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Ginsenoside metabolite compound K (CK; 20-O-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), a novel ginsenoside metabolite, belongs to the dammarane-type triterpene saponins, according to its structure. The anti-inflammatory activity of CK has been identified in several studies. Our study demonstrated that CK exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and adjuvant-induced arthritis animal models, and this effect was due to inhibition of the abnormal activation and differentiation of T cells. However, the mechanism of CK in suppressing T-cell activation remains unclear. In this study, CK had a therapeutic effect in mice with CIA, decreased the percentage of activated T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and increased the percentage of naive T cells in lymph nodes. The inhibitory effect on T-cell activation of CK was related to suppression of accumulation of DCs in lymph nodes. CK decreased CCL21 levels in lymph nodes and CCR7 expression in DCs and suppressed CCL21/CCR7-mediated migration of DCs, thus reducing accumulation of DCs in lymph nodes. In addition, signals for T-cell activation including major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, were suppressed by CK, and the proliferation of T cells induced by DCs was inhibited by CK. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CK downregulated DC priming of T-cell activation in CIA, and suppression of CCL21/CCR7-mediated DC migration and signaling between T cells and DCs might be the potential mechanism. These results provide an interesting, novel insight into the potential mechanism by which CK contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect in autoimmune conditions.
Numerous studies have confirmed the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The excessive activation of T cells causes undesirable immune responses against self-antigens, which then results in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune response (Pablos and Cañete, 2013; Rodeghero et al., 2013). In our previous study, a decreased percentage of naive T cells, a raised percentage of activated T cells, and hyperplasia of T cells were observed in autoimmune arthritis animal models (Chang et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Song et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013).
Ginsenoside metabolite compound K [CK; 20-O-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol; C36H62O8; mol. wt., 622.88] belongs to the dammarane-type triterpene saponins, according to its structure (Fig. 1) (Chi and Ji, 2005). It is a degradation product of ginsenoside in the intestine by bacteria and is the major form of ginsenoside absorbed into the body (Tawab et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2009) and can be transformed from ginsenoside by food micro-organisms in vitro (Chi and Ji, 2005). The anti-inflammatory activity of CK has been identified in several studies. CK suppresses production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-6, and inhibits cyclooxyenase-2 expression (Park et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008; Joh et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2011). Our previous study demonstrated that CK attenuated arthritis in animal models by suppressing T-cell activation. CK decreased the percentage of activated T cells; suppressed T-cell receptor (TCR), CD28, and CD25 expression on T cells; and inhibited production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 (Chen et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2014). The mechanism by which CK suppresses T-cell activation, however, remains unclear.
Activation of T cells requires signals provided by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-TCR and B7 (CD80, CD86)-CD28 (Ganguly et al., 2013). Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful APCs in the body. DCs have been shown to continuously present endogenous antigens and prime the T-cell response in inflammatory conditions (Leung et al., 2002; Eriksson et al., 2003; Bailey et al., 2007). The role of DCs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, such as RA, has been confirmed in numerous studies (Pulendran et al., 2010; Rodríguez-Fernández, 2013; Miles et al., 2014). Studies have demonstrated that the infiltrated DCs in the inflamed synovial tissue subsequently migrate to the draining lymph nodes and present arthritogenic peptide to T cells and induce naive T-cell activation (Pettit et al., 2000; Lutzky et al., 2007). The homing of DCs from peripheral to secondary lymphoid organs is a basic feature of their ability to prime effective T-cell immune responses. In inflammatory conditions, migration of DCs induces pathogenic T cells, such as Th1 and Th17 cells (Ma et al., 2013). Migration of DCs from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes is induced by the chemokine CCL21 and its receptor CCR7 (Tal et al., 2011). CCL21 expressed in high endothelial venules is required for antigen-laded mature DCs to migrate to lymphatic vessels, and this has been shown to increase massively during inflammation (Johnson and Jackson, 2010).
Therefore, in this study, we observed the effect of CK on T-cell activation in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and investigated the mechanism, focusing on migration of DCs and signals provided by DCs. The results demonstrate that CK downregulated DC priming of T-cell activation in CIA, and suppression of CCL21/CCR7-mediated DC migration and signaling between T cells and DCs might be the potential mechanism.
Materials and Methods
Sixty male DBA/1 mice (18 ± 2 g) (Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used in this study. All mice were maintained in the specific pathogen–free animal laboratory of Anhui Medical University (Hefei, China). All experiments were approved by the Ethics Review Committee for Animal Experimentation of Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University.
Complete Freund's adjuvant and chick type II collagen were obtained from Chondrex Inc. (Redmond, WA); Gibco RPMI 1640 medium was from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY); CCL21 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was from Cusabio Biotech Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China); and fluorescence-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD62L, CD25, CD11c, CD80, CD86, and MHCII were from BioLegend, Inc. (San Diego, CA). Anti-CD11c and T-cell MicroBeads were from Miltenyi Biotec (Bergisch, Gladbach, Germany); Cell Counting Kit was from Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan); and monoclonal antibody to CCR7 was from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). CK (purity, >98%) was provided by Zhejiang Haizheng Medicine Co., Ltd. (Taizhou, China), and methotrexate (MTX) was obtained from Shanghai Xinyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Induction and Treatment of CIA.
Type II collagen was dissolved in 0.1 M acetic acid and emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant at 2 mg/ml and then incubated overnight at 4°C. DBA/1 mice were injected intradermally twice with 0.1 ml of this emulsion (100 μg of type II collagen/mouse) at the back and the base of the tail. The day of the first immunization was defined as day 0, and the booster injection was administered into the back on day 21 (Zhang et al., 2013). Mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 per group): normal, CIA, CK 14 mg/kg, CK 56 mg/kg, CK 224 mg/kg, and MTX 2 mg/kg. After the onset of arthritis at day 27, mice were given CK by intragastric administration, once a day, for 21 days (during secondary arthritis phase). MTX (2 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically, once every 3 days, eight times. Meanwhile, the normal and model animals were given an equal volume of normal saline.
Evaluation of Arthritis.
To evaluate the severity of arthritis, arthritis global assessment and swollen joint count of mice were evaluated every 3 days by two observers blinded to the treatment. The arthritis global assessment was based on symptoms in different parts of the CIA mice: ear (0 = no nodules or redness, 1 = nodules and redness on one ear, 2 = nodules and redness on both ears), nose (0 = no connective tissue swelling or redness, 1 = evident connective tissue swelling and redness), tail (0 = no nodules or redness, 1 = evident nodules and tail redness), and paw (0 = no swelling or redness, 1 = one front or hind paw with swelling and redness, 2 = two paws with swelling and redness, 3 = three paws with swelling and redness, 4 = four paws with swelling and redness). The above-mentioned scores were tallied to form the arthritis global assessment, and a maximum value for each mouse was 8. Each paw has five phalanx joints and one ankle or wrist joint, so the maximum swollen joint count for each mouse was 24 (Wang et al., 2013).
Preparation of Mononuclear Cells and T Cells.
Lymph node single-cell suspension was collected by mechanical dissociation of lymph node through nylon mesh. Mononuclear cells were purified from the gradient interphase. Then the cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline three times and suspended in RPMI 1640 medium at a concentration of 1 × 107 cells/l for DC and T-cell subset assays. Then CD4+ T cells were purified by MicroBeads (Miltenyi) for mixed lymphocyte reaction assay.
Culture of Bone Marrow–Derived DCs.
Bone marrow–derived DCs were generated from mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and recombinant murine IL-4 (Song et al., 2014). On day 7, the dendritic proliferation clusters were collected and purified by anti-CD11c MicroBeads as immature DCs. Purified DCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml) for 24 hours as mature DCs.
Flow Cytometry.
To assay the subsets of T cells and DCs and expression of surface markers (CD80, CD86, and MHCII) and CCR7, fluorescence-conjugated antibodies were added to single-cell suspension (100 μl) prepared previously. After gentle mixing, the samples were incubated for 20 minutes at 4°C and then analyzed using flow cytometry.
CCL21 Determination.
Lymph nodes from each group were weighed and homogenized (100 mg of tissue per 1 ml of homogenization buffer). The samples were subjected to one round of freeze–thaw and then sonicated for 10 minutes. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g for 10 minutes. The supernatants were collected for CCL21 measurements using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
CCR7 Analysis by Western Blot.
DCs prepared previously were lysed in cell lysis buffer, and denatured protein was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred electrophoretically to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. After incubating with blocking buffer (0.05% Tween 20/phosphate-buffered saline with 5% nonfat milk) at 37°C for 2 hours, primary antibody to CCR7 was used at a final dilution of 1:2000 overnight at 4°C. After incubating with the appropriate goat anti-rabbit antibody at 37°C for 2 hours, immunodetection was carried out using enhanced chemiluminescence reagent according to the manufacturer's instructions. Equivalent protein loading and transfer efficiency were verified using staining for β-actin.
Transwell Assay.
Mature DCs (5 × 105 cells) were placed in transwell chambers (5.0 μm) (Corning, Corning, NY) with or without CK (10−9, 10−7, or 10−5 M); culture media 600 μl with CCL21 (50 ng/ml) was added in 24-well plates and then incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 18 hours. Cells migrating into the bottom chamber were determined using cell counter (Cellometer; Nexcelom Bioscience, Lawrence, MA). The migration index was calculated as the number of cells transmigrating with chemokine divided by the number of transmigrating cells in the absence of chemokine (Calpe et al., 2011)
Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction.
Prepared DCs (5 × 104 cells/well) and T cells (1 × 106 cells/well) were placed in 96-well plates at a ratio of 1:20 and then cocultured at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 44 hours. T-cell proliferation was assayed using the Cell Counting Kit assay. Ten microliters of Cell Counting Kit solution was added to each well; the cells were then incubated for 4 hours, and the absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a 96-well plate reader (Zhu et al., 2013).
Statistical Analysis.
Data were expressed as mean ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined by one-sample t test, where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
CK Alleviated the Severity of Arthritis in CIA Mice.
To assess the therapeutic effect of CK on CIA mice, the severity of arthritis was evaluated. After onset of arthritis on day 27, there was a significant increase in arthritis global assessment and swollen joint count in CIA mice. Administration of CK (56 mg/kg) alleviated the global assessment (day 45: t = 2.333, P = 0.031; day 48: t = 2.212, P = 0.040; day 51: t = 2.703, P = 0.015; Fig. 2A) and swollen joint count (day 45: t = 2.762, P = 0.013; day 48: t = 2.423, P = 0.026; day 51: t = 2.640, P = 0.023; Fig. 2B) significantly compared with untreated CIA mice.
Administration of CK (224 mg/kg) alleviated the global assessment (day 45: t = 2.400, P = 0.027; day 48: t = 2.554, P = 0.020; day 51: t = 3.239, P = 0.005; Fig. 2A) and swollen joint count (day 45: t = 2.867, P = 0.010; day 48: t = 3.757, P = 0.001; day 51: t = 4.821, P = 0.001; Fig. 2B) significantly compared with untreated CIA mice.
The Effect of CK on the Subsets of T Cells and DCs in Lymph Nodes from CIA Mice.
To evaluate the effect of CK on T-cell activation in CIA mice, the subsets of naive T cells and activated T cells were assayed in CIA lymph nodes. The results show that naive T cells decreased (t = −7.432, P = 0.001; Fig. 3, A and D) and activated T cells increased (t = 3.552, P = 0.005; Fig. 3, B and E) in CIA mice compared with normal mice. Treatment with CK (56 mg/kg, 224 mg/kg) resulted in an increase of naive T cells (CK 56 mg/kg: t = −4.654, P = 0.004; CK 224 mg/kg: t = −9.613, P = 0.000; Fig. 3, A and D) and a decrease of activated T cells in lymph nodes (CK 56 mg/kg: t = 2.763, P = 0.020; CK 224 mg/kg: t = 3.849, P = 0.009; Fig. 3, B and E). The percentage of DCs increased in CIA lymph nodes compared with normal mice (t = 5.442, P = 0.001; Fig. 3, C and F). Administration of CK (56 and 224 mg/kg) decreased the percentage of DCs (CK 56 mg/kg: t = 3.116, P = 0.011; CK 224 mg/kg: t = 5.737, P = 0.001; Fig. 3, C and F) in lymph nodes. Interestingly, the percentages of DCs and naive T cells revealed a negative correlation (R2 = 0.8348, P = 0.03; Fig. 3G), whereas the percentages of DCs and activated T cells revealed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.9830, P = 0.0009; Fig. 3H).
CK Suppressed DC Migration Induced by CCL21.
CCL21 is the major chemokine that mediated DC migration from the periphery to the lymph nodes. To clarify whether the changed percentage of DCs in lymph nodes was associated with migration, a transwell assay was designed; CCL21 levels in the lymph nodes and CCR7 expression on DCs were detected. The results show that the migration index of DCs induced by CCL21 was inhibited by CK (100 nM and 10 μM) (CK 100 nM: t = 5.356, P = 0.006; CK 10 μM: t = 8.094, P = 0.001; Fig. 4A). CCL21 in the lymph nodes increased in CIA mice compared with normal mice (t = 8.216, P = 0.001; Fig. 4B). CK (56 and 224 mg/kg) decreased CCL21 levels in the lymph nodes (CK 56 mg/kg: t = 3.481, P = 0.025; CK 224 mg/kg: t = 6.702, P = 0.003; Fig. 4B). Interestingly, the percentage of DCs and CCL21 levels revealed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.7802, P = 0.0470; Fig. 4C). In addition, CK (100 nM and 10 μM) decreased CCR7 expression on DCs (CK 100 nM: t = 10.119, P = 0.001; CK 10 μM: t = 5.931, P = 0.004; Fig. 4, D and E) (CK 100 nM: t = 9.746, P = 0.001; CK 10 μM: t = 11.540, P = 0.000; Fig. 4, F and G).
CK Impaired T-Cell Stimulatory Capability of DCs.
In the next study, the T-cell stimulatory capacity of DCs was assayed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. T-cell proliferation was significantly induced by DCs (t = 6.690, P = 0.001; Fig. 5). The ability of DCs to prime T-cell proliferation was impaired when DCs were pretreated with CK (100 nM and 10 μM) before coculture with T cells (CK 100 nM: t = 2.707, P = 0.035; CK 10 μM: t = 3.877, P = 0.008; Fig. 5).
CK Impaired CD80, CD86, and MHCII Expression on DCs.
CD80 and CD86 are important costimulatory molecules expressed on DCs, and MHCII is the molecule associated with the presenting antigen. They can provide signaling for T-cell activation. In the next study, we investigated whether CK affected the expression of these molecules on DCs. After treatment with CK (100 nM and 10 μM) in vitro, expressions of CD80 (CK 100 nM: t = 3.346, P = 0.015; CK 10 μM: t = 4.211, P = 0.006; Fig. 6, A and B), CD86 (CK 100 nM: t = 3.205, P = 0.018; CK 10 μM: t = 4.063, P = 0.007; Fig. 6, C and D), and MHCII (CK 100 nM: t = 3.174, P = 0.019; CK 10 μM: t = 3.797, P = 0.009; Fig. 6, E and F) on DCs were decreased.
Numerous studies have confirmed the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of RA. RA has been regarded as a classic T cell–mediated chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease for years. Abnormal activation of T cells in RA are the main induced factors causing immune damage and synovial pathologic histology change (Alzabin and Williams, 2011; Rodeghero et al., 2013). In our previous study, we found that CK alleviated CIA and adjuvant-induced arthritis, downregulated the percentage of activated T cells, and upregulated naive T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleen (Chen et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014). Consistent with these findings, the results in this study show that the severity of CIA was alleviated; naive T cells in the lymph nodes increased, whereas activated T cells in the lymph nodes decreased, when CIA mice were treated with CK. To further investigate the mechanism of CK responsible for suppressing T-cell activation, we focused on DCs, the most powerful APCs, in this study.
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, are the main area where DCs interact with T cells and promote T-cell activation. DC accumulation in the secondary lymphoid tissues is associated with inflammation. A greater number of DCs in the lymph nodes and increased Th2 inflammation have been found in mice with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Fanning et al., 2013). Our results show that CK downregulated the percentage of DCs in the lymph nodes in CIA mice. Interestingly, the percentages of DCs and naive T cells revealed a negative correlation, whereas the percentages of DCs and activated T cells revealed a positive correlation. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of CK on T-cell activation may be associated with decreasing DC accumulation in the lymph nodes.
Tissue inflammation induces rapid mobilization of antigen-charged DCs, which can migrate to the draining lymph nodes via afferent lymphatics to induce pathogenic T cells, such as Th1 and Th17 (Ma et al., 2013; Platt and Randolph, 2013). Upregulation of CCR7 and CCL21 can lead to an increase of DCs in the lymph nodes, thus upregulating the development of inflammation. In a mouse model of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the lung DCs of challenged Lilrb4−/− mice expressed more CCR7. In addition, the lungs of challenged Lilrb4−/− mice contained significantly greater numbers of Ag-bearing DCs and Th2 cells in lymph nodes and were consistent with the attendant exacerbated Th2 lung pathology (Fanning et al., 2013). Reducing the expression of CCR7 can inhibit DC migration to the lymph nodes and then limit the generation of adaptive immunity (Odobasic et al., 2013). Our results show that CK decreased CCL21 levels in the lymph nodes and CCR7 expression on DCs and suppressed CCL21-mediated migration of DCs. Interestingly, the percentage of DCs and CCL21 levels revealed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.7802, P = 0.0470). These results suggest that the effect of CK on reducing DC accumulation in the lymph nodes may be due to the decreasing expression of CCL21 and CCR7.
CCR7 facilitates the proinflammatory function of DCs in inflammatory conditions. B6.CCR7−/− mice inoculated with B6.WT DCs (CCR7+) developed augmented leishmaniasis lesions, whereas wild-type mice injected with B6.CCR7−/− DCs presented delayed healing of the lesions (Kling et al., 2014). CCR7 and its ligands are associated with the severity of inflammation. In RA patients, the concentration of CCL19 and CCL21 in the plasma and synovial tissue, the cell-surface expression of CCR7 on circulating monocytes and CD4+ T cells, and the elevated levels of CCL21, CCL19, and CCR7 are associated with disease activity (Pickens et al., 2011; Ellingsen et al., 2014). Inhibition of CCR7 in lesional skin is a critical event for clinical remission induced by TNF blockade in patients with psoriasis (Bosè et al., 2013). Our results show that CK exerted therapeutic effects in CIA mice and decreased CCL21 and CCR7 expression. On the basis of our results and the studies previously mentioned, we suppose that the suppression of CCL21 and CCR7 may be one of the mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effect of CK.
T-cell activation requires three major signals provided by APCs (Caporali et al., 2014). Signal 1 consists of processed antigen peptide, which is presented in the context of MHC complexes to TCR. Signal 2 consists of upregulation of costimulatory molecules (such as CD80 and CD86) for binding to their receptor (CD28) on T cells. Signal 3 consists of the proper cytokines, providing the final differentiation and proliferation of T cells. We observed that the ability of DCs to promote T-cell proliferation was impaired by CK. In addition, this study showed that CK impaired the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHCII on DCs. Consistent with these results, our previous study showed that CK suppressed TCR and CD28 expression on T cells (Liu et al., 2014) and reduced IL-2 production and CD25 (α-chain of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor) expression on T cells (Chen et al., 2014). These data suggest that CK impairs T-cell activation by reducing the signals provided by DCs.
In our previous studies, CK increased the percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in CIA mice (Liu et al., 2014). It is well established that Tregs play a critical protective role in RA and other autoimmune diseases (Cooles et al., 2013). Tregs control the responses of APCs and effector T cells through direct interaction or through anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and they play an important role in limiting inflammation and regulating adaptive immunity (Bacchetta et al., 2007; Li and Shen, 2009). Tregs colocalize with DCs in the lymphoid aggregate areas of the RA synovium, but cannot fully suppress DC activation and function (E et al., 2012). In this study, we found that CK suppressed DC priming of T-cell activation. Based on these studies, we can suppose that the effect of CK on suppressing DC function may be associated with Tregs in CIA mice, but the exact effect and mechanism need to be further studied.
Overall, this study demonstrated that CK suppressed DC priming of T-cell activation in CIA, and suppression of CCL21/CCR7-mediated DC migration and signaling between T cells and DCs might be the potential mechanism. These results provide an interesting, novel insight into the potential mechanism by which CK contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect in autoimmune conditions. It is important to note that activation of T cells in vivo is complicated, and the potential mechanisms of CK in T-cell activation need to be further studied.
Authorship Contributions
Participated in research design: Wei, Chen.
Conducted experiments: Chen, Wang.
Contributed new reagents or analytic tools: Wu, Chang, Liu.
Performed data analysis: Chen.
Wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript: Chen, Wei.
- Received October 15, 2014.
- Accepted January 26, 2015.
This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China [Grants 81330081, 31200675, and 81173075]; Anhui Province Nature Science Foundation in the University [Grant KJ2011Z180]; Foundation for Outstanding Young Talents in Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province [Grant 2012SQRL268]; and Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation [Grant 1208085QH158].
- antigen-presenting cell
- collagen-induced arthritis
- ginsenoside metabolite compound K, 20-O-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol
- dendritic cell
- interleukin
- major histocompatibility complex class II
- methotrexate
- rheumatoid arthritis
- T-cell receptor
- tumor necrosis factor
- Treg
- regulatory T cell
- Copyright © 2015 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics


