our versatile grape stretch velvet wrap dress. The dress wraps around the body to create a flattering feminine silhouette. Fabricated in a sumptuous velvet with a dazzling sheen.
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Lal Mauve Top
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A simple but striking, easy-fit shift dress with a raglan sleeve. Satin sleeve and a deep satin band at the skirts add elegance to this versatile piece. Side seam pockets for added comfort and functionality. A fresh take on occasion wear.
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Boat Grape Top
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Aaliyah Black Top
A hip-length, Fitted top with full-length mesh sleeve and mesh top yoke in black jersey.
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Long sleeve sailor Neck Linen Top by Majestic Filatures in a mottled grey featuring buttoned up back
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