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Hi, my name is Stefanie.
I respect your need to know yourself better and your desire to live joyfully your best life possible.
I know what that need feels like because – over 25 years ago, that was me.
Back then, I had let some of the experiences of my life beat me down; being a childhood sexual abuse survivor, domestic abuse survivor, a divorced mother of two… so much had happened in my life. I didn't like the woman staring back at me in the mirror. Not only did I not like her, I didn't TRUST her.
So it was so much easier to focus on others, judging myself based on what I did to make the people in my life happier than I was. But it can get exhausting trying to please everyone else. And I was always tired – mentally, physically, spiritually. Plus, I had no idea what I wanted because I had stopped asking myself what I wanted. Hell, I didn't even have a bucket list!
I needed to not only to balance my checkbook and get to work on time. I desperately wanted to figure out how to like myself and be comfortable walking around in my skin.
Because I didn't know what I didn't know, I thought it best to start at the beginning. I started my path by learning the basics of mediation, mindfulness and Metaphysics. I went back to school, studying everything from massage to transformational psychology to almost everything in between.
Then I enriched my education by sitting with shamans, gurus and great spiritual teachers. I met some amazing people who guided me, gently, towards self-compassion and inner understanding. They helped me develop a willingness to look at myself and any action I take with a softer eye. To give myself a break… and sometimes a little more credit.
I fell in love with hypnosis and life coaching. Whether use separately or together, they offered me the greatest opportunity to tap into my subconscious desires for empowerment, growth and to develop a road map to a clearer frame of mind while bringing about the significant changes in my life that I was looking for.
They helped me uncover my purpose and realize my dreams.
I learned the value of my heart-wisdom and to reconnect it to my soul, to forgive myself for being human and to rebuild trust within myself.
Now I have the connection to myself I used to long for, a love for me I didn't know I could ever have, giving me the freedom to be gloriously messy.
What does it mean to be gloriously messy? It is to live authentically, doing Life imperfectly and loving every minute of it. It means living to seek Love and Laughter in everything I do. It's a commitment to NOT censor myself and to forgive myself if I do.
It is to be present, in the moment, every moment.
I mean, today my Life is wonderful and weird and funny and unfinished. And I'm totally in love with it being that way.
I believe everyone deserved to bring Joy to their own lives like I have.
Over ten years ago, I started combining practices, first massage therapy with reiki then hypnosis with coaching. I decided to focus on hypno-coaching because I understood that it could help anyone willing and ready to take the best self journey. I was ready to share the badassery that is self-acceptance, self-love and show my techniques on uncovering personal power, change and bring about a positive difference in anyone's life.
So that's what I do.
I help you uncover the wisdom you already have, support you using your voice to live up to your own ideals and guide your better decision-making that can lead you towards living more joyfully.
To show you how to find that place within yourself that sees you as the perfectly imperfect being you are – your true self-worth.
To realize you deserve all the love and to discover the joys of being you.
Are you ready to transform your life for the better and take the next steps forward? Do you have the courage to live up to your own dreams?
Yes? Then let's go!
Professional Experience & Qualifications
Stefanie Booker Atchison is a certified clinical hypnotherapist.
She has a degree in Transformational Psychology from the accredited Southwest Institute of Healing Arts in Phoenix Arizona and has completed over five hundred hours of coursework in the practice of hypnosis techniques, life coaching, stress management and spiritual coaching for treating a wide variety of issues. She also studied social work at University of Maryland University College and graduated from the Baltimore School of Massage.
Stefanie has certifications in Reiki Master Teaching, Advanced Life Coaching, Practical Mysticism, Spiritual Coaching, Polarity and Neuro-Linguistic Programming. In Maryland, Hypnotists and Hypnotherapists are technically not licensed. Stefanie chose to become board certified by American Council of Hypnotic Examiners, The International Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association and the National Association of Transpersonal Hypnotherapists.
Hypnotherapy is not a substitute for medical treatment or psychotherapy.
However, Hypnotherapy/Hypnosis is a proven, adjunctive method to complement such ongoing treatment and care. It is a self-improvement process that facilitates access to a person's internal resources to assist him/her in solving problems, increasing motivation, or altering behavior patterns to create positive change. Because hypnosis and hypnotherapy are a series of self-help skills and their effectiveness depends on the client, no guarantee can be made regarding results of their use.
Stefanie Booker Atchison does not practice medicine or psychotherapy and her services are not a replacement for counseling, psychotherapy, psychiatric or medical treatment. No service or product provided is intended to diagnose or treat any disease or illness, psychological or mental health condition. Medical supported hypnotherapy is used only as an adjunct to conventional medical treatment. Consultation with a licensed physician is required before medical support hypnotherapy services are provided.


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Our view: Connecting with police
The Midland Police Department is joining a national movement to better connect with the community by hosting Coffee with a Cop. During the event, community members can ask questions and learn more about the police department's work in the city of Midland.
The meeting has the potential to break down barriers between residents and police in a comfortable environment.
The majority of contacts officers have with the public occur during emergencies or other emotional situations.
"Those situations are not always the most effective times for relationship building with the community, and some community members may feel that officers are unapproachable on the street," the department stated in a news release.
The Midland Coffee with a Cop event will take place from 8-10 a.m. Thursday at Coffee Chaos, 6201 N. Jefferson Ave.
Coffee with a Cop is a national initiative supported by the Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Similar events are taking place across the country as local police departments strive to make lasting connections with the communities they serve.
Coffee with a Cop has the potential to help residents get to know officers at the Midland Police Department, and to help the department better serve people. We're hopeful that residents and the police department will find the event to be meaningful and more Coffee with a Cop sessions will be planned in the future.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's a scene all too familiar to police officers worldwide: they've responded to a domestic violence case, seen the bruises, gathered statements from the caller, the alleged abuser, the neighbours and the family. Then, days or even moments later, long before the case is due to come to court, the charges are dropped as the caller recants the testimony, saying it was all a lie, only reported to put the alleged abuser in trouble.
Note that word 'alleged'. In most countries, citizens are innocent until proven guilty, so that if a victim recants an allegation, the police can do nothing, not even when it happens again; and again.
Some spouses have recanted those 'trouble-making' claims until the day that their alleged abuser became their murderer.
However, the understanding that physical violence is just one facet of a coercive relationship is becoming better known. A scant few decades ago, most people would have expressed sympathy for a battered spouse, but believed that anyone who chooses to stay with an abuser is at fault for not simply leaving – and decidedly at fault for choosing to recant testimony that might have saved them from further abuse.
Of course, the very real fact is that the coerced domestic partner isn't staying on a capricious whim, or even out of complacency. Besides the very real financial and logistical hardships inherent in breaking up a household, the real reason a coerced spouse stays can be boiled down to one word: fear.
Those who use fear to control their domestic partners know how to wield the weapon well, sometimes so skilfully and subtly that only those held in the vice-grip of terror will even know that coercion is happening. And, sadly, even if everyone in the neighbourhood does know what is happening behind closed doors, the refutations of the coerced spouse have been, in the past, enough to bring the progress of any legal action against the abuser to a screeching halt.
Thankfully, in some countries at least, the tide is changing. Here at the Open Minds Foundation, we know that the levers and pulleys of undue influence are seen not only in the realm of large groups of spiritual prisoners like the Moonies, the Jehovah's Witnesses or even the massacred People's Temple commune at Jonestown: it can be seen in schools, in businesses – and even in the home, where the power dynamic is simplified to one leader and one follower. Sadly there are even people who call themselves 'counsellors' and abuse their clients.
Whether the people involved number two million or only two, the results can be just as deadly: consider the ill-fated followers of Jim Jones – who fiercely loved the man they called 'Father,' but were ultimately so frightened of him that husbands and wives dared not admit to each other that they wished to leave; and compare the level of undue influence to the case of a man so embarrassed by the real circumstances behind the bruises on his cheek that he will readily lie to friends, family, and even medical personnel, rather than admit to being a battered spouse. Because, as any Watchtower Pioneer, practicing Scientologist, or resident of North Korea can tell you: everything is just fine, and there is absolutely nothing coercive happening here.
And although the battered male faces extra challenges due to a lack of cultural awareness of the phenomenon (now, thankfully, changing for the better), the symptoms, the methods and the cause are ultimately the same – fear is used to control, and violence is only a single tool in the abuser's arsenal, and the fear of retribution all too real. As any police officer will tell you, it is often after the abused partner flees the relationship that the abuser will turn most violent, when, in terms of saving the relationship, there is nothing to lose. The fact that "If I can't have her, no one will" has become a cliché speaks volumes.
With the implementation of the UK's Coercive Control law, covered previously in this blog, the first arrests are trickling in, and, as the groundbreaking law addresses not the individual outbreaks of violent behaviour, but instead the overall atmosphere of terror-induced coercion, gaslighting, and fear-induced compliance inherent in the cycle of domestic abuse, the victim's recanting her – or his – story can be seen in its true light: as yet another symptom of the effects of undue influence.
In the UK the new Coercive Control law no longer requires a victim's complaint for a case to proceed to court. A 24-year-old man has been jailed for an assault on his 21-year-old girlfriend. On the night he was arrested, the man had slapped his girlfriend at a party and poured a can of beer over her head. He carried on beating the young woman until he burst her eardrum. Although the victim did not wish to press charges against her boyfriend, the new 'victimless prosecution' system was applied.
Police officer DCI Gadd told the press, 'The victim had stopped engaging with health services, stopped wearing makeup or doing her hair to prevent further paranoia and jealousy.' Judge Jeremy Richardson, QC, said, 'That crime unquestionably calls for an immediate custodial sentence.'
The case was brought in the Humberside district, where there were 15,749 domestic abuse calls to the police last year.
The Coercive Control Act does not simply apply to violence, and it is hoped that future prosecutions will focus on the emotional and psychological control exerted by bullies in all forms of relationship. The law might also be used to jail leaders of cults, gangs, slavers, terrorist groups and paedophiles. We hope to see similar legislation enacted and acted upon around the globe.
What do you think about this article? Do you agree? Do you have a story about domestic abuse or coercive control that you'd like to share? We'd love to hear from you!
Evan Stark, 'Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women'
Patricia Crittenden, 'Raising Parents'.


