text:
|Coordination of wireless medium among a plurality of base stations
|Harrison et al.
|Wireless information transmission system
|Tuch et al.
|Packet data communication network
|Method for dynamically regrouping subscribers on a communications system
|Comroe et al.
|Method for transfer of data between a media access controller and buffer memory in a token ring network
|Method and apparatus for linking SNA terminals to an SNA host over a packet switched communications network
|McKay et al.
|Hierarchical distributed infrared communication system
|Gantenbein et al.
|Cordless accessed high-speed high-capacity local area networks
|Method and system for expediting multi-packet messages in a computer network
|Method and apparatus for bridging local area networks
|Hart et al.
|Wireless computer modem
|Kirchner et al.
|Dynamic activity-creating data-driven computer architecture
|Local area network.
|High throughout communication method and system for a digital mobile station when crossing a zone boundary during a session.
establishing, through the wireless network, communication between the wired network and a mobile communication unit;
requesting an assignment of a network address for the mobile communication unit, the request being made to a network gateway by the mobile communication unit through the wireless network, the network gateway being bidirectionally coupled to the wired network for providing communications to remote users of the network;
in response to the request, assigning, with the network gateway, a network address to the mobile communication unit, the assigned address being transmitted from the network gateway to the wired network;
receiving the assigned network address with the mobile communication unit, the assigned address being received through the wireless network; and
in response to the received network address, the mobile communication unit thereafter communicating with the network by employing the assigned network address.
notifying the network gateway that the mobile communication unit is no longer active, the step of notifying including a step of sending a message from the local gateway over the wired network to the network gateway; and
in response to the notification by the local gateway, deassigning, at the network gateway, the assigned network address.
retrieving the buffered packets of data;
forwarding the retrieved packets to a local gateway that is bidirectionally coupled between the wired network and the wireless network; and
transmitting the retrieved packets from the local gateway to the mobile communication unit over the wireless network.
if the name is associated with a permanently assigned network address, returning the permanently assigned network address in response to the inquiry;
if the name is associated with a temporarily assigned network address, returning the temporarily assigned network address in response to the inquiry; and
if the name is associated with a previously assigned network address, returning a predetermined network address that differs from the previously assigned network address.
local gateway means, coupled between a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) and the wired network, for communicating with a mobile communication unit; and
global gateway means coupled to the local gateway means and to remote users of the data communications network, the global gateway means including means for maintaining a plurality of network addresses, means for receiving a request for an assignment of a network address from the mobile communication unit, means for assigning one of the plurality of network addresses to the requesting mobile communication unit; and means for routing data received from a remote user, the data having an address corresponding to the assigned network address, to the mobile communication unit having the assigned address.
maintaining a plurality of the unique network addresses with a global gateway means, the global gateway means being bidirectionally coupled to a local gateway means, through the wired network, and also to remote users of the data communications network, the local gateway means being coupled between the wireless and the wired network;
receiving, at the global gateway means, a request for an assignment of the network address from a mobile communication unit;
in response to the received request, assigning one of the plurality of network addresses to the requesting mobile communication unit; and
in response to a message received from a remote user, the message having an address that corresponds to the assigned network address, routing the message from the global gateway to the local gateway means, and from the local gateway means to the wireless network for reception by the mobile communications unit having the assigned network address.
This invention relates generally to communication method and apparatus and, in particular, to method and apparatus for managing network address assignments in a network that includes mobile users.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,307, issued Jan. 9, 1990, "Method and Apparatus for Linking SNA Terminals to an SNA Host Over a Packet Switched Communications Network", D. B. McKay, R. M. Morten and M. P. Marsili, describes an architectural model of the Department of Defense (DoD) protocol suite. Referring to FIG. 1 the architecture is said to be similar to, but not identical with, the International Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture.
A Defense Data Network (DDN) standard establishes criteria for an Internet Protocol (IP) which supports the interconnection of communication LANs. It introduces the Internet Protocol's role and purpose, defines the services provided to users, and specifies the mechanisms needed to support those services. The standard also defines the services required of the lower protocol layer, describes the upper and lower interfaces, and outlines the execution environment services need for implementation.
A Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol providing connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable data transmission in packet-switched computer LANs and internetworks.
The Internet Protocol (IP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are mandatory for use in all DoD packet switching networks which connect or have the potential for utilizing connectivity across network or subnetwork boundaries. Network elements, such as hosts, front-ends, gateways, etc., within such networks which are to be used for internetting must implement TCP/IP.
The Internet Protocol is designed to interconnect packet-switched communication LANs to form an internetwork. The IP transmits blocks of data, called internet datagrams, from sources to destinations throughout the internet. Sources and destinations are hosts located on either the same subnetwork or connected LANs. The IP is purposely limited in scope to provide the basic functions necessary to deliver a block of data. Each internet datagram is an independent entity unrelated to any other internet datagrams. The IP does not create connections or logical circuits and has no mechanisms to promote data reliability, flow control, sequencing, or other services commonly found in virtual circuit protocols.
The DDN standard specifies a host IP. As defined in the DoD architectural mode, the Internet Protocol resides in the internetwork layer. Thus, the IP provides services to transport layer protocols and relies on the services of the lower network protocol. In each gateway, a system interconnecting two or more LANs, an IP resides above two or more LANs protocol entities. Gateways implement the internet protocol to forward datagrams between networks. Gateways also implement the Gateway to Gateway Protocol (GGP) to coordinate signalling and other internet control information.
The Internet protocols were originally developed with an assumption that users, each of which is assigned a unique Internet address, would be connected to the network at fixed locations. However, for portable and handheld computers the movement, or migration, of users about the network is typically the rule rather than the exception. As a result, a problem is created in that the implicit design assumptions of the Internet protocol are violated by this type of usage.
Other patents of interest include the following. In U.S Pat. No. 4,914,652, issued Apr. 3, 1990, Nguyen discloses a method for managing data transmissions in a single network, but not the routing and delivery of data between networks. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,109, issued Jun. 7, 1988, Kits teaches methods for allocating communication channels. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,706,081, issued Nov. 10, 1987, Hart et al. teach the merging of physically separate networks into a single logical network at a level below the addressing considerations required to affect the Internet protocols. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,461, issued Feb. 17, 1987, Jennings discloses a computer architecture including cross-bar and queue structures for routing tokens within the computer.
In commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,257, issued Feb. 28, 1989, entitled "Hierarchical Distributed Infrared Communication System" Gantenbein et al. disclose the integration of workstations into an IR network. FIG. 1D shows a system that includes a gateway 23 to another network such as a ring or a bus local area network, or to a cable-bound subnetwork.
Other patents of interest include the following. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,222, issued Feb. 21, 1989, N. Amitay discloses a wireless network using intelligent interfaces for each wired network connection. The interface is to a token bus network.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,519, issued May 12, 1987, T. L. Kirchner et al. disclose the use of VHF FM radio as a means of connecting computers and computer peripherals. This patent describes the implementation of an asynchronous access, token based protocol. In International Patent W088/07794, published Oct. 6, 1988, G. Vacon discloses the use of a wireless microwave bridge between two networks utilizing a CSMA/CD protocol.
In IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol. 24 No. 8, 1982 F. Gfeller describes general control principles of an infrared wireless communication network incorporating multiple base stations and multiple mobile computers. Transmission occurs over the wireless IR medium using different frequencies for the uplink and the downlink.
What is not taught by this prior art, and what is thus an object of the invention to provide, is method and apparatus for coupling wireless migrating users to a network operating in accordance with the TCP/IP type-protocol.
