text:
Exchanging Blows Over Tower
Two Sides Fight for Control of One Madison Park Project at Bankruptcy Hearing
The Monaco-based investor who challenged a plan to restart a derailed Manhattan condominium project told a bankruptcy court that he was prepared to file his own plan and bring in millions of needed investment in the project.
Cevdet Caner, the investor, said that his plan for the long-stalled One Madison Park high-rise tower could be filed within days if the Delaware bankruptcy court gave him control of the nearly complete 50-story glass tower overlooking Madison Square Park.
"We're very confident we can get this done in a very short period of time," Mr. Caner told Judge Kevin Gross at a hearing in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Wilmington, Del.
The development has been stalled in a foreclosure filing in New York state court and a bankruptcy filing in Delaware. Sales in the project stalled amid the downturn.
The cases have turned into a bitter struggle, with allegations of secret side deals, and forged signatures.
Last month, the lead developer in the tower, Ira Shapiro, proposed a restructuring plan in which Ian Bruce Eichner, the developer, would provide $40 million in investments toward completing the project.
But Mr. Caner, an investor in the project, stepped forward to claim in court papers he had obtained control of One Madison Park by obtaining the proxy of Mr. Shapiro's partner in the project, Marc Jacobs.
Mr. Caner testified in the bankruptcy case Monday and Tuesday. Like Mr. Eichner, he has made—and lost—a fortune in real estate.
The Kurdish-born Mr. Caner said his company survived the residential real-estate market crash, and he has invested in successful projects in Atlanta, Tokyo, Turkey and Austria.
According to his testimony, he became involved in One Madison in 2006, after being introduced to Messrs. Shapiro and Jacobs while on a trip to New York.
On the witness stand, he said he had growing suspicions about One Madison, a project in which funds he advised—Green Bridge Capital and Special Situation—had invested some $24.6 million.
He said he was unable to get documents from Mr. Shapiro, and in September 2009, he moved into Mr. Shapiro's management offices at Slazer Enterprises, intent on physically dogging the developer.
"It was difficult to trace things at Slazer Enterprises. So I don't know where the money went," Mr. Caner said.
Bruce Grohsgal, an attorney for the Shapiro-led management companies, denied allegations of wrongdoing.
"There's absolutely no foundation for such an outrageous accusation," Mr. Grohsgal, an attorney with Pachulski Stang Ziehl & Jones, said after one allegation of forgery during Monday's hearing.
Mr. Caner misunderstood documents showing collateral pledges, which he took as evidence of multiple sales of single apartments, Mr. Grohsgal said.
It will be up to the judge to decide whether to put Caner-linked investment funds in control of the One Madison development or leave it in the hands of Mr. Shapiro.
Write to Peg Brickley at firstname.lastname@example.com
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Say no to drugs!
It is actually frightening to know that there are substances people can put into their bodies that seemingly turn off their humanity and override any shred of common sense or control. I have no idea what this guy took, but it's obvious that whatever it is has done some serious damage to his brain.
It takes two fully grown men to finally wrestle this man to the ground. Even with tasers though, you can see how much they struggle just to take the suspect down. I am honestly amazed that he was still able to stand, even if with two tasers on him at the same time. It doesn't even seem to phase him. Instead, he looks like a zombie as he gnashes, screams, and writhers all over the place.
Watch for yourself:
Here are a few comments from the post:
What would you have done in this situation?
The views expressed in this opinion article are solely those of their author and are not necessarily either shared or endorsed by EagleRising.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Scientists advising the Food and Drug Administration said anemia drugs sold by Amgen and Johnson & Johnson should be allowed to stay on the market for chemotherapy patients.
The recommendation was made despite concerns that the drugs may heighten the risk of death and tumor growth.
Shares of Amgen rose almost 5 percent Thursday, while Johnson & Johnson stock got a 0.42 percent boost.
The cancer experts voted 13 to one in favor of maintaining the drugs' approval for chemotherapy patients.
FDA often follows its panelists advice, though it is not required to do so.
Wall Street was concerned the panel could have recommended halting use of the drugs in all chemotherapy patients. Anemia drugs accounted for $6.2 billion, or more than 40 percent, of Amgen's revenue last year. J&J's Procrit had sales of $2.9 billion, or less than 5 percent of total sales.
Panelists were scheduled to vote on more moderate restrictions on the drugs, such as limiting use in some type of cancer.
Regulators bolstered warning labels on the treatments — Aranesp, Epogen and Procrit — three times in the past year. Amgen manufactures all three drugs, though New Brunswick, N.J.-based Johnson & Johnson sells Procrit.


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Nielsen: Instagram the Fastest Growing App of 2013
Facebook was the No. 1 most popular smartphone app of 2013, according to Nielsen's year-end digital media report, which looked at unique users for iOS and Android apps. The Facebook-owned photo-sharing app Instagram was the fastest growing app. It jumped up 66 percent from last year to the No. 7 slot.
Facebook's success is probably no surprise. There are a number of social networks on the top 10 list, but take a closer look and you'll also see a lot of basic, utilitarian apps, such as search and maps.
About two-thirds of American mobile subscribers own a smartphone, up from 56 percent at the beginning of the year, Nielsen said.
Here's the full list:


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Fill out the form as per your requirements.
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*All photos and images are indicative and for the better understanding to help customers in the process of ordering. The actual product delivered can differ.


text:
Catches In Russia See Positive Dynamics
This year promises to be more productive for Russian fishery
According to the press service of the Fisheries Monitoring and Communications Center, total catch of aquatic resources since January reached 3593.6 thousand MT. Most part of the catch is traditionally Alaska Pollock - 1469.4 thousand MT, or 48.8 thousand MT more than last year. Positive dynamics is also noted for following species:
- cod: 361.3 thousand MT, which is 16.6 thousand MT more than in 2011.
- flounder: 73.7 thousand MT compared to 71.2 thousand MT in the same period of 2011
- crabs: 38.6 thousand MT against 36 thousand MT in 2011
- grenadier: 26.6 thousand MT against 19.7 thousand MT in 2011.
- greenling: 55.3 thousand MT against 51.7 thousand MT in 2011.
- salmon: 441.04 thousand MT, or 36.3 per cent more than in the previous even year, 2010.
The only a bit disappointing results are for Pacific Herring. By now it was caught 3.4 thousand MT, and this is by 303.1 thousand MT less than for the same period of the previous year.
However, it does not spoil our mood as a whole picture looks quite good.


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Northern Gateway pipeline unlikely to start up by 2018
The president of the Northern Gateway pipeline says the possibility of a 2018 start-up date is "quickly evaporating."
John Carruthers says the company planning to build the project, Enbridge Inc., is focused on getting support from First Nations groups along the pipeline's route through British Columbia.
He told a Calgary business audience that the process of "re-engagement" with First Nations will take time and he's not too fussed about keeping to a schedule.
"We have stated that the earliest in-service date was 2018. That's quickly evaporating because we need to have this time to meet with people," said Carruthers.
"I'm not as fussed on what that date is, I'm more fussed on can we have the support we need to go ahead, so it's positive for all people of Canada, including aboriginal people."
"That's going to take time and it's going to take the time it takes."
Northern Gateway, which has been in the works for six years, received regulatory approval in June, but the company has said it's not in a rush to put shovels in the ground.
In addition to discussions with First Nations, Enbridge is also in the process of pinning down a new cost estimate and working through 209 conditions imposed with the regulatory approval.
If built, Northern Gateway would ship 525,000 barrels per day of diluted oilsands crude from the Edmonton area to Kitimat, B.C., where the oil would be loaded onto tankers and shipped to Asia.