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Collins, Oliver Michael (1989) Coding beyond the computational cutoff rate. Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-02012007-132507
This thesis presents a collection of new codes, algorithms, and hardware, which can all be used to reduce the required energy per information bit to noise spectral density ratio on the Gaussian channel. First comes a feedback technique from an outer to an inner code. The basic idea is to perform a second maximum likelihood decoding operation of the inner code that incorporates side information. Next comes a new kind of algebraic outer code which we get from combining Reed Solomon codes with themselves. The most important results, however, deal with the construction of long constraint length Viterbi decoders. One chapter presents a hardware design of a constraint length 15, rate 1/6 decoder. The last chapter gives some results on the partitioning of a deBruijn graph which make the number of interconnections in the design physically realizable.
|Item Type:
|Thesis (Dissertation (Ph.D.))
|Degree Grantor:
|California Institute of Technology
|Major Option:
|Electrical Engineering
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|Defense Date:
|11 May 1989
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|Deposited On:
|13 Feb 2007
|Last Modified:
|03 Oct 2019 22:59
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March felt like a great month for us photo wise and life in general, with having birthday after birthday, amazing weather and lots of time spent with family and bike riding. If you are new to my blog then you wont know what this project is all about, but this is a side album, to my weekly family project life album, which I'm currently behind in sharing and in general. This album is monthly and it's all about ME. Crafts, coffee, food, tv shows, which have you seen Luther? To the latest podcasts. If you've been here before, then you know what to expect, and so let me show you my month of March :
KELLIE STAMPS USED : My Fave and Label that stamp set [no longer available in clear, can get in digital], and MY THERAPY clear stamp set, here.
EMBELLISHMENTS : Color Cast Designs, Just Fabulous and #getinmybelly [no longer available], here.
SUPPLIES : I've used messy box kits cards and embellishments from the March 2016 A Beautiful Mess.
ALBUM : Using a 9 x 12 black and white striped album from A Beautiful Mess, here.
PHOTOS : All photos printed at home using my epson picture mate 235.
To check out my full year from 2015, click HERE.


