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Onavo Protect From Facebook IS NOT a VPN And You Shouldn't Use It
If you've been using Facebook's Onavo Protect thinking it gives you solid VPN protection, think again. Instead, it harvests your personal data and sends it off to Facebook. In short, Onavo Protect isn't a VPN, and you shouldn't use it. Today, we'll show you how a good VPN works to enhance your privacy online–rather than destroy it entirely.
Earlier this month, the Facebook app for iOS quietly rolled out a new feature to some users in the US. A new link appeared in the Explore section of the app that said "Protect" with an image of a shield. Clicking on this link would take a user to the App Store page for Onavo, a service presenting itself as a VPN. But this appearance is inaccurate at best and downright malicious at worst – in fact, the Onavo app is not a VPN that will protect your privacy but is rather a kind of spyware which will collect unsuspecting users' data and send it straight to Facebook.
The Onavo app has already been installed more than 30 million times across iOS and Android, which is extremely worrying – it's likely that many of the people using the app believe that it is enhancing their privacy, when in fact it's doing just the opposite. Today we're going to explain how this controversy got started and what the Onavo app is, and then compare it to what a VPN should be and recommend some trustworthy VPNs that you can use instead. Read on to find out why the 'Onavo Protect' App From Facebook Is Not A VPN And You Shouldn't Use It.
The Onavo App Store page calls itself a "VPN Security" product and claims that it will "help secure your personal information" and "add an extra layer of protection to all of your mobile data traffic". It certainly looks like one of the many VPN apps available in the App Store.
However, if you open up the read more and scroll all the way down to the bottom of the product description, you'll see this text:
"To provide this layer of protection, Onavo uses a VPN to establish a secure connection to direct all of your network communications through Onavo's servers. As part of this process, Onavo collects your mobile data traffic. This helps us improve and operate the Onavo service by analyzing your use of websites, apps and data. Because we're part of Facebook, we also use this info to improve Facebook products and services, gain insights into the products and services people value, and build better experiences."
It might not be obvious to inexperienced users what this means, as it sounds like it might just be a disclaimer about collecting crash information to improve performance, which is common among many pieces of software. But actually, this text implies something much more sinister: that data about the way you use any sites, apps, or data on your phone while Onavo is running can and will be sent to Facebook. This is because Onavo is in fact owned by Facebook and is being used to deliberately collect data from unsuspecting users.
And in case you should think that such data would only be used to serve you personalised ads or something else fairly innocuous, there is evidence that this data is already being used by Facebook to spy on its competitors. Last year, the Wall Street Journal reported that Facebook used the data it gathered from Onavo about how users opened and used SnapChat in order to push itself ahead of this competing service.
RELATED READING: How to unblock Facebook with a VPN.
But what does this mean for regular users? Why should you be concerned about whether Onavo collects your data? The answer is that this app is essentially spyware, collecting information on all of the activity you do on your device and delivering this data to Facebook so that the company can gain an illicit step up on their competition.
Reaction to this revelation in the tech community has been predictably furious, with Onavo being described as "a major privacy risk", "a spywear app", "corporate spywear" and "vampiric". The fact that the app tries to pass itself off as protecting users but is in fact doing just the opposite has been a major source of anger, as has the fact that it preys on users who aren't well versed in privacy issues and who think they are making a good choice by using the app.
In response to the story on TechCrunch, Facebook provided a response:
"Like other VPNs, it acts as a secure connection to protect people from potentially harmful sites. The app may collect your mobile data traffic to help us recognize tactics that bad actors use. Over time, this helps the tool work better for you and others. We let people know about this activity and other ways that Onavo uses and analyses data before they download it."
This response is downright deceitful, suggesting that Onavo is typical and that all VPNs collect user data and then send this data to massive corporations for their own benefit. This is emphatically not the case, as we'll see now.
LEARN MORE: Best No-Logs VPNs that Take Privacy Seriously
How A VPN Should Work
Here's how a VPN should work: you install the VPN software onto your device, and you use it to connect to a server somewhere else in the world. Now, whatever data your device is going to send over the internet – whether it's the text of your email messages, the URL of websites that you are visiting, or a video call over Skype – will be encrypted before it leaves your device. The encrypted data is sent to the server you are connected to, where it is decrypted and sent on its way to its original destination. You likely won't even notice that your VPN is running during regular use, as it will sit in the background quietly encrypting everything and letting you use the internet as normal.
The point of this encryption is to prevent other people from getting access to your data. If you send data unencrypted over the internet, then many people might be able to see it. Your ISP can definitely see all of your internet data on your home connection, and if you are using a public wifi network like one in a coffee shop then other users on that network may be able to intercept that data too. Using a VPN to stop others from spying on your data improves your security as well as protecting your privacy.
Importantly in this case, one organisation that will be able to access your data is your VPN provider. This means that it's vital that you can trust your VPN provider not to snoop into your data, to sell it to another company (such as Facebook), or to pass that data on to the government or law enforcement. The best way to find a VPN that is trustworthy is to pick one which is an established name and which has been thoroughly reviewed by security professionals.
Factors That Make A Good VPN
Now that you know how a good VPN should work, you can find a reputable VPN provider to keep you safe online. But with many providers to choose from – not to mention the presence of untrustworthy apps like Onavo in the App Store – how should you pick a VPN?
Here are the key factors that are most important when choosing a VPN:
- Good security, with strong 256-bit encryption to keep your data safe.
- Privacy protections, such as a no logging policy which means that none of the data about your internet use will be recorded. This way, you can be sure that your data will never be given or sold to Facebook or another company – because this data was never saved by your VPN in the first place.
- Fast connection speeds, so that your VPN doesn't slow down your internet connection and you can continue using the internet as usual when your VPN in running.
- Lots of servers in many different countries, for the best flexibility so that you can always find a server that works and so that you can easily get around region locks by connecting to a server in another country.
- Well made software, which should support a variety of platforms so that you can protect all of your devices with just one VPN subscription.
Reliable VPNs That You Can Use For Facebook And Other Apps
If you're looking for a VPN that you can use on your phone or one your computer in order to access the internet, use Facebook, and use other apps, we have put together a list of trustworthy VPNs. Unlike Onavo, these VPNs will all protect your privacy and never sell your data to another company, and they meet all of our requirements above.
1. ExpressVPN
ExpressVPN is a favourite VPN among serious internet users due to its super fast connections and large server network. It has excellent security, using strong 256-bit encryption and it has a no logging policy to protect your privacy and give you peace of mind.
ExpressVPN users get access to a large network of over 3,000 servers in 145 different locations in 94 countries, and the software is available for iOS in addition to Windows, Mac OS, Android, and Linux. The app has extra features like a speed test and a DNS leak test so that you can find the fastest possible connection and be sure that your privacy is absolutely protected.
Read our full ExpressVPN review.
- Unblocking Netflix, iPlayer, Hulu, Amazon Prime
- 3,000+ super fast servers
- No DNS/IP leaks found
- No logs for personal data
- 24/7 Live Chat.
- Expensive month-to-month plan.
2. NordVPN
NordVPN is the VPN that we recommend for those who are after the very highest level of security. This means that it has the strong 256-bit encryption and no logging policy that is standard, but it also takes security to the next level with its double encryption feature. The double encryption works like this: data on your device is encrypted before it is sent out over the internet, and is transmitted to a server somewhere else in the world. At this first server, the encrypted data is encrypted another time and sent on to a second server. At the second server, the data is decrypted and sent on to its original destination. This extra layer of encryption means that it is practically impossible for any person or organisation to gain access to your data, even if they use the most sophisticated cracking tools.
Connect to over 5,100 servers in 60 countries worldwide, and rest easier knowing that NordVPN never logs user data that can be used to identify you. Available on Android, iOS, Windows Phone, and many other devices.
Read our full NordVPN review.
- Very affordable plans
- Different IP addresses aervers
- No IP/DNS leaks found
- Extra-secure Double VPN for data encryption
- Money back guarantee policy.
- Sometimes slow in procesing refunds (but always do).
3. IPVanish
IPVanish is ideal for those who want a VPN which is first and foremost fast, as well as being secure. With lightning fast connections and good security features like 256-bit encryption and a no logging policy, you don't need to sacrifice security for speed. The network of 1,300+ servers in 60 different countries is plenty for all of your needs and for getting around any region locks that you might come across. There is an iOS app available, plus software support for Windows, Mac OS, Android, Linux, Windows Phone, and more.
Read our full IPVanish review.
4. PureVPN
PureVPN is ideal for those who are new to all of this VPN business and are looking for a simple, easy to use, all in one security solution. PureVPN includes a VPN service which has the fast connections, strong 256-bit encryption, and no logging policy that we insist on. The network of servers is plenty big enough, as it includes more than 2,000 servers in 140 different countries. But in addition to the VPN service, a subscription to PureVPN includes a host of extra security features.
Included in the PureVPN software bundle is anti virus and anti malware protection, to stop your device from becoming infected by malicious software. There is also an anti spam filter which you can use to stop spam from flooding your email inbox. A handy feature for mobile users is app filtering, which lets you decide which apps should send their data through the VPN and which can send data directly and unencrypted over your regular connection. In addition to this there is DDoS protection to prevent your device being used in a cyber attack, a kill switch to stop you from accidentally sending data over an unsecured connection, an option for a dedicated IP for those who want that service, and a NAT firewall for even more protection.
The software can be installed on Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, and Android TV devices, in addition to browser extensions which are available for the Chrome and Firefox browsers.
Read our full PureVPN review.
The Onavo app which describes itself as a VPN and which Facebook is promoting as cyber protection software is essentially a spyware app which users should stay far away from. Not only will the app not keep your data private, in fact it will do quite the opposite and send information about your phone use, internet history, and app use directly to Facebook. Internet security professionals are up in arms about the sleazy way that this app has been promoted and how unsuspecting users are basically being tricked into giving massive amounts of their personal data to Facebook.
You should absolutely not use Onavo – it is actually worse than not using a VPN at all. But if you do want a VPN, which is a highly advisable security measure for all users to take, then you should find a trustworthy provider. We've recommended four VPN providers that will keep your data safe and which will never sell your information to Facebook or to anyone else.
Have you been following the Onavo controversy? Do you think it's wrong for Facebook to promote an app in this way, or do you think that users should read the terms of service more carefully before agreeing? Tell us what you think in the comments below.
If you need a VPN for a short while when traveling for example, you can get our top ranked VPN free of charge. ExpressVPN includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. You will need to pay for the subscription, that's a fact, but it allows full access for 30 days and then you cancel for a full refund. Their no-questions-asked cancellation policy lives up to its name.