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Sandusky jailed after he is unable to pay bail
[UPDATE] Jerry Sandusky has been taken to a Pennsylvania county jail after being unable to post $250,000 bail in cash.
The former Penn State assistant coach was jailed Wednesday after a brief court hearing.
Sandusky faces new charges based on the testimony of two new accusers, including one who claims Sandusky molested him numerous times in a basement bedroom at Sandusky's home. He already faced 40 counts of child sex abuse involving eight young boys over a 15-year span.
Sandusky lawyer Joseph Amendola says his client maintains his innocence.
Senior Magisterial District Judge Robert E. Scott said if Sandusky does make bail, he will be under house arrest and subject to electronic monitoring.
Prosecutors had sought $1 million in bail.
3:00 p.m.
Ex-Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky was arrested and arraigned Wednesday on new sex abuse charges brought by two new accusers, including one who claims Sandusky molested him numerous times in a basement bedroom, according to authorities.
The claims bring the number of Sandusky's alleged victims to 10 and he now faces more than 50 charges stemming from accusations he molested boys for years on Penn State property, in his home and elsewhere. The scandal has raised questions about whether Penn State officials did all they should have to stop the alleged activity and ended the careers of the school's president and football coach Joe Paterno.
Sandusky was first arrested last month and has said he is innocent. The new charges were brought after new accusers were questioned by a grand jury.
Like earlier accusers, both alleged victims say they met Sandusky through The Second Mile charity for at-risk children that the ex-coach founded in 1977.
"As in many of the other cases identified to date, the contact with Sandusky allegedly fit a pattern of 'grooming' victims," Attorney General Linda Kelly said in a statement. "Beginning with outings to football games and gifts; they later included physical contact that escalated to sexual assaults."
A call seeking comment from Sandusky's lawyer, Joseph Amendola, was not immediately returned. Sandusky has denied being a pedophile and has vowed to fight the case. In interviews with NBC and The New York Times, he has said he showered and horsed around with boys but never sexually abused them.
One of the new alleged victims, dubbed Victim 9 by prosecutors, claims he was first assaulted in 2004, and the other, called Victim 10, told the grand jury he was assaulted after being referred to Second Mile in 1997.
The ninth accuser, currently 18, was 11 or 12 when he first met Sandusky in 2004. Sandusky took him to Penn State football games and gave him gifts and money, and later sexually assaulted him during overnight stays in a basement bedroom in Sandusky's home, the grand jury said.
The accuser said that Sandusky forced the boy to perform oral sex and attempted on at least 16 occasions to anally penetrate him, sometimes successfully. "The victim testified that on at least one occasion he screamed for help, knowing that Sandusky's wife was upstairs, but no one ever came to help him," the grand jury report said.
The 10th accuser told the grand jury he was referred to The Second Mile in 1997, when he was 10 and experiencing problems at home. He also attended Penn State games, spent time at Sandusky's house, and was subjected to "wrestling sessions" in the basement of the home that led to Sandusky performing oral sex on the boy, authorities said. The accuser also detailed incidents at a pool on the Penn State campus, and a time when Sandusky allegedly exposed himself in a car and requested oral sex from the boy.
The new charges include four counts of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse and two counts of unlawful contact with a minor, all of them first-degree felonies punishable by up to 20 years in prison and $25,000 in fines.
Sandusky also was charged with a count of indecent assault and two counts of endangering the welfare of children. Those are third-degree felonies punishable by up to seven years in prison and $15,000 in fines.
He was arrested by state police and agents of the Attorney General's Office, and had a preliminary arraignment before Senior Magisterial District Judge Robert E. Scott of Westmoreland County. A preliminary hearing on the charges is set for Tuesday, the same day his previous case is set for a hearing.
Sandusky had been charged with 40 counts of child sex abuse involving eight young boys over a 15-year span.


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Tyrades! By Danny Tyree
A 2010 study by the Association For Pet Obesity Prevention says half the nation's dogs and cats are overweight, and 20 percent are downright obese. This should come as no surprise to anyone who has danced to the Billboard hit "Who Let The Dogs' (Waistband) Out?"
These findings are alarming because, as with humans, weight issues produce other health woes, such as diabetes, arthritis, shortened lifespan and an uncontrollable urge to wear Speedos.
Some pet owners let their own sedentary lifestyle rub off on "man's best friend." ("Ha! Finally found the universal remote – in one of your folds of fat! Such a couch potato! Er, you wouldn't happen to have the other sofa in there somewhere, would you?")
Some pet owners are simply ignorant of the fact that – as former pack animals-dogs will keep eating as long as there is food before them. (Owners are urged to take prehistoric conditioning into account by limiting portions and uttering "Yabba dabba doo!" a lot.)
Some owners harbor guilt feelings that force them to spoil their four-legged companions, loving "not wisely, but too well." ("Who has the cutest big brown eyes? And who has the cutest widdle myocardial infarction in the whole ICU? You do! You do!")
Veterinarians have devised a sophisticated Body Condition Score to calculate a pet's wellness and determine the proper diet and exercise regimen, but there are other ways to determine if you have a problem with whatever species of pet you own. For example:
If you ask for a doggie bag and insist on a Hefty CinchSak.
If you clean your goldfish's bowl to get rid of algae, feces and HARPOONS.
If your parrot squawks "Polly wants a Keebler Elf".
If your cat has to employ Google Earth to give itself a thorough licking.
If the color your chameleon changes to most often is "buffet".
If your male rabbit whispers sweet nothings such as "Y'know, I've been thinking about overpopulation, and maybe we should just use NetFlix tonight."
If people come up to your hamster and ask, "Mr. Moore, could you please autograph my DVD of Bowling For Columbine?".
Different people are going to react differently to the warnings. Some will dutifully serve pre-packaged portions and emphasize veggies ("Help McGruff take a bite out of watercress"). They'll stage a 10-mile mini-Iditarod sled race with their pooch every evening (Joe Blow's favorite follow-up to a double shift on the assembly line, a two-hour commute and a mountain of homework), invest in overpriced doggie treadmills (proving that a gravy train is good for entrepreneurs, if not for canines) and shop for Bowser Birkenstocks and bottled toilet bowl water.
Those in denial will circle the wagons and scream their defiance as the feds switch from busting meth labs to busting table scrap labs.("You'll take my Rover when you pry his cold, lifeless body from my…er, I mean…")
And the majority of owners will simply wait until next week's breathless study warns, "No, no – your pets NEED those extra layers of fat to protect them from radiation from tax cuts for the rich! No, wait – this just in! They need to slim down because.Hey, stop baring your teeth at me!"
Copyright 2011 Danny Tyree. Danny welcomes reader e-mail responses at [email protected] and visits to his Facebook fan page "Tyree's Tyrades". Danny's' weekly column is distributed exclusively by Cagle Cartoons Inc. newspaper syndicate. For info on using columns, please email Cari Dawson Bartley at [email protected] or call 800 696 7561.


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We offer variety of hydraulic spare parts in India. Now you will not need to find different vendors for different hydraulic spares in India. As we have experience and expertise in this domain, you can rest assured of accurate, high standard and reliable supply of all your hydraulic needs in India.
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text:
Roommates.com Loses Court Case Against Fair Housing Council
After being accused of providing an online venue that supports the ability for users to display housing discrimination, Roommates.com appealed the case brought against it by the Fair Housing Council, stating that its content is immune because it acts as an Internet forum.
Today, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled that Roommates.com is in fact not immune, because of its requirements to answer questions about sensitive matters such as gender, sexual orientation, and marital status, reports Wired. Furthermore, Roommates.com allows users to search and filter for roommates based on these criteria.
In plain English, please.
So what this ruling means in reality is that any portion of a website that gives users limited choices for expressing their views, beliefs, etc. are no longer immune simply because they're Internet forums. The areas in which free text is permitted, however, is still protected under the Section 230 of the 1996 Communications Decency Act, providing a way for site owners to clear themselves of responsibility for what their users actually say on their websites.
If you recall the recent lawsuit brought against Craigslist for similar reasons, it's easy to see the difference between a classifieds site like Craigslist and Roommates.com, as Craigslist was cleared of its discrimination charges. The same goes for the Vermont case where a woman tried to fight defamation against her, that was written in the comments thread of a site. Now that Roommates.com can in fact be sued for enabling discrimination, it will be. The original case brought against it is returning to a lower court to determine Roommates.com's responsibility in the matter.
What's it mean for dating sites? Nothing.
Other sites should take heed to this particular ruling, especially as the topic itself has several larger implications for prejudiced manifestation. If a dating site can allow users to supply such sensitive information, which can be searched and filtered by others, does the act of finding a roommate (versus a tenant in a place you own or are renting out while you're away) differ from the dating process in this regard?
As it stands now, Roommates.com will have to change the way in which its information is displayed, and a lot more users may in turn become less descriptive about themselves. Subsequently other users may be even pickier about who they choose to contact through the site. But given Roommates.com's business model, the company could in fact use this as even more incentive to get users to pay the membership fee, unlocking access and contact capabilities to its users.


