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Continental Mapping Launches Geospatial Software Division - Foundry
Continental Mapping is proud to announce the launch of its new software division Foundry. Foundry is the embodiment of all the geospatial tools and applications that have been developed for internal use at Continental Mapping over the years. Foundry (thegeofoundry.com) provides a host of geospatial applications for different CAD and GIS platforms.
The initial volley of software applications provide new functionality within Microstation, ESRI and the open source community - QGIS. As an example, WatchDog provides advanced license management for Microstation and GeoSieve offers sophisticated attribute filtering within ArcGIS to ensure geospatial datasets have clean attribution. Each app is very affordably priced and focuses on saving CAD and GIS users time and money by improving workflows.
"Foundry is a new venture for us as a company," said Paul Braun Vice President of Strategy and Development. "We are growing beyond a traditional surveying and mapping firm to offer software solutions that meet the needs of our clients. Our product road map includes broader software solutions that address topics such as data quality, lidar data management and project management all via the cloud."
When asked about why the company felt the need to sell software, Development Director Dan Frye didn't hesitate:
"the value became obvious… After years of successfully solving inefficiencies with helpful tools, the team at Continental Mapping thought the time had come to make some of our best tools available to the public."
For the whole story, go to thegeofoundry.com


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The optical retrieval and storage technique described in this paper provides a way for transferring sound information from an analog disk to a visual carrier avoiding any mechanical contact. The process is straightforward: we take a picture of each side of the disk using a dedicated analog camera, we store the film as our working copy and when needed, we scan the film and process the image in order to extract the sound.
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How a plant-based diet provides all the essential fats you need – and why animal fats are particularly detrimental to health
By: Amanda Woodvine, BSc Nutrition Viva!Health (formerly VVF) Senior Nutritionist, with additional research from Dr Justine Butler, Viva!Health Senior Research & Writer
What is Fat and Why Do We Need It?
Of the four main classes of food, fat is the most energy dense. It contains more than twice as many calories (kilocalories) weight for-weight as protein or carbohydrate (see Table 1). It is a good source of energy, both for immediate use and for laying down a storage depot (adipose tissue) for use when food intake is reduced.
Fat in the diet helps the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K). It is a source of the essential fatty acids that the body cannot make itself. Fat also provides insulation, protects the body's vital organs and acts as a shock absorber.
Fat's more technical name is 'lipid' – a term that includes both fats and oils. Nominally, fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid, and dense brittle fats are called waxes.
Lipids in the diet can come from both plants and animals. Plants most often store their oils in seeds, such as nuts, sunflower seeds, soya beans and corn; and sometimes in fruits, eg avocados, olives and coconuts. Animals most commonly store fat within their muscles (commonly called marbling fat), between their muscles, under their skin and around their gut area.
Lipids in the diet are largely made up of molecules called fatty acids, attached to the molecule glycerol. Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of glycerol to form 'triglycerides'. The fatty acids can be of three major types – saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, depending on how many double bonds they contain.
A certain type of unsaturated fatty acid – trans-unsaturated, or 'trans fatty acids' – is often considered separately because of its ill effects on health, and because it is largely created by the manufacturing process.
The human body cannot function without some fat, but it is eating the right kind of fat that is vital in terms of our overall health. According to the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, most people should aim to get no more than 10 per cent (and preferably less than seven per cent) of their total calorie intake from saturated fat. Less than 10 per cent of calories should come from polyunsaturated fat. The 10 per cent figure for polyunsaturates includes one to two per cent of calories from omega-3 fats (Department of Health, 1991). Less than one per cent of calories – and preferably none – should come from trans fatty acids.
Dietary Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance found in the bloodstream and in all the body's cells. It is used to form cell membranes and some hormones. However, a high level of cholesterol in the blood (hypercholesterolaemia) is a major risk factor for heart disease.
Cholesterol and other fats have to be transported to and from the cells by special carriers called lipoproteins. Two of particular note are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
LDL is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood. Too much LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to the build up of fatty deposits (plaques) on the inside walls of the arteries. Plaques can clog the arteries feeding the heart and brain (atherosclerosis); hence LDL is termed 'bad' cholesterol. Lower levels of LDL cholesterol reflect a lower risk of heart disease.
HDL, on the other hand, tends to carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body. A high HDL level seems to protect against heart disease, hence HDL cholesterol is termed 'good' cholesterol.
Cholesterol comes from two main sources. The body produces approximately 1,000 milligrams per day. Animal products also contain cholesterol, especially egg yolks, meat, poultry, shellfish and whole- and reduced-fat milk and dairy. One small grilled skinless chicken breast contains 94 milligrams of cholesterol (FSA, 2002), whereas foods from all plants (every type of fruit and vegetable, pulses, (peas, beans and lentils) wholegrains, nuts and seeds) are cholesterol-free.
Humans have no need for dietary cholesterol as the body can manufacture all that it requires. The American Heart Association recommends that people limit their average daily cholesterol intake to no more than 300 milligrams (AHA, 2008).
High intakes of dietary cholesterol increase harmful LDL cholesterol (Grundy and Denke, 1990) which can increase the risk of heart disease. If you are genetically prone to hypercholesterolaemia then it is especially important to restrict dietary cholesterol, which is found in all animal products. Highquality proteins from vegetable sources such as pulses are good substitutes for animal sources of protein. For more information, see the guide, Have a Heart.
Saturated Fatty Acids
We have no nutritional need for saturated and monounsaturated fats as the body can make them. Diets high in saturated fat and calories raise blood cholesterol levels and contribute to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers. Saturated fat has 10 times the cholesterol-raising power of dietary cholesterol (Enas et al., 2003). Furthermore, foods high in saturated fat generally contain substantial amounts of dietary cholesterol. Reducing total and saturated fat intakes could also lower the risk of breast cancer (see the report, One in Nine).
Table 3 illustrates the major sources of saturated fats in the UK national diet.
Not all saturated fatty acids have the same effects. Those which raise cholesterol the most are lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid, which are found in meat, dairy products, eggs and tropical oils. These three fatty acids account for 60 to 70 per cent of the saturated fat in Western diets.
Myristic acid is the most powerful cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid (Kris-Etherton et al., 1997). The major dietary sources of myristic acid are butter, cream, whole milk and tropical oils. Milk fat (from dairy cows) contains eight to 14 per cent myristic acid. Coconut and palm oils contain up to 18 per cent (German et al., 2004).
Palmitic acid is the most common fatty acid in the human diet. It is the main saturated fatty acid in animal fats (including red meats, poultry and eggs) and in palm oil.
Lauric acid is the least harmful of these three saturated fats, with around one-third less cholesterol-raising power than palmitic acid. It is the main saturated fatty acid in coconut and palm kernel oils (they contain around 48 per cent) (Grundy, 1986; Renaud and Delorgel, 1989; Katan et al., 1995).
As tropical oils such as coconut and palm do not feature heavily in our typical national diet, they do not contribute significantly to average national saturated fat intake (FSA/Department of Health, 2003). However, coconut is the main source of energy for certain Polynesian populations. The habitual diets of the toll dwellers from both Pukapuka and Tokelau are high in saturated fat (primarily from coconut) but low in dietary cholesterol (found only in animal products) and sucrose (sugar).
Tokelauans take in many more calories from coconut than the Pukapukans (63 per cent compared with 34 per cent) and therefore have higher intakes of saturated fat. As might be expected, Tokelauans have higher blood cholesterol levels. However, cardiovascular disease – the build up of lipids and other cells on the artery wall – is still surprisingly rare in both populations (Prior et al., 1981).
This apparent paradox might be explained by coconut's fibre content. Coconut is a good source of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre which have cholesterol-lowering powers. Coconut flakes (rather than coconut oil) have been found to lower harmful (LDL) cholesterol levels (Trinidad et al., 2004). Of course, processing coconut in order to produce coconut oil does strip away the protective fibre.
Conversely, the leading sources of harmful saturated fats in the British national diet – namely dairy products and meat – contain no protective, cholesterol-lowering fibre (FSA, 2002; FSA/Department of Health, 2003). As perhaps would be expected, cardiovascular disease is a common finding in people who consume the modern Western diet. For more information, see the fact sheet, Plant-based Diets and Cardiovascular Disease.
Trans-unsaturated Fatty Acids
Trans fatty acids have also been shown to increase the risk of heart disease by raising harmful (LDL) cholesterol levels and lowering protective (HDL) cholesterol levels. Their combined effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol is twice that of saturated fatty acids (Mensink and Katan, 1990).
Gram for gram, trans fats are even more strongly linked to heart disease than saturated fats. A review of trans fats' effects on health found them to be associated with a two-and-a-half to tenfold higher risk of heart disease than saturated fats (Stender and Dyerberg, 2004). No safe limits of trans fat consumption have been identified (Murray, 2005).
Trans fatty acids are often found in processed foods. An industrial process known as hydrogenation is often used to convert liquid vegetable oils to solid or semi-solid fats, such as those present in margarine. The final product of this process is called hydrogenated vegetable oil, or hydrogenated fat. It is used in some biscuits, cakes, pastry, margarine and many processed foods. Foods that contain hydrogenated vegetable oil (which is always declared in the ingredients list) are likely to contain trans fats. By avoiding products containing hydrogenated fats or oils the trans fat content of a plant-based diet can be kept desirably low.
Low levels of trans fatty acids are also found naturally in dairy products, lamb and beef fat. This is because small amounts of trans fats are produced in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals (Murray, 2005).
Adapted from the scientific report, The Fish Report
1 cup = 112g
Essential Fatty Acids
The fats which are essential to the diet are linoleic acid (from the omega-6 family of fatty acids) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 family). Dietary sources of these essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are listed in Table 4. Seed oils such as flax (linseed), rapeseed (canola) and walnut oil are rich sources of EFAs as are seeds and nuts themselves (Buttriss, 1999). Green leafy vegetables are also a source (Pereira et al., 2001).
Polyunsaturated fatty acids have many important functions in the body. They have a structural function in cell membranes; can aid the retina and other organs, including the brain and skin; are involved in regulating the transport, breakdown and excretion of cholesterol; and are precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes, which regulate many body processes including inflammation and blood clotting.
There are at least three important fatty acids in the omega-3 family: ALA, EPA and DHA. ALA can be obtained from flaxseed (linseed) oil, walnuts, rapeseed, soya beans and green leafy vegetables (although the latter do not contain much as they are generally very low in fat) (see Table 4). EPA and DHA – which are required for brain function – can only be obtained from marine sources, namely oily fish and some species of algae. However, ALA can be converted into EPA and DHA in the body.
Likewise, LA, found in sunflower, corn, walnut and soya oils, can be converted into other important polyunsaturated fatty acids in the omega-6 family, such as arachidonic acid.
Omega-3: Fish versus Flax
A major review published in the British Medical Journal (Hooper et al., 2006) supports the view that pollutants in fish, such as mercury, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, may cancel out the beneficial effects of the 'good' omega-3 fats they contain.
The good news is there are perfectly safe plant sources of omega-3 that can benefit health. Many studies, including a joint report by the World Health Organisation and Food and Agriculture Organisation show that ALA has a protective effect against heart disease. This benefits the environment as well; flax is a sustainable crop whereas fish are not. (For more information, see the VVF's Fishing for Facts fact sheet.)
Recent studies suggest that the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is more important than the amounts of individual fatty acids consumed. Recent changes in the diet, as we have moved away from whole foods towards refined foods rich in processed vegetable oils, have increased our intake of omega-6 fats. This has increased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fats in the diet, which may have a detrimental effect on the rate of conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA.
Most people eating a Western diet need to limit the amount of omega-6 essential fats in their diet and increase the amount of omega-3. This can be achieved by reducing the use of omega-6 rich sunflower, safflower and corn oils and increasing the use of omega-3 rich flaxseed and rapeseed oils.
Cutting down on dietary cholesterol (avoiding eggs, meat and dairy products), avoiding or cutting down on processed foods, and avoiding foods containing hydrogenated vegetable oils (listed on the packaging) will help your body make best use of the omega-3 from plant foods.
Also avoid or reduce fried foods, alcohol, caffeine, sugar, smoking and stress. Make sure that you get all the minerals you require including zinc – found in pulses, wholegrains (eg brown rice, wholemeal bread etc), nuts and seeds – and chromium, found in nuts, wholegrains and brewer's yeast.
One teaspoon of flaxseed oil or one-and-a-half tablespoons of ground flaxseed should provide most people with sufficient omega-3 fats (see Table 5). These fats are easily damaged by light or heat so try and keep these foods refrigerated and use them cold, for example on cold vegetable/rice/pasta salads and so on.
- Reduce your intake of saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, and trans-unsaturated fatty acids
- Avoid products containing hydrogenated fats or oils (listed on the packaging)
- Avoid butter, cream, whole milk and tropical oils as they are especially rich in cholesterol-raising saturated fats
- If you are genetically prone to hypercholesterolaemia then it is particularly important for you to restrict dietary cholesterol, which is found in all animal products
- Improve the balance of omega-6 to omega-3 in your diet by reducing omega-6 oils (sunflower, corn oil) and increasing omega-3s (flax, rapeseed)
- Pollutants in fish may cancel out the beneficial effects of the 'good' omega-3 fats they contain
- ALA (from plant foods) can be converted into EPA and DHA, and has a protective effect against heart disease
- Cutting down on dietary cholesterol (eggs, meat and dairy products), processed foods, and hydrogenated vegetable oils will help your body to make best use of the omega-3 from plant foods
- Also avoid or reduce fried foods, alcohol, caffeine, sugar, smoking and stress
- Increase the consumption of foods rich in fibre, including wholegrains, fruit and vegetables
- AHA, 2008. Cholesterol AHA Scientific Position [online]. AHA. Available from: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4488 [Accessed 17 January 2008].
- British Nutrition Foundation, 2000. BNF Nutrition Papers. n-3 Fatty Acids and Health [online]. BNF. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43§ionId=686&subSectionId=341&parentSection=303&which=6#1171 [Accessed 20 October 2008].
- Department of Health, 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: HMSO.
- Enas A., Senthilkumar A., Chennikkara H. and Bjurlin M.A., 2003. Prudent diet and preventive nutrition from pediatrics to geriatrics: current knowledge and practical recommendations. Indian Heart J. 55 (4), 310–338.
- Food Standards Agency, 2002. McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Summary Edition. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Food Standards Agency/Department of Health, 2003. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64 years. London: TSO.
- German J.B. and Dillard C.J., 2004. Saturated fats: what dietary intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 80 (3), 550-9.
- Grundy S.M., 1986. Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 314 (12), 745–748.
- Grundy S.M. and Denke M.A, 1990. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 31 (7), 1149-1172.
- Hooper L., Thompson R.L., Harrison R.A., Summerbell C.D., Ness A.R., Moore H.J., Worthington H.V., Durrington P.N., Higgins J.P., Capps N.E., Riemersma R.A., Ebrahim S.B. and Davey Smith G., 2006. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 332 (7544), 752-60.
- Katan M.B., Zock P.L. and Mensink R.P., 1995. Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 61 (Suppl), 1368S–1373S.
- Kris-Etherton P.M. and Yu S, 1997. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 65 (suppl), 1628S-44S.
- Mensink R.P.M. and Katan MB, 1990. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on health. Ann Nutr Metab. 48 (2), 61-6.
- Murray S., 2005. Chewing the fat on trans fats. CMAJ. 173 (10), 1158-1159.
- Pereira C., Li D. and Sinclair A.J., 2001. The alpha-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res. 71 (4), 223-228.
- Prior I.A., Davidson F., Salmond C.E. and Czochanska Z., 1981. Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau Island studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 34 (8), 1552-61.
- Renaud S. and Delorgel M., 1989. Dietary lipids and their relation to ischemic heart disease from epidemiology to prevention. J Int Med. 225 (Suppl), 39–46.
- Stender S. and Dyenberg J., 2004. Influence of trans fatty acids on health. Ann Nutr Metab. 48 (2), 61-6.
- Trinidad T.P., Loyola A.S., Mallillin A.C., Valdez D.H., Askali F.C., Castillo J.C., Resaba R.L. and Masa D.B., 2004. The cholesterol-lowering effect of coconut flakes in humans with moderately raised serum cholesterol. J Med Food. 7 (2), 136-40.