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I have a macro enabled file on my laptop, copied the same on to a Desktop; both of them have ODBC installed.
When I refresh the workbook on my Laptop it works, however, it fails on the Desktop giving me a ODBC error 1004.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Below is the code I used:
Sub RESFRESH2()
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationManual
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Dim mCOUNTER As String
mCOUNTER = 0
If mCOUNTER > 0 Then
Exit Sub
Call RefreshNOW
mCOUNTER = 1
Application.OnTime Now + TimeValue("00:00:05"), "TexttocolumnChat"
' Application.OnTime Now + TimeValue("00:00:14"), "agentdata"
End If
Range(Selection, Selection.End(xlDown)).Select
Application.Calculation = xlCalculationAutomatic
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Sub
message edited by Mohannew
Do you get any other text with this error? 1004 is very generic so cannot really help unless you give us the exact error message.


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Samsung to offer 1TB of storage as new chips roll out "Galaxy S10"
As our smartphones become more central to our digital lives, storage becomes more and more important. This week, Samsung is debuting the first 1TB storage chip designed for smartphones, and it's likely going to arrive in a coming Galaxy S10 model.
You'll soon be able to buy a smartphone with 1 TB of storage space built right in, as Samsung has announced it's working on 1 TB embedded Universal Flash Storage (eUFS) chips. We might even see it appear in the upcoming Samsung Galaxy S10, scheduled to appear on February 20.
The new 1 TB eUFS memory tech takes up no more physical space than Samsung's current 512 GB version, but doubles the amount of storage for photos, music, movies and more. It's enough space to store 260 movies lasting 10 minutes at a 4K resolution, Samsung says.
Another advantage of buying a phone with 1 TB of storage over popping in a memory card is speed: with maximum sequential read speeds of up to 1,000 MB/s, we're talking about access times that are much quicker than even the best microSD cards.
It's also an improvement on the 860 MB/s sequential read speeds of the 512 GB eUFS chip Samsung unveiled in November 2017.
Speed is one of the reasons the industry as a whole has moved away from fitting memory card slots into phones. Samsung is one of the few manufacturers that still gives consumers the choice, with the Apple iPhone and Google Pixel among the handsets that don't.
You may remember the Galaxy Note 9 offered 1 TB of storage – but in that case you had to pair a 512 GB memory card with the 512 GB storage model. This year it looks likely that you won't need that extra memory card to hit the 1 TB figure. If the option isn't available on the Galaxy S10 phones (due to launch February 20) then it should appear on the Galaxy Note 10 (due later in the year).
Samsung introduced its 128 GB eUFS chip only four years ago, which gives you some indication of the rate the technology is progressing. The tech is also going to be made available for other manufacturers to buy, if they want to take advantage of it.
The only downside is price: more internal memory is going to push the cost of your smartphone up significantly. At the time of writing the 512 GB Note 9 model will set you back US$1,149 direct from Samsung, and you can expect any 1 TB Galaxy phone to cost a significant amount more.
Still if you want all that storage right with you, and have the budget to afford it, you should have the option this year. Samsung also emphasized the benefit of having all that local, super-fast storage available when creating a "notebook-like user experience" on the phone – as it's tried to do with the Samsung DeX feature, where you can use a Galaxy phone to power a desktop-style interface.
Source: Samsung


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The Shelley Floral Trouser
Meet The Shelley Trouser!
Named after the boss babe of Garmatech, who manufactured this collection for us! This piece was her favourite of them all.
What we really wanted to accomplish was a trouser that was versatile, comfortable and something you'll want to reach for in your closet everyday. They were inspired by a pair that Nicola has owned for years, and can't go anywhere without getting multiple compliments.
Pants are tricky! And this was our first go with creating our own fit, which means there are tweaks to come. This specific cut runs a little bit smaller in the thighs and waistband and you may want to size up to get the looser trouser feel.
-Smaller fit in the thigh and you may have to do the little shimmy to get them on over your hip (you know, the trouser shimmy)
-Unlined, and specially selected pocket to avoid showing through
-Buttery polyester material
-Flat front with elastic waist at the back
-Elastic jogger cuff
100% Polyester
Machine wash cold, lay flat to dry
Model size & height indicated on their photo. Note that Sunayna & Kelsey sized up from their usual size.


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Show Visitors Click Here
Fall Home & Garden Exhibitors Click Here
Fall Craft Exhibitors
Click Here
October 15-17, 2021
Friday - 10a-6p
Saturday - 10a-6p
Sunday - 10a-6p
Adults – $9
Seniors (62+) – $7
Kids (6-12) – $3
Kids under 6 – FREE
Free Admission for Active Military, Police & Fire Employees with ID.
Quick Links
Purchase Tickets
Pet Policy - For the safety of our furry friends, we do not allow pets on leashes, unless they are certified service dogs. Small pets can be hand-carried.
From the South:
Balt. Beltway (695) to I-83 North. Exit 17 East to York Road. Right on York Road to entrance.
From the North:
I-83 South to Exit 17. Go East to York Road. Right on York Road to entrance.
If you need additional directions to the Fairgrounds, you may call us at (410) 863-1180
Ideas. Experts. Solutions.
Fall is when we spend more time with friends and family in our homes. With the holidays approaching, it is a great time to update, remodel, redecorate and landscape your home. This is an opportunity to see hundreds of contractors in one location and purchase hand-made crafts and gifts. There is something for everyone and many exhibitors are offering special show pricing. Don't miss it!


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Please contemplate upgrading to the newest version of your browser by clicking one of many following links. Based on IHS Markit, consumers are persevering with the pattern of holding onto their autos longer than ever. Lastly, experiments have been carried out using the proposed scanning system and actual automobiles. Lawn and backyard batteries: Though they usually aren't as massive as a car battery, lawnmowers and different lawn equipment have batteries that need to be changed periodically. The method builds on a community of fast Kinect sensors distributed across the object to collect shade and depth info over lateral panels of autos. The average age growth of the car fleet will carry new opportunity for the automotive aftermarket, the evaluation says. The NEV market in China is dominated by domestic brands together with BAIC, BYD, and JAC. These players do not concern themselves with bettering the quality of the vehicles themselves.
A BMW analysis workforce at the Watson IoT headquarters works so as to add cognitive intelligence to vehicles to reinforce the driving experience. The simulation of on-highway automotive autos is broadly reported in literature, whereas research regarding non-automotive and off-highway vehicles is relatively sparse. Restored to manufacturing, in a bit of more than a decade the plant was producing one-half of West Germany's motor autos and had established a robust position on the planet market. At A-1 Automotive we take satisfaction in our involvement in the automotive recycling industry.
Figure 20 shows a sample of 3D reconstruction outcomes obtained with the proposed methodology and a network of three Kinect sensors for the car depicted in Figure 1(b) This acquisition was performed over winter season in Canada ensuing within the vehicle's aspect panels being coated with grime and salt deposits from the street situations, which created numerous shades of green paint, gray soiled areas, and specular reflection spots from the overhead lighting present in the set up.
Efforts to enhance or exchange existing technologies embody the event of hybrid autos , plug-in electrical automobiles and hydrogen automobiles Vehicles utilizing alternative fuels equivalent to ethanol versatile-gasoline vehicles and natural fuel vehicles are additionally gaining recognition in some countries.
Determine sixteen reveals some results obtained after making use of the proposed method for half detection in shade photos collected from three Kinect sensors over different lateral sections of a car. This paper presents an method for the automatic detection and fast 3D profiling of lateral physique panels of automobiles. At Automotive Avenues, the one price we charge is a $389 documentation price, which covers the whole lot except sales tax, and registration costs. By 2030, the car market in New York will possible have far more in frequent with the market in Shanghai than with that of Kansas. Here at Automotive Avenues, we settle for trade-ins if you are seeking to do away with your current automobile and may even help you get pre-certified for financing when you find the automobile you need.