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Salty Pixels: A Guide to Nautical Photography
The B&H Event Space (420 9th Ave., Manhattan)
Join renowned sailing and nautical photographer and Canon Explorer of Light, Onne van der Wal, as he takes you on a salty voyage through his photographic works. Onne shoots around the globe taking full advantage of our water logged planet, capturing harbors, beaches, regattas and coastal scenes that make landlubbers and "yachties" alike yearn for a life (or at least a vacation!) at sea. Revered for his witty and enlightening presentations, Onne gives you an inside look at what it takes to shoot in the salt and waves and how to make the best pictures in a salty situation without donating your camera gear to Poseidon. Sharing stills and video clips as well as tips and tricks, Onne's lecture is sure to delight photographers, mariners and admirers of the sea.
Click here for more free New York City events & things to do.


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Jordan Firebringer on Aug 25, 2011 wrote:Weakness and Tower Shield. And I also hate it when they cast it when I'm about to cast an attack spell.
FDrybob on Jul 21, 2011 wrote:What is the most annoying spells enemies have casted on you in Dragonspyre?Mine is the fire meteor!
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Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Lucia Gheorghiu,
Business Club
Members of the Business Club observed Earth Day by planting trees throughout the City of Paterson.
The Business Club at Passaic County Community College is a student- run club open to both business and non-business students.
Members learn practical skills for success, such as creating business cards, preparing for job interviews, or learning to do Powerpoint presentations.
They also engage in activities and field trips to explore the impact of business principles and business activity in the world beyond the campus.
Workshops about investing teach members the skills and knowledged needed for successful investments.
Field Trips
The club organizes a yearly business trip to a major center of financeand commerce. Recent trips include visits to the United Nations, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the Museum of Television and Advertising.
Community Outreach
Participating in community-related activities is another feature of club life that enables students to learn the importance of forming strong business/community relationships.
For instance, to commemorate Earth Day, members of the Business Club planted trees at locations throughout the City of Paterson , home of PCCC's main campus.
This activity gave members the opportunity to collaborate with public agencies and officials while also benefiting the community through environmental and esthetic improvements. (click here to see photos)
Through work and fun, members of the Business Club come to experience both the spirit of independent enterprise and the rewards of collegial teamwork.


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Been working on this new site for a while. While NIGHTMARE ACADEMY is a big part of my life, the first trilogy is finished and lately I've been focusing on my movie and TV work. There's a lot of exciting news on that front — and I'll be sharing it soon — but I wanted this destination to reflect more of what I was actually up to now, so here it is. Hope you like. If you're here for NIGHTMARE ACADEMY, you can still get to the site dedicated to that series from the link on the right. We've also included a non-flash version for those folks (like me) who are in love with their iPads/iPhones.
Over time, I plan to add behind-the-scenes sections on the making of various TV shows and movies I've worked on. Several are done: ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT, FRIDAY THE 13th PART 9: JASON GOES TO HELL and MY BOYFRIEND'S BACK. I'll be posting those soon, starting in the next few days — so check back! Others are in the works and I'm going to try to get them up sooner rather than later. I'm also going to be putting up some blogs on tips and tricks of the trade for screen and television writing. In the next few weeks, be on the lookout for THE CENTER OF CRAZY and THE WRITER'S ROOM.
One last thing — most of the email I get revolves around one question: when is book 4 of NIGHTMARE ACADEMY coming out? Here's the answer: I wish I knew. The first trilogy is finished and I'd love to do a second trilogy (books 4-6). I know what they're about and they were always planned as part of the series, but I need to have a publisher for them first. I'm toying around with the idea of publishing them myself as ebooks, but we'll have to see.
Hope you enjoy the new site — there's a lot of cool content to come!


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I've always been interested in space. When I was five, most of the few videos I'd watch were the old Star Wars films so you can see why I'd be interested about going to an exhibit about the Soviet space program at the Science Museum. Having lived in London all my life, I'm quite often at the museums in Kensington (Science, Natural History and V&A) because there's usually something to do there and if there's not, it's always fun to look at the dinosaurs! This time though I saw the Science museum had an exhibit on the Soviet space program called "Cosmonauts: Birth of the Space Age" so I got some friends to come along and ended up having a sort of school trip.
I'm not sure what I was expecting from this, usually you can gage what's on the inside of an exhibit just from having a vague interest in the subject matter but this was different. This whole venture happened during the golden age of secrecy and misinformation so I didn't know much about the Soviet side of the space race. Turns out, they got a lot done!
The exhibit is littered with oddly endearing bits of trivia and unheard tales of badassery by the Soviet cosmonauts like the first woman in space (yes, the Soviets did that 20 years before the US) just happening to notice that she was off course to the point where if left unaltered she would have escaped Earth's gravity, letting ground control know and then deciding to fix the problem on her own anyway. The Soviets also sent dogs into space to test the rockets and actually brought most of them back! Unfortunately, the first dog, Laika, was incinerated on re-entry into the atmosphere, so that's a bummer but they all got to go to the park before going to space so there's that!
The sad thing is that all these pioneers are overshadowed by NASA's achievement of landing on the moon first. It's even more upsetting when you realise that the
US only funded NASA when it became politically relevant during the Cold War as an attempt to bankrupt the Soviet Union (who were on such a tight budget they were melting cutlery to build their rockets.) In the end this tactic worked with Reagan's "Star Wars" initiative but it all started with Kennedy's gauntlet of reaching the Moon before the end of the 60's.
This exhibit honours those courageous people who strapped themselves to knives and forks and flew about faster than sound! I'd really recommend going before it closes in March (March 13th is the last day), even if you're not particularly interested in space, just to see some of the crazy things that went on in the Soviet Union.