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Skip to 0 minutes and 9 seconds I have invited for an interview Eric Meinema, whom Erin Wilson and I had the pleasure to supervise during his research on peacebuilding activities on the Indonesian island of Ambon, a research that he did for his research master at our faculty of theology and religious studies. Eric, welcome back. Thank you. It's a pleasure. Before you tell us something about the peacebuilding activities that you studied, could you say something about the parties involved? Who were the people involved? And also what was the conflict? And where did religion come in? The conflict mainly took place between Muslim and Christian communities, the conflict on Ambon.
Skip to 0 minutes and 54 seconds So the interesting thing was when I asked my informants what the conflict was about and why the violence took place, they mostly referred to an incident that took place on January 19, 1999. The incident took place between a Muslim bus driver and some of his Christian passengers. There was a fight that took place between them and this fight escalated into riots. And the riots, in turn, provoked a large-scale conflict between Muslim and religious communities that lasted for several years.
Skip to 1 minute and 33 seconds This incident mostly refers to a certain trigger that happened during the conflict, but other scholars, they also refer to certain tensions and competition between Muslim and Christians, and also in other levels of society that were already present within the Ambonese society. So what do scholars say about the background of these violent acts between different communities? Well, scholars actually refer to several factors. And two of the main ones have to do with the colonial past of Indonesia and also democratisation processes that took place right before the conflict erupted on Ambon. First, the colonial past.
Skip to 2 minutes and 21 seconds During the colonial times, the Dutch colonisers gave Christian communities Ambon and also the broader area of the south Maluku province of Indonesia, a privileged position within society. They gave them better prices in trading and also more access to local government positions. Locally, Christians have managed to maintain their dominant position vice versa Muslims on Ambon. While in Indonesia as a whole, most of you may know, Muslims, because they are a large majority, are more dominant. The other factor is the democratisation processes that took place in Indonesia.
Skip to 3 minutes and 1 second When the New Order Regime of the dictator Suharto fell down in 1998, democratisation processes were initiated in Indonesia, which gave local communities in Ambon, local Muslim communities, an opportunity to regain a more dominant position vice versa Christians because of the elections. Two important factors were the Dutch colonial policies regarding different religious communities in the Dutch Indies and the recent democratisation process in Indonesia. That sounds as though the conflict is more between communities, religious communities, rather than a conflict about religion as such. Could you say something about that? That's a very interesting question.
Skip to 3 minutes and 57 seconds That's certainly true that at least at the start of the conflict, theological discussions or dogmatic issues were not that important during the conflict. But what makes it even more interesting was that there were not only tensions between religious communities from Ambon, but also tensions on several other levels within society. One of these levels is that there was tension between people who are originally from Ambon, Ambonese communities, and immigrant communities that migrated to Ambon from other parts of Indonesia because of the transmigration programmes of the government. There was also competition and tension between Ambonese and these immigrants, especially in the local economy. Another level in which competition and tensions were there was between competing patronates networks.
Skip to 4 minutes and 48 seconds And Ambon's economy is organised through family structures that are also related to several villages and neighbourhoods. And having a person from your family network or from your village network in a good government position or a good economic position could give the rest of the community access to economic opportunities or political opportunities. So this was also a level on which tensions were present within Ambonesian society that did not necessarily involve religion. Only when violence erupted and the violence itself was interpreted as religious violence, the framework of religious conflict being there started to get more and more important. And usually, incidents of violence were also accompanied by rumours about the violence. And in these rumours, a certain ideological [?
Skip to 5 minutes and 37 seconds fuel ?] on the incidents were also present. For example, when houses were burned down that belonged to a Christian, people would say, well, this happened because Muslims hate Christians so much that they burned down their houses. So these kind of interpretations of the stories that were shared confirms the idea that the violence that the incidents that take place are actually the result of a religious conflict. While in fact, the cause of such violence may also be motivated not by religious hatred or a religious conflict, but, for example, by the competition that was present between immigrants and originally Ambonese communities. You touch upon a very relevant issue here.
Skip to 6 minutes and 30 seconds In the course, we also reflect on the role of collective memories in conflicts. And what you say about rumours, is that related one way or another to collective memories that different communities have of each other?
Skip to 6 minutes and 46 seconds Yeah, definitely.
Skip to 6 minutes and 49 seconds The idea that the violence that took place on Ambon was a religious conflict is still up to this day reflected in rumours that are occasionally being spread about incidents that happened on Ambon or between Muslim and Christian relationships. For example, one of the rumours that continues to be spread every now and then is the idea that Muslims or Christians are setting up conversion campaigns to convert the other religious community to their own religion. In this way, the idea of a religious conflict is occasionally remembered collectively as well. But currently, the story that is being told about the conflict and the violence that happened is a different one. So these rumours are occasionally there.
Skip to 7 minutes and 41 seconds But most of the times when I ask my informants about the violence and what took place, they explain it by sharing stories about provocateurs. So they say that the conflict on Ambon was actually not at all a conflict about religion. It was not formed or created because of tensions between religions, but it was because mysterious provocateurs provoked local communities, set them up, spread these rumours about a religious conflict and also hired people to fight and provoke others. So that is the reason why Muslim and Christian communities started to fight each other. So this is the way most people nowadays try to remember the conflict.
Skip to 8 minutes and 31 seconds In this way, they downplay the role of religion within the conflict and also put the blame for the conflict outside of themselves. It is not them who wanted to fight, but they were tricked by the provocateurs. And they also in this way stressed the idea that the peaceful coexistence of Muslim and Christian communities on Ambon is the normal condition of Ambonese society life. It was only because of the outside involvement of provocateurs that local communities were provoked to start fighting each other. And who are these provocateurs thought to be in these stories? Well, that usually remains pretty much unclear.
Skip to 9 minutes and 25 seconds So while some of informants said that they are usually high-level government officials or members of the military, who exactly are these provocateurs it doesn't become clear from the stories that were shared to me by my informants. So this is also a way, I think, in which by keeping the identity of these provocateurs unclear, this is also a way in which they can manage or at least try to prevent the eruption of future conflicts. This is very interesting because very often you see that the kind of collective memories that play a role in conflicts are those in which previous conflict between the communities are remembered.
Skip to 10 minutes and 16 seconds So to add fuel to the fight already whereas, in fact, what we see here are collective memories about peaceful situations, where the communities lived in peace in the past. These are recalled time and again. And that brings us to your actual research, the peacebuilding activities that you studied. You have studied peacebuilding project at grassroot level, meaning initiatives taken by local people to reconciliate the different communities.
Skip to 10 minutes and 50 seconds In particular, you studied activities, projects set up by organisations in which both Muslim and Christian youth participated. Could you tell us something about what kind of activities these organisations were involved in? What kind of projects did they set up? Yeah. It's indeed true that collective memories are now already used not to prolong the violence, but already in trying to ease the tensions. But as I said before, sometimes rumours are still being spread in which the idea that there was a religious conflict taking place on Ambon and also that there are still religious tensions present right now are still being spread. One of these examples is a rumour about a Muslim motorcycle driver who died in a Christian neighbourhood.
Skip to 11 minutes and 43 seconds Well, some people say that he died because of an accident. The rumour was being spread that the Muslim motorcycle driver was killed by the residents of the Christian neighbourhood. This rumour in turn led to investigations by the police and all kinds of stories being shared about the incident, but nobody could really tell the truth about what exactly happened. Because of this, riots took place at the funeral of this motorcycle driver, which in turn led to a pretty large-scale incident of violence that took place in September 2011. This was six months before I went to Ambon to do my field work there. And the group that was the main focus of my research was Batati.
Skip to 12 minutes and 34 seconds And this group was set up during the violence that took place in September 2011 because the young people in the group who consisted of both Muslims and Christians, they didn't want violence to erupt again and they tried to do whatever they could to stop the violence from escalating further. So what they did, for example, was that they went together as a group of Muslim and Christian youth and they visited several neighbourhoods on the capital city of Ambon, Ambon City, to reassure local people who are organising themselves there to defend their neighbourhoods that the other neighbourhoods who were also organising themselves were only organising themselves for defensive purposes, not to attack each other.
Skip to 13 minutes and 28 seconds And they also brought coffee and sweets and discussed with them the current situation in an effort to ease the tensions and make sure that people felt more comfortable again. When tensions eased again, they decided that they needed to continue working on making Ambon a more peaceful place. So that's why they started to organise activities focused on art and music, theatre, and what so on. And whatever activities in which young people from Muslim and Christian communities could come together and meet each other and become friends. So what you are describing are very low-profile activities performed by youth. What is the importance of these youth being young?
Skip to 14 minutes and 18 seconds Well, one way in which it's important that these young people organise these activities are young is that they can use aspects of youth culture to bridge the divide between Muslim and Christian communities. So all of the activities that these young people are involved in that they use for peacebuilding purposes are activities that are interesting for young people in Indonesia in general, no matter whether they are Christian or Muslims. So activities surrounding music, art, sports, theatre, all these kinds of things are seen as very interesting by young people from both Muslim and Christian communities.
Skip to 15 minutes and 1 second So that's why they are able to use this youth culture and create some sort of a new public space in which Muslim and Christians can meet each other and become friends. If I remember well from your thesis, the youth organised these initiatives, they took the initiatives, because they were rather critical of state level or state subsidised peacebuilding projects by established organisations. What is it they were critical of? Well, in my interactions with young peacebuilders, they often did not so much directly criticise these large-scale peacebuilding efforts by established organisations. But in the stories that are commonly told about the violence, you can see a lot of suspicion towards governments, institutions, and politicians in general.
Skip to 15 minutes and 52 seconds So I think in this way they indirectly challenge the possible effectiveness of these peacebuilding efforts. And another way in which this becomes visible is that the peace talks that were initiated by the government in 2002 that mostly ended large-scale violence are not often referred to when I asked my informants, the young peacebuilders, about why violence on Ambon ended. They even say that these peace talks weren't so effective because they didn't involve very many representatives from the grassroots community. So not many common people. So that's why these negotiations, while they had some effect, but they weren't so successful in restoring the peaceful social relationships between Muslim and Christian communities.
Skip to 16 minutes and 47 seconds So instead of that, young people usually cited very different reasons why the violence on Ambon ended, why the conflict in 2002 came to an end. So when I asked them they said, for example, that people got tired of the fighting, they got tired of losing their homes, losing relatives, risking their lives, losing their positions, having no economy at all on Ambon. So that was usually cited one of the main reasons why the violence stopped. And there was also one reason that was specifically mentioned by youth only, and that was that young people just became bored. They wanted to play basketball again. They wanted to play music. And they wanted to get together and have fun.
Skip to 17 minutes and 32 seconds Looking at these different levels of peacebuilding projects yourself as a researcher, how do you assess the effectiveness of state level organisations versus grassroots activities, initiatives, taken by these youth that you studied? Well, that's an interesting question because grassroots peacebuilding initiatives have often been criticised for having a very limited reach and also having a very limited impact on large-scale political events and broader society in general. And I think that those criticisms are generally true. So I think that you may need both state level efforts towards peacebuilding and also these grassroots peacebuilding effects. But it's important to realise that state level peacebuilding also has its limits.
Skip to 18 minutes and 25 seconds For example, higher institutional efforts towards peacebuilding are often aimed at achieving justice and also an account of the truth as some sort of conditions to create peace. And I think that the conflict on Ambon can perfectly illustrate the difficulties that may arise when state level institutes try to achieve justice and peace. For example, when you want to achieve justice, there usually have to make a divide between who was the victim of a conflict, who are the victims and who are the perpetrators of violence. And this is in the Ambonese case, a very, very difficult thing to do as the violence was organised on the communal level.
Skip to 19 minutes and 13 seconds Almost everyone at a certain point became involved in the violence and almost everyone also became a victim. And whilst many people who were involved in the violence in the past are nowadays involved in peacebuilding activities themselves. So it is very difficult to make a clear separation between victims and perpetrators in a communal conflict, like the conflict on Ambon. And the same goes for creating truth accounts, official truth accounts. What exactly is true is often difficult to determine. So as soon as an outside political actor or a state comes into a conflict situation and [?
Skip to 19 minutes and 54 seconds follows ?] one story, one version of the truth as the official truth, this can, in fact, generate even more conflict because other stories may not be heard anymore. I think that, in general, you have to be very careful promoting a certain version of the story as being true. And there might be a good possibility that, especially grassroots peacebuilding initiatives where a new version of the truth is built up slowly, step by step, and as young peacebuilders say themselves, friendship by friendship, in this way, new collective memories are also created in which the religious differences are no longer that much important. But also what happened before the conflict when there was peace and also what will happen in the future.
Skip to 20 minutes and 56 seconds So it's not about only the truth about the past, but also what can be true in the future. So I think that because they have a much more informal role and much more easy access to their communities and also much more easy access to all the sensitivities in their communities, the youth know very well what will provoke their communities and also what will bring them possibly together. So I think that's why they can play a unique role in the peacebuilding process. Well, Eric, this has been very interesting. You have shed your light on several issues that we'll address in the course about conflicts turning into religious conflicts, the role of collective memories.
Skip to 21 minutes and 41 seconds What I find very relevant is what you have to tell us about the role that youth can play in creating different collective memories. And in fact, the different levels on which peacebuilding should take place to be effective. So once again, thank you very much for this interview. Thank you very much. It has been a pleasure.
Erik Meinema on peacebuilding in Ambon, Indonesia
Erik Meinema, a graduate of the Research Master in Religion and Culture at the University of Groningen, and researcher with various peacebuilding NGOs, has studied a community in Ambon and the conflict there extensively. His research sheds light on the importance of trust and building local capacity, as you will hear in the following interview with him.
If you do not have the time to watch the whole video, we suggest to watch two sections in particular:
00.00 - 05.40 : nature & historical background of the conflict
10.30 - 15.00: grass roots peacebuilding activities by Ambonese youth
© University of Groningen