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Individual Player Statistics - Jerome Ellison
August 29, 2007
Hometown: Philadelphia
NYCTHA 2006-07 Regular Season
Jerome Ellison participated in the 2006-07 season.
Jerome Ellison participated in the 2006-07 season.
Jerome plays TH with passion and exuberence. Observers find themselves rooting for him.
It has been said and written that Jerome is an up and coming player. That his winning percentage does not match his capabilities. How is this proven?
Well, Jerome finished the regular season with a .383 winning percentage. His plus/minus differential was -58. Those two statistics are static. They do not provide a trend, a trajectory.
Each player on each league date played every other player in attendance. When each player had played all others once, this is called a round. Typically, two to three rounds were played each date. Graphing Jerome's winning percentage looks like a stairway leading upward, about a 35 degree angle.
.225%, rounds 1-3,
.350%, rounds 4 & 5,
.400%, rounds 6 & 7,
.500%, round round 8,
.650%, round 10.
.350%, rounds 4 & 5,
.400%, rounds 6 & 7,
.500%, round round 8,
.650%, round 10.
This demonstrates a steady upward progression in his skill to win games. But, let's look at his goals for and against, i.e. his goal differentials. Jerome starts out the first five rounds at -9, -13, -14, -10 and -7 for a combined total of -53 (an average of -10.6).
Then he really closes the gap. In the next four rounds he finishes -1, -9, -3 and finishes literally on a positive note at +8 for a combined total of -5 (an average of -1.25). This demonstrates a steady progression in narrowing the gap between his offensive goal scoring capabilities and his capability to prevent goals. Upon closer inspection, however, it is his ability to score goals that improves most. His winning percentage and goal differential progression factually supports the idea that Jerome literally is "an up and coming" TH player.
Player vs Player.
Though Jerome lost all of his games to Lou, as most players did, he demonstrated improvement against the second through fourth ranked players in each instance.
-Ellison vs Power.
In his first five games against John Power, Jerome was zero wins, five losses (0-5-0) and a combined 8 goals for and 25 goals against.
In Jerome's subsequent games, he was zero wins, two losses, two ties (0-2-2) for a combined 7 goals for and only 10 goals against. Earning points where he'd none before and cutting down on goals scored against.
-Ellison - Owens.
In his first five games, Jerome was zero wins, four losses, one tie (0-4-1) for a combined 7 goals for and 17 against.
In Jerome's subsequent two games against Roger, he was zero wins, zero losses and two ties (0-0-2) for a combined 4 goals for and 4 goals against. Improving on points earned and cutting down on goals against.
-Ellison - Scoma.
In his first five games, Jerome was one win, four losses, zero ties (1-4-0) for a combined 9 goals for and 20 goals against.
In Jerome's subsequent four games against Greg, he was two wins, one loss and two ties (2-1-1) for a combined 10 goals for and 10 goals against.
A significent improvement. Where he'd earned only 2 points of 10 possible against Greg in their first five games, Jerome earned five of eight possible points in their next four games. Again, halving his goals scored against.
NYCTHA Playoffs.
Jerome missed the part of the January date and all of the last two dates of the regular season, February and March.
How would his steady improvement into January hold up against missing so much competitive practice before the playoffs?
He did attend the "Bring Your Own Game" tournament, in March, which uses a multi-game format. That gave him a small continuation of competitive practice.
The players who finished the regular season below fifth place were placed in a double-round robin. There were six players in that competition. The top three players from that competition would fill the remaining three positions (6-8) in the Elite Division Playoffs.
In the first round robin, Jerome finished second, W2-L1-T2, 11 GF, 12 GA. Not a bad start, but not a start befitting his previous trajectory. That said, however, while Jerome was absent from league competition in March, other players by virtue of attending, kept sharpening their skills. Players such as Bill Galatioto, who won that first round robin.
In the second round robin, Jerome slipped a point going W2-L2-T1 and again keeping his goals for and against even, 15 GF - 15 GA. Not bad, not good, but it was practice for the playoffs to come.
Elite Division Playoffs
Finishing second in the combined round robin, Jerome was placed in #7 position for the playoffs, drawing John Power #2 as his opponent. Had Jerome finished 1st in the round robin robin, he would have squared off against Greg Scoma, a player he'd had more success against.
Against John Power, Jerome was swept in four games in their best of seven playoff. Jerome did take John into overtime in the first game, and kept it close in game two losing 4-2. But after that John Power took command.
Not all was lost, Jerome and others who lost in the Elite Division would drop down and form the 1st Division.
1st Division Playoffs
Ellison vs. Zawislak
In a clerical error, Jerome #7 was pitted against #8, Adam Zawislak, rather than #6 Bill Galatioto. This error, however, pitted Jerome against a player finishing lower and thus might have been beneficial.
In their best of seven series, Jerome and Adam went six games. Jerome winning games two and three, losing in overtime in game four and losing game one and five both by the same score and a single goal each, 2-1. Here it was evident that Jerome was now back in playing shape.
Losing to Adam Zawislak, dropped Jerome into the battle for the 1st Division's Third Place Medal series, a best of three.
Ellison vs. B. Galatioto, 1st Division, 3rd Place Medal Series
Now, Jerome #7 was paired up against Bill Galatioto #6. Bill had both a frustrating day and a rewarding day. And, Jerome was losing series' but getting better as the day wore on. So, which of these two players would earn the Inaugural Season's, 1st Division medal for Third Place?
For Bill Galatioto, it was a rewarding day in that he led in the score in his first two playoff games against the regular season's number three (#3) best player, Greg Scoma. And, he won his first two playoff games against the regular season's #5 best player and long-time table hockey veteran, Len Mecca.
But, it was a frustrating day, in that he lost those two games in the closing seconds in each game to Greg Scoma, which gave Greg a 2-0 series lead. It was frustrating that he was up 2-0 in his series to Len Mecca, but then lost four games straight. Obviously, Galatioto needed to find a way to put away his opponent's. Would he find that way now or later?
During the regular season, Bill and Jerome had not met, had not played a game against each other. In the day's double round robin, they split their games. Each winning by a goal.
For Jerome, the day was only getting better with each game played.
In Game One of their Best of Three, Jerome won handily, 5-2. Needing now to win two straight games, Bill put on a good fight in Game Two. Jerome however seemed one lesson ahead in the "How to" book on TH, holding on to his lead in surely what was a tense game, winning 2-1.
For Jerome, winning the Third Place Medal, 1st Division, NYCTHA 2006-07 in what was a season marked by some frustration and yet promise, he was able to grab a tangible bit of proof that he is indeed a promising, up and coming player.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Builder's Role
I had a misconception of the role of a builder, I thought they just did the actual carpentry and building work on the tools.
What does a builder do?
Builder's are the project manager's on the job. Many builders today do not do actual building work themselves. Builders or building contractors:
- manage and coordinate home building or renovation projects
- manage the purchase and delivery of materials
- coordinate the work of tradespeople such as plumbers, painters and carpenters involved in the project.
Western Area Building Difference
Damian Batten, our licenced builder has a very hands on approach with our business and is across all the jobs we do. If a job is done by our own team or subbies he ensures that the standard of work is high. Damian is on the tools most days of the week and personally quotes all our jobs himself.


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By Carol McCracken (Post # 1,447)
The Portland Urban RAID is returning to the Eastern Promenade again this year. The Portland RAID series is one of many held all over New England. It's a 5K race with 6 obstacles that are a challenge to the fitness and endurance of people of all ages dedicated to keeping themselves in the best physical conditioning they can.
To date, more people have registered for the RAID this year than participated last year, although organizers would not say what that exact number is. Kevin Sullivan, Aura360.com, said that registration is expected to increase signficantly each day until race day – Saturday, June 29th. Last year around 300 participated in the RAID. Racers may register the day of the event, although it's cheaper to register online: http://raidevents.com/register/
There have been several new obstacles added to the course this year. One is the Ropes Bridge which is expected to be one of the most challenging of the day. Racers climb up the ropes through the manholes, then repel down the steeply inclined plank on the backside. (See above photo.)
The running course is different from last year. Runners will progress up Congress Street, (past the Observatory,) make a left turn onto Kellogg Street and eventually make a right onto Fore Stret. Then they head down Hancock Street and turn right onto Thames Street which gets them back to the Ocean Gateway Queuing lanes. There is no parking garage stair climb which was an particular challenge for many because of the intense heat of the day – over 90 degrees.
The after party at the finish line (queuing lanes at the Ocean Gateway Pier) will feature three free beers provided to each participant by the nearby Shipyard Brewery.
On July 9th, of 2011, Tri-Maine held is Urban Epic Challenge on the Eastern Promenade with the famous "slip and slide"obstacle. The two local companies decided to team up to produce the "Urban RAID."
For more background information, please visit post dated June 30, 2012 and post # 1,165, dated June 29, 2012.


