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Symposium on the 19th Century Press, the Civil War, and Free Expression
November 10-12, 2016
Becca J. G. Godwin, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "U.S. Foreign Correspondence in the Dawn of Trans-Atlantic Cable News: Episodic Reporting of the Killing of a French Journalist in Paris"
In January 1870, U.S. newspapers and magazines--linked in direct communication with Europe since 1858 through the Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable--published timely, episodic stories out of Paris about the ramifications of the killing of a young French journalist by a cousin of Emperor Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte III.
The advent of "cable news" for a dramatic and continuing saga fulfilled the vision of earlier publishers to "eradicate time." The cable allowed readers to follow serially the many episodes in the drama, from the shooting of Victor Noir to the mass street protests against the regime, the funeral, and the murder trial. "No one speaks of anything but the death of Noir!" exclaimed the famous Parisian author of Madame Bovary, Gustave Flaubert.
U.S. press reports often sympathized with Victor Noir – partly because he was a journalist -- but also because the French Emperor Napoleon III was unpopular in America. During the American Civil War, Napoleon had considered intervening on the side the Confederacy. Then, while Americans were distracted by the war, Napoleon gained a foothold on the American continent when his army conquered Mexico and he installed a European prince Maximillian as Mexico's emperor.
This paper takes a fresh look at the episodic coverage of the case of Victor Noir – a journalist who became famous because of the manner of his death – a turning point in American foreign correspondence, highlighting the increasing use of overseas cable news from Europe, both for journalistic timeliness and for public consumption.
Matthew C. O'Neal, Auburn University, "The Role of Newspapers in Alabama's Redemption Election"
In 1874, Democrats in Alabama utilized divisive rhetoric to animate disaffected whites, driving voter turnout and bringing about the end of Republican Reconstruction. Throughout the campaign, newspaper editors and demagogues prescribed social ostracism and political violence as viable weapons against Republicans, which their audience received and acted upon. Murders of Republicans in the Black Belt, as well as riots at polling places on Election Day, indicated a willingness to resort to the brutal tactics espoused by political leaders. For the duration of the last two official years of Reconstruction, Democratic newspaper editors isolated Republicans and championed the conservative crusade.
This paper explores the active print culture that defined Alabama politics at the end of Reconstruction. The potential of rhetoric to produce action, a reciprocal relationship largely unexplored by historians of the period, becomes clear as a result. Admittedly, the phenomenon of printed and spoken word contributing to human deeds or emotions is difficult to trace. An objective reading of the sources, however, bespeaks a correlation. In this study, printed newspapers and manuscript collections proffer the viewpoint of the editors themselves, while Congressional testimony from Alabamians attests to their influence. Examined together, the sources reveal how Democrats in Alabama united an electorate through the language of anger and disillusionment. While it was not the sole arbiter of change in Alabama in 1874, newspaper rhetoric wielded more power than historians have recognized.
Brett Richard Bell, Washington State University Tri-Cities, "'To sustain untarnished the honor of our State': Southern Honor, the Press, and Mr. Polk's War"
This paper follows the members of the Arkansas Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War, focusing specifically on discord within the ranks. I argue that much more opposition to "Mr. Polk's War" existed within the South than historians have previously noted, and this dissent was largely fueled by press reports of the dishonorable treatment that southern volunteers experienced while fighting in Mexico. The editors and correspondents who went along with the volunteers, such as Albert Pike, Solon Borland, and Josiah Gregg, clearly showed that maintaining honor untarnished was a primary concern for southern volunteers. The protection of individual or regimental honor led to disobedience, insubordination, and a near mutiny among the Arkansas volunteers before they fought at Buena Vista in February 1847. The divisions within the regiment remained even after the battle. Many volunteers simply grew tired of military discipline and decided to leave for home once their enlistments expired. Even after leaving Mexico, two prominent members of the regiment, John Roane and Albert Pike, resorted to a duel after months of bitter fighting in the newspapers over charges of cowardice during the war. Most significantly, the concern for untarnished honor was not unique to the Arkansas volunteers, as the majority of southerners decided against re-enlisting for the duration of the war when their terms of service expired, thus causing a manpower shortage which brought military operations in Mexico to a halt in the spring of 1847. Therefore, southern honor was a disruptive force during the Mexican War that caused substantial difficulties in the prosecution of the war for the administration of President James Polk.
Joyce Caldwell Smith, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, "'A newspaper is a collection of half injustices': Stephen Crane's Public Persona in The New York Times"
Being a newspaper reporter himself and knowing the power of the press, Stephen Crane at times disparaged the media's presentation of events and people. In his poem beginning with the line "A newspaper is a collection of half-injustices," Crane characterizes this particular medium as a court "[w]here every one is kindly and unfairly tried," a "market," a "game," and a "chronicle." Were Crane now able to look back at his own image as built through the decades of his life and shortly thereafter in The New York Times, he probably would not back away from this poetic observation. My paper analyzes how the author's own persona is characterized and developed in the Times over the last part of his life and the next twenty-three years. Using the Times Index, I analyze news stories beginning with Crane's own essay about William Dean Howells, "Fears Realists Must Wait" in 1894 and moving to accounts of his involvement with the arrest of Dora Clark for prostitution, to reports of his being on the filibustering ship the Commodore when it sank off the coast of Florida, to the editorial announcement of his death, to his obituary, and to other mentions of the author prior to the publication of his first book-length biography in 1923.
Thomas C. Terry, Utah State University and Donald L. Shaw, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "That Demon Defiance: Banned but Still Persistent, the Slave Trade through American Newspapers, 1851–1866"
Despite conventionally held belief and some historians' confident observations, the American slave trade did not dry up in 1808 after its official prohibition, but continued robustly for decades. Stupendously profitable and with a reasonable chance of avoiding British warships bent on choking off the trade, the American slave trade continued in ships mostly constructed and fitted out in New York City. Profits were so high that one crew was even willing to burn its own ship to avoid detection. And if caught, crews were invariably released within a short period of time. This study examines what readers could have learned from predominantly northern newspapers in the course of daily and weekly journalism about the slave trade from 1851-1866.
Michael Fuhlhage, Wayne State University, "Southern Intrigues and Northern Suspicions: Newspapers as Open-Source Intelligence During the Secession Crisis, 1860–61"
While the military was just awakening to the promise and threat of OSINT, newspapers had provided actionable information to the federal government during the secession crisis, the months between Abraham Lincoln's election as president in November 1860 and August 16, 1861, when Lincoln declared the Confederate states to be in a state of insurrection. This paper explores the federal government's use of newspapers as OSINT sources by examining newspaper clippings referring to secession that were referenced and tucked into letters in Union officials' scrapbooks, diaries, and journals in the National Archives, Library of Congress, and other archives, as well as newspaper articles referred to in the Official Records of the War of Rebellion. This project, drawing from the papers of William Seward, Joseph Holt, Winfield Scott, Montgomery Blair, and other Unionist officials in the United States government, is significant because it represents the first systematic analysis of government use of newspapers as open-source intelligence during the secession crisis. Historical evidence supports the argument that officials used newspaper articles concerning military movements and public sentiment to guide decision-making about how to respond to secessionism and threats to the before previous research has established.
James Scythes, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, "They May Be More Useful Within the Walls of Their Prison: Coverage of the Trent Affair in Southern Newspapers"
In the fall of 1861 the United States of America was immersed in a great civil war. As the men from both the North and South rallied to their respective flags, the leaders of the Confederacy looked toward Europe, especially Great Britain and France, for recognition, and possibly help, in their effort to gain independence from the Union. Confederate envoys James Mason and John Slidell were given the mission to travel to Great Britain and France and garner this support. As the two envoys embarked on their mission to Europe, a Union vessel, San Jacinto, stopped the British mail ship, Trent, carrying the Confederates and seized the two men, and their secretaries, from the ship. The action taken by the captain of the Union warship, Charles Wilkes, precipitated the worst crisis in Anglo-American relations since the War of 1812. This incident threatened to bring England into the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy. Citizens of the North and the editors of northern newspapers initially praised the capture of Mason and Slidell, but how was this event covered in southern newspapers? Did journalists – both North and South – believe Wilkes violated international law by removing Mason, Slidell, and their secretaries from the Trent? Did southern editors believe Great Britain was going to support the Confederacy after the Trent Affair? This paper will analyze newspaper editorials from Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana, as well as articles from northern newspapers, to answer the above questions and explain how the editors of southern newspapers presented the story of the capture of the Confederate envoys to their readers between November 1861 and January 1862.
Simon Vodrey, Carleton University, "Blood, Electricity & Ink: Tracing the Transformation of Journalism in the New York Times"
The American Civil War (1861-65) is viewed as one of the single most defining events in American history. Although its last shot was fired over 150 years ago, its legacy still plays an important role in the American experience—and journalism is no exception to this rule. I posit that it was the press coverage of the Civil War utilizing the electric telegraph to relay information which, in large part, laid the foundation for modern print journalism as we know it today. To make this argument, I execute a longitudinal newspaper content analysis of the New York Times spanning the years 1859 to 1867 as a case study to shine light on whether or not four specific changes that remain hallmarks of modern print journalism were engendered during the Civil War. The first change is that the war extended, and then solidified, the practice of cooperative newsgathering. The second change is that the coverage of the war signaled a move away from the majority of column space in newspapers being devoted to local coverage and political commentary. The third is the claim that the reporting of the war led to the transformation of journalistic prose and the abandoning of narrative-based reporting. The fourth and final change is that it was during the Civil War that the byline became one of the standard characteristics of American journalism, thereby bringing the names of individual journalists out of obscurity. These four changes were examined with the ultimate goal of answering the following two research questions: What is the relationship between the development of modern print-based journalism and the American Civil War? What impact did the press' use of the electric telegraph during the Civil War have on the practice of journalism?