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Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention play a major role in long term obesity, and increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. Lifestyle interventions evaluating attainment of healthy weight postpartum have been reported. To date limited focus has been directed to investigating postpartum women's perceptions of factors influencing weight management (WM). Our objective was to examine factors perceived to influence healthy eating (HE) and physical activity (PA) in WM for postpartum women.
Methods: An online survey was completed by 879 postpartum women (given birth in the previous 5 years) aged 18-40 years. Perceived HE and PA factors influencing WM were assessed across 20 items using a five-point Likert scale. Chi-squared tests were used to investigate differences by sub-groups (age, education, marital-status, income, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity and GWG). Two open-ended questions were asked about HE and PA strategies women had successfully implemented to address these WM factors. Responses (HE n=313, PA n=268) were analysed using Leximancer (UQ, v.4) to identify common concepts among the group and by pre-pregnancy BMI.
Results: For postpartum women (32.9±4.5 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 25.6±5.7 kg/m2, 1.85±1.0 children) the most commonly reported factor influencing WM for both HE (79.4%) and PA (86.4%) was 'time due to family commitments'. Knowledge relating to HE and PA was reported as a significantly greater influence for those with education up to certificate/apprenticeship level, compared to those with a higher university degree (61.2% vs 46.5%, p=0.02; 53.1% vs 35.4%, p=0.001, respectively). 'Meals' was identified as the central concept for successful HE WM strategies across all BMI groups. For PA, the central concept differed by BMI category with healthy-weight, overweight and obese groups identifying 'kids', 'gym' and 'time' respectively.
Conclusion: Future interventions targeting postpartum WM should address HE and PA barriers and enhancers identified by key population sub-groups.


