text:
It was one of the most heartbreaking trips I've ever had to take; what was in actuality a twenty-minute drive appeared to last for hours. By the time I'd pulled into the parking lot of Hollywood Feed my heart was at its heaviest that day and my eyes nearly swollen shut from sobbing all the way there.
"Hi, can I help you with anything today?" the store associate asked from behind the counter.
"Yes, please. My dog is dying and I need to get this food, this special food all dogs really like."
I just stood there staring at her, feeling the tears fall down my cheeks and trying my best to keep the ugly cry at bay- because mine is extraordinarily ugly. And I kept apologizing because I felt like a crazy person with an inability to keep my emotions intact in front a stranger but then this "stranger" said, "Let me help you." It wasn't what she said, it was the way in which she said it that I knew her help wasn't merely about taking a can of food off the shelf but about standing next to me on one of my darkest days and understanding why my heart was breaking- without my having to explain.
When I visited the store again two days later to return the unused portion of food, the same associate was there. Before I could get the words out, she knew. "I'm so sorry," she said as I silently slid the cans across the counter. My nods to her were indicative of both my inability to say anything in return and to tell her I felt the sincerity in her voice, the empathy that transpired in her every movement during our silence. I left that day with a better understanding of why Hollywood Feed expresses to its applicants, "Loving pets is required, retail experience is not." Arguably, efficient stocking and basic customer service skills can be taught without much investment of heart; empathy and compassion are nurtured only when the heart is invested in doing so. What began as a pet supply store on the corner of Hollywood Street and Chelsea Avenue here in Memphis is now a chain specializing in natural and holistic pet food and supplies, with locations in nine states. Its heart is invested in every, single one of them.
$10,000 was donated for a dog park in Ross Barnett Reservoir, Mississippi; $21,000 worth of agility equipment was gifted to the Hound Mound at Heritage Park in Texas. A "You Buy We Give" program, in which Hollywood Feed matched customers' product purchases, supplied homeless pets with toys, treats, grooming products, and a local humane society "enough dog food that could feed 10 medium-sized dogs for a year." Additionally, the company donates over 100,000 pounds of dog food every year and hosts countless adoption events with local shelters and rescue agencies.
Gifts come in many different forms and sizes. Some are large, concrete, and require advance discussion of logistics, such as the delivery of thousands of pounds of dog food. Others are small, abstract, and spur-of-the-moment, such as an authentic uttering of "I'm so sorry" to someone whose silence conveys what words cannot. With the recent opening of its first stand-alone store "built from the ground up" in Memphis, Hollywood Feed continues to grow as a company: there are now 67 locations. Its contributions to our communities is growing as well and therein is the irony that, in many ways, a pet store is poised to become man's best friend.
901-321-1025 (Office)
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The Bodleian History Faculty Library is part of the Bodleian Libraries. As such it follows Bodleian Libraries policies and procedures.
Official forum for discussion about library provision in History
As Faculty-run committee, the Committee on Library Provision & Strategy (CLIPS) in History provides guidance and advice to the History Librarian concerning library matters for the study and teaching of History throughout the University, but especially concerning history provision primarily but not exclusively in the Bodleian History Faculty Library and the Bodleian Library.
Items for discussion typically include:
- Library strategy and policies
- Library services
- Collection development budgets
- Planning for the Humanities Lending Library on the ROQ Site
- Provision of collections (printed and electronic)
- Inductions and user education
- Feedback and queries from student representatives and Faculty members
The membership of the CLiPS includes:
- Library staff who have some responsibility for provision in the area of history, including Weston Library
- A college librarian representative
- Faculty members representing different periods or areas
- 3 student representatives for undergraduates (1), master students (1) and doctoral students (1)
- The CLiPS chair also a member of the History Faculty Board.

subset: commoncrawl


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A new report commissioned by the EU recommends the abolition of termination fees, the proportion of call costs which is paid to the receiving network, on the grounds that the internet survives without them and the internet is going to be everything, anyway.
The report (summary: pdf), conducted by the German telecoms research group WIK - or Wissenschaftliches Institut für Kommunikationsdienste, to give it its full name - looks at interconnection fees on the internet. And it discusses how termination fees are slowing development of telephony, and hurting consumers. The full report is here as a pdf.
In Europe the termination fee is a proportion of the cost of a call which is passed on to the receiving network, to pay it for carrying the call. This is known as Caller Party Pays (CPP, or CPNP as WIK insists on dubbing it), as the person making the call pays for the whole call.
Bill of Rights
When the telephone was introduced to Europe, monopoly telcos just told customers how much they owed and customers just paid up. American consumers were a more feisty bunch, who didn't take their telco's word on trust. They wanted itemised billing. The US operators decided that itemising local calls was too much like hard work, so they offered them for free.
When mobile phones arrived the US they were given area codes matching the place they were sold. So if you bought a phone in San Diego someone calling you from that city would expect the call to be free. Someone has to pay for the mobile element, so Americans find themselves paying to receive calls on their mobiles.
WIK correctly compares this to the internet model: when you call someone using Skype you pay for your part of the connection, by eating into the usage cap on your broadband connection; and the person receiving the call does the same. You each pay for your part of the connection. Although that may be through a fixed monthly fee - the cost is still split evenly between you and the person you are calling.
WIK argues that such peer-to-peer connections will be increasingly how the internet operates. The researchers then swallow the red pill by suggesting that YouTube is a prime example of such a service. "The users (and their respective computers) typically have a symmetric peer-to-peer relationship with one another. The content is shared among users, rather than emanating from a central server." YouTube, of course, emanates from a central server.
Out of Africa
Termination fees are important for developing countries: they collect termination fees on received calls and use that income to build more infrastructure, while internet connections are simply money-pits where access must be bought from (generally American) service providers until sufficient traffic can be generated to set up a peering agreement. The report accepts this, but then dismisses it by pointing out that Europe needs no more network infrastructure.
The authors make much of how the US system encourages mobile use, especially since the evolution of capped-flat rates "Flat rate plans, whether banded or not, tend to encourage use of the service." Do Americans really spend as much time on their cellphones as do Europeans?
The EU report stops short of recommending all termination fees be immediately abolished, though only because it will take time to implement and abolition is the stated aim.
It is debatable if European users are willing to start paying to receive calls, and it would be a very brave EU that seriously suggested such a thing. But the WIK analysis suggests we will have to change our business practice as we move towards an all-IP network. ®


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SSDs Need Controllers with More, NO! Less Power
The Storage Developer Conference in September gave a rare glimpse into two very different directions that SSD architectures are pursuing. While some of the conference's presentations touted SSDs with increasing processing power (Eideticom, NGD, Samsung, and ScaleFlux) other presentations advocated moving processing power out of the SSD and into the host server (Alibaba, CNEX, and Western Digital).
Why would either of these make sense?
A standard SSD has a very high internal bandwidth that encounters a bottleneck as data is forced through a narrower interface. It's easy to see that an SSD with 20+ NAND chips, each with an 8-bit interface, could access all 160 bits simultaneously. Since there's already a processor inside the SSD, why not open it to external programming so that it can perform certain tasks within the SSD itself and harness all of that bandwidth?
Example tasks would include Continue reading
Kaminario Adopts Software-Only Business Model
Kaminario recently decided to adopt a "software-centric" business model, rather than sell all-flash arrays as the company has done since its inception. The company says that this will allow it "to streamline operations, while focusing its resources on continued software innovation," acknowledging that the change: "represents a strategic business model shift for Kaminario."
Hardware support for existing and future Kaminario customers will be provided by Tech Data, which Kaminario's release tells us is the world-leading end-to-end distributor of technology products, services, and solutions.
Jay Kramer of Network Storage Advisors, a friend of The SSD Guy recently provided me with some valuable insights on Kaminario's restructuring and has allowed me to share them here. Jay is a recognized technology consultant specializing in the network storage industry.
Here's what Jay has to say Continue reading
WDC: No SSD/HDD Crossover
Those who have been reading posts on The SSD Guy blog for some time have often heard me explain that SSD prices will not fall below HDD prices anytime soon. Last week Western Digital shared a roadmap that shows that we can expect for there to be a sizeable price gap between the two technologies at least through 2028.
Let me stop for a moment to point out that Western Digital Corp, or WDC, no longer has any reason to take sides in the HDD vs. SSD battle now that the company has acquired SanDisk, a leading SSD maker. Even before that, WDC's HGST business has been the market leader in SAS SSDs for a number of years. WDC doesn't take sides in arguments about SSDs vs. HDDs. Instead the company stands ready to sell whichever one the customer finally decides to use.
This post's graphic comes from a chart that WDC used on October 11 when introducing its new MAMR head technology, which the company expects to propel HDD capacities up, and HDD price per terabyte down, for a number of years. To create this chart WDC's HDD team joined forces with the SanDisk flash team to project both HDD and NAND price per terabyte for the next 11 years. The most important conclusion is that Continue reading
SanDisk Rolls Out InfiniFlash
The following post is an excerpt of an article Objective Analysis submitted to the Pund-IT Weekly Review for 11 March, 2015.
With a webcast in the style of the big system makers like EMC and Oracle, SanDisk announced its InfiniFlash flash appliance. InfiniFlash is a box that crams a whopping 500 terabytes into only 3U of rack space.
