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History of Taps
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the musical piece. For other uses, see Taps (disambiguation).
"Taps" is a musical piece played at dusk, and funerals, particularly by the U.S. military. It is performed during flag ceremonies and funerals, generally on bugle or trumpet, and often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout and Girl Guidemeetings and camps. The tune is also sometimes known as "Butterfield?'?s Lullaby", or by the first line of the lyric, "Day is Done".
It is often claimed that "Taps" is a derivation of "Tattoo,"[1] which originates from the Dutch term taptoe, meaning "close the (beer) taps (and send the troops back to camp)". The more likely explanation, however, is that it carried over from a term already in use before the American Civil War. Three single, slow drum beats were struck after the sounding of the Tattoo or "Extinguish Lights." This signal was known as the "Drum Taps," "The Taps," or simply as "Taps" in soldier's slang. [2][3]
The tune is a variation of an earlier bugle call known as the Scott Tattoo which was used in the U.S. from 1835 until 1860,[4][5] and was arranged in its present form by the Union Army Brigadier General Daniel Butterfield, anAmerican Civil War general and Medal of Honor recipient who commanded the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division in the V Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac while at Harrison's Landing, Virginia, in July 1862 to replace a previous French bugle call used to signal "lights out". Butterfield's bugler, Oliver Wilcox Norton,[6] of East Springfield, Pennsylvania,[7] was the first to sound the new call. Within months, "Taps" was used by both Union andConfederate forces. It was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874.[8]
"Taps" concludes many military funerals conducted with honors at Arlington National Cemetery, as well as hundreds of others around the United States.[9] The tune is also sounded at many memorial services in Arlington's Memorial Amphitheater and at grave sites throughout the cemetery.
Captain John C. Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing taps at military funerals. In early July 1862 at Harrison's Landing, a corporal of Tidball's Battery A, 2nd Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, "a most excellent man." Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire three guns over the grave. Tidball later wrote, "The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, which I did." The idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral." As Tidball proudly proclaimed, "Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service, and it is worthy of historical note."[10]
It became a standard component to U.S. military funerals in 1891.[8]
"Taps" is sounded during each of the 2,500[citation needed] military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, including the ones held on Memorial Day. The ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. "Taps" also is sounded nightly in military installations at non-deployed locations to indicate that it is "lights out", and often by Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and Girl Guides to mark the end of an evening event such as a campfire.
Melody and lyrics[edit]
The melody of "Taps" is composed entirely from the written notes of the C major triad (i.e., C, E, and G, with the G used in the lower and higher octaves). This is because the bugle, for which it is written, can play only the notes in the harmonic series of the instrument's fundamental tone; a B-flat bugle thus plays the notes B-flat, D, and F. "Taps" uses the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth partials.
There is one original set of lyrics meant to accompany the music, written by Horace Lorenzo Trim:
Several later lyrical adaptations have been created. One, written by Horace Lorenzo Trim, is shown below:
The other popular version, penned and harmonized by famed composer Josef Pasternack, is:
Another set of lyrics, used in a recording made by John Wayne about the song, is:
There are several legends concerning the origin of "Taps". The most widely circulated one states that a Union Army infantry officer, whose name often is given as Captain Robert Ellicombe, first ordered "Taps" performed at the funeral of his son, a Confederate soldier killed during the Peninsula Campaign. This apocryphal[11][12][13] story claims that Ellicombe found the tune in the pocket of his son's clothing and performed it to honor his memory, but there is no record of any man named Robert Ellicombe holding a commission as captain in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign.[14]
That Daniel Butterfield composed "Taps" has been sworn to by numerous reputable witnesses including his bugler Norton,[15] who first performed the tune. While scholars continue to debate whether or not the tune was original or based on an earlier melody, few researchers doubt that Butterfield is responsible for the current tune.
Another, perhaps more historically verifiable, account of "Taps" first being used in the context of a military funeral involves John C. Tidball, a Union artillery captain who during a break in fighting ordered the tune sounded for a deceased soldier in lieu of the more traditional—and much less discreet—three volley tribute. Army Col. James A. Moss, in an Officer's Manual initially published in 1911, reports the following:
While not necessarily addressing the origin of the "Taps", this does represent the first recorded instance of "Taps" being sounded as part of a military funeral. Until then, while the tune had meant that the soldiers' day of work was finished, it had little to none of the connotation or overtone of death, with which it so often is associated today.
Another lesser-known legend is that of Lieutenant William Waid paying saloon-keepers to shut off the taps to the kegs when the song was played in a neighboring army camp. LT Waid's name has not been found in Union or Confederate records.
Non-military variants[edit]
Although primarily used within the military, several local or special variations of the tune are performed, primarily by organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America or American military schools.
Echo Taps and Silver Taps[edit]
Echo Taps is a song traditionally played at American military schools such as Virginia Tech, Norwich University, The Citadel, NMMI and Texas A&M University when a member or former member of a school's Corps of Cadets is killed in action.
At Norwich University, the ceremony is held on the Upper Parade Ground, where the Corps of Cadets forms up silently at 2145 (09:45 p.m.) for tattoo, and then stand in silence until 2200 (10:00 p.m.) when echo taps is played, at which time unit commanders tacitly will give the commands of attention and present arms. The Regimental Bugler stands either near the flagpole in front of Jackman Hall or on Jackman's balcony and plays the main tune of Taps. The echoing bugler will stand on the steps of Dewey Hall facing the Parade Ground and echo each series of notes. Following the playing of taps, the Corps of Cadets dismisses in silence.
At Texas A&M, Echo Taps is held on the Quadrangle (the 12-dorm complex that is used mainly by the Corps) at 10:00 p.m. the night they are informed that one of their alumni has passed. For the ceremony the Corps falls out and forms up along the length of the quad, a bugler is posted at the megaphone on the south end and another is at the arches on the north end, cadets salute and the bugler on the south end plays the first three notes of Silver Taps the bugler on the north end echoes, the bugler on the south end plays the next three notes and is echoed for the rest of the song. Cadets then return to their dorms. By far, one of Texas A&M's most honored traditions is Silver Taps. Silver Taps is held for a graduate or undergraduate student who dies while enrolled at A&M. This final tribute is held the first Tuesday of the month when a student has died the previous month.
The first Silver Taps was held in 1898 and honored Lawrence Sullivan Ross, the former governor of Texas and president of A&M College. Silver Taps is currently held in the Academic Plaza. On the day of Silver Taps, a small card with the deceased students name, class, major, and date of birth is placed as a notice at the base of the academic flagpole, in addition to the memorial located behind the flagpole. Around 10:15 that night, the lights are extinguished and hymns chime from Albritton Tower. Students silently gather at the statue of Lawrence Sullivan Ross. At 10:30 p.m., the Ross Volunteer Firing Squad marches into the plaza and fires three rifle volleys. Six Buglers then play a special rendition of Silver Taps by Colonel Richard Dunn (Aggie Band Director, 1924-1946). Taps is played three times from the dome of the Academic Building: once to the north, south, and west. It is not played to the east because the sun will never rise on that Aggie again. After the buglers play, the students silently return to their homes. Silver Taps is a sacred tradition that Aggies hold dear. Students return to their dorms, and lights remain extinguished until Reveille the next morning.
At New Mexico Military Institute, "Echo Taps" (otherwise known as "Silver Taps") is played by three trumpets on a night designated by the alumni association. This ceremony is held in the Hagerman Barracks to remember all the alumni who had died of normal causes or KIA that year. This ceremony also includes the lighting and extinguishing of a candle for every alumni of the year. One bugler is posted at the north, south, and west side of the barracks and the candles at the east. After this early "Taps", complete silence marks the rest of the night.
Army Regulation 220-90, Army Bands dated December 2007, Paragraph 2-5h(1) states the following: "Echo Taps" or "Silver Taps," the practice of performing "Taps" with multiple buglers, is not authorized. "Echo Taps" is not a part of Army tradition and improperly uses bugler assets.
Army Regulation 600-25, Salutes, Honors, and Visits of Courtesy, dated September 2004, Glossary, Section two states the following: "Taps The traditional "lights out" musical composition played at military funerals and memorials. The official version of "Taps" is played by a single bugle. In accordance with AR 220–90, "Echo or Silver Taps," which is performed by two buglers, is not authorized."
Field Manual 12-50, U.S. Army Bands, dated October 1999, Appendix A, Official And Ceremonial Music, Appendix A, Section 1 – Ceremonial Music, Paragraph A-35 "A-35. Signals that unauthorized lights are to be extinguished. This is the last call of the day. The call is also sounded at the completion of a military funeral ceremony. Taps is to be performed by a single bugler only. Performance of "Silver Taps" or "Echo Taps" is not consistent with Army traditions, and is an improper use of bugler assets.
Page Last Updated: Apr 21, 2015 (11:17:03)


