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Rock paintings
Rock paintings in Finland
- About 60 different rock paintings have been found in Finland.
- These rock paintings are usually situated near water.
- Most commonly, they depict people, boats and deer or elk.
- Rock paintings have been painted with red ochre, generally using blood as a binder.
- The oldest rock paintings have been dated as 5500 years old.
- The purpose of the rock paintings is not completely clear. It can only be assumed that they are associated with fishing areas or that they bring good luck for hunters.
Rock paintings have been found in the following locations, for example:
- Kuusamo, Julma-Ölkky
- Suomussalmi, Hossa Värikallio
- Valkeala, Verla
- Ristiina, Astuvansalmi and Uittamonsalmi
- Kirkkonummi, Vitträsk and Juusjärvi
- Laukaa, Saraakallio


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2014 U.S. Open Table Tennis Championship Results
Congrats to all the winners in the more than 80 event divisions, which included Men's and Women's Singles, Doubles, Hardbat, Sandpaper, Wheelchair, Junior Boys and Girls and many more.
Wenzhang Tao of China took home the Gold in the Men's Singles division and Yuko Fujii of Japan earned the Gold in the Women's Singles division.
A special congratulations to Newgy's sponsored player and friend, Sameh Awadallah (Boshra) for earning 2nd Place in the 030 Men's Division.
For complete tournament results, click here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Keeping your Pax Vaporizer clean is vital if you want to keep it performing to its full potential. With the help of this little kit and some occasional maintenance, your Pax will keep on producing clouds packed full of flavor for years to come.
To clean the mouthpiece it's recommended that you first remove it before cleaning the inside with a pipe cleaner which has been soaked in isopropyl alcohol. Once a month the mouthpiece and screen should be soaked in isopropyl alcohol to remove any stubborn build-up which will increase draw resistance and taint the flavor of the vapor. To finish the mouthpiece should be lubricated using one of the packets supplied.
To clean the oven and airpath first make sure your Pax has cooled down. With the mouthpiece removed you can insert a pipe cleaner from the mouthpiece end and feed it through until the oven screen is removed. With a bent pipe cleaner or q-tip, the oven and screen can be easily cleaned.


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The love of food in Khon Kaen
In the heart of Isaan, Khon Kaen showcases the best of north-eastern cuisine, standard Thai food and international food too. From cafes and bakeries to street food and high-end restaurants, the city has them all. During the rainy season, everyone wants to avoid getting wet as much as possible, so when you're hungry it's a great idea to order a food delivery so you don't have to venture out in the rain. It's also a clever option to avoid traffic, heat and crowds all year round. Whether you're at home, a friends house or at work get your favourite food takeaway brought to you.
Food delivery from the best restaurants in Khon Kaen
Isaan food is obviously top of the list on many people's best restaurant choice, as well as food from around Thailand and the rest of the world. Our customers review our restaurants, so you can see which ones they prefer and what they thought of the food. Some of their favourites include Honlin Mala for a choice of barbecued meats and seafood, street food style. For Japanese food, Ootoya is loved for its bento sets including Tori Kurozu, the most popular dish in Japan. Treat House is known for its fusion of western, Thai and Japanese cuisines seen in its Spaghetti Seafood Kee Mao and Pizza Ham Nori Seaweed. Most restaurants also deliver drinks, Inch & Ounce is a cafe that exclusively offers beverages for delivery in Khon Kaen. So if you want a Salted Caramel Black Coconut Espresso, a Matcha Green Tea Latte or a Honey Lime drink, you can order them too.
Favourite foods in Khon Kaen
Khon Kaen is famous for Isaan food, sticky rice, laab and som tam are among the most well known and loved. Other staple foods like pla som, gai yang and gaeng om are eaten everyday and widely available. When you're in the mood for something different you may try Thai food from other parts of the country. Otherwise, you may want to venture further afield for some Japanese food or western flavours. From sushi to steak, ramen to fish and chips, Khon Kaen has restaurants to satisfy any food craving.
Why foodpanda should be your favourite website or app
At foodpanda, we love food as much as you do. We make life easier and make it quick and simple to get a food delivery in Khon Kaen. To order food online from your home or work, simply choose your favourite restaurant, select your meals and drinks. You can then pay online or give your driver cash when they arrive. We're all about convenience and delicious food. Relax indoors while you wait for your order to come and then eat it in comfort without interrupting your day or night by having to go out and get food.


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Here's a prediction: planetary intelligence could emerge on Earth by 2050. "Hold on," you might say, "that has emerged already, right? Homo Sapiens." No. What we have is a technologically advanced civilization. There is a subtle difference.
Astrobiologist David Grinspoon argues in his book, "Earth in Human Hands", that planetary intelligence emerges when a species develops the knowledge and power to control a planet's biosphere. At the moment we are conducting a reckless experiment on Earth's one. The rate of change of its life support system has been accelerating out of control for over four decades. Industrialized societies have pushed it into a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This is an unprecedented moment in the 4.5-billion year history of our planet and certainly not conducive to the long-term survival of a global civilization. Not intelligent, to put it mildly.
For planetary intelligence to emerge on Earth within three decades we need to change our worldview, our goals and our rules. In significant ways, our worldview has not changed much since mitochondrial Eve first stepped out on the high plains of the Rift Valley 200,000 years back. We perceive Earth as an infinite resource with endless horizons. The solution to any pollution has largely been dilution, pushing problems downwind or downstream. The solution to scarcity? Search beyond the horizon. We still see ourselves as a small world on a large planet. Until 1950, this view was reasonable. Earth was so resilient and abundant it could take anything we threw at it. Not any longer.
In the 1950s we entered what has become known as the Great Acceleration. Economic growth, which has brought billions out of poverty and improved the well-being of many more, has exploded exponentially, colliding with Earth's natural systems, the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, water- ways and life itself – our global commons. Our civilization emerged during an 11,000-year window of remarkable stability – a "Goldilocks" era, known to geologists as the Holocene. Now that we have left it, the Anthopocene provides an altogether less certain world.
Science provides overwhelming evidence that our modern world depends on a stable Holocene-like state. From the ice sheets to the rainforests, all major parts of the Earth system work together, just like the organs in a human body. We depend on the biosphere with all its ecosystems, animals and plants. We depend on a stable climate system, functioning cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus, water and carbon. The high seas, the atmosphere, the big ice sheets of the Arctic and Antarctica, and the stratosphere – traditionally seen as the Earth's global commons – are now under suffocating pressure. Yet we all depend on them for our wellbeing.
Recently my colleagues and I produced a report for the Global Environment Facility that concluded that, in the Anthropocene, we must redefine the global commons. In these new circumstances we can now define them as a resilient and stable planet. That is every child's birthright, and our common heritage; but it is now at risk. The Anthropocene and the new global commons represent a new worldview – a paradigm shift – as fundamental as Darwin's theory of evolution or Copernicus's heliocentricity.
The second change we need to make relates to our goals. One goal dominates all discourses in society: economic growth. It is not questioned, yet it comes at a high cost. People are not happier. It is not improving the lives of those living in the wealthiest countries. It is driving unrest and division. And it is driving Earth towards dangerous tipping points.
The Sustainable Development Goals are the first serious attempt to reset the goals of the system. They are universal, applying to all nations, and thus redefine development as truly global in scope. They form, for the first time, a global roadmap for equitable prosperity for all on a healthy planet: World2.0. But they remain embedded in ministries dealing with development aid. This has to change, and quickly. They must become universal goals for all domains in society, including finance to industry. And we have reason for optimism, since business is acting. The Global Goals are already shaping decisions made by major companies like Unilever.
Finally, the rules of the system – the shape of the economic playing field – need to change. We desperately need an effective global system of governance. New rules are beginning to emerge. In 2009, my colleagues and I published the planetary boundaries framework identifying nine that ensure Holocene-like stability. In 2015, we assessed that industrialized societies had pushed Earth beyond four of the boundaries – relating to climate, biodiversity, land use and fertilizer use. That year, 193 nations committed to the Paris Agreement to keep global temperatures within 2°C of pre-industrial levels, as recommended by the scientific community. Perhaps these developments will contribute to the proto-rules of a new economic system.
These rules urgently need to be translated into meaningful science-based targets for governments, cities, consumers and producers. We need a consortium of scientists,
funders, businesses and policymakers to develop them, so as to shape this new playing field.
Thus, worldviews, goals and rules are shifting. But progress often appears lethargic. Given the scale of transformation required, pessimism is forgivable. But it is ungrounded. In the last three years, the growth of global carbon dioxide emissions appears to have stalled. The ozone hole is recovering faster than expected. And we have reached "Peak Child". Population is now growing not because of increased births but due to greater longevity.
The narrative is changing. "Sustainability" has moved from being a marginalized moral question of how much we are willing to sacrifice to "save" nature, to the entry point for innovation, modernity, health and success. We will not primarily leave fossil-fuels behind to avoid climate collapse, but because clean energy technologies are more socially and economically attractive.
The challenge is for the pace of transformation to accelerate. Our recent assessment shows that we need to halve global greenhouse gas emissions every decade. We need economic growth that stores carbon not emits it, enhances biodiversity not reduces it, and purifies soils and waters not pollutes them. In short, we need a biosphere-positive economy.
Such a transformation is not only feasible, but desirable. Colleagues recently calculated, for example, that moving to a healthy low-meat or vegetarian diet could prevent deforestation (and so biodiversity loss), reduce emissions significantly and improve the health of 9 billion people.
If we take the biosphere positive pathway, then the signs are good that we'll find intelligent life on Earth by 2050.
by Johan Rockström, Executive Director, Stockholm Resilience Centre
This article originally appeared in "The Global Environment Facility: Delivering solutions for a sustainable future," the September 2017 issue of UN Environment's "Our Planet" magazine. The magazine was launched at the GEF-7 2nd replenishment meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.