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We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.
This list, compiled by Live Bold and Bloom, is an interesting selection of bad habits and routines we all fall into from time to time. If you can identify and eliminate these habits, you can reclaim your energy, your focus and your sanity.
We've heard this often enough before, but number 4 is one of the most important habits. Constantly checking email and staying "alert" destroys your focus and helps you waste your day and not achieve too much. Have the courage to leave your email for as long as possible rather than checking it in real time.
4. Constantly checking email
The ding or vibration of an email arriving has turned us into Pavlov's dogs. We're compelled to check the inbox when the bell rings, which constantly distracts us from the task at hand. Then it takes more energy to pull yourself away from the inbox and re-engage in our work.
Read the full list here.


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A curated collection from Amy Smart & Carter Oosterhouse
Optical glasses & Sunglasses
Our unique cork comes in a few different colors. Our most popular cork comes on a majority of our frames which has a light shade of cork to it. We also have a darker cork which has more of a chocolate brown shade to it. The last two we currently carry are exclusive only to a few models which is a black cork, and one with rainbow speckles on it. Our cork comes directly from Portugal and then created into temples, which we then apply our technique in having them shaded darker.
Check out out on Social Media. You can find us on Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest. We absolutely love being involved with our community so we look forward to interacting and catching all the tagged photos of our cork eyewear on you. From South Korea to the United States, from bands like BTS to influencers, we love seeing photos from everyone! Our eco-friendly frames are for everyone!
Cork is a natural and renewable material. It's harvested from the bark of cork oak trees, which are native to Spain, Portugal, Tunisia and Italy. It's gained popularity for having multiple uses in which we created eyewear because of its durability, beauty, "green" qualities and other unique characteristics.
See who else is sharing in our passion!


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Our company is engaged in offering an exclusive array of Mica Plates, which is devised using very superior and premium grade mica with the help of latest technology by our team of experts. We offer these plates in various technical specifications as per the needs of clients. The entire range is appreciated for its outstanding features like electrical insulation, high mechanical strength, flame resistance, low thermal conductivity and non toxic nature. In order to meet the varied needs of clients, these Mica Plates are severely monitored on various constants.
PRAKASH MICA EXPORTS PVT. LTD. All Rights Reserved.(Terms of Use)
Developed and Managed by Infocom Network Ltd.


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Antique Stepback Cupboards
An antique Stepback cupboard are a form of cupboard which comprises a dovetailed case, enclosed cupboards and a shelving unit on top of this construction.
Brief history and description
Stepback cupboards were particularly popular at the turn of the 20th century, and many antique forms of the cupboard hail from this era. Many more can be dated to the 1800s.
The cupboards can be found in a wide variety of materials, though they are most commonly constructed from oak, pine and other woods. Stepback cupboards were most commonly used in kitchens and drawing rooms, and have become a popular antique amongst collectors.
Guide for collectors
Antique stepback cupboards have appeared at both mainstream and specialist auction houses, as well as being readily available at a plethora of antique shops, and also appearing at online auctioneers such as eBay, often for low prices. Online antique, vintage and crafts shop Etsy also offers additional bargains on antique stepback cupboards.
As with all antiques purchases, prospective collectors seeking to buy online are strongly advised to carefully assess the authenticity of a particular piece before bidding so as to avoid disappointment, and if in doubt should seek specialist opinion.
Further information about antique stepback cupboards is available at online resources such as the Antique Trader website.
An antique, 'doll-size' stepback cupboard, dated from the early 1900s, sold for just $40 on 6th January 2008 from Fantasticantiques Inc.
Meanwhile, a pine stepback cupboard, dated from the 19th century, sold for $200 from Central Street Antiques and Auction on 14th June 2008.
Elsewhere, a pair of antique English oak stepback cupboards auctioned from Grand View Antiques & Auction on 25th September 2004 for $1,800.
At a higher price point, an early-New England stepback cupboard with original mustard paint sold for $4,500 from Grand View Antiques & Auction on 14th January 2006.
The bookmarklet lets you save things you find to your collections.
Note: Make sure your bookmarks are visible.
Click and drag the Collect It button to your browser's Bookmark Bar.


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How to Tell the Size of a Lawnmower Battery
Ride-on lawnmowers rely on a lead-acid battery to provide the power required to start the engine. Although many mowers include a pull-cord too, using the battery is the main way to start the mower and for people who can't cope with strenuous cord-pulling, it's the only way. When the battery dies, it must be replaced by another one with the same electrical characteristics. Battery size is measured in volts and amps, so knowing these two values is the key to choosing the correct replacement unit.
Examine the top of the battery case for rows of plastic caps that can be unscrewed to gain access to the cells within the battery.
Count the number of plastic caps, if present, and multiply them by two to determine the battery voltage. For example, if there are six caps, it's a 12-volt battery, because 6 times two equals 12.
Examine the battery casing for written clues. Most batteries have the voltage and maximum current stamped into the plastic case or printed on a label. Numerical values ending with a capital "V" are voltages and those ending with a capital "A" relate to the amperage or current. For example, a battery showing "12V" and "50A" is a 12-volt battery with a maximum current capacity of 50 Amps.
- Lead-acid batteries contain sulfuric acid capable of causing chemical burns, breathing difficulties and severe eye inflammation. Always treat batteries with respect and wash your hands immediately after handling the battery.
- Multiply the number of cell caps by two because the nominal voltage of a lead-acid cell is 2.1 volts.
- The current capacity of a battery cannot be determined by any means other than a label or data stamped onto the case.
- Take a digital photograph of the battery if you cannot establish the size by looking at it. Email or take the photo to the customer service department of your battery supplier; they should be able to recognize the battery and provide you with a suitable replacement.
Photo Credits
- Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images


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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate relational aggression in the preschool children in
Method: In a descriptive cross-sectional survey, 258 children (119 boys, 139 girls) aged 3 to 7 years completed a 10-itemed questionnaire in the field of relational aggression for preschool children-teachers form and Relational Aggression and Popularity-Peers Form. Subjects were selected from the four kindergartens referred by Shiraz Welfare Organization. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation coefficient and t-test.
Results: Most of the preschool children as early as 3 years of age use relational aggression in their relationship with peers which results in the elimination of some of the kids from the group or makes some dump others. Gender difference was not significant in this regard. Relational aggression among peers also did not differ significantly in all age groups. Relational aggression as believed by peer nomination and teacher rating was significantly correlated with children's popularity (p<0.001). There was a positive and significant correlation between the relational aggression and oppositional defiant disorder (p<0.001).
Conclusion: There is no significant differences in relational aggression between the preschool Iranian boys and girls. Children who use relational aggression are popular among peers.


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Report: Warriors expected to hire Mike Brown as assistant
Your teams. Your favorite writers. Wherever you want them. Personalize SI with our new App. Install on iOS or Android.
The Golden State Warriors are expected to hire Mike Brown to replace assistant Luke Walton, who recently left to coach the Los Angeles Lakers, reports Marc Stein of ESPN.
Brown and former Sacramento Kings interim coach Tyrone Corbin reportedly appeared to be the top-two targets for the position during the finals.
Corbin was hired as an assistant on Earl Watson's staff with the Phoenix Suns, leaving Brown as the favorite to join Steve Kerr's staff.
Brown has previously served as the head coach with the Cleveland Cavaliers for two separate stints, and with the Lakers. He has a career record of 347–216.
• Report: Heat, Warriors have best chance to sign Durant away from OKC
He started his career as an assistant with the Washington Wizards in 1997.


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When Vladimir Putin took time out from shirtless photo opportunities to announce that he was seeking the Russian presidency again in 2012 at the weekend, the subsequent drop in the rouble must have been rather unflattering.
Markets seem to believe
that his return to the presidency, with Medvedev probably moved to the office of Prime Minister, will have a negative effect on the Russian economy, particularly after the high-profile departure of finance minister Alexei Kudrin after a dramatic television debate Monday night.
Kudrin, who spent 11 years as finance minister, is widely credited with steering the Russian economy so that it remained relatively unaffected by the crisis of 2008, despite a plunge in the price of oil and gas, the bedrocks of Russian post-Communist economic success.
"Even those directors of oil and gas companies (who were taxed more heavily under Kudrin) acknowledge that without him, the 2008 crisis would have set Russia back 5 years," Liam Halligan, chief economist at Prosperity Capital Management, which says it is the largest foreign portfolio investor in Russia, told CNBC Tuesday.
"Kudrin is probably the most respected objectively finance minister around the world at this point."
Kudrin could, of course, be manoeuvring his way into another job further down the line.
"He is now moving from the shadows of the technocrats into the national light, and this is his first move in what will be a protracted episode," said Halligan, who believes that Kudrin will be in the next government.
"We are now seeing the most prudent politician in the government, who has many people behind him including Putin, saying to Medvedev: 'We have this money, we have an oil price averaging over $110 this year, and we should continue to maintain our policies.'"
Medvedev has attempted to raise government spending on, among other things, the military, as he is keen to end conscription, while Kudrin has pushed for a more cautious approach.
"The President can see that he's going to be Prime Minister when the difficult decisions have to be taken. He's being manoevered and he doesn't like it," said Halligan.
If Putin succeeds at both next year's elections and the succeeding election, as looks likely given his popularity levels, he could be in charge for 20 years in total – longer than any Russian leader since the revolution, apart from dictator Stalin.
"It would now be a major surprise if Putin were not to return to the Kremlin next year," Neil Shearing, chief emerging markets economist at Capital Economics, wrote in a note.
"With economic reform contingent on political reform, the return of President Putin may not bode well for Russia's long-run growth prospects," he warned.
Changing Russian Economy
The Russian consumer has become a much more important part of the economy as GDP per capita – and spending – have soared since the Soviet era.
The average Russian now spends 70 percent more on durable goods and 25 percent more on food, plus twice as much in alcohol, cigarettes, cars and clothing, than during the Soviet period, according to a research note by Tania Sollogoub, senior economist at Credit Agricole. GDP of $16,840 per capita, according to the International Monetary Fund, is the highest in the BRICS countries.
"The federal government is supporting Russian household income, particularly for pensioners," said Sollogoub.
"But this is deepening the non-oil budget deficit, and the government accounts are increasingly vulnerable to a downturn in energy prices. The same logic applies to the external accounts, which require high oil prices to remain in balance."
"This growth model, in which the State plays an important role, runs the risk of leading to a new cycle of government debt, especially if the oil price falls," she warned.
"It should therefore be relayed by investment and by diversification of the economy — which cannot be achieved without structural reforms and improved governance."
At a time when the world is in economic turmoil, with unrest in the Middle East and even in previously stable democracies in Europe, significant changes at the very top of the global food chain could be afoot.
Three out of the G8 nations: France, the United States and Russia, could change their leadership after elections in 2012. Four out of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council – the three G8 countries mentioned previously, plus China – are either changing the man at the top of their government or undergoing elections which could oust the current leaders.
The concern following Putin's announcement comes despite widely-held opinion when Medvedev was elected that he was a mere puppet. Putin held off running for a third term because he is prevented from doing so under Russian law.
Under Medvedev, the Russian government has promised a number of measures to crack down on corruption and lessen the economy's dependency on the oil price.
"For all Mr. Medvedev's warm words on the need to progress market reforms, Mr. Kudrin has arguably been more influential in rebuilding Russia's balance sheet from the ashes of the 1998 rouble crisis," said Shearing.
"Putin is widely seen as having been the senior partner within the ruling "tandem" over the past four years. In this sense, his return to the Kremlin shouldn't alter the status quo."
Former KGB officer Putin also passed several key measures which have helped modernize the Russian economy while he was in power, including the establishment of a 13 percent flat rate of income tax.
"There's a view in the Western world that Medvedev is the good guy and Putin is the bad guy. That's deeply simplistic, almost vaudeville economic analysis," said Halligan.
"He really is a very popular politician and he is the guy most people want to be the president."
"What we have here is a very natural evolution in the pupil/master relationship," he said of the Putin/Medvedev move.
"Isn't it good that we are seeing it out in the open? Doesn't that show how far this country has come?"