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Welcome to the DF. This is a super blog for the event filmmaker's industry. Just like there is the Washington Post for politics, the Wallstreet Journal for finances, this will be our New York Times of the wedding and event filmmakers industry. We welcome suggestions to make the site better, stories that you may want to share, and ideas to make our businesses prosper.
This blog will remain transparent and unbiased so you can find out the latest and greatest within our industry. We will encourage education and try to keep an up-to-date calendar on all events and workshops in our industry. As we grow, we will have regularly scheduled interviews and we will invest back into the Daily Filmmaker and add cutting edge features. This site will make it's revenue from advertisements so that the visitors can enjoy a powerful free tool for their businesses and the site can afford to invest back into itself. We will provide reviews of the hottest gear, and links to the best sites around. Ideas to make you a better cinematographer, a better editor, and a better business owner.
The forum is one of the most powerful tools on here. It links directly to a private forum on Facebook called Wedding Cinema & Wedding Photographers (WCP). "Ask for invite" to the forum and you should get in soon after as long as someone recognizes your name. There are over 950 active members around the world as of Jan. 13, 2012 so if you're in the business, someone will know you.
Please use the Suggestion link if you have ideas to make this experience better.
The mission : To raise the bar on event filmmakers around the world

subset: commoncrawl


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Magna Distribution Center Sold for $80/sfBy
Holliday Fenoglio Fowler, L.P. has announced the $18.5 million sale of Magna Distribution Center, a 229,950-square-foot, fully leased, Class A+ warehouse and distribution facility in the Greenville-Spartanburg area of Moore, South Carolina.
Recently completed in 2017, Magna Distribution Center is a build-to-suit for Magna Seating of America, Inc., an industry-leading advanced automotive seating manufacturer. The 229,500-square-foot building has an expansion capacity of approximately 50,000 square feet and features 214,450 square feet of production space, 15,500 square feet of office space, LED lighting, 50-by-50-foot column spacing, 32-foot clear height, 30 dock-high doors, 13 knock-out panels, 20 trailer stalls and 250 employee parking spaces. Situated on 19.71 acres within the 882-acre master-planned Tyger River Industrial Park North, Magna Distribution Center is situated along Route 290 and has access to Interstates 26 and 85, the industrial "backbone" of the southeast. Additionally, the property is in the Route 290 Industrial submarket, a major automotive hub that is approximately 10 miles from BMW's 1,150-acre Greer manufacturing plant.
The HFF investment sales team representing the seller consisted of senior managing director Chris Norvell and director Patrick Nally. The seller was SunCap Property Group. A private investor purchased the asset.


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Monday 1-24-2011
One minute ON, one minute OFF for 10 minutes. 30 KB swings 75/55 From CrossFitFootball.com: *You have 1 minute to get 30 KB swings. If you do not get 30 KB swings in 1 minute, count a penalty. *Perform this workout one minute on and one minute off. Total time is 10 minutes. *For every penalty counted, perform a 1000 meter row. We have a SWIM W.O.D. scheduled for this Wednesday at 7pm at Meyer's Pool. So far we have five people confirmed and we need more! Remember, the final line of World Class Fitness is 100 words is "Regularly learn and play new sports." If you are a rookie swimmer, this is a great opportunity to learn how the proper technique with your fellow CrossFit colleagues. Lets have some fun and learn something new. Because of this class there will be NO 6PM CROSSFIT CLASS ON WEDNESDAY


text: What a beautiful day today in the Test Valley, Hampshire. I had to share with you this wonderful field of poppies, just a mile or so from Larch Loft. If you can bear to leave Chilbolton Cow Common, carry on over the River Test onto the Fullerton Road and continue on the footpath up the hill to this super field of poppies.


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Carlene Luna
San Pedro High School; Soccer & Swimming
Carlene Luna, a senior, has played soccer and swam competitively at San Pedro High School. She has practiced perseverance, which she demonstrated when she made the difficult transition from soccer to swimming. She worked extra hard and leaned on her coaches and her more experienced teammates so that she could become successful in her new sport. Her courage, along with her commitment to being a great leader for her teammates and her admirable sportsmanship make her an ideal Triple-Impact Competitor®.
Striving to be the best only feels good to me if I've shared my talent with someone else to help them develop.


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Three of our Redmond Equine Team have just returned from the Springfield Equine Affair in Massachusetts, and it was a "Rockin" affair. We sold through 4 crates of our 3-5lb Rock, plus cases of our Daily Gold Stress Relief, Daily Red Electrolytes, First Aid, and T-shirts.
There were some things about the Show we loved…and some we didn't. Here are our Best and Worst!
Thumbs up
• Julie Goodnight Clinics….It is obvious the crowds love Julie, and she has great advice for every rider – rookie and experienced.
• Our customers were wonderful and our associates were great company. The hours fly by when our customers are open and want to learn about new products that can benefit their horses.
• Jeff and Eitan Beth Halachmy put on a great Western Dressage show. We loved his Morgan.
• The Greek Gyros we found for lunch were the Bomb, (minus the onion!).
Thumbs down
• Imagine standing on a concrete floor from 8.30am to 7.30pm – 11 hours, 3 days in a row, and then 8.30am through 5pm on Sunday. Crazy long hours…
• Not able to go home Sunday…after 4 full days it would be nice to close shop an hour or two earlier to be able to catch a flight home on Sunday instead of Monday.
• Despite the recommendations of a few, we thought the Apple fritters were awful.
All in all, thank you Springfield, we had fun, learned a lot, and we will be back next year!


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|AC Milan Soccer School (NSW)
AC Milan Soccer School (NSW)
Suite 606, 5 Hunter St Sydney
|The A.C. Milan Academy in Australia welcomes young children from all different backgrounds, creeds and cultures uniting them all in the same dream - to become a better soccer player. The vision of the A.C. Milan Academy is to develop each and every player's skills technically and tactically. This will greatly increase the understanding of each player's role on the soccer field. The Academy also specifically aims to equip our players with vital life skills such as focus, stamina and discipline that will stand them in good stead in all other aspects of their lives. The A.C Milan Academy philosophy is founded on the "whole person" approach, recognising that improving a player's physical and technical development must go hand in hand with the advancement of each player's maturity as well as their emotional and psychological well-being. The A.C Milan Academy will therefore encourage all children to aim high, in terms of their soccer ambitions, and will promote the practice of sport as a means of improving each player's mental and physical health. To this end, all our Academy programmes will focus on four key target areas : Motor skills, Cognitive skills, Personal skills and Social skills. Motor Skills This deals with each player's technical and tactical ability focusing on elements such as kicking, dribbling, passing, heading and tackling. Speed, strength, endurance and flexibility are vital elements of these sessions. Cognitive Skills This aims to develop qualities such as intuition, memory, concentration, and decision making. Strategies for self expression and creativity and imagination underpin this aspect of our training. Personal Skills This helps players foster techniques for having control over their emotions or for regaining self control when lost. Motivation, self-esteem and a desire to be autonomous will increase in these sessions. Social Skills This helps players learn how to work together as a group and team. Respect for the rules and acceptance of the decisions of others will also be emphasised. Collaboration is a core part of these sessions. The Programmes are designed over a duration of 10 months, reflecting programmes developed over decades at AC Milan's youth Academy. The Academy will give our players the chance to realistically become serious players on the world stage in their adult life. It is thus important for them to become accustomed to what is normal practice at all European clubs from an early age. The Academy will assess its players on a regular basis. The assessment will take the form of both regular physical tests targeting for example speed, agility and strength, as well as formal discussions with our players inviting self evaluation and self awareness of their own development. The Academy has access to the latest technology offered by the MILAN LAB which evaluates each athlete at each important phase of his or her growth. In this way each individual's progress is recorded and provides essential information to the coaches to customise their training sessions specifically to the needs of each participant. A.C Milan will offer mini clinics to selected promising players at the Youth Team headquarters in Milan to extend them even further and allow them to compare themselves with other boys of the same age. A.C.Milan will also invite gifted players from the Milan Academy to participate in international tournaments. Such overseas experience for upcoming players is invaluable and helps underline the emphasis the Academy places on the importance of developing as a whole person and not just as a player. It is our strong contention that our Academy offers players a unique opportunity to develop and mature not just into better soccer players but will also help participants develop into well rounded individuals. Our professional approach in this field will provide the ideal environment to prepare our players for the future challenges that they will inevitably face in their adult life with much greater confidence.
Soccer Football Italian School Learning


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Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko imaged by Rosetta's OSIRIS narrow angle camera on 7 August from a distance of 104 km.
While the comet's head (in the top half of the image) is covered with parallel linear features, the neck displays scattered boulders on a smooth underground. In comparison, the comet's body (lower half of the image) seems to have much more jagged features.
By combining two similar images taken 17 minutes apart, a 3D anaglyph can be made.
Credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA


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Dr. Bauso earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Kinesiology from Penn State University in 2003. He earned his Doctorate in Physical Therapy in 2012 at Neumann University. With a background in Exercise Physiology, John brings to our practice an expertise in strength and conditioning as well as therapeutic exercise for recovery of function.
Dr. Bauso is a member of the American Physical Therapy Association and the Pennsylvania Physical Therapy Association. He continues his professional development with education in the areas of spinal and extremity rehabilitation.


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I am having troubles with Collector and downloading offline area. I am working with the latest Collector app and have been attempting to download areas for offline use. When I attempt to download these areas on my iPad, after choosing the area and scale, i click to download and shortly after the download fails. I have offline mode turned on of the map and the sharing settings for all the layers set to allow for downloading and editing. I cant think of any other boxes to check. Has anyone else been experiencing this issue? I should also say that i did not experience this issue with Aurora Beta, while using the exact same map, the issue seems to have come up after Aurora went to Collector.
Any help would be awesome


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Are you planning on putting your home on the market? Whether you are listing with a Realtor or listing your home on your own, a solid presentation is everything. One can't stress the importance of having a clean home when you are showing potential buyers. We can help you by performing a deep clean throughout your home, as well as keep it clean for showings. If you're on a budget, we understand, we can also work on just the most important areas, usually the bathrooms and kitchen so they are sparkling clean. If you happen to be working with a Realtor, be sure to ask for their honest opinion of what needs to be cleaned in the home so that it will make it easier to sell.
A clean home will almost always sell faster (and maybe for more money) than a dirty one. The buyers need to be able to conceptualize themselves living there. They need to see it. And having the home in the cleanest possible shape will help them do that.