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Started this discussion. Last reply by Robert Palmer May 17, 2016. 3 Replies 0 Likes
I am new here. Was looking at converting my sons 10 gallon to a dirt tank.So when i got up today I noticed the carpet near the aquarium stand was wet.Somehiw my HOB filter was leaking. So I have…Continue
Posted on December 8, 2015 at 6:13pm 1 Comment 0 Likes


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to start or resume an order
Easter Egg Radish
Easter Egg Radish
to start or resume an order
Additional Information
Summer Radishes
Culture: A favorite for children's gardens because quick and easy to grow with minimal fertility requirements. Summer radishes may be sown almost as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring. They emerge rapidly and grow quickly for a good fresh spring food. Thin to at least 2" for attractive uniform roots. They develop more pungency in hot temperatures and dry conditions than in cool moist weather. Most are ready for harvest at about the size of a half dollar and will rapidly get woody if allowed to grow much larger.
Culinary: Parboil the greens and roots separately, then eat them together as very early spring salad. And the pot liquor, mmmm…
Raphanus sativus
⅛ oz packet sows 12½ ft; 1 oz sows 100 ft. Radishes average 2,500 seeds/oz.
Culture: Minimum germination temperature 40°, optimal range 55–85°.
Disease: FY: Fusarium Yellows
Note: We cannot ship packets greater than ½ oz. (14 grams) of radishes into the Willamette Valley. The State of Oregon prohibits shipping any commercial quantity of untreated Brassica, Raphanus or Sinapis because of a quarantine to control Blackleg.


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An Easy Recipe for Simple Buttons
Need to make buttons for your website, iOS app, or presentation icons? Thanks to Artboard's powerful stacked styles, you can make perfect vector buttons every time.
Final Image
Below is the final image we will be working towards:
Tutorial Details
Program : Artboard 1.3+ for Mac OSX
Difficulty: Beginner
Topics Covered: Style Inspector
Estimated Completion Time: 5 minutes
Step 1
We've started with a new document using the default drawing units (centimeters). Click "New" in the Format Bar (above the ruler) to create a new style. With the Round Rectangle tool, hold the SHIFT-ket and draw a rectangle about 3-cm x 3-cm square (it will be different if you are using a different drawing units). Holding the SHIFT-ket constrains the aspect ratio to make a perfect square. As needed, you can adjust the size in the Geometry pane. Change the corner radius to 0.5-cm.
Step 2
Let's add a gradient fill to give a glossy surface. Use the Select[s] tool to select the square and open the Style Inspector. With the shape shape still selected, click onto "Fill" in the components list then click the "-" button to remove the component; click onto "Stroke" in the components list then click the "-" button to remove the component. Click the "+" button in the Style Inspector and add a "Gradient Fill" style component. Click twice the "+" on the gradient slider to add two more color stops to the slider. Click onto each gradient slider to change its color and slide to adjust its position as shown below. We are using a green color scheme (we've used RGB 156,206,112; 72,162,54; 34,89,43; and 52,135,52 respectively). You can use different colors – just note the progression of color from lightest on the bottom, to medium, to dark, to light at the top. In the gradient-well, hold the SHIFT-key and move the rotation handle so the gradient angle is -90-degrees (holding the SHIFT-key constrains the angle to 15-degree increments).
Wow, you could stop here and you already have a clean looking button with a bit of gloss. In the next steps we'll add an outline to give it even more depth.
Step 3
A medium-dark outline will add a slight convex appearance to your button, as if it were a little pillowy. Click the "+" in the Style Inspector and add a "Stroke" style component. Click onto the color-well to change the color to a medium green color (HINT: use the magnifying glass in the Colors palette to "pick up" a color from the existing shape). Adjust the line width as needed to about .1-cm or .15-cm. You could stop here – that's a nice button too! (Or try something different and rotate the gradient to make the light color on top – experiment!)
Step 4
Add one more light-colored stroke to give your button more of a concave appearance, as if the rim of the button were raised and the middle was slightly sunken. Click the "+" in the Style Inspector and add a "Stroke" style component. Click onto the color-well to change the stroke color to match your lightest color in your gradient. Adjust the line width as needed to about .05-cm. This stroke is inset a toward the middle of the shape by adjusting the Offset to about -.05-cm.
Final Image
Congratulations! You know how to make three different styles that can be easily applied to any shape to make simple buttons. As desired, name and save styles in your User Library for later use. Now you can dress up your buttons with icons or text. We've added a clip art from the built-in Artboard library with a new style applied (white fill; no stroke).


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Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. Announces Pricing of $400 Million of Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029
DALLAS–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. (NYSE:SRC) ("Spirit" or the "Company") announced today that its operating partnership, Spirit Realty, L.P. (the "operating partnership"), has priced a public offering of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% senior notes due 2029 (the "Notes"). The Notes priced at 99.924 % of the principal amount and will mature on July 15, 2029. The offering is expected to settle on June 27, 2019, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The Notes will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Company.
Wells Fargo Securities, J.P. Morgan Securities, Morgan Stanley & Co., RBC Capital Markets, Regions Securities and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey acted as joint book-running managers for the offering. BofA Securities, Capital One Securities, Fifth Third Securities, Mizuho Securities USA, Scotia Capital (USA), Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, U.S. Bancorp Investments and Samuel A. Ramirez & Company acted as co-managers for the offering.
The operating partnership intends to use the net proceeds from the offering to fund potential property acquisitions and for general corporate purposes, which may include repaying or repurchasing indebtedness (including amounts outstanding from time to time under its revolving credit facility, term loan facility and/or delayed draw term loan facility, including amounts temporarily drawn under its revolving credit facility to redeem the Series 2013-2 Class A notes under Master Trust 2013), working capital and capital expenditures.
The offering is being made under the Company's effective shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). A final prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus relating to the offering will be filed with the SEC and will be available on the SEC's website. When available, a copy of the final prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus relating to the offering may be obtained from Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, 608 2nd Avenue South, Suite 1000, Minneapolis, MN 55402, Attention: WFS Customer Service, or by calling: 1-800-645-3751, or by emailing: firstname.lastname@example.com or from J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, 383 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10179, Attention: Investment Grade Syndicate Desk, 3rd Floor, telephone collect at 1-212-834-4533; or by visiting the EDGAR database on the SEC's web site at www.sec.gov.
This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor will there be any sale of these securities in any state or other jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.
Spirit Realty Capital, Inc. (NYSE: SRC) is a net-lease real estate investment trust ("REIT") that primarily invests in single-tenant, operationally essential real estate assets, subject to long-term, net leases.
As of March 31, 2019, Spirit's diversified portfolio was comprised of 1,528 properties, including properties securing mortgage loans made by Spirit. Spirit's properties, with an aggregate gross leasable area of approximately 28.6 million square feet, are leased to approximately 256 tenants across 49 states and 32 industries.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. When used in this press release, the words "estimate," "anticipate," "expect," "believe," "intend," "may," "will," "should," "seek," "approximately" or "plan," or the negative of these words or similar words or phrases that are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions of management. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties and you should not rely on them as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data or methods that may be incorrect or imprecise, and Spirit may not be able to realize them. Spirit does not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described (or that they will happen at all). The following risks and uncertainties, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements: industry and economic conditions; volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets, including potential fluctuations in the CPI; Spirit's success in implementing its business strategy and its ability to identify, underwrite, finance, consummate, integrate and manage diversifying acquisitions or investments; the financial performance of Spirit's retail tenants and the demand for retail space, particularly with respect to challenges being experienced by general merchandise retailers; Spirit's ability to diversify its tenant base; the nature and extent of future competition; increases in Spirit's costs of borrowing as a result of changes in interest rates and other factors; Spirit's ability to access debt and equity capital markets; Spirit's ability to pay down, refinance, restructure and/or extend its indebtedness as it becomes due; Spirit's ability and willingness to renew its leases upon expiration and to reposition its properties on the same or better terms upon expiration in the event such properties are not renewed by tenants or Spirit exercises its rights to replace existing tenants upon default; the impact of any financial, accounting, legal or regulatory issues or litigation that may affect Spirit or its major tenants; Spirit's ability to manage its expanded operations; Spirit's ability and willingness to maintain its qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; the use of proceeds from the offering of the Notes; the ability of Spirit MTA REIT ("SMTA") to satisfy the conditions to closing the proposed sale of assets held in Master Trust 2014 (including its ability to obtain shareholder approval) and complete the transaction; the timing of the completion of the transaction; Spirit's ability to manage and liquidate the remaining SMTA assets; and other risks inherent in the real estate business, including tenant defaults, potential liability relating to environmental matters, illiquidity of real estate investments and potential damages from natural disasters discussed in Spirit's most recent filings with the SEC, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this press release. While forward-looking statements reflect Spirit's good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. Spirit disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes, except as required by law.
Investor Contact:
Pierre Revol
(972) 476-1403


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Tis the time to indulge in some miniature candies while re-watching some amazing classic horror movies. Whether you are home all tucked in under a warm blanket with a few friends or all dressed up for a frightening evening, here are three simple tricks to get your night on the right track. Have a fang-tastic night!
1. Mini Jack-O'-Lantern
This is perfect for any Halloween party. Kick the veggie tray up a notch and make these little cuties instead. Pick up a few orange bell peppers and try out your carving skills. Then fill them with assorted veggies for your guests. You can either fill each 'pumpkin' with assortment of vegetables if each guest will be getting their own or fill each one with their own individualized filling to make a tray to share.
2. Ghost Meringue
These are so simple to make with a few ingredients. You can find the recipe here. Or you can buy plain white meringue cookies from your local bakery. With a few minutes with some black royal icing or edible food marker you can make yourself some boo-tiful cookies.
3. Monster Soup
If you are having guests over for a pre- or post- trick r' treat meal give them a delightful surprise of some spooky soup. You can either make your own soup or get pre-made ones from the store. I went with some home-made pea-split soup. I gotta say when I was making it, I kept thinking of The Exorcist. Prepare the bowls by decorating them with simple baking candy decorations or food safe Halloween decor.


