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NOTICE: Many events listed here have been canceled or postponed due to the Covid-19 emergency. It is best to call ahead or check with organizer's websites to verify the status of any local event.
Revel In Our Members' Wealth Of Knowledge
We are excited to continue our semi-monthly Lunch and Learn, a time for our wonderful coworking members to share their wisdom while we gather for a community meal. At each session, one of our members leads a discussion about a particular area of his or her expertise, and we all then have the opportunity to ask questions and engage in meaningful conversation. Topics vary widely, in alignment with the diverse skill set of our members, and may include: technology, data analysis, literature, environmental sustainability, education, emotional healing, conscious marketing and more.
Every second and fourth Tuesday of the month from 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM
This event is free to attend.
Please bring your own lunch. A substantial side dish will be offered.
RSVP requested.
The series begins again on February 11th with author and daytime member Allison Gilbert. Allison is an Emmy award-winning journalist and one of the most thought-provoking and influential writers on grief and resilience. Her books include Passed and Present: Keeping Memories of Loved Ones Alive; Parentless Parents: How the Loss of Our Mothers and Fathers Impacts the Way We Raise Our Children and Always Too Soon: Voices of Support for Those Who Have Lost Both Parents. She is also co-editor of Covering Catastrophe: Broadcast Journalists Report September 11, the definitive historical record of how broadcast journalists covered that tragic day. The landmark book was turned into a documentary by the U.S. State Department and distributed to embassies and consulates around the world. A journalist who herself was almost killed on the job on September 11th, Allison is the official narrator of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum's core historical exhibition audio tour.
Cost: Free - RSVP Required
Categories: Education
This event repeats every 2 weeks on Tuesdays until June 23, 2020:
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The Philly Modern Quilt Guild had its first sewing night of the New Year on Friday, January 27, 2012. Several of us spent the evening sewing, chatting and shopping at Cloth and Bobbin in Narberth. Thanks to Johanna for inviting us!
Anna spent the evening hand sewing 2 quilts. She's sewing the binding on her Central Park quilt.
Eileen hand sewing and Danette piecing using cool shades of blue, gray and green. That's Johanna in the back sitting at the desk!
Angie worked on a star quilt.
We loved her color choice!
Janet plugged away at a jelly roll quilt blocks, but she didn't use a jelly roll, she used fabric from her stash!
Sher worked on finishing one of the T-Shirt quilts she made for her children.
And of course the photographer didn't take pictures of her own work! Michelle worked on ½ square triangles for a Kate Spain Central Park quilt, then a little free motion practice.

subset: commoncrawl


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CLICK HERE for The Top-Rated & Best-Selling Health and Personal Care Products
Two Respiratory Diseases Common to Ducks
Ducks of all ages and breed are susceptible to duck pox. There are two forms of duck pox. The dry form is distinguished by raised, wart-like bruises on the skin devoid of feathers. The bruises commonly heal in about two weeks. If the bruises are removed before total rejuvenation, the surface beneath would be rare and bleeding. Retarded growth is the usual symptoms of duck pox. In duck hens, infection results in a temporary waning of egg production.
The other form is the wet form. In this type, blight-like lesions near the bill can be observed. This can cause a respiratory distress by blocking the upper air pathways. A duck may be affected with either form at the same time.
Fowl pox can be transmitted through direct contact between infected and vulnerable birds or by carriers such as mosquitoes. Virus-carrying lesions also can be transmitted from infected birds and serve as a source of contamination. The virus can invade the bloodstream through the body openings such as eyes, ears and skin wounds, or respiratory passages.
There are some evidences that the mosquito remains infective over time. These insects are the primary carriers of the fowl pox on the ducks. Several species of mosquitoes can transmit fowl pox. Often mosquitoes winter-over in duck pens, and widespread contamination can happen during the cold season and early spring.
There is no known treatment for fowl pox. However, it is quite slow-infecting. Hence, it is possible to administer vaccination to stop a wide contamination. The wing-web vaccination treatment is normally administered and the thigh-stick technique is used for ducks older than 2 months.
Fowl pox in ducks confined in pens can be prevented by using a mosquito repellant spray. However, if the disease is endemic, that is common, in the area, a vaccination is suggested. Never vaccinate unless the disease is a wide problem in a large farm or in the area.
The Newcastle disease is also known as pneumoencephalitis. The viscerotropic type is a highly contagious and fatal form of this disease. This disease can affect all ages of ducks. Humans and other mammals are also vulnerable to this disease, but in form of mild conjunctivitis.
Basically, there are three forms of this disease: lentogenic, mesogenic, and velogenic. This disease is distinguished by an immediate onset of symptoms that includes hoarse quaking, mucus discharge from the nose, difficulty in breathing, inflammation if the face, immobility, trembling and involuntary twisting of the neck (as a sign of invasion in the central nervous system, where motion impulses are sent from the brain and vice versa). Fatal incidences vary from 10 to 80 percent based on the severity of infection.
In mature duck layers, signs and symptoms can include lower food and water consumption and a significant reduction of egg laying. This disease can be transmitted by direct contact or by airborne ways.
Selected ArticlesKeeping Crested Ducks
Raising Pekin Duck
Hatching Baby Ducks
Keeping Ducks: Frequently Asked Questions
Keeping Ducks: The Mallard Breed
Keeping Ducks: The Top Duck Breeds
Keeping Ducks As Pets
Keeping Ducks: Pinioning
How To Raise Ducks In Your Home
Keeping Ducks For Meat
Keeping Ducks As Poultry
Keeping Ducks: Mating Systems
Keeping Ducks For Eggs
Keeping Baby Ducks
Keeping Muscovy Ducks
Keeping Black East Indies Ducks
How To Tell The Difference Between Male And Female Ducks
Keeping Call Ducks
Keeping Cayuga Ducks
Two Respiratory Diseases Common To Ducks
Keeping Ducklings
How To Feed Fully Grown Ducks
Keeping Ducks: Breeding
Keeping Ducks: Feeding And Behavior
© 2020 Keeping Ducks Guide - BAfree.net - Site Map - Disclaimer - Privacy


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The presence of Bakatselos D.Sons, initially in the field of cement and steel and then in sanitary ware and heating dates back to 1927. The company became O.E [General Partnership] in 1945 and S.A in 1986. Its vision soon became synonym to reliability and quality always focusing on the customer's best service and satisfaction. For over 80 years, the company is ranking among the top Greek trade businesses for tiles and sanitary ware by representing tens of brand houses and meeting the needs of the customers.
The company's success is due to the strategy of perpetual research and improvement of the rendered products and services. At present, through 5 chain stores (two exhibitions and three markets) in Thessaloniki, a customer services office in Athens and parts being after the constructors, the architects-decorators and the big technical projects through a wholesale network that covers the whole country, we promote the products of the biggest factories inland and abroad, having in our disposal an incredible variety of wall, floor and swimming-pool tiles, sanitary ware, bath accessories, fittings, sinks, heaters as well as kitchen furniture and heating products like boilers and heating equipment by investing in long-term trust relations with our clients and suppliers.
The company staff is under perpetual training with specialized knowledge and experience in order to search for new qualitative innovative products in competitive prices and provide immediate individualized service by suggesting solutions that would satisfy the needs and wishes of each customer. Recently, the company's developing course is accompanied by investments in infrastructures and new technologies focusing on the best and quicker service of the client and his absolute satisfaction.
2004. Introduction of the system Logistics Vision WMS for the management of our warehouses' feeding chain.
2005. Construction of new exhibition area occupying 3.000 square meters in Thermi
2007. Introduction of the system SAP ERP for the management and automation of all business procedures
2008. Construction of new exhibition area occupying 1.600 square meters in N.Efkarpia
2009. Construction of new Storage and Distribution Center of area 5.500 square meters in the region of Kalochori.
2010. Quality Management System ISO 9001:2008
2011. Introduction of "Kitchen Furniture"
2013. E-shop launch www.tilemarket.gr
However, the higher achievement of our company is our clients' constant and honest trust towards our products and services by managing not only to cover their needs but even exceed their expectations.
