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Don founded Kamakura Corporation in April 1990 and currently serves as its chairman and chief executive officer where he focuses on enterprise wide risk management and modern credit risk technology. His primary financial consulting and research interests involve the practical application of leading edge financial theory to solve critical financial risk management problems. Don was elected to the 50 member RISK Magazine Hall of Fame in 2002 for his work at Kamakura. Read More
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Donald van Deventer
Thanks to the very active feedback on Parts 1 to 4 of our series on Nelson-Siegel yield curve smoothing versus spline technologies, we took another tour through the most recent literature on the subject. We've found a gem of a summary by Jeffrey R. Greco of the University of Chicago that we reproduce in full with Jeff's permission in this post. We have also found a large number of articles on why technique x for yield curve smoothing is better than technique y, with no mathematical proof of why one is better than the other. We show how to do that in this post.
Judging the "best" yield curve smoothing technique between two alternatives is not like evaluating a ballet performance or the finalists for Miss Universe or Mr. Universe. Determining the better of two alternative approaches without articulating what "best" means is a waste of ink and paper. In the original Adams and van Deventer paper [1994, as corrected in van Deventer and Imai, 1996], the definition of smoothness was defined mathematically and the resultant best smoothing approach (for forward rates) was derived, not argued, using a proof by Oldrich Vasicek. Jeffrey R. Greco's overview of smoothing, reproduced as Appendix A, discusses how to do this for both continuous and discrete definitions of smoothness.
When the data contains obvious errors or inconsistencies so that a perfect fit to the data is either impossible or undesirable, Prof. Greco's summary explains how to define a mathematical function that trades off smoothness of the forward rate curve for errors in pricing. This approach can be used for any definition of "best," such as the following:
Given the criterion for "best," there can be no debate about whether Method A is better than Method B, unless the criterion does not provide for a unique solution. We know from Adams and van Deventer (1994), as corrected in van Deventer and Imai (1996), that there is a unique forward curve that is maximum smoothness for any given set of constraints on the left hand side and right hand side of the curve. ANY alternative, say Method X, subjected to the same constraints, will be less smooth, and this fact can be confirmed by calculating the smoothness for Method X and the maximum smoothness curve. Method X will have a smoothness statistic that is less smooth.
For any other definition of "best," the procedure is the same. Derive the "best" curve by that criterion. Then examine the mathematical value of the criterion for Method Y and confirm that method Y is inferior by the given definition of best.
Any other form of argument about whether Method A or Method B is better is the financial equivalent of judging the Miss Universe or Mr. Universe contest. We can do better than that.
Professor Jeffrey R. Greco demonstrates exactly how to do this in his lecture notes from his class in fixed income derivatives from the Financial Mathematics Program at the University of Chicago. In my view, this is the best exposition of the principals behind yield curve smoothing in the literature, and we believe Prof. Greco's notes should be studied by all serious yield curve analysts. Prof. Greco's notes are displayed with his permission in Appendix A. Appendix B contains references from our first post on Nelson-Siegel versus spline methods of yield curve smoothing.
Donald R. van Deventer
Kamakura Corporation
Honolulu, September 8, 2009
Appendix A
Click here for the full text of Professor Greco's lecture notes on yield curve smoothing
Professor Jeffrey R. Greco
Lecture Notes on Fixed Income Derivatives
Financial Mathematics Program
University of Chicago
Appendix B
Key References on Yield Curve Smoothing
Kenneth J. Adams and Donald R. van Deventer, 1994, Fitting Yield Curves and Forward Rate Curves with Maximum Smoothness, The Journal of Fixed Income, June 1994, 52-62.
Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Department, "Zero Coupon Yield Curves: Technical Documentation," 2005.
Mark Buono, Russell B. Gregory-Allen, and Uzi Yaari, 1992, The Efficacy of Term Structure Estimation Techniques: A Monte Carlo Study, The Journal of Fixed Income 1, 52-59.
Damir Filipovic, "A Note on the Nelson-Siegel Family," Mathematical Finance, October, 1999, pp. 349-359.
F. B. Hildebrand, 1987, Introduction to Numerical Analysis (Dover Publications Inc., New York).
J. Huston McCulloch, 1975, The Tax Adjusted Yield Curve, Journal of Finance 30, 811-29.
Charles R. Nelson and Andrew F. Siegel, "Parsimonious Modeling of Yield Curves" The Journal of Business, Vol. 60, No. 4. (Oct., 1987), pp. 473-489.
P. M. Penter, 1989, Splines and Variational Methods (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
H. R. Schwartz, 1989, Numerical Methods: A Comprehensive Introduction (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
Gary S. Shea, 1985, Term Structure Estimation with Exponential Splines, Journal of Finance 40, 319-325.
Donald R. van Deventer and Kenji Imai, Financial Risk Analytics: A Term Structure Model Approach for Banking, Insurance, and Investment Management, Irwin Professional Publishing, Chicago, 1997.
Donald R. van Deventer, Kenji Imai, and Mark Mesler, Advanced Financial Risk Management, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. Translated into modern Chinese and published by China Renmin University Press, Beijing, 2007. See especially chapters 8 and 18.
Oldrich A. Vasicek and H. Gifford Fong, 1982, Term Structure Modeling Using Exponential Splines, Journal of Finance 37, 339-56.


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Capitol Phone: 503-986-1428Capitol Address: 900 Court St. NE, H-480, Salem, Oregon 97301Email:
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The Salon Masse group exhibition at Galerie Pangée in Montreal marked a step forward in the development of an expanded EN MASSE 'Presents' function for the initiative, while revisiting an early concept for the very first EN MASSE installation back in 2009 (at Pangée's original location in Old Montreal).
Salon Masse was a big, kaleidoscopic salon show of works of various sizes and media by just shy of 50 certified participants in one or more EN MASSE Jams — Montrealers and many pals from far and wide! Several artists sold works right off the bat, the evening of the show's opening, April 26, and 'nuff wine was gulped down during a blast of a party.
Galerie Pangée is an art gallery dedicated to showcasing Canadian and international contemporary artists. The gallery is located in the Belgo (372 Saint-Catherine West, Suite 412). The gallery is open Tuesday through Saturday from 10am until 6pm.