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On the cover of The Hollywood Reporter magazine with his manager, Scooter Braun, the 19-year-old talked openly about his life and career. Here are 5 highlights:
Nope, Don't Care
"Not 'I don't give a f**k' to just be reckless and do whatever, but 'I don't give a f**k what they say.' ... I know who I am and what I'm doing in my life and what I've accomplished and continue to accomplish as a performer, as a writer, as an artist, as a person, as a human being. I'm happy with the man I'm becoming."
The Media Thrives on Negativity
"When people see a negative thing about me on a magazine, they're gonna buy it. Every time some site writes something bad, all my followers go on there, and it brings them more traffic. Now they have all the Beliebers on their site, which gives them money from advertisers. They're just worried about money. They don't care about ruining someone's name."
His Influences
"I'm very influenced by black culture, but I don't think of it as black or white. It's not me trying to act or pose in a certain way. It's a lifestyle -- like a suaveness or a swag, per se. But I don't really like to say the word ['swag'] anymore. It's kind of played out."
Who to Trust
"I trust my mom and dad. I trust Scooter with my career; he's always made sure I'm taken care of. That's it."
He's Got Loads of Time
"Michael Jackson didn't do 'Off the Wall' until he was about 23. "Bad," not until he was, like, 25 [Jackson was 29]. I have all the time in the world."
Justin Bieber Doesn't 'Give a F***' and 4 Other Candid Comments to Hollywood Reporter
Superstar Justin Bieber isn't apologizing for any of his recent behavior because he really doesn't care what people think.


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Company Information :
Vision Statement
Sustained development of the fisheries, climate and water sectors and the economic benefits therein as well as the welfare of its stakeholders guided by policy frameworks which recognize that responsible resources management is essential for sustained development, for now and for the future.
Mission Statement
To manage, develop, conserve and protect the country�s fisheries and water resources in order to assure a safe and sustainable exploitation of these resources for domestic, trade, agriculture and other uses which are responsive to current and future quality of life and economic development needs of present and future generations of citizens of The Gambia; and to provide timely and accurate weather and climate data and information to safeguard population and promote food security.
Category :
|Region :
|Area :
|Address :
|6, Marina Parade
The Gambia
|First Name :
|Surname :
|Job Title :
|Phone Number #1 :
|220 4201515
|Phone Number #2 :
|220 4229708
|Phone Number #3 :
|220 4201022
|Fax Number :
|220 4223987
|Website :
|Email address :
Category :
Banjul, Banjul
Category :
Category :
Category :


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RBI on it Circular stated that from now onwards Banks cannot levy penality charges on non-maintenance of minimum balances in inoperative Accounts.
How to Transfer your funds from ICICI ATM to any Account Number
With ICICI ATM you can now transfer your funds to any dear ones with ease. Check out the video which explains how to transfer funds from ICICI ATM to Any Account number
ICICI Bank Technical Analysis November 14 2011
It's been really tough time for banks not able to show specific trend since 3 months from August 2011. ICICI Bank has been trading in the range of Rs.70 (820-890). This could be an acid test for all major banks like SBI, AXIS, ICICI whether they can sustain October's low or not. All these banks just 5% away from the recent low in October 2011.
Nifty Swing Charts and ICICI Positional Targets
Nifty Spot :4103 Inference from the Swing Charts of – 4 day(15 min) Intraday Nifty charts Which shows that the primary trend of the nifty is getting weaker day by day. And the falling RSI and the stocastics signals further downtrend is possible if nifty is not able to move above the recent swing high 4130 […]


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Yes, It Was Just An April Fools' Prank
Last Thursday I wrote a post announcing that Daily Blog Tips had landed me a television deal. Some of our readers noticed it was an April Fools' prank, but given the dozens of "Congratulations!" emails I received, I am guessing that many didn't.
That is why I decided to write this post and clarify things.
This is the third year that I pull an April Fools' prank on this blog. In 2008 I had announced that Daily Blog Tips had been acquired. The prank didn't work that well because the "I am getting acquired" prank is as old as the web.
Then last year I talked about an online service that would allow you to download the whole Internet to your hard disk. Obviously I was the one behind the website of that service as well. This prank worked out fine, as it even got linked from TechCrunch.
Over at Daily Writing Tips I also use this special date to have some fun. Back in 2008 I wrote a post announcing that English was to become the official and obligatory language of the Internet. The reactions were pretty funny.
This year's prank generated even more buzz, as I announced that the ELCC (English Language Central Commission) decided to remove the letter "Z" from the English alphabet. The post got 81 comments and almost 250 retweets.
After I started working full time on the Internet April 1st became one of my favorite days of the year. It is a lot of fun to come up with the pranks and to watch what other webmasters doing the same. Even big players like Google, Starbucks and Wikipedia join the party. TechCrunch has a list with the most popular pranks this year, so check it out if you missed them.
What about you, did you came up with a prank on your website? Do you like April Fools' on the web, or do you find it annoying because you can't trust anything you read that day?
Browse all articles on the General category
19 Responses to "Yes, It Was Just An April Fools' Prank"
Pinoy @ How to blog
haha It's actually my first april fool's here on DBT, I should be more aware next time 😉
Keith Davis
Hook, line and sinker…
You naughty man.
So when you make it on TV nobody will believe you…
I have to agree that these light-hearted April fools posts can really create a good amount of laughter and fun in the blogosphere which could at times become quite serious.
Chris Peterson
Every time April 1 always give a fresh to make fool and this time Twitter are the most prevailing way to formulate April fool
Kirsten Lesko
LOL! That's classic.
lols.. some people find April 1 a lame day but Im sure many people enjoy this day.. My april fools prank wa a bit late but I think its kinda interesting because many of my readers get caught
Melvin, that is NOT a PRANK. It's very disgusting. By clicking your link within your post to the 'press release', you open a task with a video and resized my Firefox browser window to bounce around the screen! I had to use Ctrl Alt Del to stop it. All of my open tabs were lost — restarting FF did the same thing so I had to go to Safe Mode. I hope Daniel removes your comment from this post! Hope you find a better 'reveal' than what seems to be a virus…
Richard Scott
I did a free Diamond give-a-way contest. You fill out the form, come up with the best reason why you would want to win, then try to click the submit button only to have it disappear. Most didn't notice it was fake until they finished reading the rules… Fun day!
Imran Yousaf
I am late this April to post my April Fool post. My idea was presenting one month compete pro subscription for top commentator of my site.
Pink E. Love
Okay….I've been had. I just left a comment congratulating you about 5 minutes ago.
Vivek @ InfoEduTech
Since everytime april 1 will give a new to make fool and this time blogs are the most powerful way to make april fool
Ohhh a well crafted April fool post
Shubh -RBT
I knew it. I must say you are really adept at fooling people.
@ishan I have read your post. (Great ideas)
Glad that you like my prank! 🙂
Shubh -RBT
It was a nice one. At first I believed that it was true but after reading the date I came to know that it was a …. prank…
- Shubh -RBT
- Ishan
I like April Fool's pranks. It's great to see so many creative ideas around just to make people laugh.
I had posted a post with fake interview of Google Co-Founders and a "gift" from them to all readers that will make their blog PR 10. You can read it here:
Daniel Scocco
Good one hehe.
- Daniel Scocco
Chris Foley
It's amazing how many people will believe well-crafted advertising copy. My April 1 gag was a press release saying that my blog had officially been optimized for IE6 so that home and corporate users could take advantage of it.
I got loads of genuine congratulations and had to take an enormous amount of time to explain the prank.
Comments are closed.