The foregoing problems are overcome and other advantages are realized by method and apparatus that manages mobile communication unit address assignments and which assumes responsibility for the routing of all packets destined for the mobile units. Additionally, a local mobile unit gateway service is provided on every network or LAN in order to route packets to the mobile units coupled to the network. In accordance with the invention a network address, such as an Internet address, that is associated with a particular mobile unit encodes a network not physically embodied anywhere, referred to herein as a `pseudo-network`. Routers of data packets are instructed to forward packets, destined for the designated network, to the global gateway. The global gateway subsequently executes methods, described in detail, to accomplish the packet transmission to the target mobile unit. The Internet addresses for each mobile unit are allocated and deallocated from a pool of addresses available for the pseudo-network. A `permanent` assignment of a pseudo-address to a mobile unit is also within the scope of operation of the global gateway.
That is, the invention relates to apparatus and method for managing bidirectional transmission of information between a wired network and at least one mobile communication unit in wireless communication with the wired network. The wired network is of the type wherein users of the network are each assigned a unique network address such as in, for example, a TCP/IP network. In accordance with the invention there is provided a local gateway coupled between a wireless network and the wired network for communicating with a mobile communication unit. There is also provided a global gateway coupled to the local gateway and to remote users of the network. The global gateway functions to maintain a plurality of network addresses and, in response to a request for an assignment of a network address from the mobile communication unit, assigns one of the plurality of network addresses to the requesting mobile communication unit. The global gateway also buffers and routes data received from a remote user to the mobile communication unit having the assigned address, the data being directed to an address corresponding to the assigned network address.
The above set forth and other features of the invention are made more apparent in the ensuing Detailed Description of the Invention when read in conjunction with the attached Drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a prior art architectural diagram of the Defense Data Network;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a global gateway coupled to a plurality of local gateways each of which may reside on a separate wired/wireless LAN; and
FIGS. 3-6 are each a flowchart depicting various interactions between mobile units, a global gateway, a local gateway and remote users.
Referring to FIG. 2 there is illustrated a communications area network 1. The network 1 includes one or more local area networks (LANs) 2 and 3. Each LAN includes a wireless network comprised of a plurality of mobile communication units (MU) 10 in wireless communication with a plurality of header stations (HS) 12. Each of the header stations 12 is bidirectionally coupled to a wired LAN 14. In the presently preferred embodiment of the invention the wireless medium is comprised of infrared (IR) radiation, although other embodiments may employ an RF wireless medium. Each of the header stations 12 has associated therewith a communications coverage area, or cell 11.
Communication between mobile units 10 is through the header stations 12 via the LAN 14. Communication between the header stations 12 is primarily via the LAN 14.
One suitable embodiment for the header stations 12 and the mobile units 10 is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/605,052, filed Oct. 29, 1990, entitled "Transceiver for Extending a CSMA/CD Network for Wireless Communication" by P. Hortensius and H. Winbom.
The network 10 conforms, in the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, to a network protocol known as the Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), as described in detail in "Internetworking with TCP/IP Principles, Protocols, and Architectures" by Douglas E. Comer, Prentice Hall, N.J., 1988. The teaching of the invention should, however, not be construed to be limited to only such a network protocol, but may be employed with any protocol that encodes a LAN identification into a network address.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention each of the LANs 2 and 3 includes at least one local gateway (GW) 16 for coupling the mobile units 10, via the header stations 12 and the LAN 14, to a global gateway 18. The global gateway 18 is also coupled to remote network users who may be dispersed over a wide geographic area. The local gateways 16 may each be an "intelligent" header station or may be a separate dedicated network entity as shown. The global gateway 18 is preferably a data processor having suitable network adapters and an archival facility for storing packets addressed to particular ones of the mobile units 10 during a time when the mobile units are not in contact with the wireless network. The data processor that comprises the global gateway 18 includes means for assigning, maintaining and associating "pseudo-IP" addresses with particular ones of the mobile units 10, in a manner to be described.
An IP address consists of four bytes, or 32 bits, that are partitioned into a LAN identification and a Host identification. By example, an IP address may have the form 18.104.22.168. The first two bytes encode a LAN address of 123 (byte 1) and 45 (byte 2). The remaining two bytes generally encode Host information. There is a different Host associated with each LAN. Thus, in the example provided Host (12) may have up to 256 IP addresses associated therewith, as encoded in the third byte.
