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So what was the trigger event for radical islam?
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General of the Forums
- Jun 2016
- 7315
Long live the Lionheart! Please watch this video
Accept the challenges so that you can feel the exhilaration of victory.
George S Patton
Originally posted by Artyom_A View PostDemographic boom in the Middle East. Just like the demographic boom in Europe kicked off WWI, Russian Revolution and WWII.We hunt the hunters
Originally posted by wolfhnd View Post
That was certainly a factor in the anti war protest during the Vietnam war and is a necessary part of the calculus of any cultural upheaval. The central question remains regarding focus. While the internal and external conflicts of Islam were somewhat quiet for a period after WWII, if you ignore Israeli wars, there was a tipping point beginning with the Iranian revolution after which it returns to the traditional pattern of violent expansionism. What was the trigger or triggers and why does it look so different than the upheavals in the West when the baby boomers were coming of age?
It really isn't any different. Well, except that that powers that be in Europe had abandoned religion a long time ago, whereas in moslem majority countries they still hold sway. Europeans also had the luxury of migrating to three different continents(if you count Australia as one)...compared to our "violent expansion" the current migrant crisis is a drop in the ocean.
One should take note that most of Islamic terror is directed against their own subjects to keep them in line; attacks against West are more of media publicity than anything else.Last edited by Karri; 27 Sep 18, 10:41.Wisdom is personal
- 2 likes
Originally posted by Stonewall_Jack View Post
Erdogan may be controversial. What we know is the foundation of Turkey is based on equality among man. The USA has gone through controversial leaders such as Mr Clinton and Dick Nixon. But its the foundation of the USA that has been able to hold up.
if we strict kemalist then I have no problem but this guy sees himself as a lattar day sultan
General of the Forums
- Aug 2002
- 11511
The Islamic conquests of the Middle East and Africa have killed over 270 million people who had rejected Islam and had to be killed. We tend to forget many traditionally Islamic countries are not traditional at all and had to be converted by slaughter. This supports the hypothesis that Islamic extremism is in the Quran. If anything, Islam of today is less violent and brutal than centuries ago. The founding father of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal, himself a Muslim, rejected orthodox Islam as barbaric and preventing normal development of the country. He imposed severe punishment, including prison sentences, for spreading Islamic orthodoxy in the country.
"Artillery adds dignity to what would otherwise be a ugly brawl."
--Frederick II, King of Prussia
- 1 like
there is no radical islam, even the sufi sunni orders savagely fought the russians in the dagestan region in the 17th century
islam has been attacking raiding and slaving christians for centuries esp the russians
islam itself is no more savage than any of the abrahamic faiths
its the people of middle east that are more savage than their neighbors and thats the root of the problem
our socalled conservatives are so concerned with russian menace while the real menace are the muslim countries + india+ china + japan
We and russians both have common enemies , those who truly are against islam should wholeheartedly support russians and push for limiting immigration in europe
we should also fully support israel's expansion at the expense of its neighbors , more european jewish immigration there but we should not send our boys to die for the security of the jewish state in fact it should be the other way round
Remember, however, that from 1948-88, SOVI|ET R|USS|IA was the supposed mastermind behind "all Worldwide Communists, and that we backed Sadamn Hussien, etc., because that BRAND OF WARLORD was seen asw seen as secular Muslims "tough on Commies..'
Be Cautious....The trout who swims against the current gets the most oxygen..
i cannot think of any decent person who does not HATE roman empire and all its evils
i do agree with latter part of your post though, Muhammad did style himself as an old testament prophet.But how can you defend the shocking barbarity of the old testement ?
I'm pro-israel precisely because it is a secular jewish state founded by primarily EUROPEAN jews and serves as an outpost of european civilization in the middle east , if israel would follow the ways of the old testement prophets then they would look like a jewish version of isis
I also support israel as they are the natural enemies of arabs ( not neccessarily muslims ), christian and secular arabs are just as bad as religious muslim arabs
The willingness of the Arab Islamic world to rob ,then ship out their ancient Jewish communities even before the foundation of Israel shows that they were birds kept in a gilded cage. I pointed out to a Syrian that the 40,000 Moslems expelled from the Golan Heights was four fifths of the 50,000 Jews expelled form Syria after 1945.
His response was that the Syrian Jews 'went to France and Brooklyn' - he did acknowledge that the leaving was not voluntary.
The trout who swims against the current gets the most oxygen..
- 2 likes
Second Lieutenant
- Jul 2008
- 465
i believe that the trigger event of the present war by muslims against the west was started during the First desert storm. I watched a interview with al qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, and he stated that having non muslim troops in saudi arabia was an insult to muslims that he could not accept .
- 1 like
Originally posted by bill shack View Posti believe that the trigger event of the present war by muslims against the west was started during the First desert storm. I watched a interview with al qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden, and he stated that having non muslim troops in saudi arabia was an insult to muslims that he could not accept .
It has ever been thus."To be free is better than to be unfree - always."
- 1 like
General of the Forums
- Aug 2008
- 7542
There never was a single trigger event. As always it's been a developing situtation, and a chain of contingent factors.
But choosing a short answer: 1990's Algeria.
Ideologically political Islams, as has been radicalised in the least decades, has a bunch of founding figures, ideologues writing and publishing, beginning already before WWII. 1930's Egypt was a the place for it.
But it's not as if they had that many takers then.
What then happened after WWII was decolonization + nationalist revolutions in varioius Arab countries. These revolutions were Arab nationalist, secular but not democratic.
Two things then opened the way for radical Islamism as potential credible political alternative to the powers-that-be. First of all that the Arab nationalist governments never opened themselves to real forms of participatory politics. They remained autocracies. (I.e. no democracy, and western policies was fine with that, mostly concluding the Mid East was not "ready" for democracy.)
That would probably have worked more or less had they just delivered a better life for people generally. (The big Selling Point currently of Chinese politics, and sorta kinda for Putinism in Russia.) I.e. the nationalist revolutions produced government-by-generals who promised a bright future, invested in general education for people, secular reform etc., and then (unless there was oil) failed to provide the promised better life.