Panel: "Custer: Comparing the Reality and the Myth"
William E. Huntzicker, St. Cloud State University, "Remembering Little Bighorn: From Vengeance to Entertainment"
Coming to terms with the defeat of the U.S. Cavalry at the Little Bighorn has been a long-term problem in American politics and culture. From the blame game politicians played after the crisis, the issues evolved to military strategy to vengeance to entertainment. When much of the nation was shocked after Wounded Knee in 1890, Frederic Remington quoted members of the 7th Cavalry on achieving payback for Custer, and Remington's publication, Harper's Weekly, ran his double-page illustration of the stereotypical last stand. Since then, Custer has been portrayed by such stars as the swashbuckling Errol Flynn and the comedian Bill Hader. Every year people gather to watch reenactments of the Little Bighorn, and nearby Hardin, Montana, celebrates "Little Big Horn Days" on the battle's anniversary.
A few years ago, a billboard on the interstate at Mandan, North Dakota, near Fort Abraham Lincoln, from which Custer's command embarked on its fateful journey, urged travelers to: "Stay where Custer should have."
Custer's afterlife began almost immediately after news reached the nation of his demise at the Little Bighorn in 1876. The reactions ranged from memorials to celebrate the fallen hero, to vengeance at Wounded Knee, to trivial references and recreations – both at the little Bighorn and in films, both serious and absurd.
John M. Coward, University of Tulsa, "Illustrated Ideology: Fact, Fantasy and Custer in the Pictorial Press"
About a month after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Harper's Weekly published side-by-side pictures of a West Point solider before and after the battle. The "before" drawing, "Romance on the Hudson," showed an idealized young couple courting on the grounds of the military academy. The couple was unidentified, but the drawing suggested the late George Armstrong Custer (a West Point graduate) and his beloved wife Libby affectionately holding hands. The "after" picture, "Reality on the Plains," showed the same soldier lying dead on the prairie, an arrow deep in his chest, a photograph of his bride near his outstretched hand. This romanticized image, accompanied by a sentimental poem ("Red blood, flowing from manly veins, /Dyes with crimson the burning plains.") was one of a number of the symbolic responses to the Sioux and Cheyenne victory over Custer in June 1876.
This research describes and analyzes illustrations of Indian-white violence in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly as a blend of fact and fantasy that served a larger ideological purpose. In depictions of Custer and in other images of Indian-white violence following the Civil War, the illustrated press produced illustrations that largely—though not exclusively—denigrated Indians and justified the ideology of conquest and Manifest Destiny.
James E. Mueller, University of North Texas, "Little Big Myth: Press of George Armstrong Custer at the Washita"
George Armstrong Custer was one of the biggest Union heroes of the Civil War, leading many victorious cavalry charges, including one that arguably helped save the country at Gettysburg. His reputation today, however, is decidedly mixed, with some claiming he is a genocidal maniac and fool for leading his men to defeat at the Little Bighorn.
Before that disaster, Custer had won a significant victory over the Cheyenne at the Battle of the Washita in 1868, largely ending Indian attacks on settlers in the region. However, the battle became controversial as some charged Custer with inflicting unnecessary civilian casualties—so many that the "battle" was really a massacre. Some historians have argued that Custer's negative reputation today can be traced to Washita press coverage.
The battle has been portrayed in popular culture in a number of media, most notably the 1970 western Little Big Man. The Washita scene is widely interpreted as a commentary on the brutality of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, and to this day the film's negative portrayal of Custer resonates with many Americans.
This paper will examine contemporary press coverage of the Washita, comparing it to the historical facts of the battle. The paper will examine a sample of Democratic and Republican papers in order to shed light on any political differences in the interpretation of Custer's actions. It is hoped the paper can add to knowledge of how the press coverage contributed to Custer's image both in history and in popular culture.
Debra van Tuyll, Augusta University, "Political Reporting and Access to Local Government Information in Antebellum America"
According to most experts, access law was introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. Actually, what appears to have been the first access case occurred in1857 in Columbia, South Carolina after editor of the South Carolinian was banned from covering city council meetings. The editor responded by filing a suit which he won. In addition to testimony from the men who accompanied him to the meeting, Gibbes sought letters from mayors across America regarding their journalistic access policies. These letters give an insight into how local governments regarded political reporting and their willingness to open their meetings and records to political reporters. Further, the paper explores why South Carolina would have been a logical location for America's first lawsuit for journalistic access.
Thomas C. Terry, USU, "Turn Their Back on the Fire: Prelude to Civil War through the Electoral College and the 1860 Presidential Election"
Until the author of this paper researched and created one, there has never been a complete academic collection of the entire membership of the Electoral College from 1788-2016, a total of 24,040 individual ballots. Utilizing that unique resource, the author explored the coverage of the most incendiary election in American history, that of 1860, as prelude to secession and Civil War.
Nancy McKenzie Dupont, University of Mississippi, "Free State of Jones: Myth, Legend, and Hollywood"
The 2016 release of the film Free State of Jones offers to a wide audience a myth that has been told in Mississippi for generations. The Free State of Jones refers to Jones county that along with surrounding counties in southeast Mississippi opposed the state's secession and the Confederacy. The myth centers on a man named Newton Knight and his band of Confederate deserters, runaway slaves, and women defied forces who frequently surrounded them, holding out against all odds until the end of the Civil War. Though Knight only left one record of his remembrances, in a newspaper interview during the last year of his life, historians have struggled for decades to ascertain which parts of the myth were true. It was many years after the war before books were written, and it took even longer for Hollywood to depict the actual Newton Knight. Finally, the myth, with its truths, falsehoods, and unknowns was in widespread release, leading many to wonder how a man took such a dangerous stand in such perilous times.
Gary Sellick, University of South Carolina, "The International John Brown: The Global Contestation of the Memory of an American Martyr"
On December 2, 1859, John Brown was hanged in Virginia after leading an abolitionist insurrection at Harper's Ferry. Yet, before his body had even been laid to rest at his New York farm, a battle was already raging as to how to remember him. While most scholars have looked at the national impact on the US of the raid and its aftermath, this paper takes an international view of the event, and the memory of the man. Using newspaper reports of Brown's raid and his eventual demise, it shows that Brown became a symbolic martyr not only of the abolitionist cause that he died for but also a multitude of other anti-establishment movements around the world at the time. From Irish nationalists to French republicans to the population of the world's first free-black nation, groups throughout the interconnected Atlantic world used Brown's memory as a weapon for their causes. The paper also shows how conservative movements, many aligned politically with the US South, used Brown as a weapon against liberal movements, thus creating a global contestation of memory. Looking at responses to his death from as far afield as Haiti, Britain and Italy, this paper shows how the world responded to Brown's martyrdom.
Crompton B. Burton, University of Maine, "Down in Dixie: The Reverend George W. Bicknell, the 'Tough Old Fifth,' and the Post-Civil War Lecture Circuit"
In the aftermath of the American Civil War, an unprecedented culture of commemoration emerged from the economic and emotional depression of the nation's bitter reconstruction. At its peak in the waning years of the nineteenth century, the move to memorialize sacrifice, triumph, and defeat was largely driven by Union and Confederate veterans entering middle age and dedicated to preserving their legacy for future generations. Historian Joan Waugh observes, "As soldiers declared that the war was now 'a matter of history,' they knew they would be the ones to write that history."
Civil War survivors proved to be prolific authors producing prodigious amounts of primary source material. Contemporary scholars have studied the product of the period at great length documenting the veteran experience. Their bibliographies are full of references to magazine serials, newspaper articles, memoirs, regimental histories, diaries, and personal correspondence, but contain precious few citations from a heretofore underappreciated and underestimated genre; the post-war dramatic lecture that enthralled audiences in churches, opera houses, theaters, and Grand Army halls well into the twentieth century.
While such presentations are difficult to document let alone survey due to the ephemeral nature of an evening talk with its handwritten notes and long lost magic lantern slides, it is not impossible. This is especially true after the recent rediscovery of George W. Bicknell's "Down in Dixie, A Veteran's Story of the Civil War,"; a commemorative lecture of the period complete with its script and stereopticon slides.
Preserved in the archives of the Fifth Maine Museum on Peak's Island, Maine, "Down in Dixie" offers more than just a unique opportunity to recreate the presentation as it once might have captivated visitors to the regiment's Memorial Hall. Indeed, further exploration of such a significant sample of the lecture genre not only provides a more complete picture of the active speakers' circuit that grew from the close of the conflict, but highlights the role such performances played in fueling the country's movement of memorialization and influencing the perception and understanding of the Civil War by audiences of the day and generations to follow.
Mary M. Cronin, New Mexico State University, "When the Chinese Came to Massachusetts: Representations of Race, Labor, Religion and Citizenship in the 1870 Press"
On June 13, 1870, Massachusetts shoe factory owner Calvin Sampson brought 75 Chinese immigrants to his North Adams, Mass. factory to work as strike breakers. The North Adams "experiment," as it became known, quickly developed into a national discussion that went beyond the issue of whether or not Chinese should be employed as an inexpensive work force during an era of growing factory mechanization and a subsequent de-skilling of industrial labor. During a period in which reporters still mixed facts and opinions in their stories, the arrival of the Chinese led journalists to explore and consider key questions concerning nationhood, immigration, and the role of labor in American society. These ongoing debates ultimately culminated, a decade later, in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
This research examines how newspapers from Massachusetts and New York State represented the issues of race, class, religion, and citizenship during the three months following the workers' arrival. The research finds that in an era that was still partisan, editors' political affiliations were not always determinative of their views toward the Chinese. Instead, a more complex mix of factors, including race, Anglo-Saxon beliefs in cultural superiority, perceptions of whether or not Asian immigrants could assimilate into American culture, economic concerns, distinct viewpoints on American business practices and varying beliefs in the definition of "progress" impacted editorial policies.