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How to make coffee in a moka pot, the icon of all coffee lovers
5 November 2018
Home-brewed coffee is still the most popular with Italians. And it costs much less than an espresso.
6 December 2018
Are you looking for some caffeine-based gift ideas? Christmas is coming and the gift-giving season has opened. Here you are 8 ideas to live the Christ
1 December 2018
How to prepare the Bûche de Noël, a simple and tasty Christmas cake. We all know. Our diet goes
7 November 2018
Scientists say that having a coffee before your afternoon nap is conducive to sleep and regenerates
5 November 2018
Home-brewed coffee is still the most popular with Italians. And it costs much less than an espresso.
15 October 2018
From Naples to the North Pole: 10 interesting facts about coffee in Europe.
1 October 2018
Today is International Coffee Day, the event organised by the ICO (International Coffee Organization), which, every October 1st celebrates the global coffee supply chain and the people who are the driving force behind it. Now at its fourth edition, the 2018 event has a special theme: "Women in the Coffee Sector". Women in Coffee: the […]
26 September 2018
The history of barley coffee spans two thousand years. The Greeks and the Romans drank it to benefit from its energising, physical and mental properties. This healthy habit has survived up to the present day.
26 September 2018
Coffee parfait, a chilled dessert you can eat with a spoon, is easy to make at home. It is similar to an ice cream but you can also make it without an ice-cream maker. With or without mascarpone, vegan or with Savoiardi biscuits: let's discover the recipe for coffee parfait and its most popular versions!
30 August 2018
Caffè Mauro was the first Italian company to bring packed coffee, which had been sold loose beforehand, to store and supermarket shelves. It was also the first to arrive in homes around Italy through television advertising.
19 August 2018
Hands up if you have never heard of kopi luwak, the coffee made from Asian palm civet excrement.
23 July 2018
Summer is here: the cold coffee season has officially started! Keep your shaker, blender and mixer next to your coffee maker. Coffee can become a drink, a dessert or an ice lolly for a refreshing break, without having to give up the energy and aroma of a good espresso. Here are 7 very quick and […]


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Club Council
Club Council
The Club Council is the main "management" meeting where all major decisions impacting the Club are made or approved. It is similar, in a way, to the Board of Directors of a Company. All the key Officers of the Club are members of the Club Council.
See "Related Pages" on the right hand side of this screen for more details.


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Jacquère originates in Savoie and is grown here almost exclusively with a very few hectares in Portugal. Jacquère is a natural child of Gouais Blanc. Jacquère makes up more than half of all the grape plantings in Savoie.
Jacquere is more generous and produces fresher wines than the other classic white, Altesse, so is often done as a simpler wine, an apéritif, or with rustic dishes. From ours you can expect apple or pear notes, a divine freshness, lovely minerality. A good seafood wine, and, even though most people drink it skiing in the winter, a real Summer treat. Jacquère is usually consumed young, while it still displays its clean minerality and lively citrus palate.
The classic Apellations for Jacquere are Apremont, Abymes and Chignin, but you can find many Blanc de Savoie based on it in other places, such as our lovely Coutaz.
Jacquère has a couple of possible attributions. Jancis Robinson gives the earliest mention as 1868 but some others have suggested that it is mentioned in records during the collapse of Mont Granier in 1248. Whilst the latter has much more historical poignancy, the former has a great deal more authority! Regardless, Jacquère grows in the results of the 1248 collapse among and on massive limestone blocks. It makes up more than half of all the grape plantings in Savoie. A very light pale yellow with aromas and flavours of white flowers, tropical fruits and an underlying flintiness. It often has a slight petillance on the tongue when aged on its lees.
Crémant de Savoie Maison Philippe GrisardAromatic Alpine Bubbles


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Donald Lavern Martin
Donald Lavern Martin, 78, of Kirksville, Missouri, passed away Thursday (November 1, 2012) at his home.
The son of Paul Truman and Vera Violet (Phipps) Martin, he was born March 25, 1934 in Stahl, Missouri. On October 29, 1955 in Kirksville, Missouri, Donald married Carol Truitt. On June 10, 2000, Donald married Carol (Pope) Steele in Branson, Missouri.
Donald is survived by his wife Carol; one son, Michael Scott Martin and wife Lisa of Genoa, IL; one daughter, Teresa Dawn (Martin) Busche of Genoa, IL; one brother, Hubert Martin of Novinger, MO; one sister, Karen (Martin) Filkins of Nixa, MO; step children, Gregg Steele of Richmond, MO, Kella (Steele) Wadle of Ackworth, IA, Tim Steele of Columbia, MO, and Brent Steele of Novinger, MO; three grandchildren, Zach Martin of Courtland, IL, Shelby Martin and Briana Busche both of Genoa, IL; two great-grandchildren, Annie and Shane Martin; step grandchildren, Michael and Scott Busche and numerous other step grandchildren; as well as nieces and nephews, Marty Martin of Novinger, MO, Shonda Wood of Kirksville, MO, Rhonda Blacksmith of LaPlata, MO, Jeff Martin of Novinger, MO, Kristen Mayer of Topeka, KS and Amanda Crawford of Springfield, MO.
He was preceded in death by his parents; one brother, Marvin Martin and one step son, Rick Steele.
Donald was a graduate from Novinger High School with the Class of 1951. He served in the United States Coast Guard. Donald resided in Elgin, Illinois where he attended Elgin Community College of Real Estate School, was a member of the Chicago District Council of Carpenters forty years, was Commander of Elgin Shrine Cycle Patrol and was named Shriner of the Year in 1977. After forty years of residing in Elgin, Donald retired and moved to Kirksville, Missouri, in 2000. After moving to Kirksville, Donald became a member of the Kirksville Moose Lodge #1751.
Donald enjoyed Country and Blue Grass music and sang and played in Blue Grass bands over the years. He also sang on KIRX Radio from 1953-1954 with the 4 Harmoneers.
Funeral service will be held 2:00 p.m. Sunday (November 4, 2012) at Travis-Noe Funeral Home in Kirksville, with Pastor Dan Todd presiding. Interment will follow the service at Novinger Cemetery in Novinger, Missouri.
Family will receive friends on Sunday (November 4, 2012) from noon until service time at 2:00 p.m. in the chapel of Travis-Noe Funeral Home.
Pallbearers will be Tim Steele, Bill Pope, Marty Martin, Gregg Steele, Zachary Martin, Joe Morrison, Brett Steele and Jeff Martin.
Expressions of sympathy in memory of Donald Martin may be made to the Shiner's Children's Hospital or to Dialysis Clinic, Inc. of Kirksville. Memorials may be left at or mailed to Travis-Noe Funeral Home, P.O. Box 306, Kirksville, MO 63501.