The non-petro Arab world has been moving crab-wise economically, and consequently in whether it can offer people a better life, for decades. While east Asia has taken off an caught up the west etc.
That crab-wise move provided a discontent looking for political alternatives. And if it wasn't going to be revolutionary Marxism, there was the option of political Islam.
The starter probably really was Algeria. The Islamists won the general election in 1992, and promptly were thwarted by a military coup and continued rule-by-general. Which could also be clearly seen to be supported by the west. And then there was The Mother Of Islamist Civil Wars... Veteran fighters from it has turned up pretty much everywhere the crap has hit the fan since, from Bosnia to Afghanistan to Iraq to Syria.
- Oct 2007
- 29935
A complex answer that I need to keep short; 1979.
The combination of Iran's huge backward step into the 7th century, the terrorist occupation of Mecca, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a triple-whammy that made everyone in the world sit up and take notice, especially the muslims.
People were scared over there, and the Holier than Thou Religious Militants took advantage of it.
Progress in the Muddle East was reversed, and it has all been downhill ever since.
- 3 likes
General of the Forums
- May 2010
- 14570
Originally posted by The Exorcist View PostA complex answer that I need to keep short; 1979.
The combination of Iran's huge backward step into the 7th century, the terrorist occupation of Mecca, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a triple-whammy that made everyone in the world sit up and take notice, especially the muslims.
People were scared over there, and the Holier than Thou Religious Militants took advantage of it.
Progress in the Muddle East was reversed, and it has all been downhill ever since."Stand for the flag ~ Kneel for the fallen"
"A wise man can learn more from a foolish question than a fool can learn from a wise answer." ~ Bruce Lee
- 2 likes
General of the Forums
- Jul 2007
- 22384
Islam has been "radical" ever since Mohammad grabbed a sword and led his followers in conquest and forced conversions.TANSTAAFL = There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch
"War is merely the continuation of politics by other means" - von Clausewitz
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Apple disclosed the agreement in a filing on Friday in U.S. District Court in San Jose, California. Representatives for both Apple and Samsung declined to comment.
Last month Apple asked to add the Galaxy S III Mini and other Samsung products, including several tablet models, to its wide-ranging patent litigation against Samsung.
In response, Samsung said the Galaxy S III Mini was not available for sale in the United States and should not be included in the case.
Apple won a $1.05 billion verdict against Samsung earlier this year but has failed to secure a permanent sales ban against several, mostly older Samsung models. The patents Apple is asserting against the Galaxy S III Mini are separate from those that went to trial.
Samsung started selling the Mini in Europe in October to compete with Apple's iPhone 5. In its filing on Friday in U.S. District Court, for the Northern District of California, Apple said its lawyers were able to purchase "multiple units" of the Mini from Amazon.com Inc's U.S. retail site and have them delivered in the United States.
But Samsung represented that it is not "making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing the Galaxy S III Mini in the United States." Based on that, Apple said it agreed to withdraw its patent claims on the Mini, "so long as the current withdrawal will not prejudice Apple's ability later to accuse the Galaxy S III Mini if the factual circumstances change."
The case in U.S. District Court, Northern District of California is Apple Inc. vs. Samsung Electronics Co Ltd et al., 12-630.
© 2010 Ahram Online.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jo Saint-George, Founder
FHG Media Enterprises
Washington, D.C, Unites States
Professional BackgroundDeveloped by FHG Media Enterprises, (the legal industries first and only woman and minority owned legal media and tech company whose mission is to promote minority and women lawyers as thought leaders through Minority Counselor TV (MCTV)), the Legal Digital Innovator Conference was a historic 2016 MLK Day event where minority lawyers were challenged to become our nation's "legal digital thought leaders and tech innovators". Seminars explained how to leverage legal digital media publishing and web TV broadcasting by media industry experts and tech leaders from Revolt TV, Comcast, Inc., NBC4, Gas Station TV, Capital One. Conference was hosted in conjunction with Howard School of Law, School of Engineering /HowU Innovate, and School of Communications.
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In the last few weeks I had to create many drones for a project and as I enjoyed the process very much, I thought it would be a nice gift to give some of the high quality drones away for free. Drones are good for sound design, for fx editing and creation, for creating different moods, atmosphere, or simply to inspire you to fabricate new sounds. I would like to give 11 'psycho' drones for free. They are freely downloadable, modifiable, usable, editable, etc. I only ask one thing in return (actually two).
1. If you like these drones, spread the word so even more people can use them
2. Never ever sell them for money
All of them designed, created and mastered in 24 bit 96 kHz. Every drone is one minute long. I hope you'll find it useful.
Drones for Christmas by tamasdragon
Download it from HERE.
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Zuckerberg Defends Internet.org in Net Neutrality Flap in India
Facebook co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded to the controversy over Internet.org in India and announced the availability of the application in Indonesia.
Facebook co-founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded to the controversy over Internet.org in India and announced the availability of the application in Indonesia.
Net neutrality concerns led several of Internet.org's partners in India — including travel e-commerce group Cleartrip, TV news outlet NDTV, media startup Newshunt and the country's largest English-language newspaper, The Times of India — to pull out or cut back on their content offerings
Zuckerberg insisted in a Facebook post that Internet.org's mission to connect the world can coexist with net neutrality, writing:
We fully support net neutrality. We want to keep the Internet open. Net neutrality ensures that network operators don't discriminate by limiting access to services you want to use. It's an essential part of the open Internet, and we are fully committed to it.
But net neutrality is not in conflict with working to get more people connected. These two principles — universal connectivity and net neutrality — can and must coexist.
To give more people access to the Internet, it is useful to offer some service for free. If someone can't afford to pay for connectivity, it is always better to have some access than none at all.