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Tony Martin Signed Card Autographed Singer Vocalist AUTO Signature
Jeff Potter's AUTHENTIC TRADING POST
True NO RESERVE auction on this signed card, autographed boldly by Tony Martin. Nice early career signature of the famous singer. Card measures approximately 3.25 x 2 inches in size, and is the perfect example to matte and frame with a vintage photograph. Autograph was part of a vintage collection spanning 1931 - 1953, of which I purchased in it's entirety, and will be listing over the coming week.


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I read lots and lots of scientific papers, too many, in fact. But this one has really captured my attention. It kind of cuts through a lot of the BS and narrows into what is really important when it comes to gut health.
Importance of Butyrate
One area we lose sight of too easily is the importance of butyrate production by gut microbes. Everyone has the gut bacteria in-place to produce butyrate. Many different species can turn food we eat into butyrate, these species are mainly in the Clostridium family. I've yet to see a gut test from anyone that doesn't have lots of butyrate producing microbes.
Measuring butyrate is a whole 'nother issue. I had a butyrate test last summer, and it showed that my butyrate level was in the highest percentile. The low acceptable range was way, way lower than my test. In all of the many papers I've read on the importance of butyrate, none have ever given a specific amount required for gut health.
|My Butyrate was 27mM/g. Normal is "above 3.9"
A problem encountered in butyrate measurement is that the amount seen in feces can be misleading. If we have a gut that is starved of butyrate, the cells that use butyrate will be weakened and less butyrate will be utilized, showing up instead in your feces. The accurate way to measure butyrate would be to install a permanent tap on the portal vein and measure the butyrate as it enters your bloodstream. Several studies have done exactly this on pigs and rats, but not humans. A study in the '80's measured blood butyrate as found in human victims of tragic accidents, but unless the autopsy was performed within an hour or so, the results were not conclusive.
As we have no way of accurately accessing the butyrate required to produce beautifully healthy guts, and in turn, a robust immune system, all we can do is eat foods that are known to produce butyrate when fermented by out gut bugs.
From the "Hot Sh*t" paper:
Prebiotics refer to indigestible food ingredients that selectively promote the colonization of healthy commensals such as the dietary fiber inulin that promotes Bifidobacteria growth. More specifically, cancer-preventive antioxidants include dietary polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignins present in tea, wine, nuts, fruits, and so on, and ellagic acid metabolized by colonic microbiota into urolithins exhibiting antiestrogenic and anti-COX2 activities). Another polyphenol called 'daidzein', a soy isoflavone metabolized by gut microbiota into equol and only detected in a fraction of individuals (harboring sulfate-reducing bacteria), may protect against breast and prostate cancer, mostly in Asia. The fiber has been involved in the prevention of colorectal cancers and butyrate, one of the most abundant short-chain fatty acids resulting from the bacterial fermentation of fibers and selectively transported into the colon epithelium is the most compelling tumor-suppressive molecule. Butyrate has both cell autonomous and cell extrinsic antitumor effects. It decreases proliferation and promotes apoptosis of tumor cells, ameliorates inflammation associated with colitis and favor expansion of peripheral Treg. Most of these effects result from epigenetic regulation, butyrate acting as an endogenous HDAC inhibitor.
Lots of words, and in an article on prevention of cancer, not on "fiber" or gut health, specifically. It says butyrate acts as an HDAC inhibitor (HDI). HDAC inhibition is kind of the 'holy grail' in many health problems. Man-made HDIs are used as mood stabilizers and in epileptic treatments as well as cancer and treating auto-immune diseases. HDI's are a huge industry...yet if we eat right, we can simply make our own!
Also, did you notice the author singled out inulin as a prebiotic, and mentioned its promotion of Bifidobacteria. Had they looked a bit harder they would have also discovered RS, pectin, glucomannan and all the other fibers that act similarly to inulin. It was nice to see them also mention the polyphenols found in foods that are also associated with good gut health and anti-cancer activities. This fits in nicely with what we have been saying all along: Try to eat lots of fiber, but also important are the compounds found in real foods and not available as a supplement.
Here's a bit more from the paper on butyrate from our gut bugs:
Moreover, the intestinal microbiota can also influence systemic immune responses. A recent work highlighted the role of certain metabolites (short-chain fatty acid butyrate and to a lesser extent propionate) produced by commensal bacteria in dictating the extrathymic differentiation of periph- eral regulatory T cells. Butyrate acts within T cells to enhance acetylation of the Foxp3 locus and protein, as well as DCs to decrease their proinflammatory NF- k B-dependent cytokine secretion profile through an HDAC inhibitory activity.
Did you get that? Yes, you probably need a doctorate degree in biology to understand what they are saying, but bottom-line, they are saying that butyrate from our gut bacteria is needed to ensure a healthy immune system. "Butyrate acts within T cells to enhance acetylation of the Foxp3 locus and protein," without going into a lot of detail, this says that butyrate is the fuel that runs our immune system.
Leaky Gut, Chemotherapy, and Fiber
This "Hot Sh*t" paper is not about butyrate or fiber, it's about a new theory on how chemotherapy works in cancer treatments. This theory revolves around chemotherapy agents creating a "leaky gut" situation which allows certain beneficial bacteria from our small intestines to leak into our bloodstream where it is seen as harmful and our own immune system is called into action.
Gram-positive commensal bacteria translocate during chemotherapy and prime pathogenic Th17 (pTh17) cells contributing to the tumoricidal activity of cytotoxic compounds.
To further this theory, they show that chemotherapy is not effective on animals that have been given large doses of antibiotics. With germ-free animals, there is no bacteria left to leak into the blood to evoke the immune stimulating response.
The skewed gut microbial communities and the leaky gut barrier leads to a generalized activation of self-reactive B and T cells and production of autoantibodies. Therefore, we surmise that any compound compromising the intestinal barrier integrity and/or the innate mucosal immunity and/or directly the gut microbiota will affect the functional equilibrium of this compartment and cause symptoms, as well as distant immunological perturbations.
They are saying here that they believe the effectiveness in disrupting the gut's barrier results in boosting of the immune system. This makes me believe that all of this talk of "leaky gut" is possibly nature's way of boosting our immune system. Unfortunately, when we are eating total crap food, ie. artificial colors, flavors, chemicals, and processed oils, and also having guts that have been destroyed by antibiotics, there is no telling what will leak into our body and what the consequences will be.
First, we observed that certain bacterial species of the SI can selectively and efficiently translocate within 24–48 h after exposure to an alkylating agent, [chemotherapy], yet administered at a metronomic regimen only reducing B-cell numbers. Second, at these early time points, the permeability of the intestinal barrier was readily increased, whereas the number of Th17 cells and CD103þ DCs accumulating in the LP significantly decreased, setting the stage for bacterial translocation.
Possibly when eating as humans are meant to eat (omnivores eating real food) then this leakiness is a natural function to restore immune system health.
Oncologists have been using "platinum salts" for many years in chemotherapy with some good success. One standard explanation is that plantinum salts "trigger apoptosis" or cause the cancer cells to self-destruct. The "Hot Sh*t" paper proposes that platinum salts work by causing gut leakiness and a resulting immune response. The side effects of platinum salts are many: nausea, vomiting, kidney damage, nerve damage, among a long list.
Gut Enterotypes
Just as people can be genetically thin, fat, or of medium build, it seems that our gut flora also tends to gravitate towards three types:
Recently, an interesting but still controversial notion has emerged as to the existence of 'enterotypes' characterized by dominant genera ( Bacteroides , Prevotella and Ruminococcus ) and their co-occurring phylogenetic traits that could be associated with long-term dietary habits.
- The Bacteroides enterotype was associated with animal protein and saturated fats,
- The Prevotella enterotype was predominantly observed with high fiber/plant-based nutrition and high carbohydrates (low meat and dairy consumption).
- The Ruminococcus enterotype often merged with the Bacteroides one.
I am simply amazed at how hard these cancer researchers looked into the contributions of the gut when writing this paper!
These findings represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of the mode of action of many compounds having an impact on the host–microbe mutualism.
It appears the gut is no longer being overlooked by cancer researchers! Let's hope this trend continues.
The microbiome present in the distal gut performs myriad functions protecting the host against pathologies. Indeed, the host–microbiota symbiosis has evolved in three directions.
- First, colonization by commensal microorganisms is key to immune development.
- Second, the commensal community keeps in check invading pathogens and prevents them from expressing virulence.
- Third, the intestinal microbiota appears to digest glycans and regulate fat storage in mice and potentially in humans. Exemplifying the host–microbe mutualism, the microbial genome is highly enriched in hundred families of glycoside hydrolases and in more than 20 families of polysaccharide lyases, whereas the human genome is relatively devoid of these carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes.
Implications for cancer
I think it has been well-established that a healthy immune system is the first line of defense against diseases like cancer. But how, exactly, to get a healthy immune system has eluded us. Here we see these researchers recognizing the gut microflora as a key contributor to the immune system:
Recently, we and others reported that gut microbiota is indispensable for the immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of certain anticancer therapeutics including chemotherapy and platinum salts.
If anyone reading this has cancer, or knows someone who has cancer, maybe this advice will help:
Future prospects for a better management of cancer patients aim at:
- (i) diagnosing patients dysbiosis (metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, epidemiology on diet, medications and exercise, and so on),
- (ii) compensating dysbiosis by appropriate 'immunogenic probiotics'
- (iii) prebiotics synergizing with probiotics to set the stage for a healthy intestine that has been compromised by DNA-damaging agents,
- (iv) monitoring the immune responses raised against the relevant commensals to establish a correlation with longterm benefit and immune fitness.
In other words: No cancer treatment should proceed without consideration of prebiotics, probiotics, and testing to ensure there are healthy levels of "good" microbes in the gut!
My thoughts are that if you want to avoid a date with platinum salts, just keep your immune system in top-notch condition at all times! This simply involves eating foods that produce butyrate (prebiotic fibers) and a wide range of colorful fruits and veggies, nuts, and other healthy foods every day. Fermented foods and probiotics are also important!
As of now, we don't know exactly what the "perfect" microbiome looks like, how much butyrate we need exactly, and which fibers are required for immune system perfection. Might as well just eat the foods we know are good for all this and avoid the ones that we know cause harm. A fiber supplement on top of a healthy diet will help to ensure enough butyrate!