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Spirit Week and Egg decorating fundraiser!
Power School Guide
Guide for Power School Portal - Elementary - CLICK HERE
Spirit Week and Egg decorating fundraiser!
The Canstruction team has been getting Math-y. To build our designed structure we have estimated we will need: 2,00 small cans 1,500 medium cans 1,500 large cans
Want to have fun and support our Canstruction team? We're hosting a spirit week!
Show your spirit by bringing $2.00 or 2 cans for each day you participate next week!
Monday 30th PJ Day
Tuesday 31st Be like a can...wear your favorite logo Day
Wednesday 1st Twins Day
Thursday 2nd Sports Theme Day
Also to get egg-tra egg-cited for the beginning of spring break, we will be inviting students to come to the flex space at lunch recess to decorate eggs for $1.00 or a one can donation.
Monday, March 30th: Grade 1 Tuesday, March 31th: Grade 2
Wednesday, April 1st: Grade 3 Thursday, April 2nd: Division 2


text:
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Created on Nov 2nd 2010 02:45. Viewed 946 times.
Fred Mugone Health, Wellness, e-Business
Just recently joined the program. Waiting to see how things go
Nov 2nd 2010 07:08


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A teenage driver from Flint, Michigan, became a viral sensation this past week after she found a shirt tangled in her windshield wiper. She wrote online that she believes that it was an attempt to lure her out of her car.
Ashley Hardacre, 19, was leaving her job at a mall near Flint when she discovered that a stranger's shirt was wrapped around one of her windshield blades.
Like the mom who opened her front door and found a rubber band wrapped around the handle, Hardacre felt right away like there was something fishy about the unfamiliar piece of clothing.
It didn't seem likely that the fabric had just blown onto her car; it was deliberately wrapped around her windshield wiper. Fortunately, Hardacre trusted her gut.
Instead of getting out of the car, she immediately drove away with the cloth still on her wiper, then found a safe place to pull over and remove it. Hardacre got home and explained what happened to her mother.
Together, the two women concluded that the teen was right to trust her gut instinct. They suspect that the shirt was a trap.
Ashley Hardacre, a 19-year-old who lives and works in the Flint, Michigan, area, posted to Facebook in mid-February 2017 about a scary incident she had on her way home from a night shift working at the mall.
The post has since been removed from Facebook, but when it first went up, it immediately became a sensation.
It was shared more than 95,000 times by concerned citizens trying to warn friends and family about the dangers of finding a shirt or other piece of fabric attached to a windshield.
n the post, Ashley writes:
As some of you know I work at a store in the mall out in Flint.
I worked a closing shift tonight so me and the girls I work with always walk out together to make sure we are safe in the parking lot.
I got to my car and lock the doors behind me immediately as I always do.
[Then I] noticed there was a blue flannel shirt on my windshield.
There were two cars near me and one was running so I immediately felt uneasy and knew I could get out to get it off.
At first I thought maybe someone had just thrown it on my car for some odd reason.
I used my windshield wipers to try to get them off, but the shirt was completely wrapped around my wiper blade.


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Reviewed by GREG KING Director: Joe Wright Stars: Gary Oldman, Kristin Scott Thomas, Lily James, Ben Mendelsohn, Ronald Pickup, Stephen Dillane, Samuel West, Adrian Rawlings, David Strathairn. Joe Wright's Darkest Hour is the second high profile film this year to explore the controversial war time record of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who has been regarded as one of the greatest Britons ever in history. We first saw Brian Cox play him in Churchill, which was set around the lead up to the D-Day invasion of France, in which Churchill was consumed by Continue reading
Reviewed by GREG KING Director: Roger Goldby Stars: Pauline Collins, Joan Collins, Franco Nero, Ronald Pickup, Joely Richardson. This female buddy road movie is firmly aimed at the very same demographic who flocked to films like The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel and The Lady In The Van, although it's more doubtful that they will find that the title here lives up to its promise. The Time Of Their Lives promises much but proves to be a rather uneven and cliched road movie, a sort of geriatric Thelma And Louise, if you will. It's been Continue reading
Reviewed by GREG KING Director: John Madden Stars: Judi Dench, Maggie Smith, Dev Patel, Bill Nighy, Richard Gere, Ronald Pickup, Penelope Wilton, Celia Imrie, Tamsin Greig, Tena Desae, Lillet Dubey, David Strathairn, Diana Hardcastle, Shazad Latif. Is this the most ironically apt film title of the year? The original and life affirming Best Exotic Marigold Hotel was one of the surprise hits of 2012, so it's not surprising that the producers have had a second bite at the cherry with this obligatory sequel. But the film suffers from the usual fate of most Continue reading