Our vision is to be an innovative and pioneer company in the fields we activate and render competitive products of superior quality and high value to all our clients by assuring the improvement of their life quality. Our company's mission is to render to our customers products and services of high professional level and always stay by them with respect and honesty, meeting their requirements quickly and reliably.


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Inspecto is a service that helps travelers to get the compensation that's owed to them after a disrupted flight (including cancellations, delays, denied boardings and overbookings).
We advise you on your eligibility for financial compensation, which can be up to €600 per person. If you have a valid claim, we file the application on your behalf, taking care of all the difficult paperwork and time-consuming and stressful communication with the airlines. We will fight for your rights every step of the way. You can get expert help today. Start by filling your details to our eligibility check.


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John Madden will be forever remembered as a great and poignant football commentator. His stylings of witty irrelevance shall be steeped in the annals of television history. Yes, John Madden certainly brings a lot to the table, most noticeably inapplicable anecdotes and turkey gravy.
The anecdotes are as precious as the NFL team logo, embroidered gravy bowls that adorn the ABC set. When a crushing blow is about to occur, you can always count on Madden for his comparison of the hit to the time he was riding a bus in his college days and then something went horribly awry: three mexicans began selling non-mexican lawn furniture outside of the stadium gate find a pick axe and decide to make concrete blocks out of Bill Parcells parking space which makes a Boom and a Pow or something like that.
Certainly aware of Madden's shenanigans, Monday Night Football sidekick Al Michaels digresses, "John does like humoring himself with his vague stories from years past and incidentally likes humoring his doctors who have told him repeatedly to lay of lard in the liquid variety- it's prone to clog his heart."
This hasn't stopped Madden with his gravy consuming ways. "I need that bowl of gravy during the game, just like Summerall needs his Jack Daniels." Pat Summerall, Maddens prior sidekick, has since received a new liver; Madden insists he will not require any new gravy-related organs. "I'll be fine, that gravy goes down nice and easy, kind of like Brett Favre when he sees Michael Strahan coming at him for a NFL record sack."
Michaels doesn't seem to mind Madden bringing turkey gravy to the table. "John is going to be John, I couldn't pick him out of a lineup if his face wasn't half-smothered in turkey gravy, or some sort of turkey gravy-based derivative that he's boasting about. I'll continue to love the guy either way."
"Hey I'm not on the T.V. for my health," says Madden, which apparently rings all too true for his resident doctor, Dr. Vargas. "You wouldn't know it to look at the guy, but he is one slippery toad; I mean it, he is always on the road with that damn meat-sponsered bus he drives in, always out of my medical reach. I bet he's got a years supply of turkey in there, which for you and me is one turkey, but for John, God knows..."


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The Northern Front Range (NFR) region of Colorado has experienced rapid development of oil and gas drilling operations in recent years. The Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJB) is one of the most intensively drilled fields in the United States, and is currently home to over 25,000 active wells, ∼24,000 of which are located in Weld County located north of the city of Denver and northeast of Boulder (Pétron et al., 2014), near and within the highly populated NFR (see Figure 1). Gas production has been increasing since 1990, and oil production has been increasing since 1999, with this growth primarily attributable to the Greater Wattenberg Field, a rich natural gas field of approximately 2530 km2 located in the DJB. As of 2012, Colorado ranked as the 6th highest state in the U.S. in number of natural gas wells, with 32,000 total, and dry natural gas production accounting for 6.8% of total U.S. production (EIA, 2014). Increases in oil and gas production in the DJB are primarily the result of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") technologies.
The rapidly expanding use of fracking in Colorado, and other shale formations in the United States, has led to growing environmental and public health concerns, primarily relating to air and water quality. A growing body of scientific research is finding that emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) from oil and gas drilling and related activities are leading to poorer air quality (Katzenstein et al., 2003), contributing to high ozone episodes (Edwards et al., 2013; Kemball-Cook et al., 2010; Oltmans et al., 2014; Schnell et al., 2009), and causing health concerns (Colborn et al., 2011; 2014; McKenzie et al., 2012). Elevated levels of NMHC can lead to diminished air quality as they are precursors to photochemical ozone formation and secondary organic aerosols. A large fraction of the NFR, encompassing both the Denver metropolitan area and Weld County, has been designated as a Federal Non-Attainment Area since 2007 for violation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for 8-hr ozone, currently set at 75 ppbv, with violations primarily occurring in the summer months (CDPHE, 2013). In an effort to mitigate the ozone production, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) implemented stricter VOC (volatile organic compounds) emissions controls on oil and natural gas (O&NG) operations in 2008 to achieve a 90% reduction in VOC emissions during the summer months, including a mandatory VOC emissions reduction of 95% from condensate tanks, in conjunction with an already on-going statewide mandatory automotive emissions inspection program. Further tightening of O&NG VOC emissions, and new controls on methane, have recently been implemented by the Air Quality Control Commission in 2014 (CDPHE, 2014).
Recent studies focusing on the NFR (Pétron et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2013; Swarthout et al., 2013) have revealed enhanced atmospheric methane and NMHC from operations in the Greater Wattenberg Field. In February–March, 2011, as part of the NACHTT experiment, continuous, in-situ measurements of NMHC were made from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory Tall Tower located in Erie. Gilman et al. (2013) observed high NMHC levels that were well correlated with propane, indicating the dominant oil and gas source of these emissions. Additionally, this study found that NMHC attributable to O&NG operations, primarily short-chain alkanes, accounted for 55% of the OH reactivity, or ozone production potential, in the region. This conclusion was independently verified by Swarthout et al. (2013) during the same campaign from whole-air canister samples. From vertical profiles and wind back-trajectory analyses, Swarthout et al. (2013) determined that the dominant source of the alkanes was from the Greater Wattenberg Field. Most recently, Pétron et al. (2014) implemented a top-down approach via aircraft for calculation of NMHC emissions over the DJB and concluded that the state inventory for total O&NG-related NMHC emissions is at least a factor of two too low, while emissions of benzene alone were approximately seven times larger than the state inventory.
While oil and gas development has traditionally been conducted in rural areas, this dynamic has been changing in recent years, with an increasing number of wells being drilled in residential and municipal locations, posing new questions related to health impacts of oil and gas emissions. In Colorado, community groups have successfully lobbied for, and passed, drilling moratoriums in several communities across the NFR citing the need for further scientific research. Health impact studies relating to oil and gas operations are sparse, and challenging due to the chronic nature of such exposures; however, a recent study by McKenzie et al. (2012) conducted in Garfield County found that residents living within ½ mile of wells were at a greater risk of health impacts relating to NMHC exposure, such as to benzene, a known carcinogen. An air sampling study conducted at a private residence in the same region by Colborn et al. (2014) identified numerous chemical species that have the potential to cause detrimental health effects, such as endocrine disruptors, and detected levels of poly-aromatic hyrocarbons (PAHs) high enough to lead to diminished mental development in children who suffered prenatal exposure. Conversely, Bunch et al. (2014) reported that ambient levels of NMHC air toxics in the Barnett Shale (e.g., benzene, toluene) were not present at levels that would constitute a health concern based upon both acute and chronic exposure limits, as defined by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). It should be noted, however, that exposure limits are typically determined upon exposure to individual chemicals, and do not account for effects from interactions amongst multiple chemicals, nor do they include impacts on prenatal development, such as is the case with endocrine disruptors (Colborn et al., 2014). Apart from concerns related to primary NMHC emissions, ozone is also a health concern, as elevated levels of ground-level ozone can lead to severe respiratory distress (Koren et al., 1989; Tager et al., 2005; Triche et al., 2006). Unlike the NMHC emissions, ozone is a secondary pollutant that can often be formed far from the source of precursor compounds, and thus becomes a regional problem.