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Employment Law
This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here!
These are the questions:
1. What is your assessment of the college's affirmation action attempts to recruit African American candidates?
2. How should president Jones response to perceptions and rumors?
3. Are the concerns about Dr. Wright's sexual preference a valid consideration?
4. Should President Jones discuss the search committee's suspicious with Dr. Wright's current employers-Why/Why not/
5. What are the legal ramifications in this case-and support ramifications.
James Jones is president of Oceanside College a small private liberal arts college in south Florida. With the expectation of the Vice president fro Administration who is hispanic, all the senior administration at Oceanside are white.
The college's Vice president for Student Affairs and Dean of Students is due to retire at the end of the semester. President Jones established a search committe and charged them to make every attempt to recruit African-American candidates for this position. in addition to advertising the position in the "Chronicle of Higher education", the search committee placed advertisements in the newsletter of the Association of Minority Deans, and in the Minority Faculty Data Bank.
After sitting through dozens of resumes, reading many letters of recommentation and conducting countless telephone interviews. This candidate Dr. Wright, was the only African-American applicant to met all the experience and educational qualifications specified by the search committee.Dr. Wright has an impressive resume and has held a similar position at a prestigious college in the north-east for the past eight years. On paper, he was by far the most suitable applicant for the position. When contacted by phone, he indicated that he was tired of the long cold winters, and wished to move south.
April 3
Dr. Wright has just spent two days at oceanside meeting with a variety of faculty, administrators and students. After he had left campus, president Jones began receiving reviews from the various people who had interviewed Dr. Wright. The written reports were unanimous in their assessment that Dr. Jones was an outstanding candidates with impeccable credentials. When questioned privately, several of the administrators and faculty, and all of the students who had met Dr. Wright indicated that they suspended that he was gay.
Normally, President Jones would have responded "SO WHAT? But this time he listened to the suspicious differently. Just a few months ago, a history professor at Oceanside College Luis Firenze had died from AIDS. Professor Firenza had make no secret of his sexual preference, and there were always rumors, never substantiated, that students were were included among his partners.
A confidential memofrandum from the vice president for administration indicated that the college's medical insurance carrier had paid nearly $200,000 in medical and hospital bills related to Professor firenze's treatment. Last week, President Jones learned that a student is claiming that he contacted AIDS from professor Firenze and that his parents were planning to sue the college.
President Jones decided to wait until all the finalists had visited campus and he had the recommendations of the search committee members.
April 26
today, the Vice President for the Student Affairs and Dean of students Search Committee has concluded its on-campus interviews of the finalists. The remaining four candidates were good and it appears that they would each do a good job if chosen for the position. However, it was obvious to the committee members and to President Jones that more of them measured up to Dr. Wright in terms of expererience, qualifications, and potential to be an outstanding Dean of Students at Oceanside College.
Next week, president Jones will be attending the annual conference of the Independent Colleges and Universities Association. this conference is attended by presidents and senior administrators of private colleges from across the country. he knows that the president to the college where Josiah Wright is currently employed will also be attending the conference.
THANK YOU for your help, it is GREATLY appreciated.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 1, 2020, 6:12 pm ad1c9bdddf
Solution Preview
Please see response attached. I hope this helps and take care.
Law, Employment Law
Year 3
I need help answering some questions on EMPLOYMENT LAW
These are the questions:
Hi again,
Let's take a look at these questions:
1. What is your assessment of the college's affirmation action attempts to recruit African American candidates?
It is difficult to assess because we are not told how they recruited other candidates. It should be in a similar fashion. For example, we are told, "in addition to advertising the position in the "Chronicle of Higher education", the search committee placed advertisements in the newsletter of the Association of Minority Deans, and in the Minority Faculty Data Bank." Is this sufficient? It sounds kind of limited, but without knowing the process the University usually takes, it is difficult to assess when there is nothing to compare it to.
2. How should president Jones response to perceptions and rumors?
He should not respond to them, because sexual orientation should not be considered in the hiring process. Otherwise it is discrimination. However, since no Federal Laws protect private and public sectors (only federal employees), and Florida is not one of the 13 states that have laws that prohibit discrimination due to sexual orientation, it is not totally clear. However, some cities have there own laws dealing prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in and most Universities have policies that prohibit discrimination, but it not specified in the scenario, but since another professor was gay who died of AIDS, it seems that the University had some policies in place against sexual orientation. They also paid for the professor's medical bills.
3. Are the concerns about Dr. Wright's sexual preference a valid consideration?
I can understand the concern since the last gay professor had sex with a student, who contacted HIV and had sued the University. However, with the last professor, it was not the fact that he was gay that was the problem (or it shouldn't be), it was having sex with students that was a breech of ethics, for which the University could have reprimanded him if they had proof. Also, it is cannot be assumed that because one gay professor had sex with his student, that Dr. Wright will also have sex with his students.
That aside, the concern with Dr. Wright is NOT a valid consideration because it is against the law to discriminate against a person for sexual orientation, if this city has discrimination laws based on sexual orientation. If not, there are other laws listed in #5 that might allow for some legal remedy. If the Universities have policies in place, it is an ethical consideration not a legal one.
Also, sexual preference does not affect the performance of his job; therefore it should not be considered. However, this is an ethical, and not a legal consideration if there are indeed no laws in place in the city where the University is located. Unfortunately, I was unable to find this information, so hopefully you will have more luck.
4. Should President Jones discuss the search committee's suspicious with Dr. Wright's current employers-Why/Why not/
No, he should not, especially if he wants to avoid another potential lawsuit for discrimination in the hiring process based on sexual discrimination. That is assuming there are laws in place.
5. What are the legal ramifications in this case-and support ramifications.
Job applicants have legal rights even before they become employees. Under federal law, an employer cannot illegally discriminate in its hiring process based on a job applicant's race, national origin, gender, pregnancy, age, disability, or religion. State and local laws may specify additional protected classes based on factors such as the sexual orientation of a job applicant. Employers must abide by anti-discrimination laws at each stage of the hiring process, from placing a job ad, to interviewing, to the final selection of the candidate to be hired.
After an extensive on-line search, Florida does not seem to have any state laws prohibiting discrimination based on Sexual Orientation. However, the city of the University might have laws as mentioned above, or the University in our scenario might have policies in place prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, because they didn't seem to discriminate against the last professor, and even paid his medial bills. However, law does not protect the latter, as it is an ethical concern when it is part of policy.
Or, are the Universities in U.S. government run? There are government laws prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace and in hiring, which we look at below, following the information on State Laws.
Florida is not included in the State listed below:
State Laws
Although women, minorities, people older than 40 and people with disabilities now enjoy an umbrella of state and federal protections from discrimination in the workplace, gays and lesbians have, for the most part, been left out in the rain, at least at the national level. There is no federal law that specifically outlaws workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the private sector -- although federal government workers are currently protected from such discrimination.
At the state level, however, there is more cause for hope. Thirteen states have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in both private and public jobs: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin. The District of Columbia also prohibits sexual orientation discrimination in both the public and private sectors. In addition, eight states have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in public workplaces only: Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Montana, New Mexico, Pennsylvania and Washington.
If the state (Florida) does not have a law that protects from workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation, the employee may still be protected by city and county ordinances. You might want check the city out where this University is. I had not luck finding information in this regards.
There are at least 124 cities and counties that prohibit discrimination in the workplace on the basis of sexual orientation -- from Albany, NY, to Ypsilanti, MI. In addition, some enlightened companies have adopted their own policies prohibiting such discrimination. (4) Therefore, if this University is in one of these cities, then Dr. Wright is protected under the law from discrimination based on sexual orientation. I checked the site and couldn't find any information for the specific cities.
Federal Laws; Federal Employees
Interestingly, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) does not enforce the protections that prohibit discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation, status as a parent, marital status and political affiliation. However, other federal agencies and many states and municipalities do. The relevant federal agencies are listed below.
In the federal government the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA), as amended, prohibits federal employees who have authority to take, direct others to take, recommend or approve any personnel action from discriminating against applicants and employees on the bases of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, marital status or political affiliation and from discriminating against an applicant or employee on the basis of conduct which does not adversely affect the performance of the applicant or employee. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has interpreted the prohibition of discrimination based on "conduct" to include discrimination based on sexual orientation. See Addressing Sexual Orientation ...
Solution Summary
In reference to the case, this solution responds to the related questions on recruiting minority students, sexual preference, etc.


text:
Vernon Bogdanor
A Difficult Country
Finding a Role? The United Kingdom 1970–1990
By Brian Harrison
Oxford University Press 610pp £30 order from our bookshop
In 1948, W H Auden wrote of Britain as:
A backward
And dilapidated province, connected
To the big busy world by a tunnel, with a certain
Seedy appeal
Such a perspective seemed even more appropriate in the 1970s, and in 1974 the Foreign Secretary, James Callaghan, confessed that 'sometimes when I go to bed at night, I think that if I were a younger man I would emigrate', though he then went on to add: 'But when I wake up in the morning, I ask myself whether there is any place else I would prefer to go.'
In 1970, Edward Heath became Prime Minister. Although a Conservative, his government fought a desperate rearguard action to preserve the postwar social democratic settlement. But, by the end of the decade, both the Heath government and its successor, the Wilson/Callaghan Labour government, had been destroyed by the trade unions; inflation was out of control and the country seemed ungovernable. Even worse, the whole structure of civility, the premise of the postwar settlement, seemed to have collapsed. Cancer patients were being sent home from hospitals; rats roamed the streets of London where the dustmen were on strike; and, in Liverpool, the dead could not be buried.
By 1990, however, the year when Margaret Thatcher was deposed, the picture was very different. The postwar settlement was now unquestionably dead, but it had been replaced by a new settlement, the leitmotif of which was a belief in the crucial importance of the market. Popular capitalism was in the ascendant and the force of organised labour had been broken. Indeed, there were now more shareholders in Britain than trade unionists. The defeatism of the 1970s had entirely gone.
The central task for any historian of this period is to explain why the postwar settlement collapsed, and whether the achievements of Thatcherism, the last of the ideologies that had promised to regenerate Britain over the course of the twentieth century, were as solid as they seemed at the time.
In Finding a Role?, the second of Brian Harrison's two volumes in the New Oxford History of England series, he argues that the political strength of organised labour was grossly overestimated by both parties in the 1970s. He shrewdly observes that trade union militancy, which so many saw as a sign of growing class consciousness, 'obscured the contemporary reality of a more subtly graded, less conflictual hierarchy, for these years saw the middle class as at last unobtrusively prevailing over their rivals'. The dominant public rhetoric of the 1970s misled the commentators. They failed to notice that 'The political salience of organised labour in that decade and the even greater moral and intellectual salience of economic and social interventionism were articulated by statist sections of the middle class.'
Thatcherism, Harrison believes, was 'a package with internal inconsistencies, and changed over time', combining as it did economic liberalism, radical nationalism and social authoritarianism. But its most striking effect lay in 'the change in the tone of public debate', for it is the framework of public discussion 'that politicians are uniquely qualified to influence'. Thatcherism seemed to have altered attitudes to the economy, although, as the survey analyst Ivor Crewe pointed out in 1988, not attitudes to society. For, in Crewe's words, 'after nine years of Thatcherism the public remained wedded to the collectivist, welfare ethic of social democracy'. Margaret Thatcher had hoped that the British people could become lions. But they preferred to remain ostriches. They listened politely to her sermons on the virtues of competition and the free market, but then continued much as before. 'It is a very difficult country to move', another Conservative Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, had declared over a hundred years before, 'a very difficult country indeed.'
Harrison's verdict on Thatcherism, then, is one of qualified enthusiasm. Above all, he does not believe that Margaret Thatcher succeeded in answering the question posed in his title. But that is because, as a liberal-minded person, he does not really believe that the search for a role makes sense:
Democracy's essence lies in its capacity to ensure that citizens pursue many roles, simultaneously and autonomously; indeed, maturity may have arrived only when a nation-state feels no need for collective 'roles', let alone roles that pander to notions of national superiority.
The British, therefore, are fortunate
to live within a political structure and culture that prescribed for them no collective role at all. Grand collective visions might be conjured up for them by others, but whether in action or in contemplation they remained free – whether producers or consumers, partners or parents – to pursue the many individual roles that they chose for themselves.
It is a fitting conclusion to a book that emphasises the limitations of politics. 'When all is said and done', Margaret Thatcher once surprisingly admitted, 'a politician's role is a humble one.'
Harrison's primary interest lies in social history. He is very good on the trade unions and on topics such as changes in family structure. He seems less interested in foreign policy. There is, in particular, insufficient coverage of Europe, the issue that broke the Labour Party in 1981 and, by 1990, was showing signs of doing the same to the Conservatives. A historian really ought to explain why it was that Europe proved so uniquely divisive an issue for both of the major parties.
Harrison has not only mastered most of the huge range of secondary literature, he has also rummaged assiduously through press cuttings. Finding a Role? contains a massive amount of information – too much perhaps – but it tends to be organised on the card-index principle. The style is cool, lacking both punch and verve. There is not a flicker of fine writing, and no attempt to bring the colourful personalities of the period to life. The last two volumes in the old 'Oxford History of England' series, by Sir Robert Ensor and A J P Taylor, are not only fine works of scholarship but are also exciting to read, informed as they are by a passion for politics and a deep engagement with political issues. Finding a Role? will not be read for enjoyment. It is more of a compendium than a living work of history. Anyone seeking an engagement with the period would do better to begin with Francis Wheen's rollicking history of the 1970s, Strange Days Indeed, or Richard Vinen's Thatcher's Britain. Finding a Role? is likely to prove more of a quarry than a classic.