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Here's What People Are Saying About Gateway
Gateway has cleaned our college campus for the past ten years. The nature of the beast with college campuses is you have to be responsive and flexible and they have been. It's been a pleasure working with them.
You can imagine the cleanup after thousands of people leave the ballpark. Gateway comes in, cleans up and gets us ready for our next game. They can handle even the toughest of jobs.
Gateway Building Services Inc., has taken care of our hospital for the past ten years. No one is more committed and thorough when it comes to keeping our facilities clean and well-maintained.


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I recently finished this piece for Michael,who kindly posted a review up on Sword-Site.
The beginning of a project that will be gradually brought together over the coming year. This is going to require a lot of pattern making and moulding as well as silver inlay work in the eventual steel pieces, a really...
Some of the pieces i have been working on over the past weeks include an 18th century Scottish dirk with brass blade back and carved ebony grip;and this Crusader sword with an etched motif in the blade fuller. A simple and...
just finishing up this Claymore for a customer,with some carved knotwork detailing and an olive shaped pommel.prior to peening!
the Scabbard is back mounted,but also easily removable with a hook and loop arrangement on the belts
2015 marks my 25th year as a Bladesmith working and living here on the Island of Skye on the west coast of Scotland. I taught myself everything i know from books and practical application,in an age before the internet and...
Next Page
If you have an idea, a sketch or design of your own, or if you would like to commission one of my stock items just get in touch with me at:email@example.com
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Castle Keep, A Chuibheall, Torrin, Isle of Skye, Scotland IV49 9BA
© Castle Keep 2020


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A number of our elementary school art students will have their artwork exhibited in the annual Yamate Art Show: February 14 – 24 at Bluff No. 115-3, The British House — link here — across the street from Y.I.S. (横浜市中区山手町115-3) from 9:30-17:00 daily, 9:30-12:00 on Feb 24.
This art show is part of the Yokohama Yamate Art Festival and includes the artwork of students from several schools in the Yamate area, each exhibited at a different residence on The Bluff.
Do come visit the Y.I.S. student gallery at Bluff No. 115-3 and see the energy, efforts, and two- & three-dimensional creativity of our Kindergarten through Grade 5 artists!


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As the images flickered past, so many years impossibly distilled into a one-minute-15-second tribute, the man himself stood alone, apart, leaning on the boards by the Boston Bruins' bench, staring upwards at the Jumbotron, drinking it all in.
Celebrating goals. Brightening the days of hospital-bound kids. Pushing his game to heights never before seen in this town. Reminders of a time when the Calgary Flames had the audacity to reach for the stars and he, indisputably, was the best all-around player in the game.
A personal progression from raw recruit to polished professional to enduring icon.
"It was definitely emotional," acknowledged Jarome Iginla afterward. "I really appreciated the fans. It was a cool feeling. It felt special. The ovation at the beginning.
"Then you kinda feel funny standing out there.
"By yourself."
Then again, in this town, this was a singular player.
One last chance to stand and applaud. One final opportunity to unleash the "Ig-GY! Ig-GY! Ig-GY!" chant at full throttle.
Just like the good old days.
Last week at the Bruins' practice facility in Wilmington, Mass., 45 minutes outside Boston proper, Iginla was asked how he thought he'd react to his upcoming return to the Scotiabank Saddledome.
"I don't," he said jokingly, "think I'll cry."
Well, he thought right. No tears. But there was also no doubt, watching him as the adulation washed over him in waves during the pre-puck-drop recognition, that he was struggling to keep it together.
"When I came out I heard Beezly doing the announcements and it did feel a little surreal," he admitted. "I'd heard it so many times over the years. The lights out, the atmosphere . . . it was great. It definitely brought back a lot of great memories."
They stood at the start for him and then they stood again at the end. When he was named the game's third star, his Bruins' teammates wouldn't let him off the ice. He took one spin. Then another. To thunderous applause and more chants.
"Pretty forced," laughed Iginla. "Pretty forced. The guys were great. Z (Zdeno Chara) and all the guys came out and wouldn't let me off the ice. I went for one little loop and they were like 'No, no, you gotta go one more.' And then they made me go one more, too.
"But it was fun. It was nice of the fans. They probably wanted me off the ice by then, too.
"Looking back, you think back, just trying to make the NHL. Then you reflect on all the years being able to play for a great organization here in Calgary. All the fun I've had so far in my career. I feel very fortunate and blessed. The guys on my team made it even more special for me. And the guys on the other side.
"I appreciated it all. I wanted to come back and have fun, hoping it'd be memorable. And all the way it was."
From a scriptwriter's standpoint, a pretty decent effort. The rousing reception. The game-over star spin(s). A third-period Bruin blitz that steamrolled a deserved 1-0 Calgary lead through 40 minutes. The only thing missing was the goal. Seconds before David Krejci equalized 1-1 on a power play deflection at 13:49 of the third, though, Iginla appeared to have notched his seventh of the season, the puck ricocheting crazily around Reto Berra's net.
"It was close, eh?" he agreed. "It went off the bar, deflected off something. The post, or whatever. As a team, all the way around, in the third period we came out and guys, each line, got a lot better. We were just pushing for that tying goal and we were able to get it there on the power play. Then to see Smitty (Reilly Smith) go on a nice move was great."
Then there was that empty net to aim at in the final minute.
"I did have a chance," sighed Iginla. "Krejc and Luce were saying they were going to look for me. It came over and they were yelling 'Shoot! Shoot!' And it was spinning, I was a little anxious. I was hoping to get one there at that point. You're trying to fire it but . . . oh well.
"It really didn't matter.
"Third-period comebacks are always fun. Especially in an already memorable game for myself. It was a nice ending."
The stat line read like this: Twenty-two shifts, 21:36 of ice tie, four shots, two hits, even. But this was never about statistics. It was about an icon's return.
"I was good yesterday. I was good today. Then getting ready to go out there, being in that spotlight you don't really know what to expect. Yeah, I was a little nervous. A little excited. I got a great one-timer chance right off the start, got a little too excited and pulled it and tired to hit it to hard.
"That's part of the fun of it. The butterflies."
In his personal scrapbook of cameo-keepsakes, the once and always king of Calgary said Tuesday night will rate highly.
"It's right up there. I've been very, very fortunate to play a lot of years in the NHL. It's been fun to be here in Calgary. To be able to come back and . . . you don't really know what the response is going to be. Kind of blasé or whatever. Not necessarily negative. But people were great and they made it very special for myself and I'm sure my mom — I haven't talked to her yet — and my dad.
"It's humbling."
After the morning skate, with hours to kill before The Return officially began, Iginla was asked how much shut-eye he'd been able to get.
"I had a great sleep last night, actually," he said, laughing. "I wasn't sure how it was going to be. But I had a real good sleep. Honestly, just excited about the game.
"Kinda like a little kid."
Maybe it took a little kid, four-and-a-half-year-old Ryan Howden, to capture the spirit, the essence, of this special evening. Paying a visit to rink with his dad on Tuesday morning, Ryan got the chance to meet his once and always idol.
"Hey, buddy," said Jarome Iginla, bending down to shake hands. "How ya doing? Thanks for coming."
Ryan was wearing a red Calgary Flames' jersey, adorned with autographs scrawled in black sharpie. A No. 12 on the back, naturally. On the front, though, a Boston Bruins crest had been attached.
The past mingling with the present.
On this day, nothing less than the height of fashion.
George Johnson is the Herald's sports columnist. E-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.com
Follow George Johnson on Twitter/GeorgejohnsonCH


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Get to know the causes for lowering testosterone
Testosterone is a male hormone that is generated by testicles. These hormones are responsible for developing the person's sexual abilities and prowess. The hormone contributes majorly in making the person feel erotic and get rejuvenated. However in the recent generation there are many such cases where people have been observing difficulties like lowered testosterone count which has been creating huge complications in their sexual life.
There are many causes of lowered testosterone levels which would develop numerous difficulties in men. it is extremely important to get to know about some of the essential factors responsible for lowering the count of testosterone on men.
Age has been the major factor responsible for reducing the count of testosterone hormone in men. As the age of the person advances, the person experiences a lowered sex hormonal growth. Usually in the age group of 35 to 45 years of age, men are more susceptible to conditions like andropause. Hence, fluctuating and reduced testosterone levels are bound to be observed.
Testicular injuries, this is another major reason responsible for reducing the testosterone hormone in the person. The injuries impact by reducing the production of the hormone, which will decline its presence. Hence, it is extremely important to make a healthy approach and attain complete safety to avoid injuries to testicles. This would ultimately result by troubling your erotic powers.
Infections in testicles, this is the another important factor that is to be taken care of, infection to the male organ is one such major cause responsible for reducing the count of testicles. Such infections should be essentially taken care of to make it a healthy experience and lead a life full of erotic passion.
Various difficult treatments, like cancer treatments, these are also amongst the major causes responsible for altering the production of testosterone hormones. These medical treatments involve various medications and tablets in the treatment; those are very strong to digest. These drugs leave a side effect on any of the other functions of body. Many people experience a lowered sex drive and a reduced testosterone count. Such major changes in routine will also result by ruining the erotic abilities of the person and make it difficult for the person to gain back the rejuvenation.
Also, some chronic diseases would also make it a worsened phenomenon. Disorders like kidney related diseases and illnesses like Sarcoidosis, Cirrhosis of liver are some of the major troubles responsible for developing erotic troubles by lowering the count of testosterone in men.
There are also some categories of medications which make it further difficult for people by hampering their testosterone levels in blood. Using these medications in moderation will reduce the chances to a certain extent.
These are some of the commonly known facts that are responsible for lessening the testosterone levels. A healthy and passionate routine is all that is required for a superb and happy living. Healthy routine practices will reduce the troubles to a greater extent and will also help in controlling sexual set-backs and promoting healthy relationship.
Paul Zand is a Medical Student and a freelancer who is specialized in writing. He is associate with many Pharmacies for whom he writes articles based on generic viagra drugs and general health related issues. For more http://www.realviagrarx.net/
Author: paulzand
Paul zand is a Medical researcher and Consultant for Realviagrarx Pharmacy. His past experience and education enabled him to contribute his knowledge for development of generic drugs like Kamagra, Kamagra oral jelly and more. For more info visit: http://www.realviagrarx.net/This author has published 9 articles so far.