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Smucker, Oracle, IBM Among Credit Suisse's 35 Firms Ripe for a Spinoff
Could Smucker's Jam be ripe for a spinoff?
Credit Suisse thinks so. Its analysts identified J.M. Smucker Co. among 35 large companies that could tap into the spinoff trend, which has seen companies shed unwanted or slower-growing divisions at a feverish pace. Others on the list include Oracle Corp., International Business Machines Corp. and Gamestop Corp.


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An auto insurance claims adjuster is the point of contact with whom you will have to sit and negotiate the value of your car or damages if in case the need arises. They are the people who will sign out on your forms which will release the money that the insurance company owes you. We will now discuss a few insider opinions which were obtained from a few of these people.
What you will first need to realize is that these auto insurance claims adjusters have nothing to lose or gain by not giving you your just dues. They are just trying to do their job as fast as possible. At any given time, an auto insurance claims adjuster has at least 100 open cases to deal with, and like any paper pusher in an office, they just want to get the job done. In order to do this, they have to convince you that they have made the best deal that they can make. This is where you will need to know a little inside information to make a valid argument.
A claims adjuster will require you to sign a document stating that you are satisfied with the estimate that the insurance company has worked out. This estimate is derived after working out an average from out of around 5 similar vehicles. These similar vehicles are called comparables. Obviously, when an average is being worked out there is going to be a high estimate and a low estimate. Your estimate will be somewhere in between. You can help your case by asking the adjuster to just consider the top 5 comparables or ask the adjuster why your car is not similar to the top estimate.
An adjuster is usually authorized to offer a $500 increment on the estimate over the table. This settles the matter right then and there. But for anything higher than this, the paper work will have to travel through higher echelons of office. And you will also have to make a few more trips to the place to get this extra amount.
Another problem that people face is when they own a classic automobile. The claims adjusters will grossly under value the said vehicle for the simple reason that all the comparables that they might have might be in seriously bad shape. In such cases, you might have to work a lot more to get the message across. It might not be a bad idea to engage an independent evaluator to get the job done. In a lot of states it is allowed to hire an independent appraiser to do the job.
Then there is the aspect of a totaled car. A car is considered totaled if the cost of repairing it is going to be more than fifty percent of its total current value. if your cost of repairs is almost close to this figure, it might in some cases be worth the while to just total it and collect the entire value and invest in a new car. This is because a car that is badly damaged will have a lot of problems with its structural integrity and also its mechanics may have been damaged beyond repair. Such issues might crop up later on in its service life and you will not even be able to sell it for a good value given its accident history. You can tell the adjuster that there might be problems with the air conditioning and power train which might show up later and that it would be better to total the car. They will not usually contest this opinion because you are right.


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What I heard at the National Prayer Breakfast
Recently I did something for the first time: I attended the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington DC. Held annually since 1953, the breakfast is sponsored by the Fellowship (sometimes called "the Family"), a shadowy organization with connections especially to conservative members of Congress.
I went with my crap detectors on high alert. In addition to my cynicism about the sponsoring group, I expected an unholy blending of prayer and politics, piety and patriotism.
To my surprise, there wasn't much in the way of overt patriotism: there was no pledge of allegiance, no saluting of the flag, no national anthem. If there was an American flag anywhere, I missed it.
Ben Carson, a nationally respected pediatric neurosurgeon, was the keynote speaker. An African-American evangelical, Carson has a compelling story to tell. He was raised by a single mother in Detroit, and he said that she limited his and his brother's TV watching during the week. They went to the public library each week and took out books to read, and his mother expected them to write book reports and give them to her. Only later did they discover that she couldn't even read what they had written.
Conservatives loved what Carson had to say, and not just because it confirmed their bias toward getting ahead by pulling up one's own bootstraps. Much of Carson's speech sounded like Republican talking points. He began with a nebulous jab at political correctness. With President Obama sitting a few feet away, he criticized the Affordable Care Act. He took aim at the national debt. And he pushed for what amounts to a flat income tax: appealing to the biblical tithe, he suggested that rich people shouldn't have to pay taxes at a higher rate than people of modest means. Carson's speech has even led some to suggest he should consider running for president in 2016.
Conservatives as different as Cal Thomas and John Stackhouse were critical of Carson's speech. Thomas, a nationally syndicated columnist, said Carson owes the President an apology for criticizing his policies at an event billed as nonpartisan. Stackhouse, a Canadian evangelical theologian, critiqued Carson for promoting a self-help gospel rather than the Christian one.
The President, regardless of party affiliation, is always expected to attend and give a speech. President Obama got the last word, speech-wise. His demeanor was noticeably low key. His lack of a spirited presentation reminded me somewhat of his disastrous first debate with Mitt Romney last fall in Denver. A friend I attended with said the president's apparent lack of energy could just be an indication that he too is cynical about this event.
I found a couple aspects of Obama's speech to be noteworthy. He acknowledged his own Christian faith, while respectfully pointing out that there are good Americans of other faiths and others of no faith. He may just be remembered as the first U.S. president to appreciate religious pluralism. And his speech ended with a call for humility in politics—what I would call the most underrated virtue in public life. "Those of us with the most power and influence need to be the most humble," the president said.
At one point, Obama made what sounded like an off-the-cuff comment about how people come together for this occasion to pray, then go back to their offices and jobs and it's business as usual. It came off as part lament, part rebuke. Other than the scriptures read near the outset, it was the most truthful thing I heard at the prayer breakfast.


text: Dress Du Jour: Alexis Bledel in Pamella Roland 10:08 AM PDT 4/18/2013 by Erin Weinger FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Getty Images The 'Mad Men' actress celebrated her new made-for-TV movie in a polished black and white number topped with fresh fuchsia lips. The Dress: A black and white cut-out cocktail sheath from Pamella Roland's spring 2013 collection. The Wearer: Newly engaged actress Alexis Bledel. The Event: The April 17 premiere of Bledel's Hallmark Hall of Fame made-for-TV movie, Remember Sunday, in which she plays a "down on her luck waitress who meets a handsome, quirky jewelry store clerk" who, alas, goes through a Groundhog Day/50 First Dates type of situation every single day and wakes up each morning with a completely wiped out memory. The movie premieres this Sunday, April 21. And yes, we already have the couch fired up and the popcorn and tissues on standby. The Reason We Dig: Bledel usually dresses in flattering cuts that come with little fanfare. And this simple, yet striking black and white number sticks to that theme, while managing to feel sophisticated and young at the same time. But our most favorite part of Bledel's look isn't actually her dress at all, but her fuchsia lips that keep her natural beauty in tact while providing a fresh color pop. We can't wait to try out the shade for spring, stat. FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Erin Weinger firstname.lastname@example.com @thr


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By Sara Kraft
Special to the Catholic Key
ST. JOSEPH — From the bright red, white and blue balloons, to the streamers in St. Francis Xavier School gym on November 11 – two things were clear. St. Francis Xavier School is proud to be American and grateful for our veterans. Twenty-something veterans beamed as the Student Council members led by Spanish teacher Mrs. Julia Machado honored their sacrifices for our country during an all-school assembly.
For four weeks, the St. Francis Xavier School Student Council, comprised of student representatives from grades four through eight, researched, prepared, and practiced for this Veterans Day Assembly. They invited all Veterans with any connection to St. Francis Xavier School – St. Francis Xavier parishioners, parents, grandparents, and other family members.
As the veterans were arriving, Central High School junior and St. Francis Xavier School alum Matthan Mrkvicka led seventh and eighth grade students in a ceremony to retire St. Francis Xavier's American flag. Tattered, faded, and worn, it had served our country and St. Francis Xavier School and Parish with honor.
Soon Matthan will educate these students on how and why to retire the flag as a portion of their American History class. Before the ceremony began, Matthan reminded students, "This ceremony is the equivalent of the solemn nature of a funeral. We are putting the flag to rest, as it has served our country well."
This ceremony was a portion of Matthan's Eagle Scout project. After noticing several flags in the St. Joseph area that needed to be retired, Matthan determined the flags were not being respectfully retired when necessary simply because many Americans do not know how or why to properly retire American flags. Matthan decided to educate the students and show them how to retire American flags. Matthan currently has six flags in possession he will retire with the help of his Boy Scout Troop 31.
Principal Darin Pollard reminded the students there was a difference between retiring the flag and burning it. Burning the flag without its proper ceremony has a negative connotation and shows disrespect for not only the flag itself but disrespect for our entire country and those veterans that have fought for our freedom.
As the flag ceremony concluded with the raising of a new flag on the flag pole, several adults in attendance marveled at the respect shown for the flag. As they walked into the gym, transformed into a patriotic site, the twenty-something veterans in attendance became St. Francis Xavier School's VIPs – very important guests of honor.
After Father Bill Walter led a beautiful blessing and prayer, the Student Council was delighted to begin their entertaining and educational skit. During their skit, when asked what a veteran was, a student quibbled, "A veteran is a who not a what." Another student reminded the assembly that females can be veterans too. In fact, several female veterans and active military and guard members were in attendance, including third grade teacher, Carly Edwards.
Students then explained, with the help of a PowerPoint presentation they designed themselves, about the various branches of the military – including the Army, Marines, National Guard, Navy, and Air Force. The entire school and assembly applauded as each branch was called to stand up and be recognized for their sacrifices for our country. Then, the eighth graders led the entire assembly in singing, "Proud to Be An American" by Lee Greenwood. Attending veterans were invited to mention their branch and their connection to St. Francis Xavier School.
Seventh grader Courtney Medinger said they put this assembly together because "It takes a lot of courage and strength to fight for our country." Her dad is a veteran. Several other seventh graders who helped with the assembly remarked that due to what they learned working on the assembly, they would thank a veteran the next time they met one.
As the assembly ended, the veterans were given small gifts including a St. Christopher medal, a certificate, and a cookie.
As the veterans were invited to share a bit about their experiences, one veteran remarked, "I'm very proud of all of you. What you've done here today means a lot to all of us."