How big is 500 terabytes? It's more bytes than SanDisk's entire flash output for 2001.
SanDisk boasts that InfiniFlash is a "category-defining product", and pointed to the fact that IDC, who provided support for the roll-out, created a new "Big Data Flash" storage product category for this device.
The system boasts performance of one million random-read IOPS, which is impressive, but doesn't give much indication of how it performs in standard enterprise dataflow, which is generally assumed to consist of a 70/30 split of reads and writes. (I should mention here that Objective Analysis published a survey of users' IOPS and latency needs which can be purchased on our website.)
Price is a major focus for this product. SanDisk says that it will sell systems bundled with software at less than Continue reading
Western Digital to Acquire sTec
The following is excerpted from an Objective Analysis Alert e-mailed to our clients on 24 June, 2013:
Western Digital Corporation (WDC) and sTec, Incorporated announced today an agreement for sTec to be acquired by WDC for $340 million in cash. The HGST subsidiary will assume control of sTec and will continue to support existing sTec products and customers, while also remaining a part of its joint development program with Intel Corp. HGST's current line of SSDs uses an Intel controller architecture combined with an SAS interface, end-to-end data protection, and other features key to the enterprise SSD marketplace.
Although sTec was a glorious first mover in the SSD business with EMC's Continue reading
WDC's HGST Intros 12G SAS MLC SSDs
In case you didn't have enough abbreviations in your life, The SSD Guy brings you the headline above, with the promise that the news below is really interesting: HGST (formerly Hitachi Global Storage Technology, but now a division of WDC – Western Digital Corp.) has brought out a new line of 12Gb/s SAS SSDs based on MLC flash. These are a part of the UltraStar line.
Whereas HGST's first-generation UltraStar SAS SSDs used SLC flash, the new SSDs are based on 25nm MLC flash but offer the same warranties as HGST's prior generation. Even so, performance for the new SSDs is significantly faster than that of their SLC-based predecessors, with no reduction in wear or lifetime specifications.
These SSDs are the first to support Continue reading
The SSD Pricing Maven
When I have a question about SSD retail pricing I know exactly who to consult. Andy Higgenbotham (pictured here) and his Price G2 service track HDD and SSD retail pricing and publish data to a very high degree of resolution.
Price G2 data has been used in another post in the blog: When Will SSD Prices Drop Below HDD Prices?
This company publishes weekly reports of pricing from all major HDD and SSD manufacturers (Seagate, Western Digital, Toshiba, Samsung, Intel, Micron, and the like) with information on market trends like this for the week of April 23:
Flat to increasing pricing continues throughout 2012. Only on the 512GB have we seen sustained price drops from Q1 and through Q2. The 512GB capacity currently sells for $1.05/GB in week 17.
Amid recent rumors of steep SSD price declines this service has served to disprove any notion that the SSD market is undergoing fundamental change. The SSD Guy highly recommends Price G2 for anyone whose business relies on timely and thorough HDD and SSD price tracking.
Micron: SSD Over-Inventory at OEMs & Channel
During Micron Technology's quarterly earnings call an interesting tidbit was revealed: PC OEMs and Micron's sales channel partners are carrying SSD inventory from panic buys they made in response to Thailand's floods.
It seems that Micron's OEMs and channel partners expected the HDD shortage that resulted from the floods to create new market opportunities for SSDs. This is not an uncommon notion, and it was first discussed by The SSD Guy in a blog post early last November with another post added in January. It seems that the messages of these posts didn't reach those OEMs.
Micron mentioned this because Continue reading


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Oregon Turkey Hunting Haley had never had the chance to harvest a turkey before, and in the high mountains of Eastern Oregon it's not an easy feat. Covering ground is the name of the game and a close encounter leads to a memory of a lifetime.Read more
2013 Highlight Video
See what the past year was all about for us at Red West Outdoors. Keep an eye out as we launch future films including some that are highlighted in this video....Read more
2013 Spring Turkey Highlight
Here's a quick look into our 2013 spring turkey season. It was a year to remember as both Corey and Haley connected on their first gobblers on opposite sides of the state. Keep an eye out for the full length versions coming soon.
Read more


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'Dilla' tag.
HHHToday's your day,
With only one day left until the Canadian Government stops matching private donations in the Haiti Earthquake Relief Effort, I ask you, loyal HHHT readers and lovers to please head on over to the PPF Neighborhood and donate now. This project, in conjunction with MSF (a.k.a. Doctors without Borders) and support from the CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) is a 14-track album featuring artists from around the world playing everything from Underground Hip-Hop to Latin Jazz, Ambient Electronica to Folk. Accompanying the audio is also a 13-page PDF booklet featuring art from award winning painters, illustrators, animators and designers.
You're not just helping a country in distress…please watch.
For more information on the project: THE PPF NEIGHBORHOOD
This past week we honored the passing of 2 of Hip-Hop's greats and in commemoration, Cookin Soul and 2 Dope Boyz put together this mixtape celebrating their absolute awesomeness:
COOKIN SOUL Presents BIG DILLA
As a follow-up to their hugely entertaining 10-pages of Jay-Z disses, Complex Mag, also responsible for those awesome soundboards as well as getting Keri Hilson to take those wonderful pics brings you 7 pages of emcees dissing Jay-Z back. Everyone from Nas to Prodigy, Fat Joe to Jim Jones, it's allll there. Click the image below for the whole shebangabang.
And finally, as an added bonus, a treat from one of the illest to ever do it.
Be well world.
I'm sorry, but this past week has just been too good for me to not keep posting.
Sandwiches. Mirriam-Webster defines a Sandwich as: 1 a : two or more slices of bread or a split roll having a filling in between b : one slice of bread covered with food.
However, RapRadar defines a sandwich as: When The Roots enter and leave a commercial break on Late Night With Jimmy Fallon, they perform small sets called "sandwiches". And since joining the show in March, the crew have composed 1,000 of 'em. This past weekend, drummer ?uestlove compiled 22 of them into a free EP. Can't beat that.
Similar to a live band take on Dilla's Donuts, I give you, Sandwiches.
THE ROOTS – SANDWICHES (Direct Link)
And as an added bonus, another track that's surfaced from Black Thought's unreleased Masterpiece Theatre album, I give you:
BLACK THOUGHT – MONA LISA – Shout out to Slick Rick!
No not the astronaut, the DJ. Founding member of the legendary turntablist crew the 5th Platoon (which also includes highly decorated vets likes Vinroc, Roli Rho, I. Emerg and others) has been tearin shows and pumpin out mixtapes for years now. And although well known amongst DJ's and Turntablists, Armstrong's maintained a relatively low profile (whether intentionally or unintentionally, I'm not sure) outside the walls of his genre. Well, this past year, he was given the opportunity to be Mr. Shawn Carter's touring DJ for the Blueprint 3 and well, that's just something you don't pass up.
Anyway, he's just released this short little clip detailing a day in the life of DJ Neil Armstrong. If you don't know…..
Part 2 of the Mos Def interview with DJ Semtex. Click Clack.
That's Wednesday folk.
Get it.
It's Sunday, and surprise surprise, I'm not feelin so chatty today. Had a late night, early morning and now my fingers just wanna chill out. Luckily, I got me a good amount of viewing material to get up a worthwhile post so lemme get my baby boy Bangs on and take u to da movies again….
As they reminisce…..
Talkin bout Fantastic Vol. 1, Vol. 2 and Elzhi's entrance.
The newest single off the Ecstatic:
Mos interview with DJ Semtex.
Agree or not, it's always interesting to hear this discussion amongst some of the dopest to ever do it.
That's me.
Relax day.
Generally on Sundays, the crew and I give you the option of Heaven or Hell (or neither, depending on the preceding night). And well, normally I'm cool with those guidelines…however, where I'm at, we're gettin Monday off so Sunday will continue BANGIN (more on that in a minute) so I'm leanin towards the hellish side of this post. Nonetheless, I can't be insensitive to my overseas counterparts who are currently dealing with a serious dose of Adventure from the Grandmaster himself.
So, here we go….somethin for column A and somethin for column B.
Heaven: For those that need to just chill the eff out with some cool ish.
As many of you know, Pete Rock and Ma Dukes have gotten together to release Dilla's first official (I don't count the Illa J ish) Posthumous record. With enough in his vault to battle 2Pac, I really hope that this isn't the beginning of a long watering down process. Already on the record, titled JAY STAY PAID, there are features that I'm just not comfortable with (Havoc of Mobb Deep?!? I say NO DICE good sir.), but that being said, there are some features on here that just look amazing (Blu, Lil Fame, Black Thought). So with that, I give you a preview of the record courtesy the World Famous Beat Junkies & Okayplayer.
Beat Junkies & J Dilla – Jay Stay Paid Album Sampler
And as a little bonus, here's some newer ish from J Dilla's fam and Aftermath's newest songstress.
Slum Village – Cloud 9 (Feat. Marsha Ambrosius)
HELL: For those who feel like using Red matter tonight.
As we've been reporting for awhile, Freebass 808 is the ridiculous union of producer Apple Juice kid and Camp Lo's Geechi Suede. They're dope. Now, with what they're calling an 'Interactive Player', these boys along with Tishaun Dawson of Battalion Armour are here to take things one step further. 5 New Freebass 808 tunes accompanied by full conceptual visuals…this is the future and I'm excited.