Although several recently published studies have focused on O&NG-related NMHC in the NFR, none have yet specifically addressed ambient NMHC levels within primarily residential areas to investigate exposure by the general population. Here, we present results from an air sampling study conducted in 2013, in which we collected a series of ambient air samples from private residences in and near Erie, Colorado. This sampling effort was specifically motivated by a pilot health study conducted by a local doctor that found elevated levels of certain NMHC (i.e., ethylbenzene and xylenes) in the blood of a group of Erie residents. We were approached with the request of conducting air sampling near the homes of these patients to investigate if residents in this area are exposed to unusual levels of NMHC from nearby oil and gas operations. Using these data, as well as NMHC measurements from several other datasets in the region, we investigate the spatial distribution and temporal changes of common NMHC in the region, and show that elevated mole fractions of O&NG-related NMHC are widespread in the NFR, and that ambient levels of these compounds have been increasing in recent years both within and downwind of DJB operations.
This was a limited study consisting of a total of thirty whole air samples divided amongst seven residences within the town of Erie, and north of Erie, in rural farmland approximately halfway between Erie and the town of Longmont. Erie (population ∼19,000) and Longmont (population ∼89,000) are located on the eastern edge of Boulder County, and straddle the county line into Weld County. This also marks the southwestern edge of the Greater Wattenberg Gas Field.
In Erie, as with other towns in this region, there are a significant number of gas wells located in close proximity to homes, residential neighborhoods, schools, and community centers (Figure 2). The well setback requirements as of 2012 require a 350 foot (107 m) setback from outdoor activity areas and 500 foot (152 m) setback from building units, however, this does not apply to existing or previous well locations (COGCC, 2012). In Erie, some gas wells are located as close as 15 feet (4.6 m) from residential structures. The sampling sites for this study included five homes located within the town of Erie in large residential neighborhoods, three of which were located in Boulder County and two in Weld County. For these five homes, the nearest wells were located 105, 125, 165, 206, and 424 m away. The remaining two sampling sites were small farms located north of Erie, between Erie and the town of Longmont. These properties are considered rural, with their closest wells located 206 and 335 m away. All samples were collected outside in backyards or adjacent open space to avoid close proximity with neighborhood streets or driveways. For the purposes of this work, we have grouped the sampling sites into three general regions, East Erie (Weld County side), West Erie (Boulder side), and Longmont, as shown in Figure 3. To respect the privacy and anonymity of the residents, the exact location of their homes is not disclosed.
Whole air samples were collected between March–June 2013 into evacuated 6-L stainless steel Summa canisters (Restek Corp., Bellefonte, Pennsylvania). Veriflo flow controllers (Restek Corp.), consisting of a pressure sensor and critical orifice, were used to restrict the air-flow into the canister to allow for 24-hour and 3-hour integrated samples. Flow controllers were tested for flow rate consistency prior to deployment and were found to have stable flow until the last 5% of canister vacuum. Ozone was scrubbed from the air entering the canister using an inline AcroDisc 50 mm diameter glass fiber filter (Pall Corp., Port Washington, NY) impregnated with sodium thiosulfate (Pollmann et al., 2005). Nineteen 24-hour samples and six 3-hour samples were collected over the course of the study; additionally, five fast collection "grab samples" were collected using a needle valve to restrict air flow such that the sampling time was ∼ 5 minutes. Supplementary Table 1 lists sampling time, duration, and location for the 30 samples collected.
Prior to and between samples, canisters were cleaned and conditioned according to Section 11 of EPA Method TO-14 (EPA, 1999). Canisters were analyzed in the laboratory at INSTAAR (University of Colorado at Boulder) using a cryogen-free preconcentration system (Pollmann et al., 2006) followed by separation on a Gas-Pro column (Agilent Technologies) with an automated gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detection instrument (GC-MS/FID). Blanks and calibration standards were analyzed prior to and immediately after each set of seven canisters, and canister analysis results were blank-subtracted. Blanks were performed both by injecting laboratory-scrubbed zero-air directly into the GC-MS system, and by filling canisters with zero-air followed by standard analysis on the GC-MS. Calibrations were performed using two different gravimetrically prepared NMHC standards. Our laboratory NMHC calibration scale has been cross-referenced against other national and international laboratories, including two audits by the World Calibration Centre for Volatile Organic Compounds. Due to known benzene contamination issues with SUMMA canisters and with the absorbent traps used in the pre-concentration system, as well as a slight overlap with a neighboring peak in the chromatogram that required peak separation in signal processing software, the reported benzene uncertainty value is greater than the other NMHC analyzed. Measurement uncertainties for the C2–C6 alkanes are between 2–5%, acetylene is 9%, and benzene is estimated at 25%.
Several other NMHC datasets collected by different groups are also used in this work for spatial and temporal comparison purposes. We utilize data collected during the 2007 Boulder County Air Toxics Study, as well as from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Boulder County Air Toxics Study investigated temporal and spatial behavior of non-methane hydrocarbons and carbonyls throughout Boulder County (Eisele et al., 2009). Measurements were conducted from March 2007 – February 2008 at five sites: Niwot Ridge, Lyons, South Boulder, downtown Boulder and Longmont (see Figure 1 for map of the NFR). Whole air samples were collected on a 1-in-6 day sampling schedule. A total of 46, 47, 47, 45, and 50 24-hour samples were collected from each of the five sites, respectively. NMHC were analyzed in our laboratory at INSTAAR. System calibrations, sample analyses, and conditioning of the canisters followed the same protocol as described above, with the exception that a DB1 (Agilent Technologies) column was used for chromatographic separation.
The CDPHE Air Pollution Control Division operates monitoring sites in downtown Denver (2105 Broadway St.) near the center of the city (population ∼2.2 million in the core metropolitan area) and in downtown Platteville (at South Valley Middle School), a small town of ∼2,600 residents located in Weld County. The town of Platteville is situated in the heart of the Greater Wattenberg Field (see Figure 1), in contrast to Denver, which has relatively few oil or gas wells located within the city footprint. From January through December 2013, 3-hr integrated whole air canister samples were collected at each site on a 1-in-6 day sampling schedule from 6:00 – 9:00 MST during their 2013 Ozone Precursor Study. Canisters collected by the CDPHE are analyzed by a contracted analytical laboratory, ERG (Eastern Research Group), using an ATEC 2200–2 air toxics analyzer following EPA Method TO-11a for carbonyl analyses and EPA TO-12 for speciated non-methane organic compounds (SNMOC) analyses. These data were made available by request and permission by the CDPHE Air Pollution Control Division, and are used here for spatial comparisons with our 2013 Erie/Longmont data. Supplementary Table S2 lists the NMHC quantified in these data.
In February of 1991, researchers from the NOAA Boulder Laboratory conducted continuous GC-FID monitoring of NMHC from the Table Mesa site located approximately 1 km west of Boulder's main north-south artery (Goldan et al., 1995). These data are used for temporal comparison with our 2007 measurements from Boulder.
The NMHC measurements used herein are also compared to regional background NMHC values determined using data collected from the NOAA/INSTAAR Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for global monitoring of greenhouse gases and NMHC. This project is part of the Global VOC Monitoring Program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (Helmig et al., 2009; WMO, 2007). This program centers on the analysis of whole air samples collected on a bi-weekly basis from 42 global background monitoring sites. Regional background values used here are calculated by extracting the NMHC values for 40°N, the latitude of Boulder, Colorado, from a spatial interpolation model (Dlugokencky et al., 1994) and averaging over the years 2005 – 2011 for yearly and Spring (March – May) background values.