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David Schur, Plato's Wayward Path: Literary Form and the Republic
Part I. Literary Form and Classical Rhetoric. 1. The Problem of Literary Form
2. Philosophical Rhetoric
3. Literary Practice, Modality, and Distance
Part II. Concerning the Republic. 4. From Beginning to End and Back Again
5. Digressing toward a Possible Regime
6. Imagining Images in Chains
Glossary of Key Greek Words
3. Literary Practice, Modality, and Distance
The previous two chapters discussed hermeneutic problems and rarely touched on solutions. Positive goals conventionally associated with literary-rhetorical methods of reading were mentioned, but they remain to be explained more fully in the context of interpreting Plato's dialogues. As I will continue to argue, a powerful teleological impulse directs readers to seek single-minded and persuasive arguments in works that are, nonetheless, manifestly not univocal. The drive to explain literary form is one of the main factors that compel readers to reconstruct a covert univocality from Plato's dialogues. This chapter begins with some positive methodological suggestions that are eventually directed toward Plato's Republic. After reviewing some hermeneutic concepts that distinguish the modern rhetorical analysis of tropes—concepts such as relative emphasis, overdetermination, and modality—I introduce some specific tropes of distancing that emphasize and express remoteness throughout the Republic. Literary interpretation generally treats texts as highly mediated forms of communication, allowing that authors are more or less remote from what their texts say. And this same kind of remoteness is, I argue, given considerable weight in the Republic, both as a linguistic phenomenon and as a methodological topic.
The general problem of the dialogue form's digressive and indirect presentation of ideas is compounded by perplexing "ambiguities, obscurities, gaps, and contradictions" that pervade the characters' arguments. [1] These are so prevalent in the dialogues, observes E. N. Tigerstedt, that Plato may seem to have introduced them intentionally, as though his aim were not to satisfy "our legitimate claim for clarity and coherence but rather to derive a malicious pleasure from eluding it." [2] This is a strange thought, worth considering further: while making tantalizing gestures toward clarity and coherence, Plato may actually be methodically elusive. The strangeness can be erased by insisting that Plato's elusiveness is always and only an apparent deviation from methodical communication—but genuinely methodical elusiveness is a surprising phenomenon. Although Plato's writings are usually readily comprehensible, says Tigerstedt, "it is often difficult to be sure of what he really means" (14). I understand this basic difficulty in the interpretation of Plato as a constant struggle against the waywardness, the unpredictable and unexpected deviance, of his written texts. In other words, each elusive dialogue is pointing in multiple different and at times irreconcilable directions, while the interpreter typically seeks to find a path that leads from Plato the author to a univocal, promotional message—a philosophy of some sort—that supposedly must have inhered in the text from the start. Yet to carve such a straight path out of Plato's elusiveness is to disregard integral aspects of the text.
If we are to avoid assuming that the dialogues are covertly univocal tracts—which is entirely different from assuming, as I do, that each text is a fixed communication composed in words by a single author—then it will be best to treat each dialogue as a separate text. In the current chapter, I look to Plato's Republic in an effort to account for one dialogue's literary features, without trying to circumvent them or otherwise explain them away. I choose to focus on the Republic for several reasons: its current popularity and influence make it an exemplary object of study, its length allows broad patterns as well as details to emerge as demonstrably significant, and its self-conscious procedural discourse (seen in characters' frequent references to their own conversation) highlights waywardness as a thematic concern. This self-consciousness, or reflexivity, is itself a salient example of the now modern-seeming literariness that was already present in Plato's writing.
A Literary Practice of Interpretation
If we are to address the literary form of the Republic, and if we are to do so in a manner that accepts the work's literariness, then a fuller account of some literary-rhetorical working principles is needed, regardless of how different each individual interpreter's practice will be. While scholars working on literary form in Plato have been faulted for having less success with interpretive close readings than with metaphilosophical speculation, here I have been raising concerns about a more basic and metatextual stumbling block: namely, a fundamental difference between expository and literary conceptions of how texts function. [3] (Guilty of dwelling extensively on a metatextual question, I myself can only protest that the question has blocked my way and consumed my interest as a reader of Plato's text.)
Those on one side of this methodological divide maintain a traditional view of rhetoric, where many factors (including the historicizing goals long associated with philology and philosophy) foster a linear, teleological focus on literary elements as building blocks of argumentation and rhetorical persuasion. This, I have contended, is a serious hermeneutic limitation with regard to literary form. Modern rhetorical analysis, on the other side, brings with it a degree of freedom in this respect, by not requiring interpreters to derive a single persuasive agenda (a programmatic ideology or moral) from a writer's verbal maneuvers. Simply put, for a literary interpretation broadly conceived, all texts have many functions; perform many acts, both pragmatic and aesthetic; and advance many ideologies simultaneously. [4] Which raises a consequential concern: how are we to make discerning choices? Such a question can hardly receive a full treatment here. For clarifying my approach to the Republic, however, the modern interpretation of verbal rhetoric is perhaps best understood as a matter of emphasis. The following rationale for describing and interpreting language owes much to linguistics, but it goes far beyond that discipline's boundaries. Instead, it undergirds a method of humanistic cultural self-understanding. [5]
For the sake of clarity, the kind of modern and literary rhetorical analysis I have in mind can be defined as the description of tropes and the interpretation of their functions. As in ancient rhetoric, the tropes described by modern rhetorical analysis are identifiable uses of language that deviate (turn away) from standards of literal, prosaic expression. They exceed and enrich the norm of literal, denotative expression. But if the effects created by the tactics of ancient oratory are measured by the extent to which they support a speaker's ultimate, single-minded, pragmatic strategy of persuasion, the modern interpretation of tropes allows for their participation in multiple, simultaneous patterns of written language, so that currents and countercurrents of thought emerge through themes-as-expressed-in-language.
In practice, two basic policies may serve, when combined, as a schematic antidote to expository approaches that limit Plato's rhetoric to a univocal purpose. First, a literary hermeneutic will recognize patterns essentially by allocating attention and interest, which can be quite different from trying to trace a linear argument through a text. Formal-semantic patterns are construed in different ways by different readers, but each reading or interpretation is anchored in specific textual evidence. Careful analysis of a text requires attending to the interplay of language occasioned by specific wording. In terms devised by Roman Jakobson and associated with Russian formalism, wording consists of the text's syntagmatic arrangement and its paradigmatic selection of diction, which are interrelated in complex patterns. [6] When observing and describing these patterns—accounting for local details and global structures in complex systems of wording—readers allocate more attention to some details and less to others, depending on their perception of emphasis in the text. For this reason, guided by emphasis and interest, reading becomes a dynamic balance of attention and inattention, rather than a search for hidden meanings and covert authorial agendas. This aspect of critical practice is well served by the formalist principle of foregrounding, which identifies significance by noting textural patterns of similarity (parallelism, repetition) and contrast (deviation). [7]
The second policy, which concerns polysemy, provides an inseparable semantic complement to the formalist description of emphasis and patterning. Rather than suppress plurisignification for the sake of univocality, an operative literary approach to texture will give ample consideration to multiple, concurrent meanings when deciding what is important. In the examination of details and when drawing together broad thematic trends, emphasis (and therefore significance) attaches to elements that exhibit redundancy, overlap, and semantic plenitude. Here we have the principle of overdetermination, which accords greater relative significance to elements that participate in multiple patterns of meaning simultaneously. Closely related to overdetermination is the idea of mutual reinforcement. [8] Constituents of all types may share mutual connections, each exerting more or less gravity, so to speak, depending on whether it is more or less polyvalent and on its proximity to others. Each one can gain weight from multiple directions and thereby become an increasingly relevant part of the patterns to which it belongs. To indulge in a metaphor of my own: a polyvalent detail with a dance card full of other, related elements is a more meaningful one; a well-attended dance is a more inviting one; and each text is hosting multiple dances.
Within the parameters just described, literary emphasis—not bound to the reconstruction of an ultimate, single argument—is always construed as relative; and it is mainly in this sense that interpretation may become holistic and contextual. [9] Furthermore, literary interpretation is obliged to be pluralistic: differentiations in texture display concurrent patterns of emphasis, and no text is an undifferentiated block of argument. In academic practice, it is de rigueur to present one's literary reading as though it were the correct one; in practice, though, success is achieved by explaining how the evidence functions in interesting, important, significant ways. [10] Interpreters of Plato's writing who do not acknowledge the value of relative emphasis in form, and the validity of pluralism in meaning, will continue to convert the dialogues into expository treatises. [11]
If not quite the enemy, overdetermination is at least the antithesis of univocality in rational argument and in figurative representation. The linear focus needed to pursue logical argument through the variables introduced by literary form must be narrow, and must remain insensitive to the potential for words to interact in unexpected and unpredictable ways. What Helen Vendler calls the "unifying play of mind and language" is inevitably the variable interplay between words, their meanings, and the constellations that emerge into the foreground between text and reader (1997:5). Similarly, as long as each element, combination, and text (like a word, a phrase, and a sentence) participates in different constellations, then forceful attempts to regularize the text's combinatorial universe will result in nearsighted underinterpretation. Thus underinterpretation puts just as much of a strain on Plato's language as does overinterpretation. And allegorizing treatments of figurative expression, by assigning a fixed group of meanings to a fixed grouping of figures, ultimately transform the figurative potential of manifestly nonliteral features into covert, univocal, and literal messages.
Even from this abstract overview, it should be fairly clear that I am describing literary practice as a dynamic process. While navigating through strikingly different types of evidence, one's view of some evidence changes in view of other evidence. But it may not yet be clear where such an interpretation might lead, given my criticisms of the telos that guides expository approaches to the literary Plato. The task here is at any one time to reach a perspective on a theme as articulated in language by Plato, as opposed to a thesis that Plato supposedly held but left undeclared. In this regard, it is crucial to define some terms associated with theme. I take theme itself to denote an abstract topic that permeates a text, whether explicitly or implicitly. A theme is a topic of interest, a preoccupation that can emerge in different contexts and in different forms throughout a work—and which need not be addressed by the text in direct, linear discussion. So justice is a prominent theme in the Republic. A thesis is a proposition asserted as true by an author; this is the sort of claim typically advanced in expository writing. One thesis of my book is that the rhetorical patterning of Plato's Republic expresses, among many other things, a critical or questioning perspective on the conventional methods of investigation pursued by Socrates and his interlocutors.
A thematic statement, in contrast with a thesis, communicates a proposition that is not asserted by the author. [12] Such statements are propositions made in the text but not endorsed by the author. A statement about an important theme will naturally attract special attention. (This sort of unasserted statement is common in traditional forms of literature, being made by characters and narrators.) When, in Plato's Republic, the character Socrates is quoted (by Socrates the narrator) as saying "virtue has one form [eidos], but evil has countless forms" (ἓν μὲν εἶναι εἶδος τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἄπειρα δὲ τῆς κακίας, 445c), we have a thematic statement; one among countless others that may be found in the text. [13] In order to treat this as a thesis being asserted by Plato, interpreters must perform extra acts of literalization to establish Socrates as an allegorical equivalent of Plato—even when this equivalence will not consistently support the interpreter's reconstruction of the argument. On the one hand, Socrates, according to this procedure, is not really Socrates; on the other hand, what Socrates says as a figure is what Plato is really saying. According to the metaphorical metalanguage of literary criticism, this is an attempt to straighten out or regularize the twists of figurative language. Taking a literary speaker's thematic statement for an authorial thesis is typically considered a mistake in the literary practice of interpretation, but too much handwringing over this sort of intentional fallacy could obscure the prior necessity of making a decision between literary and nonliterary approaches.
Modality and the Qualification of Discourse
Born into a world shaped by Platonism, most readers of Plato will find it hard even to entertain the possibility that he may not have written simply and solely to persuade readers to adopt his own practices or beliefs. Despite the popular reverence for Socrates' professions of ignorance, he is generally viewed as a know-it-all, a character in the dialogues whose wisdom is exceeded only by that of his author Plato. Thus, as already described, we take Platonism to be a body of beliefs, constituting a philosophy that itself largely makes up philosophy as we know it. Equally relevant is the fact that many readers regularly and habitually aim to extract a moral (a main thesis or proposition endorsed and promoted by the author) not just from expository texts but also from decidedly literary ones as well. Scholars struggle over the moral of Antigone or Hamlet no less than they fret over the message of the Republic. [14] Effectively blinkered, readers may resolutely pursue such expository and literalistic goals, gathering and assessing information while shutting off multiple avenues of ongoing exploration. I am not arguing that readers cannot or should not read this way. I have, however, sought to explain why such a thesis-seeking approach must remain blind to the kind of textural complexity that is valued in the modern practice of literary criticism.
Intertwined with the conviction that Plato is trying to teach us lessons in a rhetorically persuasive manner is the assumption that he is endorsing and promoting the propositions (theses, points, and claims) expressed by his characters, especially the ideas introduced and advocated by his protagonist Socrates. [15] When an argument is brought to some kind of conclusion during a dialogue, this conclusion is viewed as a goal reached by Plato's composition. As a matter of course, many commentators do not hesitate to use tags such as "Plato thinks," "Plato believes," and "Plato says" to ascribe authorial arguments and assertions to the dialogues. Yet when Nicholas White, for instance, declares that "the aim of the Republic is very simple" (1979:13), he also recognizes substantial complications concerning the interpretation of "Plato's intentions" (12), pausing at one point during his summary of the dialogue's argument to observe that "another complication is the fact that the gap between Plato's actual view and what is generally attributed to him is even greater than what I have just said would lead one to suspect" (45). [16] White's commentary is a sensible and practical contribution to the study of Platonism. I am simply noting that such gaps—between Plato's individually held views, the views expressed in his dialogues, and the views attributed to him by his interpreters—reflect profound complications. [17] As I have been suggesting, contemporary attempts to unify and neutralize Plato's dialogues under Plato's univocal control are not consonant with the composition of Plato's texts.
That said, the question of attribution is arguably less important than is the degree of Plato's commitment to the propositions expressed by his characters. Plato wrote many things, which is to say that he authored many statements. Yet his commitment to these utterances, I will argue, is consistently and globally characterized by ongoing circumspection. When dealing with propositions, philosophers and linguists often focus on a statement's truth value—whether the proposition expressed by a statement is true or false. And this is similar to the way professional philosophers are apt to judge arguments from Plato's dialogues, as if abducting these arguments from textual slumber in order to interrogate their independent integrity according to absolutist standards of logical reasoning. But while propositions themselves may be judged true or false, the way a proposition is specifically formulated in language is also an expression of the speaker's attitude. Through language, that is, "speakers commit themselves, to a greater or lesser degree, to what they are saying" (Matthews 1997, s.v. "assertive"). In linguistic terms, this degree of commitment, which contributes on a larger scale to our sense of the speaker's or author's cumulative stance and of the text's overall status, is signaled by grammatical forms and constructions that are categorized under the heading of modality.
Although modality continues to be debated by linguists and further complicated by developments in modal logic, a nontechnical version of the concept should be perfectly adequate for our purposes. When dealing with sentences, which is what most linguists do by trade, modality may be considered a semantic notion that comprises "the speaker's opinion or attitude towards the proposition that the sentence expresses or the situation that the proposition describes." [18] Just as most languages have a distinct and seemingly neutral or unmarked procedure for making declarative statements that the speaker "believes to be true" (Palmer 1986:26), modality usually refers to a hierarchical range of attitudes that diverge from the directness of certainty about facts and reality. [19] The full range of modality or modalities is extraordinarily wide, covering territory from "possibility, probability, and necessity" to "permission, obligation, and requirement" (Palmer 1986:19). In general, though, modality is "the linguistic phenomenon whereby grammar allows one to say things about, or on the basis of, situations which need not be real" (Portner 2009:1). Among the many facets of modality, I wish to single out uses of language that address "situations which need not be real." In this general sense of modality, which I will be using henceforth, to modalize a statement (or a stretch of discourse) is to qualify it as more or less remote from certainty (or alternatively, possible or probable to some greater or lesser degree).
Although they have other important functions, the subjunctive and optative moods of the verb in ancient Greek are commonly used to signal that something may or might be the case. These moods are marked morphologically in verb forms, but semantic modality can also be expressed lexically, by specific verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles; and its presence can be determined by contextual cues, which takes us beyond semantics proper into the domain of pragmatics. [20] Linguistics has traditionally limited the scope of modality to the study of sentences, and to grammatical forms in particular, yet "many of the features associated with modality may not be marked grammatically" (Palmer 1986:5), and this is certainly the case in ancient Greek. Linguists have taken an interest in discourse modality and in the related phenomenon of hedging, but the idea of modalizing tropes remains an open area for research. [21] Of course, grammatical moods in Greek have a variety of conventional, as opposed to strictly logical or argumentative, functions. Politeness is a primary one. My point, however, is not that Socrates frequently hedges in the Republic (although he does); instead, such hedging gains in prevalence by being part of an even broader pattern in the text. Thus even when Socrates is simply being polite, Plato's composition—which operates far from the naïve simplicity of casual conversation—exhibits this politeness in a more self-aware and less socially conventional manner. Here I am proposing that modality offers a useful way to understand a major function of literary form in Plato's Republic.