text: Advisor Spotlight Interview Merv Rudner, AIF, RFC and RMC, is principal of Emerald Wealth Management in metro Atlanta. He projects a laid back spirit and describes his attitude toward life as "low stress." While he takes his job very seriously, he also likes to keep things simple by concentrating on the big picture and long term relationships with clients. Wise beyond his 12 years in the business, he's learned the key: do right by people and good things will happen. His book of business is divided roughly 50/50 between the retirement plan space and individual clients, requiring quite the balancing act. And he's been successful at it, experiencing solid growth on both sides. Enjoy! By Amy RehnMerv grew up in Florida but moved to Atlanta almost 30 years ago for school. "I loved Atlanta and knew I wasn't going back." He earned his undergraduate degree from Mercer University and is a graduate of Duke University's CFP program. But financial advice represents a second career. "I was working for a publicly traded company that did payroll benefits and 401k plans. Our target clients were small to medium size businesses." Merv managed the Southeast states and had a successful career developing relationships with their larger clients. The company was sold to Fidelity and key management moved to Boston. Unprepared for such a move, Merv used the opportunity to transition into the role of financial advisor and control his own destiny. In speaking with some of the larger clients at his prior firm, he saw the happiest people often owned their own businesses. When he decided to start his own, "I was lucky to have the support of my wife. And thankfully I had relationships with CPAs, attorneys and banks I could leverage. These centers of influence gave me the opportunity to demonstrate I could do a good job."Merv was also lucky to learn from a gentleman who had been in the business for 20+ years. His practice was very much insurance based, but he had just started managing assets when Merv stepped into the industry. "Those few years allowed me to learn both sides. I was able to make an informed decision about focusing on asset management versus insurance." Merv describes his role as a wealth manager, taking a comprehensive approach with his clients. He concentrates on a long term strategy and retirement planning. "What I've found is most people have no idea what type of income will be generated from their lifelong savings. They know they are saving toward a goal, but when they hit it, they don't know what that means." Merv helps translate.In regards to asset management, Merv both self manages and leverages third party investment managers. When deciding on the best plan of action, he says that comes from interviewing the client. "I need to hear what they've experienced, what they respond to, and how they feel about fees." He is strategic in his approach and typically falls in the moderate to conservative range using primarily mutual funds to create portfolios.Merv's business is split evenly between individual clients and retirement plan business. Merv entered the 401k space in an interesting manner. "When I first started, even though I had a background in 401ks, I avoided them. I felt if I went in the door as the 401k guy, I would never be their financial advisor; I would be no different than their payroll and benefits person." So for the first 4-5 years he only worked with individual clients. As time progressed, some of his clients eventually asked for help with their plans. "I recognized it was a business we happened to be very good at and my background helped. I also put forth the effort required; I did my homework to fully understand all the nuances." Today Emerald has done a 180 degree turn. They are very comfortable with the 401k discussion and earn individual business as part of that process as a result.Their ideal 401k client has between $500k and $5mm in assets, less than 5 decision makers and is located within 5 miles of their Atlanta office. "We'll do a startup if it's referred to us, but we typically look for owners who are willing to participate. If we get the impression they are setting up a plan just for the sake of having one, we don't want that business."From a service standpoint, Merv tells me every client is different. "We let them tell us what their expectations are. Most clients will want to see us 1-2 times per year." He gets positive feedback from vendors, fund companies and even clients as a result of the time he spends with clients. "After a meeting, we see participation increase, contribution percentages increase, and the result is the clients are quite happy. Some advisors may farm out the onsite meetings, but it's an important part of my service model."On the regulatory side, he is concerned about the government placing limits on how the average person can save for retirement. "It doesn't make sense to me. The social security system is already overburdened and additional limitations will only contribute to the problems versus relieving them."Merv attributes new business almost exclusively to referrals. "My clients who are business owners are typically in an organization, professional or otherwise, with similar types of people". And the same goes for his individual clients. "When I get referred to someone, it's almost predetermined they will be a good fit because they already know how we work and the prospect is typically very similar to the existing client." Describing his ideal client on the individual side, personality is at the top of the list. "In general we work with a lot of professionals, people who are family and goal oriented and who are good savers." Merv also has a solid network of professional alliances. He has a couple of CPAs he feels confident in referring clients to and the same goes for attorneys. He also works with benefits and payroll companies. Though referrals aren't always a two way street, he is more concerned with sending his clients to someone who will do a good job and communicate with him. "I'm not worried about getting referrals back; I'm a firm believer that it will all work out."Merv sends out a monthly newsletter to his clients, one for the retirement plan side and one for individual investors. While he meets with 401k clients at their place of business, he sees his individual clients at his office. "We host a client event once or twice a year. And we invite clients to small dinners and wine tastings on different occasions. We try to keep it small scale." While he has done a seminar or two in the past, he says it's not his preferred approach. "It's not really me. I'm a relationship person."Last year he conducted a client survey to evaluate whether or not they were meeting their clients' expectations. "We asked about their preferred method of communication and frequency, for example." What they discovered was Emerald clients want a little less communication. "They have busy lives and want to be contacted on a need-to-know basis."When it comes to future goals, Merv is concerned with succession planning and growing efficiently. Last year he held a board of advisors meeting. He asked a few key partners, ones who care about his success, to come in for a few hours and talk about his business. "We laid our cards on the table and solicited their counsel about how we can continue growing well." He and his Client Services Manager, Hollie Wood, put together their own thoughts to share with the group. Both Merv and Hollie thought the other needed help. As a result of the meeting, they decided to hire additional staff. "One is a project manager who really does everything I don't have time to do like updating the website, locating newsletter content or planning a client dinner." The next person they hired was dedicated to operations and support on the retirement plan side of the business.Merv has also spoken with a couple of fellow Triad advisors about working together and backing each other up. "Whether it's just stepping in should something happen to me or doing more like proactive marketing together or leveraging administrative overhead, it's an important topic for me and my clients." His existing clients have already asked about what happens when he retires. Though he, like most advisors, doesn't ever really want to totally retire, having a succession plan is vital. However he proceeds, Merv knows his philosophy and business must be maintained. "I don't want a partner in this business who will impede my vision. I want someone who has a similar perspective and who would serve my clients well."On the personal side, Merv describes his family, pastimes and community involvement with great enthusiasm. "I have a wonderful wife and three daughters." Two of his daughters were married in the last fourteen months, and the oldest just had their first grandchild. He and the family spend a lot of time at his lake house, affectionately dubbing it Merv-aritaville. Golf is also a passion."I play as much as possible." In the community, Merv is involved with Heal, Inc. which provides medical, nutritional and mental health services in lower income areas. He currently serves on the governing board and is excited that they will add dental services by year end. Especially near and dear to his heart since his son-in-law is in the military is the Wounded Warrior Project. Merv received a Service Recognition Award for his support and contributions this year.If he could share one lesson learned, "This business is about building long term relationships and trust. I'll be the first to tell you I'm not the smartest or most technical person, but my clients know I'm working on their behalf." Merv knows he has obligations and a family to support, but compensation is far from his mind. "I want to do the right thing."If he wasn't helping clients with their long term goals, what would he do? "If you had asked me that question when I was younger, hands down I would have said a professional baseball player. Today though, I'd be playing on the senior PGA tour."


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The balls [apparently containing two tons of water] get swung out with an initial turn to port or stbd. The tendency then is for the roll to continue by itself, but is controlled by letting the bags out slowly with a line made off to each bag and running through necessary tackle to a cockpit winch.Via Within the crainium.
24 September 2011
An 80' sailboat passes under a 65' bridge
7 comments:
Just imagine the strength and rigidity of those sails! And yet they can't be cast iron; they have to be light in weight!ReplyDelete
It's motoring under the bridge, not sailing under - but I am picky like that. :-)ReplyDelete
That is a cool trick. Very, very cool.
You're quite right, of course, Mel. Title fixed. Tx for the correction.ReplyDelete
THANKS for sharing this! Human ingenuity at its best!ReplyDelete
Now there is one advantage that a mono-hull has over a catamaran.ReplyDelete
That was amazing. I've never seen that done before.ReplyDelete
It's almost comical to watch the sailboat do that.ReplyDelete
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womens craft group
In 2004, Zion partnered with a group of women who were single parents. Meeting twice a week the group beganmaking paper goods by recycling waste products (including elephant dung!) to make cards, small diaries, notebooks, photo-albums and gift wrapping. The goods were sold at craft markets, the beach and local tourist lodges.
A social enterprise was born and by the end of the year, the group expanded to include other women in the area who were not single parents but encountered the many hardships that most Malawian women face. In 2005, the list of goods was extended to fabric products including bags, pillow cases, cushion covers, African shirts, dresses, door mats and wall decorations.
All goods are made from recycled materials ensuring a positive environmental impact. The Community Centre will house a Craft Shop to sell all the products produced.
How you can help
HOPEmalawi would like to market and sell these products to a wider audience at home and abroad.
If you can support these remarkable women, please contact us
The clothes are made by a widows group sponsored by HOPEmalawi