Katrina J. Quinn, Slippery Rock University, "Exploring the Lifecycle of Conventions of Breaking News in the Nineteenth Century: Disaster Reporting on the Virginia City Fire of 1875"
This research takes a systematic look at coverage of the Virginia City fire of 1875 to investigate the lifecycle and conventions of breaking news disaster reporting in the nineteenth century. Factors include timing, publication configuration, and rhetorical style of the story. It explores the prominence of dispatch reportage in the first week, and the transition from summary content to more detailed content during the same period. It also charts the emergence of sensationalized coverage and proposes that sensational reportage was an attempt not to distort or exaggerate but to convey the degree of the disaster and create a multi-sensory experience for the reader. A final discovery is the emergence of nationalistic discursive themes throughout the reportage, tying disaster reporting to the rhetorical construction of American national identity during the dynamic age of westward expansion. Primary source materials were acquired from the American Periodicals database from ProQuest, the Chronicling America archive housed at the Library of Congress, the California Digital Newspaper Collection, and the Cooperative Libraries Automated Network Digital Collections provided by the Nevada State Library.
Brian Gabrial, Concordia University, Montreal, "The Press and Slavery in America, 1791–1859: The Melancholy Effect of Popular Excitement"
Richard Junger, Western Michigan University, "'Be Yourself, Simple, Honest, and Unpretending': William T. Sherman and the Sin of Pride, 1821–1865"
Many phrases have been used to describe American Civil War Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, but none involving meekness. In spite of the harsh terms used, Sherman had at least one less abrasive quality to his personality, humility. He was humble, at least until the latter stages of the Civil War, a characteristic that has not been previously attached to him. His is a good case study of this overlooked aspect of the antebellum American psyche as well as it relates to Sherman himself, keeping in mind that the First Amendment includes the Establishment Clause, which protects religious rights.
The twenty-first century meaning of the word pride is much different from the word's definition in the early nineteenth century. Pride then meant "inordinate self-esteem, an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority" according to journalist and dictionary writer Noah Webster. In the wake of the Revolutionary War period, pride emerged as a concern of early nineteenth-century Americans as part of the religious movement known as the Second Great Awakening, especially on the Ohio frontier. Sherman grew up not far from the frontier and was exposed to instruction on the sin of pride from an early age. Much of his conduct in the army before the Civil War was controlled by his fear of excessive pride. Even at the start of the Civil War he wrote his friend Ulysses Grant, who also grew up surrounded by the Second Great Awakening, "if you continue as heretofore to be yourself, simple, honest, and unpretending . . . . you will enjoy through . . . the homage of millions of human beings." Historians need to recognize this part of Sherman's character. For biographers to portray him in two rather than the three-dimensional terms fails to provide a proper perspective of a man who had much to do with the Civil War and post-bellum America.
Panel: "The Election of 1860 and the Fall of the Great Republic"
Probably no presidential election season had greater eventual impact on the nation than that of 1860. By mid-summer, the Democratic Party had fallen apart and the upstart Republicans gained their footing by surprisingly coalescing around a little known Illinois politician. From editorials and editorial cartoons, this panel examines the period, beginning with the disintegration of the Democratic Party and turning to the election and post-election period. Along the way, the voice of Catholic Americans is heard through their press, a voice that also reflected strong sectional sentiments that were dividing the country over slavery. At the center of this discussion, then, is the dissolution of the American union and how selected newspapers, notably the New York Times, and their editors contended with the Republican victory and the impending crisis of Southern secession.
Brian Gabrial, Concordia University, Montreal, "The Platform Collapses: Politicians, Conventions, and Editors and the Death of the Democratic Party"
Joseph Marren, SUNY Buffalo State, "Separation of Church and State? Maybe Not so Much: The Catholic Press and the Election of 1860"
Jennifer E. Moore, University of Minnesota Duluth, "Drawing the Election: Editorial Cartooning and the 1860s Press"
Gregory Borchard, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, "The Unquiet before the Storm: Republican Editors and Editorials on Secession in the Months between Lincoln's 1860 Election and His Inauguration"
William E. Huntzicker, SCSU, "Raymond's Opinions, Lincoln's Duty and the Disintegration of the Union"
Niels Eichhorn, Middle Georgia State University, "Immigrants and the American Civil War: The Views of the Allgemeine Auswanderer Zeitung "
This paper focuses on the Allgemeine Auswanderer Zeitung and its coverage of the Civil War era. Many Germans had migrated to the United States in the 1850s, leaving their family members in need for information about the country. In addition, as many individuals still considered leaving for other parts of the world, the Allgemeine Auswanderer Zeitung provided essential information about the countries. While the paper paid intentionally little attention to the Civil War's military and political affairs, the coverage focused on legal questions of inheritances, dealing with forceful recruitment into the armies, and most important agricultural opportunities on the western frontiers. Overall, the paper was an essential news source for immigrant and sheds light on issues immigrants and immigration promoters felt essential.
Ashley Towle, University of Maryland, College Park, "'We Are Killed All the Day Long': The African-American Press, Death, and the Legacy of the Civil War"
This paper explores how the African-American press reacted to the pervasive violence that wracked the Reconstruction South. Following the drastic changes wrought by emancipation and war, recalcitrant white Southerners turned to murder and threats of death as a means of re-establishing white supremacy. In the postwar years, white Southerners embarked on a campaign of terror intent on reestablishing white supremacy and curtailing African American political action. The murders white Democrats committed across the South, historians have argued, were a significant reason why Reconstruction ultimately failed. Scholars have not, however, investigated how African Americans used these instances of death to advance their most coveted goals of freedom.
Through a close analysis of black newspapers in the North and South following massacres such as the Memphis Riot, New Orleans Riot, and the Colfax Massacre, this paper contends that African Americans cultivated a discourse of death about the murders and losses that they endured. In the columns of black newspapers, the bodies of murdered freedpeople in the South became political tools deployed by African Americans to seek justice, equality, and the rights of citizenship. In the African-American press in the South and the North, editors described heart-wrenching and horrific scenes of murdered blacks in order to galvanize African Americans across the country to combat what they considered to be the origin of this violence—racial prejudice nationwide. In doing so, black newspapers entered into a larger discussion about the fraught legacy of the Civil War. I argue that African-American newspaper editors in the North and South used the deaths of freedpeople to spearhead a movement that demanded that the federal government fulfill the promises of the Civil War and emancipation.
Paulette D. Kilmer, University of Toledo, "The Cycle of Imagination and History…Suffrage Stories"
Paper trails, census records, and artifacts intrigue historians who seek to understand their significance in documenting change over time. Nevertheless, these bones from the skeleton of the past mean nothing until someone assembles them into a meaningful story that illustrates their cultural, psychological, and political significance. This essay borrows historical evidence from the U.S. Suffrage Movement to examine the process of imagination, stories, and history. To understand what human experience means requires projecting from the past into the future, which then results in change possible only because someone envisioned the improvement, the innovation, or the reform. Newspapers often provide the narrative thread that connects ideas, stories, and historical progress.
Panel: "Bold Adventures across the Continent and Around the Globe: Gilded Age Adventure Journalists and their Exploits," Lee Jolliffe, Drake University (Discussant)
James E. Mueller, UNT, "'The First Bold Adventure in the Cause of Humanity': Stanley's Adventure Journalism on Finding Livingstone"
Henry Morton Stanley's famous dispatches for the New York Herald about finding missionary David Livingstone in Africa in 1871-72 made the reporter an international celebrity and the phrase "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" one of the most-repeated journalism quotes of all time. But Stanley's publisher, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., saw the assignment as something more than mere journalism. His newspaper trumpeted Stanley's project as a new role for the American press—completing the exploration of Central Africa begun by Livingstone. A Herald editorial claimed Great Britain had been too slow and cheap in exploring the continent, but the newspaper would show what decisive action could produce. Stanley's reporting, the Herald editorialized, would be "the first bold adventure in the cause of humanity, civilization and science."
After finding Livingstone, Stanley joined him in exploring the region and discovering, among other things, that Lake Tanganyika was not connected to the Nile River as some had supposed. The success of Stanley's first adventure prompted the Herald to finance another reporting/exploring expedition to map the lakes and rivers of Central Africa in 1874. Stanley's journalism boosted interest in Africa among Europeans and Americans and was a major influence in bringing the cultures together, for good or ill.
This paper will analyze Stanley's reporting of the Livingstone expedition with a view of shedding light on the qualities that made his dispatches so popular. It will argue that Stanley's reporting engaged the reader because he used the hallmarks of adventure journalism—he was a surrogate for readers, taking them along on his expeditions by building the narrative around his experience and creating a strong character with whom readers could identify. In this way, Stanley was a forerunner of modern writers like Hunter Thompson and Joan Didion.
Katrina J. Quinn, SRU, "'I turn my face westward tomorrow': Adventure Reporting from America's Western Trails and Rails, 1860–1880"
Four years before Horace Greeley advised Civil War veterans to "Go west, young man," he took his own borrowed advice and launched a famed 1859 trip to the Pacific. Traveling by rail to the Missouri River at St. Joseph, he continued by stagecoach, foot, and mule for another 2,000 miles to introduce his readers to the wonders of the continent.
Greeley's trip set the stage for other journalists. In fact, in an Atlantic Monthly review of Samuel Bowles's 1865 Across the Continent, well-known writer and abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson declared, "Since Mr. Greeley set the example, it has been the manifest destiny of every enterprising journalist to take an occasional trip across the continent, and personally inspect his subscribers."
This study will explore the works of Greeley and other reporters who took the trails and rails to the American West during the 1860s and 1870s, including Fitz Hugh Ludlow of the New York Evening Post; Joseph Pratt Allyn of the Hartford Evening Press; Bowles of the Springfield Republican; Albert Deane Richardson of the New York Tribune; Grace Greenwood of the New York Times; Amos Jay Cummings of the New York Sun; and Frank Leslie of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. The study will investigate the motivation and technologies of travel and reporting, the content and structure of the reportage, and the prominent role of the journalist as eye witness and author. These adventures not only took readers to America's verdant plains and towering mountains, but also introduced them to their western countrymen, provided insight to the natural and future economic resources of the continent, and highlighted the risks and dangers of western rails and trails that made reporting from the nineteenth-century West an adventure, indeed.