As already discussed, defining literary discourse per se is impracticable, so that the operative issue is whether a stretch of discourse is construed as literary by the interpreter. Lamarque and Olsen, whose definition of thematic statement I have adopted, stress the special lack of assertion (authorial endorsement or commitment) found in literary discourse. "A literary work," they write, "does indeed have themes or meanings which can be stated as propositions, but … these propositions have a unique role in literary appreciation, which is not reducible to the role they might have in philosophy, religious discourse, or the social sciences" (1994:323). [22] The special status of these propositions in literary discourse is that they are nonasserted; or, in the terminology I am using, they are modalized. I should stress that statements of this sort are not empty gestures; thematic statements within recognized literary contexts "can be assigned significance and thus be understood without being construed as asserted" (328). As the discussions and arguments shared in Plato's writings should make clear, such tentative exploration need not be a superficial dip into shallow ideas. This is why I will not shy away from suggesting that literary form in the Republic allows for a positive and substantial depiction of methods that are nevertheless inconclusive in principle as well as practice.
Several scholars have described Plato's elusive stance in terms of distance, but their accounts have tended to fit it into their own pedagogical agendas, suggesting that Plato (covertly) uses the distance between himself and his audience to rhetorically persuasive effect. [23] The modalizing distance that I discern in the text of the Republic is more akin to the narratological category of distance described by Genette under the heading of narrative "mood," and to the mediacy that Stanzel sees as a defining feature of narrative itself. [24] Although I see no need to treat the author as a narrator, Plato is like a narrator (and, in the Republic, Socrates is one) who controls information in ways that both deny and fuel our desire for complete and ultimate knowledge. [25] The very fact that Plato's distance from speech in the dialogues needs somehow to be explained indicates its modalizing force; if, that is, I am right that interpreters must explain this distance away in order to reconstruct a subtext of univocal Platonic assertions.
Local Qualification in Socratic Dialogue
Most of what interests me about modality in the current study is a matter of semantic interpretation that extends well beyond the sentence. Some of the most important modalizing structures, such as fictionality and narrativity, are discursive and global rather than sentential and local, lying far outside the usual scope of linguistics but lending themselves to literary-rhetorical analysis. Yet the Republic, and the dialogues generally, are permeated by modalizing expressions at all levels of description, so much so that modalization might well be called a defining feature of Plato's depictions of Socratic dialogue. [26] A promising way to understand modalization in Plato might be to focus on the amorphous phenomenon known as Socratic irony. I think my argument here, however, will be better served by focusing on linguistic features that are relatively unambiguous. Continuing to draw on concepts from the scientific realm of linguistics for the nonscientific purposes of humanistic interpretation, we may identify specific as well as broad indicators of discursive modality in the language of Plato's text.
As a rule, conversation lends itself to specific grammatical constructions, and it becomes even more idiosyncratic in Plato's portrayal of exchanges dominated by Socrates. Some general and commonplace modalizing expressions are ubiquitous and accentuated enough to be eminently familiar to readers of Plato's dialogues. These include statements explicitly qualified by various lexical elements; questions, commands, and exhortations; and hypothetical conjectures, proposals, conditions, and forecasts. All of these constructions may be distinguished from straightforward declarative statements made in the indicative mood: they are forms of expression that do not communicate ideas, things, and situations as they are, but instead tender possibilities for consideration, describing what could or should be. Before undertaking a closer analysis of textual details in subsequent chapters, it will be worthwhile to survey briefly some of the ways that Plato's dialogues, and the Republic in particular, are unusually saturated with expressions of possibility. As in English, modal expressions in Greek are often genteel and laden with potential irony. But the main function under consideration here is the sense of remoteness—the perspectival mediation of certainty, fact, and reality—that can accumulate under the weight of nondeclarative forms of speech.
The conversation between Socrates and his companions is predominantly clever, urbane, teasing, and polite, and its casual tone creates another dimension of constant qualification. Elements of this tone, such as wordplay, contribute to a small-scale tendency toward digression that resembles the distractibility of real-life speakers in casual conversation. Along with particles, which are used in myriad and virtually untranslatable ways (and many of which could be labeled modalizing particles), the text is thoroughly peppered with polite expressions of conversational modesty. [27] Of these, I would single out some verbs for special notice: horaō 'to see' (used of following the conversation, as in "I see [what you mean]"); dokeō 'to think, seem' (often used with the dative case to express an opinion, as in "it seems to me"); and phainō 'to make appear' (often used in the passive, conceding likelihood in terms of appearance rather than reality, as in "it appears"). These commonplace words, which act as incidental stitches holding the conversation together, reappear in consciously heuristic discussion as crucial topics: appearance, opinion, likeness, and reality. Such verbs are liberally supplemented by conversational expressions of likelihood, necessity, and truth—including isōs 'perhaps'; eikos 'likely, probable'; dei 'it is necessary'; khrē 'it must'; anankē 'necessarily'; alēthē 'true'.
Given Socrates' obsession with questioning through conversation, a text such as the Republic naturally contains an extraordinary quantity of questions. Questioning is thus a foregrounded linguistic phenomenon in the text. It is also sometimes a debated topic in the conversation, as when Thrasymachus accuses Socrates of being an avid questioner but an evasive answerer (336c–338a). Some questions in the dialogue function as statements, others are really responses to questions, but the tone of questioning is often relentless. Imperatives of various sorts are also obviously much more prevalent in the conversation of the Republic than in, say, the nonfictional, historical prose of Thucydides. Characters urge themselves and the conversation forward in various indirect ways. "Is it resolved [dokei] that we must [khrēnai] try to carry this out?" asks Socrates at one point, questioning whether the group's inquiry should continue, adding "I suppose [oimai] it's no small job, so consider it" (δοκεῖ οὖν χρῆναι ἐπιχειρῆσαι περαίνειν; οἶμαι μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ὀλίγον ἔργον αὐτὸ εἶναι: σκοπεῖτε οὖν, 369b). While the legislative "is it resolved?" (dokeō) has a ring of decisiveness, the obligation of "must" (khrē) is softened by "try," which prioritizes effort over success. Similarly, the resolution to accept the obligation is proposed in a question rather than declared outright. Then "I suppose" qualifies the litotes of "no small job" with an ironic recognition of the difficulty involved, and the imperative "consider it" offers the interlocutor Adeimantus a chance to back out. Along with commands (which are usually in the imperative mood), we have many hortatory uses of the subjunctive serving a similar function, particularly in the first-person plural. "Let us make [poiōmen] a city-state in discourse from the beginning" is a typically phrased Socratic exhortation (τῷ λόγῳ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ποιῶμεν πόλιν, 369c).
In their discussion of ideas and methods, the characters in the Republic spin out all manner of speculation: conjectures, provisional plans, and hypothetical scenarios (sequences of imaginary events constructed from nonasserted premises or conditions). Grammatically, these speculative ventures rely heavily on the optative mood. This question asked by Socrates is an interesting example:
εἰ γιγνομένην πόλιν θεασαίμεθα λόγῳ, καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτῆς ἴδοιμεν ἂν γιγνομένην καὶ τὴν ἀδικίαν;
"If we should watch [theasaimetha] a city-state coming into being in discourse, … would we also see [idoimen] its justice coming into being, and its injustice?"
369aFor now, suffice it to observe that this overdetermined sentence may be read as a methodological, conditional, speculative, and rhetorical question. Having the force of a conditional statement, it describes a possible state of affairs: if one should do this, one would do that. At the same time, with the force of a question, the sentence outlines a possible course of action, taking on the guise of a proposal, an exhortation, and a supposition that could be accepted. The hypothesis is a theoretical possibility that could, in turn, be accepted as a practical possibility.
In traditional grammars of ancient Greek, the should–would construction just observed is known as the future-less-vivid and is classified as a future or potential condition. There is a sense in which the lack of commitment in such conditional sentences already makes them function like questions; they are limited to proposing possibilities. As Goodwin writes in his standard reference work on Greek Moods and Tenses, "the question as to the fulfillment of the future condition is still undecided." [28] Hence, in analyzing the example just discussed, we may refer to the possibility raised by the conditional if-clause (we might watch); the possibility of fulfillment in the then-clause (we might see); and the possibility, raised by the question, of accepting the entire statement as a supposition for further reasoning (we might agree). And let us not forget that the future is, strictly speaking, always unknown. As a modern linguist puts it, "in general, everything which relates to the future is qualitate qua hypothetical, since a possible rather than the actual world is involved." [29] The future-less-vivid conditional sentence in ancient Greek is thus named because it emphasizes possibility over likelihood. But even expressions of likelihood (or plausibility) remain modalized (remote from certainty) to a significant degree. [30]
Indeed, the modality and temporality of making a city-state in discourse is more complex than it might at first appear. When planning city-states and their governments in the Republic, Socrates and his companions often use predictive, future-oriented constructions in ways that signal the theoretical force of their conversational practice. For example: "The farmer, as it seems, won't make [poiēsetai] his own plow himself," says Socrates at one point (ὁ γὰρ γεωργός, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐκ αὐτὸς ποιήσεται ἑαυτῷ τὸ ἄροτρον, 370c). Even this apparently simple statement about an imaginary farmer is both a proposal for the city-state and a suppositional description of what would happen in the proposed city-state if it were ever made. Because Socrates' proposal is looking for agreement, the sentence is also questioning; declarative rather than interrogative or conditional in form, but questioning and hypothetical in function. The sentence also happens to be qualified ("as it seems") and negative ("won't make"), features that further modalize its force. Meanwhile, because the speakers are making a plan rather than an actual city-state, what they are doing in the present (in the practice of actual conversation) keeps getting thrown into the future (toward the possibility of action). "We will also need traders," remarks Socrates, for instance (καὶ ἐμπόρων δὴ δεησόμεθα, 371a). The plan needs traders in the present, but the planners would need traders if they actually were to make their city-state in the future.
Conditional constructions, which present one proposition as being dependent on (and thus subordinated under) another, are especially important for the interpretation elaborated in the second half of this book. Plato's Socrates is fond of building elaborate sequences of argumentation that rest on hypothetical foundations. In grammar, where "a declarative main clause typically conveys the speaker's commitment to the truth of the proposition expressed, such a commitment is often lost under subordination" (CGEL 174); even a statement like I know he is ill does not have the same force as he is ill. If there is indeed "a significant association between subordination and markers of modality" (CGEL 174), this is only compounded when an introductory main verb is itself explicitly modal in meaning (I doubt he is ill). My point here, though, is that the modalizing role of grammatical subordination can shed light on a related phenomenon in Socratic discourse, seen in theoretical experiments performed by way of words that accrete to form expansive chains of interdependent argument. In one basic pattern found in the Republic, interdependent claims (themselves often put forth as proposals, rather than firm assertions) derive from and refer back to a suppositional ground that is decidedly unasserted. When this happens, the hypothetical modality of the initial supposition can cast a persistent attitude of uncertainty over subsequent claims and conclusions.
Global Modality in the Republic
All of the modalizing features just described, which are common enough in ancient Greek but endemic to Plato's dialogues, accumulate in the back-and-forth of conversation, forming an important aspect of Platonic style by saturating the text with modal expressions. If the Republic as a whole does not come across as modalized by these local instances of qualified speech, this is largely because the conversation in the book has a strong heuristic pulse that propels it through compelling arguments and thematic statements. No matter how modalized it may be, these statements of opinion undoubtedly whet readers' desire to possess a linear Socratic-Platonic message. For the Republic portrays the evolution of a conversation from disorientation and aimless small talk into a self-conscious project, in which the speakers adopt methods for the purpose of understanding justice and injustice, and these topics are treated as objects to be pursued, seen, and found. At the same time, however, the discourse of this heuristic project is globally modalized by tropes that rhetorically establish distance between the seekers and their goals. Where an interpretation focused on expository, linear argumentation in the text might insist that this is Plato's real meaning—that the book's pattern of distancing is meant to replace the conversation's pattern of methodical seeking—the second half of my study observes that these are major dimensions of the Republic that both exist concurrently and have contradictory functions. In other words, a strong current of methodological self-examination (a countercurrent, if you like) accompanies the heuristic arguments found in the book, articulating a perspective in which fixed conclusions keep turning into ongoing questions.
Recursion is the master trope, if you will, driving this thematic countercurrent. For instance, the way that the Republic's conversational investigation of justice keeps doubling back on itself, becoming a conversation about the investigation of justice, is a major example of recursion in the text. We see recursion when a version of something occurs within itself, a phenomenon that can reach the extreme of infinite regression known as a mise-en-abîme. Here is how Jorge Luis Borges describes the famous literary example of the Thousand and One Nights, in which virtually countless narratives are embedded within each other: "This collection of fantastic tales duplicates and reduplicates to the point of vertigo the ramifications of the central story in later and subordinate stories" (1964:195). The Republic, I would stress, is permeated by similarly embedded structures of regressive self-reflection. [31]
Thematically, recursion in the Republic tends to emphasize the difficulties faced by human beings who are asking questions about the highest forms of knowledge. The closer the inquiry gets to talking about its highest goals, the more those goals are seen to recede from the seekers' grasp. My analysis of the text will give special attention to interrelated varieties of recursion, notably fictionality, digression, reported speech, and hypothetical speculation. These are large-scale tropes that work in sequences of subordination—so subsequent events in a fictional narrative remain under the auspices of fictional premises; a digression is subordinate to a main topic; a report is subordinate to an original; and a speculative proposal is subordinate to a supposition. As recursive sequences (a digression in a digression in a digression, for instance), these tropes amplify modality by extending and persisting through longer stretches of text. The next three chapters consider different sequences: the Republic as a fictional narrative, the conversational inquiry into the ideal state, and the discussion of the Good as an ideal object of knowledge. In these sequences I discern a recursive, self-reflective, and modalizing perspective on methodical investigation that pervades the book as a whole.
[ back ] 1. Tigerstedt 1977:15, cf. 24, 92.
[ back ] 2. Tigerstedt, in a chapter called "The Problem," is here paraphrasing Heinrich von Stein's description of the hapless, uninitiated reader's plight on encountering Plato's dialogues (1977:15); the problem is the interpretation of Plato in the face of how Plato wrote his dialogues.
[ back ] 3. For the suggestion that theories have fared better than interpretations in the study of Plato's literary form, see e.g. Cohn 2001:485, Rutherford 1995:26, Irwin 2002:199.
[ back ] 4. In moving from sentence to discourse, linguistic description encounters a similar proliferation of functions in English, since even basic "clause types" (declarative, interrogative, exclamative, and imperative) are used in many ways, while combinations of sentences in discourse can be interpreted as speech acts having many direct and indirect pragmatic functions (illocutionary meanings). See CGEL 36, 61–62.
[ back ] 5. Contrast the different project described by Irwin 2002, in which science may arrive at "true and historically accurate accounts of Plato" (199). See also Jeffries and McIntyre 2010:22–24 on objectivity in stylistics.
[ back ] 6. See Jakobson, "Linguistics and Poetics" (1987:62–94); Lyons 1968:70–81.
[ back ] 7. Jeffries and McIntyre 2010:30–34; Hawkes 2003:44–99; Fowler 1996:92–109; see Adams 1992 for Shklovsky, Mukarovsky.
[ back ] 8. Cf. the approach to language generally in CGEL: "The full support for a decision in grammatical description consists of confirmation from hundreds of mutually supportive pieces of evidence" (2002:21).
[ back ] 9. Cf. Hirsch 1976, esp. 41–44 on "patterns of emphasis" and "relative emphasis."
[ back ] 10. See Heath 2002:39–57. A simple example: Hirsch, even when arguing that we must judge between two incompatible interpretations of a poem (Brooks versus Bateson on Wordsworth), nevertheless gives the impression that both readings are quite successful (1976:41–51). Certainly, neither is deemed a failure.
[ back ] 11. E.g. Crombie on the "unifying theme—of which indeed Plato gives no plain statement" in the Republic (1962:74; see also 80). See below on possible differences, not observed in Crombie's terminology, between theme, thesis, and thematic statement.
[ back ] 12. See Lamarque and Olsen 1994:287, 321–338; along with Beardsley 1981:404.
[ back ] 13. Bloom's translation of the Republic (1968), frequently modified, has been used throughout because of its literal accuracy. The Greek edition used is that of Burnet (1903). Transliterated Greek words cited throughout the text may be found in the glossary.
[ back ] 14. Cf. Heath 2002:11–16.
[ back ] 15. For extended discussions of Socrates as mouthpiece for Plato, see Corlett 2005; Cohn 2001; Press 2000; Wolfsdorf 1999; Edelstein 1998; Mulhern 1971.
[ back ] 16. According to White, the aim of the Republic is "to discover what justice (dikaiosunē) is, and to show that it is more beneficial, in a certain sense of that word, than its contrary, injustice (adikia)" (1979:13). Emlyn-Jones and Preddy: "Ostensibly the construction of a 'Kallipolis' ('beautiful,' or 'fine city'), the purpose and aims of Republic are nevertheless far from straightforwardly expressed" (2013:1.ix). Cf. Reeve 1988:41–42; Crombie 1962:73–74.
[ back ] 17. Complaints like that made by Burnyeat, who says that for Leo Strauss the Republic "means the opposite of what it says" (1999:300–301), ignore the difference between the conversation, in which characters say things, and the book, which does not state or assert anything.
[ back ] 18. Lyons 1977:452; see Palmer 1986:1–23.
[ back ] 19. For considerations of the indicative as "unmodalized," see Lyons 1968:307–308; Palmer 1986:26–29; Duhoux 2000:179; CGEL 173.
[ back ] 20. As Huddleston and Pullum put it, "mood is a category of grammar, modality a category of meaning. Mood is a grammaticalisation of modality within the verbal system" (CGEL 172; see also 33–43, 172–177). For a concise statement of reservations concerning such an account of mood, see Salkie 1988. On the modalities of the Greek verb, see Duhoux 2000:176–186.
[ back ] 21. On discourse modality in linguistics, see Palmer 1986:91–94; Portner 2009:3–8. See Enkvist 1985 for a discussion exploring the place of rhetoric in stylistics.
[ back ] 22. See also Lamarque and Olsen 1994:321–338; cf. Cohn 2001:489.
[ back ] 23. Nightingale 2002 (epistemological distance) and 2004:96 (rhetoric of estrangement); Rowe 2007:25, 28–32; McCabe 2008:103–106; Clay 2000:28, 37; see also Tigerstedt 1977:94.
[ back ] 24. Genette 1980:162–185; Stanzel 1984:6.
[ back ] 25. For other views of narrative in Plato, see Morgan 2004 and Halliwell 2009.
[ back ] 26. On the model of linguistics, levels of description here correspond to categories or dimensions of constituents, as in the level of words, phrases, or sentences.
[ back ] 27. On particles and qualification, see Cook 1996:139–155.
[ back ] 28. Goodwin 1890, sec. 392.
[ back ] 29. Wakker 1994:21. So Comrie 1985 notes that the future tense is "necessarily more speculative" than the past, "in that any prediction we make about the future might be changed by intervening events" (43). For more on tenses and modality see Fleischman 1989. Quirk et al. suggest that the future tense does not really exist in English, and see the verb form will as essentially a modal auxiliary (1972:84–90).
[ back ] 30. Scalar models of linguistic modality that measure degrees of remoteness from actuality are comparable with some philosophical theories of conditionals: "Conditionals can be accepted with different degrees of closeness to certainty" in "a range of epistemic attitudes" (Edgington 2008, sec. 3.1); see Ramsey 1990:145–163.
[ back ] 31. For more on the mise-en-abîme (a phrase drawn from heraldry by André Gide), see Dällenbach 1989; see also Bal 2009:62–64, who prefers to call such narratives "mirror-texts."