And as an added bonus, like I said in the last post, Kurupt's a beast. And if you know me, you know I love myself some DJ Quik. So to put the 2 together…..well, gosh darn if it isn't just OBSCENE!
The first single off the upcoming BLAKQOUT album. Some of the most inventive song structuring ever…not to mention the cadences….oh LORD!
For the homies in T.O. — It's tonight. Invite only. PPF gettin their VIP on. Let's get it.
Be well world. Check Waakao for your daily dose of Waa's Hap'nin.
Because its Monday and your alive and kicking, living on an island in the Pacific Ocean or a cold city in a burgeoning metropolis, either way, just smile. I miss Dilla, like how you miss a good friend that can always make you smile, like how you miss your moms home cooking, like how you miss being a kid and the freedom that came with that time in your life. If you dont know about J-Dilla, he's your favorite rappers, favorite producer. Anyways, Dilla dawg RIP. I'll be holding a personal tribute in my ipod all week.
On to the things that make Mondays Manic.
McNasty Filth – Jaylib feat Frank N Dank
I had the pleasure of kicking it with Frank in Taiwan. He came out here shortly after Dilla died with DJ Dopey to play Spring Scream and a couple dates in Taipei. Frank grew up with Dilla and shared some great Dilla moments with us on the 6 hour bus ride down to Kenting. That ride never went by so fast. Wow. Shouts to Frank N Dank.
I remember reading an article with Just Blaze where he was talking about how Dilla did things in the studio that amazed him. When you can make a producer as ill as Just Blaze go 'how did you make THAT sound??!!' I think your doing something right.Blaze was talking about this song, its like Radiohead meets Rap.
Nothing Like This
This one I just like, im a bit of a headphone nerd. For all my ipod kids. Turn this one up, it will rattle your brain a little bit and sounds good loud.
MED feat Dilla – Push
This one came out just after he died. His brother Illa J is spitting Jay's raps in this video. Brotherly love. Its a pretty beat too.
Wont Do
We do it all for the love.
HHHT 6 February 21st Taichung.
…and because my landlady woke me up with a smile to allow some men into my bathroom with a jackhammer….im smiling to keep myself from committing some vicious crimes.


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|start date
|end date
|information:Bedroom 2 - Electricity, Gas, Cable TV & WiFi included
|information:Bedroom 1 - Electricity, Gas, Cable TV & WiFi included
This is a three bedroom apartment share on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York. Located on 68th Street & Columbus Avenue, this accommodation offers two rooms for rent. The owner will act as a roommate and sleep in bedroom 3.
This apartment share is located on the 2nd floor (considered 1st in Europe) of an 11-story elevator mid-rise building. There is a shared rooftop terrace available to all building residents. Additionally, a shared laundry room is on the premise. For privacy assurance, a security system is in place.
Bedroom 1 spans 112sqft/10.4sqm and includes a full-sized bed. Hardwood floors line its base and wall-to-wall windows overlook a residential street. These windows allow fresh air to provide ventilation and natural light to illuminate the space. One chair, one full-sized mirror, and one dresser drawer for item storage are supplied.
Bedroom 2 includes the same wall-to-wall windows as bedroom 1. This room spans 180sqft/16.7sqm and includes a queen-sized bed. Acable television provides entertainment. Dresser drawers and closet space accommodate item storage.
The shared living room includes a large sofa and cable television for your entertainment. One ample dining table with six chairs accommodates meal space.
The tiled kitchen includes cabinet space for item storage and most necessary cooking appliances. The tiled bathroom includes a mirror, full-sized tub, and shower.
Apartment shares are great for college students. The Julliard School is just a quick stroll from the apartment at 0.3mi/450m away. The American Ballet Theater is just 7 subway stops away on the 1 train.
The Upper West Side is an upscale community of New York City. Within this area is a plethora of attractions appealing to first-time visitors as well as popular bars and restaurants. Listed below are some suggestions of where to go during your stay.
For public transportation around NYC, walk to 66 Street / Broadway : Lincoln Center (Lincoln Center) for the 1 train. 0.2mi/350m.
Apartment floor plans in this site are not drawn to scale. They are an indication of the general layout and are intended as a guide only. Nothing contained in them should be considered to be an exact blueprint or statement of fact or warranty.
Review by: Isabelle M.,
Aug 20 2017
From: France,
Apartment Share Rental: 7 months
I lived in the apartment for six months, and my experience was perfect! Great location, nice building and rooftop, and very nice and warm land lady!
Review by: Louis E.,
Oct 13 2015
From: France,
Apartment Share Rental: 6 months
Everything was perfect. Charming and receptive landlady. We easily cohabited. Nice terrace. Two negative points: air conditioning was a bit noisy and the speed of the Wifi connection was limited. But it is typical in the US.
Answer by: Roommate Host
Nov 03 2015
Thank you for your feedback, Louis. I am surprised to hear about both issues. Air conditioning and heating is notoriously loud in all NY rental apts. However, i have never been bothered by it nor have any of my roommates complained.
Review by: Chiara C.,
Aug 12 2013
Apartment Share Rental: 2 months
I can only say that this place is perfect for a true New York experience! The roommates are both amazing people, they really make you feel at ease and they are always willing to help you in any occasion.
Review by: A Roommate,
May 01 2011
From: Switzerland,
Apartment Share Rental: 1 month
very good location the room is nice and the roommate is fun and friendly, I really liked this room and I'd love to rent it again.


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Do you have a prayer story that took the form of a miracle, somehow?
• Maybe the answer was not what you wanted, but what you needed?
• Maybe the prayer itself moved you to a place where you were ready for whatever came next.
• Or the prayer was answered in a way no one expected, but in the end, it was the best answer give the circumstances.
With a closer look at our second lesson we see that this is a prayer from the apostle Paul ... a prayer for the children of God ... a prayer for us ...
"I pray that ... you may be strengthened in your inner being ... in the Spirit ... and that Christ may dwell in your hearts."
"I pray that you may have the power to comprehend ... the breadth and length and height and depth of the love of Christ ... that, with Christ, we may accomplish abundantly far more than we can ask or imagine !!!!"
Amen? Amen.
What an empowering and loving prayer.
• People of God, we are blessed to be prayed for ...
• we are empowered to be about the message and love of God ...
• we are invited to pray such powerful prayers and trust in our God to answer our prayers.
So, what are your prayers for this congregation? For this neighborhood? For your community? For this world?
Lord, listen to you children praying,
Lord send your spirit in this place.
Lord, listen to your children praying
Send us love, send us power, send us grace!
With you, for Christ,
Pastor Brenda
A couple responses from the congregation:
"Dear God, Please continue to show your love to the people of Bethel. May your love for them and their love for you so shine that the congregation grows. Be with all who gather at Bethel services of praise and thanksgiving, so all feel welcomed and loved. Be with each of us while we are in church and in the community. Amen"
"I pray for Bethel's growth, that we are able to reach out to our neighbors, family and friends to join us as a family of love. For world peace and decline in homelessness, hunger, lost people and those in pain. Help us strengthen our family units, beginning with our own."
"Pray for the kids who need to be adopted."
"God, Please help our congregation come together and grow in your Word and outreach to our surrounding community. May we be able to broaden our horizons and welcome all who have a desire to worship in our name. Amen"
Did you miss your opportunity to share a prayer for Bethel, our neighborhood, your community and/or our world? Feel free to share it here ... or email it to email@example.com (let us know if you want your name attached when we use it on Facebook, in this blog, in a bulletin or newsletter!) Thank you! And God's continued blessings. PB


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The mean trophic level of the species groups reported in Food and Agricultural Organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994. This reflects a gradual transition in landings from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish. This effect, also found to be occurring in inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower trophic levels) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches. These results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
Exploitation of the ocean for fish and marine invertebrates, both wholesome and valuable products, ought to be a prosperous sector, given that capture fisheries—in contrast to agriculture and aquaculture—reap harvests that did not need to be sown. Yet marine fisheries are in a global crisis, mainly due to open access policies and subsidy-driven over-capitalization (1). It may be argued, however, that the global crisis is mainly one of economics or of governance, whereas the global resource base itself fluctuates naturally. Contradicting this more optimistic view, we show here that landings from global fisheries have shifted in the last 45 years from large piscivorous fishes toward smaller invertebrates and planktivorous fishes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. This may imply major changes in the structure of marine food webs.
Two data sets were used. The first has estimates of trophic levels for 220 different species or groups of fish and invertebrates, covering all statistical categories included in the official Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) landings statistics (2). We obtained these estimates from 60 published mass-balance trophic models that covered all major aquatic ecosystem types (3, 4). The models were constructed with the Ecopath software (5) and local data that included detailed diet compositions (6). In such models, fractional trophic levels (7) are estimated values, based on the diet compositions of all ecosystem components rather than assumed values; hence, their precision and accuracy are much higher than for the integer trophic level values used in earlier global studies (8). The 220 trophic levels derived from these 60 Ecopath applications range from a definitional value of 1 for primary producers and detritus to 4.6 (± 0.32) for snappers (family Lutjanidae) on the shelf of Yucatan, Mexico (9). The second data set we used comprises FAO global statistics (2) of fisheries landings for the years from 1950 to 1994, which are based on reports submitted annually by FAO member countries and other states and were recently used for reassessing world fisheries potential (10). By combining these data sets we could estimate the mean trophic level of landings, presented here as time series by different groupings of all FAO statistical areas and for the world (11).