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|Exampwe of vertebrates: a Siberian tiger (Tetrapoda), an Austrawian Lungfish (Osteichdyes), a Tiger shark (Chondrichdyes) and a River wamprey (Agnada).
|Scientific cwassification
J-B. Lamarck, 1801[3]
|Simpwified grouping (see text)
Ossea Batsch, 1788[3]
Vertebrates (/ˈvɜːrtəˌbrəts/) comprise aww species of animaws widin de subphywum Vertebrata (/-ə/) (chordates wif backbones). Vertebrates represent de overwhewming majority of de phywum Chordata, wif currentwy about 69,963 species described.[4] Vertebrates incwude such groups as de fowwowing:
- jawwess fishes
- jawed vertebrates, which incwude de cartiwaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish)
- tetrapods, which incwude amphibians, reptiwes, birds and mammaws
- bony fishes
Extant vertebrates range in size from de frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as wittwe as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to de bwue whawe, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up wess dan five percent of aww described animaw species; de rest are invertebrates, which wack vertebraw cowumns.
The vertebrates traditionawwy incwude de hagfish, which do not have proper vertebrae due to deir woss in evowution,[5] dough deir cwosest wiving rewatives, de wampreys, do.[6] Hagfish do, however, possess a cranium. For dis reason, de vertebrate subphywum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata" when discussing morphowogy. Mowecuwar anawysis since 1992 has suggested dat hagfish are most cwosewy rewated to wampreys,[7] and so awso are vertebrates in a monophywetic sense. Oders consider dem a sister group of vertebrates in de common taxon of craniata.[8]
The popuwations of vertebrates have dropped in de past 50 years[9].
The word vertebrate derives from de Latin word vertebratus (Pwiny), meaning joint of de spine.[10]
Vertebrate is derived from de word vertebra, which refers to any of de bones or segments of de spinaw cowumn.[11]
Anatomy and morphowogy[edit]
Aww vertebrates are buiwt awong de basic chordate body pwan: a stiff rod running drough de wengf of de animaw (vertebraw cowumn and/or notochord),[12] wif a howwow tube of nervous tissue (de spinaw cord) above it and de gastrointestinaw tract bewow.
In aww vertebrates, de mouf is found at, or right bewow, de anterior end of de animaw, whiwe de anus opens to de exterior before de end of de body. The remaining part of de body continuing after de anus forms a taiw wif vertebrae and spinaw cord, but no gut.[13]
Vertebraw cowumn[edit]
The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is de vertebraw cowumn, in which de notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in aww chordates has been repwaced by a segmented series of stiffer ewements (vertebrae) separated by mobiwe joints (intervertebraw discs, derived embryonicawwy and evowutionariwy from de notochord).
However, a few vertebrates have secondariwy wost dis anatomy, retaining de notochord into aduwdood, such as de sturgeon[14] and coewacanf. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages (fins or wegs, which may be secondariwy wost), but dis trait is not reqwired in order for an animaw to be a vertebrate.
Aww basaw vertebrates breade wif giwws. The giwws are carried right behind de head, bordering de posterior margins of a series of openings from de pharynx to de exterior. Each giww is supported by a cartiwagenous or bony giww arch.[15] The bony fish have dree pairs of arches, cartiwaginous fish have five to seven pairs, whiwe de primitive jawwess fish have seven, uh-hah-hah-hah. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches dan dis, as some of deir chordate rewatives have more dan 50 pairs of giwws.[13]
In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, de warvae bear externaw giwws, branching off from de giww arches.[16] These are reduced in aduwdood, deir function taken over by de giwws proper in fishes and by wungs in most amphibians. Some amphibians retain de externaw warvaw giwws in aduwdood, de compwex internaw giww system as seen in fish apparentwy being irrevocabwy wost very earwy in de evowution of tetrapods.[17]
Whiwe de more derived vertebrates wack giwws, de giww arches form during fetaw devewopment, and form de basis of essentiaw structures such as jaws, de dyroid gwand, de warynx, de cowumewwa (corresponding to de stapes in mammaws) and, in mammaws, de mawweus and incus.[13]
Centraw nervous system[edit]
The centraw nervous system of vertebrates is based on a howwow nerve cord running awong de wengf of de animaw. Of particuwar importance and uniqwe to vertebrates is de presence of neuraw crest cewws. These are progenitors of stem cewws, and criticaw to coordinating de functions of cewwuwar components.[18] Neuraw crest cewws migrate drough de body from de nerve cord during devewopment, and initiate de formation of neuraw gangwia and structures such as de jaws and skuww.[19][20][21]
The vertebrates are de onwy chordate group to exhibit cephawisation, de concentration of brain functions in de head. A swight swewwing of de anterior end of de nerve cord is found in de wancewet, a chordate, dough it wacks de eyes and oder compwex sense organs comparabwe to dose of vertebrates. Oder chordates do not show any trends towards cephawisation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[13]
A peripheraw nervous system branches out from de nerve cord to innervate de various systems. The front end of de nerve tube is expanded by a dickening of de wawws and expansion of de centraw canaw of spinaw cord into dree primary brain vesicwes: The prosencephawon (forebrain), mesencephawon (midbrain) and rhombencephawon (hindbrain), furder differentiated in de various vertebrate groups.[22] Two waterawwy pwaced eyes form around outgrowds from de midbrain, except in hagfish, dough dis may be a secondary woss.[23][24] The forebrain is weww-devewoped and subdivided in most tetrapods, whiwe de midbrain dominates in many fish and some sawamanders. Vesicwes of de forebrain are usuawwy paired, giving rise to hemispheres wike de cerebraw hemispheres in mammaws.[22]
The resuwting anatomy of de centraw nervous system, wif a singwe howwow nerve cord topped by a series of (often paired) vesicwes, is uniqwe to vertebrates. Aww invertebrates wif weww-devewoped brains, such as insects, spiders and sqwids, have a ventraw rader dan dorsaw system of gangwions, wif a spwit brain stem running on each side of de mouf or gut.[13]
Evowutionary history[edit]
First vertebrates[edit]
Vertebrates originated about 525 miwwion years ago during de Cambrian expwosion, which saw rise in organism diversity. The earwiest known vertebrate is bewieved to be de mywinofuwawe.[1] Anoder earwy vertebrate is Haikouichdys ercaicunensis. Unwike de oder fauna dat dominated de Cambrian, dese groups had de basic vertebrate body pwan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a weww-defined head and taiw.[25] Aww of dese earwy vertebrates wacked jaws in de common sense and rewied on fiwter feeding cwose to de seabed.[26] A vertebrate group of uncertain phywogeny, smaww eew-wike conodonts, are known from microfossiws of deir paired toof segments from de wate Cambrian to de end of de Triassic.[27]
From fish to amphibians[edit]
The first jawed vertebrates may have appeared in de wate Ordovician and became common in de Devonian, often known as de "Age of Fishes".[28] The two groups of bony fishes, de actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evowved and became common, uh-hah-hah-hah.[29] The Devonian awso saw de demise of virtuawwy aww jawwess fishes save for wampreys and hagfish, as weww as de Pwacodermi, a group of armoured fish dat dominated de entirety of dat period since de wate Siwurian. The Devonian awso saw de rise of de first wabyrindodonts, which was a transitionaw form between fishes and amphibians.
Mesozoic vertebrates[edit]
Amniotes branched from wabyrindodonts in de subseqwent Carboniferous period. The Parareptiwia and synapsid amniotes were common during de wate Paweozoic, whiwe diapsids became dominant during de Mesozoic. In de sea, de bony fishes became dominant. Birds, a derived form of dinosaur, evowved in de Jurassic.[30] The demise of de non-avian dinosaurs at de end of de Cretaceous awwowed for de expansion of mammaws, which had evowved from de derapsids, a group of synapsid amniotes, during de wate Triassic Period.
After de Mesozoic[edit]
The Cenozoic worwd has seen great diversification of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiwes, birds and mammaws.
Over hawf of aww wiving vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fish (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of wineages dat inhabit aww de worwd's aqwatic ecosystems, from snow minnows (Cypriniformes) in Himawayan wakes at ewevations over 4,600 metres (15,100 feet) to fwatfishes (order Pweuronectiformes) in de Chawwenger Deep, de deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). Fishes of myriad varieties are de main predators in most of de worwd's water bodies, bof freshwater and marine. The rest of de vertebrate species are tetrapods, a singwe wineage dat incwudes amphibians (wif roughwy 7,000 species); mammaws (wif approximatewy 5,500 species); and reptiwes and birds (wif about 20,000 species divided evenwy between de two cwasses). Tetrapods comprise de dominant megafauna of most terrestriaw environments and awso incwude many partiawwy or fuwwy aqwatic groups (e.g., sea snakes, penguins, cetaceans).
There are severaw ways of cwassifying animaws. Evowutionary systematics rewies on anatomy, physiowogy and evowutionary history, which is determined drough simiwarities in anatomy and, if possibwe, de genetics of organisms. Phywogenetic cwassification is based sowewy on phywogeny.[31] Evowutionary systematics gives an overview; phywogenetic systematics gives detaiw. The two systems are dus compwementary rader dan opposed.[32]
Traditionaw cwassification[edit]
Conventionaw cwassification has wiving vertebrates grouped into seven cwasses based on traditionaw interpretations of gross anatomicaw and physiowogicaw traits. This cwassification is de one most commonwy encountered in schoow textbooks, overviews, non-speciawist, and popuwar works. The extant vertebrates are:[13]
- Subphywum Vertebrata
- Cwass Agnada (jawwess fishes)
- Cwass Chondrichdyes (cartiwaginous fishes)
- Cwass Osteichdyes (bony fishes)
- Cwass Amphibia (amphibians)
- Cwass Reptiwia (reptiwes)
- Cwass Aves (birds)
- Cwass Mammawia (mammaws)
In addition to dese, dere are two cwasses of extinct armoured fishes, de Pwacodermi and de Acandodii.
Oder ways of cwassifying de vertebrates have been devised, particuwarwy wif emphasis on de phywogeny of earwy amphibians and reptiwes. An exampwe based on Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et aw. (2003), and Benton (2004)[33] is given here:
†: Extinct
- Subphywum Vertebrata
- Pawaeospondywus
- Supercwass Agnada or Cephawaspidomorphi (wampreys and oder jawwess fishes)
- Infraphywum Gnadostomata (vertebrates wif jaws)
- Cwass †Pwacodermi (extinct armoured fishes)
- Cwass Chondrichdyes (cartiwaginous fishes)
- Cwass †Acandodii (extinct spiny "sharks")
- Supercwass Osteichdyes (bony vertebrates)
- Cwass Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes)
- Cwass Sarcopterygii (wobe-finned fishes, incwuding de tetrapods)
- Supercwass Tetrapoda (four-wimbed vertebrates)
- Cwass Amphibia (amphibians, some ancestraw to de amniotes)—now a paraphywetic group
- Cwass Synapsida (mammaws and de extinct mammaw-wike reptiwes)
- Cwass Sauropsida (reptiwes and birds)
Whiwe dis traditionaw cwassification is orderwy, most of de groups are paraphywetic, i.e. do not contain aww descendants of de cwass's common ancestor.[33] For instance, descendants of de first reptiwes incwude modern reptiwes as weww as mammaws and birds; de agnadans have given rise to de jawed vertebrates; de bony fishes have given rise to de wand vertebrates; de traditionaw "amphibians" have given rise to de reptiwes (traditionawwy incwuding de synapsids or mammaw-wike "reptiwes"), which in turn have given rise to de mammaws and birds. Most scientists working wif vertebrates use a cwassification based purewy on phywogeny[citation needed], organized by deir known evowutionary history and sometimes disregarding de conventionaw interpretations of deir anatomy and physiowogy.
Phywogenetic rewationships[edit]
In phywogenetic taxonomy, de rewationships between animaws are not typicawwy divided into ranks but iwwustrated as a nested "famiwy tree" known as a phywogenetic tree. The one bewow is based on studies compiwed by Phiwippe Janvier and oders for de Tree of Life Web Project and Dewsuc et aw.[34][35] † denotes an entirewy extinct cwade.
Number of extant species[edit]
The number of described vertebrate species are spwit evenwy between tetrapods and fish. The fowwowing tabwe wists de number of described extant species for each vertebrate cwass as estimated in de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.[36]
|Vertebrate groups
|Estimated number of
described species[36]
so need to
in water
adapted to
on wand
|Totaw described species
The IUCN estimates dat 1,305,075 extant invertebrate species have been described,[36] which means dat wess dan 5% of de described animaw species in de worwd are vertebrates.
Vertebrate species databases[edit]
The fowwowing databases maintain (more or wess) up-to-date wists of vertebrate species:
- Fish: Fishbase
- Amphibians: Amphibiaweb
- Reptiwes: Reptiwe Database
- Birds: Avibase
- Mammaws: Mammaw species of de Worwd
Reproductive systems[edit]
Nearwy aww vertebrates undergo sexuaw reproduction. They produce hapwoid gametes by meiosis. The smawwer, motiwe gametes are spermatozoa and de warger, non-motiwe gametes are ova. These fuse by de process of fertiwisation to form dipwoid zygotes, which devewop into new individuaws.
During sexuaw reproduction, mating wif a cwose rewative (inbreeding) often weads to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is considered to be wargewy due to expression of deweterious recessive mutations.[37] The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species.
In severaw species of fish, inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success.[38][39][40]
Inbreeding was observed to increase juveniwe mortawity in 11 smaww animaw species.[41]
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between cwose rewatives (e.g. between hawf- and fuww sibwings).[42] This practice generawwy has a negative effect on measures of reproductive success, incwuding decreased witter size and puppy survivaw.[43][44][45]
Incestuous matings in birds resuwt in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (e.g. reduction in hatchabiwity of eggs and reduced progeny survivaw).[46][47][48]
Inbreeding avoidance[edit]
As a resuwt of de negative fitness conseqwences of inbreeding, vertebrate species have evowved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding.
Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described. Toads and many oder amphibians dispway breeding site fidewity. Individuaws dat return to nataw ponds to breed wiww wikewy encounter sibwings as potentiaw mates. Awdough incest is possibwe, Bufo americanus sibwings rarewy mate.[49] These toads wikewy recognize and activewy avoid cwose kin as mates. Advertisement vocawizations by mawes appear to serve as cues by which femawes recognize deir kin, uh-hah-hah-hah.[49]
Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms can awso operate subseqwent to copuwation. In guppies, a post-copuwatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of rivaw mawes for achieving fertiwization.[50] In competitions between sperm from an unrewated mawe and from a fuww sibwing mawe, a significant bias in paternity towards de unrewated mawe was observed.[50]
When femawe sand wizards mate wif two or more mawes, sperm competition widin de femawe's reproductive tract may occur. Active sewection of sperm by femawes appears to occur in a manner dat enhances femawe fitness.[51] On de basis of dis sewective process, de sperm of mawes dat are more distantwy rewated to de femawe are preferentiawwy used for fertiwization, rader dan de sperm of cwose rewatives.[51] This preference may enhance de fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression.
Mating wif unrewated or distantwy rewated members of de same species is generawwy dought to provide de advantage of masking deweterious recessive mutations in progeny[52] (see heterosis). Vertebrates have evowved numerous diverse mechanisms for avoiding cwose inbreeding and promoting outcrossing[53] (see inbreeding avoidance).
Outcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression has been especiawwy weww studied in birds. For instance, inbreeding depression occurs in de great tit (Parus major) when de offspring are produced as a resuwt of a mating between cwose rewatives. In naturaw popuwations of de great tit, inbreeding is avoided by dispersaw of individuaws from deir birdpwace, which reduces de chance of mating wif a cwose rewative.[54]
Purpwe-crowned fairywren femawes paired wif rewated mawes may undertake extra-pair matings dat can reduce de negative effects of inbreeding, despite ecowogicaw and demographic constraints.[48]
Soudern pied babbwers (Turdoides bicowor) appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways: drough dispersaw and by avoiding famiwiar group members as mates.[55] Awdough bof mawes and femawes disperse wocawwy, dey move outside de range where geneticawwy rewated individuaws are wikewy to be encountered. Widin deir group, individuaws onwy acqwire breeding positions when de opposite-sex breeder is unrewated.
Cooperative breeding in birds typicawwy occurs when offspring, usuawwy mawes, deway dispersaw from deir nataw group in order to remain wif de famiwy to hewp rear younger kin, uh-hah-hah-hah.[56] Femawe offspring rarewy stay at home, dispersing over distances dat awwow dem to breed independentwy or to join unrewated groups.
Pardenogenesis is a naturaw form of reproduction in which growf and devewopment of embryos occur widout fertiwization, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Reproduction in sqwamate reptiwes is ordinariwy sexuaw, wif mawes having a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes, and femawes a ZW pair. However, various species, incwuding de Cowombian Rainbow boa (Epicrates maurus), Agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead snake) and Agkistrodon piscivorus (cotton mouf snake) can awso reproduce by facuwtative pardenogenesis—dat is, dey are capabwe of switching from a sexuaw mode of reproduction to an asexuaw mode—resuwting in production of WW femawe progeny.[57][58] The WW femawes are wikewy produced by terminaw automixis.
Mowe sawamanders are an ancient (2.4–3.8 miwwion year-owd) unisexuaw vertebrate wineage.[59] In de powypwoid unisexuaw mowe sawamander femawes, a premeiotic endomitotic event doubwes de number of chromosomes. As a resuwt, de mature eggs produced subseqwent to de two meiotic divisions have de same pwoidy as de somatic cewws of de femawe sawamander. Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in dese unisexuaw femawes is dought to ordinariwy occur between identicaw sister chromosomes and occasionawwy between homowogous chromosomes. Thus wittwe, if any, genetic variation is produced. Recombination between homeowogous chromosomes occurs onwy rarewy, if at aww.[60] Since production of genetic variation is weak, at best, it is unwikewy to provide a benefit sufficient to account for de wong-term maintenance of meiosis in dese organisms.
The mangrove kiwwifish (Kryptowebias marmoratus) produces bof eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinewy reproduces by sewf-fertiwisation. This capacity has apparentwy persisted for at weast severaw hundred dousand years.[61] Each individuaw hermaphrodite normawwy fertiwizes itsewf drough uniting inside de fish's body of an egg and a sperm dat it has produced by an internaw organ, uh-hah-hah-hah.[62] In nature, dis mode of reproduction can yiewd highwy homozygous wines composed of individuaws so geneticawwy uniform as to be, in effect, identicaw to one anoder.[63][64] Awdough inbreeding, especiawwy in de extreme form of sewf-fertiwization, is ordinariwy regarded as detrimentaw because it weads to expression of deweterious recessive awwewes, sewf-fertiwization does provide de benefit of fertiwization assurance (reproductive assurance) at each generation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[63]
Popuwation trends[edit]
The Living Pwanet Index, fowwowing 16,704 popuwations of 4,005 species of vertebrates, shows a decwine of 60% between 1970 and 2014.[65] Since 1970, freshwater species decwined 83%, and tropicaw popuwations in Souf and Centraw America decwined 89%.[66] The audors note dat, "An average trend in popuwation change is not an average of totaw numbers of animaws wost."[66] According to WWF, dis couwd wead to a sixf major extinction event.[67] The five main causes of biodiversity woss are wand-use change, overexpwoitation of naturaw resources, cwimate change, powwution and invasive species.[68]
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- ^ a b Kingma, S.A.; Haww, M.L.; Peters, A. (2013). "Breeding synchronization faciwitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance". Behavioraw Ecowogy. 24 (6): 1390–1397. doi:10.1093/beheco/art078.
- ^ a b Wawdman, B.; Rice, J.E.; Honeycutt, R.L. (1992). "Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads". Am. Zoow. 32: 18–30. doi:10.1093/icb/32.1.18.
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, J.L.; Evans, J.P. (2014). "Postcopuwatory inbreeding avoidance in guppies" (PDF). J. Evow. Biow. 27 (12): 2585–94. doi:10.1111/jeb.12545. PMID 25387854.
- ^ a b Owsson, M.; Shine, R.; Madsen, T.; Guwwberg, A. Tegewström H (1997). "Sperm choice by femawes". Trends Ecow. Evow. 12 (11): 445–6. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(97)85751-5. PMID 21238151.
- ^ Bernstein, H.; Byerwy, H.C.; Hopf, F.A.; Michod, R.E. (1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and de evowution of sex". Science. 229 (4719): 1277–81. Bibcode:1985Sci...229.1277B. doi:10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363.
- ^ Pusey, A.; Wowf, M. (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animaws". Trends Ecow. Evow. 11 (5): 201–6. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8. PMID 21237809.
- ^ Szuwkin, M.; Shewdon, B.C. (2008). "Dispersaw as a means of inbreeding avoidance in a wiwd bird popuwation". Proc. Biow. Sci. 275 (1635): 703–11. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0989. PMC 2596843. PMID 18211876.
- ^ Newson-Fwower, M.J.; Hockey, P.A.; O'Ryan, C.; Ridwey, A.R. (2012). "Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: dispersaw dynamics in cooperativewy breeding soudern pied babbwers". J Anim Ecow. 81 (4): 876–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01983.x. PMID 22471769.
- ^ Riehw, C.; Stern, C.A. (2015). "How cooperativewy breeding birds identify rewatives and avoid incest: New insights into dispersaw and kin recognition". BioEssays. 37 (12): 1303–8. doi:10.1002/bies.201500120. PMID 26577076.
- ^ Boof, W.; Smif, C.F.; Eskridge, P.H.; Hoss, S.K.; Mendewson, J.R.; Schuett, G.W. (2012). "Facuwtative pardenogenesis discovered in wiwd vertebrates". Biow. Lett. 8 (6): 983–5. doi:10.1098/rsbw.2012.0666. PMC 3497136. PMID 22977071.
- ^ Boof, W.; Miwwion, L.; Reynowds, R.G.; Burghardt, G.M.; Vargo, E.L.; Schaw, C.; Tzika, A.C.; Schuett, G.W. (2011). "Consecutive virgin birds in de new worwd boid snake, de Cowombian rainbow Boa, Epicrates maurus". J. Hered. 102 (6): 759–63. doi:10.1093/jhered/esr080. PMID 21868391.
- ^ Bogart, J.P.; Bi, K.; Fu, J.; Nobwe, D.W.; Niedzwiecki, J. (February 2007). "Unisexuaw sawamanders (genus Ambystoma) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes". Genome. 50 (2): 119–36. doi:10.1139/g06-152. PMID 17546077.
- ^ Bi, K; Bogart, J.P. (Apriw 2010). "Probing de meiotic mechanism of intergenomic exchanges by genomic in situ hybridization on wampbrush chromosomes of unisexuaw Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata)". Chromosome Res. 18 (3): 371–82. doi:10.1007/s10577-010-9121-3. PMID 20358399. S2CID 2015354.
- ^ Tatarenkov, A.; Lima, S.M.; Taywor, D.S.; Avise, J.C. (25 August 2009). "Long-term retention of sewf-fertiwization in a fish cwade". Proc. Natw. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (34): 14456–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10614456T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907852106. PMC 2732792. PMID 19706532.
- ^ Sakakura, Yoshitaka; Soyano, Kiyoshi; Noakes, David L.G.; Hagiwara, Atsushi (2006). "Gonadaw morphowogy in de sewf-fertiwizing mangrove kiwwifish, Kryptowebias marmoratus". Ichdyowogicaw Research. 53 (4): 427–430. doi:10.1007/s10228-006-0362-2. hdw:10069/35713. S2CID 9474211.
- ^ a b Avise, J.C.; Tatarenkov, A. (13 November 2012). "Awward's argument versus Baker's contention for de adaptive significance of sewfing in a hermaphroditic fish". Proc. Natw. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (46): 18862–7. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918862A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217202109. PMC 3503157. PMID 23112206.
- ^ Earwey, R.L.; Hanninen, A.F.; Fuwwer, A.; Garcia, M.J.; Lee, E.A. (2012). "Phenotypic pwasticity and integration in de mangrove rivuwus (Kryptowebias marmoratus): a prospectus". Integr. Comp. Biow. 52 (6): 814–27. doi:10.1093/icb/ics118. PMC 3501102. PMID 22990587.
- ^ "Living Pwanet Report 2018 | WWF". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ a b Living Pwanet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher (PDF). 2018. ISBN 978-2-940529-90-2.
- ^ "WWF Finds Human Activity Is Decimating Wiwdwife Popuwations". Time. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Intergovernmentaw Science-Powicy Pwatform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES (25 November 2019). "Summary for powicymakers of de gwobaw assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services". doi:10.5281/zenodo.3553579. Cite journaw reqwires
- Kardong, Kennef V. (1998). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evowution (second ed.). USA: McGraw-Hiww. pp. 747 pp. ISBN 978-0-697-28654-3.
- "Vertebrata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
Externaw winks[edit]
|Wikispecies has information rewated to Vertebrata
- Tree of Life
- Tunicates and not cephawochordates are de cwosest wiving rewatives of vertebrates
- Vertebrate Pests chapter in United States Environmentaw Protection Agency and University of Fworida/Institute of Food and Agricuwturaw Sciences Nationaw Pubwic Heawf Pesticide Appwicator Training Manuaw
- The Vertebrates
- The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner, iBioSeminars, 2008.