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Large corporations that wish to make podcasts available to their consumers are generating new revenue streams for the rights holders. The Wall Street Journal looks at one such deal between an agency and a major label.
San Francisco-based Rock River Communications Inc. has struck some of the first deals to license major-label content for podcasts. Rock River, which specializes in making the mix CDs sold at the check-out counters of retailers like Gap Inc. and Williams-Sonoma Inc.'s Pottery Barn, is creating a series of promotional podcasts on behalf of corporate clients including DaimlerChrysler AG and Ford Motor Co.
Chrysler and Ford pay Sony BMG Music Entertainment — the joint venture of Sony Corp. and Germany's Bertelsmann AG — a flat fee, which the companies decline to disclose, for the right to distribute the podcasts for a year, regardless of how many or how few copies are downloaded. Users can keep the programs on their personal computers or MP3 players indefinitely.
"What we're doing with podcasts is taking the King Biscuit Flower Hour notion of sponsored content," says Rock River President and Chief Executive Jeff Daniel. "It's a patronage model."


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2018 Christmas at YFT
Our Christmas Outreach Program provides Christmas gifts and food assistance for children that we serve in our residential programs and in Prince William and Fairfax County schools. With your help, we are providing food assistance to 1200 families for the holidays this year.
Online Angel Tree
This year, with your help, we will provide Christmas gifts to nearly 300 boys and girls we serve in our programs. Select from the items below and bring some Christmas cheer to our kids.
Thank you in advance for your support of our children this holiday season and may God Bless you and your family.
Amazon Gift Registry
Shop for gifts online from our gift registry at Amazon. Click here to start shopping.
Please have your gifts delivered by December 15th!
Shipping instructions - You can have your gifts shipped directly to us at the campus. The shipping address is:
Youth For Tomorrow
11835 Hazel Circle Dr.
Bristow, VA 20136
Attn: Love Jones, Development Office
Make a Donation
Please consider supporting the our Christmas Outreach with a donation. Any amount is welcome.