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If you have ever travelled around Malta there is surely one place you cannot miss. High, near the centre of the main island on top of a hill, the old capital city of Malta, Mdina. The silent city. Way before Valletta came into play Mdina was the centre of all that was Malta. You can see it prominently in the skyline from miles around and the old grandeur hits you even before entering throughinside the walls via the Mdina main gate (below).
There has been evidence of settlement here going back to around 4000 BC but it was the Phoenicians whom are thought to have first fortified the place. The present day layout and most of the architecture is owed to the Arab occupation from around 900 – 1000 AD, after the Roman occupation (when it was called Melita). Narrow alleyways and streets that is much like a lot of Islamic medieval urban architecture. Fascinating to wander around and even more so on a quiet day as I had.
In upcoming articles I will be showing a few points of interest within these city walls that I looked at more closely of course. But there is something quite remarkable about wandering through the streets here seeing the old narrow architecture intertwined with times since. The Normans and onwards. After an earthquake in 1693 the ruined Norman church for instance was taken away to be replaced by one of the most famous buildings here, St Paul's Cathedral.
As well as wandering the streets within, there are many great points to walk the walls that surround the City. A perfect spot is to look out over from the old capital to the new… Valletta 🙂 It was guns of the defenders of Mdina that sent the Ottomans running back towards where Valletta is now in the Great Siege of Malta, 1565.
The present day population is under 300 and no cars are allowed except a few of the population etc. This gives much to the affectionate local nickname, the Silent City.
If ever in Malta, it is a must visit.. If ever in Mdina, you must take time to wander the many streets and side streets. Gems are abound everywhere, I look forward to showing you some in the next posts.


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Blog Archives
RBR News | April 29, 2016Submitted by Jason Smith on Thu, 04/28/2016 - 23:00
Posted in Ranch Report
Around the Ranch
Anatomy of a Prescribed Fire: Avalanche Creek - Filoha MeadowsSubmitted by Jamie Werner on Sat, 04/09/2016 - 06:57
On April 4th, 2016, the White River National Forest, in partnership with Pitkin County OST, CO Parks & Wildlife, and Carbondale Fire, conducted a 500-acre prescribed fire on the slopes above Avalanche Creek Campground and Filoha Meadows. The burn targeted shrub, pinyon-juniper, aspen, and grassy vegetation in areas that provide critical habitat for bighorn sheep and other native wildlife. Following an extensive planning and monitoring process, a suitable burn window presented itself this spring.
Interview with Jayni Chase in Honor of Earth DaySubmitted by Emily Chase on Fri, 04/08/2016 - 16:29
Morning Birding Species List | April 5, 2016Submitted by Guest Author on Tue, 04/05/2016 - 23:00


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As bitcoin climbs to record values, many people are wishing they had invested in the currency sooner — while dozens of men who did buy it are giving it to a woman they've never met.
The woman, who calls herself Theodora, is a financial dominatrix, which means clients — many of whom never meet her in person — derive sexual pleasure from giving her gifts and money. Exchanges of money can range from several dollars in "tributes," as they are called, to gifts of more than six figures. Some clients even become a "human ATM," meaning they give her complete control over a bank account.
"It's a form of psychological domination where money is the tool for the transfer of power," Theodora said. "It's quite common for powerful men like politicians or CEOs to look for a form of sexual release by submitting to a woman — they are in control all the time during the day — and giving up control financially is a more tangible instrument of power for them."
" 'A lot of geek clients were really excited when I taught them how to build a mining rig for me so they could mine 24/7 from their home.' "
Based in Paris, Theodora has been working as a dominatrix for eight years and accepting cryptocurrency for four. She also specializes in "femdom hypnosis," a process through which she says she's able to dominate men using hypnotism. Her clients, all men, are in their late 30s to early 50s and usually come from the U.S. and the U.K., she said. They include a core group of 20 to 25 regular big spenders who make donations as high as $100,000 at once — some of whom she does "real time" sessions with in person — as well as 200 to 300 people who make smaller contributions online, most of whom never meet her in person. She communicates with them mostly online and by phone (she charges $25 a minute to call her and be ignored; $69 a minute to actually be spoken with).
As bitcoin
Financial therapist Debra Kaplan said financial domination is considered a consensual form of release for many people, especially men in high-powered jobs. "There are many people who feel it's an exploitative relationship — but ask most submissives if it's exploitative and they will say it is not," she said. "They are willingly engaging in this."
She added that sex workers switching to bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for payment is just "the natural progression" of the field, noting that the sex industry often drives innovation (think porn films and the evolution from VCR to streaming). "Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology will find its way into our economy anyway and this is just one such avenue," she said.
Theodora claims to be the first dominatrix to create a hive of crypto followers, but she said many women are now attempting to follow in her footsteps. MarketWatch spoke with the unlikely crypto investor on how she pays her bills and what she thinks about the future of crypto.
MarketWatch: How long have you been working as a financial dominatrix?
Theodora: It's been around eight years now but my online presence is quite recent. I was doing really well with very niche clientele, but now I have the ability to make it more mainstream. Thanks to social media, I can reach people who wouldn't previously dare to delve into financial domination but now they can try it to some extent.
MarketWatch: When did you decide to start taking cryptocurrency?
Theodora: In this business of domination, it's common for dominatrixes to take crypto payments. We cannot take PayPal because they blacklist sex workers. I have been making my clients mine for me for a couple of years.
[Mining is the electricity-heavy process of using computer power to verify cryptocurrency transactions — miners are given a monetary prize for their contributions, which Theodora routes to her wallet.]
MarketWatch: What is your crypto slave farm?
Theodora: It is a little tool where people use the resources of your computer to mine [cryptocurrency] for me from a distance. So even though it might be a tiny amount, I have quite a lot of traffic on my website so it adds up quite nicely.
MarketWatch: How do you make money in cryptocurrencies?
Theodora: I take donations and also have people mining for me. I take a lot of geek clients who like new technology and they were really excited when I taught them how to build a mining rig for me so they could mine 24/7 from their home.
MarketWatch: What other kinds of cryptocurrencies do you own?
Theodora: I have seven or eight different currencies — I see it a bit like play money and try to adjust to which is growing the most. If you anticipate growth, that's where it will become interesting. Everyone is now interested in bitcoin because the growth has been exponential. Soon it will be too high for individuals to invest in, so you have to invest in others. I think it's smart to have diverse portfolios of currency.
MarketWatch: Do you cash out your crypto or hold it?
Theodora: I hold it but it depends on the currency — I have my favorite currencies that I am betting on. Bitcoin could crash in two days, you don't know what's going to happen, so if you have enough to invest in smaller currency you should.
For me, it's play money. You have to bet on several currencies to see what will happen, and if it's your main source of income you have to be smart with it.
MarketWatch: How do you decide what to invest in? Do you have a background in finance?
Theodora: Funnily enough I learned via my clients because lots of them are high profile businessmen, so they know about money.
MarketWatch: How do you decide what to do with your clients' money?
Theodora: Relinquishing control from them is not just them paying me — it is me holding their credit card, having access to their bank accounts, and determining how much they need to live and how much I can take from them. I need to put them right on the limit. The point of financial domination isn't about taking everything they have and leaving them on the street — the fetish is controlled and consensual.
MarketWatch: Do you have to budget [for your clients?] then?
Theodora: It does involve a lot of budgeting. I have to ask them how much their mortgage is, how much they go out, and if it's too often maybe we can cut out these expenses. Sometimes they realize they were spending on very futile things and they thank me for it.
MarketWatch: What is the biggest risk in the future of bitcoin?
Theodora: I'm a little wary of what is happening with net neutrality and regulation. If they regulate bitcoin we may have to buy more litecoin or monero. It's moving all the time so you always have to think ahead. As long as people are creative with crypto and business in general they're going to be fine.