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Reforestation recap time! We're happy to share the details of two recently completed projects in Africa thanks to your support.
33,000 Trees Planted in Ethiopia in Record-Breaking Planting Effort
You have probably already heard, but good news deserves to be shared more than once. In July 2019, Ethiopia attempted and succeeded in breaking the world record for most trees planted in a single day. In just 12 short hours on July 30th, millions of Ethiopians were able to plant more than 350 million trees, felling India's 2017 record of 200 million!
One Tree Planted's contribution was but a mere 1/1000th of the total number of trees planted, but 33,000 trees can make a huge impact.
Historically, 30% of Ethiopia was covered by forests, but today only 4% of the country's forest coverage remains. Agriculture and rearing of livestock over the last century is largely to blame for the widespread deforestation.
In more recent years, Ethiopians have made a concerted effort to curtail the loss of forests. A community based approach has proven effective, getting forest dependent communities on board with sustainable forest management in an attempt to reduce clear-cutting. Ethiopia has also implemented the "Green Legacy" initiative to plant more than 4 billion trees across the country and change people's attitude towards environmental degradation.
One Tree Planted did our part in Amhara, where our partners work to lower poverty levels and improve environmental conditions in the region by protecting its natural resources.
Planting trees in Amhara will go a long way to protect and improve the lives of nearby communities. Aside from the ecological impacts of creating wildlife habitat and carbon sequestration, these trees will help reduce erosion and flooding, while improving water supplies.
Trees also benefit farmers and livestock as they retain ground water and provide shade to allow plants to grow on the forest floor. Not only can these plants be grazed by livestock, they also contribute to soil health, ensuring there are sufficient nutrients for optimal growth of the trees and other forest crops.
25,000 Trees Planted in Ghana with Local Communities
Our planting efforts have come to Ghana in 2019 as well! Planting wrapped up at the end of August and, thanks to your support, One Tree Planted was able to plant 25,000 trees in the Tongo Hills of northern Ghana with lots of participation from local communities.
Partnering with the Ghanian Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and some 300 volunteers, we started planting trees in the Yameriga community. The goal of this project is to improve vegetal cover and land productivity in degraded areas. Reforestation will also help to slow down run-off from the hillsides to reduce erosion and siltation, enhance soil microbial diversity and carbon sequestration (above and below ground), and increase overall biodiversity in nature.
Perhaps most importantly, the newly planted trees will help improve local water supplies. By capturing, retaining, and slowing the flow of water over the ground, trees improve the hydrological function of watersheds. For the people of Yameriga, this means a more predictable flow of higher quality water.
Going beyond just planting trees, the EPA is also educating, training, and empowering nearby communities with knowledge of sustainable forestry and agricultural practices. Giving communities the tools they need to sustainably manage forest resources will help maintain the trees and, hopefully, reduce and eliminate deforestation so the trees' benefits can be felt for generations to come.
A Little Background on Forests in Ghana
Tree planting in Ghana is particularly important these days as deforestation in the West African nation has reached all time highs. Approximately 80% of Ghana's population rely on resources from forests and healthy environments to maintain farming for local food supplies. But desertification, mining operations (both legal and illegal), the timber industry, and a growing cocoa industry means large swaths of Ghana's forests have been devastated, which has further impacts in young people leaving farming communities and contributing to urban sprawl.
According to Ghana's Forest Ministry in 2016, the country has lost 80% of state-managed forest resources to illegal logging. And there hasn't been much of an improvement since; from 2017-2018, Ghana saw a 60% increase in primary forest loss alone, the highest in the world. To help combat this, the Ghanian government has pledged to eliminate deforestation from its cocoa supply chain, as well as plant over 30 million trees!
The northern communities of Ghana are particularly hard-hit by deforestation. As the trees are cut down the Sahara desert starts to spread further south. With less and less vegetal coverage, formerly productive agricultural soils have been replaced with sand. On top of making it much more difficult to grow crops and feed the community, the encroaching desert also makes erosion more common and reduces the quantity and quality of water supplies.
That's why planting trees here is so important! Ensuring that the forest remains strong will help stave off the Sahara and play a role in restoring soil health while enhancing the lives of people. Once mature, trees will be able to hold on to the soil with their roots, reducing erosion and allowing for other native plant species to take root, putting into effect a positive regenerative feedback loop.
Though planting in Ethiopia and Ghana has mostly wrapped up for the year, we will continue to have projects in the two countries and other African nations very soon. Be sure to check out all of our projects in Africa for more information on how you can make an impact!
We plant trees in 4 regions around the world. Want to choose where yours are planted?
by Joseph Coppolino