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Opposition Leader Ranil Wickremasinghe is scheduled to leave this forenoon for India on an official tour.
The Opposition Leader's office sources said that during this tour the Opposition Leader would hold bilateral talks with Indian President Pranaab Mukerji.
In addition the Opposition Leader will hold discussions with top Indian Government and Opposition representatives.
The Opposition Leader is also the first top level politician touring India after India voted against Sri Lanka at the Geneva UNHRC session.
Indian Reports say further that the Opposition Leader's Indian tour will be very significant in the current context with a background opposed to Sri Lanka created in Tamil Nadu.


text: The exotic sounding Gaudi is in fact UK break producer Headflix and this is an attempt at fusing electro beats with reggae riddims which follows on from the well received 2007 releases 'Dub Qawwali' and even earned a BBC world roots nomination at the time. Unfortunately on the latest recording the human element is relegated to a largely secondary role, with the overall sound likely to leave most world roots and even the most progressive of reggae fans cold. Part of the problem resides with the dehumanising effect of the instrumentation and a greater input from reggae musicians would have enhanced the balance. That said, the voice of Lee Perry is heard on 'I start to pray' which is noteworthy for its gospel-infused organ intro and this is probably where the reggae meets electro dub works best. It is a pity that the overproduced sound detracts from the music because there is some evidence of a musical mind at play here, especially on the flute driven 'Tamino and the temple of dub', but even here the improvisation is minimal. A case, then of returning to the drawing board, and increasing substantially the reggae component. Tim Stenhouse


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By Dan Margetta
Alex Prunty scored his fifth feature win of the season by taking top honors in the 40-lap late model feature.
Joe Bongiorno and Tyler Schley set the pace at the beginning with Alex Prunty, Jordan DeVoy, Al Stippich, and Adam Peschek racing for position close behind. Bongiorno led the opening laps through a few caution periods before Prunty emerged to take the lead on lap nine. Once out front, Prunty's main challenges came from DeVoy and Mike Held, as caution flags waved for separate incidents on lap nine and seventheen. Prunty was up to the task on each restart and he turned back challenges from DeVoy and Held to grab his fifth feature win of the season. Jordan DeVoy finished second followed by Mike Held in third and Adam Peschek in fourth. Al Stippich finished fifth.
Jake Vanoskey and Joe Bongiorno each scored victories in the late model heat races while Alex Prunty was the fastest qualifier at 12.205 seconds.


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Here is a Sneak Peek on a item that is worth getting…
That being said if you would purchase any one of those items it could really add up but here is the best way to buy whats on special using deals, coupons and cash back to save as much as you can.
If this is your first time shopping at Publix or buying with coupons make sure you have
- Make your list (I have a spreadsheet click here if you would like to see or use it)
- Cut Coupons, Select coupon from Publix Digital and/or print coupons (before they are no longer available)
- Select any items that applies from CashBack App
since the ad date varies from location I will share both dates
- Wednesday 1/10/18 ending Tuesday 1/16/18
- Thursday 1/11/18 ending Wednesday 1/17/18
- $4.00/1 One A Day Kids OR Flintstones™ multivitamin product
- $4.00/1 Flintstones or One A Day Kids Products – 1-7-18 SS (exp 01/20/18)
- $4.00/1 One A Day Product – 1-7-18 SS; Includes 60 ct or Smaller Only (exp 01/20/18)
- $2.00/1 One A Day, Flintstones, or Citracal (Publix Coupon) – Purple Advantage Flyer (Valid from 12/30/17); Includes One A Day, 26 – 200 ct Only; Flintstones, 60 – 180 ct Only; or Citracal, 70 – 200 ct Only (exp 01/12/18)
Cash Back offers through 3 apps
If you are new to cash back offers here are 3 you can start earning as you shop in places like CVS. If you use my link we both will receive an incentive which will help you get started with a better amount..
- Ibotta Cash Back
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- ShopKick App (referral code YAY878036)
Fetch Rewards – Another way to save, there is a new app (similar to Ibotta) You can begin by using my referral code A8CVB and you'll get 1500 points (like $1.50 in rewards!) when you scan your first rebate!
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Join our mailing list to receive the latest deals and updates from our team.


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Juniors on the turf
LEONGATHA and District Cricket Association Under 12's and 13's played on Sunday at Scorpion Park Leongatha against Sale/Maffra.
The game was played on turf using a white ball which was a first for a lot of the boys.
In the Under 13s'game Sale/Maffra won the toss and sent Leongatha in.
Aaron Bardwell and Rohan Slade opened the batting and unfortunately we lost Rohan early, bowled without scoring.
Blake Christopher added 25 with Aaron before he was bowled.
Joel Brann joined Aaron and they added 20 before he was also bowled Jy Hull for 14 before he became the fourth of six bowled.
Aaron retired on 42 after a very good innings.
Rory Pattinson was bowled and Sam Henry, Jarryd Pearson and Kade Fullarton all retired with Josh Williams not out on nine.
Levi Coscksedge was bowled with out scoring
Emmet Dempsey eight not out saw out the 40 overs with the team making 6/126 in a very good effort.
Most of the boys had never batted on turf before, hence the only wickets we lost were bowled.
After lunch Sale/Maffra batted and the openers Wrigglesworth and Adams added 36 before they retired.
Jy Hull took a wicket with his first ball replacing the opening bowlers Rory Pattinson and Blake Christopher and first change bowlers Joel Brann and Darcy Hume.
Josh Williams bowling leg spin had O'Reilly stumped by Aaron Bardwell and Rohan Slade then picked up three wickets with a good catch to Levi Cocksedge.
He then bowled Shingles without scoring and Lay(two) Sale/Maffra was 6 /77 after some solid batting before wickets to Darcy Hume and Emmet Dempsey saw Sale/Maffra finish with 9/147 off their 40 overs.
Twenty seven came from the last three overs with Sale/Maffra winning by 21 runs.
Best bowling figures in a good bowling effort were Rohan Slade 3/2, Jy Hull 2/10, Darcy Hume 1/16, Emmet Dempsey 1/ 8 and Josh Williams 1/10.
Overall, a very good effort by the Under 13 side batting, bowling and fielding.
The Under 12's under joint captains Ethan Lamers and Levi Hickey won the toss and sent Sale/Maffra in.
Evan Allaway and Tommi Brosnan opened the bowling and bowled very well as did the first change bowlers Fraser West and Joel Cuman.
Some good fielding led to a run out breaking the opening partnership and then a quick wicket to Joel Cuman bowling the next batsman.
Solid batting from Sale/Maffra pushed the score along and it wasn't until Evan Allaway came back into the attack that Leongatha and District picked up its next wicket.
Then came wickets to Xavier Robertson and Levi Hickey but at the end of 35 overs Sale/Maffra had made 159.
Wicket takers were Joel Cuman 1/0, Evan Allaway 1/16, Xavier Robertson 1/14 and Levi Hickey 1/9 with only five byes.
Keepers Mitch McGrath and Evan Lamers did a good job behind the stumps and a couple of missed chances helped Sale/Maffra's score overall.
After lunch Leongatha and District batted with openers Tommi Brosnan and Mitch McGrath.
Unfortunately Mitch McGrath was run out without scoring.
Tommi Brosnan made 24, Evan Lamers 16 retired, Levi Hickey seven retired, Evan Allaway one, Bailey Harvey seven, Heath Dobbie five, Xavier Robinson 14 retired, Kadison Duff 10, Brodie Prain five, Beau Fennell one and Joel Cuman 4four not out saw the total reach 8/125 off their 35 overs in a solid effort with the boys facing some good bowling and fielding from Sale/Maffra.
The coach Craig Harvey was happy with the boys' efforts considering they had restricted training due to a wash out the week previous.
We look forward to the next game on February 15 versus Warragul at Wonthaggi.
The boy's are going to work on a few skills in the meantime hoping to turn the tables on Warragul.
Thank you to Leongatha Town Cricket club for providing the facilities and preparing the turf for the Under 13s, helping with the lunch preparation.
The club's effort was very much appreciated as was OMK for providing training facilities and to all the coaches and parents who assisted during the game and with umpiring and scoring.
Such efforts helped to make it a very good day and we look forward to the return game next year in Sale.
It was a very good day for the boys who are the future of LDCA.
They showed that we have some very promising cricketers on the horizon.
The games were played in great spirit by both sides and they were exemplary in their behaviour on and off the field.
Short URL: https://thestar.com.au/?p=12830


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New Editors Album Is A Reflection Of R.E.M.
3 July 2013, 16:35 | Updated: 2 September 2013, 00:00
Tom Smith has been telling Radio X that their new album, The Weight Of Your Love, is a reflection of the band's love for R.E.M.
Radio X's Danielle Perry asked the frontman what had been influencing his songwriting: "I think of the records I grew up listening to and are important to me. This album without a shadow of a doubt is a reflection of my love for Automatic For The People, I'd say. We went to America to make the record and we all love R.E.M. We've been lucky enough to meet them and toured with them, and hang out.
The band played Glastonbury on Sunday (June 30) and Tom was pleased with the reception they received.
"That was the fourth time we've played The Other Stage and we've been away for a little while, so part of us was thinking, Will there be anyone there? But it was easily the biggest crowd we've ever played to on The Other Stage… the sun was out and going down, it was special."
The album The Weight Of Your Love is out now. You can hear more of Danielle Perry's interview with Tom Smith tonight and tomorrow after 7pm (July 3 and 4).
You can hear the full interview below:


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JTECH is a wholly-owned subsidiary of HM Electronics, Inc.(HME) and has been combined with HME Wireless to create the largest onsite paging company in the world. JTECH provides integrated guest management and paging solutions to a host of industries worldwide.