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Genetic defects in more than 200 known genes are associated with hereditary retinal disorders, and there are no approved treatments for most of these inherited disorders. Gene therapies being developed for many of these conditions may soon improve vision or slow disease progression in patients who, until now, have had limited or no therapeutic options.
In gene therapy, a functional copy of a gene is introduced into a patient's own cells to treat a genetic defect. Normal protein that is produced from a functional gene has the potential to correct the underlying cause of a disease and induce a long-lasting therapeutic effect. Engineered viruses, or viral vectors, are used to deliver genes into cells.
Viral vectors have been optimized for use as gene delivery vehicles by removing pathogenic elements and severely impairing the viruses' ability to replicate. Viruses used for this purpose include lentivirus, herpes virus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV).
AAV is particularly well suited for use in gene therapy and is straightforward to work with from a gene engineering perspective. AAV is a small, simple, nonenveloped virus with only two native genes, and vectors made with AAV have the capacity to carry gene sequences up to approximately 4,000 base pairs in length.1 Gene delivery with AAV vectors does not alter a patient's native DNA. AAV vectors have no viral genes remaining, reducing the possibility that viral genes will cause an adverse event. AAV usually elicits a weak immune response and has not been shown to cause disease in humans.1
This article provides a review of gene therapies being investigated for the treatment of various hereditary retinal diseases. The status of gene therapies for inherited retinal diseases is depicted in the Figure below.
Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is an inherited, early-onset retinal dystrophy caused by mutations in any of at least 16 genes. Approximately 6% of LCA cases are caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene and are classified as LCA type 2 (LCA2).2,3 RPE65 encodes an enzyme required to reset the phototransduction cascade, converting trans-retinal back to cis-retinal after photoisomerization.
Multiple clinical trials have evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a single subretinal injection of an AAV vector expressing human RPE65 in patients with LCA2. Four phase 1/2 trials have supported the safety and therapeutic potential of AAV-RPE65 gene therapy, and results from a completed phase 3 trial (NCT00999609) show improvements in functional vision and light sensitivity without adverse events related to the AAV vector or a deleterious immune response.4-8
• In gene therapy, engineered viruses, or viral vectors, are used to deliver a functional copy of a gene into a patient's cells to treat a genetic defect.
• Adeno-associated virus vectors have no viral genes remaining, reducing the possibility that viral genes will cause an adverse event.
• The first commercially available gene therapy product was approved in Europe in 2012, and the FDA is expected to review multiple gene therapies for potential approval this year, including the first candidate for treatment of a retinal disease.
X-linked Retinoschisis
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is an inherited retinal disease characterized by schisis, or splitting, of the retinal layers and reduced visual acuity. A hallmark of XLRS is selective reduced b-wave amplitude on scotopic bright-flash combined rod-cone electroretinogram, which often results in a "negative" electroretinogram (b-wave to a-wave amplitude ratio of less than 1).9
XLRS is caused by mutations in the RS1 gene, which encodes the retinoschisin protein.10 Retinoschisin is expressed and secreted primarily from photoreceptor and bipolar cells, and the monomeric protein forms octamers that bind strongly and specifically to the surface of most cell types in the retina. Mutated forms of retinoschisin are unable to bind, which results in splitting of the nerve fiber layer, the inner nuclear layer, the outer nuclear layer, and the outer plexiform layer.
Preclinical studies in a knockout mouse model and safety findings in rabbits and nonhuman primates have supported the advancement of gene therapy product candidates for XLRS to clinical trials.11-15 Two phase 1/2 clinical trials are evaluating the safety and tolerability of an intravitreal injection of an AAV vector expressing human RS1 in patients with XLRS. Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) is conducting a multicenter, open-label, two-stage dose-escalation trial (NCT02416622). The second stage will evaluate a maximum tolerated dose determined during the first stage. The vector evaluated in this trial contains a functional RS1 gene coupled to a strong ubiquitous promoter and packaged into an AAV capsid that has been optimized for enhanced delivery to photoreceptors (AAV2tYF). The National Eye Institute (NEI) is conducting a single-center, open-label, single-stage dose-escalation trial (NCT02317887). The vector evaluated in this trial contains a functional RS1 gene controlled by the RS1 promoter and packaged into an AAV8 capsid. Both trials are active, and enrollment is ongoing.
Achromatopsia primarily affects the cone photoreceptors and is characterized by severe sensitivity to light, reduced visual acuity, and loss of color discrimination. Achromatopsia is caused by mutations in any of at least six genes identified to date, all of which are involved in phototransduction. About 75% of achromatopsia cases are caused by mutations in either the CNGB3 or CNGA3 genes, which encode subunits of the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel that depolarizes or hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor membrane as part of the phototransduction cascade.16,17
For CNGB3 achromatopsia, preclinical studies in mouse and dog models and safety findings in mice and nonhuman primates have led to CNGB3 gene therapy clinical trials.18-21 AGTC is conducting a phase 1/2 open-label, two-stage dose-escalation trial (NCT02599922) to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a subretinal injection of an AAV vector expressing human CNGB3 in patients with CNGB3 achromatopsia. The second stage will evaluate a maximum tolerated dose determined during the first stage.
For CNGA3 achromatopsia, preclinical studies in mouse and natural occurring sheep models have supported the advancement to CNGA3 gene therapy clinical trials.22-24 Two trials, one active and one planned, will evaluate the safety and tolerability of a subretinal injection of an AAV vector expressing human CNGA3.
University Hospital Tübingen and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich are conducting a phase 1/2 single-center, open-label, single-stage dose-escalation trial (NCT02610582). The vector used in this trial contains a functional CNGA3 gene packaged into an AAV8 capsid.
AGTC is planning a phase 1/2 multicenter, open-label, two-stage dose-escalation trial (NCT02935517). The second stage will evaluate a maximum tolerated dose determined during the first stage. The vector evaluated in this AGTC trial will contain a functional CNGA3 gene controlled by a promoter (PR1.7) that was engineered to drive robust and specific expression in all three types of cone photoreceptors.25 The functional CNGA3 gene with PR1.7 promoter is packaged into an AAV2tYF capsid.
X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa
Roughly 10% to 20% of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) cases are X-linked, and more than 70% of X-linked cases are caused by mutations in the RPGR gene.26-29 RPGR X-linked RP (XLRP) is one of the most severe forms of RP, characterized by early onset of night blindness and rapid progressive peripheral visual loss, leading, in most cases, to near total blindness by middle age.
The RPGR gene encodes a protein required for the transport of proteins along the cilium that connects the inner and outer segments of photoreceptors. About 60% of RPGR mutations occur in a unique 3 prime (3') region of the RPGR gene called ORF15.30
Preclinical findings from dog models of XLRP have favored the advancement of RPGR gene therapy clinical trials. Pending the results of additional preclinical studies, AGTC has reported plans to conduct a phase 1/2 multicenter, open-label, two-stage dose-escalation trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a subretinal injection of an AAV vector expressing human RPGR.31
Stargardt Disease
Stargardt disease is an inherited macular dystrophy characterized by the presence of yellow-white flecks in the perifoveal region and macular atrophy resulting in reduced visual acuity that may begin in late childhood. Stargardt disease is caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, which encodes a protein transporter required to clear excess all-trans-retinal after photoexcitation.32 In the absence of clearance, all-trans-retinal will accumulate and form deposits in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
Taking Optogenetics a Step Further
Recently Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) and Bionic Sight announced a strategic collaboration to develop a new optogenetic therapy that leverages AGTC's experience in gene therapy and ophthalmology and Bionic Sight's neuroprosthetic device and algorithm for retinal coding. AGTC president and CEO Sue Washer spoke with Retina Today to better explain the concept of optogenetics and to comment on the collaboration.
Ms. Washer explained that optogenetics is the use of gene therapy to deliver a unique protein that can be activated with a light signal to the eye.
"This is important in ophthalmology because some people with degenerative diseases lose their photoreceptors, which are cells that recognize light and turn it into an electrical signal that the brain understands," Ms. Washer said. "Without photoreceptors, your eye cannot transmit the signals that the brain uses to create visual images." She noted that optogenetics delivers genes to other, nonphotoreceptor cells in the eye and makes them light-sensitive, allowing signaling to the brain to take place even in the absence of functional photoreceptors.
Where does Bionic Sight enter the equation? Ms. Washer said that preclinical models have shown that the combination of making cells light-sensitive and using the mathematical algorithm in Bionic Sight's device results in activation of the new light-sensitive proteins in a way that allows the brain to understand images more completely.1 The device and the gene therapy work together. "If you just had the device and no light-sensitive cells there would be no vision, and if you just had the light-sensitive cells but no device you might have some vision, but it would not be as clear and comprehensible to the brain," Ms. Washer noted. "The two components working together are important for providing patients with improved outcomes."
What is the current status of this innovation? Ms. Washer said that Bionic Sight's device will need to be evolved because it is currently being tested as a prototype. "In parallel to developing the gene therapy, or optogenetics, portion, [AGTC] will be working with Bionic Sight in transforming the prototype into something more user-friendly." As far as what patient groups this therapy would target, Ms. Washer said, "It is agnostic to any underlying cause of visual problems; however, we are going to begin the initial safety and efficacy work in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa."
Basic groundwork such as initial toxicology and biodistribution studies, a phase 1 safety trial in humans, and planning how to iterate the device prototype still must be completed, but Ms. Washer said all of those activities are work with which both companies are familiar. Research led by Sheila Nirenberg, PhD, founder of Bionic Sight, has demonstrated in an in-vitro model that the company's retinal device can nearly replicate the visual firing pattern normally created by photoreceptor cells in creating the electrical signals the brain uses to recognize an image.
According to Ms. Washer, AGTC and Bionic Sight plan to file an investigational new drug application for the combination treatment program in 2018.
1. Nirenberg S, Pandarinath C. Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(37):15012-15017.
Preclinical studies in a knockout mouse model and safety findings in rabbits and nonhuman primates have led to gene therapy trials.33,34 Sanofi is conducting a phase 1/2 open-label dose-escalation trial (NCT01367444) to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a subretinal injection of a lentiviral vector based on an equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) expressing human ABCA4 in patients with Stargardt disease.
Usher Syndrome Type 1B
Usher syndrome type 1 is associated with profound congenital deafness and early-onset retinitis pigmentosa. More than half of Usher syndrome cases are type 1B and are caused by mutations in the MYO7A gene.35-37 The MYO7A gene encodes a myosin motor that transports molecules along the actin cytoskeleton of cells in the retina and inner ear.
Based on preclinical studies in a mouse model,38 Sanofi is conducting a phase 1/2 open-label dose-escalation trial (NCT01505062) to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a subretinal injection of an EIAV-based lentiviral vector expressing human MYO7A.
Choroideremia is an X-linked retinal disorder caused by mutations in the CHM gene, characterized by atrophy of the choriocapillaris and RPE leading to progressive constriction of vision and eventual total blindness. CHM encodes Rab escort protein 1, which is required for the intracellular trafficking of proteins and organelles.39
Preclinical findings in a knockout mouse model have led to clinical trials.40 Six clinical trials are under way or complete, each evaluating the safety, tolerability, and therapeutic potential of a subretinal injection of an AAV vector expressing human CHM.
The trial that is complete was a phase 1/2 multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation trial led by the University of Oxford (NCT01461213); a further ongoing phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02407678) at the same institution is planned. Long-term results with follow-up to 3.5 years have demonstrated efficacy.41
Other trials are ongoing with completed enrollment: a phase 1/2 single-center, open-label, single-arm study at the University of Alberta (NCT02077361); a phase 1/2 multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation trial sponsored by Spark Therapeutics (NCT02341807); a phase 2 single-center, open-label, single-arm study at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (NCT02553135); and a phase 2 single-center, open-label, single-arm trial at University Hospital Tübingen (NCT02671539).
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disease associated with central vision loss and characterized by degenerated retinal ganglion cells. More than 90% of cases are caused by mutations in one of three mitochondrial genes—ND1, ND4, and ND6—each of which is required for the process of oxidative phosphorylation that converts oxygen and simple sugars into energy for the cell.42,43 More than half of all LHON cases are caused by the same single base-pair substitution in the ND4 gene.42,43
Fueled by favorable preclinical findings from studies in an ND4 mouse model,44 trials are evaluating the safety, tolerability, and therapeutic potential of an intravitreal injection of an AAV vector expressing human ND4 in patients with ND4 LHON.
Two trials have been completed: a phase 1/2 single-center, open-label, dose-escalation trial sponsored by GenSight Biologics (NCT02064569) and a single-center, open-label trial at Huazhong University (NCT01267422). Results from the latter trial showed that ND4 gene therapy for LHON was safe and suggested visual improvement in some patients.45
Two additional trials are active with ongoing enrollment, including a phase 3 multicenter, double-masked, controlled trial by GenSight Biologics (NCT02652780) and a phase 1 single-center, open-label, dose-escalation trial supported by the NEI and conducted at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (NCT02161380). Initial results from the latter study reported no serious adverse events in the first five patients.46
Blue Cone Monochromacy
Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is an inherited X-linked retinal disorder characterized by severely abnormal or absent long- and medium-wavelength cone function but normal short-wavelength cone function. BCM is caused by mutations in or around the X-linked OPN1LW/OPN1MW gene cluster that encodes the L and M opsin proteins, respectively.47 Clinical manifestations of BCM are similar to achromatopsia, including severe light sensitivity, reduced visual acuity, and loss of color discrimination.
Imaging studies suggest that cone photoreceptors persist in the central retinas of patients with BCM, supporting the potential value of gene therapy.48 Preclinical studies of gene therapy for BCM and other color vision disorders are ongoing.
Optogenetic therapy is an emerging gene therapy-based technology in which light sensitivity is introduced into cells that do not normally detect or respond to light. Current efforts in the retina field are focused on delivering the light-sensitive green algae protein channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) into retinal ganglion cells.49 Optogenetic therapy has the potential to treat patients with late-stage retinal dystrophies, when most photoreceptors have been irreparably damaged or lost, regardless of any specific disease-causing mutations.
One clinical trial is evaluating the safety and tolerability of an AAV vector expressing ChR2, administered by intravitreal injection. RetroSense Therapeutics and the Retina Foundation of the Southwest are conducting a phase 1/2 single-center, open-label, dose-escalation trial of this therapeutic approach in patients with advanced RP (NCT02556736).
See "Taking Optogenetics a Step Further" on page 69 for additional information on optogenetic therapy.
Gene therapy has never been closer to becoming a reality for patients. The first commercially available gene therapy product, Glybera (uniQure), for the treatment of patients with familial lipoprotein lipase disease who experience severe or multiple pancreatitis attacks, was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2012.50 In May 2016, the EMA approved Strimvelis (GlaxoSmithKline), an ex-vivo stem cell gene therapy for the treatment of patients with the rare but debilitating immunodeficiency ADA-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency).51 The US Food and Drug Administration is expected to review multiple gene therapies for potential approval this year, including the first candidate for the treatment of a retinal disease. The development of gene therapy is rapidly accelerating, and we are racing toward a future in which we will be able to improve or maintain sight in more patients than ever before.
1. Salganik M, Hirsch ML, Samulski RJ. Adeno-associated virus as a mammalian DNA vector. Microbiol Spectr. 2015;3(4).
2. Hanein S, Perrault I, Gerber S, et al. Leber congenital amaurosis: comprehensive survey of the genetic heterogeneity, refinement of the clinical definition, and genotype-phenotype correlations as a strategy for molecular diagnosis. Hum Mutat. 2004;23(4):306-317.
3. Lotery AJ, Namperumalsamy P, Jacobson SG, et al. Mutation analysis of 3 genes in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(4):538-543.
4. Bainbridge JW, Mehat MS, Sundaram V, et al. Long-term effect of gene therapy on Leber's congenital amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(20):1887-1897.
5. Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Ratnakaram R, et al. Gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations: safety and efficacy in 15 children and adults followed up to 3 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(1):9-24.
6. Testa F, Maguire AM, Rossi S, et al. Three-year follow-up after unilateral subretinal delivery of adeno-associated virus in patients with Leber congenital Amaurosis type 2. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(6):1283-1291.
7. Weleber RG, Pennesi ME, Wilson DJ, et al. Results at 2 years after gene therapy for RPE65-deficient Leber congenital amaurosis and severe early-childhood-onset retinal dystrophy. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1606-1620.
8. Spark Therapeutics announces positive top-line results from pivotal phase 3 trial of SPK-RPE65 for genetic blinding conditions [press release]. Spark Therapeutics. October 5, 2015. http://ir.sparktx.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=253900&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2093863. Accessed January 6, 2017.
9. Renner AB, Kellner U, Fiebig B, Cropp E, Foerster MH, Weber BH. ERG variability in X-linked congenital retinoschisis patients with mutations in the RS1 gene and the diagnostic importance of fundus autofluorescence and OCT. Doc Ophthalmol. 2008;116(2):97-109.
10. Sauer CG, Gehrig A, Warneke-Wittstock R, et al. Positional cloning of the gene associated with X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Nat Genet. 1997;17(2):164-170.
11. Bush RA, Zeng Y, Colosi P, et al. Preclinical dose-escalation study of intravitreal AAV-RS1 gene therapy in a mouse model of X-linked retinoschisis: dose-dependent expression and improved retinal structure and function. Hum Gene Ther. 2016;27(5):376-389.
12. Min SH, Molday LL, Seeliger MW, et al. Prolonged recovery of retinal structure/function after gene therapy in an Rs1h-deficient mouse model of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Mol Ther. 2005;12(4):644-651.
13. Park TK, Wu Z, Kjellstrom S, et al. Intravitreal delivery of AAV8 retinoschisin results in cell type-specific gene expression and retinal rescue in the Rs1-KO mouse. Gene Ther. 2009;16(17):916-926.
14. Marangoni D, Wu Z, Wiley HE, et al. Preclinical safety evaluation of a recombinant AAV8 vector for X-linked retinoschisis after intravitreal administration in rabbits. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2014;25(4):202-211.
15. Ye GJ, Budzynski E, Sonnentag P, et al. Safety and biodistribution evaluation in cynomolgus macaques of rAAV2tYF-CB-hRS1, a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing retinoschisin. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2015;26(3):165-176.
16. Kohl S, Varsanyi B, Antunes GA, et al. CNGB3 mutations account for 50% of all cases with autosomal recessive achromatopsia. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005;13(3):302-308.
17. Wissinger B, Gamer D, Jagle H, et al. CNGA3 mutations in hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(4):722-737.
18. Carvalho LS, Xu J, Pearson RA, et al. Long-term and age-dependent restoration of visual function in a mouse model of CNGB3-associated achromatopsia following gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(16):3161-3175.
19. Komáromy AM, Alexander JJ, Rowlan JS, et al. Gene therapy rescues cone function in congenital achromatopsia. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(13):2581-2593.
20. Ye GJ, Budzynski E, Sonnentag P, et al. Safety and biodistribution evaluation in CNGB3-deficient mice of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3, a recombinant AAV vector for treatment of achromatopsia. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2016;27(1):27-36.
21. Ye GJ, Budzynski E, Sonnentag P, et al. Safety and biodistribution evaluation in cynomolgus macaques of rAAV2tYF-PR1.7-hCNGB3, a recombinant AAV vector for treatment of achromatopsia. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2016;27(1):37-48.
22. Banin E, Gootwine E, Obolensky A, et al. Gene augmentation therapy restores retinal function and visual behavior in a sheep model of CNGA3 achromatopsia. Mol Ther. 2015;23(9):1423-1433.
23. Michalakis S, Muhlfriedel R, Tanimoto N, et al. Restoration of cone vision in the CNGA3-/- mouse model of congenital complete lack of cone photoreceptor function. Mol Ther. 2010;18(12):2057-2063.
24. Pang JJ, Deng WT, Dai X, et al. AAV-mediated cone rescue in a naturally occurring mouse model of CNGA3-achromatopsia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35250.
25. Ye GJ, Budzynski E, Sonnentag P, et al. Cone-specific promoters for gene therapy of achromatopsia and other retinal diseases. Hum Gene Ther. 2016;27(1):72-82.
26. Bird AC. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 1975;59(4):177-199.
27. Fishman GA. Retinitis pigmentosa. Genetic percentages. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(5):822-826.
28. Haim M. Prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in Denmark. III. Hereditary pattern. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1992;70(5):615-624.
29. Vervoort R, Lennon A, Bird AC, et al. Mutational hot spot within a new RPGR exon in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. 2000;25(4):462-466.
30. Megaw RD, Soares DC, Wright AF. RPGR: its role in photoreceptor physiology, human disease, and future therapies. Exp Eye Res. 2015;138:32-41.
31. Beltran WA, Cideciyan AV, Lewin AS, et al. Gene therapy rescues photoreceptor blindness in dogs and paves the way for treating human X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(6):2132-2137.
32. Allikmets R, Singh N, Sun H, et al. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 1997;15(3):236-246.
33. Kong J, Kim SR, Binley K, et al. Correction of the disease phenotype in the mouse model of Stargardt disease by lentiviral gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2008;15(19):1311-1320.
34. Binley K, Widdowson P, Loader J, et al. Transduction of photoreceptors with equine infectious anemia virus lentiviral vectors: safety and biodistribution of StarGen for Stargardt disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(6):4061-4071.
35. Jaijo T, Aller E, Beneyto M, et al. MYO7A mutation screening in Usher syndrome type I patients from diverse origins. J Med Genet. 2007;44(3):e71.
36. Le Quesne Stabej P, Saihan Z, Rangesh N, et al. Comprehensive sequence analysis of nine Usher syndrome genes in the UK National Collaborative Usher Study. J Med Genet. 2012;49(1):27-36.
37. Weil D, Blanchard S, Kaplan J, et al. Defective myosin VIIA gene responsible for Usher syndrome type 1B. Nature. 1995;374(6517):60-61.
38. Zallocchi M, Binley K, Lad Y, et al. EIAV-based retinal gene therapy in the shaker1 mouse model for usher syndrome type 1B: development of UshStat. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94272.
39. van den Hurk JA, Schwartz M, van Bokhoven H, et al. Molecular basis of choroideremia (CHM): mutations involving the Rab escort protein-1 (REP-1) gene. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):110-117.
40. Black A, Vasireddy V, Chung DC, et al. Adeno-associated virus 8-mediated gene therapy for choroideremia: preclinical studies in in vitro and in vivo models. J Gene Med. 2014;16(5-6):122-130.
41. Edwards TL, Jolly JK, Groppe M, et al. Visual acuity after retinal gene therapy for choroideremia. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(20):1996-1998.
42. Harding AE, Sweeney MG, Govan GG, Riordan-Eva P. Pedigree analysis in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy families with a pathogenic mtDNA mutation. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57(1):77-86.
43. Mackey DA, Oostra RJ, Rosenberg T, et al. Primary pathogenic mtDNA mutations in multigeneration pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59(2):481-485.
44. Koilkonda R, Yu H, Talla V, et al. LHON gene therapy vector prevents visual loss and optic neuropathy induced by G11778A mutant mitochondrial DNA: biodistribution and toxicology profile. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(12):7739-7753.
45. Yang S, Ma SQ, Wan X, et al. Long-term outcomes of gene therapy for the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. EBioMedicine. 2016;10:258-268.
46. Feuer WJ, Schiffman JC, Davis JL, et al. Gene therapy for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: initial results. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(3):558-570.
47. Nathans J, Davenport CM, Maumenee IH, et al. Molecular genetics of human blue cone monochromacy. Science. 1989;245(4920):831-838.
48. Cideciyan AV, Hufnagel RB, Carroll J, et al. Human cone visual pigment deletions spare sufficient photoreceptors to warrant gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 2013;24(12):993-1006.
49. Klapper SD, Swiersy A, Bamberg E, Busskamp V. Biophysical properties of optogenetic tools and their application for vision restoration approaches. Front Syst Neurosci. 2016;10:74.
50. UniQure's Glybera first gene therapy approved by European Commission [press release]. PR Newswire. November 2, 2012. www.life-sciences-europe.com/product/glybera-amsterdam-molecular-therapeutics-amt-holding-euronext-uniqure-2001-17302.html. Accessed January 6, 2017.
51. Strimvelis receives European marketing authorisation to treat very rare disease, ADA-SCID [press release]. GlaxoSmithKline. May 27, 2016. www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/2016/strimvelistm-receives-european-marketing-authorisation-to-treat-very-rare-disease-ada-scid/. Accessed January 6, 2017.
Byron L. Lam, MD
• professor and Robert Z. and Nancy J. Green chair in ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Florida
• financial disclosure: received financial support from AGTC, NighstaRx, Astellas, and Quark; consultant for Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Shire, and Spark Therapeutics
• firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
The problem of gestodene is starting to be more and more urgent with each week.
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text:
Test Case Configuration – VulcanManager
You can create multiple test scenario in one test case. Each test scenario can be configured differently, i.e. subnet, port, number of users, and line rate utilization. Click the checkbox Active to enable/disable a test scenario.
To assign bandwidth among test scenarios, use the two columns Client TX Weight and Sever TX Weight. Bandwidth is evenly distributed among test scenarios that use the same physical test port. In order to prevent the value from changing after you modify it, click the lock icon to lock the value.
Click Run Test->Test Control->Run to run your test case.
Click Run Test->Test Control->Stop to stop your test case.
Click Run Test->Test Control->Reset to clear counters and reset your test case so that you are ready for another test run.
Click Run Test->Realtime Statistics->Charts and select charts from the dialog window Add Realtime Chart.
Go to Reporting tab, and you will see the Statistics Explorer. All statistics gathered by XenaConnect are shown in this tree.
Click the box beside each statistic to include it into the report. Then click Create PDF in the ribbon to generate a PDF report.
To save all statistics into a SQLite database file for post data analysis, click Save Statistics DB.