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Jessica Simpson With Maxwell and Eric Johnson in LA
Is Jessica Simpson Returning to the Recording Studio?
Jessica Simpson stepped out for a family meal at Sagebrush Cantina in Calabasas, CA, with Eric Johnson and their daughter, Maxwell. She was joined by her friend Stephanie Terblanche, and the two later met up with CaCee Cobb for what Jessica called a "mom's day out."
While Jessica is getting back into the swing of things after giving birth to son Ace this Summer, she made quite a few fans excited yesterday when she hinted that she may be returning to the recording studio soon. Jessica tweeted, "I need to make music," which was followed by a lot of encouraging words from fans. Jessica's last album, a holiday-themed record called Happy Christmas, was released back in 2010. Her last non-Christmas album was Do You Know, from 2008.


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WINE&TALK is CeDEM's interview-format to get in touch witch interesting people around innovation and Open Government at our conference. The first WINE&TALK is with our keynote-speakter Todd O'Boyle (Next Century Cities, US) hosted by Noella Edelmann (Danube University Krems).
CeDEM WINE&TALK
CeDEM is the international Conference for e-Democracy and Open Government. It brings together e-democracy, e-participation and open government specialists working in academia, politics, government and business to critically analyse the innovations, issues, ideas and challenges in the networked societies of the digital age. CeDEM17 was at the Danube University Krems from 17th to May 19th 2017. We are very proud to announce Ines Mergel, Todd O'Boyle, Keren Flavell and Dave Karpf as our keynote-speaker.
CeDEM Review CeDEM17
- Prof. Dr. Ines Mergel — Digital Transformation: The case of government start-ups
- Todd O'Boyle — Digital Tools and Digital Democracy: US Cities and Civil Society in 2017
- Keren Flavell — Reinvigorating the Role of Media to Educate and Engage Citizens
- Dave Karpf — The Promises and Pitfalls of Digital Listening: Analytic Activism in 2017 and Beyond
Download: Review CeDEM17 PDF
CeDEM17 Review PDF (Download)


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ICON 0-3.5″ Lift Kit Stage 2 Tubular for 2007-2009 Toyota FJ CruiserSale!
ICON 0-3.5″ Lift Kit Stage 2 Tubular for 2007, 2008, 2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser
Part: K53052T
This ICON Stage 2 suspension system w/ tubular uca for the 2007-2009 Toyota FJ Cruiser uses the same components as the Stage 1 system with a few simple changes and additions. The Coil-over shocks used in this system are the Extended Travel version, they offer more wheel travel and will enhance your on and off-road performance even more so than the standard travel version. Since these shocks do have more suspension travel, they require the use of our FJ Cruiser Tubular Uniball Upper Control Arm Kit. These uniball arms can withstand much more articulation than the factory arms and the tubular version we configured in this kit have increased castor over stock for better suspension feel.
Tech Info:
• IVD Plating for front coil over shock bodies – Extreme weather / enviroments protective coating available for an additional charge
• We recommend the use of our #56100 shock shin guards or a protective boot to reduce the chance of shock shaft damage.
These shocks are located in a vulnerable position that allows debris to easily come in direct contact with the shock shaft.
Wheel & Tire Fitment Info:
OEM Wheels & Tires: Yes
Aftermarket Wheels: 16″ – 18″ w/ up to 5″ Backspace
20″ + w/ up to 5.250 Backspace (pending wheel make)
Aftermarket Tires: 33″ Tall Tires
Larger Tires May Fit but Fender Trimming and Modifications will be Required.
System Components:
58645 (QTY – 1) – Extended Travel Adjustable Coil-over Shock Kit
58451DJ (QTY – 1) – Tubular Uniball Upper Control Arm Kit
52700 (QTY – 1) – 2″ Lift Rear Coil-spring Kit
56505 (QTY – 2) – ICON V.S. 2.0 Aluminum Series Rear Mono-tube Shocks w/ Internal Reservoir
56100 (QTY – 1) – ICON Rear shock shin guards
54000 (QTY – 1) – Billet lower adjustable link arms
54100 (QTY – 1) – Billet upper adjustable link arms
54200 (QTY – 1) – Adjustable track bar
52800 (QTY – 1) – ICON Overland Series dual rate 3″ lift rear coil springs
56104 (QTY – 1) – Rear hydraulic bumpstop kit
191011 (QTY – 1) – ICON tubular uniball upper control arm cover caps
198000 (QTY – 1) – ICON 2 pin spanner wrench
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Acrylic on canvas - 24 x 12 in - 2014
Plants are fantastic "sitters" for paintings: they're full of life and always changing, but not always moving! And they don't charge sitting fees :)
On a rare rainy day in Santa Fe, inspired by the cooler colors and the water, I tried a new approach to painting my lemon tree. I used streaks of acrylic paint in different colors, subtle texture, and cool shades to evoke an Asian flair. I like the result, even though the unripe lemons make some think of limes.
Cholla cacti blooming in the high desert of New Mexico are a delightful sight! I enjoyed capturing the rhythm and liveliness of their colors in this piece. It is 24...
Acrylic on canvas - 24 x 30 in - 2016 In this piece, I tried a new approach to depicting my beloved prickly pear cacti, likely inspired by the fact that these didn't grow near my...
Acrylic on gessoboard - 12 x 16 in - 2014 I was surprised when our crabapple and apple trees self-hybridized. Did you know that they are able do that? I didn't until...


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What to Expect on your First Day at Borgess Run Camp
Camp Starts at 7:30 a.m.
The first day of the 13-week camp, the principles of camp are covered and teams are formed. The first day of camp can feel chaotic, but it's simply a matter of creating a structure in which everyone can benefit.
Campers who are training for the Half Marathon, 10K, or 5K and indicated their pace to be 12+ will take part in a "field test" to help establish which group best suits their current conditioning. The field test is explained and at the end of the first day, all teams are formed. There is a "drop add" process throughout the first few weeks of camp.
The best thing to do on the first day of camp is to embrace the spirit of community. The pursuit of personal goals takes all 13 weeks. Don't be discouraged.


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I teach a weekly drop-in lesson for the Colorado Swing Dance Club at Denver's historic Turnverein, and a series of progressive lessons through the Colorado Free University. In my 4 years of teaching I've taught at the Turnverein, the Mercury Cafe, Boulder's Hard Drive Cafe and at the Capitol Hill People's Fair.
In my 6 + years of dancing I've danced in major events in Las Vegas, Chicago, Austin, Portland, Seattle, San Diego, Salt Lake City, Oklahoma City, Orlando, and New York City.
I've gone "hardcore" and I have my own domain name. For up-to-date information come check out:
There you'll find my updated teaching schedule and even more!
Lindy Hop has to be good for you —
Learning to Lindy Hop offers:
• a remarkable social interaction experience
• great health benefits
• an inclusive activity for families and individuals
• a new skill set you have FUN constantly refining
• it's all ages - Denver's dancers range from 10 to 80
Once you're comfortable with the basics, you decide what level you want to take your dancing to — you can just stick with the basics and become an accomplished social dancer or you can embellish your dancing with aerial movements and work towards competing (personally, I keep my partner's feet on the ground). You can learn dances like Balboa and Shag, as well as the line dances like the Shim Sham, the Big Apple, and the Jitterbug Stroll — all a part of the swing dancing you'll see at every one of metro Denver's FOUR weekly dance nights.
And talk about affordable — the most "expensive" night of dancing is less than going out to a movie — most nights cheaper than renting from NetFlix.
So do yourself a favor: Get off the couch — you already own everything you'll need — and meet me on the dance floor. Let me tell you, as a beginning dancer few things can compare with the rapturous feeling you have the first time you dance through an entire song!!
EVERYONE can learn this dance. These links will navigate you through my practices on teaching Lindy Hop, to hopefully convince you to take lessons from me!
There's a ton of info about Lindy Hop on the web. Here are some good references to get you started:
The Local Buzz - 23 Skidooland
National Dance Events - a.k.a. Lindy Exchanges