Quantitative results and statistics of the primary compounds measured from the 2013 Erie/Longmont samples are presented in Table 1. Carbonyls and other oxygenated or halogenated NMHC were not measured in this study, however, other recent, more comprehensive, studies in this area have determined that the alkanes constitute the largest fraction of ambient NMHC (Gilman et al., 2013; Swarthout et al., 2013). The primary focus of this work is to investigate spatial and temporal variability of common NMHC, and does not attempt to determine the ozone production potential of the total NMHC burden in the region; therefore, the exclusion of these functionalized NMHC does not hinder this analysis.
|Std Dev
|Mean Gilman et al. (2013)
|Mean Swarthout et al. (2013)
|1.80 – 84.1
|0.09 – 0.87
|0.11 – 1.09
|0.64 – 65.8
|0.04 – 0.73
|0.01 – 0.44
|0.15 – 13.1
|0.35 – 30.9
|0.01 – 0.34
|0.02 – 0.10
|0.03 – 5.86
|0.24 – 8.89
|0.20 – 9.09
|0.01 – 0.55
|0.01 – 0.25
|0.02 – 0.79
|0.36 – 3.24
|0.04 – 1.51
|0.03 – 0.73
|0.02 – 0.33
|0.17 – 0.96
|0.11 – 0.84
|0.02 – 0.10
|m and p Xylene
|0.03 – 0.41
|0.01 – 0.14
Many of the NMHC measured, particularly the short-chain alkanes, were much enhanced relative to regional background values, and were found to have the highest atmospheric mole fractions. Ethane and propane, for example, have maximum measured values of 84.1 and 65.8 ppbv, respectively. For comparison, the regional backgrounds for ethane and propane in the Spring were found to be 1.51 and 0.37, ppbv, respectively. The mean values determined in this study represent enhancements of 17.9, 49.4, 61.2, 80.9, 53.9, and 77.3 times above regional background levels for ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane and n-pentane, respectively (Table 2). These light alkanes are sourced predominantly from oil and gas operations and related industries, and do not constitute a large fraction of urban or vehicle emissions. These compounds accounted for the largest fraction of total carbon (in ppbC), averaging 84% across all samples, regardless of absolute mole fractions. The alkenes and aromatics, which have primarily urban vehicular sources, were consistently a minor fraction of the NMHC composition, averaging 4.5% and 3.8%, respectively, although these two classes of NMHC at times accounted for up to 20% of total carbon in individual samples. This observation is in general agreement with Swarthout et al. (2013), who found the alkanes to account for an average of 69% of total measured NMHC mixing ratio in the region, and Gilman et al. (2013) who identified the alkanes as the dominant NMHC type in this region, even though these studies quantified a greater number of individual compounds, including oxygenated and halogenated NMHC.
|Year-Average Background
|Spring Background (March–June)
|Denver Enhancement (Year Average)
|Erie/Longmont Enhancement (Spring Average)
|Platteville Enhancement (Year Average)
In Table 1, we also compare the mean values from this study to those reported in Gilman et al. (2013) and Swarthout et al. (2013) where available. Both the Gilman study and the Swarthout study were stationary point studies conducted with sampling at 8 m height on the BAO tall tower during a shorter time window in winter (February 18–March 7, 2011 for Gilman et al. and February 18–March 13, 2011 for Swarthout et al.), whereas our study consisted of multiple locations over a greater area and over a longer time period (March 20–June 5). The mean values for the simple alkanes reported by both Gilman et al. and Swarthout et al. fall within one standard deviation of the mean values determined in this study for all compounds except for n-pentane. Gilman et al. found average n-pentane values slightly higher than we determined, although our values were in agreement with Swarthout et al. Our mean values for the BTEX aromatic compounds were all slightly higher than either Gilman et al. or Swarthout et al., although generally within one standard deviation of these studies.
It would not be expected that these studies would agree completely with our present study, since they were conducted in two different years, in different months of the year, and with different sampling methods. The prevalence of stable boundary layer conditions and temperature inversions in the wintertime in this region, as well as lower OH concentrations and lower solar zenith angle for photochemistry, can lead to higher ambient air mole ratios of these primary emissions during the winter months. Specifically, from measurements of NMHC conducted from the top of the BAO tower, Pétron et al. (2012) found that NMHC are enhanced by a factor of ∼1.75 in the winter months over the summer months. Consequently, since the Gilman et al. (2013) study was conducted from February to March, whereas our study continued through June, the seasonal difference is a potential contributing reason for the slightly higher mean values observed in Gilman et al. for many of the NMHC. Nevertheless, the strong agreement between our study and the NACHTT studies from two years previous is quite remarkable, and provides evidence for a consistent and continuing source of NMHC in this region.
Figure 4 shows statistics for a subset of the alkanes and aromatics measured in this study, divided by sampling region as West Erie, East Erie, and Longmont (refer to map in Figure 3). The light alkanes are statistically similar between East Erie and West Erie, though East Erie has higher maximum values amongst these thirty samples. Longmont has statistically higher values for the C2–C5 alkanes than Erie, demonstrating significant spatial variability in ambient NMHC even on this relatively small scale. This is presumably due to the more rural setting of the Longmont sampling sites, and the greater number of wells, located in the proximity of these sites (see map in Figure 1). The aromatic air toxics benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes were found to be statistically similar amongst all sites.
The ozone non-attainment area in Colorado consists of nine counties within the NFR: Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, Jefferson, Larimer, and Weld. These counties contain the most populated urban center in Colorado (Denver) and the region with both the greatest O&NG and agricultural production in the state (Weld County). In contrast to other Western oil and gas basins, such as the Uintah and Green River basins, the DJB contains some highly populated areas, and thus contains a mix of ozone precursor sources. Thus, while elevated ozone is widespread throughout the region, it would be expected that spatial heterogeneity would exist for primary NMHC. In a drive-around study using a mobile laboratory by Pétron et al (2012) within Boulder and Weld Counties, several different point sources for methane and the light alkanes were identified, including wastewater treatment plants, landfills, and various types of emissions sources from O&NG activities. Here, rather than identifying specific point sources, we examine the spatial distribution of NMHC composition across a wider area, specifically focusing on populated residential areas across the NFR.
In Figure 5, we utilize our 2013 Erie/Longmont measurements described above and compare select alkanes, aromatics, and alkenes with ambient measurements from Denver and Platteville performed by the CDPHE in 2013. For the Denver and Platteville data, we use only measurements collected during the months of March, April, and May to be consistent with the study period of Erie/Longmont sampling.
The light alkanes, ethane, propane, n-butane, and n-pentane, are primarily sourced from natural gas, though automobiles do emit small amounts of n-butane, n-pentane, and i-pentane, and biomass burning can also be a source of these compounds to the atmosphere (see Supplemental Table S3 for reference). In comparing the alkanes in Fig. 5A, these compounds exhibit the greatest ambient mole fractions in Platteville, in the center of the Wattenberg Gas Field, significantly lower mole fractions in Erie/Longmont on the western periphery of the densest drilling area, and the lowest levels in downtown Denver. Overall, the mean mole fractions of these alkanes in Platteville are 5–6 times greater than observed in Erie/Longmont, and 9–15 times greater than in downtown Denver. The yearly (2013) averages in Platteville are furthermore 10–30 times greater than yearly averages observed in Los Angeles (CARB air monitoring network data, 2011) or Houston (TCEQ air monitoring network data, 2013), two U.S. megacities that have historically been known for poor air quality (refer to Supplemental Figure S2). On a fractional basis, the saturated alkanes (C2–C10) account for nearly 90% of total measured ppbC (parts per billion carbon) in Platteville, 84% in Erie/Longmont, and 64% in Denver (Figure 6). Unsaturated and aromatic NMHC species account for a greater fraction of the total NMHC carbon in downtown Denver. The mean sum of total measured NMHC over the entire year of 2013 was 129 ppbC in Denver compared to 966 ppbC in Platteville.