Internet.org doesn't block or throttle any other services or create fast lanes — and it never will. We're open for all mobile operators, and we're not stopping anyone from joining. We want as many Internet providers to join so as many people as possible can be connected.
Arguments about net neutrality shouldn't be used to prevent the most disadvantaged people in society from gaining access or to deprive people of opportunity. Eliminating programs that bring more people online won't increase social inclusion or close the digital divide. It will only deprive all of us of the ideas and contributions of the two-thirds of the world who are not connected.
Meanwhile, Internet.org continued to add to the list of countries where its app is available, as Zuckerberg announced its launch in Indonesia in another Facebook post, writing:
We just launched Internet.org in Indonesia! It's one more step toward connecting the whole world.
Last year, I had the opportunity to travel to Indonesia to support our efforts to connect more people. During my trip, I visited Taman Kampoeng Cyber, a "cyber village" in Yogyakarta. It's a community that came together and organized to get connected to the Internet.
I stopped and talked to the owners of some of the shops, and it was inspiring to see how being connected was helping people share their talents and ideas with the world. The photo (above) is of me talking to a clothing store owner who was using his Facebook page to share new T-shirt designs.
After today, everyone in Indonesia will have the opportunity to share in the benefits of the Internet and access free services in areas like jobs, health, education and communication on the Indosat network.
Through this effort, we will lower the cost of accessing the Internet and raise awareness of the Internet's value. And we're going to continue rolling out Internet.org in more and more countries so that one day everyone can share the opportunities of a connected world.
Readers: What are your thoughts on Internet.org and its mission?
Over the past week in India, there has been a lot written about Internet.org and net neutrality. I'd like to share my…
Posted by Mark Zuckerberg on Thursday, April 16, 2015


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What is an Abuse of Discretion?
Abuse of discretion is a standard of judicial review that appellate courts apply when reviewing lower court rulings or administrative agency decisions. This standard of review applies to certain types of legal issues that are the subject of an appeal. It generally requires an appellate court to decide whether a ruling was arbitrary, capricious or beyond reason based on the law and facts of the case. When the abuse-of-discretion standard is used, an appellate court will not overturn a ruling as long as it falls within the scope of rational choices available to a lower court.
Appellate courts apply the standard of abuse of discretion to certain types of legal issues. Issues of prosecutorial misconduct, admitting or excluding evidence, motions for mistrial, an award of attorney fees, and motions for discovery are all subject to a review of potential abuse of discretion. In contrast, an appellate court will apply a de novo review standard to issues of law. This means the lower court's interpretation of the law is not binding on the appellate court.
A lower court makes numerous rulings throughout the proceedings of a trial. A trial court will frequently have to decide whether to allow evidence into trial. A trial judge must base his decision on several legal factors. If the judge allows evidence into trial without applying those factors, then the trial judge may find his ruling is the subject of an appeal. The appellate court will apply the abuse-of-discretion standard to the ruling and may reverse the decision if it determines the trial judge failed to consider the appropriate factors before admitting the evidence.
U.S. courts also apply the abuse-of-discretion standard to administrative agency decisions. The Administrative Procedures Act, a federal law, expressly authorizes courts to use this standard of review. Administrative agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) often conduct hearing and make rulings on specialized matters. A person may seek judicial review of an administrative decision after exhausting administrative remedies.
A reviewing court will use the standard of abuse of discretion to analyze an agency's decision in the same manner as when it reviews a lower court's ruling. U.S. courts afford an agency broad discretion in performing its duties. It will not use the standard of abuse of discretion to undermine an agency decision. Courts instead give deference to an agency's interpretation of any regulations it has enacted. This deference stops when an agency's decisions go beyond its specialized purpose.
When an appellate court finds that there was an abuse of discretion in a particular ruling of a lower court, it does not mean that the lower court judge committed misconduct or acted with some type of malice. It only means that the appellate court has determined that a lower court judge made an improper ruling based on logic, the law or the facts of the particular case. An appellate court will not take action to punish a lower court judge in such situations.


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Without question that was your best squat session evar.Super proud of you. Keep this up and you will crush your PRs in August.Get those knees wrapped and squat 275!!!
Damn, Miss Lisa, you're killing those squats. Nice work.
I think you might have earned a beer or two.
Good work today.Just need to work on getting your best foot placement BEFORE you unrack. Very strong though. I think you might have earned a beer or two.
Quote from: FLEX on May 06, 2016, 08:51:33 AM I think you might have earned a beer or two. I thought you earned extra sets?Like, you get a PR and now you can do an extra set...?? yea... am I doing it wrong? hahaKeep up the good work Lisa
Very solid bench day Lisa. That's a ton of work. Enjoy the weekend.
May 10, 2016Another bench session. Bench Press:45 x 1085 x 1095 x 6105 x 6115 x 3115 x 3115 x 3115 x 2115 x 3115 x 3100 x 6100 x 6100 x 5Mad that I missed that last rep at 100. But I truly worked until I could no longer.Squats tomorrow.


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Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Sherwin, Ralph (1799-1830)
SHERWIN, RALPH (1799–1830), actor, born in April 1799 at Bishop Auckland in Durham, received the rudiments of education in his birthplace, and subsequently at a school in Witton, presumably Witton-le-Wear. During five years he studied medicine in London and Edinburgh. His first appearance on the stage was made in York in July 1818, under Mansell. In the York company he remained two years, acting in Leeds, Hull, and Sheffield. He then went to Birmingham, under Bunn, losing his wardrobe when the theatre was burned down. At Brighton, under Brunton, he played low comedy and old men, subsequently rejoining Bunn at Leicester, and reappearing in the newly erected theatre in Birmingham. On 11 Feb. 1823, as Sherwin from York, he appeared at Drury Lane, playing Dandie Dinmont in 'Guy Mannering' to the Dominie Sampson of Liston. Engaged for three years, he acted Robin in 'No Song no Supper,' Paddock in 'My Spouse and I,' Diggory Delph in 'Family Jars,' and other parts. He was, on 12 Feb. 1825, the original Shock, a very poor shepherd, in Joseph Lunn's adaptation, 'The Shepherd of Derwent Vale, or the Innocent Culprit;' on 31 May Sam Sharpset in the 'Slave' to Macready's Gambia, and on 29 June Russet in the 'Jealous Wife.' Few opportunities were, however, given him, and at the end of the three years he seems not to have been re-engaged. Irregular habits were the reputed cause of his dismissal. He then took to driving a stage-coach, which he upset, returning for a short time to the stage. Sherwin had a fine face and figure, expressive features, and a voice smooth and powerful. He was a good mimic, could sketch likenesses with remarkable fidelity, and was an efficient representative of Yorkshire characters. His talent was, however, impaired by indulgence. He died in 1830, in Durham, at his father's house.[Biography of the British Stage, 1824; Gent. Mag. 1830, ii. 376; Genest's Account of the English Stage.]