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2018 Inaugural ROC the Taste Food and Music Festival to be held July 27 & 28 in Downtown Rochester
ROC The Taste is a brand new free festival which blends the best of what Rochester has to offer – great food, fabulous live music and fun. Local restaurants and vendors will offer a wide variety of food, merchandise and everything in between. The event will take over Parcel 5 and surrounding streets for a fantastic weekend of summer entertainment on July 27 and 28 from 11 am to 11 pm rain or shine.
The Summit Federal Credit Union ROC the Taste is presented by TOPS Friendly Markets.
Food vendors will offer a $1 sample item, plus many regular priced items so that festival goers can truly taste the best of what the Rochester food community has to offer. There will also be two stages with live music throughout the festival. Admission to the event is free for festival attendees.
ROC the Taste will feature a "Warrior Weekend" theme. The Summit and other sponsors and vendors will be working with the festival to raise money for Wilmot Cancer Center and Honor Flight Rochester. Festival goers are encouraged to wear their "colors" to show support for cancer awareness and their support for our veterans.
Source & image: rocthetaste.com


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Second floor end unit with large balcony - river and pool viewsUnique opportunity to live in a second floor of this luxurious apartment block.
The unit features a large balcony facing in towards the centre of the gated complex and this has views out towards Mount Stuart Ross River and over the resort style pool.
The complex is hugely popular being a one of kind design, and situated on the banks of Ross River and central the city and Lavarack Barracks.
This end unit features:
2 built in bedrooms 2 bathrooms - main bathroom has separate bath and shower Security screens End unit - slightly larger Fully air conditioned open plan tiled living area 2 balconies - main overlooks the pool Loads of storage 1 car park plus on site visitor parking On-site managers Complex has resort style pool, BBQ facilities, security code to enter complex, security cameras and night patrol.


text: Gast Heating & Cooling Inc. in Rochester Geothermal Welcome to Gast Heating & Cooling Inc.'s Rochester geothermal resource center. We're proud to be one of the finest providers of WaterFurnace geothermal products for the Rochester area. Whether you need standard maintenance, equipment repair, or a complete comfort system - Gast Heating & Cooling Inc. has the training and ability you need. Let us provide you a solution that uses the clean, renewable energy in your backyard to provide savings up to 70% on heating, cooling and hot water. Why WaterFurnace? WaterFurnace manufactures and sells more geothermal systems for homes than anyone else in the industry. Why? Because of a reliability built on innovation, quality, and an undying commitment to customer support. WaterFurnace dealers and installers are the most qualified in the industry. All this makes WaterFurnace the leading candidate for a residential WaterFurnace system. Be one of the first on your block to choose a system that's "Smarter from the Ground Up." To find out more about our full line of geothermal products for the Rochester area, contact Gast Heating & Cooling Inc. today.