Table 2 shows the average regional background values of the C2–C5 alkanes for 40°N extracted from the NOAA/INSTAAR Global Greenhouse Reference Network flask data calculated as both a yearly average and a Spring-only average (defined here as March–June). The calculated enhancement factors for Denver, Erie/Longmont, and Platteville are also shown in Table 2., The Erie/Longmont enhancement factors are calculated using the Spring-only regional background average, whereas Denver and Platteville enhancement factors are calculated using the yearly average. 2013 was a highly active forest fire year in Colorado, and large fires occurred south of the Denver area in late June and July, near the city of Colorado Springs. The ambient NMHC for Denver and Platteville in June and July do not reveal any indication of significant impact from these fires on the C2–C5 alkanes; all of these compounds have lower mole fractions in June-July than either the Spring-only data or the yearly average. Moreover, the June-July averages of these species are lower (by between 19–35%) in 2013 than for the same time period in 2012 (see Supplemental Tables S4 and S5 for complete statistics). Therefore, we conclude that the yearly averages for the C2–C5 compounds shown in Table 2 for Denver and Platteville are not impacted by these southerly forest fires and are appropriate for this analysis.
The results in Table 2 show that the light alkanes are greatly enhanced over background values and illustrate the widespread impact of oil and gas-sourced NMHC on air composition throughout the NFR. As is expected, Platteville has the greatest enhancements, with several hundred times over background values. These enhancement factors are similar to those recently observed in the Uintah Basin, an O&NG region in northeast Utah that similarly has been found to have highly elevated atmospheric NMHC.(Helmig et al., 2014). Denver, which is removed from the primary gas field area and has relatively few wells, also has significant enhancements in the light alkanes, up to a factor of 40 for C2, relative to background values.
As mentioned above, automobiles emit small amounts of n-butane, n-pentane, and i-pentane, at 2.20, 2.40 and 9.35 percent by weight of total carbon in tailpipe emissions, respectively (Gentner et al., 2013), however, natural gas is the dominant source of these compounds. Figures 7 and 8 show a series of correlation plots for n-butane, n-pentane, and i-pentane for Denver and Platteville using the full year of measurements from 2013. The measurements from downtown Denver (Figure 7) display a high correlation between n-butane and propane (R2 = 0.95), and a much weaker relationship with the vehicle exhaust tracer acetylene (R2 = 0.41). The same relationship is seen between n-butane and propane in Platteville (Figure 8A), with identical n-butane:propane ratios of 0.49 in the two cities, despite the much higher absolute mole fractions in Platteville. Similarly, the n-pentane:propane ratios for Denver and Platteville are both 0.16, although the data for Denver have a weaker correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.79) than that for Platteville (R2 = 0.94). Of the three compounds, i-pentane has the weakest relationship with propane in Denver, likely reflecting contribution from vehicle emissions, but correlation of i-pentane with propane (R2 = 0.41) is still greater than that with acetylene (R2 = 0.16). These relationships provide strong evidence that ambient atmospheric levels of n-butane, n-pentane, and i-pentane are dominated by oil and gas emissions throughout the NFR, including within the urban center.
The aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene isomers (collectively known as BTEX) are emitted both from vehicle exhaust and from various industrial and O&NG activities. These compounds are of interest especially from a health perspective, as they are considered air toxics and can have detrimental health impacts; benzene in particular is a known carcinogen. These compounds are often elevated in densely populated urban mega-cities, however, recently mole fractions of up to 11.3 ppbv benzene and 14.3 ppbv toluene were observed in the Uintah Basin (Helmig et al., 2014), a primarily rural region where NMHC emissions are nearly exclusively due to O&NG activities. In the NFR, Gilman et al. (2013) used a multi-variate regression analysis to conclude that 32% of the benzene observed from the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) tower, located near Erie, originated from oil and gas emissions. Figure 5B shows the comparison between Denver, Erie/Longmont, and Platteville for the BTEX compounds. Average atmospheric levels of benzene in Platteville are approximately twice that of either Erie/Longmont or downtown Denver. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes have comparable levels between Denver and Platteville, whereas levels of these compounds in Erie/Longmont are approximately one-third of that observed in Denver and Platteville. The mean value for benzene measured at residences in Erie/Longmont was 0.57 ppbv, which is equivalent to 2.0 µg/m3. This falls below the chronic health-based exposure used in Bunch et al (2014), of an annual mean concentration of 4.5 µg/m3. The 2013 yearly mean benzene in Platteville from samples collected at the middle school, 0.66 ppbv, is equivalent to 2.3 µg/m3, with a 1-sigma concentration of 4.8 µg/m3 and a maximum of 8.3 µg/m3. As defined by the World Health Organization and the U.S. EPA, lifetime exposure to benzene of 1.7 µg/m3 increases one's risk of cancer to 1 in 100,000 (EPA, 2013; WHO, 2010). Thus, the mean benzene levels in Platteville and Erie are above this threshold and therefore of a high enough concentration for the potential of detrimental health effects if chronic exposure at these levels should occur.
The comparison of the aromatic species between Denver and Platteville is of interest given that these two locations are quite different, with Denver being a highly populated urban center (population ∼2.2 million) and Platteville being a rural town located within the Wattenberg Field (population ∼2600). Benzene, in particular, is significantly higher in Platteville than in Denver. Figure 9 shows correlations of ambient benzene mole fractions in Denver and Platteville with propane and acetylene. In Denver, there is a significantly higher correlation between benzene and acetylene (R2 = 0.72) than with propane (R2 = 0.29), indicating that within the urban center, the majority of benzene is sourced from vehicle traffic or other combustion sources. In Platteville, this relationship is reversed, so that benzene has a much stronger correlation with propane (R2 = 0.73) than with acetylene (R2 = 0.29). Though it is apparent that both oil and gas and vehicular/urban emissions are contributing to observed ambient levels, O&NG emissions are the primary source of benzene in Platteville. A similar, though weaker, relationship is also observed for toluene (Supplemental Figure S1). This suggests that ambient aromatics in these two locations primarily arise from distinctly different sources.
Figure 5C compares average ambient levels of select unsaturated hydrocarbons in Denver, Erie/Longmont, and Platteville. Primary emissions of these compounds are dominated by vehicle exhaust and other, mostly urban, combustion sources. Acetylene, in particular, is considered a vehicle exhaust/urban tracer compound. Given the strong vehicular source of acetylene and ethene (8–9% and 11–14% by weight of exhaust, respectively (Nelson and Quigley, 1984; Broderick and Marnane, 2002; Gentner et al., 2013) it is not surprising that downtown Denver has the highest ambient mole fractions of these compounds. Average mole fractions of these compounds are significantly lower in Erie/Longmont compared to Denver or Platteville, and are highest in Denver, though Platteville does have elevated mole fractions, as well. Population does not explain this difference, as the population of Erie (at about 19,000) is greater than that of Platteville (∼2600). The proximity of Platteville to Highway 85, a well-traveled north-south corridor between north Denver and Greeley, may explain some of the enhancement in these compounds observed at the Platteville site. Additionally, industrial activities in support of the oil and gas industry may also contribute, including emissions from generators, compressors, or diesel engines used during the drilling phase, and high volumes of heavy truck traffic, especially during the hydraulic fracturing phase.
In 2007, the Boulder Air Toxics study was undertaken to investigate ambient levels of NMHC in five communities in Boulder County, with a primary focus on heavier NMHC compounds, aromatics and carbonyls. The full details of this study can be found in Eisele et al. (2009). Sampling was conducted in Longmont, Boulder, South Boulder, Lyons, and Niwot Ridge. Although this study was conducted six years previously, and, as will be discussed, ambient mole fractions of many NMHC appear to have increased in the NFR since that time, the multiple measurement sites used in this study are valuable for investigating the spatial distribution of NMHC in other NFR residential communities.