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Cork City Fire Brigade took the opportunity to use the Mainport Pine, which is currently berthed in the Port of Cork for a marine training exercise this afternoon. The exercise involved around 8 firefighters from Anglesea St fire station practicing some stretcher and recovery drills and Captain Kevin Muir and Marine Superintendent Damien O'Sullivan gave […]Read more
Maritime Training for Mainport staff!
In Mainport, we are fortunate to have the excellent National Maritime College right on our doorstep in Ringaskiddy. We know that our staff don't all need to have seafaring experience to work with us, but as a maritime company, we felt that it was important that we all understand the daily activities of our colleagues […]Read more


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My Recovery from Autism – and the Myth of "False" Hope
Welcome to the Online Resources for Chapter 1 of my book Autism Breakthrough: The Groundbreaking Method That Has Helped Families All Over the World. I'm so glad you're here!
Since this chapter is very personal, I have included some photos of me growing up.
Check out this fantastic documentary about my niece Jade's journey. It's not only inspiring and moving, but you can see a Son-Rise Program® in action. I felt so privileged to be a part of her program!


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Our Wallpapering Instructions
You'll find all the tricks of the trade in our Wallpapering Instructions.
Item number: 270195270195
Delivery times refer to selected country Deutschland.Change country
Shipping costs:
Standard shipping: £11.13
Express shipping: from £46.41
You can print out the sample to get a better idea of the wallpaper pattern.
Print out a sample of the wallpaper (with a scale of 1:1) in order to get a better idea of the dimensions of the individual design elements.Print a sample now
Order a sample of this wallpaper to get an exact idea of the material, the structure and the colour.
Anthracite and shades of grey are the main colours of this version of the natural stone imitation NLXL Designer wallpaper. Black marble with white structures - this design embodies luxurious elegance and dazzling grandeur. This premium-quality imitation wallpaper is deceptively realistic and exudes glamour.


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Style 600 lightweight stylish ABS White Safety Helmet
Scott Safety
Style 600 lightweight stylish ABS safety helmet manufactured to EN397.
Code: HC600
Scott Safety
£9.99 Each (ex. VAT)
Style 600 lightweight stylish ABS White Safety Helmet
Style 600 offers a perfect blend of comfort, stability and balance to ensure a high degree of wearer acceptance even in the most arduous head protection environments. Style 600's stylish design ensures wearers are happier to wear a piece of head protection they are obliged to wear and its multiple branding positions provide a sense of pride and identity for workers. Style 600 utilises premium quality durable ABS polymer for long lasting protection and aesthetics. In addition to being able to connect to Protector's extensive range of face and hearing protection, Style 600 can be specified with an internal retractable eyeshield to ensure eye protection is always at hand. 8 point terylene harness. 30mm accessory slots. Lightweight - 350g. Manufactured to EN397.
Manufacturer Details
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Mecmesin Announces Helixa Precision Torque Tester
New from Mecmesin, the Helixa precision torque tester has been designed for achieving precise alignment when using the most sensitive torque sensors
It is a significant development in the torque testing of finely engineered components.
Designers and engineers of the smallest rotary controls, the lightest springs, the finest bearings, and the most precise rotating fittings are already adopting the Helixa for its leading-edge features.
A choice of intelligent torque cells allows measurement from 6 N.m down to just a few mN.m. Concentricity at extreme low torques is ensured by the facility to align specific fixtures with the selected torque cell. Mecmesin's Emperor™ control and acquisition software provides for building sophisticated test programs and complex results analysis. This combination of features ensures an unparalleled degree of accuracy and repeatability.
The Helixa is ideal where rotation of components is very precise, or very light, measuring a range of critical torque features, including breakaway torque in fine bearings, the precise operation of click-stop dials and twist-dispensers, the 360 degree smoothness of controls, or the quality assurance of mass-produced medical Luer fittings.
Where axial forces count, the Helixa has additional key features. A counterbalancing mechanism can be used to remove axial forces due to the torque cell and fixturing, and if required, a top-load platen can then be used to apply a specific static axial force.
Applications for which the Helixa has been designed include:
• Luer fittings (slip and lock)
• Dosage-dial drug delivery devices (e.g. insulin pens)
• Light and miniature torsion springs
• Electronics rotary controls and components
• Fine and high-performance bearings
• Child-resistant closures (CRCs)
• Cosmetics twist-dispensers (e.g. lipsticks)
Mecmesin Managing Director John Page states: "with the release of the Helixa, Mecmesin now has the ability more effectively to address low torque applications (below 6 N.m) where the accuracy and repeatability of results is crucial. The counterbalanced crosshead means that the frictional effect on the sample from the mass of the transducer head during testing is significantly reduced. Combined with the ability to align and lock the position of the transducer concentrically in relation to the lower fixturing it ensures the Helixa will provide market-leading reproducibility of test data."
The Helixa is available as a PC-controlled version (the Helixa-i), driven by Mecmesin's powerful Emperor™ software, or as a stand-alone version (the Helixa-xt) controlled from an integral touch-screen console.
Complementing the Helixa is a range of torque testing accessories, including a precision fixing plate for securing even the lightest samples and bellows for dust protection. Mecmesin has a team of experienced application engineers to design bespoke fixturing often required for precision testing at this level.
Jenny Montgomery
Mecmesin Ltd
+44 (0) 1403 799979
Tuesday 22 April 2014 / file under Safety | Packaging | Medical | Machinery | Engineering | Electronics