text:
steak fajitas:
6 oz tri-tip steaks, grilled
shredded carrots
diced onions
diced green peppers
hothouse tomatoes, chopped
crimini mushrooms, sliced
sesame oil
crushed hot red peppers
flour tortillas (heated on the post-steak grill)
charles shaw 2001 merlot (the famous tj's $2 wine)
prep+cooking time ~15 m.
After dinner i pickled a cucumber. And took a long nap.
I was amused to find that Hua had subscribed to Planet Organics, a bay area company that delivers produce to your doorstep. So, we'll be getting a $25 box of veggies and fruits every two weeks.


text:
Medjugorje Youth Festival 80,000 Strong, Papal Envoy in Attendance Almost 1,000 Priests…Media Ignores Largest Catholic Gathering in Europe
As Catholic Media and leading pundits wring their hands about empty pews and the vanishing youth inside churches, they again refuse to report on a very big Catholic story.
This week the largest gathering of young Catholics in Europe are attending the Medjugorje Youth Festival.
80,000 young people from 60 countries, all on fire for the Catholic faith, are the clear future of the church. These young people go to daily mass, they go to confession they pray the rosary, they sit in adoration.
The Vatican papal envoy is present and mingling among the faithful. The entire week is a wonderful, joyful, powerful, spiritual event yet Catholic media in USA again ignore this important news story.
How can our media possibly write fearful articles about the future of the Church as they ignore the large ray of hope coming from the young people who are gathered in Medjugorje.
What demonic force is at work here – What exists in these people hearts?
[wpdevart_like_box profile_id="ministryvalues" connections="show" width="300″ height="150″ header="small" cover_photo="show" locale="en_US"]
From Papaboys 3.0:
The 29th edition of the Medjugorje Youth Festival, Mladifest 2018, is in full and lively activity. Over 80,000 young people are present, coming from more than 60 countries. Long lines to the confessionals and tens of thousands of consecrated particles, during masses celebrated by over 650 priests. Also Archbishop Hoser, personal representative of the Holy Father for the parish of Medjugorje, is present and mingles among the pilgrims.
Such a quantity of young people who together pray and receive the sacraments is second only to the World Youth Days, strongly desired by St. John Paul II.
It is the largest international gathering held annually in Europe. Mladifest was born, about thirty years ago, by the will of Father Slavko Barbaric, when he began to gather and welcome young people, to talk to him about the Marian spirituality of Medjugorje.
Most of the media ignore this event, even if the growth of young people participating in the meeting has increased considerably, especially in the last 10-12 years. The young people respond to the silent call that the Gospa has addressed to them for almost thirty years.
Until the early 2000s, the Festival had a large participation of young people, but did not have today's numbers. Those were the years of his first rapid development, in those days there was less organization, much more spontaneity, but the Festival participants were about a third of those present today.