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Here are some things to consider doing. Some items may not be applicable to you.
Approx. 4 of every 1000 prescriptions are wrong (e.g., wrong dose, allergic reactions, wrong therapy)
Before taking medications:
- Confirm that the medicine has been prescribed for you - never self-medicate
If planning to take more than one medication at a time:
- Don't take more than one medication at a time before discussing with your doctor
- Check ConsumerMedSafety to ensure the combination isn't dangerous
Before doctor prescribes medication, especially an antibiotic or heart medication:
- Ensure doctor knows what medications you're currently taking
- Ensure doctor knows your drug allergy history
- Ask about any changes in the medication's name or dosage
If you have reduced kidney or liver function:
- Ensure your medication is reduced or changed as appropriate
If your doctor prescribes medication:
- Ask the doctor and/or pharmacist for following (in writing, if feasible):
- Name of the medication
- What the medication is supposed to do
- Dosage
- How and when the medication should be taken
- How long you should take the medication
- Medicines (e.g., over-the-counter), food, drinks, etc. which shouldn't be taken in combination with the medication
- Activities which should be avoided while taking the medication
- Possible side effects
- What to do if you miss a dose
- Try to use one pharmacy for all of your prescriptions so they will be more likely to catch potentially dangerous drug interactions and/or inappropriate prescriptions
If you administer over-the-counter medication:
- Don't give aspirin to children can cause Reye's disease
- Don't give ibuprofen to children 6 months or younger
- Follow recommended dosage by weight (preferred) or age on container
- Don't continue medication too long
If any of the following:
Child is 3 months or younger
Child continues to experience discomfort
Child is lethargic
Child has high fever
- Seek medical attention
After you finish taking antibiotics:
- Throw out leftover anti-biotics (misuse of antibiotics leads to their ineffectiveness)
On August 14th, 2015, Christine Riederer said:
Good medication checklist. Also ask the doctor which potential drug interactions could happen when you start the new medication. This assures that:
(1) You have given that doctor your current medication list
(2) S/he is cognizant of all the medications you are already taking on a regular basis
Any medication list you provide to your doctors should also list vitamins, minerals, topical creams and suppositories that you use on a regular basis. Many medications do interact with various vitamins and minerals, as well as creams and topical agents. Sometimes the combination of medications and minerals can make you sun-sensitive, etc.,


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Last week, Target debuted it's Open House concept here in San Francisco. A masterfully crafted 3,500 sq. ft. retail space, Open House is an exploratory attempt by Target to introduce the value of connected home devices to a mass audience and plant a flag in the emerging category. I had a chance to visit the space last week and came away impressed.
This is a very cool, immersive retail & showroom experience
The design team at Target did a great job of humanizing the connected home concept by literally building four "rooms" in the house to show how various smart home devices can turn a room into a smart room. For instance, the nursery introduced me to the Mimo smart baby monitor, Sonos speaker, Philips Hue smart lights, Withings scale and Belkin smart plug. Then it showed me how all of these things (and maybe even a coffee pot) can be linked together to automate activity, send alerts and generally make things smarter. The most tangible solution: Mimo detects when a child might be fidgeting in her sleep and triggers the Sonos speaker to play white noise in an attempt to put her back to sleep. This, I could use! The house is built using acrylic and brings together large format projectors, smart sensors, tablet kiosks and great sound mixing to create a Disney-like experience. Large format touch tables anchor a product section where visitors can dive deep into any of the thirty-five smart home devices. A lot of money was spent on this space and it shows. The best comparison I can offer is the new Rebecca Minkoff boutique. Overall, Target Open House is one of the best examples of a guided retail experience that I've seen anywhere.
The connected home will never reach its full potential until a consumer-friendly operating system makes it easier to connect, program and control devices
There is some really amazing and useful technology in the connected home space and there is also some superfluous stuff as well (e.g. I thought the beauty of a crockpot was that it could be left all day without oversight or worry about doneness?). Target had to script an elaborate retail experience in order to showcase how these devices can be linked to deliver real value to consumers. And, they did a great job of it. The problem, however, is that the average consumer can't just buy a bunch of these devices, take them home, link them together and create a smart room. It's hard enough to link one device to a Bluetooth speaker and make it work every time. Each smart home device is managed through its own mobile application, but consumers don't want an entire folder full of individual apps to control their home. The IFTTT solutions are coming along, but they're not nearly simple enough for the average consumer to use. For the connected home to become a reality, there needs to be a smart home Operating System that makes connecting, programming and controlling these devices amazingly simple and intuitive. It has to go beyond a great individual product to an aware and intelligent platform experience that a 10 year old can understand and requires very little setup. Until that point, I believe the vast majority of the connected home devices will largely remain novelty or point solutions.
Is the war for the connected home Operating System going to be won by Apple, Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, IFTTT or someone else? And, what role can Target play in it?
What's Target's strategy in the connected home space?
Target executives have said the Open House experience is an experiment to be learned from, but not something they plan to replicate at scale. Certainly, there are retail experience learnings that may be applied to various store formats, but what else might the future hold for Target in this space?
As the brand searches for new revenue streams and expanded relationships with its customers, perhaps a Geek Squad-like service focused on the connected home is in the offering? Clearly, this would help solve the connection and programming barrier that many consumers will face on their path to creating a smart home. And, the brand could bring its famous design and brand ethos to this service that would greatly separate it from others in the space. It would also create meaningful differentiation from its most direct competitors (Walmart, Amazon) and perhaps help it capture market share from Best Buy in the electronics space. Or, maybe Target has a grander vision to introduce its own connected home Operating System? Who knows.
In the meantime, enjoy the Target Open House concept for what it is – an immersive retail experience where one can fawn over a potential future where you never have to worry about the baby waking up in the middle of the night, feeding the dog, watering the plants, turning off the lights or overcooking your steak, again!
Are you looking to create an amazing retail experience for your customers? Check out our latest white paper on Harnessing Mobility in Retail or contact us for more information.
Jeremy Gilman, Strategy Director & Managing Director, San Francisco
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Exceptionally Well Hand Painted Single French Sevres Style Hard Paste Porcelain Circular Cabinet Plate or Deep Dish, last half of the Nineteenth Century.
The central reserve with a hand painting depicting a Mother and Son in Landscape. The Mother is fishing by a Lake and the son is playing a flute, within decorative scroll gilding and large segments of still life of flowers decoration with outlined lavish gilding on Celeste blue ground.
Condition: This piece has had "gentle" use, no restoration or losses, no wear to gilding. Base is unmarked.
Diameter: 8.75" (22cm). Height: 1.5" (4cm).
Item Sold