text:
5 Centimeters per Second/WMG
Akari's parents turned Takaki in to the police.
For staying out all night with their daughter without permission. He is therefore banned from contacting her ever again. This is why he never writes, calls her or visits her ever again despite her apparently still living in the same place with the same number and address as before. He'd rather get depressed and quit his job and mope than see her because the law won't allow him to.
- Damnit, now this troper's never gonna see the movie in the same way. Thank you, good sir.
- Oh..my god. I can (unfortunately) see that happen. True Art Is Angsty, huh? Well I feel A LOT better....
Takaki and Akari are a duprass.
Hey, nothing in Cat's Cradle says that a duprass's lives can't suck sometimes. Takaki may also be Billy Pilgrim.
Takaki has clinical depression
...And probably had it throughout the entire movie. He moves often as a child and appears to have few friends in Elementary School, so it's likely his depression starts from that. Akari was the first person he feels truly close to. Once she is gone, Takaki's depression gets worse due to the resulting loneliness. This is why he always sits on the hill and stares off into the distance, and why he writes texts but never sends them. Takaki is trapped in a lonely emotional prison; his brain chemistry is probably so off that he's too inwardly-focused to see the genuine feelings that Kanae has for him. Kanae misinterprets this loneliness as Takaki "wanting something beyond what she can offer," when in reality he is looking for nothing more than a way out of his own head.
By the third part of the movie, Takaki quits his job and leaves his girlfriend of 3 years. He likely expected his job and relationship to make him happy, but his depression kept him from really enjoying either; he's still stuck in his own head just like in high school. So, he walks around aimlessly instead. Only after he sees Akari does he start to have a slight bit of hope.
- Back to 5 Centimeters per Second