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The Cork University Business School – Ireland is offering scholarship opportunities to International Scholarships to Interested applicants who wants to undergo a degree program at the Institution.This scholarship program is designed to help promote women take on leadership roles within companies and organizations has been developed in collaboration with the 30% Club.
Value Of Scholarships
The scholarship is valued at €27,000 covering the cost of the recipient's tuition fees.
The Scholarship is open to all female applicants who meet the entry requirements and have accepted a place on the UCC Executive MBA programme.
Applicants must be International Female Students
Applicants must have completed their Bachelors degree program
Applicants must be proficient in English Language
Application Process
Applicants must submit an application to the UCC Executive MBA Academic Director. Making special reference to the Scholarship, they must also include a short personal statement of no more than 1,000 words identifying the reasons why they would benefit from participating in the programme and outline their future career ambitions.
Visit The Official Website For More Information.


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Local College Funding Experts to Give Financial Aid Tips for "Forgotten" Middle Class Families
Weston, FL -- (ReleaseWire) -- 08/31/2009 -- The Sagemont School, a private school located in Broward County Florida, will host a series of private college planning nights exclusively for its college-bound parents and students.
"This promises to be a competitive year for admissions to the top colleges," said Dr. Brent Goldman, Headmaster and President of The Sagemont School. "Last year's Seniors had a fantastic record, getting into the most prestigious colleges in the country and we want to keep the momentum. That's a testament to the excellent quality of our students and Mellesia Nelson, head of our college guidance department," said Goldman.
"We'll do anything we can to give our students an edge," said Nelson. "But we go beyond merely advising the students. We help parents figure out how to pay for college, in this economy. For the second consecutive year, we're inviting College Planning Specialists of Florida to speak about financial aid tips and strategies," said Nelson.
"We're pleased to have been invited back. And our information on how even middle class families can save $30,000 or more off the cost of college is even more timely this year compared to last," said Andrew Lockwood, co-founder of Weston-based College Planning Specialists.
"Many 'forgotten' middle class families mistakenly believe that they won't qualify for financial aid," said Peter "College Pete" Ratzan, a former teacher and co-founder of College Planning Specialists. "So they needlessly rule out the more expensive, competitive colleges that carry a big 'sticker price,' when sometimes it could actually cost them less out of pocket to send their children there!" Ratzan said.
The dates of the private college planning meetings are available by contacting The Sagemont School directly.
About The Sagemont School:
The Sagemont School offers a college prep curriculum and operates two campuses in Weston, Fl. In Pre-K through Grade 5, The Sagemont School offers core concepts in a creative environment combined with weekly specials that include science, art, music, Spanish, swimming, PE and media and technology. From middle school through graduation, Sagemont students choose from a variety of regular, honors and AP course work. In addition, students share in a networked wireless laptop community and participate in a comprehensive guidance program for college entrance.
For more information on The Sagemont School, contact Dr. Brent Goldman, President at (954) 389-2454 ext, 305, or email email@example.com.
The Sagemont School, Upper School Campus
2585 Glades Circle Weston, FL 33327
Phone 954-389-2454
About College Planning Specialists of Florida:
Peter "College Pete" Ratzan, MBA and Andrew Lockwood, J.D. are co-founders of College Planning Specialists of Florida, a college funding and admissions consulting firm in Weston, Florida. College Pete and Andy conduct free college planning workshops for parents of college-bound teens struggling with how to pay for college: "How You Can Slash Your College Costs by $30,000 or More...Even if You've Been Told 'You Won't Qualify' For Financial Aid." They offer state-of –the art, discounted SAT, ACT and PSAT study courses on their new site, SmokeTheSAT.com.
For more information, visit http://www.LearnCollegeFunding.com, email email@example.com or call 954.659.1234 ext. 202.


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Park Inn by Radisson Hotel Brussels Midi awarded TripAdvisor Greenleaders Status
Park Inn by Radisson Brussels Midi has been accepted as Gold Level GreenLeader in the TripAdvisor® GreenLeaders™ programme, recognising hotels that engage in environmentally friendly practices and help travellers plan greener stays.
As Gold Level Greenleader, the dynamic mid-market hotel has met a set of environmental standards developed for TripAdvisor in consultation with the United Nations Environment Programme, the U.S. Green Building Council, ENERGY STAR®, and the International Center for Responsible Tourism Canada, among other leading national and international green industry experts.
"We care about operating sustainably – this is a firm part of our core purpose. We are delighted to be accepted as Gold Level GreenLeader," said Christel Cabanier, General Manager of Park Inn by Radisson Brussels Midi and District Director Park Inn by Radisson Belgium & France.
Park Inn by Radisson Brussels Midi is an ideal hub for travellers: Located next to the international railway station of Brussels, it features 142 colourful and bright rooms, and five modern meeting rooms with a dynamic Smart Meetings and Events concept for all business needs.
"TripAdvisor GreenLeaders are leading the hospitality industry in making efforts to improve their environmental footprint", commented Jenny Rushmore, Director of Responsible Travel at TripAdvisor. "We greatly applaud these hotels, and are pleased to share their eco-friendly practices with our online community of more than 260 million travellers who visit the site each month".
Travellers can search for accommodations that have TripAdvisor GreenLeaders status on the TripAdvisorwebsite and view a detailed list of environmentally-friendly practices that they can expect at each location. The higher the status, the greater the impact of a hotel's green practices.
Notes to Editors:
About Park Inn® by Radisson
Park Inn® by Radisson is a fresh and energetic mid-market hotel brand offering friendly and welcoming hospitality at a competitive price. Park Inn by Radisson has more than 130 hotels across Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and the Americas. To attract a mix of business and leisure travelers, the brand offers guests a variety of relevant amenities called "Park Inn Essentials." Some of these include complimentary high-speed Internet access, fitness and business centers, restaurants or complimentary lite "grab and go" breakfasts.
Park Inn by Radisson is a part of Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group, which also includes Quorvus Collection, Radisson Blu®, Radisson®, Radisson Red, Park Plaza® and Country Inns & Suites By CarlsonSM.
For more information and reservations visit, www.parkinn.com.
About TripAdvisor
TripAdvisor® is the world's largest travel site*, enabling travelers to plan and have the perfect trip. TripAdvisor offers trusted advice from real travelers and a wide variety of travel choices and planning features with seamless links to booking tools. TripAdvisor branded sites make up the largest travel community in the world, reaching nearly 260 million unique monthly visitors**, and more than 150 million reviews and opinions covering more than 4 million accommodations, restaurants and attractions. The sites operate in 41 countries worldwide, including China under daodao.com. TripAdvisor also includes TripAdvisor for Business, a dedicated division that provides the tourism industry access to millions of monthly TripAdvisor visitors.
TripAdvisor, Inc. (NASDAQ: TRIP) manages and operates websites under 23 other travel media brands: www.airfarewatchdog.com, www.bookingbuddy.com, www.cruisecritic.com, www.everytrail.com, www.familyvacationcritic.com, www.flipkey.com, www.gateguru.com, www.holidaylettings.co.uk, www.holidaywatchdog.com, www.independenttraveler.com, www.jetsetter.com, www.lafourchette.com, www.niumba.com, www.onetime.com, www.oyster.com, www.seatguru.com, www.smartertravel.com, www.tingo.com, www.travelpod.com, www.tripbod.com, www.vacationhomerentals.com, www.virtualtourist.com, and www.kuxun.cn.
*Source: comScore Media Metrix for TripAdvisor Sites, worldwide, Q1 2014
**Source: Google Analytics, average monthly unique users, Q1 2014; does not include traffic to daodao.com
For further media information, please contact:
Christel Cabanier, General Manager of Park Inn by Radisson Brussels Midi, District Director Belgium & France. E-mail: email@example.com