Figure 10 illustrates the spatial heterogeneity for a representative alkane (n-butane) and aromatic (toluene) compound. High uncertainties associated with the benzene measurements for this particular study precluded its use in this analysis. The n-butane results show the greatest mole fractions at the Longmont site, a rural location closest to the Wattenberg Field, followed by Boulder. Lyons, a small community of 2,100 residents located at the base of the Front Range foothills north of Boulder, and South Boulder, a rural location along the South Boulder Creek, have nearly equal levels of n-butane that are significantly less than downtown Boulder or Longmont. The lowest values were observed at Niwot Ridge, a remote mountain location that is part of the University of Colorado Mountain Research Station.
In contrast to n-butane, which, as discussed above is primarily sourced from oil and gas, the toluene measurements reveal highest mean values in downtown Boulder that are a factor of 3.3 greater than in Longmont. The downtown Boulder site was located near the intersection of Arapahoe Rd. and 30th St., one of the busiest traffic junctions in the city; therefore, vehicle exhaust is likely the primary contributor to the toluene levels observed here, as toluene accounts for 6–10% by weight of vehicle emissions (Nelson and Quigley, 1984; Gentner et al., 2013). The Longmont site is primarily rural, located south of the Longmont city limits; however, it is in relatively close proximity to East County Line Rd., which may account for some of the toluene observed at this site. Again, Niwot Ridge has the lowest observed ambient mole fractions of the five sites.
Since the establishment of the ozone NAA in the NFR, several ozone and ozone precursor studies have been undertaken to investigate NMHC. A valuable benefit of these numerous, though admittedly sporadic, studies is that they have provided some data that we can begin to analyze for emerging temporal trends in ambient NMHC. In Figure 11, we make use of data from the 2007 Boulder Air Toxics Study and the 2013 Erie/Longmont study, as well as measurements conducted by NOAA in February 1991 from Boulder. A weakness in this comparison is that the sites are not co-located over the years; it would be preferable to have consistent, long-term NMHC monitoring to establish statistically sound trends. However, as a first look, these datasets can be useful for beginning to understand air quality changes in the region.
Figure 11A shows changes in n-butane, n-pentane, benzene, and toluene from 1991 to 2007 in Boulder. These compounds were chosen to examine both alkanes and aromatics, and were compounds for which measurements were available from all three studies. The 1991 data from Goldan et al. (1995) were filtered for only daytime observations (9:00–20:00 local time) to capture predominately up-sloping wind conditions when the Table Mesa site would be positioned downwind of the city, whereas the 2007 data represent 24-hour integrated samples collected within the city itself closer to traffic emissions. Although both of these sites are impacted by fresh emissions from the city, the difference in location between these two studies may impart some influence from spatial heterogeneity in this comparison, which is likely to be more significant for the aromatics.
The alkanes, n-butane and n-pentane, show increasing mole fractions in Boulder in the 16 years between 1991 and 2007 of 89% and 141%, respectively. Observations of benzene and toluene in 2007 were greater than in 1991 by 69% and 134%, respectively, though high time-resolution measurements of NMHC in Boulder would be required to determine what fraction of these compounds are due to O&NG versus vehicular emissions. Figure 11B shows a comparison of these same species in Erie/Longmont between 2007 and 2013 (note the difference in y-axis scales between 11A and 11B). The increase in ambient alkane mole fractions in Erie/Longmont is remarkable (data are from March–July for both studies), with average n-butane and n-pentane approximately 2 and 1.5 times greater over the course of only five years. In that same time, benzene increased by a factor of 3, however, toluene showed no significant change.
While individual NMHC may have multiple sources, ratios of NMHC generally vary between sources and can be used to identify the importance of different source types. A useful metric for investigating the influence of urban versus oil and gas emissions sources on ambient air composition is the ratio of the pentane isomers, i-pentane/n-pentane. Vehicle tailpipe emissions are more enhanced in i-pentane, leading to a greater i-/n-pentane ratio than is produced from natural gas emissions (Hwa et al., 2002; McGaughey et al., 2004). Figure 12 compares i-/n-pentane values for several studies in the NFR to a location that is predominantly impacted by urban/vehicle emissions (Pasadena, CA), with a pentane isomer ratio of 2.41, (Gilman et al., 2013) and to the emission source signature for raw natural gas from the Greater Wattenberg Field, which has a pentane ratio of 0.86 (Gilman et al., 2013). Also included is the pentanes ratio determined directly from a busy traffic intersection (Broderick and Marnane, 2002), representative of the source signature for vehicle exhaust. The pentanes ratio from Pasadena is markedly higher than any of the NFR values, closest to the vehicle source signature of 2.95 reported by Broderick and Marnane (2002).
The pentanes ratio for the Erie/Longmont data collected in this study (blue data) is 0.965, which is within the range of the ratios of 0.885 (orange trace) determined by Gilman et al. (2013) and 1.00 by Swarthout et al. (2013) for the Erie/Longmont area, and similar to the signature of raw natural gas (difference of 12%). The red data and the pink dashed line compare ratios for Boulder from 1991 (Goldan et al., 1995) and from 2011 (Gilman et al., 2013), respectively. In twenty years, the pentanes ratio in the ambient air in Boulder has decreased from 1.58 (± 0.01, R2 = 0.99) to 1.10 (± 0.05, R2 = 0.91). This observation suggests that either impacts of O&NG emissions have increased in the city of Boulder, that vehicle emissions have decreased, or some combination of the above. Advancements in recent decades in catalytic converters and other emissions controls on vehicle exhaust has lead to generally decreasing trends in total vehicle hydrocarbon emissions in many major cities in the U.S., including Denver (Bishop and Stedman, 2008). There is no clear evidence to suggest, however, that the ratio of i-pentane to n-pentane in tailpipe emissions has changed significantly in this time, though there is relatively large variability between studies. Tunnel studies in the late 1980's to early 1990's report average i-/n-pentane ratios ranging from 1.97 to 3.27 (Doskey et al., 1992; Duffy and Nelson, 1996; Lonneman et al., 1986, 1991; Zweidinger et al., 1988). More recent studies report i-/n-pentane ratios from tailpipe emissions between 2.95 to 3.9 (Broderick and Marnane, 2002; Gentner et al., 2013). Given that the ambient levels of n-pentane have increased in Boulder over this time (Figure 11A), it is likely that the observed decrease in the pentane ratio is due to a combination of increased O&NG emissions and a cleaner vehicle fleet, resulting in an increasing relative contribution of O&NG sources to ambient NMHC in the city.
The findings presented here suggest that oil and gas emissions have a large-scale regional impact on ambient NMHC levels, thereby impacting a large population of NFR residents, and representing a large area source of ozone precursors. The short-chain alkanes exhibit strong correlations with propane in Erie/Longmont, Platteville, and within Denver, supporting the conclusion of widespread impact of O&NG emissions.
Significant spatial heterogeneity exists, with ambient C2–C5 NMHC levels much greater within the Greater Wattenberg Field (e.g., Platteville) than observed in Erie/Longmont, which is on the far western edge of the field, or in Denver or Boulder, which are both further removed from the densest drilling operations. Ambient NMHC observed at residences in Erie were 18–77 times greater than regional background determined from the NOAA flask network. Modeling results presented by the CDPHE in the Colorado State Implementation Plan (CDPHE, 2008) suggest that the Wattenberg Field is indeed the primary region for ozone production in the NFR. The aromatic compounds, benzene and toluene, are also enhanced in Platteville relative to Denver, with O&NG emissions being the primary source of these compounds in the Platteville area, whereas vehicular emissions are dominant in Denver. Benzene levels in both Platteville and Erie/Longmont could be detrimental to human health if chronic lifetime exposure should occur.