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.250
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
|Sherwin, Ralph (1799-1830) : for Wilton (bis) read Witton


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Since I've pre-ordered the Google Nexus 7 tablet, I figured I might as well do a quick review of my existing tablet, the Lenovo IdeaPad A1, before decommissioning it in a couple weeks time.
Important things first, the specs:
- 7 inch 1024×600 display
- 16GB storage
- MicroUSB and microSD card
- Android 2.3, Gingerbread
- GPS, Bluetooth
I bought this last christmas while it was on sale for £150 and at the time, it seemed like a good deal. Decent specs at a good price. 7 months later and the Nexus 7 just blows everything out of the water. Obviously technology improves at a rapid rate, but none of the current crop of tablets compares against the Nexus 7 in both price and specs. The only thing the A1 has over the Nexus 7 is the inclusion of the microSD slot.
The A1 is my first ever tablet and only my second ever Android device. The first being the Nexus S, which I still use. And is still an amazing phone. I might even "review" it when I replace it with the next Nexus phone which is scheduled for release later this year.
It (back to the A1) ships with a slightly modified version of Android 2.3 Gingerbread. It has this gigantic widget in the middle (first image above) which cannot be moved. Annoying as hell as it limits how much you can customise the home screen.
Prior to buying this thing I made sure I could root it and promptly rooted this as soon as I received it. This is a must as the screen density set on this thing is utter crap. Imagine the exact same icons and widgets on a 4 inch screen, stretched to fill 7 inches. No tablet optimization was made at all, just making everything bigger and blurrier.
I bumped up the screen density from the default of 240 to 160. Because I hated the huge, non-removable widget, I installed a custom launcher, ADWLauncher EX. Which I bought during Google's 10 pence sale. This made things slightly better. But it still had the Lenovo bloat running in the background. Stealing valuable system resources.
Eventually I gave up and decided to play around with custom roms. This would be my first time entering the Android world of modding. My Nexus S remains unrooted as I don't really see the point as it gets it's updates straight from Google anyway. Android 4.1 Jelly Bean should be beamed straight to it sometime this month!
So, I flashed ClockWorkMod and CyanogenMod 7 (CM7) onto this thing, and fuck me, I should've done this sooner. As this made the A1 infinitely better to use.
Even though flashing it with CM7 greatly improved the experience. I desperately wanted Ice Cream Sandwich (ICS). After updating my Nexus S to ICS in December, I couldn't stand Gingerbread any more. ICS looks so much nicer.
Then last month, what I believe is an official (beta) ICS update direct from Lenovo was leaked. It still has some issues though. Main ones being (infrequent and rare) random restarts, and intermittent issues with the loud speaker. To be fair the random restarts were in the Gingerbread rom that shipped with this device.
Saying that, after experiencing ICS on this thing, even with the above issues, I'll live with them for just a little while longer. At least until I get my Nexus 7.
If the Nexus 7 never existed I would have recommended this as a cheap tablet to get your teeth into. Not anymore.


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- Home
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A survey of individuals with MCS in Australia, 2011
|MCS - ASEHA MCS Publications
|Article Index
|A survey of individuals with MCS in Australia, 2011
|Part A Medical Information
|Part B Social Aspects
|Part C Services Needes
|Conclusion and Resources
|All Pages
ALLERGY, SENSITIVITY & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION Qld Inc
A survey of individuals with MCS in Australia, 2011
Complied by Dr Sharyn Martin 2014
pdf File: ASEHA 2011 MCS Survey
In 2011, ASEHA in cooperation with the South Australian MSC reference group conducted a survey of members with MCS as part of an attempt to draft MCS clinical guidelines. We felt it was important to gather specific Australian data on some key aspects of living with. The survey was intended to investigate aspects of Medical/diagnostic information; Impact and Burden of MCS of people's lives, and what services are needed. The number of respondents was small at 50, but it does provide some insight into the lives of Australians with MCS.
Diagnosis and Duration of Illness
Duration of Illness
Development of MCS
Source/setting reported to be associated with the development of MCS
Stages of development
History of Inflammatory Conditions
Co-Morbid Diseases
Problems with medications, medical equipment, medical procedures
Impact and Burden of MCS
Level of support
Medical Assistance
Ability to Access medical and allied health services
Use of MCS hospital protocols
Work and Finance
Degree of Isolation
Degree of Disability
Services required to improve their quality of life
Identification for emergency Situations
Finding a pratitioner
Chemical Intolerance Screening Questionarre
Australian Hospital Guidelines
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Disability and Employment websites
Letters or paperwork that can be provide by GP or specialist to assist with non-medical issues
Diagnosis and Duration of Illness
Obtaining a diagnosis can be a difficult process and individuals can spend a lot of time, energy and finances seeking a practitioner with an understanding of environmental illness. In our study we found that 74% of respondent had obtained a diagnosis of MCS from a medical practitioner. The ages ranged from 18 to 71, with a higher proportion of females than males responding to the survey.
Duration of illness.