Jack Breslin, Iona College, "Publicity Stunt or Legitimate News? Press Coverage of Nellie Bly's Race Around the World"
By 1889, New York newspaper reporter Nelly Bly (1864-1922), born Elizabeth Jane Cochran, had achieved national notoriety as an investigative reporter in the age of "Yellow Journalism." Two years before, her editor, Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World, allowed her to pretend to be a mental patient for ten days at the city's infamous mental hospital on Blackwell Island. Her undercover expose led to extensive reforms and increased funding for the treatment of the mentally ill. Bly continued her investigative reporting with similar methods about jails, factories, and political corruption.
The pioneering journalist gained global fame with her stories about her 72-day race around the world. Considered by some as a promotional stunt inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in 80 Days, Bly took nearly every available means of late 19th Century transport to make her east-west, around-the-world trek in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds from November 14, 1889 to January 25, 1890. She later authored a book about her adventure.
The World featured saturation coverage of Bly's global dash, even offering a trip to Europe as the prize for the closest estimate of her total time. Meanwhile, another New York journalist, Elizabeth Bisland, sponsored by the Cosmopolitan newspaper, was competing with Bly by traveling around the globe from west to east. When Bly triumphantly arrived back in New York on a Pulitzer-chartered train, Bisland was four and a half days away on an Atlantic Ocean steamer.
While a remarkable feat for the time, was Bly's journey and the resulting press coverage, especially the World's sensational coverage and promotional gimmicks, a legitimate news story or a circulation-building publicity stunt? By this time, more than a dozen daily newspapers competed for the growing New York City readership. By examining press coverage in other selected major New York City newspapers, particularly such competing newspapers as William Randolph Hearst's sensational New York Journal, along with New York Sun, New York Herald, New York Tribune, and The New York Times, this study provides insights for determining the news value of this legendary story.
In analyzing press coverage of Bly's trip, this study will address other questions besides news value. Were these rivals forced into covering Bly's journey to satisfy their readers' curiosity? Did they refuse to cover Bly's progress until she arrived home? Did the World ignore Bisland's challenge, while other rival newspapers encourage her to beat Bly around the globe? How did "factual" news stories contrast with opinion-based editorial coverage?
Joseph Marren, Buffalo State, "Jack London and the Genesis of his Writing Life"
Although most of Jack London's work was fictional and written in the early years of the 20th century, it can be argued that the roots of his success sprang from his non-fiction writing as he learned his craft in the waning days of the 19th century. Essentially, London invented himself from 1898-1900.
As such, the paper must focus on two factors in London's non-fiction writing: His attempts at war correspondence and his tales of life on the road as a hobo in the late 19th century (which depended on his own working-class origins).
London felt that war correspondence was all glamour and he wanted to report on the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 the way he believed 19th century correspondents such as Stephen Crane did in the Greco-Turkish War and Richard Harding Davis did in the Spanish-American War. Frustrated by Japanese restrictions and censorship, London reverted to racism in his efforts to report on civilian life.
Likewise, his reporting on London slums ("People of the Abyss") depended heavily on previous non-fiction accounts such as traveling with Kelley's Army in 1894 and "Pinched," when he was arrested for vagrancy in Buffalo and spent some time in jail. Although not specifically newspaper pieces, the accounts were able to reach what scholars term a "second-level narration that was not only a reportage on the actual events but also provided specific calls for action to alleviate the root causes of poverty.
David B. Sachsman, UTC, "At the Movies: The Celluloid Civil War"
Simon H. Sun, Harvard University, "'A Letter from the Flowery Flag Nation': The Chinese Shipping List & Advertiser's Reports on the American Civil War (1862–1865)"
Historians have begun to rethink the Sino-American relationship in the 19th century. As to the connections between China and the American Civil War, however, few solid researches have been produced. In this paper, the author examines the first modern newspaper published in Shanghai, The Chinese Shipping List & Advertiser, which reported the American Civil War with more than 20 thousand Chinese characters in at least 83 issues. In three issues, the newspaper even published "Call for Donation" that urged the Chinese merchants in Shanghai to contribute to British textile workers who suffered from the American Civil War. These reports provide important clues to the American Civil War's impacts on China.
Panel: "Verbal and Visual Challenges to Political Leaders' Masculinity, 1854–1861"
Brie Swenson Arnold, Coe College, "No Back Bone, Sir, All Dough': James Buchanan, Doughface Democrats, and Manliness in Northern Print and Political Culture, 1854–1861"
On the eve of the Civil War, northern Democrats who sided with the South on slavery were commonly known as "doughfaces." Senators Stephen Douglas and Lewis Cass and Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan were among the most well-known doughfaces. During the political upheavals over slavery in the 1850s, the doughfaces were mercilessly lampooned in the northern popular press. Newspapers, magazines, books, broadsides, pamphlets, plays, political cartoons, and parade banners portrayed the doughfaces as less-than-ideally manly. Descriptions of the doughfaces as weak, cowardly, cold-blooded, servile, spineless, and "soft" on slavery not only disparaged their pro-slavery, pro-South political proclivities, but also their masculinity. The masculinity of James Buchanan was particularly questioned and discussed, with northerners calling "Old Buck" a "doe-faced," "weak-backed," "sterile," "soft," "cold-blooded bachelor" "hermaphrodite"—euphemisms and not-so-subtle comments that mocked and questioned Buchanan's masculinity and sexuality. In the northern popular press as well as in individual letters, diaries, and scrapbooks, antebellum northerners linked Buchanan's ambiguous masculinity and sexuality with his questionable political stance on slavery. Such representations proliferated in northern print and political culture at the critical moment in which ordinary northerners were questioning their allegiance to the Democratic Party. The disparaging representations of Buchanan and other doughfaces in the northern popular press played a role in the growth of negative perceptions of the Democratic Party—and the rise of the anti-slavery Republican Party—during the decisive political realignments that precipitated the Civil War.
Andrea R. Foroughi, Union College, "'Old Buck,' Bachelor Buchanan and 'Mrs. Buchanan': Emasculating James Buchanan in Political Cartoons, Prints and the Press"
Nominating James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential candidate in 1856 made sense to a political party that was increasingly divided over the issue of slavery's expansion. Buchanan was a seasoned politician, having held a variety of elected and appointed offices and diplomatic posts, and he was the least objectionable Democrat to both the northern and southern wings of the party. As some scholars have noted, Buchanan entered office with more political experience than nearly any of his predecessors and high expectations to meet the challenges of holding the nation together as sectionalism intensified, but left it as one of the most disgraced presidents in the midst of a secession crisis. An examination of political lithographs and cartoons in illustrated newspapers provides a window into popular perceptions of Buchanan's acceptability and competence as the nation's leader. Illustrators of political prints in the 1850s represented him regularly as "Old Buck," a defeated rooster, and small dog. Illustrated newspapers drew attention to Buchanan's unmarried state as a problem for him as a leader. Political cartoonists, especially Henry Louis Stephens of Vanity Fair, depicted the president as an old woman, a "biddy," and a schoolmarm in early 1860, when Buchanan hoped to be a potential nominee as the Democratic presidential candidate, and in late 1860 and early 1861, when he proved indecisive, inactive, and inadequate during the secession crisis. At a time when women were excluded from voting and political office, representing Buchanan in female attire and roles emphasized his inability to perform the duties required of a sufficiently masculine president.
Evan C. Rothera, Pennsylvania State University, "'Oh, for an hour of Jackson!' James Buchanan and Abraham Lincoln during the Secession Winter"
During the Secession Winter, November 1860 – March 1861, both James Buchanan and Abraham Lincoln were criticized by the press and their contemporaries for acting in unmanly ways. Buchanan, many argued, did nothing to arrest the course of secession and simply allowed the southern states to leave the union. People could not help but compare Buchanan's course of action with Andrew Jackson's during the Nullification Crisis of the 1830s. In this comparison Buchanan came off worse. Lincoln, on the other hand, was savaged by the press for sneaking through Baltimore into Washington in the early morning hours. People derided Lincoln for taking seriously the rumors of a conspiracy to kidnap him. Both men, in other words, were attacked because they did not embody martial masculinity and personified restrained masculinity. This paper highlights how Republicans and Democrats staked claims to martial masculinity during the Secession Winter and criticized political opponents for not living up to these visions. It also analyzes how both parties invoked the image of Andrew Jackson, the ultimate exemplar of martial masculinity, to make their case. This was a particularly interesting choice for Republicans because their party was principally composed of old Whigs who never had much use for Jackson. The desire for a strong leader caused both parties to venerate Jackson and this criticism made Lincoln less attentive to his personal safety while President.
Scott D. Peterson, Wright State University, "Curiosity Shop, Toy Department, and Beyond: The Development of Visual Baseball Journalism in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and How Best to Study It"
During 1856, which was the first full year of the publication of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (FLIN), there were only two references to baseball according to an electronic key word search: the first as a child's game and a second as an activity that took place on "the famous grounds" at the Elysian Fields, an open space across the river from New York City in Hoboken, New Jersey. Almost 50 years later, the editors of FLIN published over 100 illustrations of baseball alone in 1910—including an eight-photo montage from a weekly "Sporting Gossip" column to cover "The Championship of New York" between the Giants and the Yankees. Given FLIN's unique perspective as a repository of the social history of the nineteenth century, the overall purpose of this paper is to examine the development of visual baseball coverage in FLIN from its beginnings to the end of the nineteenth century and advance two arguments. First, this paper argues that the slow development of baseball journalism in FLIN mirrored the reluctant acceptance of the game by the middle and upper classes across that period. Secondly, the paper argues for the effectiveness of the method advocated by Johnes and Nicholson that involves a combination of traditional close reading of texts obtained through a digital search of electronic databases in contrast to a page-by-page search of the same source.
The paper also defines three types of sports journalism, Curiosity Shop, Toy Department, and Beyond the Toy Department, and discusses their roles in the development of visual baseball coverage in FLIN from 1855 to 1895.