Our initial look at past studies in the region suggests that the ambient NMHC mole fractions in this region have not decreased in recent years despite tightening of emissions standards in the O&NG industries and implementation of statewide vehicle emission inspections, although again we note that these past studies were not exactly co-located, and thus this comparison is not ideal. This observation, however, is highly significant for the NFR, as the State of Colorado continues to face issues related to non-attainment for ozone, and is currently pursuing a further tightening of regulations with the aim of capturing 95% of NMHC emissions. Even though the volume of emissions per well may be decreasing, the rapid and continuing increase in the number of wells may potentially negate any real improvements to the air quality situation. These findings, and the continuing development of this region, provide a strong argument for the continued atmospheric monitoring of this region in the coming years.
Publicly available data used in this study from NOAA and CDPHE is available upon request from those organizations.
Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository: http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bc24d
© 2014 Thompson, Hueber and Helmig. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Concept and design: CT, DH
Acquisition of data: CT, JH
Analysis and interpretation of data: CT, JH, DH
Drafting the article or revising it for important intellectual content: CT, DH
Final approval of the version to be published: CT
The authors do not have any competing interests that might influence the interpretation of this manuscript.
Funding for the 2013 Erie/Longmont sampling was provided by a private grant from Patagonia. Funding for CT was provided in part by the NSF through the Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship program.
We thank anonymous residents in Erie and Longmont, Colorado, for providing access to their properties for accommodating the sampling program. Additionally, we thank those, outside of this lab, involved with the Boulder County Air Toxics Study (A. Eisele, J. Milford, M. Hannigan, P. Milmoe), and G. Pierce from the CDPHE and J. Gilman from NOAA for access to data archives used in this work.
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text: audience feedback Full size 161 × 107 pixels Engage your audience Somewhere in the audience you will generate a spark. Blow on that spark until a flame appears. Find more sparks and blow on them, but do not neglect that first spark. Soon your whole audience will be a raging inferno. Previous image Next image


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Men's Cleats & Indoor Soccer Shoes(17)
Men's Soccer Shoes & Cleats
Get some turf beneath your feet and set your eye on the goal. With soccer shoes and cleats for men, you can reach your fullest potential on the field. Whether you're gearing up for indoor or outdoor matches, men's soccer shoes from New Balance will get you in the game.


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The acclaimed Lancashire-based premium food pub group, Ribble Valley Inns, are bringing their signature brand of fine, local and seasonal ingredients, to the heart of Cheshire.
The Nag's Head, in the Cheshire hamlet of Haughton Moss has been standing since 1680, so it's seen some history in its time… Now, with menus created by Michelin star chef Nigel Haworth, it's about to be transformed into the county's finest food pub.
The Ribble Valley Inn group is small but perfectly formed, with 12 years experience, an enviable reputation and impressive string of plaudits to their name (all 4 of their sites hold an AA Rosette and place in the Michelin Pub Guide). Industry heavyweights, Nigel Haworth and Craig Bancroft of the renowned fine dining restaurant Northcote in Lancashire, are the group's founders. Their philosophy is simply to bring excellent food and drink, using the very best quality seasonal and local food, wherever possible, in a relaxed setting.
The Nag's Head is the group's first site in Cheshire. The choice of location reflects their passion for historic, unique and beautiful settings, and readily available, high quality produce.
The Grade II listed building started life in the 17th Century as a local smithy and inn, and is undergoing a loving restoration by the team, which has so far exposed some beautiful, previously hidden features including Victorian tiled floors and original 17th century beams.
As quintessentially English as a pub can be, The Nag's Head will represent everything that a fine Cheshire pub should. The bowling green, kitchen garden, and large al fresco dining space (seating up to 100 covers) will be the perfect place to celebrate the great British summer, whilst the 4 crackling open log fires inside make it the ideal winter dining and drinking destination too. From cocktails on the lawn to hearty meals by the fire, The Nag's Head will truly be a gastro haven for all seasons.
The pub will service 250 covers in total including the outdoor dining. Inside the rooms will be beautifully redesigned, in partnership with the award-winning, Chester-based designers Lister Carter, to make the most of the history, setting and space.
Parking will be plentiful, with not even the horses forgotten – the team are planning a neat set of horse bays where equestrian diners can park up (it is the Nag's Head after all!).
However, the real heart of the pub will be the kitchen.
North West food hero Nigel Haworth himself has worked with Head Chef Michael Carter to create a menu that celebrates the local larder, the seasons, and excellent, artisan ingredients. These aren't 21st century buzzwords to this team. Nigel has been doing this for 30 years and his commitment and passion for food and the North West is paramount to his success, and held in high regard within the industry. Nigel and Michael have met and carefully selected the suppliers for The Nag's Head, many of which are Cheshire based.
Ingredients are then expertly handled to create magnificent, traditional dishes with the contemporary influences and creativity you'd expect from a team under Nigel's steer.
The investment and celebration of Cheshire doesn't end with the food.
The Nag's Head will create more than 35 full and part time jobs in the region; the redevelopment has seen large-scale spend with local business, and CEO of Ribble Valley Inns (and local resident) Wayne Chapman has commissioned a local artist to capture the surroundings for a unique exhibition in the restaurant.
A fine and premium pub experience of course wouldn't be complete without an excellent drinks offer. MD to the group Craig Bancroft is one of the UK's leading wine experts and a Master Inn Holder. He is developing a very special list alongside Nick Adams (Master of Wines) and Adam Pawloksi (Northcote's sommelier). Of course a cracking selection of local cask ales will share centre stage
Exceptional service and operations will be headed up by General Manager Darren Gallagher. His team will be providing a warm welcome to locals, destination diners, tourists, families, and even dogs!
Founder and Chef Patron for Ribble Valley Inns, Nigel Haworth commented:
"I can't wait to open The Nag's Head in Cheshire. It's a county that's got it all… excellent produce, stunning scenery, and buildings steeped in fascinating history. These are all requirements for our vision at Ribble Valley Inns – we're about delivering the very best, premium food and drink and creating the perfect, original and relaxed environment to enjoy that in. Each site is completely unique, celebrating the character, history and locality, and The Nag's Head at Haughton will have its own identity that we're very much looking forward to revealing."
The Nag's Head will open 9thJune 2014.
Food service times:
Lunch: Monday – Fri: 12-2pm, Sat 12-9pm, Sun 12-8.30pm.
Afternoon Bites: Monday – Fri: 12 – 5.30pm.
Dinner: Mon – Thurs: 5.30-8.30pm, Fri: 5.30-9pm, Sat: 12-9pm, Sun: 12-8.30pm.
The Nag's Head
Long Lane, Haughton Moss, Tarporley, Cheshire, CW6 9RN.
01829 260265


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Hilands Golf Club
- 714 Poly Dr, Billings, MT 59102
- (406) 259-0419
9 total holes at facility
Green fees - $45 (estimate)
Designed by Gregor MacMillan and Norman W. Woods
Built in 1923
Blue Grass
Driving Range: Yes
Private golf course
Hilands Golf Club is a 9-hole regulation length golf course in Billings, Montana. This short layout will reward good shots and provide a fun golf outing for everyone. Online tee times may be available at Hilands Golf Club or at nearby golf courses, usually offered at a discount from the normal rate.
Back Tees
Course Rating
Course Superintendent: Peter Grass
Manager: Scott Cain
Remember, sometimes there will be errors, even though the information we have is typically valid. If you notice anything that needs to be updated, please let us know about it here.
Beneath this text, aerial imagery should load of Hilands Golf Club at 714 Poly Dr, Billings, MT 59102. If you can't find the course, try panning around and looking at the surrounding area.
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Snip out the pieces and join them together.
The Empire State Building is the highest building in New York City. This 102 story building rises 1,250ft (381m) above the city at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for New York, the Empire State.
Content: 1 steel sheet.
You will need nose pliers for assembly!


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4 Bookish Apps to Keep you Organized
Hello everyone! Recently I was wondering what kinds of apps they had out there for book lovers and after some research I downloaded a few. Over the past week I have been testing them out to see how useful they actually are. Here is a review of some of apps I found and their uses.