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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol designed to provide loop-free routing between separate routing domains that contain independent routing policies (autonomous systems). The Cisco IOS software implementation of BGP version 4 includes multiprotocol extensions to allow BGP to carry routing information for IP multicast routes and multiple Layer 3 protocol address families including IP Version 4 (IPv4), IP Version 6 (IPv6), Virtual Private Networks version 4 (VPNv4), Connectionless Network Services (CLNS), and Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN). This module contains conceptual material to help you understand how BGP is implemented in Cisco IOS software.
Finding Feature Information in This Module
Your Cisco IOS software release may not support all of the features documented in this module. To reach links to specific feature documentation in this module and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, use the "Feature Information for Cisco BGP Overview" section.
Finding Support Information for Platforms and Cisco IOS and Catalyst OS Software Images
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco IOS and Catalyst OS software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
This document assumes knowledge of CLNS, IPv4, IPv6, multicast, VPNv4, and Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). The amount of knowledge required for each technology is dependent on your deployment.
A router that runs Cisco IOS software can be configured to run only one BGP routing process and to be a member of only one BGP autonomous system. However, a BGP routing process and autonomous system can support multiple concurrent BGP address family and subaddress family configurations.
To deploy and configure BGP in your network you should understand the following concepts:
•BGP Version 4 Functional Overview
•Classless Interdomain Routing
•Benefits of Using Multiprotocol BGP Versus BGP
•Multiprotocol BGP Extensions for IP Multicast
•Cisco BGP Address Family Model
BGP is an interdomain routing protocol designed to provide loop-free routing links between organizations. BGP is designed to run over a reliable transport protocol; it uses TCP (Port 179) as the transport protocol because TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. The destination TCP port is assigned 179, and the local port assigned a random port number. Cisco IOS software supports BGP version 4 and it is this version that has been used by Internet Service Providers to help build the Internet. RFC 1771 introduced and discussed a number of new BGP features to allow the protocol to scale for Internet use. RFC 2858 introduced multiprotocol extensions to allow BGP to carry routing information for IP multicast routes and multiple Layer 3 protocol address families including IPv4, IPV6, and CLNS.
BGP is mainly used to connect a local network to an external network to gain access to the Internet or to connect to other organizations. When connecting to an external organization, external BGP (eBGP) peering sessions are created. Although BGP is referred to as an exterior gateway protocol (EGP) many networks within an organization are becoming so complex that BGP can be used to simplify the internal network used within the organization. BGP peers within the same organization exchange routing information through internal BGP (iBGP) peering sessions. For more details about configuring BGP peer sessions and other tasks to build a basic BGP network, see the "Configuring a Basic BGP Network" module.
BGP uses a path-vector routing algorithm to exchange network reachability information with other BGP speaking networking devices. Network reachability information is exchanged between BGP peers in routing updates. Network reachability information contains the network number, path specific attributes, and the list of autonomous system numbers that a route must transit through to reach a destination network. This list is contained in the AS-path attribute. BGP prevents routing loops by rejecting any routing update that contains the local autonomous system number because this indicates that the route has already travelled through that autonomous system and a loop would therefore be created. The BGP path-vector routing algorithm is a combination of the distance-vector routing algorithm and the AS-path loop detection.
BGP selects a single path, by default, as the best path to a destination host or network. The best path selection algorithm analyzes path attributes to determine which route is installed as the best path in the BGP routing table. Each path carries well-known mandatory, well-know discretionary, and optional transitive attributes that are used in BGP best path analysis. Cisco IOS software provides the ability to influence BGP path selection by altering some of these attributes using the command-line interface (CLI.) BGP path selection can also be influenced through standard BGP policy configuration. For more details about using BGP to influence path selection and configuring BGP policies to filter traffic, see the "Connecting to a Service Provider Using External BGP" module.
BGP can be used to help manage complex internal networks by interfacing with Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). Internal BGP can help with issues such as scaling the existing IGPs to match the traffic demands while maintaining network efficiency. For more details about configuring advanced BGP features including tasks to configure iBGP peering sessions, see the "Configuring Advanced BGP Features" module.
An autonomous system is a network controlled by a single technical administration entity. BGP autonomous systems are used to divide global external networks into individual routing domains where local routing policies are applied. This organization simplifies routing domain administration and simplifies consistent policy configuration. Consistent policy configuration is important to allow BGP to efficiently process routes to destination networks.
Each routing domain can support multiple routing protocols. However, each routing protocol is administrated separately. Other routing protocols can dynamically exchange routing information with BGP through redistribution. Separate BGP autonomous systems dynamically exchange routing information through eBGP peering sessions. BGP peers within the same autonomous system exchange routing information through iBGP peering sessions.
Figure 1 illustrates two routers in separate autonomous systems that can be connected using BGP. Router A and Router B are Internet service provider (ISP) routers in separate routing domains that use public autonomous system numbers. These routers carry traffic across the Internet. Router A and Router B are connected through eBGP peering sessions.
Figure 1 BGP Topology with Two Autonomous Systems
Each public autonomous system that directly connects to the Internet is assigned a unique number that identifies both the BGP routing process and the autonomous system (a number from 1 to 64511). Private autonomous system numbers are in the range from 64512 to 65534 (65535 is reserved for special use). Private autonomous system numbers can be used for internal routing domains but must be translated for traffic that is routed out to the Internet. BGP should not be configured to advertise private autonomous system numbers to external networks. Cisco IOS software does not remove private autonomous system numbers from routing updates by default. We recommend that ISPs filter private autonomous system numbers.
Note Autonomous system number assignment for public and private networks is governed by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). For information about autonomous-system numbers, including reserved number assignment, or to apply to register an autonomous system number, refer to the following URL: http://www.iana.org/
BGP version 4 supports classless interdomain routing (CIDR). CIDR eliminates classful network boundaries, providing more efficient usage of the IPv4 address space. CIDR provides a method to reduce the size of routing tables by configuring aggregate routes (or supernets). CIDR processes a prefix as an IP address and bit mask (bits are processed from left to right) to define each network. A prefix can represent a network, subnetwork, supernet, or single host route. For example, using classful IP addressing, the IP address 192.168.2.1 is defined as a single host in the Class C network 192.168.2.0. Using CIDR the IP address can be shown as 192.168.2.1/16, which defines a network (or supernet) of 192.168.0.0. CIDR is enabled by default for all routing protocols in Cisco IOS software. Enabling CIDR affects how packets are forwarded but it does not change the operation of BGP.
Cisco IOS software supports multiprotocol BGP extensions as defined in RFC 2858. The extensions introduced in this RFC allow BGP to carry routing information for multiple network layer protocols including CLNS, IPv4, IPv6, and VPNv4. These extensions are backward compatible to enable routers that do not support multiprotocol extensions to communicate with those routers that do support multiprotocol extensions. Multiprotocol BGP carries routing information for multiple network layer protocols and IP multicast routes. BGP carries different sets of routes depending on the protocol. For example, BGP can carry one set of routes for IPv4 unicast routing, one set of routes for IPv4 multicast routing, and one set of routes for MPLS VPNv4 routes.
Note A multiprotocol BGP network is backwards compatible with a BGP network but BGP peers that do not support multiprotocol extensions cannot forward routing information, such as address family identifier information, that the multiprotocol extensions carry.
In complex networks with multiple network layer protocols, multiprotocol BGP must be used. In less complex networks we recommend using multiprotocol BGP because it offers the following benefits:
•All of the BGP commands and routing policy capabilities of BGP can be applied to multiprotocol BGP.
•A network can carry routing information for multiple network layer protocol address families (for example, IP Version 4 or VPN Version 4) as specified in RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers.
•A network can support incongruent unicast and multicast topologies.
•A multiprotocol BGP network is backward compatible because the routers that support the multiprotocol extensions can interoperate with routers that do not support the extensions.
In summary, multiprotocol BGP support for multiple network layer protocol address families provides a flexible and scalable infrastructure that allows you to define independent policy and peering configurations on a per-address family basis.