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Facial whitening for Nigerian women
Updated: Tuesday, 27 Oct 2020, 10:20
The body cream is surprisingly light on skin and doesn't skin whitening facial for Indian women leave me feeling greasy like other body creams I used. Dry fruits also will act as facial whitening cream for Nigerian women a great remedy in preventing the dark neck problem. How Can I Make A Homemade Bleaching Cream For Age Spots? While there are many medical treatments that can be used to help lighten the skin, including chemical peels and dermabrasion, these remedies are expensive and somewhat invasive. It leaves a silky finish and yet it's not heavy on the skin. And because it's SPF 30 it protects my skin for 300 minutes when I go out of the house on my way to work in the morning! I use the face and neck cream just facial whitening for Nigerian men like how I use my other face and neck moisturizers, after cleansing and toning. Same with the body cream, it's light on the face and neck and it's not at all greasy unlike most of the moisturizers I use! But for me the recommended amount for the face is a medium pea-size which you may dab all around your face. Spread it with your middle or ring finger, which they say, gives the lightest pressure on your face compared to the others.
This way you won't have to drag your facial skin downwards and you may prevent premature sagging of the skin. Another good thing about this is that it's SPF 30 which protects our skin from the harmful UVA and UVB rays of the sun. I'm satisfied with the results I see after using BELO Intensive Whitening Skincare products for the face, the neck and the whole body. I want to take the opportunity this summer to treat my skin some tlc by giving it a lighter skin. They are sold at very affordable and reasonable prices and hence I believe should be the choice of whitening products of every Filipina, who like me, are looking for quality and effective products which do not come with a shocking price tag.
Nigerian women for facial whitening Because our dear friends from BELO Essentials are very generous, they are giving away FIVE (5) BELO Intensive Whitening Skincare Sets! Both are citric fruits and are rich in vitamin C that effectively lightens the dark area of the neck skin. BELO Intensive Whitening Bar only costs Php 60.00 each, BELO Intensive Whitening Body Cream with SPF30 150ml is only Php 199.75, and BELO Intensive Whitening Face and Neck Cream is only Php 249.75. Try these practical and effective BELO Intensive Whitening Skincare products to see the results yourselves! I want to have a lighter skin because i want to gain more confidence and make my husband fall more in love with me! I observe my skin darkens after resigning from my office work since home-based setting requires a lot of leg work under the heat of the sun: going to the market, paying bills, drop and fetch my daughter from school and more. I wanna use these whitening products not because I'm not contented with my natural skin color but because I just wanna even out my tone after struggling with severe scars on face and legs.
Even men is dreaming or looking forward to have a fair and lighter complexion and healthy skin. Lemon is a common household ingredient that can do wonders for blackened skin due to its amazing bleaching property and natural citric acid. But due to the pollution, exposure to heat and sun, and other harmful elements - my skin had uneven skin tone and oftentimes my face got dark spots and blemishes. The Spot End line offers a complete whitening set for face, neck and décolletage that consists of a day cream, a night cream, a decolorizing gel and a topical whitening cream. Fuller's Earth has been widely used as a skin-lightening agent and best known for skin bleaching. There is also a whitening hand cream set consisting of a hand cream, a decolorizing gel and a topical whitening cream that protects and treats age spots and discolorations.
Provided that you follow an intensive treatment for at least 3 months and use the recommended combination of products and method of application, the Spot End Whitening System promises to give you the skin you've always dreamed of! This process can be used by people of all skin types as the rose water reduces the acidic nature of the lemon to prevent irritation, but works amazingly in reducing neck darkness. Here the oats will remove the dirt and dead skin cells while tomato pulp will help to lighten up the skin with its natural bleaching properties. They contain natural minerals, enzymes and vitamins that make your neck look whiter and more even than before and have even. The neck has many folds that is why dirt and dust particles easily get stuck in these folds. Banana and olive oil mask is rich in anti-oxidants which vanishes fine lines and gives you healthy, glowing skin. Papain is an enzyme in papaya which helps to generate new skin cells and this will give a new look to the dull skin of neck to glow with facial whitening for Trinidadians women even skin tone. facial whitening for Nigerian women You how to whiten skin naturally, with help from.
As well as removing darkness, this improves the blood circulation in the neck region and moisturizes to make your skin glow naturally. Oranges contain vitamin C and anti skin whitening treatment for Nigerian women - oxidants, facial whitening for Nigerian woman as well as a bleaching property that effectively lightens the skin. Dry fruits like almonds and walnuts can lighten up the skin tone by clearing the dead skin cells with its natural exfoliate property. This almond and honey combination process will show a bleaching effect on the skin and help to remove the discoloration in about 8 - 10 weeks. Walnut clears dead skin cells to prevent the dullness of the neck skin and this also helps to keep the skin hydrated and healthy skin. Chickpea flour is another good scrubber that helps to treat the dark neck by clearing dullness. Sandalwood powder has soothing effect on the skin and helps you to regain skin glow. Breakouts can occur when dirt, oils and dead skin cells become trapped in enlarged pores. Chickpea flour cleanses the skin effectively and the turmeric lightens up the skin to remove its darkness. Aloe vera is a great cleanser that not only diminishes the skin spots but also lightens the skin tone of the neck. It is rich in anti-oxidants and other natural compounds that greatly assists in repairing and reproducing new skin cells to clear the dark pigmentation of the neck. Mix these ingredients to form a fine paste and apply this on your face and neck. This rice starch reduces the dark spots on the neck as this one of the inexpensive and health method for the skin in treating the black neck problem.
for whitening women facial Nigerian Whitening neck cream for Zambian women
Lightening skin
Posted: Monday, 26 Oct 2020
Always apply sunscreen lotion to the neck along with your face whenever you go in the sun to avoid pigmentation. Never skin whitening facial for Nigerian women ever step out in the sun after you applied lemon juice on the skin, as this makes your neck darker than before. Remember to clean the neck before and after using any of these remedies with mild whitening facial cream for Nigerian women soap and pat it dry. Let us know which remedy worked well for you in treating this black neck problem. All these remedies are natural, safe and easily available to remove the dark discoloration on the neck very quickly without any side effects. An other skin whitening face mask is a mixture of 1 tablespoon of milk powder, 1 tablespoon of honey, 1 tablespoon of lemon juice, and half tablespoon of almond oil. Besides skin bleaching, it absorbs the dead cells on the top of the skin and give you a fresh skin by extracting excessive oil. You can also prepare a skin whitening facial mask with mashed banana, 1 tablespoon of honey and 2 tablespoons of sour milk cream. Apply this mixture on your whitening facial for Nigerian women face and neck and let it stay for at least 15 minutes then clean it with soft and moist cloth and finally wash off with fresh skin whitening facial mask is best for dry skin.
facial whitening for Nigerian women You can make an other face mask by mixing take two tablespoons of gram flour(besan), 2 tablespoon milk cream, 1/2 tablespoon lemon juice and a pinch of turmeric powder. Make a skin whitening mask by mixing equal amounts of turmeric powder and sandalwood power. Now cleanse your face with fresh water and a mild cleanser, spread this mask over your facial skin and neck evenly. Apply this paste on your face and neck and let it stay for 15-20 minutes, then rinse off with lukewarm water and then splash with cold water to close skin pores. After allowing the mask to work on your skin for few minutes, wash off your face with clean and cold water. Moisturise it: To keep your neck clean and soft, always apply a body lotion, cream or a moisturiser after shower.
To remove dirt from the folds on the neck, apply a body lotion and massage with a little force. Rice water massage: The water that is left out after boiling rice (also known as kanji) is a very effective remedy for cleaning the neck and whitening it.


text: Walfromp 0 Posted August 14, 2017 Report Share Posted August 14, 2017 Is there anyway to change the object layers? I want to animate a sun setting behind the waves, but I added the sun too late and now it appears in front of the waves. The only solution I can think of is to start over, but I already have a bunch of animations done and I don't want to start over. Quote Link to post Share on other sites


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Debugging with strace
Dig Deep
After "Hello World," you really need to look at system calls in more detail. In this second of two articles, we'll look at debugging in the real world.
An article in the June issue [1] explored the very useful system call tracer strace [2]. Strace helps you hunt down the source of problems with home-grown apps or buggy open source programs that won't quite work on your system. In this article, I take a closer look at how to interpret some of the system call information discovered through strace and describe some ways to make strace more useful in practical situations.
Hello Again!
In the previous article, I introduced the simple test program shown in Listing 1. To run strace on this program and send the output to a file, I typed:
strace -o outputfile.txt helloworld.c
The strace output for Listing 1 is shown in Listing 2. A close look at a couple of lines in the output will give you some insights into how Linux deals with files and memory.
Listing 1
Listing 2
Complete strace for helloworld.c
In Listing 2, notice that the program tries to access /etc/ld.so.nohwcap without success. For instance, line 11 provides the message:
access flfl ("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) flfl = -1 ENOENT flfl (No such file or directory)
In this case, the problem is pretty hard to track down because /etc/ld.so.nohwcap is an under-documented file. This step reveals what sorts of libraries the linker looks for.
If /etc/ld.so.nohwcap is present, the linker loads the non-optimized version of a library (i.e., not optimized for your particular hardware). If it's not present, the linker will go looking for the hardware-optimized version.
For more information on ld.so, you can check out the man page, but basically it's responsible for loading all shared libraries, preparing a program to run, and running it. Any Linux program will need ld.so to do its thing before it can run, unless it has been linked statically.
Sandboxes and Pointers
One of the great things about Linux is how well documented the system calls are. From the man pages, you can get information on any of the functions you see in strace output with man functionname or man 2 functionname. The documentation makes it easy to learn a lot just by looking at strace output.
User programs on a modern system run in a little sandbox: They're not permitted to interact directly with the computer (so you can't just shove numbers into registers to make things happen, as you could 20 years ago). Instead, everything goes through the kernel, and strace traces these messages to the kernel. If you don't see any strace output for a bit, it doesn't necessarily mean that your program is stuck; it might be doing stuff within its own sandbox (e.g., calculations) that doesn't require it to talk to the kernel.
System calls often use pointers to data structures. A pointer is a memory reference that tells the system where to look in memory to find a particular piece of information. If you were a computer, this would be great, but it's not so good when you're a human, because digging around in memory isn't easy. When strace sees a pointer, instead of giving you the value of the pointer, it does the lookup for you and returns the contents of that pointer so that you're shown the actual data. When you're reading man pages and it talks about a pointer to a data structure or a pointer to a buffer, remember that what you see in the strace output is the contents of that data structure.
Files and Memory
As you might have noticed when first looking at the output for this program, one of the lines that comes up quite frequently is mmap. The mmap call is responsible for mapping files or devices into memory. Look at how an mmap call is structured in Listing 3, for example.
Listing 3
mmap Call
Before the mmap call, the output shows that the /etc/ld.so.cache file has opened successfully with a file descriptor of 3.
Then there's a call to fstat. The first argument, 3, is the file descriptor for the file opened in the previous line.
Perhaps you've noticed that when files are opened to a number, the numbers start at 3. This occurs because the file descriptors 0-2 are already allocated: 0 to stdin, 1 to stdout, and 2 to stderr.
The fstat call returns information about a file. The first argument is the file descriptor, which, as here, will have been set up by an earlier open call. The next section in the brackets is a stat structure. Strace doesn't actually show all of it (hence the … at the end), but the stat structure contains information about the file: user and group ID of owner, device ID, time last modified, and so on. (If you want to get full information on these sorts of structures, you can use the strace option -v.)
From the stat structure, you can see the file protection and size (in bytes) of the file. You should be able to interpret both of these values: The protection uses the same coding as chmod, so here, that's owner+group read, owner write, and owner execute (0644), and the size is just a number. (The other part of the mode field is a flag identifying whether it's a regular file, directory, or something else: S_IFREG means it's a regular file.) The fstat call returns 0 for success, as here: When called, the function fills in the stat structure that is recorded here.
In the mmap call, the first argument is a memory location, intended as a hint to the system as to where the memory mapping might start. Usually, as in this case, it's zero (NULL, i.e., the system has free rein to use any location it likes). The next number, which you might recognize, is the size in bytes of the file (so here, 43270 matches the size in the stat structure in the fstat call). The PROT* section specifies the protection that this memory should have, and it can't conflict with the mode of the file. Here, I'm opening with READ only. Because I'm not running as root, I don't have write or execute access to this file.
Next, the mmap call maps data from a file into memory, and these options specify how that mapping works. Here, MAP_PRIVATE means that any changes made to the mapped region (i.e., any changes made to memory) aren't shared with any other processes and aren't written back to the original file, which obviously is a good idea in the case of a system file like ld.so.cache! The next argument is, yet again, 3, the file descriptor. The final value is the offset, which here is set to 0.
The value returned by mmap is the memory address at which the mapping starts. To see when the system cleans up after itself, look for a munmap call later on with that memory address – that will clear out the memory address.
Note that you will get this call in a C trace, but not in a Perl trace. Because C explicitly sets up its own memory, it also explicitly clears up after itself (or it can, depending on the details of the implementation of malloc). Perl, on the other hand, just leaves this to be done by the system in due course.
While I'm looking at system calls in detail, what about the exit_group call that ends both strace outputs? All this does is exit threads. Unlike exit, it clears up not only that thread, but all threads in the current group.
Static or Dynamic
Static linking means that a program brings its own libraries. Dynamic linking means that a program uses the system libraries. With dynamic linking, you only have to have one copy of all the standard system libraries, rather than a copy per program. Pretty much all Linux programs use dynamic linking now, unless they've been specifically optimized to reduce overhead.
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Okay, now we have something to work with to feed 5000+ people—five barley loaves of bread and two fish. (See Feeding the 5000 – Time to Eat) Not a lot to go on, but then it wouldn't be a miracle if the food was already plentiful, now would it?
Being an organized person, I love the next scene in this power-packed day. Jesus saw the need for getting things organized and he asked the disciples to help Him. We have hind sight. We know what's going to take place, but they didn't.
Jesus gives two instructions. Pretty simple.
Jesus replied, "Tell them to sit down in groups of about fifty each." Luke 9:15
Sit on the grass (the" grassy slopes" John says)—in groups of 50. Easy breezy, you say? But look at the crowd! We discover they are 5000 strong.
I'm going to give you a little sneak preview of how I plan to construct this scene in my next book about Matthew.
Peter stood straight up, hands on hips. "He wants us to do what?"
Matthew turned to Peter, "He wants the people to sit in groups of 50 or so."
Gesturing to the crowd of thousands, Peter complains, "You mean we have to count off to 50 that many times?"
"Peter, can you usually get about ten men in a boat?"
"A big boat."
"Just think five boatloads in each group."
"Oh, I see." So Peter shouts over to some of the other fishermen disciples and repeats the plan.
Matthew smiles and quickly sums up a group of ten men. "The master wants you to sit on the grass," he tells them. As they sit, he motions another group of ten to join them. Then another ten, "Will you join this group, please?" And so forth for five tens—fifty!
Then he turns to another group of ten. "Please form a new group by sitting here." To another ten, "Please join this new group." And on and on.
Keep in mind that they're going to need 100 groups of 50. That means each disciple must organize about eight groups of 50. As you can see, it's a mammoth task, but with each disciple helping, it is do-able. It will take time, however.
No doubt some in the back begin sitting when they see others sit. Then you have the problem of asking some to get up and move to form separate groups. Nothing is easy when you're dealing with massive groups of people.
I imagine the disciples have been so busy with the "project" that they haven't considered what's coming next. They will eventually realize that all this preparation will serve them well. They will be able to move around the people and know who has been served and who hasn't. Much more orderly! A great lesson for us in the value of planning ahead.
Next week is the big climax. How amazed the disciples and the people will be when Jesus feeds them all with just five loads of bread and two fish.
~ Joyce ~