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35% Off Godaddy Items Promo Codes. Get the top Domain Names – The World's Largest Domain Name Registrar – GoDaddy deals such as, Domain Registration, VPS Hosting, Microsoft Office 365, WordPress Hosting, Economy web Hosting, Dedicated Server Hosting and Premium DNS Hosting Coupon Codes for godaddy.com. Get product Deals, learn about special offers cheaper price and access procosts.com.
GoDaddy is a prominent brand in the online space, particularly in relation to web hosting. The cost for their most basic package is a little pricier than Yahoo, at around $7 a month, though again this can be reduced if you commit to a longer period. This comes with one domain, 100 GB of online storage for your files, and as much bandwidth as you need for the month. That kind of unlimited bandwidth will come in very handy if your website is expected to require a lot of bandwidth over the period in question. Another advantage that GoDaddy offers is that it offers both phone and web chat customer service. Many customers are full of praises for how responsive the company's customer support is. That said; one downside is that the tools needed to build your website will need to be paid for separately.

subset: commoncrawl


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Starting Boost
Begin any Day Stage. A split-second after Sonic says "Go", press Circle. This will give you an extra Dash and an extra Boost to your meter. If you press Circle when he says go, you will get a Dash start, but no boost, so watch the timing. If you dash too many times before Sonic says "Go", then you could trip and lose seconds.


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- Under Armour posted better-than-expected revenue on Monday and the stock is surging in pre-market trading.
- The company is undergoing a transformation as it seeks to reverse declining sales.
- You can track Under Armour shares in real-time here>>
Shares of Under Armour are up more than 12% ahead of Tuesday's opening bell after the company posted better-than-expected fourth-quarter revenue.
The Baltimore-based athletic brand said it brought in $US1.365 billion in revenue to close out 2017, 3.8% more than expected. However, it posted no profit on a per share basis, missing the $US0.03 that Wall Street was anticipating.
The company also disclosed a one-time tax hit of $US39 million stemming from the recently updated tax law, as well as two additional restructuring charges of $US110 million and $US130 million this year related to the closing of facilities and termination of leases, Reuters reported.
"After years of rapid growth and building a globally recognised brand, the dynamic landscape of 2017 was a catalyst for us to begin strategically transforming Under Armour into an operationally excellent company," CEO Kevin Plank said in a press release. "A year into this journey, our fourth quarter and full year results demonstrate that the tough decisions we're making are generating the stability necessary to create a more consistent and predictable path to deliver long-term value to our shareholders."
Under Armour has been undergoing a pivotal change as it seeks to reverse declining revenues and sales. The brand has been hit particularly hard by the "retail apocalypse," as North America accounts for 75% of its business, Zacks reported.
The stock has declined 25.2% in the past year.
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To post in the forums you will need to first register. All new members are welcomed, with one caveat: You must behave and be nice AND SEARCH BEFORE POSTING!
Moderators: John, Sharon, Fossil, Lucky Poet, crusty_bint, Jazza, dazza
brickwall wrote:onyirtodd wrote:The former Mrs Onyirtodd's Godmother was matron at Redlands for a while.
Well, " pump her " for some photies or iformation.
lordsleek wrote:Redlands was the Scottish ambulance service training school till the late nineties when economic pressure meant it was worth too much and was sold. The income allowed them to buy a hotel near Peebles which is fantastic but somewhat isolated.
nice photies all
e2wufos1 wrote:How old are the old Milngavie photos Brickwall reason i'm asking is the Cross Keys pub is still the same name and the place hasn't really changed much.
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Testimonials - Parkmont
Just thanks
Jose Nov 14, 2017
Smart guy..
Luis Mar 15, 2018
From first contact through closing, George helped us each step and got done what others thought was impossible! Thanks for making our family dream come true!
Tara S Mar 19, 2018
Seth was phenomenal in answering all our questions..God knows I had many. The explanation of the process was great. I wouldn't have chosen any one else. If your purchasing a home, Seth is the way to go.
Iveliz Mar 22, 2018
Mark was simply amazing to work with, it wasnât a time throughout my time working with him that he did not have expert advice, answer my phone calls or attend to my questions and needs. I highly recommend Mark, he was literally there for me from day 1 of the process until closing. Mark is the true reason I achieved my dream in becoming a first time homeowner. Words canât express my gratitude toward Mark Burton. He is awesome... my family and myself are forever Thankful!!!
La'Nita A Mar 23, 2018
The team of Michael and Theresa were awesome. I never felt alone during the process. Thanks so much to both of you.
Wendy A Mar 23, 2018
Was There for us the whole way through the whole process gave good advice donât know what we wouldâve done without them made the whole experience understanding and informing A WORLD CLASS TEAM They made the house buying program very smooth and was there for us 24/7
Pirassa Fernando Mar 23, 2018
I'm a first time homeowner and contacted Susan to find out how to get a mortgage and what things I needed to do. She guided me through the process and helped me. I was very satisfied. Jamie S.
Jamie Mar 23, 2018
easy to talk to really listen to me and tried to get me what i wanted 10 stars i will use susan again
Dorothy Mar 23, 2018
Darren is a true professional. We have worked with him over the years and will continue to do so in the future, as well as refer our friends, family and business clients. He is the BEST!!!!!!
Melissa Mar 23, 2018


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When: Sat., Jan. 26 2013
Chateau Montelena will once again open up the Chateau so party goers can have the run of the place for one fantastic night. Dancing, drinking, eating – there will be food and wine aplenty. The winery is also bringing back last year's hit band, Wonder Bread 5. The winery will be serving up culinary adventures at tempting temperatures that you can enjoy with Montelena classics, special wines from the library collection and even a few limited-production winery-only wines.
Price: $65 general admission, $95 with round-trip transportation


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This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Culbeg Bed and Breakfast is located in the small town of Portree on the iconic and majestic Isle of Skye. Portree is the island capital.
Culbeg Bed is situated in a quiet cul-de-sac a 10 minute walk from Portree town centre. In Portree you will discover many excellent restaurants, shops, taxi services, and a bus terminal. There is also a delightful old harbour, where you can watch local boats land their catch. You can also enjoy a boat trip from which you can see our amazing wildlife – Seals, Dolphins, and Sea Eagles – to name but a few.
Portree is the ideal base for exploring the Isle of Skye – especially the north west of the island. Within half an hours drive you will find places such as the iconic Dunvegan Castle with its excellent visitor facilities, the village of Uig from where ferries leave to the Western Isles, Talisker Distillery where regular tours of the facility take place – and of course the world renowned Cuillin mountains – a mecca for walkers and climbers.


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Seagal was granted Serbian citizenship in a special decree signed by the country's prime minister, Aleksandar Vucic, on 8 January. The decree followed several visits to Serbia in recent months, during which the 63-year-old martial artist met the prime minister and President Tomislav Nikolic, and suggested that he could open an aikido school in Belgrade. The government also invited Seagal to train Serbian police in aikido. The actor, a friend of Russian president Vladimir Putin, said in a recent interview that he has big plans in Serbia: "I can do a lot here . . . I really want to bring Hollywood to Serbia. I want to bring the whole film community here. I want to build great, sort of a Hollywood-film infrastructure here."
Europe's oldest Buddhist temple, which was consecrated in December 1929, was constructed in Belgrade by political refugees from Buddhist Kalmykia in southwestern European Russia. Two years later, the street on which the temple was built was renamed Buddhist Street, and in 1934, the temple was presented with a golden statue of the Buddha from Japan. The temple was heavily damaged during World War II, and later demolished. The modern-day Republic of Kalmykia, a Russian federal subject of less than 300,000 people, is the only European region in which Buddhism is practiced by the majority of the population. As Tibetan Buddhists, the Kalmyks regard His Holiness the Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader.
In February 1997, Kyabje Drubwang Pema Norbu Rinpoche (Penor Rinpoche), a lama from Palyul Monastery in eastern Tibet (one of the six mother monasteries of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism) and head of the Nyingma school from 1991 to 2001, announced that Seagal was a tulku, specifically an incarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century tertön (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma tradition.


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I have always loved things made from wood. I think I inherited this from my father. It's something that I remember about him distinctly. I remember his hands, I remember his eyes, and I remember the way he admired and took extra time to look at things made from wood. He seemed to relish the pattern of the grain, the color and smooth texture, and even the feel of it. And since my father was one of those do-anything, build-anything types I know he admired the craftsmanship of woodworking.
So for me, this recent photo shoot with the boat builders at Morely Cedar Canoes was more than just work, it was chance to reconnect with some of the memories I have of my father.
There is a particular smell to a woodshop. It's that combination of freshly cut woods, shavings, dust and polish. All these smells combine into that particular smell which as soon as you encounter it, you know, you are in a place where craftsmen perfect their craft. The woodshop at Morely's has this smell and it is the first thing I noticed as I entered the shop. A woodshop is also home to a wonderful variety of details. There is the gleam of the boats, waxed and sealed and ready to sell, the piles of wood strips waiting to be used, a myriad of tools, wood shaving curls, patterns, and plans, and works still in process.
I love details. I love to wander and look, to examine and play with compositions that are hidden everywhere. A lot of my personal photography is very detail oriented. Normally, with a newspaper none of these images would see the light of day. They are fine for what they are, but newspapers have limited space and these don't really tell the story as much as the wider, scene-setter types of pictures. If we are going to run a detail it will more than likely be one like this one below that combines the details of the wood and the human element. Such is standard philosophy with newspapers. But now that I am doing slideshows with many of my larger projects I am finding a use for these detail shots and so I end up photographing more of them. This has been one aspect of my job with the Daily Inter Lake which I absolutely love.
I got a wide array of images in my hour at the woodshop, but with something like this, you really want to go back, go again, see what more you can find. As it turns out Steve, Gus' son, goes out on the water almost daily in a canoe he built for himself. On Saturday, he let me tag along for some pictures. By the time we got out there the light was getting really harsh, but I still got a few shots I liked and the photo shoot would not have been complete with out a shot of the boat on the water. Besides, any disappointment I might have felt about the light vanished when Steve told me that he and his family go out on the water all the time in the summer and if I ever want to take a paddling trip down the river he would be happy to have me come along. He promised I won't tip the boat over, so I may even be brave enough to bring my camera. That will be coming up late this summer, but once I do get to go, I will doubtless have more boat photos to post here.