The routes associated with multicast routing are used by the Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) feature to build data distribution trees. Multiprotocol BGP is useful when you want a link dedicated to multicast traffic, perhaps to limit which resources are used for which traffic. For example, you want all multicast traffic exchanged at one network access point (NAP). Multiprotocol BGP allows you to have a unicast routing topology different from a multicast routing topology that allows you more control over your network and resources.
In BGP, the only way to perform interdomain multicast routing is to use the BGP infrastructure that is in place for unicast routing. If the routers are not multicast-capable, or there are differing policies about where multicast traffic should flow, multicast routing cannot be supported without multiprotocol BGP.
A multicast routing protocol, such as PIM, uses both the multicast and unicast BGP database to source the route, perform Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) lookups for multicast-capable sources, and build a multicast distribution tree (MDT). The multicast table is the primary source for the router, but if the route is not found in the multicast table then the unicast table is searched. Although multicast can be performed with unicast BGP, multicast BGP routes allow an alternative topology to be used for RPF.
It is possible to configure BGP peers that exchange both unicast and multicast Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) where multiprotocol BGP routes can be redistributed into BGP. Multiprotocol extensions, however, will be ignored by any peers that do not support multiprotocol BGP. When PIM builds a multicast distribution tree through a unicast BGP network (because the route through the unicast network is the most attractive), the RPF check may fail, preventing the MDT from being built. If the unicast network runs multiprotocol BGP, peering can be configured using the appropriate multicast address family. The multicast address family configuration enables multiprotocol BGP to carry the multicast information and the RPF lookup will succeed.
Figure 2 illustrates a simple example of unicast and multicast topologies that are incongruent; these topologies cannot exchange information without implementing multiprotocol BGP. Autonomous systems 100, 200, and 300 are each connected to two NAPs that are FDDI rings. One is used for unicast peering (and therefore the exchanging of unicast traffic). The Multicast Friendly Interconnect (MFI) ring is used for multicast peering (and therefore the exchanging of multicast traffic). Each router is unicast- and multicast-capable.
Figure 2 Incongruent Unicast and Multicast Routes
Figure 3 is a topology of unicast-only routers and multicast-only routers. The two routers on the left are unicast-only routers (that is, they do not support or are not configured to perform multicast routing). The two routers on the right are multicast-only routers. Routers A and B support both unicast and multicast routing. The unicast-only and multicast-only routers are connected to a single NAP.
In Figure 3, only unicast traffic can travel from Router A to the unicast routers to Router B and back. Multicast traffic could not flow on that path, because multicast routing is not configured on the unicast routers and therefore the BGP routing table does not contain any multicast routes. On the multicast routers, multicast routes are enabled and BGP builds a separate routing table to hold the multicast routes. Multicast traffic uses the path from Router A to the multicast routers to Router B and back.
Figure 3 illustrates a multiprotocol BGP environment with a separate unicast route and multicast route from Router A to Router B. Multiprotocol BGP allows these routes to be noncongruent. Both of the autonomous systems must be configured for internal multiprotocol BGP in the figure.
Figure 3 Multicast BGP Environment
For more information about IP multicast, see the "Configuring IP Multicast" configuration library.
BGP was designed to carry only unicast IPv4 routing information. BGP configuration used the Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) format CLI in Cisco IOS software. The NLRI format offers only limited support for multicast routing information and does not support multiple network layer protocols. We do not recommend using NLRI format CLI for BGP configuration. Using the BGP hybrid CLI feature you can configure commands in the address family VPNv4 format and save these command configurations without modifying an existing NLRI formatted configuration. If you want to use other address family configurations such as IPv4 unicast or multicast, then you must upgrade the configuration using the bgp upgrade-cli command. For more details about using BGP hybrid CLI command, see the "Configuring a Basic BGP Network" module. See the "Multiprotocol BGP" and "Cisco BGP Address Family Model" concepts for more information about address family configuration format and the limitations of the NLRI CLI format.
The Cisco BGP address family identifier (AFI) model was introduced with multiprotocol BGP and is designed to be modular and scalable, and to support multiple AFI and subsequent address family identifier (SAFI) configurations. Networks are increasing in complexity and many companies are now using BGP to connect to many autonomous systems, as shown in the network topology in Figure 4. Each of the separate autonomous systems shown in Figure 4 may be running several routing protocols such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and IPv6 and require both unicast and multicast routes to be transported via BGP.
Figure 4 BGP Network Topology for Multiple Address Families
The Cisco BGP AFI model introduced new command-line interface (CLI) commands supported by a new internal structure. Multiprotocol BGP carries routing information for multiple network layer protocols and IP multicast routes. This routing information is carried in the AFI model as appended BGP attributes (multiprotocol extensions). Each address family maintains a separate BGP database, which allows you to configure BGP policy on per-address family basis. SAFI configurations are subsets of the parent AFI. SAFIs can be used to refine BGP policy configurations.
The AFI model was created because of scalability limitations of the NLRI format. A router that is configured in NLRI format has IPv4 unicast but limited multicast capabilities. Networks that are configured in the NLRI format have the following limitations:
•No support for AFI and SAFI configuration information. Many new BGP (and other protocols such as MPLS) features are supported only in AFI and SAFI configuration modes and cannot be configured in NLRI configuration modes.
•No support for IPv6. A router that is configured in the NLRI format cannot establish peering with an IPv6 neighbor.
•Limited support for multicast interdomain routing and incongruent multicast and unicast topologies. In the NLRI format, not all configuration options are available and there is no support for VPNv4. The NLRI format configurations can be more complex than configurations that support the AFI model. If the routers in the infrastructure do not have multicast capabilities, or if policies differ as to where multicast traffic is configured to flow, multicast routing cannot be supported.
The AFI model in multiprotocol BGP supports multiple AFIs and SAFIs, all NLRI-based commands and policy configurations, and is backward compatible with routers that support only the NLRI format. A router that is configured using the AFI model has the following features:
•AFI and SAFI information and configurations are supported. A router that is configured using the AFI model can carry routing information for multiple network layer protocol address families (for example, IPv4 and IPv6).
•AFI configuration is similar in all address families, making the CLI syntax easier to use than the NLRI format syntax.
•All BGP routing policy capabilities and commands are supported.
•Congruent unicast and multicast topologies that have different policies (BGP filtering configurations) are supported, as are incongruent multicast and unicast topologies.
•CLNS is supported.
•Interoperation between routers that support only the NLRI format (AFI-based networks are backward compatible) is supported. This includes both IPv4 unicast and multicast NLRI peers.
•Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) instances are supported. Unicast IPv4 for VRFs can be configured from a specific address family IPv4 VRF; this configuration update is integrated into the BGP VPNv4 database.
Within a specific address family configuration mode, the question mark (?) online help function can be used to display supported commands. The BGP commands supported in address family configuration mode configure the same functionality as the BGP commands supported in router configuration mode; however, the BGP commands in router configuration mode configure functionality only for the IPv4 unicast address prefix. To configure BGP commands and functionality for other address family prefixes (for example, the IPv4 multicast or IPv6 unicast address prefixes), you must enter address family configuration mode for those address prefixes.
The BGP address family model consists of four address families in Cisco IOS software; IPv4, IPv6, CLNS, and VPNv4. In Cisco IOS Release 12.2(33)SRB, and later releases, support for the L2VPN address family was introduced, and within the L2VPN address family the VPLS SAFI is supported. Within the IPv4 and IPv6 address families SAFIs such as Multicast Distribution Tree (MDT), tunnel, and VRF exist. Table 1 shows the list of SAFIs supported by Cisco IOS software. To ensure compatibility between networks running all types of AFI and SAFI configuration, we recommend configuring BGP on Cisco IOS devices using the multiprotocol BGP address family model.
NLRI used for unicast forwarding.
NLRI used for multicast forwarding.
NLRI used for both unicast and multicast forwarding.
NLRI with MPLS labels.
Tunnel SAFI.
Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS).
MPLS-labeled VPN address
The IPv4 address family is used to identify routing sessions for protocols such as BGP that use standard IP version 4 address prefixes. Unicast or multicast address prefixes can be specified within the IPv4 address family. Routing information for address family IPv4 unicast is advertised by default when a BGP peer is configured unless the advertisement of unicast IPv4 information is explicitly turned off.
VRF instances can also be associated with IPv4 AFI configuration mode commands.
In Cisco IOS Release 12.0(28)S the tunnel SAFI was introduced to support multipoint tunneling IPv4 routing sessions. The tunnel SAFI is used to advertise the tunnel endpoints and the SAFI specific attributes that contain the tunnel type and tunnel capabilities. Redistribution of tunnel endpoints into the BGP IPv4 tunnel SAFI table occurs automatically when the tunnel address family is configured. However, peers need to be activated under the tunnel address family before the sessions can exchange tunnel information.