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Learn watercolor and gouache at home from your favorite artists!
The Watercolor Summit 2.0 was originally slated for August. Travel interruptions due to the Coronavirus have delayed some of our filming schedule, so we're releasing seven completed lessons NOW, and the remaining final lesson is scheduled to be released in Fall 2020.
"I was nervous about taking the Summit because I was fairly new to watercolor and thought I couldn't keep up. I was very pleasantly surprised! This was the first online class I've taken, comparing it to a class I've taken here [locally] I honestly feel like I was getting more one on one attention with the Summit. The teachers were very organized, explained every step very well, and were very encouraging. I also liked that they shared their knowledge of supplies, brushes, paper, paints etc etc.
I can look at work I did a year ago and work I did from the Summit and I'm amazed at how far I've come using the techniques I've learned. Everything from making a palette to brush strokes. I paint totally differently now.
I have told other friends about the Summit and they would be interested in taking it......and I would take it again should other topics and examples or more advanced classes be offered......I am an expert now you know.... LOL....but will always keep learning!
- Cindy M."
These seven lessons are available as Phase 1. They will be released every other day starting as soon as you enroll!
Learn how to use gouache to its full potential! In this beginner's class, Emma shares what tools you need to achieve the right consistency with your paints and create proper brushstrokes. You'll also learn how to mix skin tones, and how to apply all of these skills to create a simple portrait like the ones Emma is known for!
Length: 2 hours
Overcome your fear of mixing watercolor and gouache with this unique class from Sarah! Full of fun exercises and mini-projects to stretch your creativity, you'll play with floral line art, botanical patterns, and wreaths to really get acquainted with what these two mediums can do together!
Get the best of both worlds with this class on combining watercolor and gouache into a simple landscape. Known for his signature clouds and moody mountain scenes, Caleb will show you how to create your own landscapes with watercolor and gouache, along with tricks for working with both mediums and ideas for unique and creatively-shaped projects.
Length: 1 hour 20 minutes
Known for her wildly colorful pet portraits, Shaunna will show you how to push your color boundaries, from picking colors that look good together, to using unconventional colors to convey shadow and light. She'll also share how to use a reference photo and how to apply these techniques to a "big cat" portrait!
Length: 2 hours
Learn how to paint a bright and colorful desert landscape in gouache! Known for her big skies and bold colors, Andrea will show you how to mix and prepare your colors, exercises to perfect your brush techniques, and the importance of underpainting. Wrap-up by painting a gorgeous desert scene you'll be proud to put on your wall!
Length: 2 hours 40 minutes
Have you ever wanted to create a realistic looking animal with watercolors? In Kristina's class, you'll learn how to use paint to convey shadow and light, sheen, depth, and dimension, and apply these skills to a beautifully realistic giraffe.
Length: 3 hours 20 minutes
Do you have trouble combining greens? Known for his lush gouache landscapes full of dimension and depth, Justin will show you how to push the color spectrum from blue to yellow to create greenery and landscapes that make your eyes happy. He'll also share his tips for painting plein air!
Length: 1 hour 34 minutes
The following lesson is scheduled to be released in Fall 2020.
Do you love the look of bold, opaque florals, but don't want to mess with oil paints? From proper brushstrokes to layering techniques, Drew shows you how to use gouache to create beautiful flowers and leaves with an organic shape, a velvety matte texture, and tons of depth!
We use a professional production team so each video lesson is beautifully filmed, with superb audio quality and multiple camera angles so you can clearly see what's being taught. No amateur instructor uploads, and no high-speed time-lapses where you can't see what happened. If you missed something, just hit rewind or pause!
Real-time, professionally-filmed HD video lessons broken into handy chapters. Each lesson is 1-3 hours long and comes with its own printable handouts and images to trace, and each video will have English subtitles.
More than just instructional videos, we take you behind the scenes to the hometown places, people, and pets that keep your instructors inspired with our exclusive "Meet the Artist" video segments!
Attend two Q&A sessions at the end of the Summit and get answers to your questions LIVE! You've never seen all of these artists all in one place like this!
This is pure watercolor gold. Get a list of the exact tools and paint colors each instructor uses in their lesson. We also include a "Just the Basics" supply list that's affordable and flexible.
Our encouraging and friendly private Facebook group is a great place to share your progress, ask questions, get advice, and stay inspired!
Choose the enrollment option that works best for you.
Includes all classes from Watercolor Summit 2.0 (released in two phases)
Includes all classes from Watercolor Summit 2.0 (released in two phases)
Unlike Skillshare or other membership sites, you don't lose access to your lessons once you stop paying. Just pay once, and you own your lessons forever. You can also download them to your computer or external hard drive (no special app required).
Yes! See the pricing section above to enroll in the Watercolor Summit 2.0 for 3 monthly payments of $99.
The Watercolor Summit 2.0: Gouache Edition is all online and will be released in two phases: five weekly lessons starting as soon as you enroll, and three weekly lessons in Fall 2020.
Your video lessons never expire. You own them forever and you can watch them as many times as you need to. You can even download the lessons if you know you'll be somewhere with a slow or non-existent internet connection.
Yes! Click here to purchase the Watercolor Summit Bundle for a one-time payment of just $428, saving $50 off the regular individual prices, or as an installment plan, with three monthly payments of $168.
No; each Summit is structured to stand on its own. Each one starts with more beginner-friendly classes and gets progressively more difficult, helping you grow your skills exponentially while skyrocketing your confidence.
Due to the digital nature of our content, we cannot offer refunds.
Each video lesson is between 1 and 3 hours in length, broken up into manageable chapters that you can mark as "complete" in your custom student portal.
Yes! You can use your computer, tablet, or even your phone to watch the video lessons - as long as you have a web browser, you can log in to your student portal to access the videos.
Yes! While every lesson is in English, sometimes reading English is easier than listening to it. Each instructional video comes with English subtitles (in WCS 2.0) or written transcripts (in WCS 1.0), so you can follow along while watching.
Yes. The supply list will share the colors, brands, and tools used in each lesson, as well as a "Just the Basics" condensed supply list if funds are tight.
"I've only watched the first [class] and I can already tell that this was worth investing in."
"I framed this piece I did from #watercolorsummitday3 today. It feels so official 😂 I do love the way it looks in a frame, and it makes me really proud of how much I've learned so far. Watercolor is really such a magical medium. I'm totally obsessed."
Enrollment closes soon - join us now and learn to paint in ways you never thought possible!
Complete the form below to get notified about each new release during our Watercolor Summit Preview Month!