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Volume 3 // Number 2 & 3 // Article 17
The Adoption Of rBST On Wisconsin Dairy Farms
Bradford L. Barham, Douglas Jackson-Smith, and Sunung Moon
University of Wisconsin
Adoption of rBST on Wisconsin dairy farms has been modest, and is limited by farm operations: (1) finding rBST disadvantageous given their moderate scale and lack of use of technologies and practices that improve its efficacy; (2) using alternative production systems that make rBST use less likely; and (3) working with handlers that market dairy products to consumers from cows not treated with rBST.
Key words: adoption; dairy farm technologies; recombinant bovine somatotropin; rBST; size-bias.Two strikingly disparate articles on the economics of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) use on US dairy farms ran side by side in this journal in 1999. Fetrow (1999), for example, argued that since its commercial introduction rBST "has been very rapidly adopted by the commercial dairy industry," while Butler (1999) argued that the relatively few ex post studies of rBST indicated that "the adoption of this technology has been slow to moderate." Similar contrasting quotes were presented on the performance of rBST on US dairy farms, with Fetrow offering a more positive evaluation of rBST than Butler.
As with any other technology, the adoption patterns of rBST and its impacts on the performance of dairy farms are fundamentally empirical questions, ones whose answers require evidence from large, random samples of real dairy farms, not from scenarios and representative models of farms. Butler aptly notes that surprisingly few farm surveys on rBST use have been reported in the years following rBST's approval, and notably only Butler of the aforementioned authors makes much use of survey evidence in presenting his arguments on the economics of rBST use.
This paper builds on Butler's implicit suggestion for more empirical analysis by examining rBST adoption patterns among Wisconsin dairy farmers, who account for about 20% of the nation's dairy farms. We use data from several statewide mail surveys done in the 1990s by the Program on Agricultural Technology Studies on large, random samples of farms, using a modified Dillman (1978) method. These surveys generated response rates of about 60%, and based on farmers' responses our inquiry examines the following four questions about rBST use and performance:
The Pace Of rBST Adoption In Wisconsin
In the spring of 1999, five years after rBST's commercial introduction, 15.4% of Wisconsin farmers were using rBST in their herds. This adoption rate is more than double the 6.6% level in 1995, and about a 30% increase compared to the 11.8% level of 1997. If rBST were a technology that farmers had known little about prior to commercial introduction, then a 15% adoption rate within five years might conceivably be viewed as rapid but by no means could it be called "very rapid." Yet, because of the controversy surrounding rBST's regulatory approval, by the time sales commenced in 1994, Wisconsin farmers (and consumers, for that matter) were almost universally familiar with the technology (Nowak & Barnes, 1988; Barham, 1996; Barham et al., 1995; Douthitt, 1991).
The adoption percentages depicted in figure 1 also appear to be flattening out. Note first that the rate of growth in adoption has slowed over time—from an 80% change between 1995 and 1997 to a 30% change between 1997 and 1999. Second, the number of new rBST adopters is growing even more slowly—adding roughly 1,300 adopters the first year, 1,100 between 1995 and 1997, and only 440 between 1997 and 1999. Meanwhile, the proportion of Wisconsin dairy cows treated with rBST has risen somewhat faster, from 15% of all milk cows in 1997 to about 20% in 1999. Nonetheless, this figure, and estimates of perhaps 25-30% of milk cows treated nationally, are still far less than Hallberg and Fallert's (1995) national projections of more than 50% by the year 2000.
Figure 1. Percent (number of farmers) of Wisconsin dairy farms using rBST.
What is not apparent in figure 1 is the fact that more than half of the 3.6% increase in the aggregate adoption rate between 1997 and 1999 was accounted for by the disproportionate exit of non-rBST users rather than an increase in new rBST users. As dairy farm numbers decline, low rates of rBST use among older retiring farmers can produce perceived increases in overall adoption rates that are more reflective of demographic shifts than dynamic technological change. Relatedly, new dairy farm entrants appear to also adopt rBST at lower than average rates in Wisconsin (Buttel et al., 1999). At the same time, 1997 survey results suggested that an additional 5 percent of Wisconsin dairy farms disadopted rBST between 1994 and 1997 (Barham, Jackson-Smith, & Moon, 2000).
Producer ambivalence and marketing conditions also limit rBST adoption. Surveys of dairy farmers indicate high levels of concern with rBST's impacts on animal health, dairy prices, and consumer backlash (Barham et al., 1995). At the same time, retailer concerns with consumer reactions have led to a system of dairy product labeling and agreements that require farmers in Wisconsin and elsewhere to sign affidavits declaring they are not using rBST on their farms. In 1995, 33% of Wisconsin dairy farmers signed such an agreement with their milk handler (ibid.).
Is rBST Adoption Scale Neutral?
As discussed further below, the answer is decidedly not, in spite of the fact that the actual process of injecting cows with rBST has no implicit technical scale bias (i.e., per-unit costs tend to be constant over different sized herds). Table 1 demonstrates the persistent and deepening size-bias in rBST adoption on Wisconsin dairy farms. In 1999, for example, 75% of the herds over 200 cows were using rBST, compared with only 5% of the herds under 50 cows and 15% of the herds between 50 and 99 cows. Because about 85% of Wisconsin dairy herds had less than 100 cows, it is true as Fetrow (1999) suggests that more than half of the herds using rBST had less than 100 cows, but that belies the actual extreme size-bias of rBST adoption.
Table 1. Percent of farms using rBST in Wisconsin by size of milking herd (percentage, 1999).
The average herd size of rBST adopters in Wisconsin in 1999 was 149 cows compared to 58 for non-adopters. Similar size biases are evident in Texas (Saha, Love, & Schwart, 1994), California (Zepeda, 1990; Butler, 1995), and Connecticut (Foltz & Chang, 2000).
What Technologies And Management Practices Are Associated With rBST Adoption?
As Fetrow (1999) explains, effective rBST use depends on careful feed and herd management to insure that the cows can make efficient use of the stimulus to milk production provided by the hormone. As a result, it should not be surprising that rBST adoption is higher on farms deploying a host of other productivity-enhancing practices. These include the use of total mixed ration (TMR) equipment, regular feed-ration balancing, herd production record keeping, and regular veterinarian services. Table 2 summarizes the use of various production technologies by rBST users and non-users across a range of herd size categories. The results suggest that rBST adopters in all size categories are far more likely than non-adopters to use other productivity-oriented management practices. In herds with over 50 cows, over 90 percent of rBST users balance rations, have regular herd health checks, and keep production records on individual cows. On herds over 100 cows, over 90 percent also use a TMR.
The association of rBST with other productivity-enhancing technology use helps to explain the size bias in rBST adoption. Adopters of rBST appear to have a certain production system orientation that gives rise to the use of a whole package of technologies, facilities, and management practices, most of which reward rBST use. This view is reinforced by the fact that rBST adopters in Wisconsin are also far more likely than non-adopters to be rapidly expanding their herds and investing in large-scale parlor-freestall milking operations (Barham, Jackson-Smith, & Moon, 2000). Since many of these high-productivity technologies, facilities, or management practices have strong technical, investment, or labor scale biases, their differential adoption profiles and their association with rBST use affect the scale neutrality of rBST adoption.
Table 2. Adoption (A) and non-adoption (NA) of various milk production practices by herd size in Wisconsin (percentage, 1999).
While understanding the adoption of corollary technologies helps to explain the size-bias in rBST use, it can also address thepotential for future growth in rBST adoption. As well over 60% of Wisconsin dairy farms do not use at least two of the associated productivity-oriented technologies from table 2, this is likely to prevent a rapid growth in rBST adoption any time soon. At the same time, the increased use of management-intensive rotational grazing (MIRG), which relies on pastures as a primary source of forage for animals in the grazing months, will also discourage rBST use for some farmers. Management-intensive rotational grazing farmers tend to use fewer of the corollary technologies, especially those associated with maximizing milk output. Statewide, 23% of Wisconsin farmers in 1999 used MIRG, a 300% increase over 1993, and for them rBST adoption in 1999 was just 9.4% (Ostrom & Jackson-Smith, 2000).
How Has rBST Adoption Affected The Performance Of The Dairy Sector?
As shown in table 3, milk production per cow among rBST adopters is about 25% higher than it is among non-adopters. However, controlled studies of farms adding rBST into existing production systems show the average increase in per cow milk production levels to be about 10% (Butler, 1999). Thus, only about 40% of the productivity gap shown in table 3 between rBST adopters and non-adopters would be directly attributable to the use of rBST. The rest is probably associated with genetics and other management practices. Assuming that 20 percent of Wisconsin cows receive rBST, and that production is boosted by 10 percent, we estimate that the introduction of the technology is responsible for a 2 to 3 percent increase in gross milk production in Wisconsin (and the United States) over the first 5 years of use. Given the highly inelastic demand for milk, the price depressing impact of a one-time increase of 2-3% in supply would be around 8%. However, over the past five years, any reasonable analysis of supply-side changes would find other factors, such as the long-term secular trend in productivity improvements and the expansion of high productivity operations in the western US, to be far more influential on prices received for milk by producers than was the introduction of rBST. In other words, the rather moderate pace of rBST adoption in Wisconsin and elsewhere has meant that this new technology has not proven to be the industry juggernaut that proponents and opponents envisioned prior to its introduction.
Table 3. Productivity of Wisconsin dairy farms by rBST adoption status (1999).
Concluding Remarks
To understand the adoption and dairy farm performance outcomes associated with new agricultural biotechnologies, farmer surveys are crucial to determine not only actual levels of use over time but also the factors associated with those decisions. This paper shows that over the first five years of its commercial availability, rBST adoption on Wisconsin dairy farms has been rather modest. Certainly, it has fallen far short of the robust adoption predictions made when the technology was originally released (Raboy & Simpson, 1993; United States Government, 1994). The main factors inhibiting broader rBST adoption in Wisconsin are as follows. First, the majority of farm operations may not find it advantageous to adopt rBST given their moderate scale and their lack of use of other technologies and practices that might maximize rBST benefits. Second, a substantial subset of operations are using an alternative production system (rotational grazing), that is based on minimizing feed expenditures, making rBST use less likely. Third, some operations work with milk processing firms that overtly discourage rBST use to satisfy a sizable segment of the consumer market that wants dairy products from cows not treated with rBST. In addition, although representative farm models have suggested that there should be significant financial returns to rBST use, recent empirical studies of dairy farms have found no significant impacts of rBST use on profitability (Tauer & Knoblauch, 1997; Stephanides & Tauer, 1999). These factors combine to limit the extent of rBST adoption on Wisconsin and US dairy farms and seem likely to continue to do so.
Adoption patterns of other agricultural biotechnologies will be shaped by similar farm-level concerns, such as size, associated technologies, and alternative production systems that do not match well with the technology, as well as by marketplace considerations. Reasonable debates about adoption paths and effects of these technologies can be had, but one thing is for certain: the more empirical evidence from random samples of farms that can be marshaled, the more likely we are to advance our understanding of agricultural biotechnology use patterns.
Barham, B.L., Jackson-Smith, D., and Moon, S. (2000). Use and implications of bovine somatotropin for the Wisconsin dairy sector in the 1990s (PATS Research Report No. 9). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Barham, B.L. (1996). Adoption of a politicized technology: bST and Wisconsin dairy farmers. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78 (4), 1056-1063.
Barham, B.L, Buttel, F.H., Jackson-Smith, D., McNichol, J. and Wood, S.D. (1995). The political economy of rBST adoption in America's dairyland (ATFFI Technical Report No. 2). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Buttel, F.H., Jackson-Smith, D., Barham, B., Mullarkey, D., and Chen, L. (1999). Entry into Wisconsin dairying: Patterns, processes, and policy implications (PATS Research Report No. 4). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Butler, L.J. (1999). The profitability of rBST on US dairy farms. AgBioForum, 2(2), 111-117. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
Butler, L.J. (1995). rBST and industrial dairying in the Sunbelt. Paper presented at the 1995 American Academy for the Advancement of Science Meetings, Atlanta, GA.
Dillman, D. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys: The Total design method. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Douthitt, R. (1991). Recombinant bovine growth hormone: A Consumer's perspective (LaFollette Issues). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Fetrow, J. (1999). Economics of recombinant bovine somatotropin on US dairy farms. AgBioForum, 2(2), 103-110. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
Foltz, J. and Chang, H.H. (2000). The adoption of rBST on Connecticut dairy farms. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut.
Hallbert, M. and Fallert, R. (1995). rBST, federal dairy policy, and the future of the dairy industry. Paper presented at the 1995 American Academy for the Advancement of Science Meetings, Atlanta, GA.
Nowak, P. and Barnes, R. (1988). Social impacts of the adoption of bovine somatotropin by the Wisconsin dairy industry: An Exploratory study. Madison, WI: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.
Ostrom, M.R. and Jackson-Smith, D.B. (2000). The use and performance of management intensive rotational grazing among Wisconsin dairy farms in the 1990s (PATS Research Report, No. 8). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Raboy, D. and Simpson, T. (1993). The Implications of bST for consumers, farmers, and taxpayers: A Survey of the economic literature and additional analysis. Washington, D.C.: Patton, Boggs, and Blow.
Saha A., Love, H.A. and Schwart , R. (1994). Adoption of emerging technologies under output uncertainty. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76(4), 836-46.
Stephanides, Z. and Tauer L.W. (1999). The empirical impact of bovine somatotropin on a group of New York dairy farms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81(1), 95-102.
Tauer, L.W. and Knoblauch, W.A. (1997). The empirical impact of bovine somatotropin on New York dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1092-1097.
United States Government. (1994). The use of bovine somatotropin (rBST) in the United States: Its Potential effects (A Study Conducted by the Executive Branch of the Federal Government). Washington, D.C.: United States Publishing Office.
Zepeda, L. (1990). Predicting bovine somatotropin use by California dairy farmers. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 15(1), 55-62.
Suggested citation: Barham, B.L., Jackson-Smith, D., and Moon, S. (2000). The adoption of rBST on Wisconsin dairy farms. AgBioForum, 3(2&3), 181-187. Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.agbioforum.org.
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Following international media reports that the government had downplayed news about the blue ear pig disease, which has spread to 25 provinces, officials denied the reports. From the AP:
China rejected criticism that it had downplayed an outbreak of a disease in pigs, saying Monday it had been "open and transparent" with the international community.
As of Sunday, blue ear pig disease had spread to 26 Chinese provinces, killing 68,000 pigs and prompting officials to destroy an additional 175,000 pigs, said Jia Youling, chief veterinary officer with the Ministry of Agriculture. [Full text]
See also a China Daily report.


text: Exciting News!!! We are delighted to announce that Hype Dance has moved to a new venue on October 1st. Our new location at 589 Lawrence Avenue, situated downtown, next to Pharaoh Tattoo Studio. Our new venue has plenty of parking spaces around the area with car parks nearby.[vc_row enable_arrows_animation="no" css=".vc_custom_1474291084926{padding-bottom: 20px !important;}"][vc_column][vc_column_text] A new room means a fresh look on what Hype will be doing in the future. We are delighted moving more central in Kelowna, making it easier for everyone to come and dance. With a bigger