In Cisco IOS Release 12.0(29)S the multicast distribution tree (MDT) SAFI was introduced to support multicast VPN architectures. The MDT SAFI is a transitive multicast capable connector attribute that is defined as an IPv4 address family in BGP. The MDT address family session operates as a SAFI under the IPv4 multicast address family, and is configured on provider edge (PE) routers to establish VPN peering sessions with customer edge (CE) routers that support inter-AS multicast VPN peering sessions.
The IPv6 address family is used to identify routing sessions for protocols such as BGP that use standard IPv6 address prefixes. Unicast or multicast address prefixes can be specified within the IPv6 address family.
Note Routing information for address family IPv4 unicast is advertised by default when you configure a BGP peer unless you explicitly turn off the advertisement of unicast IPv4 information.
The CLNS address family is used to identify routing sessions for protocols such as BGP that use standard network service access point (NSAP) address prefixes. Unicast address prefixes are the default when NSAP address prefixes are configured.
CLNS routes are used in networks where CLNS addresses are configured. This is typically a telecommunications Data Communications Network (DCN). Peering is established using IP addresses, but update messages contain CLNS routes.
For more details about configuring BGP support for CLNS, which provides the ability to scale CLNS networks, see the "Configuring Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) support for CLNS" module.
The VPNv4 multicast address family is used to identify routing sessions for protocols such as BGP that use standard VPN Version 4 address prefixes. Unicast address prefixes are the default when VPNv4 address prefixes are configured. VPNv4 routes are the same as IPv4 routes, but VPNv4 routes have a route descriptor (RD) prepended that allows replication of prefixes. It is possible to associate every different RD with a different VPN. Each VPN needs its own set of prefixes.
Companies use an IP VPN as the foundation for deploying or administering value-added services including applications and data hosting network commerce, and telephony services to business customers.
In private LANs, IP-based intranets have fundamentally changed the way companies conduct their business. Companies are moving their business applications to their intranets to extend over a WAN. Companies are also addressing the needs of their customers, suppliers, and partners by using extranets (an intranet that encompasses multiple businesses). With extranets, companies reduce business process costs by facilitating supply-chain automation, electronic data interchange (EDI), and other forms of network commerce. To take advantage of this business opportunity, service providers must have an IP VPN infrastructure that delivers private network services to businesses over a public infrastructure.
VPNs, when used with MPLS, allow several sites to transparently interconnect through a service provider's network. One service provider network can support several different IP VPNs. Each of these appears to its users as a private network, separate from all other networks. Within a VPN, each site can send IP packets to any other site in the same VPN. Each VPN is associated with one or more VPN VRFs. The router maintains a separate routing and Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) table for each VRF. This prevents information from being sent outside the VPN and allows the same subnet to be used in several VPNs without causing duplicate IP address problems. The router using BGP distributes the VPN routing information using the BGP extended communities.
The VPN address space is isolated from the global address space by design. BGP distributes reachability information for VPN-IPv4 prefixes for each VPN using the VPNv4 multiprotocol extensions to ensure that the routes for a given VPN are learned only by other members of that VPN, enabling members of the VPN to communicate with each other.
RFC 3107 specifies how to add label information to multiprotocol BGP address families using a SAFI. The Cisco IOS implementation of MPLS uses RFC 3107 to provide support for sending IPv4 routes with a label. VPNv4 routes implicitly have a label associated with each route.
In Cisco IOS Release 12.2(33)SRB and later releases, support for the L2VPN address family is introduced. L2VPN is defined as a secure network that operates inside an unsecured network by using an encryption technology such as IP security (IPsec) or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). The L2VPN address family is configured under BGP routing configuration mode, and within the L2VPN address family the VPLS subsequent address family identifier (SAFI) is supported.
BGP support for the L2VPN address family introduces a BGP-based autodiscovery mechanism to distribute L2VPN endpoint provisioning information. BGP uses a separate L2VPN routing information base (RIB) to store endpoint provisioning information, which is updated each time any Layer 2 VFI is configured. Prefix and path information is stored in the L2VPN database, allowing BGP to make best-path decisions. When BGP distributes the endpoint provisioning information in an update message to all its BGP neighbors, the endpoint information is used to set up a pseudowire mesh to support L2VPN-based services.
The BGP autodiscovery mechanism facilitates the setting up of L2VPN services, which are an integral part of the Cisco IOS Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) feature. VPLS enables flexibility in deploying services by connecting geographically dispersed sites as a large LAN over high-speed Ethernet in a robust and scalable IP MPLS network. For more details about VPLS, see the VPLS Autodiscovery: BGP Based feature.
Under L2VPN address family the following BGP command-line interface (CLI) commands are supported:
•bgp scan-time
•bgp nexthop
•neighbor activate
•neighbor advertisement-interval
•neighbor allowas-in
•neighbor capability
•neighbor inherit
•neighbor peer-group
•neighbor maximum-prefix
•neighbor next-hop-self
•neighbor next-hop-unchanged
•neighbor remove-private-as
•neighbor route-map
•neighbor route-reflector-client
•neighbor send-community
•neighbor soft-reconfiguration
•neighbor soo
•neighbor weight
Note For route reflectors using L2VPNs, the neighbor next-hop-self and neighbor next-hop-unchanged commands are not supported.
For route maps used within BGP, all commands related to prefix processing, tag processing, and automated tag processing are ignored when used under L2VPN address family configuration. All other route map commands are supported.
BGP multipaths and confederations are not supported under the L2VPN address family.
For details on configuring BGP under the L2VPN address family, see the BGP Support for the L2VPN Address Family feature in Cisco IOS Release 12.2(33)SRB.
Proceed to the "Configuring a Basic BGP Network" module.
The following sections provide references related to configuring BGP.
BGP commands
Cisco IOS IP Routing Protocols Command Reference, Release 12.4T
Configuring basic BGP tasks
Configuring internal BGP features
"Configuring Internal BGP Features" chapter of the Cisco IOS IP Routing Configuration Guide, Release 12.4
Configuring BGP to connect to a service provider
"Connecting to a Service Provider Using External BGP" module
Configuring advanced BGP features
To locate and download MIBs for selected platforms, Cisco IOS releases, and feature sets, use Cisco MIB Locator found at the following URL:
Assigned Numbers
A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
Carrying Label Information in BGP-4
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Table 2 lists the features in this module and provides links to specific configuration information. Only features that were introduced or modified in Cisco IOS Releases 12.2(33)SRB or a later release appear in the table.
Not all commands may be available in your Cisco IOS software release. For release information about a specific command, see the command reference documentation.
Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. Cisco Feature Navigator enables you to determine which Cisco IOS and Catalyst OS software images support a specific software release, feature set, or platform. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required.
Note Table 2 lists only the Cisco IOS software release that introduced support for a given feature in a given Cisco IOS software release train. Unless noted otherwise, subsequent releases of that Cisco IOS software release train also support that feature.
BGP Support for the L2VPN Address Family
BGP Support for the L2VPN address family introduced a BGP-based autodiscovery mechanism to distribute L2VPN endpoint provisioning information. BGP uses a separate L2VPN routing information base (RIB) to store endpoint provisioning information which is updated each time any Layer 2 VFI is configured. When BGP distributes the endpoint provisioning information in an update message to all its BGP neighbors, the endpoint information is used to set up a Pseudowire mesh to support L2VPN-based services.
The following section provides information about this feature:
•Cisco BGP Address Family Model
The following commands were introduced or modified by this feature: address-family l2vpn, show ip bgp l2vpn.
Configuring Multiprotocol BGP Support for CLNS
The Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) Support for CLNS feature provides the ability to scale Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) networks. The multiprotocol extensions of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) add the ability to interconnect separate Open System Interconnection (OSI) routing domains without merging the routing domains, thus providing the capability to build very large OSI networks.
The following section provides information about this feature:
•Cisco BGP Address Family Model
The following commands were introduced or modified by this feature: clear bgp nsap, clear bgp nsap dampening, clear bgp nsap external, clear bgp nsap flap-statistics, clear bgp nsap peer-group, debug bgp nsap, debug bgp nsap dampening, debug bgp nsap updates, neighbor prefix-list, network (BGP and multiprotocol BGP), redistribute (BGP to ISO ISIS), redistribute (ISO ISIS to BGP), show bgp nsap, show bgp nsap community, show bgp nsap community-list, show bgp nsap dampened-paths, show bgp nsap filter-list, show bgp nsap flap-statistics, show bgp nsap inconsistent-as, show bgp nsap neighbors, show bgp nsap paths, show bgp nsap quote-regexp, show bgp nsap regexp, show bgp nsap summary.