text: Jury chairs named: Namita Mediratta, Unilever | Christine Xu, McDonald's | China Fernando Machado, Burger King | Dan Burdett, eBayLONDON, Oct 30, 2018 - (ACN Newswire) - The WARC Awards 2019, an annual international case-study competition in search of the smartest campaigns that best use emerging marketing disciplines, is now open for entries.Organised by WARC, the global authority on advertising and media effectiveness, the WARC Awards are free to enter and are open to submissions from any country and communications discipline. Work can be entered into four categories, each one with its own high-calibre judging panel and set of Special Awards.Effective Content Strategy, which rewards branded content strategies that can demonstrate a business outcome, will be chaired by Namita Mediratta, Global CMI Director, Content Centre of Excellence, Unilever. Namita is responsible for leading a worldwide network of insights professionals and associated partners, tasked with raising the bar on content creation at Unilever.Commenting on her chairing role, Namita Mediratta says:"WARC stands for credible, evidence-backed stories. As part of these Awards, we want people to look at this body of winning cases and be inspired, energised, and raring to drive fresh thinking in their own workplace."Effective Social Strategy, a search for the most effective campaigns that link social strategy to business success, will be chaired by Christine Xu, Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer, McDonald's China.The fast food retailer netted the Grand Prix in this category earlier this year through a campaign via BBDO China that supported young people during Chinese exam season. The Effective Use of Brand Purpose category is for marketing initiatives that have successfully embraced a brand purpose and achieved commercial success as well as a benefit for a wider community. This category will be chaired by Fernando Machado, Global CMO, Burger King, whose focus is infusing the brand with purpose, modernising the design, and inspiring the organisation around brand development.Effective Innovation recognises innovative thinking that has transformed a business or disrupted category conventions to deliver tangible results. Dan Burdett, Chief Marketing Innovation Officer EMEA, eBay has been appointed jury chair. Dan is a FMCG and direct-to-consumer senior leader with marketing, commercial and general management experience.Lucy Aitken, Managing Editor, Case Studies, WARC, comments: "In an industry under disruption, winning a WARC Award signifies innovative marketing techniques and business results."We look forward to working with our esteemed jury chairs as we search for next-generation marketing effectiveness that will lead the industry forward."There is a $40,000 prize fund for the winning papers, spread across the four categories. The top entries will be awarded Gold, Silver and Bronze awards. The Grand Prix for the best overall paper in each category will receive $7,000 and three Special Awards in each category, recognising specific areas of excellence, will be presented with $1,000.Visit www.warc.com/warcawards.prize for more information and how to enter the WARC Awards. Entry deadline is 19 February 2019.About WARC - Your global authority on advertising and media effectivenesswarc.com is an online service offering advertising best practice, evidence, insights and data from the world's leading brands. WARC helps clients grow their businesses by using proven approaches to maximise advertising effectiveness. WARC's clients include the world's largest advertising and media agencies, research companies, advertisers, market analysts and academics. WARC runs two global and two regional case study competitions: WARC Awards, WARC Media Awards, WARC Prize for Asian Strategy and WARC Prize for MENA Strategy.WARC publishes three global rankings of advertising excellence: Gunn 100 (creativity), WARC 100 (effectiveness), Gunn Media 100 (media innovation) and publishes leading journals including Admap, Market Leader, the Journal of Advertising Research and the International Journal of the Market Research Society. In addition to its own content, WARC features advertising case studies and best practices from more than 50 respected industry sources, including ARF, Effies, Cannes Lions, ESOMAR and IPA. Founded in 1985, WARC has offices in the UK, U.S. and Singapore. In June 2018 WARC was acquired by Ascential plc, the global specialist information company.Contact:Amanda Benfell PR Manager +44 20 7467 8125 email@example.com Copyright 2018 ACN Newswire. All rights reserved. www.acnnewswire.com


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In the same way he did every morning, he smoothed over his pillow and tucked it under the bedspread while he propped the other pillow against the headboard and left one corner of the sheet folded over. In case she ever found her way there, he wanted her to know it was okay to slip … Continue reading Daffodil
Tag: flash fiction
Final Approach
If I weren't a ghost, you would see me. You would know there is more for you than the wind tossing you through an endless sky and thunder cracking the darkness while shards of lightning sizzle all around you. You would know there is more than just the lonely drone of your engine and the … Continue reading Final Approach


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If you're looking for Christmas gift ideas and inspiration for craft obsessed friends and family, then this Christmas gift guide is for you. I have … [Read more...]
Woburn Center Parcs – A Family Break
As a busy, modern family we don't get an opportunity to get away together very often. In fact this was our first break away as a family unit just Me, … [Read more...]


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ARLINGTON, Texas — A dose of good news came out of Brandon Marshall's Giants debut: It can't get any worse.
His first game in blue was a forgettable, dismal evening. His new team got bulldozed, thoroughly outplayed by a 19-3 result that didn't accurately describe the uneven nature of the Cowboys' victory. He went nearly the entire game without a catch for the first time since his rookie season in 2006.
"When the opportunities come, I'll be ready for them," the former Jets receiver said, the only time he chose to talk about his own struggles and not the team's. "But the only thing that matters is that 'W,' and we didn't get it tonight."
With star wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. (ankle) unable to go, Marshall didn't just fail to pick up the slack. He was virtually invisible the entire evening against a nameless secondary lacking a shutdown cornerback. He was targeted just four times, and his lone catch, a 10-yard reception, came in garbage time. He also let a third-down pass go off his hands early in the fourth quarter with the ball near midfield and the Giants trying to cut into a 13-point deficit.
"We just didn't have any plays, especially in the first half," quarterback Eli Manning said. "He's a weapon. We got to find a way to get him the ball."
When the Giants signed Marshall in March to a two-year, $12 million deal, they felt like they upgraded their receiving corps, bringing in a six-time Pro Bowl selection who has caught 100 passes in a year six times. But clearly, his chemistry with Manning needs a lot of work after the two worked so little together during the preseason.Afterward, Marshall made a point of not talking about his own struggles, discussing the loss from a team standpoint. He said he isn't worried about individual accomplishments. He pointed out solid contributions from wide receiver Sterling Shepard and rookie tight end Evan Engram and repeatedly stressed the season opener was just a bad start, nothing more.
"Our offense isn't about one player," Marshall said. "We work as a team, and there's going to be games where one guy gets more [chances] than another, or we may game plan [a certain way], because it is a better matchup.
"Today was a game where offensively we didn't function as a unit and play complementary football. We got to get better at that."


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at the Hefzibah Community Center in Netanya with the attendance of over 50 donors, together with the ESRA board and management staff and representatives from almost every ESRA branch throughout the country.
This annual event is always moving and exciting, both for the donors and the recipients of the scholarships and this year was no exception. Nineteen students of higher education received checks and their certificates from the donors, donor's families and representatives of the ESRA branches who have set aside funds to support these scholarships.