text:
RAMADA Red Deer Hotel & Suites
We are the premier hotel in Red Deer and area offering an exceptional indoor water park with waterslide and pool. Our modern well-equipped exercise room overlooks the waterslide and pool area for your enjoyment.
All rooms at Ramada Red Deer Hotel & Suites offer queen or king size beds, free high speed internet access, fridges, microwave, coffee, hair dryers, bath robes, iron and ironing board, desk, free local calls, 32″ LCD TV, fresh air access windows and air conditioning. We also have Jacuzzi suites, business suites and family suites with a special kids room and bunk beds.


text:
The Best Western Plus Inn & Suites Rutland/Killington offers condo style accommodations with amenities to help make your stay comfortable. Located in central Vermont, our visitors enjoy daily continental breakfast, outdoor pool, fitness center and high-speed wireless Internet. Our attentive and friendly staff is anxious to welcome you to majestic Vermont.
Newly appointed a green hotel by the state of Vermont, the Best Western Plus Inn & Suites Rutland/Killington is located just a few miles from Killington ski resort, Chittenden Reservoir and the Green Mountain National Forest. Warm weather activities include hiking, biking, and much more. Enjoy a day of sightseeing at Wilson Castle, Vermont Marble Museum, Norman Rockwell Museum, New England Maple Museum or the Shelburne Museum; all easily accessible from the hotel.
Our standard guest rooms are each tastefully designed and comfortably furnished with two double beds, a full bath, hairdryer, cable television and telephone.
|5 Best Western Place
Rutland, VT 05701-9705
|Amtrak Station (RUD) is located 3 miles (9 minutes by car) from the hotel Rutland Sourthern Vermont Regional Airport (RUT) is located 9 miles (20 minutes by car) from the hotel Burlington International Airport (BTV) is located 67 miles (1.5 hours by car) from the hotel Check In: 4:00 PM Check Out: 11:00 AM Hotel is 100% non-smoking Handicap Accessible: Yes Pets are allowed (Fee may apply)
|Daily Parking:
|Value Add:
|Free wireless Internet available in public areas Complimentary continental breakfast