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Spring Clean events in Kilkenny
National Spring Clean events are set to be held in Kilkenny over the coming days.
Local schools are hosting clean-ups throughout the week, including Scoil Bhride NS, Goresbridge today (Wednesday), and Scoil Mhuire Lourdes BNS, Mooncoin, Graignamanagh BNS and Scoil Ruadhain NA, Tullaroan on Friday.
All volunteers who register for the National Spring Clean campaign are issued with a free clean-up kit with information, posters, colour-coded refuse sacks, protective gloves and tabards to keep participants clean.
An Taisce will also liaise with local authorities to ensure that all materials collected will be picked up without charge. Those who wish to take part should go to the National Spring Clean website at www.nationalspringclean.org.


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Italy will negotiate with the European Commission over next year's budget, defending its interests but without being "foolish" in its demands, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said on Wednesday.
"We will negotiate with the European Commission with a serious, reasonable and courageous programme that will protect our interests," Conte told a news conference.
"We will be very serious, rigorous but we will not be unreasonable and foolish in our demands," he added.


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Ontario Liberals defying environmental rules
The Liberal government is defying the will of the legislature and ignoring the public's right to be involved in the development of policies to protect the environment, Ontario's environmental watchdog said Wednesday.
"It astounds me to report on the degree of disregard and contempt that is shown to statutory requirements of the Environmental Bill of Rights," Environmental Commissioner Gord Miller said as he released part one of his annual report, Losing Touch.
"Various ministries persist in hiding environmentally significant decisions from public scrutiny and comment in open defiance of the clear intent of the statute."
Miller said he was not pleased with the way staff at several ministries deliberately stone walled people who requested information they were entitled to have about government initiatives that impact the environment.
"Perhaps it is understandable that the ministries are no longer referred to as the civil service because there is nothing civil about the way citizens are often treated when they exercise their legislated right to file a request for investigation or review," he said.
"Making citizen applicants wait 252 days for an answer that the legislature has indicated must be provided in 60 days is not civil behaviour."
Several ministries are ignoring the requirements of the law and developing far-reaching plans, policies and programs without properly notifying or consulting the public, added Miller, who singled out the Ministry of Natural Resources as a "chronic" offender.
"The most egregious example is MNR's attempt to shield the Provincial Wildlife Population Monitoring Program from public review," he said.
"The ministry's behaviour is all the more offensive because the plan itself is inadequate in meeting the requirements of the Environmental Assessment Act and the Crown Forest Sustainability Act."
The opposition parties said hiding information is typical of the Liberal government, and pointed to their current fight to get the Liberals to release the cost to taxpayers of their decisions to cancel electrical generating stations in Oakville and Mississauga.
"I think he was being generous when he called it Losing Touch. I would have called it Lost Touch," said Progressive Conservative critic Michael Harris.
"This government continues to keep Ontarians in the dark on the costs and benefits of legislation, and they don't want people to know the negative aspects of some of these things."
The New Democrats called Miller's report "another scathing indictment" of the Liberal government.
"I think the commissioner has highlighted an emerging trend that we have seen for some time," said NDP critic Jonah Schein.
"The government is serving their own interests rather than the interests of the people of Ontario."
Green party Leader Mike Schreiner said the Liberals were deliberately undermining the environmental Bill of Rights.
"This lack of transparency and accountability in my mind is dangerous," said Schreiner.
"And I think it's wrong to trample on citizens' rights to participate in talking about legislation that effects the health and well being of communities."
Miller was also highly critical of the Ministry of Energy for failing to post a full proposal notice on the Environmental Registry when it announced a review of its controversial Feed-In-Tariff program for green energy projects.
The commissioner concluded that members of the public service are ignoring their responsibility to support and implement the will of the Legislative Assembly.
"It is deliberate and documented. This is not something casual and accidental," he said.
"It's up to the legislative assembly to talk about contempt within the context of the legislature, and it's up to the Speaker to rule on it."


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Hold up a Pajaggle (large foam puzzle piece) and show the students that the outside piece is the ring. The inside piece is the insert. If there is a smaller insert, this is called a mini insert.Note: Use your hand when removing an insert from a ring
Activity: Team Pajaggle
Distribute a class set of Pajaggles (Large foam puzzle pieces with inserts) equally to each of the six teams lined up in relay style. If your largest team is six players, then all teams will take six pajaggles.
- The object of the game is for your team to fill up all of your team's pajaggle rings. Then see how fast the whole class can complete filling all of the rings for all of the teams.
- Lay the six pajaggles next to your relay team.
- Pull out the inserts and everyone walk to the center line, close your eyes and fling the insert as far as you can.
- Teams go back to their relay team.
- On the teacher's signal, the first person on each team runs to the inserts at the opposite end of the gym.
- Pick up one insert and return to your relay team. Give the next person on your team a high five they continue looking for inserts that fit your rings.
- If the insert fits, then you keep it. If the insert does not fit, hand it to the next person on your team, who will fling it after they get a high five for their turn.
- They run back to their line and give a high five to the next person in line.
- Continue until all of the pajaggle puzzles are solved.
- How long does it take the whole class to get all of their puzzles solved?
Game: Chasers and Puzzlers (This event is timed)
Setup and Equipment
- The class is divided in half.
- One half of the class are the chasers and the other half is the puzzlers.
- The puzzlers sit around the center circle in the gym.
- The pajaggles are set up at one end of the gym with the inserts taken out.
- The chasers line up their relay teams, so they can easily pass beside the puzzlers in the center of the gym.
- On teacher's signal, the chasers run one at a time to pick up one piece at a time and hand it off to the puzzlers.
- The puzzlers will begin to put the pajaggles together in one giant puzzle.
- Chasers continue running until all of the pieces are in the center of the gym.
- Puzzlers continue until the giant puzzle is put together.
- The teacher stops the time when everyone is sitting down and the puzzle is completed.
Links to Pajaggle Games:


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Where there is conflict, there are refugees. Thousands ? and in some cases - millions of people looking for safe haven. Many, if not most, end up in refugee camps - sometimes for months, sometimes for many years. But are the camps good for refugees and good for Africa? Or are they, as some call them, a necessary evil?
The UN refugee agency ? The UN High Commissioner for Refugees ? currently cares for nearly 20-million people in 120 countries. Most refugees are in Asia, nearly nine million. Europe ranks second at almost five million, while Africa has more than four million refugees.
The UNHCR?s mandate is ?to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide.? It says in the last 50 years, it has helped about 50 million people.
However, the acting director of Forced Migration and Refugee Studies at American University in Cairo questions the UNHCR?s methods. Barbara Harrell-Bond says camps are bad not only for refugees, but for the host countries as well.
She says, "The main concern, of course, is that people in most situations lack freedom of movement, which is a fundamental human right upon which all other rights are conditional or contingent. The second issue is the fact that UNHCR spends enormous amounts of money establishing refugee camps and setting up parallel programs of health, education and so on rather than using these resources to strengthen local institutions so they can absorb the refugees."
She says refugee camps ?are often prison-like places that no one wants to live in and those who can, escape.?
She says, "Refugees are human beings and they have access to all the human rights that any other human being should have access to. They should have access to courts. They should have access to health and all the other services of a government in the same way that local people do."
UNHCR spokesman Kris Janowski (ya-NOFF-ski) agrees that camps are not the best solution to a refugee crisis. But he says sometimes they are the only solution.
He says, "We would agree with her very much that the refugee camps are not an ideal situation. I mean, generally, the situation we have refugees is not an ideal situation. In fact, it?s a bad situation because people are forced to flee their own country and end up in another country, which has to host them sometimes more or less enthusiastically. So refugee camps, per se, are not ideal."
Mr. Janowski says because of security concerns, refugee camps are frequently the only remedy.
"Sometimes," he says, "they are the only possibility because the host country wants the refugees corralled in a refugee camp. They don?t want them living among the population for security reasons and various other reasons. And this is primarily why we have refugee camps. It?s not that we love them so much."
However, Professor Harrell-Bond says while that may be the official UNHCR position, its actions speak otherwise.
She says, "Even though the UNHCR?s handbook says camps are not the best, never set up camps, unfortunately too often it?s because camps make refugees visible for assistance purposes. They think it is a more efficient way to deliver health services because UNHCR doesn?t have the imagination to think of other alternatives. And I think it?s very seldom that governments insist on camps."
She says refugees should be allowed to ?settle among the local population, seek work to support their families and therefore contribute to the local economy. She says despite the current situation, Ivory Coast has been a good example of this. She also says this is the case in Egypt, which does not allow refugee camps within its borders.
UNHCR?s Kris Janowski says, if possible, integrating the refugee population is better.
He says, "Of course, we would prefer if asylum seekers or refugees had jobs and were able to live in the community in normal housing, sending their children to schools and so on and so forth, but often it?s not possible. And it?s not possible because the governments that host large numbers of refugees do not want it this way."
He says refugees in camps do get some basic health care and education, but admits it is not a pleasant psychological experience. He says, however, that by and large, the refugees are safer than if they were fending for themselves.
Professor Harrell-Bond of American University in Cairo says refugee camps leave behind no benefits to the local population. She says once refugees are repatriated, the camps ? some containing schools or hospitals ? are destroyed.
However, she doesn?t put all the blame on the UNHCR.
She says, "I think the major villain in the piece is the donors. Donors allocate money for relief programs. And that?s what UNHCR and humanitarian NGO?s (non-governmental organizations) feed upon. So, anything that looks like development doesn?t get paid for under relief budgets. So that?s the basic problem that starts it all going."
The UNHCR, like other UN agencies, is facing a budget shortfall - What it describes as ?a cash flow problem that is leaving program coffers empty.?
High Commissioner Ruud Lubbers says, ?While needs are growing, the agency is finding it increasingly difficult to obtain the resources necessary to attend to the missions of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced that can be found worldwide.?
It?s a problem Professor Harrell-Bond says is due in part to ?donor fatigue? about refugee problems.


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I'm so excited to announce the launch of my new blog, Nitty Gritty Love.
I'll be blogging about the nit and grit of marriage alongside my mama, who has been married 22 years.
I'll still continue to blog at taylerbeede.com, but it will be much less frequent than over at Nitty Gritty Love. I'll also be moving some of my more popular posts over to the new site.
Please stop by and check out NittyGrittyLove.com, and follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