We also wanted to determine how long they had the condition. The mean duration of years with MCS was 22 years (min 2 to max of 71). Fifty-two percent of those surveyed had had MCS for more than 20 years. This demonstrates the chronic nature of the illness.
Development of MCS
Source/setting reported to be associated with the development of MCS
The first figure (1) describes the Initiation of MCS. MCS is thought to develop through a twostep initiation process where the initial phase involves development of sensitivity to chemicals by either an acute high exposure or chronic exposure to lower levels of chemicals, followed by a triggering phase where the number of type of chemicals an individual reacts to increases.
Figure 1 Development of MCS
The initialisation phase of development via acute or chronic exposure to chemicals can occur in several different settings each with the own unique chemicals and exposure pathways. Table 1 show the 5 main categories of settings where MCS is seen to develop. The first 4 categories are due to chemical injury as shown in Table 1 below.
Type of Exposure
a. Occupational
For example Industrial workers exposed to high levels of chemicals
Primarily male blue collar, 20-65 years
b. Occupants tight or problem buildings, (including schoolchildren),
Off-gassing of solvents and other indoor pollutants, and inadequate ventilation of buildings may play an important role.
More female than males, white collar office workers and professionals; 20-65 years, school children
c. Residents contaminated communities
Especially those residents living near toxic waste sites, close to industrial facilities, or with groundwater contamination
All ages, males and females, children and infants maybe affected first, middle to lower classes
d. Individuals with unique personal history of chemical exposure
Heterogeneous chemical exposures to things such as pesticides, domestic indoor contamination, consumer products, etc.
Females 70-80%, males 50%, 30-50 years, white, middle to upper classes and professionals.
e. Non-environmental
There are a small number of people who link the onset of their illness to "non-environmental" events such as major surgery, viral infection or a combination of the two
Table 1 Categories of setting where MCS is associated with the development of MCS
Source/settings associated with development of MCS
In this survey ninety-four percent of the respondents indicated that they knew or suspected the source/setting where their MCS may have been initiated. The majority of respondents, 54% indentified a single setting. 40% selected 2 or more settings.
Figure 2 shows that overall the majority of settings selected were where chemical injury was involved (60%). There were 42% Occupational cases, 32% cases from SBS, 34% with unique personal history of chemical exposure and 12% from contaminated communities and 40 % selected a non-environmental source.
Of the 20 who selected a non-environmental source, Category e, 12 cases were selected in combination with Chemical injury categories' (a-d). Of the 8 respondents who selected a non-environmental source ( e) as a single cause, 2 were thought to be an escalation from CFS, 2 were genetic component (2 siblings of MCS mother) , one case of each flu vaccination, viral origin and pregnancy.
Figure 2 Settings involved in the development of MCS
The list of chemicals involved in chemical injury cases where noted included Nursing chemical, Laboratory chemicals, Pesticides, Tannery chemicals, Art Supplies (teacher), Plastics emissions, Spray painting, Household chemicals, Hairdressing chemical, Solvents, Diesel fuel, Agricultural chemicals and Pharmaceuticals (eg vaccines, anesthetics).
Stages of development
Similarities in medical history
There is evidence in scientific and medical papers that a history of unresolved inflammatory conditions maybe a marker/precursor to the development of MCS. History of non allergic irritant diseases such as rhinitis, asthma, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), reactive upper airways dysfunction syndrome (RUDS), reactive intestinal dysfunction syndrome (RIDS), Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VSD), food allergies/intolerances have been reported in patients with MCS. This suggests that MCS may develop in stages such as those shown in Figure 3
Figure 3 Stages of MCS Development
By intervening early with chemical avoidance strategies can restore a limited amount of ability to tolerate environmental chemicals. Continued exposure to low levels of chemicals causes symptoms to fluctuate and maintains a continuous sensitised state. Early measures are likely to make a difference as once MCS escalates difficult to manage and enter into community and the associated social problems.
We asked respondents whether they had had a history of inflammatory conditions, either allergic or non-allergic mechanism, and prior to the development of their MCS. The results are shown in the next figure (4). We found that the majority of respondents 88% reported having prior allergic &/or non allergic conditions. Only 12% of respondents reported no history of an inflammatory disease.
Figure 4 Medical History of Inflammatory Conditions
Co-Morbid Diseases
There are a number of studies on the association of MCS with CFS, fibromyalgia, food sensitivity and allergy. There is an overlap of symptoms between MCS, SBS, CFS and fibromyalgia. Studies have found that up to 42% of people with CFS also have MCS and subjective intolerance to low level chemicals is a common symptom in people with CFS, fibromyalgia and Gulf War Syndrome. Fatigue is a common symptom among those with MCS, whether the chronic fatigue came first or the MCS may be the difference in diagnosis.
In our survey the most common co-morbid diseases reported were CFS/FM, gastrointestinal and skeletomuscular disorders as shown in figure 5
While many of the co-morbid conditions that exist with MCS carry a significant burden of disability, MCS alone can pose major functional impairment for those affected, and they can experience profound difficulty doing day to day tasks.
Individuals with MCS usually have other diseases, some of which are chronic, painful and disabling that may require medical intervention. These conditions can be missed or left untreated if the individual does not have a GP who understands MCS.
Figure 5 Co-morbidities
Problems with medications, medical equipment, medical procedures
The final question in this section was to investigate the rates of intolerance to medication &/or medical procedures/devices in our survey population and compare this to rates cited in overseas literature. Adverse drug reactions to medications, both over the counter and prescribed, are frequently reported by those with MCS (approx 25% - 75% ). Two American researchers Ashford and Miller suggest that an overlap exists between people who react to medications and those with chemical sensitivities. Reactions maybe to the active ingredients or any one of the inert ingredients also in medications such as flavours, colours, preservatives and excipients such as cornstarch or lactose in tablets, mineral oils.
In our survey we found that 81.6% of respondents have problems with medications, medical equipment and medical procedures. The main problems were reported with anaesthetics, medical dyes, medical equipment, antibacterials, plastics and adhesives. These results appear to conform to MCS patterns seen in medical literature.