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Inbound marketing workshop with @CIM_nw1 at @DBCentreSalford21 May 2014
Inbound Marketing is the latest buzzword when it comes to digital marketing. What is it? How is it changing the way marketeers develop their long term strategies?
On Friday 9 May 2014, an Inbound Marketing Workshop took place at the University of Salford. The workshop was organised by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) North West region and the Salford Business School's Centre for Digital Business, which was hosted by Dave Hazlehurst, Director at Ph-Creative.
The workshop covered a wide range of inbound marketing topics including: search marketing, search engine optimisation (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC), display advertising, conversion rate optimisation, social media marketing, content marketing and video marketing. A diverse range of guests attended the event including postgraduate marketing students, marketeers, academics, and company directors. So, what is it about inbound marketing that made this audience spend a day at Salford Business School?


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Tipperary town cup derby could be a thriller
Tipperary town soccer fans are in for a treat on Sunday when local rivals St Michael's and Tipperary Town meet in the Tipperary Cup quarter final at Cooke Park.
It's a real David versus Goliath tie. St Michael's are one of the kingpins of Tipperary soccer, former FAI Junior Cup and Munster Junior Cup winners and were unlucky losers in the FAI Junior Cup final last season.
This year they are unstoppable in the league and a 5-1 win at Cahir Park last week made it ten wins from ten and put them nine points clear at the top of the table.
Tipperary Town are one of the league's newest clubs but have been making an impression since their arrival into the TSDL. They won the Peter O'Reilly Cup last season, are still in this year's event and are well positioned in Division 3.
However they face their biggest test on Sunday against neighbours Saints. It should be one to savour.
In the other Clonmel Credit Union Tipperary Cup quarter finals, Cahir Park host Galbally, Donohill and District are home to Vee Rovers while Clonmel side Old Bridge make the short journey to Redmondstown.


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A. A. Milne Pens a Cryptic Golf Invitation to his Close Friend Vincent Seligman
Autograph Letter Signed Blue, to Vincent Seligman, c. 1920s-1930s, Chelsea, London, England. 1 p., 5½ x 7½ in.
Anti-Texas Opposes Annexation as a Slave State, Signed in type by Leading Abolitionists of Mass.
Printed Broadside Circular Letter to Massachusetts Clergy, Boston, November 3, 1845, announcing the formation of a Massachusetts Committee to resist the admission of Texas as a slate state. Signed in type by 39 persons, including Charles Francis Adams, William Ingersoll Bowditch, William Lloyd Garrison, Francis Jackson, John Gorham Palfrey, John Pierpont, Henry B. Stanton, George Bradburn, Ellis Gray Loring, Wendell Phillips, Charles Sumner, Elizur Wright, Elihu Burritt, Samuel E. Sewall, Henry Wilson, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Joshua Coffin. 1 p., 8 x 9⅞ in.
This small abolitionist broadside circular to the clergy of Massachusetts urged them to "multiply, to the utmost, remonstrances against the admission of Texas" to encourage members of Congress to vote against a step that would "build up slavery again in a country where it was abolished sixteen years ago." Despite their efforts, Congress admitted Texas by joint resolution fewer than two months later.
Abraham Lincoln Mourning Stereoview
Photograph. Lincoln funerary stereoview. c. April 1865, E.F. Smith photographer, Boston, Mass.
President Lincoln Vouches for a Maryland Unionist Congressman
Autograph Letter Signed, to Robert C. Schenck, May 31, 1863, Washington, D.C. 1 p.
"I esteem Gov. Francis Thomas, as an able, and very true man. I do not know that he agrees with me in everything—perhaps he does not; but he has given me evidence of sincere friendship, & as I think, of patriotism."
Broadsheet of Lincolns 1862 State of the Union Message
Broadsheet, Sentinel Extra [place unknown[1]], ca. December 2, 1862, 9⅛ x 24 in. 2 pp.
"We cannot escape history… In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free… We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best, hope of earth..."
One month before signing the Emancipation Proclamation, the president proposes colonization and his plan for compensated emancipation, discusses foreign affairs, reports on progress of the Pacific Railroad, the war and finance. This rare "Sentinel Extra" broadsheet (apparently unrecorded in OCLC) has other news of the day on the verso, including a fantastic article quoting General Meagher's reaction to the resignation of several officers after McClellan was removed.
The Only Abraham Lincoln Letter to his Fiancée Mary Owens Still in Private HandsLong on Politics, Short on Love
Autograph Letter Signed, to Mary S. Owens, December 13, 1836, 2 pp., 9¾ x 7¾ in.
"Write back as soon as you get this, and if possible say something that will please me, for really I have not been pleased since I left you."
Here, Lincoln perfectly demonstrates what Owens later described as deficiencies "in those little links which make up the chain of a woman's happiness." Rather than expressing his feelings for Owens, Lincoln complains about his health and discusses political issues swirling in the Illinois General Assembly. Although inept at love, the letter offers rare insight into the young representative's thoughts on a variety of political issues. In this highly important letter to Mary Owens, a self-absorbed Lincoln complains to his potential spouse of his health, both physical and mental, and discusses political issues to the point that he describes his own letter as "dry and stupid." Perhaps more revealing than he realized, it illustrates the tension in Lincoln's early life between matters of the head, with which he was comfortable, and matters of the heart, with which he clearly was not.
The Emancipation Proclamation, Gen. Orders No. 1, First Edition of First War Department Printing, Bound with First Editions of Gen. Orders 2-201, Jan. to June 1863
Printed Document. Emancipation Proclamation. Signed in type by Lincoln, Secretary of State William H. Seward, and Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. General Order No. 1, War Department, Adjutant Generals Office, Washington January 2, 1863, 3pp., intended for all military commanders in the field. Dated in print January 2, but, consistent with the time it normally took for military orders to be published, it likely came out closer to January 7. Earlier separate printings are very seldom available. (Eberstadt: Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation # 12.)Bound together for Army paymaster Major N.S. Brinton with a 26-page handwritten subject index followed by separately printed and paginated orders from Jan. 1 to June 30, 1863. Brinton or a clerk apparently wrote the index as the orders were received. Since a printed index would have been available soon after the last order, it was likely bound in 1863. This sammelband also contains General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force, Adjutant Generals Office, 1862. Washington: Government Printing office, [ca. March] 1863, with printed subject index, pp I LVI, and pages 1-158.
"All persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free."
Also Bound with an 1863 Compilation of General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force… for Jan. to June 1862, including the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
After Investing in its Stock, Lincoln Represents a Railroad in a Precedent-Setting Lawsuit
Autograph Manuscript Signed by Lincoln in text, constituting his official transcript of the Subscription Book of the Capital Stock of the Alton and Sangamon Rail Road Company, incorporated February 27, 1847, transcribed in early 1851. Comprising a cover sheet titled in Lincolns hand, the joint stock subscription statement and list of 91 shareholders with the number of shares subscribed, and leaf with Lincolns legal docket: Alton and Sangamon Railroad Company vs. James A. Barret. Copy of contents of subscription book.... 8 pp., 6⅝ x 8¼ x ¼ in.
A list of stockholders, entirely in Lincoln's hand, filed as evidence in his first significant railroad case. Lincoln's own appearance in the shareholder list represents only the second known instance of a stock purchase by the future president. The Illinois Supreme Court's ultimate ruling in favor of Lincoln and the railroad set an important legal precedent, upholding the binding nature of a stockholder's contractual and financial obligations. "The decision, subsequently cited in twenty-five other cases throughout the United States, helped establish the principle that corporation charters could be altered in the public interest, and it established Lincoln as one of the most prominent and successful Illinois practitioners of railroad law" (Donald, p.155).
Lincoln Pushes for Arkansas Without Slavery
Autograph Letter Signed as President, to Frederick Steele. Washington, D.C., January 27, 1864. 1 p., 7¾ x 9¾ in. On Executive Mansion stationery.
After announcing his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction on December 8, 1863, Lincoln paid close attention to two Arkansas groups both aiming for reunion. Here, the president is concerned about potential conflicts with his plan, but in the end, both plans coincided in the key detail of ending slavery.
Honest Abe Lincoln Admits to Skirting the Truth with his Wife
Autograph Letter Signed, to John Rosette, editor of the Springfield Republican, February 20, 1857, Springfield, Ill. Headed Private in Lincolns hand. 1 p., 7½ x 9⅝ in.
Headed "Private" in Lincoln's hand, this unique letter reveals an awkward intersection of domestic and national politics and an instructive insight into the marriage of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln. Here, Lincoln admits to not being truthful with his wife on the small matter of purchasing a copy of a new partisan newspaper, a year before the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates. "When the paper was first brought to my house, my wife said to me 'now are you going to take another worthless little paper,' I said to her evasively, I had not directed the paper to be left. From this, in my absence, she sent the message to the carrier. This is the whole story."
President Lincoln & His Most Profitable Client, the Illinois Central Railroad
Autograph Letter Signed A. Lincoln as President, to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, May 23, 1863. Executive Mansion, Washington stationery, 2 pp. on one sheet, 7¾ x 9¾ in. With front panel of original envelope, to which Lincoln has added an Autograph Note Signed, and Stanton has also added an Autograph Note Signed.
Less than six years after he successfully sued the Illinois Central for legal fees, President Lincoln faces another problem with the railroad, now vital for the transportation of Union troops. In another dispute over payments, he tells his Secretary of War, "If I had the leisure which I have not, I believe I could settle it; but prima facie it appears to me we better settle the account ourselves..."
Lincoln Endorses Petition from Border State Unionists
Autograph Endorsement Signed as President, ca. December 1864, on a manuscript petition, with two endorsements from Brigadier General Solomon Meredith. 2 pp., 7 x 9⅛ in.
President Lincoln endorses a manuscript petition from border-state Unionists seeking the establishment of a permanent military post at Hickman, Kentucky. "Submitted to the Sec. of War who is requested to see the bearer. A Lincoln."
New York Soldier Reports on Fort Sumter before It Was Taken
Autograph Letter Signed, to a friend, South Carolina, October 10, 1863, 4 pp. 8vo.
"I am quite lame with the kidney complaint but not bad enough to fetch me home yet for they wont let a man go home as long as he can go and then they had rather he would die here for they die here every day....if you have got any friends that talk of coming tell him to join the masons or odfellows or some other d n d disorder and stay at home"
A Fighting Vermont Regiment Summary of Actions after Gettysburg, July 5-13, 1863
Autograph Document, c. July to October 1863, 2 pp., 8 x 12¼ in.
Albert Einstein on the search for greater meaning: Using such apothecarys methods one cannot reveal any of Gods secrets, I think. A Swiss chemists work leaves Einstein cold, but Schrödinger has the scent of a deeper truth.
Autograph Correspondence Card Signed, to Michele Besso, May 1, 1926, Berlin. In German. 1 p., 4¼ x 5⅞ in.
Einstein Plans Visit to his Son, and Compares Science to the Search for Four Leaf Clovers
Autograph Letter Signed (Papa) to his son Hans Albert Einstein, March 7, 1924, [Berlin, Germany]. In German. 1 p.
"I'm working a lot but not managing to come up with the real thing. Science is a difficult profession. Sometimes I'm glad that you chose a practical vocation, where one doesn't have to search for four-leaf clovers."
Albert Einstein thanks German Jewish Physician for a book on Anti-Semitism, our eternal unsolvable problem
Autograph Letter Signed, to Isidore W. Held, Princeton, April 19, 1944. In German. 1 p., 8½ x 11 in.
"our eternal unsolvable problem...is a sickness of the others, and not our own, meaning that the most important thing is not to catch it and to keep our balance—as long as they don't beat us to death."
Alex Haley Signed Check
Signed Check, September 20, 1988. Drawn on the First Tennessee Bank in Knoxville. To Patricia Alexander. With Love! in the memo field and on the back is her endorsement and a note that says Thanks!.
Alex Haley Signs Check to the Cornell University Black Alumni Association
Signed Check, June 9, 1989. Drawn on the First Tennessee Bank in Knoxville. To Cornell Univ. Black Alumni Assn.. With donation in the memo field.
Hamiltons Advice to Holland Land Company on a New Law Relating to New York States Prohibition Against Foreigners Owning Land
Autograph Manuscript Draft, to Théophile Cazenove, c. May 19, 1796. 2+ pp.
"It is manifestly the interest of the parties concerned to avail themselves of this act. They are now intirely at the discretion of the Government...."
New York adhered to the common-law prohibition against foreigners owning land. If a citizen purchased property in his own name but the money came from a foreigner, the purchaser was considered a trustee, and the State could seize the property. But Dutch investors, second only to France in their aid to America during the Revolution, invested heavily in American stocks, bonds, and western lands, working largely through their agent Théophile Cazenove.