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| 8°C Belfast
Nato said three of its service members and one civilian working with the international coalition in Afghanistan have been killed in three separate attacks in the country's east and south.
The coalition said in the east, insurgents killed one service member and the civilian, while a roadside bomb killed another service member.
Nato also said an improvised explosive device killed a service member in the south.
All the attacks took place on Saturday.
Nato gave no other details of the attacks, nor the nationalities of the dead.
The deaths bring to 66 the number of international troops killed in Afghanistan this year. Deaths of Nato personnel have gone down in recent months as international forces pull back to allow Afghan soldiers and police to take the lead in ensuring security.


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Govinda is one Bollywood star whose influence on 90s pop-culture (that continues to linger today) has been more than any Indian actor of that time.
From Varun Dhawan to Ranveer Singh to Arjun Kapoor, the current crop of Bollywood stars have ensured that Govinda's legacy remains relevant to the youth, in all its cheeky glory.
However, it seems that the actor of numerous 90s hits is pretty upset with the way the industry has treated him over the years.
Especially with David Dhawan.
Govinda appeared in as many as 17 David Dhawan films (Coolie No. 1, Hero No. 1 etc.) but there came a point when Dhawan dropped Govinda like a hot potato.
In an interview with PTI, Govinda said, "When I asked David to make the 18th film with me, he took my subject and titled it Chashme Baddoor and cast Rishi Kapoor in it. Then I asked him to put me as a guest appearance. He didn't do that too. After that, I didn't meet him for some years. I kept requesting him to take at least one shot with me so that it could be my 18th film with him. But I don't know what he had in his mind."
About Karan Johar, the actor said that he's even more sly and manipulative than Dhawan.
In a Pinkvilla interview, Govinda said, "He must have said that it would be a matter of national respect for him if he calls Govinda, but he is releasing Varun's (Badrinath Ki Dulhania releases a week after Govinda's comeback vehicle, Aa Gaya Hero) film just a week after my film. He shows that he's very humble and innocent, but woh mujhe David (Dhawan) se zyaada jealous and zyaada khatarnak lagta ha (He's more jealous and dangerous than David Dhawan.)
He also said that Johar casts only those who are his friends.
"He has never called me in 30 years, he doesn't see actors who are not the part of his group and doesn't even say a hello. He's not that kind-hearted. It's a well-planned and smart move on his part," he said.
Govinda's disillusionment with the industry's top brass comes from the fact that nobody supported him as his career dipped.
But many insiders also put the blame squarely on Govinda himself. The actor has the reputation of showing up extremely late on sets (at times, close to pack-up time) and has also on numerous occasions, insisted on conducting havans and poojas on sets (he's extremely superstitious).
Salman Khan, a close friend of the actor, offered him a film (Mahesh Manjrekar's Hindi remake of the Marathi hit, Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho) during his low-phase but Govinda refused it saying it wasn't 'commercial enough.'
Also see on HuffPost:


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Meal Serves 8 - 10
Nationwide Bar-B-Que delivery!
The Perfect BBQ Sampler. Take the tour with our Super Sampler. Perfect for buffets, tailgating and other creative grazing events. Succulent and meaty hickory roasted pork unsauced spare ribs, juicy pork burnt ends, barbecued chicken wings sized for major appetites, and chopped beef brisket to make a sandwich proud. Meal serves 8-10
This meal includes the following:
1 (slab) Pork Spare Ribs
1 (lb.) Pork Burnt Ends
1 (lb.) Chopped BBQ Beef Brisket
1 (lb.) Fire-Kissed Chicken Wings
1 (12oz.) KC Original BBQ Sauce


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Hand & Stone reaching out into Fairfield County
Massage franchise plans to open seven locations in area by 2011
Fairfield County residents soon may have seven more reasons to feel better.
Hand & Stone, a Hamilton, N.J.-based massage and facial spa franchise, plans to open that many locations in Fairfield County in the next two years.
"We see the most growth opportunities in Fairfield County," said Bob McQuilian, Hand & Stone's vice president of franchise development. "It's very much a suburban type of location."
Hand & Stone, which has grown to almost 40 U.S. outlets and a few Canadian locations under Hand & Stone Canada since being founded in 2005 by physical therapist John Marco, also has several prospective locations for the rest of Connecticut, McQuilian said.
"We're comfortable with 13 to 15 spas total because we don't want to cannibalize our own locations," he said.
Todd Leff, former chief executive officer of Aamco Transmissions Inc., who invested in the company at Marco's invitation, became chief executive officer and president in August 2009, while Marco became the chief operating officer to focus on training franchisees.
Privately held Hand & Stone is aware of the relatively high price for Fairfield County real estate, but is willing to pay the right price for the right location, McQuilian said.
"We're certainly not interested in paying $100 per square foot, but we'll definitely pay $20 per square foot all day long," he said.
Saugatuck Commercial Real Estate LLC in Westport is working with Pam Wallace, a multi-unit franchisee from New York City who is moving to Connecticut, to find sites for three Hand & Stone spas, which range in size from 2,000 to 3,400 square feet and employ 15 to 25 full-time and part-time workers, McQuilian said.
"We like to put a minimum of 10 rooms for massage and facial treatments in each spa," she said. "At least 40 percent of our business comes from walk-ins or same-day appointments."
The initial focus for Hand & Stone venues will be the southwestern part of the county from Greenwich to Fairfield and as far north as Ridgefield, said Penny Wickey, principal of Saugatuck Commercial Real Estate.
"We're looking for more affluent markets, heavily trafficked retail corridors," she said. "There's no limit on what we can do."
More InformationSpa franchise plans 7 outlets in area by 2012
McQuilian said Hand & Stone spas are designed to handle a high number of customers to offer competitive pricing and treat walk-in patrons.
The outlets, which also perform waxing, offer one-hour treatments for $79 to $89, and $49 monthly memberships, where patrons can receive a massage, facial or both for an hour every month.
"You can bank them and accrue them," McQuilian said.
Wallace, who holds a master's in business administration degree from Harvard University, said she chose Hand & Stone out of a dozen franchise possibilities because of its specially priced monthly massage membership.
"It really makes massage affordable for people with back problems," she said.
A Hand & Stone franchisee must pay a $39,000 licensing fee for the first unit and have working capital of $40,000, liquid capital of $75,000 to $100,000 and a net worth of $400,000.
Spa franchises such as Massage Envy, which has more than 800 locations in 42 states, are growing at a rapid rate despite the poor economy, said Steve Dubin, president of the New England Franchise Association.
"(Massage) therapy is a more accepted modality than ever, people are more stressed than ever and schools are putting out more therapists than ever," Dubin said.


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Scenes From The Congressional Debates
By Cynthia Gonzales
The University of Houston-Downtown (UHD) was the host site for a debate featuring candidates running for seats in U.S. Congressional Districts 2 and 29.
The event, presented by KTRK ABC13 and Univision 45 KXLN, was held Wednesday, Sept. 26 in the Wilhelmina Cullen Robertson Auditorium and was streamed live online at ABC13.com and Univision.com.
Candidates running for U.S. Representative District 2 are Republican Daniel Crenshaw and Democrat Todd Litton. Both candidates are vying for the seat soon to be vacated by U.S. Rep. Ted Poe who announced last fall that he is giving up his seat after 14 years in office.
Republican Phillip Aronoff and Democrat Sylvia Garcia are competing for U.S. Representative District 29. Last November, U.S. Rep. Gene Green announced he was retiring after serving nearly 46 years in elected office.
The University of Houston-Downtown (UHD)—the second largest university in Houston—has served the educational needs of the nation's fourth-largest city since 1974.
As one of four distinct public universities in the University of Houston System, UHD is a comprehensive four-year university led by Dr. Juan Sánchez Muñoz. Annually, UHD educates more than 14,000 students; boasts over 45,000 alumni and offers 43 bachelor's and eight master's degree programs within five colleges (Marilyn Davies College of Business; Humanities & Social Sciences; Public Service, Sciences & Technology; and University College).
UHD has one of the lowest tuition rates of any four-year university in Houston and Texas and is noted nationally as both a Hispanic-Serving Institution and a Minority-Serving Institution. For more on the University of Houston-Downtown, visit www.uhd.edu.


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POLICE have appealed to trace a young woman who has gone missing from her Birmingham home.
Kelly Holland, aged 21, was last seen at her home in Stechford on November 7. She has not been seen since or contacted her family.
Kelly, who has gone missing before, is white, slim, 5ft tall, blue-eyed with blonde hair which is currently brown.
When she went missing she was wearing jeans, a white jacket with fur on the collar, white trainers and a black scarf.
Anyone with information on her whereabouts is asked to phone Stechford police on 0845 113 5000.


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Each Function event handler can execute up to three (3) xhr and PubNub API invocations. If the event handler executes more than three, this error will be thrown. This number of executions can be raised by request if as required by contacting PubNub Support. Please provide your sub-key(s) in your request.
Why am I receiving "execution calls exceeds" error when I run my Function event handler?
Modified on: Wed, Jul 18, 2018 at 2:58 PM
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Donna's the man! Well, maybe not the man, but The Woman. She's hilarious! While reading this book, I pretty much had a smile on my face the whole time and I laughed out loud, or for you social media whizzes I lol'd. Her take on every-day situations, some of them ridiculous in themselves and just waiting for someone to take the piss (that's an Australian term for those of you who don't know—it means to make fun of) was freakin' hilarious. She covers everything from avoiding speeding tickets to contemplating a career as an animal psychic. There is something here to make everyone laugh. The only thing I could say Donna has not done successfully is avoid those speed bumps, but she sure bounces over them in style.
I gave it 5 big, round… speed bumps.