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Home/ Historical Writings / Church & Denominational History / James Aitken Wylie / The History of Protestantism
The History of Protestantism
by 'James Aitken Wylie'
Book 19 Protestantism in Poland and Bohemia
Chapter 10 Suppression of Protestantish in Bohemia
Resource Toolbox
Policy of Ferdinand II Murder of Ministers by the Troops New Plan of Persecution Kindness and its Effects Expulsion of Anabaptists from Moravia The Pastors Banished Sorrowful Partings Exile of Pastors of Kuttenberg The Lutherans "Graciously Dismissed" The Churches Razed The New Clergy Purification of the Churches The Schoolmasters Banished Bibles and Religious Books Burned Spanish Jesuits and Lichtenstein's Dragoons Emigration of the Nobles Reign of Terror in the Towns Oppressive Edicts Ransom-Money Unprotestantizing of Villages and Rural Parts Protestantism Trampled out Bohemia a Desert Testimony of a Popish Writer.
THE sufferings of that cruel time were not confined to the nobles of Bohemia. The pastors were their companions in the horrors of the persecution. After the first few months, during which the conqueror lured back by fair promises all who had fled into exile, or had hidden themselves in secret places, the policy of Ferdinand II and his advisers was to crush at once the chief men whether of the nobility or of the ministry, and afterwards to dear with the common people as they might find it expedient, either by the rude violence of the hangman or the subtle craft of the Jesuit. This astute policy was pursued with the most unflinching resolution, and the issue was the almost entire trampling out of the Protestantism of Bohemia and Moravia. In closing this sad story we must briefly narrate the tortures and death which were inflicted on the Bohemian pastors, and the manifold woes that befell the unhappy country.
Even before the victory of the Weissenberg, the ministers in various parts of Bohemia suffered dreadfully from the license of the troops. No sooner had the Austrian army crossed the frontier, than the soldiers began to plunder and kill as they had a mind. Pastors found preaching to their flocks were murdered in the pulpit; the sick were shot in their beds; some were hanged on trees, others were tied to posts, and their extremities scorched with fire, while others were tortured in various cruel ways to compel them to disclose facts which they did not know, and give up treasure which they did not possess. To the barbarous murder of the father or the husband was sometimes added the brutal outrage of his family.
But when the victory of the Weissenberg gave Bohemia and its capital into the power of Ferdinand, the persecution was taken out of the hands of the soldiers, and committed to those who knew how to conduct it, if not more humanely, yet more systematically. It was the settled purpose of the emperor to bring the whole of Bohemia back to Rome. He was terrified at the spirit of liberty and patriotism which he saw rising in the nation; he ascribed that spirit entirely to the new religion of which John Muss had been the great apostle, since, all down from the martyr's day, he could trace the popular convulsions to which it had given rise; and he despaired of restoring quiet and order to Bohemia till it should again be of one religion, and that religion the Roman. Thus political were blended with religious motives in the terrible persecution which Ferdinand now commenced.
It was nearly a year till the plan of persecution was arranged; and when at last the plain was settled, it was resolved to baptize it by the name of "Reformation." To restore the altars and images which the preachers of the new faith had east out, and again plant the old faith in the deformed churches, was, they affirmed, to effect a real Reformation. They had a perfect right to the word. They appointed a Commission of Reformers, having at its head the Archbishop of Prague and several of the Bohemian grandees, and united with them was a numerous body of Jesuits, who bore the chief burden of this new Reformation. After the executions, which we have described, were over, it was resolved to proceed by kindness and persuasion. If the Reformation could not be completed without the axe and the halter, these would not be wanting; meanwhile, mild measures, it was thought, would best succeed. The monks who dispersed themselves among the people assured them of the emperor's favor should they embrace the emperor's religion. The times were hard, and such as had fallen into straits were assisted with money or with seed-corn. The Protestant poor were, on the other hand, refused alms, and at times could not even buy bread with money. Husbands were separated from their wives, and children from their parents. Disfranchisement, expulsion from corporations and offices, the denial of burial, and similar oppressions were inflicted on those who evinced a disposition to remain steadfast in their Protestant profession. If any one declared that he would exile himself rather than apostatize, he was laughed at for his folly. "To what land will you go," he was asked, "where you shall find the liberty you desire? Everywhere you shall find heresy proscribed. One's native soil is sweet, and you will be glad to return to yours, only, it may be, to find the door of the emperor's clemency closed." Numerous conversions were effected before the adoption of a single harsh measure; but wherever the Scriptural knowledge of Huss's Reformation had taken root, there the monks found the work much more difficult.
The first great tentative measure was the expulsion of the Anabaptists from Moravia. The most unbefriended, they were selected as the first victims. The Anabaptists were gathered into some forty-five communities or colleges, where they had all things in common, and were much respected by their neighbors for their quiet and orderly lives. Their lands were skillfully cultivated, and their taxes duly paid, but these qualities could procure them no favor in the eyes of their sovereign. The order for their banishment arrived in the beginning of autumn, 1622, and
was all the more severe that it inferred the loss of the labors of the year. Leaving their fields unreaped and their grapes to rot upon the bough, they arose, and quitted house and lands and vineyards. The children and aged they placed in carts, and setting forward in long and sorrowful troops, they held on their way across the Moravian plains to Hungary and Transylvania, where they found new habitations. They were happy in being the first to be compelled to go away; greater severities awaited those whom they left behind.
Stop the fountains, and the streams will dry up of themselves. Acting on this maxim, it was resolved to banish the pastors, to shut up the churches, and to burn the books of the Protestants.
In pursuance of this program of persecution, the ministers of Prague had six articles laid before them, to which their submission was demanded, as the condition of their remaining in the country. The first called on them to collect among themselves a sum of several thousand pounds, and give it as a loan to the emperor for the payment of the troops employed in suppressing the rebellion. The remaining five articles amounted to an abandonment of the Protestant faith. The ministers replied unanimously that "they would do nothing against their consciences." The decree of banishment was not long deferred. To pave the way for it, an edict was issued, which threw the whole blame of the war upon the ministers. They were stigmatized as "turbulent, rash, and seditious men," who had "made a new king," and who even now "were plotting pernicious confederacies," and preparing new insurrections against the emperor. They must therefore, said the edict, be driven from a kingdom which could know neither quiet nor safety so long as they were in it. Accordingly on the 13th of December, 1621, [1] the decree of banishment was given forth, ordering all the ministers in Prague within three days, and all others throughout Bohemia and the United Provinces within eight days, to remove themselves beyond the bounds of the kingdom, "and that for ever." If any of the proscribed should presume to remain in the country, or should return to it, they were to suffer death, and the same fate was adjudged to all who should dare to harbor them, or who should in the least favor or help them. [2]
But, says Comenius, "the scene of their departure cannot be described," it was so overwhelmingly sorrowful. The pastors were followed by their loving flocks, bathed in tears, and so stricken with anguish of spirit, that they gave vent to their grief in sighs and groans. Bitter, thrice bitter, were their farewells, for they knew they should see each other no more on earth. The churches of the banished ministers were given to the Jesuits.
The same sorrowful scenes were repeated in all the other towns of Bohemia where there were Protestant ministers to be driven away; and what town was it that had not its Protestant pastor? Commissaries of Reformation went from town to town with a troop of horse, enforcing the edict. Many of the Romanists sympathized with the exiled pastors, and condemned the cruelty of the Government; the populations generally were friendly to the ministers, and their departure took place amid public tokens of mourning on the part of those among whom they had lived. The crowds on the streets were often so great that the wagons that bore away their little ones could with difficulty move forward, while sad and tearful faces looked down upon the departing troop from the windows. On the 27th of July, 1623, the ministers of Kuttenberg were commanded to leave the city before break of day, and remove beyond the bounds of the kingdom within eight days. Twenty-one ministers passed out at the gates at early morning, followed by some hundreds of citizens. After they had gone a little way the assembly halted, and drawing aside from the highway, one of the ministers, John Matthiades, preached a farewell sermon to the multitude, from the words, "They shall cast you out of the synagogues."
Earnestly did the preacher exhort them to constancy. The whole assembly was drowned in tears. When the sermon had ended, "the heavens rang again," says the chronicler, "with their songs and their lamentations, and with mutual embraces and kisses they commended each other to the grace of God." [3] The flocks returned to the city, and their exiled shepherds went on their way.
The first edict of proscription fell mainly upon the Calvinistic clergy and the ministers of the United Brethren. The Lutheran pastors were left unmolested as yet. Ferdinand II hesitated to give offense to the Elector of Saxony by driving his co-religionists out of his dominions. But the Jesuits took the alarm when they saw the Calvinists, who had been deprived of their own pastors, flocking to the churches of the Lutheran clergy. They complained to the monarch that the work was only half done, that the pestilence could not be arrested till every Protestant minister had been banished from the hind, and the urgencies of the Fathers at length prevailed over the fears of the king. Ferdinand issued an order that the Lutheran ministers should follow their brethren of the Calvinistic and Moravian Communion into exile. The Elector of Saxony remonstrated against this violence, and was politely told that it was very far indeed from being the fact that the Lutheran clergy had been banished they had only received a "gracious dismissal." [4]
The razing of the churches in many places was consequent on the expulsion of the pastors. Better that they should be ruinous heaps than that they should remain to be occupied by the men who were now brought to fill them. The lowest of the priests were drafted from other places to enjoy the vacant livings, and fleece, not feed, the desolate flocks. There could not be found so
many curates as there were now empty churches in Bohemia; and two, six, nay, ten or a dozen parishes were committed to the care of one man. Under these hirelings the people learned the value of that Gospel which they had, perhaps too easily, permitted to be taken from them, in the persons of their banished pastors. Some churches remained without a priest for years; "but the people," says Comenius, "found it a less affliction to lack wholesome instruction than to resort to poisoned pastures, and become the prey of wolves." [5]
A number of monks were imported from Poland, that country being near, and the language similar, but their dissolute lives were the scandal of that Christianity which they were brought to teach. On the testimony of all historians, Popish as well as Protestant, they were riotous livers, insatiably greedy, and so shamelessly profligate that abominable crimes, unknown in Bohemia till then, and not fit to be named, say the chroniclers, began to pollute the land. Even the Popish historian Pelzel says, "they led vicious lives." Many of them had to return to Poland faster than they had come, to escape the popular vengeance which their misdeeds had awakened against them. Bohemia was doubly scourged: it had lost its pious ministers, and it had received in their room men who were fitter to occupy the culprit's cell than the teacher's chair.
The cleansing of the churches which had been occupied by the Protestant ministers, before being again taken possession of by the Romish clergy, presents us with many things not only foolish, but droll. The pulpit was first whipped, next sprinkled with holy water, then a priest was made to enter it, and speaking for the pulpit to say, "I have sinned." The altars at which the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper had been dispensed were dealt with much in the same way. When the Jesuits took possession of the church in Prague which had been occupied by the United Brethren, they first strewed gunpowder over its flora-, and then set fire to it, to disinfect the building by flame and smoke from the poison of heresy. The "cup," the well-known Bohemian symbol, erected over church portals and city gates, was pulled down, and a statue of the Virgin put up fit its stead. If a church was not to be used, because it was not needed, or because it was inconveniently situated, it was either razed or shut up. If only shut up it was left unconsecrated, and in that dreadful condition the Romanists were afraid to enter it. The churchyards shared the fate of the churches. The monumental tablets of the Protestant (lead were broken in pieces, the inscriptions were effaced, and the bones of the dead in many instances were dug up and burned. [6]
After the pastors, the iron hand of persecution fell upon the schoolmasters. All teachers who refused to conform to the Church of Rome, and teach the new catechism of the Jesuit Canisius, were banished. The destruction of the Protestant University of Prague followed. The non-Catholic professors were exiled, and the building was delivered over to the Jesuits. The third great measure adopted for the overthrow of Protestantism was the destruction of all religious books. A commission traveled from town to town, which, assembling the people by the tolling of the bells, explained to them the cause of their visit, and "exhorted them," says George Holyk, "in kind, sweet, and gentle words, to bring all their books." If gentle words failed to draw out the peccant volumes, threats and a strict inquisition in every house followed. The books thus collected were examined by the Jesuits who accompanied the commissioners, and while immoral works escaped, all in which was detected the slightest taint of heresy were condemned. They were carried away in baskets and carts, piled up in the market-place, or under the gallows, or outside the city gates, and there burned. Many thousands of Bohemian Bibles, and countless volumes of general literature, were thus destroyed. Since that time a Bohemian book and a scarce book have been synonymous. The past of Bohemia was blotted out; the great writers and the illustrious warriors who had flourished in it were forgotten; the noble memories of early times were buried in the ashes of these fires; and the Jestuits found it easy to make their pupils believe that, previous to their arrival, the country had been immersed in darkness, and that with them came the first streaks of light in its sky. [7]
The Jesuits who were so helpful in this "Reformation" were Spaniards. They had brought with them the new order of the Brethren of Mercy, who proved their most efficient coadjutors. Of these Brethren of Mercy, Jacobeus gives the following graphic but not agreeable picture: "They were saints abroad, but furies at home; their dress was that of paupers, but their tables were those of gluttons; they had the maxims of the ascetic, but the morals of the rake." Other allies, perhaps even more efficient in promoting conversions to the Roman Church, came to the aid of the Jesuits. These were the well-known Lichtenstein dragoons. These men had never faced an enemy, or learned on the battle-field to be at once brave and merciful. They were a set of vicious and cowardly ruffians, who delighted in terrifying, torturing, and murdering the pious peasants. They drove them like cattle to church with the saber. When billeted on Protestant families, they conducted themselves like incarnate demons; the members of the household had either to declare themselves Romanists, or flee to the woods, to be out of the reach of their violence and the hearing of their oaths. As the Jesuits were boasting at Rome in presence of the Pope of having converted Bohemia, the famous Capuchin, Valerianus Magnus, who was present, said, "Holy Father, give me soldiers as they were given to the Jesuits, and I will convert the whole world
to the Catholic faith." [8]
We have already narrated the executions of the most illustrious of the Bohemian nobles. Those whose lives were spared were overwhelmed by burdensome taxes, and reiterated demands for stuns of money, on various pretexts. After they had been tolerably fleeced, it was resolved to banish them from the kingdom. On Ignatius Loyola's day, the 31st of July, in the year 1627, an edict appeared, in which the emperor declared that, having "a fatherly care for the salvation of his kingdom," he would permit none but Catholics to live in it, and he commanded all who refused to return to the Church of Rome, to sell their estates within six months, and depart from Bohemia. Some there were who parted with "the treasure of a good conscience" that they might remain in their native land; but the greater part, more steadfastly-minded, sold their estates for a nominal price in almost every instance, and went forth into exile. [9] The, decree of banishment was extended to widows. Their sons and daughters, being minors, were taken forcible possession of by the Jesuits, and were shut up in colleges and convents, and their goods managed by tutors appointed by the priests. About a hundred noble families, forsaking their ancestral domains, were dispersed throughout the neighboring countries, and among these was the gray-headed baron, Charles Zierotin, a man highly respected throughout all Bohemia for :his piety and courage.
The places of the banished grandees were filled by persons of low degree, to whom the emperor could give a patent of nobility, but to whom he could give neither elevation of soul, nor dignity of character, nor grace of manners. The free cities were placed under a reign of terrorism. New governors and imperial judges were appointed to rule them; but from what class of the population were these officials drawn? The first were selected from the new nobility; the second, says Comenius and his statement was not denied by his contemporaries were taken from "banished Italians or Germans, or apostate Bohemians, gluttons who had squandered their fortunes, notorious murderers, bastards, cheats, fiddlers, stage-players, mutineers, even men who were unable to read, without property, without home, without conscience." [10] Such were the judges to whom the goods, the liberties, and the lives of the citizens were committed. The less infamous of the new officials, the governors namely, were soon removed, and the "gluttons, murderers, fiddlers, and stage-players" were left to tyrannize at pleasure. No complaint was listened to; extortionate demands were enforced by the military; marriage was forbidden except to Roman Catholics; funeral rites were prohibited at Protestant burials; to harbor any of the banished ministers was to incur fine and imprisonment; to work on a Popish holiday was punishable with imprisonment and a fine of ten florins; to laugh at a priest, or at his sermon, inferred banishment and confiscation of goods; to eat flesh on prohibited (lays, without an indulgence from the Pope, was to incur a fine of ten florins; to be absent from Church on Sunday, or ca festival-mass days, to send one's son to a non-Catholic school, or to educate one's family at home, was forbidden under heavy penalties; non-Catholics were not permitted to make a will; if nevertheless they did so, it was null and void; none were to be admitted into arts or trades unless they first embraced the Popish faith. If any should speak unbecomingly of the "Blessed Virgin the Mother of God," or of the "illustrious House of Austria," "he shall lose his head, without the least favor or pardon." The poor in the hospitals were to be converted to the Roman Catholic faith before the feast of All Saints, otherwise they were to be turned out, and not again admitted till they had entered the Church of Rome. So was it enacted in July, 1624, by Charles, Prince of Lichtenstein, as "the constant and unalterable will of His Sacred Majesty Ferdinand II." [11]
In the same year (1624) all the citizens of Prague who had not renounced their Protestant faith, and entered the Roman communion, were informed by public edict that they had forfeited their estates by rebellion.
Nevertheless, their gracious monarch was willing to admit them to pardon. Each citizen was required to declare on oath the amount of goods which he possessed, and his pardon-money was fixed accordingly. The "ransom" varied from 100 up to 6,000 guilders. The next "thunderbolt" that fell on the non-Catholics was the deprivation of the rights of citizenship. No one, if not in communion with the Church of Rome, could carry on a trade or business in Prague. Hundreds were sunk at once by this decree into poverty. It was next resolved to banish the more considerable of those citizens who still remained "unconverted." First four leading men had sentence of exile recorded against them; then seventy others were expatriated. Soon thereafter, several hundreds were sent into banishment; and the crafty persecutors now paused to mark the effect of these severities upon the common people. Terrified, ground down into poverty, suffering from imprisonment and other inflictions, and deprived of their leaders, they found the people, as they had hoped, very pliant. A small number, who voluntarily exiled themselves, excepted, the citizens conformed. Thus the populous and once Protestant Prague bowed its neck to the Papal yoke. [12] In a similar way, and with a like success, did the "Commissioners of the Reformation" carry out their instructions in all the chief cities of Bohemia.
After the same fashion were the villages and rural parts "unprotestantized." The Emperor Matthias, in 1610, had guaranteed the peasantry of Bohemia in the free exercise of the Protestant religion. This privilege was now abolished, beginning was made in the villages, where the flocks were deprived of their shepherds. Their Bibles and other religious books were next taken from them and destroyed, that the flame might go out when the fuel was withdrawn. The
ministers and Bibles out of the way, the monks appeared on the scene. They entered with soft words and smiling faces. They confidently promised lighter burdens and happier times if the people would only forsake their heresy. They even showed them the beginning of this golden age, by bestowing upon the more necessitous a few small benefactions. When the conversions did not answer the fond expectations of the Fathers, they changed their first bland utterances into rough words, and even threats. The peasantry were commanded to go to mass. A list of the parishioners was given to the clerk, that the absentees from church might be marked, and visited with fine. If one was detected at a secret Protestant conventicle, he was punished with flagellation and imprisonment. Marriage and baptism were next forbidden to Protestants. The peasants were summoned to the towns to be examined and, it might be, punished. If they failed to obey the citation they were surprised overnight by the soldiers, taken from their beds, and driven into the towns like herds of cattle, where they were thrust into prisons, towers, cellars, and stables; many perishing through the hunger, thirst, cold, and stench which they there endured. Other tortures, still more horrible and disgusting, were invented, and put in practice upon these miserable creatures. Many renounced their faith.
Some, unwilling to abjure, and yet unable to bear their prolonged tortures, earnestly begged their persecutors to kill them outright. "No," would their tormentors reply, "the emperor does not thirst for your blood, but for your salvation." This sufficiently accounts for the paucity of martyrs unto blood in Bohemia, notwithstanding the lengthened and cruel persecution to which it was subject. There were not wanting many who would have braved death for their faith; but the Jesuits studiously avoided setting up the stake, and preferred rather to wear out the disciples of the Gospel by tedious and cruel tortures. Those only whose condemnation they could color with some political pretext, as was the case with the noblemen whose martyrdoms we have recorded, did they bring to the scaffold. Thus they were able to suppress the Protestantism of Bohemia, and yet they could say, with some little plausibility, that no one had died for his religion.
But in trampling out its Protestantism the persecutor trampled out the Bohemian nation. First of all, the flower of the nobles perished on the scaffold. Of the great families that remained 185 sold their castles and hinds and left the kingdom. Hundreds of the aristocratic families followed the nobles into exile. Of the common people not fewer than 36,000 families emigrated. There was hardly a kingdom in Europe where the exiles of Bohemia were not to be met with. Scholars, merchants, traders, fled from a land which was given over as a prey to the disciples of Loyola, and the dragoons of Ferdinand. Of the 4,000,000 who inhabited Bohemia in 1620, a miserable remnant, amounting not even to a fifth, were all that remained in 1648. [13] Its fanatical sovereign is reported to have said that he would rather reign over a desert than over a kingdom peopled by heretics. Bohemia was now a desert.
This is not our opinion only, it is that of Popish historians also. "Until that time," says Pelzel, "the Bohemians appeared on the field of battle as a separate' nation, and they not infrequently earned glory. They were now thrust among other nations, and their flame has never since resounded on the field of battle . Till that time, the Bohemians, taken as a nation, had been brave, dauntless, passionate for glory, and enterprising; but now they lost all courage, all national pride, all spirit of enterprise. They fled into forests like sheep before the Swedes, or suffered themselves to be trampled under foot . The Bohemian language, which was used in all public transactions, and of which the nobles were proud, fell into contempt . As high as the Bohemians had risen in science, literature, and arts, in the reigns of Maximilian and Rudolph, so low did they now sink in all these respects. I do not know of any scholar who, after the expulsion of the Protestants, distinguished himself in any learning . With that period the history of the Bohemians ends, and that of other nations in Bohemia begins." [14]
Lectionary Calendar
Tuesday, October 27th, 2020
the Week of Proper 25 / Ordinary 30
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Account Settings and Grants
- Configuration Introduction
- How to edit your security, change/set your password, change the system colors, and set default menus and screens.
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Many common or shared preferences can be adjusted in the My Account dropdown, including grants and passwords. This course falls under the Fundamentals capability. Screen-specific preferences controlled by a wrench icon are not discussed.