For all marine areas, the trend over the past 45 years has been a decline in the mean trophic level of the fisheries landings, from slightly more than 3.3 in the early 1950s to less than 3.1 in 1994 (Fig. 1A). A dip in the 1960s and early 1970s occurred because of extremely large catches [>12 × 106 metric tons (t) per year] of Peruvian anchoveta with a low trophic level (12) of 2.2 (± 0.42). Since the collapse of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery in 1972–1973, the global trend in the trophic level of marine fisheries landings has been one of steady decline. Fisheries in inland waters exhibit, on the global level, a similar trend as for the marine areas (Fig. 1B): A clear decline in average trophic level is apparent from the early 1970s, in parallel to, and about 0.3 units below, those of marine catches. The previous plateau, from 1950 to 1975, is due to insufficiently detailed fishery statistics for the earlier decades (10).
In northern temperate areas where the fisheries are most developed, the mean trophic level of the landings has declined steadily over the last two decades. In the North Pacific (FAO areas 61 and 67; Fig.2A), trophic levels peaked in the early 1970s and have since then decreased rapidly in spite of the recent increase in landings of Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, which has a relatively high trophic level of 3.8 (± 0.24). In the Northwest Atlantic (FAO areas 21 and 31; Fig. 2B), the fisheries were initially dominated by planktivorous menhaden,Brevoortia spp., and other small pelagics at low trophic levels. As their landings decreased, the average trophic level of the fishery initially increased, then in the 1970s it reversed to a steep decline. Similar declines are apparent throughout the time series for the Northeast Atlantic (FAO area 27; Fig. 2C) and the Mediterranean (FAO area 37; Fig. 2C), although the latter system operates at altogether lower trophic levels.
The Central Eastern Pacific (FAO area 77; Fig.3A), Southern and Central Eastern Atlantic (FAO areas 41, 47, and 34; Fig. 3B), and the Indo-Pacific (FAO areas 51, 57, and 71; Fig. 3C) show no clear trends over time. In the southern Atlantic this is probably due to the development of new fisheries, for example, on the Patagonian shelf, which tends to mask declines of trophic levels in more developed fisheries. In the Indo-Pacific area, the apparent stability is certainly due to inadequacies of the statistics, because numerous accounts exist that document species shifts similar to those that occurred in northern temperate areas (13).
The South Pacific areas (FAO areas 81 and 87; Fig.4A) are interesting in that they display wide-amplitude fluctuations of trophic levels, reflecting the growth in the mid-1950s of a huge industrial fishery for Peruvian anchoveta. Subsequent to the anchoveta fishery collapse, an offshore fishery developed for horse mackerel, Trachurus murphyi, which has a higher trophic level (3.3 ± 0.21) and whose range extends west toward New Zealand (14). Antarctica (FAO areas 48, 58, and 88; Fig. 4B) also exhibits high-amplitude variation of mean trophic levels, from a high of 3.4, due to a fishery that quickly depleted local accumulations of bony fishes, to a low of 2.3, due toEuphausia superba (trophic level 2.2 ± 0.40), a large krill species that dominated the more recent catches.
The gross features of the plots in Figs. through 4, while consistent with previous knowledge of the dynamics of major stocks, may provide new insights on the effect of fisheries on ecosystems. Further interpretation of the observed trends is facilitated by plotting mean trophic levels against catches. For example, the four systems in Fig.5 illustrate patterns different from the monotonous increase of catch that may be expected when fishing down food webs (15). Each of the four systems in Fig. 5 has a signature marked by abrupt phase shifts. For three of the examples, the highest landings are not associated with the lowest trophic levels, as the fishing-down-the-food-web theory would predict. Instead, the time series tend to bend backward. The exception (where landings continue to increase as trophic levels decline) is the Southern Pacific (Fig. 5C), where the westward expansion of horse mackerel fisheries is still the dominant feature, thus masking more local effects.
The backward-bending feature of the plots of trophic levels versus landings, which also occurs in areas other than those in Fig. 5, may be due to a combination of the following: (i) artifacts due to the data, methods, and assumptions used; (ii) large and increasing catches that are not reported to FAO; (iii) massive discarding of bycatches (16) consisting predominantly of fish with low trophic levels; (iv) reduced catchability as a result of a decreasing average size of exploitable organisms; and (v) fisheries-induced changes in the food webs from which the landings were extracted. Regarding item (i), the quality of the official landing statistics we used may be seen as a major impediment for analyses of the sort presented here. We know that considerable under- and misreporting occur (16). However, for our analysis, the overall accuracy of the landings is not of major importance, if the trends are unbiased. Anatomical and functional considerations support our assumption that the trophic levels of fish are conservative attributes and that they cannot change much over time, even when ecosystem structure changes (17). Moreover, the increase of young fish as a proportion of landings in a given species that result from increasing fishing pressure would strengthen the reported trends, because the young of piscivorous species tend to be zooplanktivorous (18) and thus have lower trophic levels than the adults. Items (ii) and (iii) may be more important for the overall explanation. Thus, for the Northeast Atlantic, the estimated (16) discard of 3.7 × 106 t year−1 of bycatch would straighten out the backward-bending curve of Fig. 5B.
Item (iv) is due to the fact that trophic levels of aquatic organisms are inversely related to size (19). Thus, the relation between trophic level and catch will always break down as catches increase: There is a lower size limit for what can be caught and marketed, and zooplankton is not going to be reaching our dinner plates in the foreseeable future. Low catchability due to small size or extreme dilution (<1 g m−3) is, similarly, a major reason why the huge global biomass (≈109 t) of lanternfish (family Myctophidae) and other mesopelagics (20) will continue to remain latent resources.
If we assume that fisheries tend to switch from species with high trophic levels to species with low trophic levels in response to changes of their relative abundances, then the backward-bending curves in Fig. 5 may be also due to changes in ecosystem structure, that is, item (v). In the North Sea, Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii, serves as a food source for most of the important fish species used for human consumption, such as cod or saithe. Norway pout is also the most important predator on euphausiids (krill) in the North Sea (3). We must therefore expect that a directed fishery on this small gadoid (landings in the Northeast Atlantic are about 3 × 105 t year−1) will have a positive effect on the euphausiids, which in turn prey on copepods, a much more important food source for commercial fish species than euphausiids. Hence, fishing for Norway pout may have a cascading effect, leading to a build-up of nonutilized euphausiids. Triangles such as the one involving Norway pout, euphausiids, and copepods, and which may have a major effect on ecosystem stability, are increasingly being integrated in ecological theory (21), especially in fisheries biology (22).
Globally, trophic levels of fisheries landings appear to have declined in recent decades at a rate of about 0.1 per decade, without the landings themselves increasing substantially. It is likely that continuation of present trends will lead to widespread fisheries collapses and to more backward-bending curves such as in Fig. 5, whether or not they are due to a relaxation of top-down control (23). Therefore, we consider estimations of global potentials based on extrapolation of present trends or explicitly incorporating fishing-down-the-food-web strategies to be highly questionable. Also, we suggest that in the next decades fisheries management will have to emphasize the rebuilding of fish populations embedded within functional food webs, within large "no-take" marine protected areas (24).
↵* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pauly{at}fisheries.com


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Barry C. Lynn directs the Open Markets Program at New America and is the author of Cornered: The New Monopoly Capitalism and the Economics of Destruction.
Democrats Must Become the Party of Freedom
Re-embracing anti-monopoly will reinvigorate American liberty and beat back Trumpism.
The True Roots of Innovation – A Response to Michael Mandel
Dear Michael, It's bad form to falsify someone's argument, in the hope that doing so will make it easier to refute. I did not write that our society suffers from technological "stagnation." I wrote that the concentration of control over our technological systems endangers our ability to introduce the right new ideas in the right… Read more »
Estates of Mind
The answer to America's techno-malaise is to force big corporations to compete more. And to open their patent vaults.
The Real Enemy of Unions
Why organized labor should join with entrepreneurs to bust the corporate monopolies threatening them both.


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By Thalassogen
Note: This creature was originally published in Pathfinder Adventure Path "Rise of the Runelords" Part 4 "Fortress of the Stone Giants".
A huge undead spider surrounded by smaller spiders that crawl in and out of the carcass.
|Speed: 6.00
|Will: 12
|Move: 5
|Per: 12
|FP: n/a
|Dodge: 9
|Parry: 10 (unarmed)
Bite (15): 3d+1 cutting.
2 Claws (14): 3d+1 cutting.
Grab & Squeeze (17/14): 23/28 vs. ST or HT MoV crushing damage (torso x1/neck x1.5). Bite attack automatically hits!
Web (15): binding (see below).
Traits: Darkvision; Extra Attack 1; Poison Swarm Aura (3 yard radius; 2 HP per round; follow-up: poison, HT or 2 FP; may be destroyed for 10 seconds by an sufficiently huge area attack dealing at least 10 points of damage); Immunity to mind affecting effects; Unliving (imp and pi++: x1; pi+: x1/2; pi: x1/3; pi-: x1/5); Web (Binding, Sticky; Escape Artist or ST vs. 14, failure costs 1 FP; Takes Recharge, 5 seconds).