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Angel Auto Reboot Event - Saturday, October 19
- Place: Double Take Auto Sales
1316 Linden Ave
Dayton Ohio 45410
- Date: Saturday, October 19, 2019
- Time: 12:00 noon to 2:00 pm
- Snacks will be available, as well as games for the kids
- Gift card giveaways totaling $100
- Wright Pat Credit Union and CDCRC will be on hand to do preliminary intakes for the Angel Auto Program
- Live remote broadcast by WROU 92.1FM
Revised Angel Auto NetworkWe encounter many individuals with barriers to employment, and one of the most significant barriers is the lack of reliable transportation. In order to meet this need, the CDCRC has partnered with Double Take Auto (DTA) to create an automobile donation program called "The Angel Auto Network." Through generous donations of automobiles from caring individuals, we are able to provide safe, affordable transportation to someone within our community. We are seeking individuals who are willing to donate used vehicles so that others from the community will benefit. Please consider being "An Angel" to someone in need. The CDCRC is a 501(c) 3 tax-exempt organization. Please contact us today at (937) 951-4187 to arrange a quick, no-hassle pick-up time for your donated vehicle . If you don't have a vehicle, but would still like to donate to the Angel Auto program, please let us know. For more information about the Angel Auto Network, please go to our Angel Auto page.
Rescue Fund ProgramThe Rescue Fund Program is in the process of being revamped and rebooted. Look for more information later this summer.
Micro-Enterprise Small Business ProgramThe Micro Enterprise Small Business Loan Program is still going on.
Introducing the Joyvin Mobile GrocerIn collaboration with the CDCRC, Joyvin Mobile Grocer is serving the West Dayton area. They sell products like a grocery store, focusing on healthy food and other domestic necessities. For more information about Joyvin Mobile Grocer, please visit the JMG Facebook page or read this recent article. To support the mobile grocery, please visit their Go Fund Me page.
CDCRC In TransitionThe CDCRC is in the midst of a significant transition. Please be patient with us as we evolve to serve you better. I ask for your continued prayer, support and understanding as we make these changes. Agaytha
Our mailing address:
- CDCRC Inc
- P O Box 61374
- Dayton Ohio 45406
- Mobile Office (937) 951-4187
- Mobile Fax (937) 963-0845
- Facebook:@cdcrc
- Instagram:@cdcrc_inc
- LinkedIn:www.linkedin.com/in/cdcrc
Support the CDCRC by Making an Online PaymentYou can now support the causes of the CDCRC through our new online payment store. Just click on the image below to go to our store on Squareup:
CDCRC Donated Home - A New BeginningAgaytha Corbin, President and CEO of the CDCRC talks about a home that was made available to the CDCRC by Wells Fargo and donated to a local family. Ellie Schenck and her husband Jeremy were the recipients of a new home made available by Wells Fargo and donated by the Community Development Corporation Resource Consortium. In this video, Ellie describes the work that they have done to improve the home.
Food Drive to Benefit Wesley Community Center Food PantryThe Thurgood Marshal STEM High School Boys Basketball Booster Club, in collaboration with the CDCRC, will be collecting canned goods and dry goods throughout next several weeks with all items to benefit the Wesley Community Center. Collection boxes are located in the school front hallway, and donations will be accepted during regular school hours. The food drive will run from October 21 to November 21. Why do this Food Drive? As noted by Yvette Kelly-Fields, Executive Director of the Wesley Community Center:
"West Dayton is an identified food desert. The lack of access to a variety of affordable healthy foods is evident by the lack of full service grocery stores in the area. Most of the foods available in the area are prepackaged processed foods that are high in fat, sugar and cost. Wesley Center is able to offset this imbalance through its food pantry by providing healthier options at no cost."The focus of this food drive is "giving the good stuff," which encourages families to donate the kinds of foods that have the most impact at a pantry - peanut butter, canned tuna fish, canned meats, canned vegetables and other non-perishable nutritional items - rather than less nutritious snack items or those other foods from the back of the cabinet that rarely get eaten. Please see the donation list for other suggested items. For more information on the food drive, please see the complete press release. For more information about the "Battle Against Hunger" basketball games on November 21, please see the game flyer.
"Bring Your Green" Challenge
Spread More Holiday Green - Support the "Go 4 Green" Giving Campaign
Pledge to Become a 2014 Champion - Support the Go 4 Green Giving Campaign
Thank You for Your Support of the Angel Auto Program - Still Time to Support the CDCRC in 2014
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Welcome to the CDCRC - Working Together to Create Community Wealth!The CDCRC combines community and economic development to create socially responsive capital wealth. It was created to provide direct services through education, economic development opportunities and capacity-building services to grassroots non-profits, faith-based and community development organizations, and small businesses. We are an innovative organization that acts as a community organizer or liaison by providing mixed services to other agencies. Ours is a proven comprehensive case managed assistance model:
- We partner with our clients without encumbering them
- We deliver programs in response to critical unfilled needs in our community
- High-touch assistance is even more critical in changing economic times
Our thesis for Bottom-up Economic Development is quite simple: Whole people form whole neighborhoods and whole communities; Whole people need sustainable high quality jobs; and Wealth-building is the source of sustainable high quality jobs.This is the basis of our opportunity together.


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It's so easy to throw around the phrase…
I'm just so busy.
What else do you call it when you are working full time, feeding the family, keeping up with laundry, trying to read the occasional book…and every once in a while throw in a big project like home renovations.
So I am committed to writing, but my schedule hasn't really cooperated. The only one who can change it is me. I'm working on keeping my commitments made before setting this writing goal, but striving to check in for my virtual attendance. I'm not sure the check in post is in the same spirit as truly writing for encouragement. The only thing I can say is: real life happens, to each of us. Things don't always go as planned. Maybe you'll have to disappoint someone along the way of revamping your life. Apologize, then move on and try to keep some margin so it doesn't happen often.
For me, we painted tonight…all three of us. Here's hoping it doesn't need another coat once we see it in the morning light. I'm looking forward to sharing the finished space with you, but since there is no reality-television team helping, we are taking our time.Pin It