To summarise:
- 74% had a medical diagnosis of MCS
- The mean duration of the illness was 22 year (min 2 to max 71)
- The most identified setting involved with initiation of the condition were those where chemical injury was involved
- 88% reported a prior medical history of allergic and non-allergic inflammatory conditions
- The most common co-morbid diseases were CFS/FM, gastrointestinal, allergic, cardiac, ENT and skeletomuscular disorders
- 81.6% reported problems with medications, medical equipment, and medical procedures.
The next part of the survey was designed to investigate the impact and burden of MCS on sufferers lives as shown in figure 6. The following figure represents the areas that impact an individual, which can have a flow on effect increasing the burden and influencing the disability and isolation. Individuals with MCS can have limited functioning and health related quality of life.
Depending on the degree of disability it can be difficult to work and care for homes and families. The combined negative impact from issues with Work & Finance; Medical & Social Services care, low social/community support and lack of safe affordable Housing can have a compounding negative effect on sufferers.
The factors that impact a person with MCS quality of life are: Barriers to medical and allied health services, Lack of medical assistance, low community/social support, lack of safe affordable housing, inability to work and financial hardship and the living adjustments required to live with MCS. These create and perpetuate the personal distress that affects the degree of isolation and disability.
Figure 6 Impact and Burden of MCS
In this survey we evaluated some of these aspects:- The level of support from family, friends and medical practitioners; the ability to access medical and allied health services; ability to work or receive pensions and finally the level of disability and isolation.
Level of support
We found a number of individuals lacked support from family and friends. This can often be due to scepticism by family members or friends and can affect the individual's ability to socialise becoming another burden that adds to the personal distress. Figure 7.
Figure 7 Support from Family and Friends
Medical Assistance
The lack of support or understanding from a medical practitioner delays effective treatment and management and does not dispel the disbelief by others. Finding a helpful/sympathetic GP or other medical specialist is important for:
- Accurate diagnosis
- Management and treatment of the condition
- Access to other allied health and social services
- Validation of the condition to allow the patient to be able to make the necessary changes and enlist the help of families, friends, and co-workers etc.
- Avoid the 'medical merry-go-round' of consulting a wide variety of GPs and specialists and undergoing a range of diagnostics tests and treatments in order to obtain a relevant diagnosis
In this survey, 42.6% reported that their GP is helpful, 29.8% as sympathetic with 27.7% neither helpful nor sympathetic. For some the lack of medical support has meant that they have not been unable to access social or disability support. They are unable to qualify for services or having their cases rejected due to lack of medical support.
Pam Gibson a researcher in the USA in a study in 2000 investigated the services requested and received by consumers with MCS found that MCS individuals saw on average nine medical practitioners each. Only twenty-seven percent of these were reported to be helpful. As Environmental Sensitivities are not routinely diagnosed in General Practice, it can be difficult for people to find medical practitioners with an understanding of MCS.
Ability to access medical and allied health services
The primary stop for people with medical problems is the GP. It is difficult enough to find practitioners who are able to help, without the added problem of becoming disabled when attempting to attend medical and Allied health facilities. Individuals with MCS can be disabled by chemical barriers when entering buildings and offices. The barriers include the wearing of perfume by staff and use of fragranced products, air fresheners, pesticides, cleaning products, paint, or the choice of building materials. All of these can significantly contribute to indoor air pollution to the degree that a chemically sensitive patient can become profoundly disabled after entering the building.
We asked respondents if they had difficulty accessing Health services, Allied Health Services, Disability & social services and Aged Care facilities, figure 8.
Figure 8 Access to Health Services
Regardless of the facility, in this survey were found that >55% of respondents reported not being able to access these services as can be seen in the next figure. Those who could state that they couldn't access the services safely or could only stay for short periods of time. The main barriers given for the inability to access these services were Poor Indoor air quality (22); ubiquitous nature of perfumes (17); use of indoor chemical pest control (3); unable to meet strict criteria to access auxiliary services and/or financial hardship (3). Indoor Air Quality issues include contaminants such as perfume and pesticides. Fragrance is the most troubling chemical and least necessary barrier to health services.
Poor indoor air quality is a major detriment to MCS/ES disability access to most public buildings including hospitals and other health care facilities. Many are unable to access the necessary services and care.
Hospital Protocols. We asked respondents if they knew of Australian MCS Hospital Protocols and if they had attempted to use these protocols when in a hospital.(Figure 9). Fifty-three percent of people had heard of MCS Hospital Protocols. Thirty-eight % (10 people) who knew of MCS Hospital Protocols had attempted to have them implemented. Despite these protocols being available 66.7% (6 people) found them to be unsatisfactory.
Figure 9 MCS Hospital Protocols
Work and finances We asked respondents whether they are able to work or if they have received a pension.
Figure 10 shows that a high % of respondent was unable to work (68%). A lack of financial security adds to the personal distress and can place extra strain on relationships and families. Of those able to work, 1 worked from home and another stated it was difficult as she was not able to work in closed buildings, or requiring an opened window in the area.
Figure 10 Income
We found that of the 8 who were not working and not receiving any pension, 3 of these noted that they have a working partner. Of the 42 receiving a pension, 13 were Aged care, 19 were Disability and 3 were unspecified. It is reasonable to assume that the 13 receiving Aged pensions may be nearing a requirement for placement in an Aged Care Facility. From the previous data were found that of the 31 who responded, 27 (87%) reported that they were unable to access Aged Care Facilities. This will become a greater issue as more come to retirement age. In this population, 52% have had MCS for 20 years or more, most probably contracted during their active working life.
Degree of Disability
Individuals with MCS suffer general disability with symptoms and health problems. This is combined with the disability that results from exposure to chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment and extremely difficult to avoid. Figure 11 demonstrates the high degree of disability reported, with 96 % experiencing significant (medium 44%, high 52%) disability with only 4% not disabled at all. The 52% reporting high level of disability would require assistance with many aspects of their life including shopping, banking and dealing with other attendant issues. For some there did not appear to be much support two stating that their partners had left due to the strain of dealing with MCS. Unemployment is usually accompanied by financial, social and psychological losses.