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Throughout my career I've been fortunate enough to work alongside some fantastic sports science and medicine professionals.
When I wrote The Strength and Conditioning Bible I was acutely aware of how much my interactions with them had influenced the content of my book and I was keen to find a way of offering the reader a taste of the insights that I've gained working alongside them.
Just before the completion of the book I reached out to a select group of friends and colleagues and asked them to offer one or two gems relating to each chapter of the book.
They didn't disappoint!
Throughout the book you'll find pearls of wisdom from some of the best practitioners in their chosen field. We have insights from the world of fitness, NFL, Olympic sport, education, premiership football, international rugby and business.
Below is a list of the additional contributors to The Strength and Conditioning Bible – not a bad group of people to be surrounded by!
Adam Beard MSc, ASCC Director of High Performance – Cleveland Browns
Duncan French PhD, ASCC, CSCS, ASCA-L2 – Technical Lead for Strength & Conditioning, English Institute of Sport
Pete McKnight BSc, CSCS, ASCC -Chairman of the UKSCA, Strength & Conditioning Coach – French Ski Team
Richard Nugent – M.D. TwentyOne Leadership and Success In Football
Darren Roberts – High Performance Manager, Harris and Ross Healthcare
Alwyn Cosgrove – Owner, Results Fitness
Grant Downie OBE, MCSP HCPC – Head of Performance, Manchester City FC Academy
Dr Mark Gillett MSc (SEM) FRCS FCEM FSEM(UK&I) Dip IMC RCSEd
Director of Performance West Bromwich Albion FC
Neil Parsley BSc, CSCS, ASCC – Director, Underground Training Station
Scott Pollock, MSc, CSCS, ASCC. – Senior Strength & Conditioning Coach, English Institute of Sport – British Swimming
Steve Wright – Chartered Physiotherapist, Certified Kinetic Control Movement Therapist, Senior Physiotherapist, English Premier League
Chris Barnes MSc, BSc, CSci, – High Performance Sports Scientist
Mark Spivey – B.App.Sci. (Human Movement/Sports Science) ASCC – Director of Fitness and Sport – Radley College (United Kingdom)
Rachel Cosgrove CSCS, BS Physiology, 2012 IDEA Personal Trainer of the Year, Owner of Results Fitness and Results Fitness University
Professor Damian Hughes – Professor of Organisational Psychology and Change, Manchester Metropolitan University
Keir Wenham-Flatt MSc, CSCS – Lead strength coach, Los Pumas Argentina
If you want to find out how to train like an athlete pre-order your copy of the Strength and Conditioning Bible today on Amazon.


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Hout Bay 004 - Hout Bay, Cape Town
At a Glance
: Apartment
: 3
: 2
: 6
: Not available
: 3,500 to 5,500 Rands per day
: Double Garage • DSTV / Satellite • Self-Catering • Fully Equipped & Furnished • Broadband Wifi Internet • Safe • Small Pool • Cleaning Service • Full Security • Pay-as-You-Go Telephone
Photo Gallery and Property Description
Cape Town self catering accommodation – three bedroom beach villa in Hout Bay
This recently built two storey Cape Town self catering accommodation, Tuscan style villa is located in Hout Bay and has 3 spacious bedrooms. It is situated right across the street from Hout Bay beach and is close to all amenities.
All three bedrooms of this gorgeous Cape Town self catering accommodation have private balconies with either mountain or ocean views plus TV's with DSTV / Satellite reception.
The main bedroom of this Cape Town self catering accommodation has a queen size bed and en-suite bathroom. The second bedroom has a double bed, while the third has 2 single beds.
We provide the best quality linen, towels and toiletries for your self-catering convenience.
A cleaning service is provided five times per week, at no added cost.
The kitchen has granite counter tops and everything you need for self-catering, including a dishwasher, washing machine and clothes drier.
The house is equipped with Broadband WiFi ADSL and a safe is available for the safe-keeping of your valuables.
The property has a small swimming pool and beach chairs and an umbrella are available to take along to the beach.
The Cape Town self catering accommodation is equipped with 24 hour security system, which is monitored at all times, together with medical / armed response.
This Hout Bay villa is available for vacation rentals all year round and comfortably accommodates up to six guests.
More holiday accommodation choices are available in Llandudno, Constantia, Clifton, Hout Bay, Bantry Bay, Camps Bay and the V & A Waterfront. Write to us and we will suggest more options to you in villas, apartments, flats & houses for self catering accommodation in Cape Town.
Customer Testimonials
From: Andrew D
Sent: 13 April 2012 06:55 AM
To: Holiday Rentals in Cape Town
Cc: Sandy S
Subject: Re: Andrew D HB 004 April 2-7, 2012
Dear Sandy and Arthur,
Just a quick note to thank you for allowing us to rent your house in Hout Bay. We had a wonderful time, albeit too short – maybe we will be able to stay for longer next time.
The house was perfect for our family. Everything worked well, the house was spotlessly clean and the location could not have been better – just across the road from the beach and restaurants.
Thank you once again.
Warm regards,
Harare International School


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Mr. Speaker, this weekend I met with an 86-year-old farmer and his supporters. His name is Frank Meyers. The Department of National Defence is going to take away his farm, his land. This land has been with his family since before Confederation.
Although the law may allow the government to do it, Mr. Meyers' land is precious to the history of our country, to our farmland, and to making sure we have food security.
Are the Conservatives going to just take this land away from an 86-year-old farmer and turn their backs on this man and his community, yes or no? Otherwise, are they going to reconsider what I think is an ill-fated, not very wise decision?