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At Myers Orthodontics, we strive to provide high quality, convenient orthodontic care to our patients while maintaining a fun, friendly, and welcoming office environment. Dr. Myers and his team work hard to get to know every patient individually, crafting unique treatment plans that perfectly suit each patient's personal orthodontic needs. We pride ourselves on using only the latest in advanced orthodontic technology, which is why we're excited to offer our patients Invisalign - an exciting alternative to braces.
While most people think of a young teenager with a lattice of metalwork when they hear the word 'orthodontics,' Invisalign takes a different tact. Instead of using metal brackets and wires to straighten teeth, Invisalign uses a series of clear, removable plastic trays, called aligners, to straighten the teeth. The aligners fit directly onto the dental arch, are completely removable, and are virtually invisible when worn. This confers a number of unique advantages over traditional braces:
While Invisalign used to be reserved for only a few minor orthodontic problems, advances in the technology now allow us to treat more conditions with Invisalign. In some cases braces will still be best, but we'll go over your case with you in detail to decide what the best option is for you.
How Invisalign Works
We'll start by taking detailed measurements of your mouth and bite, and use those measurements to build a fully realized 3D computer model of your mouth. Using that model, Dr. Myers will design a plan for moving your teeth into their optimal positions, then we'll custom-manufacture a series of Invisalign aligners to achieve that plan. You'll wear each set for two weeks for about 22 hours a day, removing them only to eat, drink, brush, and floss, before going on to the next stage. With each new set of aligners, your teeth will gradually move closer to their optimal positions - and before long, you'll have a brand new, beautiful smile!
In addition to regular treatment, we're excited to offer our adolescent patients Invisalign Teen - a form of Invisalign that's customized to perfectly fit the teenage lifestyle. Invisalign Teen comes with special "eruption tabs" to hold the appropriate space open for any molars that have yet to grow in, and each aligner has a Blue Dot Wear Indicator, which demonstrates if it's being worn long enough or whether it needs to be worn more diligently.
Our teenage years are our growing years, and we know not all of our patients want to go with the traditional metal braces route. Choosing Invisalign Teen can alleviate the worries of having to eat your favorite foods cautiously, play your favorite sport or musical instrument with ease, and keep up your oral hygiene routine.
If you and your teen are onboard with Invisalign teen, the treatment process is simple. Dr. Myers and his staff will perform an orthodontic evaluation and determine the best course of action based on what problems, if any, exist. If Invisalign Teen is the right choice, Dr. Myers will use advanced digital imaging software to create a 3D model of your teen's mouth and bite in order to design a treatment plan. The treatment will consist of custom-manufactured Invisalign aligners that will be worn for about two weeks each before moving to the next pair. Designed with teens in mind, each treatment course will also come with 6 replacement aligners free of cost in case of damage or loss. With each set of aligners, your teeth will get closer to achieving a gorgeous new smile!
One of the main benefits of Invisalign is its removability, making oral hygiene as easy as ever - but it's critical that you take advantage of this! You'll need to brush your teeth after every meal to avoid food particles getting trapped under the aligners and causing decay, and it's also important to brush and rinse your aligners every time you take them out and put them back in. With proper, conscientious care, you'll have a beautiful new smile that'll last you the rest of your life!
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Blogging is voicing your opinion on a site of your own. If you wish to write a blog, search for blog hosts that are customizable and simple to use. This way, you can get the most out of your blog. Read on for more blogging tips.
You should add to your blog as often as possible. Infrequent updates will never benefit your blog in any way. Without updates, the readers, whose attention you grab at the beginning, will quickly tire of waiting for new content. A good rule to follow is to compose new blogs each week, and send emails about the updates.
Resist all temptation to copy from research articles, other blogs or anything else that you come across that is written by someone else. People take a dim view of plagiarism, and your reputation will be ruined immediately if people find out you are doing this. You need not be a professional wordsmith to maintain a successful blog; you simply need to be passionate–and original–when it comes to your subject matter.
Blog about interesting things and provide relevant content. Everybody does chores like cleaning the house and washing the laundry. Unless you have a unique way of presenting such common information, your readers really aren't going to care. Choose topics that you know people care about. Remember that you want to attract readers to your page; that is the point of blogging after all.
Make your blog unique. Readers will be attracted by original content. Posting difficult to find information will also do wonders for your blog. Try blogging about an unusual experience or hobby. Provide minute details about the way a widget is created. You need to let the reader have a good reason to visit your blog.
Blogging is something that has no time constraints; you can post weekly or monthly, as it makes no difference. If you want to draw a large number of visitors to your site, you should make sure you post regularly. Use the above advice to get your own blog off to a promising start.Copyright 2013 , All rights Reserved.


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How to select a poker tournament?
Discovering some things about you is what will help you determine which tournament to play, in the same way, you must select in the poker game which type of tournament you want to play. You can essentially identify players of three types in the case of online poker. Without taking into consideration the specific characteristics of the game of poker, it may be reflected in some of the three broad categories mentioned below:
The amateur
It is about anyone who simply has fun playing; this does not mean that he is a bad player or that he bets a lot, the purpose of the fan is more informal. For the Amateur, the bankroll administration is not a concern; maybe he does not even have one. Looking for a low fixed income is the goal, which is why the tournaments with these characteristics are chosen by the fans, have the opportunity of a decent prize won in cash and enjoy the emotion that this means when playing.
The expert in cash games
This category includes players who obtain a sum of money in online poker games. They use the online game as a break from the routine, participating in occasional tournaments. The objective of the cash game expert is to win a big prize by playing a poker tournament; he will also play in case he finds a set of low skills in a particular tournament.
The tournament addict
Tournaments can be classified as the guide for many players, whether amateur or professional, players tend to coincide at the same point. Participate in online poker tournaments whereas online games will be the places where you can find them. They usually have a bankroll separate from the regular games for online poker games, so they can differentiate between winnings and bets when playing.
Five steps to select a perfect poker tournament
To define your personal style of a poker game, here are five steps and you will have an almost perfect option.
Step one: investigate the field size that interests you.
Do you want to play against thousands of players or dozens of them? It is important to know the name of the game in a tournament because less experienced players will enter and the good players will take the money that the first ones have bet. That means that playing against the fish will give good players an advantage and they will have a better chance of winning. This means that roughly the ROI of the expert players will be much higher in tournament fields.
The smaller tournaments mean more skilled opponents, for this reason, it is much better to play a massive tournament since it is proven that there is less variance in the smaller fields. Entering tournaments with fewer players may result in you losing as it is against large tournament fields.
When you enter to play in smaller fields, there is a greater chance that you will get big profits; in this case, one of the most famous tournaments is that of Catch-22.
Step Two: Establish the ideal purchase.
The skill levels of the players are what will define the number of bets and money that you will use to play. Remember to choose a tournament that is commensurate with your financial availability. You must be prepared to lose when you enter a pool game where it is evident that most players are more expert than you in the game, so in case you can lose the entire buy-in. This type of tournament is popular to play on all fans, being 100% fun. Playing in these tournaments is something recommended for amateurs because the financial availability and skill will be part of the learning to pass to the expert level, in this sense, you can calmly follow this rule. Even though it depends on you the amount of money that will be put into play, this will not be a distraction since you will only know the result at the final table.
Step three: Define the difficulty of the field to compete.
Although it was established in the previous step that those in point two that highly qualified players are the ones with the best chance of winning in larger buy-in tournaments, there is always an exception to the rule.
Prestige is a status that players must maintain, for this the players participate more in tournaments with greater publicity. The World Series of Poker is an example of this, as it is the biggest poker event, where the fans measure themselves with the big betting up to ten thousand to play in the tournament. Of course, not all the examples are so extreme. Of course, the relevant research must be done because these cases do not always occur, you can also find many people participating in strong online buy-in tournaments outside of their league.
Step Four: You must locate your ideal blind structure.
The amount of chips with which a tournament starts in relation to the blinds is known as the "blind structure". It also allows knowing the fast increase those blinds over time, through this blind structure. For the amateur players, it is essential that the blinds go up very slowly, so they can have more excitement and fun, in the events where they start with a lot of chips. Obtaining more profits for your bets during some rounds, the skill of the player will be reduced the impact, thanks to this superficial structure.
The type of player who is difficult play situations make their best moves, when they are used to playing in tournaments, will choose deep pile games, since they are the games to which they are accustomed, for this reason, expert players always take into account which are the poker games that, although they are strong, match your abilities.
Step Five: Choose the best prize structure for purchase.
The cut taken by the house must be your primary concern. Small bets in online tournaments usually pay 10% of the house. If you are playing with a buy-in of more than $100 in a tournament, the house will pay a little less than a cut. Take as a warning that the super small tournaments of low bets with a rake of 20% or more, since fundamentally it can be playing with the format of the tournament in line harder possible, these have a huge rake and a structure, for that reason when playing You must be very careful online.


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I have a young special squirrel.
He can not put food to mouth. Forrest has learned to eat nuts. Some must be opened for him.
I read legumes were a good source of protein and fiber. Raw soaked ...does it matter? He gives up one foods that give him too much trouble.