Skills: Brawling-15; Climbing-16; DWA (Brawling)-14; Innate Attack-15; Stealth-18; Wrestling-17.
Class: Undead – N Gargantuan undead.
Notes: House-sized, 4 yd radius, legs are 3 yd reach. The area around a deathweb is filled with swarms of living spiders that nest in the undead thing's exoskeleton.
Adventure Ideas
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Founded 1971 • Angie's List since October 2008
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When you visit the Houston dental office of Dr. Michael J. Landry, smiles are top priority. The entire team is dedicated to providing patients with personalized, gentle care. Dr. Michael J. Landry of Consultants in Dental Aesthetics is a highly specialized dentist in the Houston TX area. Dr. Landry has been in practice since 1981 and in his current location since 2005. This office is located near Perry's Steakhouse & Grille in the Champions area of Houston. Dr. Landry specializes in aesthetic dentistry which is similar to cosmetic dentistry. More specifically, he uses dental implants to fill in spaces within the mouth, veneers to make teeth look straighter, teeth bonding to close gaps, and CEREC crowns. He also treats periodontal disease using LANAP which is laser assisted gum surgery. Consultants in Dental Aesthetics is a high touch, high tech dentist office. They care about each patient's comfort and strive to have patients taken care of in a respectful manner. Appointments are scheduled to allow adequate time between patients so they don't have to wait and they don't feel rushed during their appointment. The office team makes a real effort to have patients tell their story only one time. Rather than repeating the situation to each new team member, the team makes sure to relay details to the next person working with the patient. Dr. Landry is proud to provide dental care in a spa like environment. When entering the Houston dentist office, expect to be pampered with hand paraffin treatments, individual lip conditioners, aroma therapy hot towels and breath freshener at the end of each appointment. This is a paperless office. All patient forms are completed online and patient files are stored electronically. Consultants in Dental Aesthetics stays on the cutting edge of technology including the use of cone beam imaging, digital x-rays, CEREC one day crowns, and laser dentistry. The technology available will not only impress, it was actually selected with patient care in mind. The office has been designed with the comforts and care each patient wants and deserves. Each patient is greeted in the reception lounge and taken on a personal tour of the state-of-the-art facility. The team treats each person with the utmost respect and works to develop a professional relationship with each patient. Part of the commitment to serving patients in Houston include providing information that helps them to make more informed decisions about their oral health needs. Award winning. http://www.abgd.org/docs/verification.htm.
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Adapters & Inverters
A power adapter connects a device into the mains electricity through a plug. They are used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and power from mains power. A power inverter, or i
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Clicking on titles under Books I've Read, NetGalley Requests,and Author/Publisher Requests will take you to Goodreads.
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Books I've Read:
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Merlin's Shakespeare—Review coming September 7th
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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (Figure 1) are found in so many objects that we use every day that we barely take any notice of them.The digital display (i.e., the bars and dots that make up the numbers) on your alarm clock, the tiny light that indicates whether your iron or computer or electric razor is on, the newer scanners on grocery-store checkout counters, and the red lights on the back of some children's tennis shoes that flash when the child takes a step are everyday examples of LEDs. Pocket laser pointers and the lasers used to scan CD's are also based on LED technology. (Lasers have LEDs in combination with optical devices (e.g., mirrors) to give a specially directed beam of light.) Although they are now commonplace, LEDs that give off visible light were actually invented relatively recently. In 1962, Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working for General Electric, discovered that the chemical composition of earlier diodes could be changed to make them give off visible light for use in digital displays and indicators. LEDs operate by a completely different mechanism from other sources of light, such as light bulbs and the sun. Furthermore, LEDs release only one particular color of light, and they produce very little heat. In contrast, the "white" light produced by a light bulb or the sun is really a blend of many different colors, and these sources also typically produce a large amount of heat. Hence, LEDs are much more efficient for producing small quantities of light of a particular color than other light sources. Because of this efficiency, scientists and engineers are hard at work to develop designs that will allow LEDs to be used for many new applications, from traffic lights to atmospheric-haze detectors. It has been estimated that replacing all the incandescent traffic lights in the United States with LED traffic signals would save almost 2.5 billion kilowatt hours (roughly equivalent to $200 million, or 5 billion pounds of CO2 (from burning fossil fuels to make electricity) released into the atmosphere) per year!
Figure 1
This diagram shows the principal components of a typical LED, such as the one you used in the Experiment to test conductivity. The plastic lens encapsulating the LED takes up most of the space in this device, while the actual LED chip is only about 0.25 mm2.
Just what, then, is a light-emitting diode? LEDs are semiconductor devices that can convert electrical energy directly into light, due to the nature of the bonding that occurs in the semiconductor solid. As we shall see, the type of bonding in a solid is directly related to the conductivity of the solid. Metals, nonmetals, and semimetals have different bonding properties that lead to the differences in conductivity that can be observed between these categories of elements. LEDs rely on special conductivity properties in order to emit light. Hence, to understand LEDs we must first look at bonding in elemental solids.
In the introduction to the Experiment, you learned that metals are electrically conducting because their valence electrons (the outermost electrons of an atom) "swim" in an electron "sea". This picture is useful for imagining how metals have sufficiently mobile charged particles to conduct electricity, but it does not fully explain the difference in conductivity among the various elements. To explain the difference in the properties of metals, semimetals, and nonmetals, and hence to understand how LEDs work, we need to understand the bonding of solids in more detail. Throughout this course (and science, in general), different models (theories) are used to describe a phenomenon (e.g., electrical conductivity). It is important to remember that all models are approximations and will fail at some point, but all have their own usefulness and advantages in describing a phenomenon of interest.
You read in the introduction to the Experiment that the electronegativity of elements increases from the left side of the periodic table (metallic elements) to the right side (nonmetallic elements). (Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a compound to attract electrons to itself (away from its neighbor).) Because atoms with low electronegativity (i.e., metals) do not hold their valence electrons tightly, their valence-electron orbitals are diffuse and may extend to large distances away from the nucleus. Highly electronegative atoms (i.e., nonmetals) do hold their electrons tightly, and so their valence-electron orbitals are less diffuse and smaller. (To help visualize how high electronegativity makes orbitals less diffuse and smaller, think of a dog on a leash: if you pull harder on the leash, you bring the dog closer to you, so that its movement is restricted to a smaller area.)
When atoms interact together, their valence orbitals overlap to form bonds between the atoms. You have already learned from the Experiment that electronegativity differences are very important in determining the types of bonds that form between atoms of different elements. Electronegativity also plays an important role in determining the properties of bonds between atoms of the same element in a solid (for which, of course, the difference in electronegativity is zero). How can electronegativity help us to understand the behavior of metals, semimetals, and nonmetals?
Let us first consider the example of sodium (Na). Na has one valence electron, which is in the 3s orbital. When two Na atoms bond to form a gaseous Na2 molecule, the two valence electrons (one from each Na atom) are found primarily between the two Na nuclei. To make a crystalline solid, many atoms are packed together in a regular pattern. In metal solids (Figure 2a), the atoms adopt a "closest packed" configuration, in which the atoms are equally spaced, and space between the atoms is minimized. Electrons in diffuse orbitals are not tightly constrained to a small space, and hence the interactions between one Na atom and an adjacent Na atom, or "nearest neighbor," are weak. At the same time, each atom in a metallic solid has many (up to 12) "nearest neighbors," i.e., each atom interacts with many other atoms. Thus, although the individual interactions between atoms are weak, there are many interactions, and the aggregate effect is a well-bonded metallic solid. (To illustrate this point, think of how a woven cloth is held together. Although the individual threads may be quite weak, when many threads are woven together, they form a strong cloth.)
Figure 2
a. This is a representation of the three-dimensional structure of a crystalline metal, in which each atom has 12 nearest neighbors (closest-packed configuration). The bonding in this structure is described above in the section, "Metals: Weak Covalent Bonding."
b. This is a representation of the three-dimensional structure of a crystalline nonmetal, in which each atom has only 4 nearest neighbors. The bonding in this structure is described below in the section, "Nonmetals: Strong Covalent Bonding."
Note: The crystal structures were drawn using PowderCell for Windows, and the images were rendered using POV-Ray (see References).
The large number of nearest neighbors for metal atoms in a solid effectively causes the atoms to be surrounded in all directions by other atoms' valence-electron orbitals. Recall that when atoms are packed in a solid and interact, their valence orbitals overlap. Thus, in a metallic solid such as sodium, each atom's valence orbital can overlap with many other valence orbitals, in virtually all directions. Each Na atom is affected (perturbed) by its many neighbors and therefore, the valence atomic orbitals of all of the Na atoms "mix" to form an almost continuous band of orbitals that are very close in energy. Because these valence atomic orbitals have lost their individual identity in this aggregate of Na atoms, the band formed is called the valence band (Figure 3). (You may find it helpful to think about what happens to the individual identities of voters in an election. Going into the voting booth, each voter decides for himself or herself how to vote, just as a solitary atom has its own valence orbitals with a certain number of electrons. However, when the results are tallied, the individual identities of the voters are lost; the voters are simply divided into those who voted for one candidate and those who voted for the other candidate. Similarly, when many atoms bond together, the individual identities of the orbitals are lost; they form continuous bands that are divided into the filled and unfilled orbitals.)