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The Centennial War Memorial was unveiled on 6th October 2018. It is the Town Council's lasting commemoration of the centenary and is the first time that all names of the fallen have been brought together in one memorial. The memorial incorporates the statue of Haron Baronian. Originally commissioned as a family memorial the statue had been relocated to the War Memorial Cottage Hospital in the 1970s.
Research was undertaken to develop a new roll of honour, bringing together names from memorials across the Town and including names that had been missed from the original memorials. The memorial also includes two names of servicemen who gave their lives in service since World War II.


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The way the legislation is worded is that if enabling legislation does not already have an inflationary factor in it, a CPI-type of inflationary indicator would be necessary for all fees. In essence, the fee escalator would apply across all fees. Again, some would be under the legislation, unless, of course, the enabling legislation has its own.
Evidence of meeting #90 for Finance in the 42nd Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site, as are the minutes.) The winning word was industry.
A video is available from Parliament.


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Current Newswire:
KDE.org: Pre-2.0 KDE progress reportJul 24, 2000, 16:00 (3 Talkback[s])
[ Thanks to Richard Moore and Joergen Ramskov for this link. ]
"A lot has happened with KDE since the last beta. The developers have been extra productive, thanks mostly to having the opportunity to work together face-to-face. For ten days a collection of core KDE developers met in Trysil, Norway. The main purpose of the meeting was to fix as many KDE 2 bugs as possible and to make any important changes in functionality, appearance, and behaviour."
"The feedback from the early betas of KDE 2.0 has been incredible. Bug reports don't sound very pleasant, but there's nothing developers like better. Thanks to the efforts of all those who have tested previous betas, KDE 2.0 is now more stable, efficient, coherent and consistent than ever before."
"Listing all the fixes that have been made since the last beta on this page would be dull, so instead we present a summary of changes that may interest the user and a few (important) notes for developers. Rest assured that we have worked most on improving stability, so if the list of changes presented here doesn't impress, you should find that the improvements in stability are reason enough to upgrade. No-one likes working at a desk with wobbly legs!"
Related Stories:


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The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, Teile 1-2
Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1863 - 632 Seiten
Was andere dazu sagen - Rezension schreiben
Es wurden keine Rezensionen gefunden.
Ausgewählte Seiten
Andere Ausgaben - Alle anzeigen
The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined Volume 3
John William Colenso
Keine Leseprobe verfügbar - 2016
The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua: Critically Examined, Volume 2
John William Colenso
Keine Leseprobe verfügbar - 2015
Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
according already ancient appears argument ascribed Author believe Bible called Captivity certainly character Church common complete composed compounded considered contains criticism crown 8vo David Divine doubt earlier Edition Elohim Elohistic evidence examination existence Exodus expression fact father four Genesis give given hand Hebrew HENGSTENBERG holy Illustrations imply indicate instance Introduction Israel Jehovistic Jerusalem Joshua kind king known land language later laws lived Lord meaning mentioned mind Moses Mount name Jehovah narrative natural never observed occasion occurs once original passages Pentateuch perhaps persons plain portions possible Post 8vo present Priests probably Prophets Psalm question reason reference regarded remarkable revised Samuel Second seems seen speak story suppose taken Temple thee Thou Translated tribe true truth unto vols whole Woodcuts writer written Zion
Beliebte Passagen
Seite 174 - And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee ; they shall be male and female.
Seite 203 - And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, ° before there reigned any king over the children of Israel.
Seite 294 - O God, thou art terrible out of thy holy places: the God of Israel is he that giveth strength and power unto his people. Blessed be God.
Seite 35 - The Cabinet Lawyer : A Popular Digest of the Laws of England, Civil and Criminal ; with a Dictionary of Law Terms, Maxims, Statutes, and Judicial Antiquities ; Correct Tables of Assessed Taxes, Stamp Duties, Excise Licenses, and Post-Horse Duties ; Post-Office Regulations, and Prison Discipline. 16th Edition, comprising the Public Acts of the Session 1853.
Seite 246 - Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee unto the land of Moriah ; and offer him there for a burnt-offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.
Seite 295 - And it came to pass, when the ark set forward, that Moses said, Rise up, LORD, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee.
Seite 287 - The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, 0 God, Thou wilt not despise.
Seite 25 - Readings for a Month Preparatory to Confirmation from Writers of the Early and English Church. By the same.
Seite 233 - And behold the Lord stood above it and said, I am the Lord God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac ; the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed.
Seite 207 - And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, three-score cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. 5 All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many.


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NECA AvP Requiem Series
Posted by Darkness on April 10, 2016 (Updated: 10-Apr-2016)
This section lists all the AvP Requiem figures that NECA has released.
|Series 1 (2008)
Includes Alien Warrior, Hybrid Alien (Closed Mouth), Hybrid Alien (Open Mouth).
|Series 2 (2008)
Includes Wolf Predator (Masked), Wolf Predator (Unmasked Closed Mouth).
|Series 3 (2008)
Includes Wolf Predator (Open Mouth), Wolf Predator (Stealth Mode).
|Series 4 (2008)
Includes Battle-Damaged Predator (Masked), Battle-Damaged Predator (Unmasked).
Other NECA Figures
|NECA AvP Requiem Wolf Predator (Half-Cloaked) (2008)
2008 San Diego Comic-Con Exclusive.


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Hands-on Preview of the Samsung Omnia II, Convoy, and Casio Rock
The Samsung Convoy and Casio G'zOne Rock are two of the newest Push To Talk devices to come out for Verizon Wireless this holiday season. Both phones meet Mil Spec 810F for resistance to shock & dust, water, vibration, salt fog, humidity, radiation, altitude, and extreme temperatures. The Samsung Convoy comes equipped with a 2.2" 176x220 internal display, 1.3" external display, 2MP camera, and microSDHC memory card slot. The Casio Rock has a 2.1" 240x320 QVGA external display, PMOLED external display, 2MP camera and microSDHC memory card slot. One nice design feature of the Rock is that there is a mechanical release button on the right side of the hinge, which will flip the phone open in one click.
Samsung Convoy U640 Specifications
Casio G'zOne Rock C731 Specifications
Check back for our upcoming Reviews of each device!


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Yeah, I saw the jokey "Brad and Angelina Set To Adopt Two More Black Children" thing on the Huffington Post. No, I didn't think it was funny.
For starters, I love Diff'rent Strokes references and can appreciate this line:
"They were trying to treat me like a jive turkey," said Willis. "No way I was going with them white dudes without my little bro."
…But the general gist of the piece — look, Angelina Jolie is collecting brown kids! — seems so 2005.
But even worse is the fact that, all jokes aside, the largest percent of children in foster care are African-American; and studies show that these kids are "negatively characterized and labeled" by the system. So would it be so terrible for two boys living in foster care to get adopted by Angelina Jolie?
One Jezebel reader thinks so! We got an email from someone who probably didn't "get" that the HuffPo piece was a joke. She wrote:
"This is completely disturbing… Adopting two children, ages 10 and 13, who have been living in foster care, is a HUGE DEAL as these are children who have been neglected and/or abused and require a lot of attention and PARENTING... which they surely will not get with 6 younger siblings and parents who are constantly jet-setting around the world. UGH."
But if the foster system is "unkind" to black kids, wouldn't jet-setting around with Brad and Angie be a step up? Or at least less of a learning curve than living with Mr. Drummond?
Brad and Angelina Set To Adopt Two More Black Children [HuffPo]


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Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS)
- Deutsch
- English
A multiphysics framework for compressible and incompressible flow, aeroacoustics, and combustion phenomena.
Computational fluid dynamics, computational aeroacoustics, conjugate heat transfer, flows with combustion, particulate flows.
The multiphysics framework ZFS is developed at the Institute of Aerodynamics at RWTH Aachen University, Germany since 2004. It is used to simulate compressible and incompressible flow, aeroacoustics, and combustion phenomena for various fundamental, technical, and biofluidmechanical problems. It uses hierarchical Cartesian grids with a quadtree/octree structure and supports solution adaptive mesh refinement as well as flows with immersed moving boundaries.
For the High-Q club, the computational aeroacoustics component of ZFS has been evaluated on JUQUEEN. It uses a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method for the spatial discretization of the acoustic perturbation equations and a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme for integration in time to solve for the aeroacoustic pressure field.
Michael Schlottke, Matthias Meinke, Wolfgang Schröder
Chair of Fluid Mechanics and Institute of Aerodynamics
RWTH Aachen University
Andreas Lintermann
Simulation Laboratory Highly Scalable Fluids & Solids Engineering
Jülich Supercomputing Centre
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Michael Schlottke email@example.com
(Text and images provided by the developers)


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You Will Need:
1 Cup Warm Water
1 pk Non-GMO Yeast
1 tsp Salt
5 1/2 Cups Bread Flour
1/4 Cup Organic Sugar, not pictured
(see my notes hehe) Place all dry ingredients into a stand mixer
Add Water
You may need a little more water, add 1 tbsp at a time; until the dough forms a ball. Continue mixing on setting 2 for 10 minutes
This is how you want it to look.. elastic-y
Place in a greased bowl. Cover and rise for 40 minutes in a warm area
Roll 4.5 oz balls
Roll into the ball and place on a cookie sheet, rise for 20 minutes covered with a damp towel
Once done rising, place a pointer finger in the middle and spin until a big enough whole
They will not look perfect, but honestly who cares! My kids helped so they look 'goofy' (allow these to rest until water boils)
Boil water in a pot with with 6 tbsp of organic raw honey. Add four to five bagels at a time, gently,
Boil for 1 minute per side
Once down, allow to dry then place back on the baking sheet. Bake 425 degrees for 15-18 minutes turning halfway or until golden brown.
Cool completely
*If you make this or any other recipe please #organicmominthekitchen on facebook and twitter (@TheHaidens) and send us pictures, we love seeing pictures!!!*
Also, comment below what else you would like to see us make!!