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In the dense urban environment of Manhattan, available land is finite, but demand for additional space is insatiable. Consequently, owners devise ambitious and inventive strategies to eke out more space from their land. Some tear down their buildings and rebuild to the heights limited by zoning restrictions. Yet, in Landmarked Districts, owners cannot tear down. They can, however, expand in two directions: up and down. Expanding up can be constrained by either sightline requirements or a contextual design. Expanding down can be a logistical nightmare. Both are expensive and they both require significant structural engineering to redirect load paths and to understand the affect of the expansion on adjacent properties. The existing building at 23 Cornelia Street in Manhattan's historic Greenwich Village is a two-story townhouse built in the late 19th century. The unreinforced masonry and wood-framed structure, with a footprint of 20 ft by 100 ft, has been landmarked by The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, who ruled that the building's sightline must remain unchanged. The owner decided to increase his living space by adding an additional story below with a swimming pool and an additional story above with a gabled roof. This article presents the structural design considerations required to enlarge this townhouse. To seismically retrofit the building, we inserted new concrete shear walls and steel-moment frames and tied the existing unreinforced masonry walls to the new lateral system. To meet the challenges of excavating in an urban environment, we specified construction sequences, underpinning procedures, and designed temporary bracing for the substantial lateral soil pressures and surcharges from adjacent buildings.
Expanding a New Landmark: The Stable at 23 Cornelia Street
June 29, 2011
Publication: Structural Engineering & Design p 46
Services: Structural Design Structural Rehabilitation
Markets: Residential - Condominium


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For Immediate Release
June 27, 2008
RICHMOND – The footprints of organized crime displayed by this week's raid of the province's largest-ever ecstasy bust displays the need for vigilance and the need for more public safety resources, Richmond City Councillor Derek Dang said today on behalf of the Richmond First Team.
"The RCMP and their integrated teams deserves to be commended for their actions in taking down this massive drug lab and wiping out this blight on our community," said Councillor Dang. "But if there's one thing this bust shows us it's that the RCMP deserves increased resources to keep our growing community safe from the tentacles of organized crime."
On June 20th Richmond RCMP busted a drug lab at 21880 River Road, finding over 200 kilograms of pressed tablets capable of producing over 750,000 pills of ecstasy. On site, officers also discovered explosives and nine semi-automatic weapons, forcing the evacuation of surrounding residences. On Monday, two more drug houses were raided at 23281 Gilley and 8440 Odlin Crescent finding two marijuana-growing operations and more explosives.
"While drug labs are certainly a threat to the public, the bigger safety risk here appears to be the presence of explosives and semi-automatic weapons," said Councillor McNulty. "No Richmond resident should stand for that level of danger living in their community, let alone in the house next door."
On Thursday, Bob Harriman, Chief Superintendent in charge of Federal Criminal Operations for the RCMP in British Columbia, reported that organized crime in B.C. is profiting from the business of preying on communities with their guns, drugs and illegally obtained profits, at the expense of innocent victims across British Columbia at an enormous risk to the public. Harriman stressed the need for cooperation of all levels of government to tackle the challenge of organized crime.
"We're willing to stand-up and work with the RCMP to ensure they have the resources they need to tackle these challenges," said Former Councillor and current council candidate Ken Johnston. "When these drug labs get to the stage where explosives are being found along side a weapons cache, we know that public safety is at risk and we have to do everything we can to protect our citizens."
Richmond First Councillors and Council candidates are on record supporting more police resources, especially for the RCMP's special integrated teams. In this case, the integrated drug task force took the lead to take down the lab.
"We need to see Richmond step up and put more resources in to the RCMP's integrated teams," said Former Councillor and current council candidate Kiichi Kumagai. "It's very disturbing to me when residents do not feel safe in their own neighbourhood."
Five persons were arrested after the raids were conducted, with RCMP officials stating further arrests are anticipated.


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We've had several new properties this month including new build homes in sought after locations to city apartments amongst the hustle and bustle, so there's some really good opportunities to live somewhere pretty exciting. We could put together an endless list of properties we think you'd love but we'd be here all day so here are our top 5 properties this March!
Carnforth Avenue
£795 pcm
This 2 bedroom home is split over three floors and is on the exclusive new development Agenda. This brand new home boasts endless features starting with the quirky layout, modern sleek open plan kitchen/diner, balcony and a master bedroom with ensuite.
This home is in the centre of Wakefield, you won't need to walk far to get to the train station (exactly a 6 minute walk), perfect for commuting into Leeds and other nearby cities. If you're commuting, you'll be able to leave your car at home on your off road parking space.
Find out more here
Agenda Development
We currently have a selection of 2 and 3 bed homes on the prestigious Origin development in Featherstone, Pontefract.
These homes are of a high standard and boast plenty of space, light and modern interior throughout.
2 Bedroom Homes
On the ground floor is a light and spacious living room that runs from the front to the back of the house. This area has space for a dining table and corner sofa. The contemporary kitchen is fitted with stylish units complete with an oven/hob with extractor.
3 Bed Homes
These 3 bed homes comprise of 1 single bedroom and 2 double. On the ground floor, the bright and spacious lounge is complimented by a set of patio doors leading out into the rear enclosed garden. A contemporary kitchen comes complete with sleek finished wooden units and a stainless steel oven/hob with extractor fan.
Britannia Gardens, Pudsey
£700 pcm
A traditionally built 2 bedroom new build town house located in Pudsey, Leeds. This home is surrounded by local countryside and boasts 2 double bedrooms, parking and a downstairs WC.
This home is complimented by a spacious and bright lounge and a contemporary kitchen with high quality laminate work tops, stylish wooden units and under wall lighting. The kitchen is completed by a stainless steel oven/hob with extractor.
Find out more here
Affordable Rent properties
Properties offered under the Affordable Rent scheme are offered at 80% of the open market value.
This scheme is available for those who are unable to rent on the open market.
There is a certain criteria you must meet in order to be eligible for an Affordable Rent property which can be found here
This scheme is based upon an initial application process. If your application has been successful, you will be offered a house viewing. Application details can be found on individual property adverts.
The Rise, Pateley Place
The Rise boasts a spacious open plan living area that features a Juliet balcony with views over the attractive Pateley Place development. The fully fitted kitchen has been fitted to a high specification and includes all integrated appliances such as fridge freezer and washing machine. The kitchen is completed with a stainless steel over, hob and extractor.
This modern apartment comprises of two large fully carpeted double bedrooms. The master bedroom features a private en-suite with shower. The Rise is located within the gated Pateley Place development and has an intercom and fob system. Secure parking is available.
Find out more here
Gotts Road, Leeds
A modern apartment located right in the centre of Leeds, Catalina apartments are ideal for people who work in the city centre. This apartment boasts a light and spacious open-plan living area with french doors that lead out on to a Juliet balcony overlooking the large communal area. The contemporary kitchen is complete with oven/hob, washer/dryer, fridge/freezer and sleek wooden units.
Find out more here


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Peter Mettler blends documentary observation with lyrical camerawork, location sound with aural sculpture. The result is an audio-visual composition whose movements challenge our preconceptions, evoking in us the wonder and awe of our daily existence. It is a mosaic of moments where the whole is much greater than the sum of its parts. Gambling, Gods and LSD invites the viewer to actively participate in the making of meaning, so that the central theme of the film and the experience of watching it become one and the same. A visionary, intuitive journey. A lucid and personal portrait of our times.
Gambling, Gods and LSD, the journey to what we can not see
"I'm afraid I sin, Peter," says a drug addict, a friend of the author, as they both walk down a lonely street in the middle of the night. It is one of the first scenes of the film directed by Peter Mettler, which will only be a first stop in this cinematic journey to explore what the Swiss director calls the "static states".
In this way, the walk of this "sinful" drug addict in his permanent search for an idealized sense of escapism is connected with the images of the people attending an evangelical church amid their almost catatonic exaltation. The journey continues to the laboratory where an erotic electro-stimulation system is being tested. There, we hear from a scientist that the orgasmic states have much influence in the way we carry on with our lives.
In this film-essay, Mettler travels and films on four continents - from Las Vegas, in the United States, to Kerala, in India - sometimes with a beautiful imperfection, others with delicate sobriety, men and women at the mercy of their geographic and psychological atmospheres. The film manages to answer the author's own question on the screen: How to show what I cannot see?


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In its announcement, Rocket Lab said that it was able to gather the data it needs, because the vehicle was unharmed and was able to continue sending information to its ground team. It also explained that it wasn't able to detect the issue before the flight, because the electrical connection remained secure throughout testing. However, its now knows that the issue can be avoided through additional tests. Rocket Lab founder and CEO Peter Beck said in a statement:
"The issue occurred under incredibly specific and unique circumstances, causing the connection to fail in a way that we wouldn't detect with standard testing. Our team has now reliably replicated the issue in test and identified that it can be mitigated through additional testing and procedures."
The next Electron launch doesn't have an exact date yet, but it will take off from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand.
For the latest tech news and updates, Install TechCodex App, and follow us on Google News, Facebook, and Twitter. Also, if you like our efforts, consider sharing this story with your friends, this will encourage us to bring more exciting updates for you.