The low-electronegative metal atoms "give up" their valence electrons, allowing them to be found throughout the "mixed" orbitals of the valence band. Hence, the band of orbitals is filled to a certain energy according to the number of valence electrons provided by all of the Na atoms in the solid. Because electrons are shared among atoms in these "mixed" orbitals, they form covalent bonds between the atoms in the solid. Each atom shares electrons with all its many neighbors in all directions, so these bonds are weak covalent bonds. Because the orbitals are large and diffuse, the bonds they form do not have significant directional preferences. Another term frequently used to describe this type of bonding is "metallic bonding," because solids with this type of bonding exhibit metallic properties and are therefore categorized as metals. As we shall see later in the tutorial, elements with metallic bonding are very good conductors of electricity, because of the nondirectionality of the orbitals (i.e., electrons can easily move in any direction). Metallic elements are not used in LEDs, although they are important components of the circuits used to power LEDs.
Figure 3
When metal atoms interact together to form a solid, their atomic orbitals mix to form a continuous band of orbitals. In the representation of 1 Na atom (left-hand side of diagram), the blue dot represents an electron in the 3s orbital; in the representation of many Na atoms (center of diagram), the blue dots again represent electrons in the "mixed" orbitals that are formed when many atoms interact. This "mixing" of orbitals is better represented by a "band" of orbitals (right-hand side of diagram), in which the blue area represents orbitals that are filled with electrons.
Now consider the example of carbon (C), a nonmetal. Its electronegativity is high, relative to that of sodium. Therefore, the valence orbitals of a C atom are not diffuse and are smaller than those of Na. When C atoms are packed together to make a solid, the valence orbitals overlap within a small volume, and so the electrons in these orbitals are constrained to a small space. Some of the C atoms are drawn closer together, pulling them further away from others; thus severely distorting the closest-packed structure (Figure 2a) to a nonmetallic crystalline solid structure (Figure 2b). In order to form the nonmetallic solid structure, the highly electronegative atoms interact with only a few (usually four or less) nearest neighbors, and each valence orbital is oriented in the direction of the atom with whose valence orbital it overlaps. Hence, the interactions between those atoms that are drawn close together are strong. As in metal solids, the valence atomic orbitals lose their individual identity in the aggregate of C atoms, and "mix" to form a band of orbitals that are close in energy.
Electrons are shared between atoms in these "mixed" orbitals, but the bonds are directional. Therefore, the bonds formed in nonmetal elemental solids are stronger and are called strong covalent bonds. In strong covalent bonds, a large energy gap arises between the orbitals that are formed, as you will see later in Chem 111. When many strong covalent bonds are present, as in the nonmetallic solid, two bands of "mixed orbitals" form, separated by an energy gap called the band gap (Figure 4). The lower-energy band consists of filled orbitals (i.e., orbitals containing electrons) and is known as the "valence band"; the higher-energy band consists of unfilled orbitals and is known as the "conduction band". As you go across the periodic table, the band gap increases (as the electronegativity increases). Semimetals (Figure 5), which lie between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table, have an energy gap between the valence and conduction bands (band gap) similar to nonmetals (not a continuous band like metals), but the band gap for semimetals is smaller than for nonmetals.
Figure 4
When nonmetal atoms interact to form a solid, their atomic orbitals mix to form two bands of orbitals, separated by a large band gap.
Figure 5
When semimetal atoms interact to form a solid, their atomic orbitals mix to form two bands of orbitals, separated by a small band gap.
As we shall see later in the tutorial, elements with band gaps are less able to conduct electricity. (Recall that the metals described above are good conductors because they have no band gap.) As the size of the gap increases, the materials become better insulators (poorer conductors of electricity). Hence, nonmetals are usually classified as insulators. It is the semimetals that are used in LEDs. Why are semimetals, and not metals (good conductors) or nonmetals (insulators), used in LEDs? To answer this question, we need to discuss conductivity in terms of bonds. Before we discuss conductivity, we need to summarize the periodic trends described above.
Figure 6 summarizes the bonding properties of the elemental solids described above. As you can see, the bonding properties of these elemental solids follow particular trends across the periodic table. The less electronegative, metallic elements on the left of the table exhibit weak, nondirectional covalent bonding and no band gap. The more electronegative, nonmetallic elements on the right of the periodic table exhibit strong, directional covalent bonding and a large band gap. Semimetals, which occupy intermediate positions on the periodic table, have bonds of intermediate strength and directionality, and a small band gap. These periodic trends in bonding properties across a row of the periodic table derive from the electronegativities of the atoms. The relative electronegativites in turn are governed in part by the trends in the number of valence electrons that the atom holds.
Figure 6
This is a representation of the periodic table showing the trends in the bonding properties of solids from the left-hand side to the right-hand side.
These periodic trends in bonding properties are also related to the conductivity of the elements. The metals (on the left of the periodic table) tend to be good conductors of electricity, while the nonmetals (on the right of the periodic table) tend to be poor electrical conductors. The semimetals are typically classified as semiconductors, because they conduct electricity, but not as efficiently as the metals. Recall from the discussion of LEDs above that LEDs are semiconductor devices whose light-emitting properties are dependent on the nature of the bonding in the semiconductor. Hence, the next step in understanding how LEDs work is to describe the relationship between bonding (and the bands that form when the atoms are bonded together) and the conductivity properties of the elements.
Recall from the introduction to the Experiment that substances conduct electricity if they contain mobile charged particles (i.e., ions or electrons). In a solid, electrons can become mobile if the electrons can be promoted to unfilled orbitals in the conduction band of the solid. How can we account for the electrical conductivity of metals? Think again about an individual Na atom, containing only one valence electron in the 3s orbital (recall Figure 3). This atom has a half-filled 3s orbital (because the 3s orbital can hold up to 2 electrons) and three unfilled 3p orbitals, as you will learn later in Chem 111. All of these are valence orbitals and combine with those from other atoms in the solid to form the band of "mixed" orbitals described above. However, the number of electrons contained in the valence band is much smaller than the number it is capable of containing. The reason the band is filled much less than its capacity is that each atom contributes only one electron to the band, but contributes four orbitals to the band; hence, the band is capable of holding up to eight electrons per atom. The filled and unfilled portions of the band are continuous (recall Figure 3); no band gap is present like in carbon and other nonmetal solids. Therefore, electrons can easily (i.e. with very little energy input) be promoted from filled orbitals in the band to unfilled orbitals in the band, and hence move throughout the metal solid. Therefore, metals conduct electricity because the partially-filled band of orbitals allows electrons to move easily throughout the sample.
What about nonmetals? We know that nonmetallic solids form two distinct bands. The lower-energy band, known as the valence band, contains all of the valence electrons (the band is filled with electrons), while the higher-energy band, the conduction band, contains no electrons (recall Figure 4). Electrons in the filled valence band cannot move to other orbitals within the band, because all of the orbitals are already filled. No motion of electrons occurs in the conduction band, because it is empty. Now, recall that these bands are separated by a large band gap. Therefore, a large amount of input energy is required to promote an electron from the filled lower-energy (valence) band to the unfilled higher-energy (conduction) band. Thus, without the high-energy input to promote an electron from the lower-energy band to the higher-energy band, there are no mobile charge carriers, and the nonmetallic solid cannot conduct electricity.
As you should observe in lab, semimetals such as silicon (Si) have intermediate properties between those of metals and nonmetals. The band gap in semimetals is small enough (recall Figure 5) that an electron can be promoted from the filled lower-energy band to the unfilled higher-energy band with a moderate input of energy (such as the thermal energy that dissipates in the solid when electrical current is passed through it). Then, the lower-energy (valence) band is no longer completely filled and the higher-energy (conduction) band is no longer completely empty; i.e., both bands are partially filled (Figure 7). In the valence band, electrons can move between orbitals (and thus throughout the solid) once some of the orbitals have become vacant. Promotion of electrons to the conduction band allows them to move easily between the band's many empty orbitals. Hence, semimetals can conduct electricity with a moderate input of energy.
Figure 7
In a semiconductor, the band gap is small enough that electrons can be moved from the orbitals in the valence band to the orbitals in the conduction band. This leaves both bands partially filled, so the material can conduct electricity.
LEDs are made of semiconductors, but the conductivity of the semiconductors in LEDs has been specially enhanced to allow for the unique properties of LEDs. The conductivity of semiconductors like Si can be increased by adding small, controlled amounts of "impurities" that have roughly the same atomic size, but more or fewer valence electrons than the semimetal. This process is known as doping. An impurity with fewer valence electrons (such as Al; see the periodic table) takes up space in the solid structure, but contributes fewer electrons to the valence band, thus generating an electron deficit (Figure 8). This type of dopant creates a space (or "hole") in the lower-energy (valence) band, making room for electrons to travel. Hence, the electrons in the valence band can move from one orbital to another within this band with a small input of energy (smaller than required for the semiconductor without the doping), and thus move throughout the solid. Alternately, an impurity with more valence electrons (such as P; see the periodic table) contributes extra electrons to the band (Figure 9). Since the valence band is already filled by the semimetal, the extra electrons must go into the higher-energy (conduction) band. These electrons now occupy a partially-filled band (the conduction band), can move easily between the orbitals of this band, and thus move easily throughout the solid. Semiconductors whose conductivity has been enhanced with valence-electron-deficient dopants are known as p-type semiconductors (p for "positive", because it is deficient in negatively-charged electrons), and semiconductors whose conductivity has been enhanced with valence-electron-enriched dopants are known as n-type semiconductors (n for "negative", because it is enriched with negatively-charged electrons).