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According to sources online (eg HyperPhysics) the electric field strength around a point charge is $$E=k\frac{Q}{r^2}$$ This must means that the further you get away, the electric field should decrease with the square of the radius right?
But when these charges are placed into parallel plates somehow these will produce a uniform electric field? How I currently understand the physics can be summarized in the graph below of the electric field strength vs distance (Red and black lines are the electric field strengths of each plate and the blue is the resultant).
It seems pretty clear this wouldn't be a uniform electric field. What happens such that the electric field strength is changed into a uniform field? I initially thought integration, but wouldn't that still give an inverse relationship?
In response to the proposed duplicate, my question is concerning 2 plates where as the other is about one plate (however, I can't really decipher what is being asked in the other question)


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The team and I are excited to introduce the new TouchPoint newsletter designed to help your church maximize your ministry through the platform. The "TouchPoint Minute" will share the latest happening here at TouchPoint. You will find product updates, new features, training and enablement resources, and more. We hope you enjoy it! Our door is always open to feedback, so please let us know how we can best serve you and provide the resources needed for success.
In Christ,
Ross Miller
New Features
- Send Leaders Attendance Reminders: Leaders of your classes and other organizations can receive texts or emails with a link for taking attendance shortly before the beginning of the next meeting.
- Vital Stats Graphs: Quickly access graphs to compare the current year with the previous year for contributions and attendance. The graphs can also be customized for an ad hoc look at specified groups of funds and organizations.
- Pushpay Integration: Now your Pushpay transactions can be automatically uploaded into your TouchPoint database nightly.
- SMS Limit Increased to 1600 Characters: We increased the character limit of texts from 160 to 1600. This was a small and simple change, but important to some of our clients!
Have questions about any of these new features? Feel free to send in a support ticket in TouchPoint and we'll be happy to explain.
Tips & Tricks
Did you know you can perform a quick Database Audit to ensure you're maintaining relevant information on your congregants? For example, I can use the Basic Search (People Menu > Find People > Basic Search) to filter for those who are Members of our church and whose marital status is Unknown.
Resources to Use and Share
- Year-End Giving for Executive Pastor | A Remote Roundtable: Last month we sat down with leaders from Bellevue Baptist Church, Fielder Church, and Cross Church to discuss year-end giving best practices. Watch the webinar replay here, and don't forget to share with your fellow friends in ministry.
Come See Us!
- XP Seminar | Dallas, Texas | February 20-21: Will you be attending the XP Seminar in Dallas? We'll be at the conference and would love to meet up! Let us know you'll be there.
- CEEP Conference | Boston, Massachusetts | February 20: Andrew Triplett will be representing TouchPoint to our friends in the Episcopal church. Swing by our booth and say hi!
- Texas Ministry Conference | Houston, Texas | February 21: TouchPoint will have a booth in the expo and will be presenting two workshops. If you'll be in Houston, holler at us!


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How to create a Compute Security Group Template in order to create a successful Compute Security Group.
Create Compute Security Group Template
- Navigate to cmdb_ci_security_grp_template_list.do
- Click New, the Template form will appear
- Fill in the details and submit.
- Object ID: Any random numeric value
- Name: Your preferred name
- Once submitted it will create a Compute Security Group Template, but, every template should be associated with 1 or more template rules.
Note: Configuring this rule is very important, every rule contains its own network method either Public or Private, Based on the rules the Compute Security Group would provision the VMs with subnets and security.
Example: A blueprint contains a VM with Application and another VM with Database and the requirement is to have Application VM network should be Public and Database VM should be Private, to achieve this configuration,
it needs a Compute Security Group Templates with rule Private and another with rule Public, so post provisioning the Catalog with the required configuration it would create Subnets according to the rules associated.
Create a Compute Security Group Rule for the Template
- Navigate to sn_cmp_sec_grp_rule_template_list.do
- Once the page is opened, Click New
- Fill in the details and Submit:
- CIDR Range: Available range (example: 0.0.0.0/0)
- IP Protocol: Choose according to requirement (TCP/UDP/ICMP)
- From Port: Choose port according to the Application or requirement (eg: 443)
- Is Outbound: 0
- Name: Your preferred name
- Network Type: Choose according to requirement (Public/Private)
- To Port: Needs to be the same as in the Port field (eg: 443)
- CSG Template: Assign an available required CSG template
- Repeat the same from the start to create Compute Security Group templates with Private/Public rules.


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France Event Staffing, Hostess Agency & Promotional Staffing Agency
Bonjour Hôtesses is a leading France-based event staffing agency: book hostesses, conference staff, promotional and event staff, guides, supervisors and tour leaders everywhere in France.
We provide highly trained, professional and experimented staff for conferences, trade shows and many types of events: cultural or sport events, galas, private parties, or business tourism. We work with French and worldwide event organisers, for multinational and international brands across the new technologies, IT, fintech, fashion, luxury, yachting and automotive industries.
Our multilingual agency follows all French employment laws and legislation. We offer an efficient, organised solution for all France based event staffing.
Our Clients
Feedback from our clients
Thank you for your service during Cannes Yachting Festival 2018. It was a pleasure to collaborate with your team!
We are so happy with the girls. They were amazing, best we have had. We had to order more badges they were so good. Thanks for your help.
We were very happy with the service and the hostesses professionalism! Thank you and we look forward to working together again in the future.
Thank you both for your hard work and dedication! Your suggestions and promotion strategies were definitely a driving factor for a successful event!
We were very satisfied with your collaboration, and will for sure use your expertise if we'll need it any other time.
Thank you for providing such a great team, they worked so well and fitted in with the brand perfectly.
Thank you for your services at the event last week. Your staff were a fantastic asset to our work, professional and super capable on the floor interacting with the clients and significantly to our sales.
Our Services
Grid Girls
Bonjour Hotesses Grid Girls are available for booking at motorsport, Race & VIP events in France
Airport Staff
Legally employed airport staff for regional and international airports in France
Promotional Models
Promotional and Event available for brand, promotional and event bookings across France
Promotion Staff
Effective and easy to book solution for brands who require the visibility in France
Conference Staff
Bonjour Hotesses Conference Staff available for booking at events and conferences across France.
Event Staff
Bonjour Hôtesses provides engaging and legally employed event, promotion and experiential staff everywhere in France.
Contact Us
Bonjour Hôtesses have an extensive database of exhibition staff, sales staff, promotion staff and hostesses across France.
Please complete the contact form below with the dates, times and the services you require and we will reply with a price and profile examples ASAP.
Alternatively please call or send us an email directly: [email protected]
Office: +33 (0)6 12 21 76 72


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Did you know that you could shop on our www.chainreactioncycles.com/us/en website?
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Giro's Republic R Knit Road Shoes prove that it's not just the racer boys that get the good stuff, these great all-rounders get a super light Xnetic Knit upper and stiff two bolt sole so you can take your biking adventures to gravel and tarmac and everything in between.
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Christian Articles for All of your Publishing Needs!
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Your Cheatin' Heart
by PamFord Davis
2/18/2010 / Devotionals
The breaking of marriage vows gives writer's material for bar room classic tunes, tabloids, romance novels and box-office success. Behind the scenes it breaks down trust and destroys families. An unfaithful spouse leaves wounds that time alone can not heal. Cheating on an exam breaks the rules. Cheating on your mate breaks the marriage covenant.
God often uses real people to demonstrate spiritual truth. He chose the prophet Hosea to teach us about our unfaithfulness to Jehovah God. Hosea married a woman with a cheatin' heart. God's people turn away from Him, and like a fickle wife give love and affection to others. "People of Israel and Judah, what can I do with you? Your love for me disappears more quickly than mist or dew at sunrise (Hosea 6:4 CEV)." The Lord draws us back with His faithful love. "Israel, you have rejected me, but my anger is gone; I will heal you and love you without limit. I will be like the dew- then you will blossom like lilies and have roots like a tree (Hosea 14:4-5 CEV)." He forgives and restores broken relationships. Renew your vows and begin again.
Devotionals are her first love in writing. Published articles in Mature Living Magazine, Devotions for the Deaf, The Secret Place, Light from the Word, Coosa Journal, With God Daily, Mary Hollingsworth's The One Year Devotional of Joy and Laughter. http://www.pamforddavis.com
Article Source: http://www.faithwriters.com-CHRISTIAN WRITERS
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An exciting and creative cooking experience with the host "Charlotte" who takes viewers on a culinary journey.
"Cooking with Charlotte" is an inspiring culinary exploration into the wonderful world of chicken dishes. This series is founded upon three basic fundamentals of life: fresh, flavorful and fun, which are the common threads intertwining each episode.
These chicken recipes are prepared and presented using tried and tested techniques. Along with essential tips and tricks stemming from timeless traditions, this cooking show is for all audiences to personally discover how many delicious dishes they can make with chicken!
Our anchors warm and welcoming ways in the kitchen lends a vibrant quality to the fresh, flavorful food she shares.
In each 4 Min. episode, we demystify seemingly difficult to cook chicken dishes while encouraging audiences to make and master these distinctive and delicious dishes to palate perfection.
Year of Production: 2016
Number of Episodes: 26
PRESENTER: Betty Bandika | DIRECTOR: Shane Knock | PRODUCER: Shane Knock


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