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Save our Sounds is the British Library's programme to preserve the nation's sound heritage
via http://www.bl.uk/projects/save-our-sounds
The British nation's sound collections are under threat, both from physical degradation and as the means of playing them disappear from production. Archival consensus internationally is that we have approximately 15 years in which to save our sound collections by digitising them before they become unreadable and are effectively lost.
The British Library is home to the British nation's sound archive, an extraordinary collection of over 6.5 million recordings of speech, music, wildlife and the environment, from the 1880s to the present day. We need both to ensure that the existing archive is properly preserved, and that there are adequate systems in place for the acquisition of future sound production in the UK.
The Save our Sounds programme has been created to answer this imperative need. It has three major aims:
- to preserve as much as possible of the nation's rare and unique sound recordings, not just those in our collections but also key items from partner collections across the UK
- to establish a national radio archive that will collect, protect and share a substantial part of the UK's vibrant radio output, working with the radio industry and other partners
- to invest in new technology to enable us to receive music in digital formats, working with music labels and industry partners to ensure their long-term preservation
UK Sound Directory
We are undertaking a national audit to map the condition of sound archives around the country and identify other threatened collections – if you have a sound collection which you think could be at risk, get in touch and let us know.
Support the project
Please get in touch with us if you would like to donate to support this project, or to discuss how you or your organisation can help preserve the nation's audio heritage.
Our Sounds website has over 60,000 sound recordings for all to enjoy, covering the entire range of recorded sounds: music, drama and literature, oral history, wildlife and environmental sounds.
The British Library Sound Archive
There is more information on our Sound Archive and how to use its collections on our Help for Researchers pages.
Follow us on Twitter @soundarchive and use the hashtag #saveoursounds
Keep up with the latest news on Sounds through our Sound and vision blog.
- See more at: http://www.bl.uk/projects/save-our-sounds
Call for submissions. Fantasy and science fiction stories on the theme of music.
Submission deadline 30th April 2010.
£80 per acceptance.
Full submission guidelines at http://www.music-strange-fiction-submissions.info
A Peace of Music: The West-Eastern Divan - a symposium exploring the politics of peace in the Middle East as enacted through music
Friday 6 June 2008 10.00am to 5.30pm, followed by a drinks reception @ City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB
Netaudio, the Offline Festival for Online Music comes back to London after a great festival in Berlin in 2007
Netaudio'08 will take place from 22nd to 25th October 2008 at Shunt, a extensive labyrinth of tunnels underneath London Bridge Station.
Women in Games Conference: Call for Papers and Participation
Date: 31 May 2008
Venue: University of Warwick, UK
Website: www.womeningames.com
The Women In Games conference encourages research and seeks to promote careers for women within the games industry. If games are to become a true sibling medium to music and cinema, the industry needs greater balance in its audience and its workforce. The Women In Games conference takes place from 10-12th September 2008 and welcomes participants from both industry and academia, providing a forum for presentation and discussion of issues relating to all aspects of women's involvement in games, including game development, game playing and women as portrayed within games.
Although this conference is concerned with women and games please note that men are also very welcome to participate! The industry needs a meaningful dialogue between the sexes as it moves forward.
Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK
gps data - drive from home to work, UK exported 24/02/2005
Shirley, Southampton to Chandlers Ford
gps data - world view
May 15 2006
gps data : NZ, Australia, UK, India
The DUOTECH show rumbles around fortnightly to lay down a barrage of funky electronics for your sonic satisfaction. Programmed by Tor Petersen and Leigh Jardine and streamed through www.freakin.org worldwide. If you fancy a listen, as always, it's available to download at http://www.duotech.org/page3.htm. eclectic electrics with duotech fortnightly wednesdays from 20:00 UK time streaming on www.freakin.org


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Return Policy
30-Day Return Policy
If you are not satisfied with any product purchased directly from Wyld Gear via our website within the first 30 days after receiving your product, visit our online return process to print out a return label. No refunds will be given on merchandise returned after 30 days of the original receipt date.
You may return any item purchased from wyldgear.us for up to 30 days after the date of receipt for a full refund. This return policy only applies to products purchased directly from Wyld Gear and, as such, Wyld Gear does not accept returns for any item purchased outside of wyldgear.us. All merchandise must be unused and returned in the original packaging. Any original shipping costs are non-refundable unless the merchandise was shipped incorrectly.
If you want to exchange an item, please return your item(s) for a full refund and place a new order for the correct item.
All returns including warranty returns must be processed online at wyldgear.us. Once approved, you will receive a Return Merchandise Number that must be included on the shipping box with your return.
For return of product past the 30-Day Return period, please see our Warranty Policy.
Your card will be credited upon receipt and inspection of the returned merchandise.
For any other questions or concerns, please email us at email@example.com about the Cancellation
You may cancel your order for a full refund any time prior to shipment. However, once an order ships you will have to follow the returns process if you want to return an item. Any refused deliveries will be charged a return shipping fee equal to the greater of $10 or 15% of the order sales value.


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Denville NJ
Denville NJ
Fender benders. Hit and runs. Pedestrian accidents. Head-on collisions. The list goes on and on. Car accidents on New Jersey roadways are a regular occurrence. The National Safety Council estimates that, in 2015, 38,300 people were killed and 4.4 million were injured in traffic accidents in the United States. In addition to the emotional trauma of experiencing a car accident, those involved in car accidents often suffer physical injury. If you have been injured in a car accident due to someone else's negligence, you may receive compensation for your injuries. At the Leonard Legal Group, our Denville NJ attorneys concentrate on personal injury law, bringing a wealth of experience and a proven track record of success in recovering damages for your injuries.
When there is a car accident, once any injuries are tended to, the next question that arises is regarding what caused the accident and who is to blame. For many people involved in car accidents, it is not uncommon to utter the words "I'm sorry" immediately following a car accident. While these kind words of empathy and compassion may naturally come to mind upon seeing that someone has been injured, these two words can be seen as admission of fault. Any statements or actions that suggest guilt or acceptance of liability can ultimately be used against you in a lawsuit. So instead of apologizing, ask if the other person is all right.
Legal claims that are filed as a result of a car accident fall under the law of negligence. When an individual has shown negligence, they have failed to exercise reasonable care toward others under the circumstances in that given situation. The court considers several factors in determining whether a driver exhibited negligence. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
Legally holding the negligent party responsible for the accident is not always straightforward. The negligent driver's insurance company will look to place blame on another involved party to avoid paying the claim.
The top-rated personal injury attorneys at the Leonard Legal Group have successfully secured just compensation for accident victims in Denville and throughout New Jersey. To schedule a confidential consultation to discuss your case, contact our office today at 973-884-1414 or online. If you or someone you love has been injured in an accident, contact us for a free consultation.
Morristown Office
Phone: (973) 984-1414
165 Washington Street
Morristown, NJ 07960
Franklin Lakes Office
841 Franklin Avenue Unit 6
Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417


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Barrel Love
Posted on Wednesday, Oct 13 2010 - 12:00 am
There's nothing like a little wine barrel delivery to warm your heart! They are truly beautiful!
10/13/2010 16:39 / Jennifer said:
Very nice...
10/27/2010 07:52 / Jazz said:
I love the slide show of the wine barrels. It makes my mouth water. It fills me with envious anticipation. What happens next? Jazzmin


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LAS VEGAS – Treasury and finance professionals worry about customer data being stolen by criminals. But what would happen if customers' biometric data, such as DNA, used to access their accounts was compromised?
Corporates and governments alike have shown interest in biometric authentication recently, due to the enhanced level of security that it offers. Jerome Ajdenbaum, VP, Business Development, IDEMIA, said he expects to see a worldwide rollout of biometrics. "It's very cultural, so we won't see the same thing," he said. "There won't be the same pressure to adopt it in each country. We're already seeing it in the U.S., with driver's licenses being connected."
A biometric template of a customer is essentially a bunch of computer code that could potentially be altered or sold. For example, India now has 1.3 billion biometric identities that are potentially vulnerable to hackers.
Tom DeWinter, manager of business development for Iris ID Systems Inc., noted that the UIDAI program was started because there were so many people in India that didn't have any identification. "So right now, the biometrics are stored and they could be compromised. But they each received an ID number—a real number that you could write out and give to somebody, like a social security number that's based on the biometrics stored," he said. "So the fact that the biometrics could get compromised is an important issue."
He added that this may be where technology like blockchain could really help to secure that biometric data. "If the basis of it is compromised, then we can add another layer," he said. "So I think that's part of the answer."
Hacking biometrics may be a long way off, but it raises serious questions about how corporates should address security. For example, what would happen if Apple's Touch ID technology on iPhones and iPads was compromised? What if hackers steal the data on a user's right thumbprint? Does that mean the user then can't use their right thumbprint anywhere else?
DeWinter noted that biometric data like a thumbprint only works on one particular device. So if your fingerprint data at Apple was compromised, it may only be compromised for use on Apple devices. "But you're probably more worried about when the FBI and the CIA were hacked a few years ago," he said. "The FBI database has expanded face and fingerprint data that was compromised. But they have countermeasures in place—second and third level steps. So, for example, a person presenting an image at an airport terminal or an NIH lab is going to be date and timestamped. So that creates a challenge to the person presenting a live token or a biometric. I don't know all the answers but I think we're trying to move that part forward."
For more on digital identity, don't miss the Tuesday Keynote speech at next month's BreakThrough Treasury and Finance forum. Eric Rosenbach, former Pentagon Chief of Staff, will discuss how digital identity and other fintech will disrupt financial services. Learn more here.


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A Southend United XI side secured a 5-0 win against Stambridge United tonight in their latest pre-season friendly.The Blues sent a mixture of trialists and under 18 players to face the Essex Olympian League outfit.
And goals from Rob Hyms, Shamir Mullings, Fope Coker, Jack Payne and an own goal were enough to seal a comfortable victory.
Southend took only two minutes to open their account through a free-kick from left-back Rob Hyms when his effort took a deflection off a Stambridge defender and past keeper Paul Horwood.
Soon after and it was 2-0 to the visitors when Horwood dropped Marlon Agyakwa's corner, allowing Shamir Mullings to tap in from close range.
After the half-time break Blues made six changes to their side and it was substitute Fope Coker who added their third with a cool finish from 14-yards after racing clear of the Stambridge back four.
Jack Payne then added a fourth after doing well to shrug off his marker before rounding Horwood in the Stambridge goal, with United's fifth of the evening coming via an own goal from the hosts full-back Ryan Saggers.
Southend: Bentley (Chambers 46), Woodyard, Banton, Tatham, Hyms (Edwards 46), Agyakwa (Coker 46), Folly (Payne 46), Fofana, Bridge (Njee 46), Tomney, Mullings (Paxman 46).


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Wonderfully retro desktop file organizer from the 1940s. Vintage steel refinished in Sage Green powder coat (RAL6021). Six slots, perfect for keeping all your important papers in one tidy place.
This piece is in excellent refinished vintage condition; steel may show gentle signs of wear due to history. Please refer to photos.
Listing is for one unit in Sage Green. Please contact us for other available colors and for combined pricing offers.
Dimensions: 11" D x 12" W x 9" H.
– Free U.S. Shipping via Fed Ex Ground. Rural areas may incur additional fee.
– International shipping is not included with this purchase. Please contact us for a quote.
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