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Rick Zelinsky
CAM Audit: TOP WAYS TO AVOID OVERPAYMENT
Team Tango
Top 4 Insights and Innovations from IFMA and CoreNet 2019
How to Ready Your Internal Controls in Support of FASB ASC 842
FASB ASC 842 Lease Changes – Process Impacts and What to Expect
10 Things to Avoid When Collecting Data for ASC 842
Update: 3 Fast Facts About FASB's Proposed ASC 842 Delay for Private Companies
Defining a Lease under FASB ASC 842
Selecting a Lease Accounting Software Vendor
Big Box Retailer Adds Coworking Services to Leverage Workspace Disruption
AI-Infused Windows & Other Corporate Workspace Designs
Be the Disruptor: 3 Digital Technologies Changing Restaurant Strategy
Boost Retail Omnichannel Geospatial Analytics Strategy
Bill Thornton
Quality Assurance: Core Foundations and Key Factors
Webinar: AI & the Store Lifecycle
5 Tips for Designing an Employee-Driven Workplace
ASC 842 Compliance: 7 Lessons Learned from Public Companies
Pranav Tyagi
NRF 2019: AI and the Real Estate & Store Development Lifecycle
Bart Waldeck
FASB ASU Addresses ASC 842 Implementation Challenges
Disruption - CoreNet Global Summit Recap
Welcome to Leaseland
Should We Stay or Should We Go
Ed Carnevale
SPECS - More Proof that retail is alive and well
Take Your Lease Accounting Compliance to the Next Level With These Steps
Omnichannel Insights: Physical Stores and E-commerce Sales are Not a Zero Sum Game
Problem Meet Solution: Solving Your Top Facilities Maintenance Issues
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5 Ways to Accomplish Your Capital Project Goals
The Three P's of Adopting ASC 842 Lease Accounting Standards
The Top 6 Issues in Retail Facilities Maintenance (And How to Solve Them)
Improve Project Returns by Giving All Teams Ownership of the Plan
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How Smartphones Help You Avoid Costly Real Estate Mistakes - Pt. 2
How Smartphones Help You Avoid Costly Real Estate Mistakes - Pt. 1
Customize your Store Lifecycle Management to Improve Insights
Connecting Program & Project Management to the Store Lifecycle
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6 Tenant Allowance Negotiating Strategies and How to Ensure Collection
Steve Wartecker
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Adam Winters
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6225 North State Hwy 161 Suite #300
The world is moving fast and keeping up isn't always easy. Stay up-to-speed by tuning in to Tango for top trends, leading practices and industry news in retail real estate, store development, construction management, lease accounting and facilities maintenance.


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Nelson Floor Lamp - Antique White
Model No
Please sign in to orderSign in or Register
Nelson Floor Lamp - Antique White
The ever popular Nelson range in antique white finish with a polka dot printed shade. Add a touch of hotel elegance to all living spaces. Matching table lamp also available.
Overall Dimensions: H161cm x W41cm
Switch: Switched Lampholder
Requires: BC GLS (bulb not supplied)
Wattage (Max): 60W Standard / 42W Eco Halogen / 11W Energy Saver / 10W LED


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Firefighters are very quick to recognize problems in their organization. This daily size up conversation is heard at every fire station and in every office at headquarters. But speaking up, actually bringing the issue to the attention of the organization, doesn't happen often. At least not in the right way. Why? Because members fear that contradicting the status quo will damage their reputations or position. Or worse, they just like to talk, but have little desire to act.
Effectively communicating through the confusing maze of hierarchies in fire departments is difficult. This obstacle course wears down everyone. That wariness is costly, because feedback from the front lines is vital for improving operational practices and safety measures. With that in mind, speaking up and teaming up builds a better, more healthy organization.
Researchers have studied communication within a variety of organizations that operate in dangerous and complex environments. They interviewed and assessed teams across several measures, including professional status (the hierarchy of each team), psychological safety (the extent to which team members felt comfortable speaking up about work-related issues), and leader inclusiveness (the extend to which leaders welcomed and incorporated feedback from their members).
This research has shown that while hierarchy structures were similar across all teams, the level of psychological safety varied dramatically from one team to another – and was directly proportional to the level of leader inclusiveness. How status is handled within those hierarchies is what makes the difference.
Inclusive leaders exhibit three characteristics that lower the fear of speaking up among their members:
- they are accessible
- they proactively invite input
- and, they acknowledge their own fallibility


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Dear friends,
we wish everybody a happy and beneficial New Year 2013 and we are very happy to announce our next KHCP campaigns for Februar - March 2013
- As usual we start with Medicalcamps in Kathmandu at Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoches place together with the Manang community.
- First time we´ll do a camp at Shamarpa´s new monastery in Raniban.
- Then our medical-camp-group will split, one half will visits Pokhara and Muktinath ...
- ... and the other will go up via Kalimpong to Rumtek to help Karmapa´s and Shamarpa´s people in the remote area and continiue with the Rumtek Hospital ...
If you have ideas or you are in the same area and like to help, please contact us.
A Happy New Year wish Pia, Peter, Betzy and the KHCP-team.
Shedra in Kalimpong
Medicalcamp Kathmandu 2010 Medicalcamp Pokhara 2010
Shangpa Rinpoches nunnery in Muktinath (3700m asl) Shedra in Kalimpong KHCP-team 2012 with a part of the patients (monks and nuns of Rumtek)


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By Geoff Kimmerly
Second Half editor
PERRY – Swirling around in the back of his mind, Tanner Orweller sees what the most historic moment in Perry football history will look like.
The Ramblers, after coming so close so many seasons before, will make the playoffs for the first time. The entire town will turn out for the game – so many fans the bleachers won't hold them all.
A motivating memory also replays frequently: Orweller, playing safety last fall as a sophomore on the varsity, biting on a pitch to the halfback against Maple Valley although his responsibility was to cover a receiver heading downfield.
That halfback threw a pass to the uncovered receiver, who ended up on the ground just short of the goalline. The Lions went on to defeat Perry by a point – 28-27 – and two weeks later the Rambers ended the season 5-4 and just short again of that elusive postseason berth.
"I know championships are not made in a matter of a year, or two years even," said Orweller, also a Regional-qualifying wrestler during the winter. "You've got to train your whole life in order to be the best at what you do.
"There's going to be failure in what you do, and you've got to know it's not, 'Oh no, I'm done.' It's, 'Look, I've learned something from this. I know what I can do better. I'm going to practice those things I did wrong and make those mistakes go away so I can succeed next year.'"
Orweller and 19 teammates have been training most of their lives for the opportunity that began again Monday all over the state with the first practices of the 2017 football season.
Not counting schools playing varsity football for the first time this fall, there are 17 programs statewide that have never made the MHSAA Playoffs.
Of those 17, nine schools have existed since at least 1975, the first year football playoffs were conducted by the MHSAA.
And of those nine, Perry is one – and can make a great argument that none of the other 16 has come closer to earning another game more often.
From 1975-98, when playoff qualifiers were determined regionally by playoff-point average (based on success and strength of schedule), Perry enjoyed eight seasons of at least six wins – which would have been plenty under the current playoff format, which set an automatic qualifier at six victories when the 11-player field was expanded to 256 teams in 1999. The Ramblers had at least six wins four straight seasons from 1983-86, finishing the regular season 9-0 in 1984 but getting left out of the postseason. They then went 7-2 three times over four seasons from 1990-93, but couldn't break through.
Perry entered the 2006 regular-season finale 5-3 and needing a win over Williamston to qualify for the first time – but lost 14-0. And then came last season and another 5-4 finish, the Ramblers' best since that just-miss season a decade before but with a five-point loss to eventual Greater Lansing Activities Conference champion Lake Odessa Lakewood in Week 3 and then the one-point heartbreaker against the Lions a month later.
Telling that senior class that it wouldn't have enough playoff points to make history was painful for then second-year coach Jeff Bott. And it was followed by a long offseason.
But Bott also saw the roots of a winner sinking in. An assistant at Perry for two years before taking over the program in 2015, Bott grew up in Haslett and never made the playoffs as a player – but was on the coaching staff as the program made the playoffs 12 times over 17 years with two trips to the MHSAA Finals.
He's seen what it takes to become an annual playoff team. And he's seen those steps taken, especially from an offseason training point of view, as the Ramblers have climbed back into the conversation.
"They playoffs weren't something we talked about until we earned (it). I feel last year we earned the right to talk about it," Bott said. "We aren't there yet. But now, it's time to finish. We just have to finish this year."
Those finishing will mostly be new players. The roster has three seniors plus Orweller and two more juniors who were sophomores on varsity last season. The rest of their teammates are new to the top level.
But the other 13 juniors played together on junior varsity and led a team that finished 7-2, the latest strong run for a class that Orweller recalled finishing 6-1 in fourth grade – when he started having those playoff dreams for the first time.
If the Ramblers succeed in making the playoffs this season or next (or both), junior Drew Crim would be the first of his family including his dad Todd (a 1990 grad) and two uncles who preceded him to play in the postseason in a Perry uniform.
He's seen success from a distance, cheering on cousin D.J. Zezula, who quarterbacked Clarkston to Division 1 titles in 2013 and 2014 before moving on to Wayne State University. Zezula has imparted on his cousin the importance of keeping his teammates working together and making sure they are accountable to each other on the field and off. Drew was another of the then-sophomores who came up to varsity in 2016. And Todd has pumped up his son's confidence after watching he and his classmates grow up together.
"He says this year will be the greatest of probably all. We have a very athletic group of kids, and he thinks we will do great things – Yes, I agree," Drew Crim said.
"I work with these guys, and I know their tenacity and drive to do better things."
Bott, who teaches in Haslett and also coaches basketball at Perry, recalled how the Ramblers used to be known for having some sizable guys, but this year's team has more athletes. He made a point when taking over the program to push for the addition of local Spartan Performance, which trains the team year-round with a focus on improving as a complete athlete instead of just hitting the weights.
That offseason dedication and continued improvement in a wide-open spread attack all contribute to Perry looking the part of a program on the rise.
Now the Ramblers hope to look the part of playoff team.
"This town loves football. Every Friday night there are 2,000 people here, three deep on the fence," he said. "(Our players) are focused on giving something back here – for us, for them, but for this town. This program has been looked down on at times, and it hasn't always been successful, but there have been great athletes and teams that came through in the 90s and we're trying to get back to where it was.
"I've had a lot of people tell me in town that this is the way it used to look."
PHOTOS: (Top) Perry linemen work through a defensive drill during Monday's opening practice. (Middle) Ramblers coach Jeff Bott addresses his varsity and junior varsity players before those first drills of the 2017 season.
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