Uses: Cataloging, General Info, Rating, Notes
Libib is it cataloging app that allows you to create your own libraries and add the books that apply. I am currently using this one to catalog books for my blog. To add a book you simply hit "barcode" then the app accesses your camera and you scan the back of your book. It immediately finds the book and you add it to your library. It also has the option to add a book manually for ARCs or other books that don't have a barcode.
Once a book is in your library all of the information about the book is readily available, including number of pages, description, and publisher. You can write a review right on the app and/or use the five star rating system. I have included a picture of some of the other options for categorizing your book. I think the clean, white look of this app and basic set-up makes this one very easy to navigate. I definitely recommend this one for some in-depth cataloging.
Uses: Organization, Discounted E-books & Audiobooks
I have to say this is probably my favorite out of all these apps just because the technology is so cool. All you do is take a picture of one of your bookshelves using the app. Shelfie then identifies each book by their spine and catalogs it in your digital library. All you have to do is approve each book as it scans them. It also finds the e-book and audiobook versions at a discounted price that you can buy through the app. Because I'm extremely nosy when it comes to books, I love that you can view and follow other people's bookshelves in the Shelfie community. This app offers the quickest way to catalog for those with more than one bookshelf that don't want to take each individual book of the shelf to scan.
iOS only
Uses: Categorizing, General Info, Reading log
I like BooksWing visually as it shows the covers of all your books on shelves. Similar to Libib, you can scan a book in or add it manually. Also, once added it offers the general information on the book and a five star rating system. What is unique to this app is that it allows you to track your reading progress. You start a timer on the app when you begin reading and when you are finished put in the number of pages you read. As you do this it averages your overall reading times so you can read more efficiently. If you need to remember certain parts of the book you can add quotes, take pictures, and write notes all through the app. I often wondered exactly how fast I read, and this app is a great way to find out!
Side note: The third picture is not actually my reading time. That would be amazing though 🙂
iOS only
Uses: Categorizing, General Info, Rating
This app is very similar to BooksWing in terms of the categorizing. The few things unique to this app is that you can add books to a wish list and keep track of personal, professional, and loaned out books. One other thing different is something negative and was enough to make me delete the app. It has limited storage unless you wish to pay for the upgraded version, which I did not wish to do. Otherwise this app has a clean setup and is easy to use.


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Walk - Langdon Hill & St Gabriel's Chapel Walk from Golden Cap Holiday Park
4.3 miles (7.0 km)
Golden Cap Holiday Park - DT6 6JX Golden Cap Holiday Park
Challenging - A moderately hard walk, with some steep ascent and descent, rewarded by spectacular coastal views, and a shortcut bypassing Golden Cap for those who want a gentler stroll.
A fairly strenuous route with an optional shortcut. Both routes go through the woods on Langdon Hill, and the longer walk visits the medieval hamlet of Stanton St Gabriel, now a handful of refurbished cottages and a ruined thirteenth century chapel. The landscape spread out around Langdon Hill is criss-crossed with ancient trackways as well as fields and hedgerows from medieval times, and the traditional farming methods used on National Trust land encourage a profusion of wildlife.
Mervyn House
Dorset Seaside Cottages
Chideock House B&B
Ammonite Cottage
Cosy Grade 11 Listed Cottage with log burner . Based in Bridport within easy reach of town amenities, the Jurassic Coast, the Path and West Bay. Sleeps 4.
Comfortable and friendly B&B only a few minutes walk in to Lyme Regis. All rooms ensuite and recently upgraded. A large, tasty full English breakfast. Holiday apartment available.


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Posts Tagged 'recipes for fall'
Pumpkin pie mousse (low-carb and vegan!)
Hi friends! How are you? Hope you're enjoying your Monday. What did you do this weekend? We had a huge party for the Pilot and Penelope -both of their birthdays are this week! – and it was so.much.fun. I'll be recapping all of the festivities on the blog later this week. In the meantime, I…Read More →
Pumpkin Pie Protein Bowl (gluten-free, vegan)
Hi friends! How are you? I hope your morning is going well. Yesterday was a weird day. The Pilot was out of town, and when my alarm went off, I thought I heard the beep that the door makes when it's opened. I went out to check and see what was going on, and didn't…Read More →
Savory Chicken Sausage Butternut Squash Bowls
This is a delicious and healthy dinner option. It's gluten-free, high in protein and packed with flavor. This stuffed butternut squash bowl recipe uses pre-prepped squash bowls to save on time and stuffs them with savory chicken sausage, zucchini, tomato sauce and Italian spices. Hi friends! How's the day going? I'm so happy to hear…Read More →
Slow cooker butternut squash lasagna
Aka one of the easiest and most nutrient-dense recipes I've made in a while! It's gluten-free (no grains at all!), packed with veggies and protein, and cooks in the slow cooker. "Set it and forget it" for the win. Hi friends! How's the morning going? Hope you're having a great day so far. <3 The…Read More →
Sriracha Pumpkin Seeds
These sriracha pumpkin seeds have a kick of spice, a burst of bright lime flavor, and make the perfect healthy, crunchy snack. Hi friends. How's the morning going? This week has been crazy! I feel like they rolled me out of vacation land into pure chaos haha. Our house is an avalanche of laundry, Liv…Read More →
Pumpkin Banana Oat Blender Pancakes
Who's stoked for Thanksgiving?! *raises pie fork in the air* I have a Thanksgiving-friendly pumpkin breakfast recipe for you today. The morning of a holiday, I like to have a protein-heavy breakfast. I feel more satisfied, and also prefer enjoying a healthy meal before the avalanche of sweets and heavy foods occurs. Healthy Pumpkin Pancakes These pumpkin…Read More →
Pumpkin Oatmeal Bake
Oh, hi pumpkin. I haven't seen you since… yesterday. (#obsessed #basic #dontcurrr) Make-Ahead Fall Breakfast As the weather starts to cool down, I tend to gravitate back towards hot breakfasts. Breakfast cookie dough cereals, smoothies, and chia puddings are usually switched over from breakfast to snacktime fare, and I head back towards egg bakes…Read More →
Chef Kyle's Pumpkin Spice Chia Pudding
Hi friends! Hope you're having a great afternoon. It's been a wonderful week so far: a happy and euphoric blur, snuggling our newest family member as days blend into night. We're hoping to head home from the hospital later today. Fingers crossed. 🙂 This week, I have some special posts going up while we're getting settled. This pumpkin chia…Read More →
Harvest Turkey Meatloaf (gluten-free and dairy-free)
This turkey meatloaf recipe is brought to you by the cooler weather we're finally having. Not only does it have me craving comfort foods, but I'm able to go for long walks with the dogs without huffing and sweating. Bella is always down, but since it's taken Caro a while to get the hang of…Read More →
Flourless Pumpkin Chocolate Chip Bars
Let the avalanche of all things pumpkin begin. I feel like this year, a lot of people are playing it cool when it comes to pumpkin. You know, trying not to act *too* excited about its arrival. (Also it could totally be the fact that many of us are still experiencing true summer weather.)…Read More →
Roasted Root Vegetable Salad with Maple-Dijon Dressing
This roasted root vegetable salad recipe is sponsored by my friends at Canada Pure Maple Syrup. Liv's school holiday show was last night! It was probably one of the cutest things I've ever seen. As we watched her shake her maracas and sing "Feliz Navidad" on stage, I'm pretty sure I could feel my heart…Read More →
Pumpkin Protein Fudge
Good morning! How's your morning going? I have just the perfect pumpkin fall recipe to make your day even better–pumpkin protein fudge! 🙂 My day is off to a good start with a 40 minute tempo Oreo (10 minutes easy, 20 minutes fast, 10 minutes easy– the good stuff's in the middle) and coffee. Always…Read More →