Now we know that LEDs are doped semiconductors, and hence conduct electricity with a small input of energy (i.e., LEDs are very efficient). However, we have not yet answered the questions, how does an LED give off light, and why does an LED give off only one specific color of light?
Figure 8
A schematic diagram showing the solid crystal-lattice structure and bands for silicon doped with aluminum, a p-type semiconductor.
Figure 9
A schematic diagram showing the solid crystal-lattice structure and bands for silicon doped with phosphorus, an n-type semiconductor.
In order to convert electrical current into light, an LED must have a p-type semiconductor in contact with an n-type semiconductor.This combination of the two types of semiconductors is known as a p-n junction, or a diode. When a p-n junction is placed in a circuit with an external power source (e.g., a 9 V battery), electrons from the power source flow to the diode and change the arrangement of electrons in the diode (Figure 10). How does this lead to the emission of light in the LEDs used to test conductivity in this experiment?
Recall that the p-type semiconductor (Figure 8) has extra space for electrons in its valence band, and no electrons in its conduction band, while the n-type semiconductor (Figure 9) has a full valence band (no space) and extra electrons in its conduction band. If the circuit is constructed such that electrons flow into the n-type side of the p-n junction from the power source (Figure 10), they will occupy the conduction band, since there is no space in the valence band of an n-type semiconductor. As electrons continue to come into the conduction band, they will be pushed to the p-type side of the p-n junction, which has more space to hold electrons (you can think of the "positive" side attracting the negatively-charged electrons). The electrons go into the empty conduction band of the p-type side, since they already occupy the higher-energy band in the n-type side. However, once the electrons are in the higher-energy band of the p-type side, they will fall to the lower-energy band if there is space available for the electrons to occupy in the valence band. Electrons falling from the higher-energy band of orbitals (conduction band) to the lower-energy band of orbitals (valence band) in the p-type semiconductor results in the atoms going from a higher-energy state to a lower-energy state (i.e., becoming more stable). As the electrons cross the band gap, energy related in magnitude to the size of the band gap is released in the form of light.
Figure 10
The diagram on the left schematically shows the path of electrons moving through a circuit containing a p-n junction. Electrons flow from the negative (shown in black) pole of the battery to the n-type semiconductor, where they occupy the higher-energy (conduction) band. The electrons then move into the conduction band of the p-type semiconductor and fall into the empty orbitals of the valence band, which releases energy in the form of light. The electrons then move through the wire back to the positive pole (shown in copper) of the battery, and re-circulate. (Note: This picture has been simplified to follow the discussion presented here. A more complete picture would show the two doped semiconductors in equilibrium, in which the band gaps are "bent" and a potential energy barrier to electrons moving from the n-type to the p-type semiconductor must be overcome (using the voltage from the battery; known as "biasing"). For more information on bending in diodes, see Elllis et. al in the References.)
The diagram on the right depicts a circuit composed of an LED, a resistor, and a power source (battery). The flow of electrons through this circuit is the same as that described above. The resistor in the circuit (which is not shown on the left for ease of viewing) is necessary to limit the current so that the LED does not "burn out" by receiving too much current from the battery.
Please click on the pink button below to view a QuickTime movie showing the flow of electrons through the circuit, and the light emitted by the LED. Click the blue button below to download QuickTime 4.0 to view the movie.
The color of the light emitted depends on the size of the band gap. The LEDs used in the Experiment are made of a combination of semiconducting materials specially chosen to have the right size band gap for yellow light to be emitted. LEDs that emit red light, which are used in many digital alarm clocks, have a different-size band gap, and therefore a different amount of energy is released in the form of light (Figure 11). (Later in the semester you will learn that light of different colors has different energies.) LEDs that emit infrared rather than visible light are common in remote controls for televisions and stereos.
Figure 11
The color of light emitted by an LED depends on the size of the band gap in the doped semiconductors. For instance, LEDs that emit red light have a smaller band gap than LEDs that emit yellow light.
In this tutorial, you learned that LEDs contain p-type and n-type semiconductors that are side-by-side. Semiconductors conduct electricity because of small band gaps between the valence and conduction bands, which allow electrons to move throughout the material with a moderate input of energy. The LED emits light when the electrons fall from the conduction band to the valence band. The color of the light emitted depends on the size of the band gap.
Today's LEDs use inorganic material in the semiconductor. In 1990, the next generation of light-emitting material, the light-emitting polymer (LEP), was discovered. LEPs are organic (carbon-based) semiconducting materials. LEPs are based on the same chemical concepts taught in this tutorial. But LEP's could be used in more diverse applications than LEDs because polymers are flexible and can be shaped to different forms. At this time, however, technology based on LEPs is still in the experimental stages.
Bierman, A.; Narendran, N.; Bullough, J. "LEDs: Fron Indicators to Illumination?" Lighting Futures, Vol. 3, No. 4. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1998. URL: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/Futures/index.asp.
Burdett, J. K. Chemical Bonding in Solids, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Ellis, A. B. et al. Teaching General Chemistry: A Materials Science Companion, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1993.
Cook, G. "What Is Lighting Efficiency?" Energy Efficiency & Environmental News: Facts on Energy and Energy Use. Florida Energy Extension Service, 1991. URL: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_EH334.
Fury, M.A. "Electronic Products," in Electronic Materials Chemistry, H.B. Pogge, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996.
Lemelson Center. "Inventors: Nick Holonyak, Jr. invented the first visible-spectrum light-emitting diode," The Quartz Watch. Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. URL: http://www.si.edu/lemelson/Quartz/inventors/holonyak.html.
Porile, N.T. Modern University Chemistry, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.
Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer (POV-Ray). URL: http://www.povray.org.
PowderCell for Windows. Kraus, W. and Nolye, G.; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). URL: http://www.bam.de/php/loadframe.php?a=http://www.bam.de/service/publikationen/powdercell_i.htm.
The authors thank Dewey Holten, Michelle Gilbertson, Jody Proctor and Carolyn Herman for many helpful suggestions in the writing of this tutorial.
The development of this tutorial was supported by a grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, through the Undergraduate Biological Sciences Education program, Grant HHMI# 71192-502004 to Washington University.
Revised June 14, 2002.


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Recognizing the signs of child abuse
The first step in helping abused or neglected children is learning to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect. The presence of a single sign does not prove child abuse is occurring in a family, but a closer look at the situation may be warranted when these signs appear repeatedly or in combination. Here are some possible warning signs:
- Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance
- Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to the parents' attention
- Has learning problems (or difficulty concentrating) that cannot be attributed to specific physical or psychological causes
- Is always watchful, as though preparing for something bad to happen
- Lacks adult supervision
- Is overly compliant, passive or withdrawn
- Comes to school or other activities early, stays late, and does not want to go home
- Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones or black eyes
- Has fading bruises or other marks noticeable after an absence from school
- Seems frightened of the parents and protests or cries when it is time to go home
- Shrinks at the approach of adults
Source: Child Welfare Information Gateway
To report possible child abuse, call the state Department of Children and Families' 24-hour Child Abuse and Neglect hot line at 800-842-2288, Kids in Crisis's 24-hour hot line at 203-327-5437 or Greenwich Police's youth division at 203-622-8030.


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Welp, for the 50th time in recent memory, Facebook has screwed up - admitting that they accidentally let Cambridge Analytica scrape a ton of personal user data they shouldn't have had access to, and then use it after promising to delete it. In light of this, there's been a renewed call for users to delete their Facebook accounts and swear off the social media behemoth once and for all. The problem with all of this is how completely unrealistic it is - keep in mind that big movements built around deleting Facebook are nothing new, and always fade away. That happens for a reason. Several reasons, actually!
1. You're just going to come crawling back and it's gonna be pathetic
Facebook is more than just a simple website at this point - it's become an ingrained part of our lives and the entire experience of being on the internet. People long ago stopped predicting it would be another MySpace - a flash-in-the-pan fad social network whose userbase could up and disappear, flocking to the next big thing - because Facebook was much, much smarter about how deeply it oozed its way into every corner of the web, and how it hooked its users.
Facebook is addictive by nature - and its been engineered to a shocking degree. Each feature that Facebook rolls out is designed to keep you on their platform just a litttttle bit longer than you normally would, and the net result is that people are constantly checking Facebook. Here's what Sean Parker (Facebook's first president) had to say about it:
"The thought process was all about, 'How do we consume as much of your time and conscious attention as possible?' And that means that we need to sort of give you a little dopamine hit every once in a while, because someone liked or commented on a photo or a post or whatever, and that's going to get you to contribute more content, and that's going to get you more likes and comments. It's a social validation feedback loop. ... You're exploiting a vulnerability in human psychology."
That's why the whole idea of "leaving Facebook" has become something of a joke or a meme unto itself - no one can stay away for too long, because we're all addicts, whether we admit it or not.