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Call Recorder for Skype is an add-on for Skype which automatically transforms your audio and video calls into recordings. It's great for lessons, interviews, podcasts, or just having fun.
- Manually start/stop/pause, or record automatically.
- Control file size and quality.
- Widescreen HD video format.
- State-of-the-art H.264 and AAC file formats save space.
- Convert your calls to MP3 format.
- Uncompressed option for highest quality.
- Add time-indexed notes to recordings.
What's New
Version 2.5.12:
- Fixes for Skype 7.1 compatibility
- OS X 10.8 or later
- Skype 6.15 or late
Download Now


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April 4th's meeting is shaping up! (dates got moved around as a result of March break)
If you have a short film you'd like to show/present, let us know.
Along with a tutorial/seminar on Anamorphic lenses (A must for anyone serious about 'movie magic)
I recently came across this article:
03/decades-old-lenses-may-be- radioactive-especially-if- theyre-made-by-kodak/
and the list of lenses possibly containing Thorium: http://camerapedia.wikia.com/
Seeing as many here probably are vintage lens collectors(Can't beat the look of imperfect glass!), bring it in!We'll have a Geiger Counter that night to detectyour glass for any ionizing particles.
Anyone 'concerned' regarding rads, this chart helps put everything into context: https://xkcd.com/
April 4th 7-9pm:550 St. Clair West, 2nd Floor (Close to St. Clair West Subway)
Open to all/Forever Free.


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|Print this page
Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA)
|Binomial Name:
|State of South Australia
|Sub Category:
|Click this link to search this location with google maps
|South Australia, Australia
|Click this link to search this location with google maps
|Subject Matter:
|Cultural Heritage | Native Title | Recognition of Native Title or Traditional Ownership
|Summary Information:
|The Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (the Act) is an 'Act to establish an Aboriginal Lands Trust, to define the powers and functions thereof, for purposes incidental thereto and for other purposes' (long title). The Act established the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust and sets out the provisions dealing with its composition, staffing, powers and financial arrangements.
The Act was the first attempt by an Australian Government to grant Aborigines title to land. The Trust was created to ensure that:
- Title to existing Aboriginal reserves remained with Aborigines;
- Mineral royalty payments were received, with which more land could be purchased; and
- Funds were received to develop lands vested in the Trust.
Following the transfer of Aboriginal reserves and other areas of land to the Trust in an estate of fee simple, the Trust leased the land back to the Aboriginal communities at nominal rates for 99-year, repeatedly renewable periods. Yalata (4516 square kilometres) and Nantawarrina (580 square kilometres) are the largest areas in the 5383 square kilometres of Trust land. Under the Act, the Trust is able, with Ministerial agreement, to sell, lease or mortgage the land vested in it. The sale of land requires the consent of both Houses of Parliament.
|In 1975, 890 Hectares of land was leased back to the Koonibba Community Council on a 99-year lease. A number of smaller blocks have been sub-leased to family groups.
In 1976, the Yalata Community became an incorporated body and a 99-year lease was granted to them from the Trust for Yalata lands.
Related Entries
|South Australian Consolidated Acts (1966) Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA)
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Aviation Leadership Program
The Aviation Leadership Program is a Defense Department program that provides undergraduate education and training to personnel of friendly, less-developed foreign air forces.
The Aviation Leadership Program (ALP) was established to provide pilot training, related training and information exchange to air force personnel in allied developing states with the purpose to support their aviation expertise and defense institution building. Authorized by Section 1178 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 1994 and reinforced by Defense Department Directive Number 2010.12, ALP funding is drawn from Air Force funds. In coordination with the State Department and the Defense Security Assistance Agency, the Air Force must submit countries for approval of training. The Unified Combatant Commands are also permitted to submit a list of prioritized countries to receive training. Additional training permitted under this authority includes language training and programs "necessary to promote better awareness and understanding of the democratic institutions and social framework of the United States." The law also allows the provision of clothing and supplies to the trainees, as well as a living stipend. The program was created recognizing that such efforts could promote U.S. national security interests and improve bilateral relations with recipient countries.
Program DataUser's Guide
Military vs. Economic Aid
Arms Sales
Security Assistance Monitor recently received the United States Department of Defense's Section 1209 and Section 1203(b) Report to Congress (from here on referred to as the 1209 report) for Fiscal Years 2011 and...
SAM in the News
There are no results at this time.


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A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Though civilization has swept aside the Edenic vistas of Lewis and Clark, at the annual meeting of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation in Bismarck, North Dakota, the spirit of the explorers lives on, and there are some who pursue their story with a single-mindedness bordering on obsession. In the course of our immersion in all things Lewis and Clark I met people who had managed to make careers of the most eccentric sub-specialities. A food historian researches the nutritional aspects of the journey; an angling couple from Minnesota fish the Missouri and Columbia rivers in the wake of the discoverers; and a former elementary-school administrator from Los Angeles is remaking himself as the expedition's fiddler. Toward that end, he has quit his job, grown a full beard and hair long enough to pull back in a ponytail, and lost 30 pounds so he can dance on his hands like a voyageur. Ken Karsmizki, an archaeologist affiliated with the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana, has spent the last 12 years trying to pin down the physical record of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Excavations at the Lower Portage Camp have turned up a possible tent peg carbon-dated to around 1810, bone fragments with knife marks, several fire pits, and a gunflint that fits neatly into the lock of the model of military rifle carried by the explorers. "Lewis and Clark have been called the writingest explorers who ever lived," Karsmizki said, "but I wish they had been the messiest--it would have made my job a lot easier."
Freelance writer Jim Merritt lives in Pennington, New Jersey. You can contact the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation via the Internet at www.lewisandclark.org. The foundation meets next August in Dillon, Montana, near the pass where Lewis and Clark crossed the Continental Divide.


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I recently received a promotion at my day job, so I decided to treat myself to a new set of drums. My old kit had big, deep power toms with a 24" bass drum, and they had started to look outdated. The local music store took the set, plus a bunch of cash, for a brand-new set of high-end drums. I was thrilled at first, but then I started to wish I hadn't sold my old kit. I even went back to the store to buy it back, but it had been sold. I now find myself disinterested in my new high-end kit. What's going on here?
You have a combination of seller's and buyer's remorse. Both are an emotional reaction to the choice you made, and both involve a strong sense of regret about your decision. You had grown attached to your old kit, and perhaps you feel a little guilty about spending a significant sum of money on your new drums.
You're also going through a grief process. Life is a series of hellos and goodbyes, and you've just said "adios" to your old kit. On conscious and unconscious levels your old kit is associated with good times and fun experiences making music. However, we're all prone to engage in revisionist history, remembering events in our mind more fondly than they necessarily deserve. As you move through your grief process, in addition to sadness you might feel some disbelief in your decision and anger regarding your choice. You went back to the music store in an attempt to buy back your kit, but that failed. Short of trying to track down the new owner, which I wouldn't suggest, eventually you will move into a mode of acceptance.
All Things Must Pass
Eventually everything will pass away. Your old drums are gone for good. But there are lines in the George Harrison tune "All Things Must Pass" that are bright and hopeful: "Daylight is good at arriving at the right time. It's not always going to be this gray."
In Buddhism, a mandala—usually a circle enclosing a square, with a deity on each side—is a symbol of the universe. When Buddhists want to meditate on the concept of impermanence, the monks spend days or weeks creating an intricately patterned mandala made of colored sand. The monks carefully and gently blow the sand, often using small straws, into a formation. When this beautiful piece is complete, the monks unceremoniously sweep the sand into a pile and sprinkle it into a body of running water. To witness this is to experience a graphic display of the impermanence of life.
As drummers, we break heads, cymbals, and possibly even kick drum pedals. These are all examples of the impermanence of things in our lives. We get into trouble when we form unhealthy attachments to people, places, and things. The more attached we become, the harder it is to let go when something or someone passes away. The key is to let go and move on.
Your Creative Voice
As a drummer, your creative voice is your drums. You speak through your drumming. I've seen videos of street kids in third-world countries playing "drums" made from junk. Two bicycle sprockets serve as a hi-hat. Twigs become drumsticks. Tin cans serve as the snare and toms. Other cast-off items are jerry-rigged to form a bass drum, pedals, and cymbals. These kids play with pure spirit and from deep within their heart and soul. They don't care if they're not making rhythms with "real" instruments, and they're not attached to what they're playing. If a tin-can tom becomes battered beyond repair, they just replace it with another. And the best part of this whole scenario is that their music sounds awesome!
The Eye Is Drawn to Beauty
Advertisements for drums, cars, houses, expensive clothes, and so on will always feature the item in the best lighting possible and from the best angles. This is because we have an inherent propensity to be drawn to visual beauty. Think of the hours people spend in art museums and the thousands of dollars invested in cosmetic surgery. But beauty fades over time. We tire of our possessions and long for something new, shiny, and bright—something different.
To continue working your way through accepting the loss of your old drums and embracing your new kit, I suggest that you push yourself to find time to spend with the new set. Polish the chrome on the rims and lugs. Apply a protective finish to the shells. Experiment with different tunings. Get to know them! Enjoy the beauty of your new drumset without becoming too attached. Keep in mind that it's the vehicle through which you express your own unique creative voice. But also remember that someday the drums may no longer hold the appeal they once had, and you'll likely want to replace them with another kit. They too will pass away.
Bernie Schallehn has been a drummer and percussionist for over forty-five years. He holds a master's degree in counseling psychology and, while in private practice, held the credentials of a certified clinical mental health counselor and a certified alcohol and substance abuse counselor.