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Photos of Kate Bosworth and Alexander Skarsgard Out Publicly As A Couple
Are You Glad Kate Bosworth and Alexander Skarsgard Are Finally Going Public?
Kate Bosworth couldn't help but get cozy with Alexander Skarsgard yesterday as they ate lunch at LA's Doughboys Bakery & Cafe. Despite being caught hand in hand at a Golden Globes/> afterparty in January, both Alex and Kate have sidestepped questions about their romance. These latest photos seem to confirm that their relationship is very much on, but tell us what you think — are you happy to see Kate and Alex finally going public?


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dbfInspect™ helps uncover the gold in your dbf files!
By dBaseGeoffrey | NewsroomThe NEW dbfInspect™ is the .dbf (table) utility from dBase that makes working and interacting with .dbf files quick, easy and fun. The new dbfInspect™ is based on same the approach introduced when we released the first dbfUtility called dbfExport™. The guiding design principles are to provide simple, fast, and Fun applications that work well with dBase databases. The new dbfInspect™ works with tables from dBASE IV all the way through the latest dBASE version, dBASE PLUS 8 with ADO. This unique utility can read, modify, insert, delete, pack, and print using any of your tables. It has two advanced search systems built-in, one for simple searches and the other for more in-depth searches,. It even lets you search memo fields for information. "The new dBase, LLC is focused on providing products that enable anyone with dBASE databases to interact and use the data even if they do not own a full copy of dBASE. The new dbfInspect™ is a Windows® based utility that makes it very simple to inspect the data stored in your dBASE database files," said Mike Rozlog CEO. "Being able to interact and work with a dBASE database is a much sought after capability and this release shows our commitment to the family of dbfUtilities™ that have been introduced." The new dbfInspect ™ is available NOW through the dBASE store and is priced at $49.95 USD. Check out this video for an overview of dbfInspect ™ in action.


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T225 and ATEX approved TX225 is the second biggest in the range of sanitary pumps for various transfer, filling and emptying applications in food- and pharmaceutical industries. It measures 360×420×639 mm and has a max capacity of 330 l/min.
Specification T225
|Technical info
|Max capacity
|l/min (US gpm)
|330 (87.2)
|Volume per stroke
|ml (cu in)
|1000 (61.02)
|Max discharge pressure
|bar (psi)
|8 (116)
|Max air pressure
|bar (psi)
|8 (116)
|Max suction lift dry
|m (Ft)
|5 (16)
|Max suction lift wet
|m (Ft)
|9 (29.5)
|Max size of solids
|mm (in)
10 (0.39)
42 (1.65)***
|Max temp in PE
|110 / (230)
|kg (lb)
|21 (46)
Performance curve
Downloads for T225
Find downloads like brochures, instructions and drawings. For instructions in other languages, click here to go to the brochures & manuals download page
Sanitary diaphragm pumps IOM english


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You can tell by now how much I like jewelry right? Well it's only going to get worse, or better depending on how you see it. Hope you enjoy the pixel jewelry below, because everything is better pixelated when it's on purpose. Some of the jewelry is pixel-like but ehh close enough and still cute!
***click on the image for links***
For the goth geek or those who just like skulls or morbidity:
Quadrant collection by Nerea Aixas
Pixel'ish necklace


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A Breeze Calls For Jeans
Jacket (similar): Aeropostale/ Shirt (similar): TJ Maxx (store) Rose and Olive (designer)/Necklace: Target/ Jeans (similar): Express/ Heels (similar): TJ Maxx (store) Franco Sarto (designer)/ Clutch (similar): Charming Charlie
Today was a breezy and chilly spring day, so I decided to skip the skirts and go with jeans instead. A pair of light gray, distressed denim is a great substitute for the traditional dark wash. To bring a healthy dose of color to the outfit I half tucked a patterned shirt into the jeans and threw on a blue leather jacket, which also defined my waist. Pulling out more colors from the shirt, I included a statement necklace and braided leather clutch. Nude heels with perforated details keep the outfit from being too colorful and lengthened my legs. Below in the comments tell me how you like to style outfits for chilly days!
Stay Classy!
xoxo Emily
Comments are closed.
Where I Shop:
T.J. Maxx
Home Goods
Nordstrom Rack
J. Crew
Kendra Scott
Banana Republic
Copyright © 2015-2020 Emily Ehardt.


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|List of families
Mohria caffrorum auct. non (L.) Desv.
Mohria caffrorum (L.) Desv. var. ferruginea J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
|Common names:
|Rhizome shortly creeping, up to 10 mm in diameter, scales chestnut to rust-coloured, 5-7 mm long. Fronds closely spaced, tufted, slightly dimorphic with fertile fronds slightly longer than sterile fronds. Stipe 2-22 cm long, sparsely to densely set with a mixture of hairs and scales. Lamina thickly coriaceous, 5.3-63.5 cm long, erect, narrowly elliptic in outline, pinnate to 2-pinnatifid. Pinnae hairless or nearly so on the upper surface, undersurface with hairs and scales; pinnule margins shallowly crenulate to obtusely toothed. Rhachis densely set with hairs and scales. Sori marginal, exindusiate.
|Difficult to distinguish from M. vestita. M. nudiuscula has a thickly coriaceous and often a less dissected lamina with hairless or nearly hairless upper surface; the margins are notched with shallowly rounded teeth.
|Derivation of specific name:
|nudiuscula: somewhat bare or naked, the upper surface of the lamina is almost hairless.
|Seasonally moist montane grassland and forest margin, exposed or lightly shaded. Terrestrial or lithophytic.
|Altitude range:
|800 - 2100 m
|Worldwide distribution:
|DRC, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, also known from Madagascar.
|Mozambique distribution:
|Growth form(s):
|Lithophyte, terrestrial.
|Endemic status:
|Red data list status:
|Insects associated with this species:
|Spot characters:
|Display spot characters for this species
|Content last updated:
|Thursday 22 September 2011
Burrows, J.E. (1990). Southern African Ferns and Fern Allies. Frandsen, Sandton. Pages 63 - 64. Description of M. caffrorum! Revision by J.P. Roux: M. caffrorum now restricted to S.A., M. vestita and M. nudiuscula new species for Zimbabwe. (Includes a picture).
Burrows, J.E. & Burrows, S.M. (1993). An annotated check-list of the pteridophytes of Malawi Kirkia 14(1) Page 83.
Burrows, J.E. & Willis, C.K. (eds) (2005). Plants of the Nyika Plateau Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 31 SABONET, Pretoria Page 43.
Chapano, C. & Mamuto, M. (2003). Plants of the Chimanimani District National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Zimbabwe Page 39.
Chapano, C. & Mugarisanwa, N.H. (2003). Plants of the Matobo District National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Zimbabwe Page 25.
Crouch, N.R., Klopper, R.R., Burrows, J.E. & Burrows, S.M. (2011). Ferns of Southern Africa, A comprehensive guide Struik Nature Pages 208 - 209. (Includes a picture).
Da Silva, M.C., Izidine, S. & Amude, A.B. (2004). A preliminary checklist of the vascular plants of Mozambique. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 30 Sabonet, Pretoria Page 9.
Jacobsen, W.B.G. (1983). The Ferns and Fern Allies of Southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban and Pretoria. Pages 177 - 178. Description of M. caffrorum! Revision by J.P. Roux: M. caffrorum now restricted to S.A., M. vestita and M. nudiuscula new species for Zimbabwe. (Includes a picture).
Kornas, J. (1979). Distribution and ecology of the Pteridophytes in Zambia Polska Akademia Nauk Wydzial II Nauk Biologicznych Page 43. As Mohria caffrorum
Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (eds) (2004). A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 Sabonet, Pretoria and Harare Page 5.
Roux, J.P. (2001). Conspectus of Southern African Pteridophyta. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 13 Page 54.
Roux, J.P. (2009). Synopsis of the Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta of Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands Pages 52 - 53.
Schelpe, E.A.C.L.E. (1970). Pteridophyta Flora Zambesiaca Page 56. Description of M. caffrorum! Revision by J.P. Roux: M. caffrorum now restricted to S.A., M. vestita and M. nudiuscula new species for Zimbabwe.
Wursten, B., Timberlake, J. & Darbyshire, I. (2017). The Chimanimani Mountains: an updated checklist. Kirkia 19(1) Page 78.
|List of families


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Pinpointing humidity with accuracy. TE offers a broad range of calibrated and amplified sensors for measuring relative humidity. Accurate dew point and humidity measurements are made possible through the combination of relative humidity and temperature measurements. Our products are qualified for the most demanding applications, including automotive, heavy truck, and home appliances. Our sensors are designed and manufactured to exacting specifications, often on a custom basis. Together with our customers, we are working to solve today's biggest application challenges in new and creative ways.
See Also:
TE Sensor Solutions for Home Appliances (.pdf) for more product information, specifications, applications and ordering information.


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by: the Common Constitutionalist
I wonder if now that the Obama administration has paid the ransom "we owed" the Iranian regime, whether it will set a precedent for others to put their hands out and demand, or at least request funds from the U.S. treasury?
Heck, even before the precedent, the Israeli government asked the U.S. to bump up its annual military stipend from $3 billion to $5 billion. Those dirty, money-grubbing Jews – asking for an additional $2 billion. You might think that, but they are blaming the Obama administration for the fact that they must request it in the first place.
It seems the Middle East is poised to get a lot more dangerous thanks to the huge infusion of cash which was part of the US-Iran nuclear agreement. So thanks to Obama, Israel expects to have to spend a lot more on defense. They do have a point.
Now in, we'll call the post-ransom period, another has come forward asking for cash. Our old buddy, "former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is asking President Obama to release nearly $2 billion in Iranian assets frozen in a New York bank account." read more