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I want to direct your attention to this New York Times health and wellness blog because it's calling attention to a hidden slide danger I've never even thought of before.
It's counter-intuitive, but putting your child on your lap for the slide is actually more dangerous than letting the child go down his or her self. The reason is the child's small sneakered foot is more likely to get stuck on the slide's plastic this way and your weight pressing down on it is more likely to cause a fracture. If kids are riding alone and their feet get stuck, they simply pull them free, but the added weight of their parent makes that impossible for them.
According to one study conducted in New York, almost 14 percent of fractures among toddlers in an 11-month period were caused by riding down the slide with a parent.
It's actually safer to have the child ride solo, or at least with shoes off. Smaller children can be placed halfway up the slide with a parent standing next to them.
Has anyone's child ever suffered anything like this?
You can see a video of Orthopedic Surgeon Ed Holt of Annapolis Maryland, discuss the dangers here:


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MEXICO CITY — Mexico's National Human Rights Commission asked legislators on Sunday to change the country's laws so that police would no longer have to ask migrants about their legal status when they file criminal complaints.
The idea is to make it easier for undocumented migrants in Mexico to report crimes, abuses or extortion attempts against them, the commission said in a news release.
In a letter to the Mexican Senate, the commission wrote that migrants should "be treated foremost as crime victims, regardless of their immigration status."
At present, Article 67 of Mexico's Population Law requires police to ask foreigners to prove they are in the country legally before they can offer the migrants any kind of services. The commission called that "restrictive and repressive."
Tens of thousands of Central American migrants cross through Mexico each year in an attempt to reach the United States, but many report being robbed, assaulted or shaken down for money, sometimes by police or immigrant traffickers.
"Mexico has become the scene of the most shameful violations of migrants rights," wrote commission President Jose Luis Soberanes.
In July, Mexico removed criminal penalties for being in the country illegally. Undocumented migration is now a minor offense punishable by fines, as compared to previous punishments of 1 1/2 to 10 years in prison.
In part, advocates argued, Mexico's harsh treatment of migrants undermined its own demands for better treatment of undocumented Mexicans in the United States.
The commission praised the July reform, noting it had "blocked opportunities for corruption, crime and the systematic violation of migrants' human rights," and continued that "as part of this legal evolution, it is important to permit all undocumented migrants access to the justice system."
Anger over abuses against migrants boiled over in a small town in central Mexico in October, where townspeople rioted to defend dozens of Central Americans who had been held captive by traffickers, reportedly in collusion with police.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Picnic areas with tables and grills are scattered throughout the park.
These areas are first come, first served.
Shelters provide:
Covered picnic tables
Playground (Except 1)
Pit toilets
Charcoal grills
Some provide electricity and/or water.
8 hiking trails exist throughout the park varying in length.
These trails are open from dawn until dusk year round.
The Indian Creek Shelter Nature Trail and Red Cedar Hiking Trail are closed during shotgun deer seasons.
Steep cliffs, slippery rocks, poison ivy, and poisonous snakes may exist on trails.
Bicycles are not allowed on any park trails.
Detailed trail guides and maps can be obtained from the Visitor's Center, or by clicking here.
Permitted in two specific areas of the park.
Located in beautiful Giant City State Park, Makanda, Illinois, 618-529-4110.
Open March 15–November 1, 9 AM–5 PM Wednesday–Monday.
Reservations recommended. More information can be found here.


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