Figure 11 Degree of Disability
Degree of Isolation
Isolation occurs when MCS becomes so severe the patient loses the ability to leave home to go shopping, go to church, go to the beach, park, take part in some form of entertainment, visit the doctor or the dentist. Individuals stop going out to avoid the disabling symptoms experienced when exposed to commonly used chemicals. These are ubiquitous in the indoor air of many public built environments. The need for an early diagnosis of chemical sensitivity, identification of chemical(s) involved and avoidance strategies put into place is paramount to preventing the problem from evolving into MCS and the severe form of the disease. MCS patients should always be encouraged to move around in society as much as possible to avoid isolation.
Isolation also happens when family and friends withdraw support because they either do not believe the MCS patient or they can no longer deal with the MCS lifestyle that is based on avoidance and special need. In many cases families and friends are not prepared to take the necessary such as to be fragrance free during.
In our study, Figure 12, we found an elevated degree of isolation 50% high, 38% medium with only 12% reporting low isolation.
Figure 12 Degree of Isolation
To summarise the impact and burden data
- A high number of individuals were unable to access health services including Aged care facilities. This is becoming an issue as the MCS population ages.
- Low levels of support from friends
- The majority of individuals were unable to work
- Without prompting 16 noted that assistance with low allergy housing was needed.
- The resultant disability (94% partial to total) and isolation (88% medium to high) indicates a need in the community which is not being meet.
It is important for service providers to know the significance of environmental sensitivities in order to help and accommodate persons who experience them. Providing appropriate work accommodation could improve workplace retention and quality of life for people with disabling sensitivities. This may be as simple as making a fragrance free environment by engaging in education of staff that fragrances are solvent based products, they can be dangerous and can significantly contaminate indoor air.
The Message is To Recognise early and Implement measures to ameliorate it and prevent escalation. While diagnosis by a medical specialist is important for the reasons mentioned above, some measures to reduce exposure to potentially harmful chemicals can be done although much harder without medical recognition.
The last part of the survey identifies what those with MCS feel they require to assist them in improving their quality of life, Table 2. A high priority is this survey was air filters. These help in reducing the amount of pollution in the immediate area depending on the size and capacity of the filter. In some cases more than one filter is required and this can become very expensive with no rebates or assistance with their purchase. A car air filter can facilitate a safe haven for those needing to travel to shopping areas or health facilities. Other aides include water filters, personal masks that can be worn to avoid chemical exposures in indoor air, and oxygen for use during high exposures or recovery from an exposure. Other areas were for assistance with daily chores such as shopping, house work, and home maintenance. These can be either too physically demanding or involve exposure to contaminated environments. Living conditions was also an area of concern with needs for safe housing, respite accommodation and an advocate/carer. Unfortunately people disabled by chemicals are not recognised as disabled.
ASEHA Survey Responses
Service Needed
Number of respondent
Air Filter
Water Filter
Low Allergy Housing
House Maintenance
Lawn mowing
Organic food
Respite Accommodation
Aged Care
Nutritional Supplements
Safe cleaning products
Table 2 Services needed by individuals with MCS
I would like to add to this access to computers and the internet. These can reduce the feeling of isolation and allow people to investigate products and aides to assist with creating a safe environment as well as staying in contact with other people. Support groups can provide pertinent information and advice as well as companionship and sense of community.
Identification for emergency situations
The last question was to determine if individuals felt that they needed identification for emergency situations. We did this by asking participants if they felt they needed a MedicAlert Bracelet. The MedicAlert system is in case of an accident, if you are unconscious or confused and cannot provide necessary medical details. Just over half of the respondents felt that they needed this form of identification as seen in Figure 13.
A major concern for those with MCS is what to do during an unavoidable disabling exposure to chemicals. The effects can be physically disabling as well as feeling of disorientation and reduced functioning. These are circumstances where you are unable to communicate clearly with those trying to assist.
We also asked whether they had obtained one and if they had occasion to use it was it effective. A small number had been able to obtain one. Of the 7 who had occasion to use them only 2 found them of benefit. There were a two people who stated that they didn't bother applying for Medicalert as they had been told by Ambulance Officers that they administer aid according to their protocols and would be unlikely to phone for information from medicalert systems
Figure 13 MedicAlert responses
An alternative to a Medic Alert system, is to prepare your own card to carry in your purse or wallet, shown below. This can be given to people trying to help you in these situations. Lucinda has prepared cards for people with MCS or the following example may provide a template for creating your own with your specific details.
Just try to keep it as simple as possible
The card should have
- A contact name and phone number. Either a Family member, Friend or GP
- What your major problems are
- What you need assistance with
For Example
PLEASE CONTACT (your GP if you have one OR friend/family who understands your situation) Contact Details - Ph number:
I REACT STRONGLY TO MANY COMMONLY USED MEDICATIONS (Important if you are likely to be taken to a hospital or medical surgery). List your major ones to avoid)
MCS is a chronic disease with an average of 22 years duration and carries with it a high degree of disability and isolation. We found a high degree of unmet needs in the MCS community most prominent of which is the barriers to accessing services
Individuals with MCS disability have no opportunity to improve their lives, their health or take part in society AND are often unable to work to support themselves. They lose the support from family and friends and can become isolated. Income support from welfare services is insufficient to provide for their special needs in housing, disability aids, medical aids. Food and nutrient support is often required as food allergy/intolerance is often a coexisting factor along with inability to take many medications. Some need extensive home modifications made to reduce levels of mould and VOCs in the home environment. Disability accommodations need to be made safe for the chemically sensitive. This applies to hospitals and other health care facilities, in-home services, emergency services, aged care facilities and the workplace to allow disability access without discrimination. This may be as simple as making a fragrance free environment by engaging in education of staff that fragrances are solvent based products, can be dangerous and can significantly contaminate indoor air.