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Information in this article may not be canonical to the storyline of the games or any other Sonic continuity.
- For the version of this rank before the Super Genesis Wave, see Grandmaster (Sub-Boss).
The Egg Bosses are a group that appear in the Sonic the Hedgehog comic series and its spin-offs published by Archie Comics. They are an organization of twelve (thirteen counting Cassia) regional mobian enforcers employed by Dr. Eggman to lead different units of his Egg Army across Sonic's World.
Countdown to Chaos
Shortly after returning to Sonic's World following the Super Genesis Wave, Dr. Eggman encountered some of his forces in the Efrika Plains. He was quickly made aware that his military was now known as the Egg Army, with it's various regional leaders titled as Egg Bosses. This first of these whom he encountered was Axel the Water Buffalo of the Efrika Unit, followed shortly thereafter by Lord Mordred Hood in Avalon.[2][3] He next made contact with Tundra the Walrus in Artika, just before the beginning of the Shattered World Crisis.[4][5]
Shattered World Crisis
Act One
While attempting to find a solution to this development, Eggman attempted to contact one of his Egg Bosses near Spagonia but found that they were all busy trying to deal with the crisis themselves.[6] After obtaining the Gaia Manuscripts, Eggman contacted Axel again with orders to increase security at his unit's base, as Eggman suspected that it could be one of the Gaia Temples.[7]
Egg Boss sisters Cassia the Pronghorn and Clove the Pronghorn were later tasked with recovering a Chaos Emerald from Crystal Cave, but it was stolen by the Freedom Fighters thanks to files stolen from Eggman by Sally Acorn. Before reassigning the pair, Eggman contacted Soumerca Egg Army Egg Boss Thunderbolt, who had also located a Chaos Emerald, and instructed her to prepare for the Freedom Fighters' arrival.[8] Thunderbolt laid a trap for the heroes but was unprepared for Sonic the Hedgehog's Werehog transformation, which decimated her forces.[9][10] An attempt to redeem herself by deploying the Flying Dynamo robot proved unsuccessful.[11][12]
Act Two
Tundra eventually managed to capture two of the Guardians of the Gaia Keys, only to lose them when Sonic the Hedgehog and Rotor the Walrus managed to infiltrate his base.[13] Clove was later entrusted with the only one of the seven Chaos Emeralds that Eggman's forces had managed to retain through an engagement with the Freedom Fighters.[14] Nephthys and her unit in Shamar later closed in on another set of Gaia Keys, only to run into opposition from several of the Freedom Fighters and the Desert Raiders.[15][16]
Soon, all the Egg Bosses were summoned by Eggman to reclaim Eggmanland from Walter and Wendy Naugus and their minions.[17] Eggman paired them into teams of two so they could do their missions.[18] The Egg Bosses later confronted the Naugus Twins, and managed to defeat many of the brainwashed Badniks and the Witchcarters.[19] After Walter was defeated by Eggman, Eggman made Wendy an Egg Boss, due to him wanting an even number of Egg Bosses, plus not having an Egg Boss with magic. All of the Egg Bosses then returned to their respective regions, while Wendy was assigned to obtain a Cacophonic Conch.[20]
Axel and Conquering Storm later fought Sonic and the Freedom Fighters, in an attempt to prevent them from stealing the Gaia Keys they have in the possession.[21][22][23] Thunderbolt also fought Knuckles the Echidna and Mighty the Armadillo for possession of two of the pieces of the Master Emerald.[24]
Later, both Battle Lord Kukku XV and Wendy were contacted by Eggman for his counterattack against the Freedom Fighters. As Wendy sent her Witchcarters to back up the Hooligans and Metal Sonic in Mobotropolis, the Battle Lord sent his armada to ambush the Sky Patrol. The Battle Lord's son, Speedy, eventually captured Chip, and the armada blew the Sky Patrol out of the sky.[25][26]
After Eggman activated the Gaia Temples, Axel, Nephthys, and Cassia and Clove witnessed the rise of their respective Gaia Temples.[26]
- The Egg Bosses include a total of twelve individuals, which makes a dozen. This is a play on the fact that a dozen is a standard container for eggs which is a reference to Dr. Eggman's name.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ian Flynn (12 September 2015). Solicits: StH#280, SU#83, SSD#15. BumbleKing Comics. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015.
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #253, "Countdown to Chaos Part One: The Builder"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #254, "Countdown to Chaos Part Two: The Soldier"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #255, "Countdown to Chaos Part Three: The Rabbot"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #256, "Countdown to Chaos Finale: The Princess and the Hammer"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #257, "Damage Control"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #259, "After the Credits" ending
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #263, "Consequences"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #264, "Control Part One: Breaking Point"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #265, "Control Part Two: Unleashed!"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #266, "Ambushed! Part One"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #267, "Ambushed! Part Two"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #276, "Cold Hearted"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #277, "Hidden Costs Part One"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #278, "Face of the Enemy Part One: Friends in Need"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #279, "Face of the Enemy Part Two: Friends in Deed"
- ↑ Sonic Universe #83, "Eggman's Dozen Part One: Hostile Takeover"
- ↑ Sonic Universe #84, "Eggman's Dozen Part Two: Power Meeting"
- ↑ Sonic Universe #85, "Eggman's Dozen Part Three: Team Management"
- ↑ Sonic Universe #86, "Eggman's Dozen Finale: Synergizing"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #280, "Keys to Victory"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #281, "Wings of Fire Part One: Slow Burn"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #282, "Wings of Fire Part Two: Fighting Fire With Fire"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #282, "Shards and Sparks"
- ↑ Sonic the Hedgehog #284, "Panic in the Sky Part One: The Best Laid Plans"
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Sonic the Hedgehog #285, "Panic in the Sky Part Two: Falling Into Place"
External links
- Egg Boss at Mobius Encyclopaedia, the Archie Sonic wiki.


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A couple of weeks ago I was freaking out about needing new clothes. I have another job that's one of those great paradoxes where it's a very small job, but when there are events for it, there's a good deal of meeting important people or just general face time with the public, and I have just never been one of those people who can look amazing just by waking up in the morning.
In addition to that, I've been a professional mommy for some time now. When I worked, I worked in Children's Ministry and my required wardrobe was church clothes and/or jeans so I could get down on the floor and play legos.
Suddenly, I had a conference to go to and a few info sessions to help run, and I didn't have anything I deemed suitable to wear. After having a little Facebook panic, a friend suggested I schedule a shopping trip with a Nordstrom's stylist. It's free, it's easy, and there's not a minimum purchase, although they are paid off commission, so they certainly don't mind if you want to buy it all.
I picked an appointment with Hayat Ali out of Dulles Town Center, who was a lot of fun. Prior to the appointment I indicated my size, what I do, type of things I was looking for, and she had an entire dressing room ready to go. What I liked, we kept, what I didn't was whisked away. When I needed new sizes or an accessory she made it magically appear. You can book an appointment for a full style overhaul, a special occasion (think Mother of the Bride), a custom appointment, or a quick style session. Note that if you're a hard fit (think button up shirts, my nemesis) Nordstrom will tailor your clothing free of charge.
The good news is, this was totally awesome. The bad news was that at the end, I picked out $4,000 of things that I wanted. I didn't get them all, but I did pick up 2 jackets, 2 blouses, and a pair of amazing dark wash jeans to pair with items I already had. I spent more money on myself than I have ever spent, but I felt amazing in everything and picked items that worked well with lots of things, although if anyone wants to get me a present, I have some suggestions.
Hayat was great about identifying what I like and what worked well on me. She knew colors and cuts to maximize my good parts and minimize my flaws. I was really happy with everything, and it helped me to feel really confident this weekend. It's weird to be the oldest young person in a room- still "young" but with older kids, and with a really strange resume. I could have total self-confidence on my own, but I don't, so this was a great boost for me.
The other great part is that once you've worked with a stylist, they know what you like and if something fantastic comes in that they know you like, or if that jacket you wanted but was out of your budget goes on sale, they'll let you know. I would totally recommend doing this for a big event, or if you're heading back to work, or if you just like to shop and would like some help identifying new trends for your wardrobe!
So. That's my overview of working with a Nordstrom stylist. It was awesome. If you go, you should pick Hayat. You should also go with a budget in mind, and be okay with the fact that you can't get everything you want, and will have to make hard choices. They're really really good at making you look your best, so you'll want it all. I felt really happy with myself when I was done, and that was worth both the time and the money I spent.
PS- since I've now shown you my blazers, be sure to look surprised if you show up somewhere and I'm wearing one of them, mmkay? Thanks.
Nordstroms didn't solicit this review or pay me. In fact, I paid them. All opinions are my own. I am not responsible if you look so foxy your husband takes you out or if you look so professional you get a promotion- but you could definitely thank your stylist.


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BY ALAN TEMPLE – @CCP_Sport
Hibernian head coach Alan Stubbs insists shock playoff contenders Morton have not surprised him one bit.
Jim Duffy's side, who were tipped for a basement battle in many quarters, are on a run of five Championship fixtures without defeat and are currently occupying fourth spot.
Stubbs witnessed the stubborn Greenock side first-hand when the Hibees claimed a narrow 1-0 victory at Easter Road in August, however it took until the 58th minute for man-of-the-moment Jason Cummings to grab the decisive goal of the game.
Ahead of the return fixture at Cappielow this weekend, Stubbs reserved particular praise for nine-goal striker Denny Johnstone and warned his players that Morton will be a major threat as Hibs target their 15th win from 16 outings.
"My opinion hasn't changed from when we played them at Easter Road, when I thought they were a well organised outfit," said Stubbs. "I knew they were going to get results in this division.
"The fact they are sitting fourth on 23 points doesn't surprise me at all. They have a goal threat up front with Denny Johnstone and some good players in and around the midfield area.
"Morton have energy down the flanks and it is going to be a really tough game for us going over to Cappielow.
"However, given the form we are in, I don't think anyone will be looking forward to playing us."


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Absences during the School Term
Absence From School During Term Time
Parents/ Carers please remember that you DO NOT have a right to take children out of school on holiday during school term time.
All requests for holiday leave will be refused except in the most exceptional circumstances.
If you take your children without permission, their absence will be registered as unauthorised and your child could be at risk of losing their place at the school.


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So I am not one of the norm when it comes to TV Shows. Yes, I do love my American Idol and every now and then do get caught up in a Reality TV Show, although my favorite of those is the original, REAL WORLD. But other than that, I need my dose of un-Reality. I'm talking those crazy unrealistic dramas. . . Stephen calls them the Teeny Bopper Shows. I like to think of them as a quick way to escape from life without having to think. In other words, it's easier on the mind than sitting down and reading a good book - which I do. I'm reading Atonement right now.
Now that summer is over, my favorite show at the moment, Greek, is back. Yay!! I'm so happy it's back after it's summer hiatus. Not that I haven't been completely sucked into The Secret Life of an American Teenager. Because well, I have. And I am able to watch it after Hannah is in bed thanks to DVR. . . whatever did we do before it?
But the show I am most excited about (after of course, ER, as it completes is FINAL SEASON this year - whatever am I going to do??) is the new 90210. Yes, I'm a loyal Beverly Hills 90210 fan. I missed the 1st season, but got sucked into the crazy the 1st summer they were on w/ new episodes and watched until the wonderful wedding between David and Donna. I found this fun site if you ever want to know anything about the original 90210 series. But I digress. . . there is a NEW 90210 that I am so excited about I could just come out of my skin. Not only are some of the original characters back on the show (Kelly and Brenda), but they have made some awesome connections and references to the lives of the original storyline - Hannah Zuckermann-Vasquez is one of the school's anchorpeople. Erin Silver is on the show. Should play out to be a very interesting show. . and I'm looking forward to more.
I'm looking forward to my regular doses of un-reality. . . no matter how crazy I may look because I'm not busy watching Amazing Race or Survivor.