Even if you are able to muster up the courage to permanently delete your account, odds are after a few hours or days, you'll come crawling back once you realize what a major part Facebook had in your life, and you'll have to make a pathetic post about how you're back (but are going to be more careful with your data) and then ask everyone to spread the word so you don't have to suffer the indignity of refriending all of the your former connections individually.
2. Facebook makes it harder than you'd think
First off, it's not easy to even find the OPTION to delete your account - the normal assumption is that it would be located under user settings, but Facebook sneakily has only left options to deactivate your account (aka temporarily remove yourself from the platform) and to delete your account AFTER YOU DIE:
Hell, the only way to actually find the option to delete your Facebook account ON Facebook is by clicking on the Help icon and typing in "delete" (since there doesn't appear to be any way of navigating to a 'delete my account' option from the dropout they provide):
The point is that they don't want users being able to casually stumble upon this option - it needs to be hidden (to a degree) in order to give people the impression that the only option is deactivation, not deletion (although here's a direct link to the delete option, if you want that).
If you're serious about deleting your Facebook account (and I really mean that - "DELETING", not "deactivating", which is the coward's move), Facebook isn't going to make this a simple process for you. And not really even by making you jump through a bunch of hoops and going through a bunch of different pages, but simply by allowing Facebook's addictive nature to do its work. Here's the link to Facebook's "How do I permanently delete my account?" page, which reads:
If you don't think you'll use Facebook again, you can request to have your account permanently deleted. Please keep in mind that you won't be able to reactivate your account or retrieve anything you've added. Before you do this, you may want to download a copy of your info from Facebook. Then, if you'd like your account permanently deleted with no option for recovery, log into your account and let us know.When you delete your account, people won't be able to see it on Facebook. It may take up to 90 days from the beginning of the deletion process to delete all of the things you've posted, like your photos, status updates or other data stored in backup systems. While we are deleting this information, it is inaccessible to other people using Facebook.Some of the things you do on Facebook aren't stored in your account. For example, a friend may still have messages from you even after you delete your account. That information remains after you delete your account.
Did you read that carefully? First of all, you can't just "delete" your account - you have to REQUEST to have your account deleted. You don't actually have control over your profile or your data - Facebook does (and has for many, many years now). You have to ask them nicely to let you scrub their website of your existence, because that's the deal you made with them when you approved of the updated terms & conditions.
That's not to say they're likely to turn down your request. No, Facebook doesn't bother with that - because they know they don't have to deal with that kind of bad look PR, as they can just let your own human nature give them what they want. See, they say it could take "up to 90 days" to actually delete your information...and if you attempt to use Facebook in any way during that 90 day period, it can interrupt the process and force you to start over, extending the deletion period even longer. Even logging in by mistake (through the app or single-sign-in on another site or app) can cause everything to start over. And Facebook knows the longer they drag out that process, the more likely you are to give up and just accept you are beholden to Mark Zuckerberg until the end of time.
3. You have to basically disengage from EVERY website/app that collects data for this to mean anything - and you're not going to do that
Do you honestly believe Facebook is unique in terms of its data collection methods? Because...it's not. Not even close.
Everything you do online is being tracked - by Facebook, by third party advertisers, by Amazon, by Google, by everyone and anyone...and the vast majority of people have no idea that it's happening, or how to stop it. Hell, even people who think they know how to stop it don't actually realize how much every action they take is being tracked and sorted. It was recently revealed that Google collects Android users' locations....even when location services on their phones are disabled.
Data collection is the entire reason behind Google's suite of free, convenient, wonderful-to-use products - from Gmail to Google Docs to Google Maps. Ever wonder how they could afford to just GIVE AWAY all of these high quality products, based on expensive software and algorithms that required constant maintenance and massive amounts of storage? Because you're the actual product. Google made over $73 BILLION in 2017 alone in its advertising sales business - a business entirely built on the idea that Google would be able to target ads the most effectively, as they had the most thorough information and understanding of internet users and their behavior.
So why don't more people disengage from Google/Amazon/Microsoft/Apple/every social network? Because those sites form a much more meaningful part of society than they used to. So much socialization happens across social networks - and that's not necessarily a bad thing. The internet has made us more connected in incredible ways - as a semi-new-ish father, it's been awesome to instantly have access to huge forums offering advice on kids, answering questions, and making recommendations...all available instantly.
The idea of never using Google (for search, for documents, for maps, for email....) or any social network means basically removing yourself from a major part of society, and can have a majorly isolating effect. While it can definitely have lots and lots (and lots) of positive mental health effects to keep the time you actually spend on social media sites to a minimum, leaving them entirely and cutting yourself off from the biggest sites on the internet could leave you at a massive social disadvantage if others in your social groups aren't doing the same.
In other words, you're going to miss out on a bunch of stuff and get some crazy FOMO right away. You'll either commit to your new life as a digital hermit (and hopefully find some positive ways of connecting with people IRL) or you'll wind up back on the same sites as before, except feeling a little more defeated. And that's the way, way, way more likely option.
4. You'll have nowhere to post about how much Facebook sucks
Seriously - where are you gonna post updates about how much you hate Facebook or share news stories about how evil Facebook is if you delete Facebook?
Twitter? Maybe you'll get a few likes there, but you don't have that many followers and everyone else is pretty busy freaking out about Trump or sharing Spongebob memes.
Snapchat? No one uses Snapchat anymore, dummy.
Instagram? If you're not posting stolen tweets or yourself on vacation, no one cares. Also, Facebook and Instagram are owned by the same people.
5. You'll miss my good posts
I post good stuff all the time, you don't want to miss that, right?
6. You're better off compromising and just trying to use Facebook as safely as possible
The reality is that no one can stay off of Facebook for long - on top of being addictive, it's simply how a lot of people keep in touch. People don't email every contact they have updates about their life or pictures from a vacation - they post them on Facebook, and then assume anyone who cares will be able to see it. It's become part of the social fabric, and not something that can be easily tossed aside. And hell, it's the only way for plenty of people to maintain a social life, look for work, tell people they're safe when a disaster is happening, and more.
Luckily, there are numerous guides by seasoned internet privacy experts that can walk you through everything you SHOULD be doing to keep your data as secure as possible. While it legitimately does require constant, exhausting vigilance to stop Facebook and Google and everyone else from over-reaching their data collection schemes by altering their T&C on a frequent basis, it's just another unfortunate necessity of modern living. Anyways, here are a few guides:
Or, of course, you could actually try deleting Facebook and just sticking to it.


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SL look to clinch series against B'desh
Bad weather is the main stumbling block as Sri Lanka bid to secure a series-win in the second Test against Bangladesh.cricket Updated: Jul 02, 2007, 18:17 IST
Bad weather appears the main stumbling block as Sri Lanka bid to secure a series-winning victory in the second Test against Bangladesh starting at the P Sara stadium in Colombo on Tuesday.
Rain denied the teams any meaningful practice on Monday and thunderstorms have been forecast for the rest of the week, raising fears of a truncated match.
The seasonal wet weather did not disrupt last week's first Test, which Sri Lanka won by an innings and 234 runs early on the fourth morning at the Sinhalese Sports Club (SSC).
Sri Lanka captain Mahela Jayawardene hoped the rain would stay away over the next few days to enable the hosts clinch the three-match series with their ninth consecutive win over the Test minnows.
Jayawardene ruled out any complacency against the struggling rivals, saying his team needed to perform better in the five-day game.
"I feel we can still improve in batting, bowling and fielding," he said.
"One area that we can improve on is to make those hundreds into 150s and 200s. That'll give our bowlers the ideal platform.
"In patches we bowled off target in the first Test and gave away too many boundary deliveries. We were not as consistent as we would have liked.
"In fielding we can always improve. There were a few catches that went down and we can create pressure by a run-out or two."
Jayawardene declined to write off Bangladesh, who have won just one of their 47 matches and lost 41 since gaining Test status in 2000.
"I guess the Bangladeshis are heading in the right direction," he said, referring to their maiden appearance in the second round of the limited-overs World Cup in the Caribbean earlier this year.
"A bit more commitment from the players could help them at the Test level."
Prolific off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan, who took nine wickets in the first Test, will eye another bagful of wickets on his home ground where he learnt the trade as a youngster.
Muralitharan has grabbed 59 wickets in seven matches against Bangladesh and is only 25 wickets away from equalling retired Australian spinner Shane Warne's world record tally of 708.
"It's Murali's home wicket and he usually does very well at this ground," said Jayawardene. "The wicket looks very hard and firm and will hopefully play well over the five days."
Sri Lanka are unlikely to make any changes from the side that won the first Test, which means opener Malinda Warnapura gets another chance after falling for zero on his debut in the previous game.
Bangladesh may include 18-year-old wicket-keeper Mushfiqur Rahim in place of the long-serving Khaled Mashud and also play a third seamer in Mohammad Sharif instead of a spinner.
Rahim, who has played two Tests, is regarded a better batsman than Mashud and will lend depth to the lower order.
Bangladesh's interim coach Shaun Williams said a final decision on the playing XI would be taken on Tuesday morning.
"A couple of changes could be made to get the balance right," the Australian said. "We need to bat for long periods. We are focusing on the batting."
Bangladesh, who were shot out for 89 in the first innings at the SSC, cruised to 227-3 in the second knock when the last seven wickets slumped for 27 runs.
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