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Quick question regarding re-throwing an exception.
Many examples of re-throwing exceptions use code similar to that below. But they do NOT explain exactly why you want to do it.
This code terminates the program with a debug error dialogue message from MSVC. Now, normally you probably wont rethrow from these circumstances - but this is similar to the simple examples found on the web and in books. Is the idea to terminate execution of the program at this point or what?
Code:#include <iostream> using namespace std; class CError { private: const char * error; public: CError(const char * e) { error = e; } void output() { cout << error << endl; } }; void check(int num) { if (num < 0) throw CError("Negative Number"); } int main(void) { int x; try { // Enter a negative number to // throw the exception cout << "Enter a positive number: " << flush; cin >> x; check(x); } catch(CError & e) { e.output(); throw; // Rethrow the exception } return 0; }


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When it comes to buying your first home, whether it's on Maui or not, you have a lot of things to consider. In fact, there are often enough decisions to make the process understandably daunting to many first-time home buyers. Fortunately, a little guidance can go a long way to streamlining your experience so you can focus on the joy of finding and purchasing your first home.
The first thing to consider is what you want out of owning a home on Maui. Are you looking to get away from unrewarding rent payments so you can put your money into home equity? Are you looking forward to the pride and freedom that comes with having a home that's all yours, and that you can customize according to your preferences? Once you get a good sense of what home ownership means to you, it should help you address the following questions.
1. What kind of home on Maui will best meet your needs?
If you're buying Maui real estate, you'll need to choose what kind of property works best for you, whether a single-family home, a condo, or even a multi-family option. Each choice is going to be different, so it's worth taking the time to weigh out the pros and cons of each. You may want to decide whether you'd like a pricier home that doesn't need any changes, or a bargain that lets you tackle the challenging (and sometimes fun) process of renovation.
2. What island house features are your top priorities?
The first answers to this question usually involve a certain quality of kitchen, of bathroom(s), and other things like storage and garage space. Your top priorities are important because it's so easy to get lost in the endless, seductive possibilities that you'll find in the real estate market. You'll be less likely to lose sight of your priorities if you establish them early on. While you're thinking about this, you may want to prepare yourself for some flexibility on some of your criteria as well. Where are you willing to compromise, or not?
3. What amount will your lender pre-approve you for?
Pre-approval is a vital step, especially as a first-time home buyer. Some make the mistake of shopping based on a guess or assumption of how much they will be qualified for. Getting pre-approved will give you a realistic set of parameters you can work through as you explore the properties on the market.
4. How much down payment can you afford?
This is where you'll want to evaluate how much you have in savings and what kind of assets you may be able to pull from. In addition, you'll want to think long-term on your mortgage and be realistic. Try Bankrate's "How Much House Can I Afford?" This can help you get started evaluating your financial reach.
5. Who will assist you through the process?
Working with a good Maui real estate agent is key, and we're not just saying that because it's what we do. We're saying it because Maui realtors know the market, which is especially important here in Hawaii, where things are a little bit different than on the Mainland. Realtors also know how to navigate through negotiations and the many steps of the purchase process, including obstacles that might trip you up if you're trying to go through it on your own.
Hopefully these five questions will help you to focus in on these key points to get you started down the rewarding road of home ownership. If you need additional guidance through your Maui home buying process, we'd love to assist you. We can help with all areas of Maui, but our expertise lies in South Maui real estate. Stay tuned for Part 2 in our first-time Maui home buyer series and mahalo for reading!
Last week, we covered tips for first-time home buyers, focusing on the logistical considerations that help make the process smoother. Moving forward to the next set of tips, the most important decision you'll make is which home on Maui to buy.… Continue Reading
When it comes to buying your first home, whether it's on Maui or not, you have a lot of things to consider. In fact, there are often enough decisions to make the process understandably daunting to many first-time home buyers. Fortunately,… Continue Reading
Maui Electric 7th in Nation For Energy Storage
Researching the cost of living while you search for Maui real estate? If you're interested in the island's energy-related successes, there's been some buzz about the fact that Maui Electric Co. has recently been recognized as one of the top utilities… Continue Reading
Searching for that perfect Maui home? If you want a combination of luxury and character, this Maui Meadows Kaimanu home could be the perfect fit. Perched on the lower slopes of Haleakala, below Ulupalakua Ranch and above Wailea Resort, this gem features splendid… Continue Reading


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Ekiga Voice Mail
Asked by Juss1962 on 2009-01-21
IN bottom of main window Ekiga I see "Voicemail: 1"
How can I receive a Voice Mail from Ekiga?
Question information
- Language:
- English Edit question
- Status:
- Solved
- For:
- Ubuntu ekiga Edit question
- Assignee:
- No assignee Edit question
- Solved by:
- Nicolas DERIVE
- Solved:
- 2009-01-22
- Last query:
- 2009-01-22
- Last reply:
- 2009-01-21
|Nicolas DERIVE (kalon33) said :
Hello Juss1962,
Which SIP Provider do you use ? The number to call the voicemail service depends on it. It works a bit like receiving voicemails on a mobile phone, you can have voicemails from people calling you when you can't hanging on, and you have to call a particular number to hear them and configure voicemailing.
Hope that it helps you.
|Juss1962 (juss1962) said :
Thanks Nicolas. It's answer for my question.
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text:
Degrees and Certifications:
Mrs. Funk
Hi everyone, my name is Brandy Funk and I am the EMT teacher here at Renaissance and your current HOSA advisor. I have an awesome helper CNA teacher Renee Lumley and we would love to have you join club! HOSA is the Health Occupation Student Organization and those of you wanting to get into a medical field, this is the club for you!!


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By Mary Miley Theobald, introduction by David Baldacci
The Virginia Executive Mansion is the oldest occupied governor's residence in the United States, and it will celebrate its 200th anniversary in 2013. This publication, co-published by the Mansion's Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC) and the Library of Virginia, is the official bicentennial history of the mansion. First House kicks-off a yearlong series of special events celebrating the mansion's bicentennial.
First House: Two Centuries with Virginia's First Families was written by Virginia historian Mary Miley Theobald and chronicles the mansion's important role as residence, office, and social setting for the past fifty-four Virginia governors. The book, which was designed by Carol Roper Hoffler of Literati, includes a welcome from Governor and Mrs. Robert F. McDonnell and an introduction written by internationally renowned novelist, David Baldacci.
172 pages, Hardcover, ISBN 978-0-88490-210-2, Library of Virginia, 2012.
428 N Arthur Ashe Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23220 | Mail: P.O. Box 7311, Richmond, VA 23221-0311 | Phone: (toll-free) 1.866.459.3669
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Qigong Master; Mingtong GuFounder of Wisdom Healing Qigong and The Chi Center
Mingtong Gu is an internationally recognized teacher and healer who received his training from a variety of Grandmasters in China and at the world's largest Qigong hospital. This "medicine-less" hospital, Zhineng Qigong Center, has treated over 200,000 patients, with over 185 different illnesses. He is the founder of The Chi Center and Wisdom Healing Foundation and has taught Qigong to thousands of people in the USA, China, and Europe.