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If you talk to a real estate agent, they will tell you about the importance of location. "Location, location, location," they will say. A house can be beautiful, but if it's in a bad neighborhood, it will be difficult to sell. An office building can be appealing, but it will be overlooked if it's in the wrong part of town. Our location as Christians is vital to our faith, as well.
The Bible speaks of two different locations for believers.
First, Christ is in you. When we trust Christ as Savior and Lord, His Spirit dwells within us individually. This would seem impossible if the Scriptures didn't say so.
"You, dear children, are from God and have overcome them, because the one who is in you is greater than the one who is in the world" (1 John 4:4, NIV).
"And if the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead is living in you, he who raised Christ from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies because of his Spirit who lives in you" (Romans 8:11).
We are more than followers that are helped by Christ. He literally lives in us, empowering us by the same Holy Spirit present in the Resurrection. He dwells in us and is with us every moment. We have more than enough power to live for Him and accomplish the plans He has set before us.
Do you realize that Christ is in you? What difference does it make to know that He makes His home in you?
Equally important, you are in Christ. This provides an image of the greatness of Christ and the Church.
"Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus" (Romans 8:1).
"Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has come: The old has gone, the new is here!" (2 Corinthians 5:17).
"Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. For you died, and your life is now hidden with Christ in God" (Colossians 3:2-3).
Sometimes I limit the power of God in my mind by the way I view my own humanity. I know the Holy Spirit dwells in me, but I also know myself—my weaknesses and idiosyncrasies. However, I also know there is something so much greater than myself. I am part of the fullness in Christ and share in the glory of His body. I am blessed to participate in beauty, diversity, and corporate strength.
Do you realize that you are in Christ? What difference does it make to know that you are at home in Him?
Location really matters. Christ is in you. You are in Christ. Let the truth of both locations sink into your mind and heart, and set you free.
Heavenly Father, thank You that Christ is in me, and I am in Christ. Open my eyes to truly understand what that means. Let me believe the truth of Your Word. Empower me by Your Spirit to thrive in life, in my relationships, and as a leader. In Jesus' Name. Amen.


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As part of the 3rd Berlin Art Film Festival, Sharon Dodua Otoo (Series Editor, Witnessed) has been invited to present her short story "Whtnacig Pnait (Watching Paint)" from the collection "Winter Shorts" (Witnessed Edition 5)
Image © 2016 Tyrell Teschner
"Whtnacig Pnait (Watching Paint) "will be performed by Yosime Flood (reading) Lewis Teschner (visuals), Tyrell Teschner (music). Following this there will be a moderated discussion with Sharon Dodua Otoo.
Sunday, December 11th 2016, 19:00
Moviemento, Kottbusser Damm 22 (near U7/U8 Hermannplatz)
Please click here to buy tickets.


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Toyota EDR download capability greatly expanded!!!
By Richard Hille on Dec 22, 2011 at 04:40 PM
The latest verision of the Bosch CDR "Crash Data Retrival" software was just released today. We now have the capability of downloading maby more Toyota, Lexus and Scion EDRs (event data recorders). We have been waiting for a long time to achieve this. Please feel free to contact us with all your crash data (Black Box) download needs.


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SAO PAULO (AP) -- A joint session of the Brazilian congress on Thursday overrode a presidential veto of part of a new oil law that gives a greater share of royalty revenues from the country's vast oil fields to non-producing states.
The new law divides oil royalties, from existing and future drilling and production concessions, more evenly between all of Brazil's 27 states instead of favoring top oil producers like Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo and Sao Paulo states.
Congress approved the law late last year but President Dilma Rousseff vetoed the part that decreased the percentage of petroleum royalties going to producing states from 26.25 percent to 20 percent. Non-producing states that now receive 7 percent are to see their share increase to 21 percent.
The central government sees its share of royalties drop from 30 percent to 20 percent. The rest of money goes to municipal governments in producing states
Officials in Rio de Janeiro, the largest producing state, have said the law will deprive Rio of $1.7 billion in 2013 alone, endangering preparations for the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics.
State Gov. Sergio Cabral told reporters the law would "bankrupt" the state and many of its municipal governments, 87 percent of which depend on oil-generated revenues.
He said the state government plans to file an appeal with the Supreme Court arguing that the legislation "is unconstitutional because it breaches existing production contracts."
Renato Casagrande, governor of Espirito Santo state, told the Globo TV network that the law is a "hard blow against the finances of our state and of Rio de Janeiro that account for nearly all of Brazil's oil production."
Because of the law, Espirito Santo state stands to lose more than 10 billion reals ($5 billion) over the next seven years.
Casagrande said his state would also file an appeal with the Supreme Court, taking the same position as Rio state.


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Conscience and Politics, by John Rae. Oxford University Press. £3.50.
Two earlier books on the objectors of the first world war were written from a sympathetic standpoint. They were John Graham's Conscription and Conscience, 1922, and David Boulton's Objection Overruled which was reviewed in these columns in August 1967. The present work, by Dr. John Rae, Headmaster of Westminster School, though it covers some of the same ground, has a different approach and contains much information not in the other works. Dr. Rae has had access to official documents and other materials not open to the earlier writers.
Rae sets out to describe the stupidities and confusion surrounding the handling of the objectors and offers as explanation that the authorities did not know the kind of people they were dealing with, had made no attempt beforehand to plan what they were going to do, and had in fact drifted, without forethought, into this situation just as they drifted into conscription itself. Asquith's government had entered the war believing that it would be fought (and quickly won) by the kind of professional army that had served in the past. Because conscription was traditionally unpopular the Asquith government stood by the policy of voluntary enlistment though, in the view of the military people who were counting on a long all-out war and needed control of civilian as well as military man-power, the early flood of recruits was not only largely irrelevant but a positive embarrassment because the War Office "had neither the personnel nor the equipment to undertake their training." But when voluntary recruitment (which of course had included large numbers pushed into offering themselves by various kinds of pressure) began to fall off, the advocates of conscription gained ground. Asquith had been forced to accept a coalition in May 1915 and by the end of the year it was clear that conscription was going to be introduced. It was prefaced by some adroit playing-off of different groups of workers against each other — the volunteers and their families against the civilians, single men against married, and so on. (The interested reader is referred to the SOCIALIST STANDARD April 1916 on how this was done.)
Chapter two of the book describes the hasty and ill-conceived drafting of the Military Service Act 1916 and the equally hasty inclusion of a conscience clause to placate the opposition. According to Rae the earliest date on which the decision to insert such a clause was reached was 1 January 1916, "which left just three days in which to draft effective legal provisions for conscientious objectors". What the government did was to borrow a clause from the Australian Defence Act of 1910, modified by using the term "conscientious objection" contained in the British Vaccination Act of 1898. Asquith resisted military pressure to restrict the definition formally to religious objectors but the two military men (Macready and Childs) who became responsible for all conscientious objectors under military jurisdiction were bitter opponents of the concession and never gave up their opposition to the political and other nonreligious objectors.
Among the problems to which the authorities had given no thought were how conscientious objection was to be proved, what work was to be done by those who were willing to work, and what was to happen to those who refused to give military service or do civilian work but whose claim to be recognised as conscientious objectors had been turned down. They were still wrestling with these problems when the war ended. Their last blow against the objectors after the war was to deprive many of them of the vote until 1926.
Anyone who knew the conscientious objectors or who reads this book will not be surprised that the authorities in the first world war were baffled by the strange variety of religious and other views with which they had to deal. In an appendix, Rae lists, along with 42 political objectors and 1050 the nature of whose objection "was not stated", 43 different groups. (The number covered by this list was 3964 so that it represented only about a quarter of the total of objectors.)
The biggest single group in this list was the Christadelphians who did not object to assisting in the successful prosecution of the war but objected only to coming under the military authorities.
Rae has this to say on some of the other sects:
. . . the applicants from the Church of Christ, Devise's Church, Dependent Coklers, and the Peculiar People, expressed an objection primarily in terms of a literal reading of selected biblical texts. Muggletonians and Christian Israelites, though literal biblicists, were more likely to base their objections on their expectations of an early advent of Jesus Christ. A desire to be 'separate from the multitude' and to reject secular and political life inspired the Sandemanian objectors.
If the variety of beliefs baffled the authorities it also presented problems to the objectors in their mutual relationships. There were inevitable clashes of views between the different political groups and between them and the religious objectors. It would be unsafe to generalise but certainly in some prisons and camps the religious groups, other than the Quakers, kept themselves very much to themselves and there was sometimes considerable friction. However in some places they managed to live together well enough. In one camp, when a strike was organised and religious objectors refused to join in, one of their influential spokesmen won them over to the strike by meeting one biblical quotation "Render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's" with another, "The labourer is worthy of his hire". Just like the "relativity" pay claims of today the strike was sparked off by the news that the "pocket-money" pay of objectors in some other camps was a few pence per day higher.
Rae finds the ILP and the No Conscription Fellowship the main source of political objectors though he has a footnote about smaller groups of objectors "from the Socialist Labour Party, Socialist Party of Great Britain, Industrial Workers of the World". He lists the SOCIALIST STANDARD as one of his sources of information.
This book makes interesting reading. Among other things it explains why, made wiser by the lessons of the first world war, the authorities were able to handle much larger numbers of conscientious objectors in the second world war, so much more smoothly.
Edgar Hardcastle