MCS is a hidden disease. Sufferers are often isolated from friends, family and community by their illness. I hope that by gathering and disseminating information that highlights these problems it will raise awareness of these issues and the unmet needs of those with MCS.
Targeted educational programs are required to promote awareness of MCS amongst service providers including Complementary Medicine practitioners about the need for safe non-perfumed environments. There is also the need for education regarding the dangers of exposure to commonly used chemicals and the relevance of these to a MCS person's life.
Prevalence Data
One of the most important issues at the moment is to determine the number of individuals with MCS to demonstrate a need in the community. Political change requires numbers, hard facts and real figures. When negotiating with the government and/or government departments, they need to know how many people are affected. The more facts we can provide, the easier it will be for decisions to be made.
The formation of an Australian national register will illustrate the need for change with actual numbers. Lucinda Curran, Dr Ian Buttfield and myself, Sharyn Martin, have made available a website where such data can be collected www.anres.org . The data collected by ANRES will kept private and secure.
Finding a practitioner.
Physicians. At the moment the difficulty faced by GPs is that there are no guidelines on diagnosis, treatment or management of environmental sensitivities. There is limited knowledge of MCS and other related conditions such as CFS, fibromyalgia and food sensitivities and they are not covered in main stream medical school training or Continuing Medical Education programs. However there are a number of practitioners who have undergone ACNEM (Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine) post-graduate courses and workshops in the application of the principles of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine.
Complementary medicine practitioners can also help with the condition without the use of medications. It is a matter of finding a modality that best suits you.
Australian Site: www.acnem.org The Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (ACNEM) has an Australian & New Zealand referral list. There are a few overseas listings for Hong King, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands and Singapore. This site lists GP's, Dieticians, Pharmacists, Dentists, Chiropractors, Naturopaths as well as some other health care professionals.
Overseas Sites
www.aaem.com The referable physicians listed on this American site are members of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM). There are lists for US states and some other countries - Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, England, Germany, Japan, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Switzerland.
www.mcsrr.org/ MCS Referral & Resources Website. This American Website is maintained by a non-profit organization engaged in professional outreach, patient support and public advocacy devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, accommodation and prevention of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity disorders. The organisation is based in Baltimore MD.
www.ciin.org Chemical Injury Information Network. CIIN is a non profit organisation based in White Sulphur Springs, MT. CIIN provides Doctor referrals to their members.
www.mcsurvivors.com This website has links for American medical treatment centres.
Diagnostic Aide : The Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) from http://drclaudiamiller.com/QEESI/
Chemical Intolerance Screening questionaries. Diagnosing a person with MCS requires a detailed medical and environmental history. The Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) is a standardised and validated screening questionaries that is readily available for download. It can be employed to obtain a profile of a patients' self reported symptoms and intolerances. The Inventory provides information on a patients Symptom Severity, Chemical intolerances, Other intolerances and Life impact. The Inventory can be used as a diagnostic tool and as a baseline to monitor a patients' progress over time.
This investigation is readily available, easy to administer and interpret. It can be downloaded from the link shown in the slide or search for QEESI on a search engine. Individuals with symptoms of chemical intolerance can take the completed inventory and the interpretation sheet to their doctor.
It can also be used to observe and note down when exposures and symptoms occur in different settings and conditions. Exposures between home, work or other environments (holidays) can then be compared.
It is also legal to use for medical practitioners. The QEESI may be downloaded from http://drclaudiamiller.com/QEESI/
Australian Hospital guidelines for MCS. There are currently four - available in SA, WA, Vic and the ACT.
Australian MCS Hospital Guidelines can be found from the following links
Victoria 2011: http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/Multiple-Chemical-Sensitivity:-A-guide-for-Victorian-hospitals
South Australia 2010: http://www.sacfs.asn.au/news/2010/07/07_24_mcs_guidelines_for_sa_hospitals.htm
ACT 2012: http://www.health.act.gov.au/c/health?a=dlpubpoldoc&document=2787
Western Australia: http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3814445c4f180533eea73781482579f2000ec798/$file/4445.pdf
Disability and Employment Issues in Australia
Australian Occupational Health and safety Union Reps :http://www.ohsrep.org.au/hazards/chemicals/multiple-chemical-sensitivity
Disability employment. The Australian government website for disability Employment access website is http://jobaccess.gov.au/content/multiple-chemical-sensitivity-syndrome
Australian Disability Clearing House on Education and Training. www.adcet.edu.au
Letters or paperwork that can be provided by GP or specialist to assist with non-medical issues
GPs can assist by providing letters or paperwork required for services such as social and disability welfare.
- In-home support
- Carers
- Unemployment benefits
- Sickness benefits
- Disability support. In Australia, we are struggling to have MCS/ES recognised as a physical condition. Our Human Rights Commission recognises MCS/ES and fragrance sensitivity as a disability if it can be shown that an individual has the problem.
- Compensation payments for workplace injury
- Referral to specialists, physiotherapists and OTs etc – MCS patients are likely to have other chronic health issues that require specialist care or other type of intervention.
- Government Housing suitable for allergy/MCS patients (sample letter for housing on www.asehaqld.org.au website)
- Home schooling
- Disability parking
- Assistance with medical aids e.g. wheel chair, oxygen at home
- Aged care or respite services
- Pain management services
- Chronic illness/loss/grief counseling
- Social workers
- Rehabilitation
- Ambulance transport services
- Lactose Intolerance Article
- Pesticide Information
- Australian Government Review of MCS 2006 -
- Subsmission to the Food Labelling Law and Policy Review
- Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Dealing with food allergens
- Location, Housing Material and Design Guidelines
- Disability Rights
- A Guide to Living with MCS
- Dealing with Hospitalisation and Emergency Surgery when Allergy, Food and Chemical Sensitivity are Complicating Factors.
- United Airway Disease
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Last Updated (Monday, 27 June 2016 03:38)