In accordance with IP practice each user of the network is assigned a unique network address. A problem solved by the invention relates to the assignment of IP addresses to the mobile units 10 which, inherently, do not maintain a fixed connection relationship with the network. This problem is solved, as described below, by allocating a plurality of IP addresses to the global gateway 18. These allocated IP addresses are subsequently dynamically assigned by the global gateway 18 to requesting mobile units 10, either on a temporary basis (one network session) or on a permanent, extended, basis (several network sessions). At the termination of a session or sessions the IP address is returned to the global gateway 18 for subsequent reassignment to the same or another mobile unit 10. These assigned IP addresses are referred to herein as pseudo-IP addresses and represent a dynamic pseudo-network.
In accordance with the invention a network address, such as an Internet address that is associated with a particular mobile unit 10 encodes a network not physically embodied anywhere and which is referred to herein as the pseudo-network. In accordance with an aspect of the invention the global gateway 18 "owns" all of associated pseudo-IP addresses and allocates and deallocates the pseudo-IP addresses as the mobile units 10 enter and leave the LANs 2 and 3. A mobile unit 10 typically maintains its assigned pseudo-IP address until it is turned off, or until the network session is actively terminated. Upon specific request by a particular one of the mobile units 10 a `permanent` association is made between a mobile unit 10 and one of the pseudo-IP addresses. This permanent assignment is preferably not permanent in the sense that the mobile unit 10 would own the address for all time, in that the available pool of pseudo-IP addresses could quickly be consumed. Preferably, the permanent assignment is only sufficiently long so as to accomplish a specific task which may require a plurality of separate network sessions. The global gateway 18 is responsible for maintaining the permanent pseudo-IP association, even though a local gateway 16 may also maintain the relationship for so long as the mobile unit 10 stays in contact with the local gateway 16. The global gateway 18 also buffers any packets destined for a particular mobile unit 10 during any time that the mobile unit 10 is out of touch with the network, such as the mobile unit 10' which is not located within one of the communication cells 11.
A function of the local gateway 16 is to deliver data packets, via the wireless downlink, to known mobile units 10 within its associated cell 11. If a mobile unit 10 is out of touch with the wireless network no other local gateway 16 participates in the transmission of packets destined for that mobile unit 10.
Being out of touch for a predetermined period of time causes the mobile unit's local gateway 16 to notify the global gateway 18, via LAN 14, that the mobile unit 10 is no longer a member of the group of mobile units associated with the local gateway 16. In response to being notified of the disappearance of the mobile unit 10 the global gateway 18 terminates the forwarding of packets, through the local gateway 16, that are directed to the inactive mobile unit.
The following communication operations are now described in detail: (a) initialization of a mobile unit 10 and the initialization of network routing for the mobile unit 10; (b) resumption of service to a mobile unit 10; (c) termination of service to a mobile unit 10; (d) delivery of packets to a mobile unit 10; and (e) transmission of packets from a mobile unit 10.
When a mobile unit 10 first enters a LAN cell 11 it performs the following operations. The newly arrived mobile unit 10 first directs a message, via a header station 12, to the local gateway 16. This message requests the local gateway 16, through the global gateway 18, to activate a pseudo-IP address for the mobile unit 10. The mobile unit 10 identifies itself by transmitting a unique identifier, such as its serial number, that is permanently stored within a memory of the mobile unit 10. The requested pseudo-IP address may be either a pseudo-IP address that is permanently assigned to that mobile unit 10, or a dynamically allocated pseudo-IP address that the global gateway 18 selects from a pool of such addresses.
The local gateway 16 determines from the mobile unit's request that the mobile unit 10 does not expect to resume service from any previous sessions. Otherwise, the local gateway 16 instead begins to relay packets from those sessions, the packets being stored and forwarded by the global gateway 18. Likewise, when the global gateway 18 receives the request, it compares the incoming mobile unit 10 identifier, or serial number, with a list of serial numbers to purge any stored packets that might have been saved for the mobile unit 10.
If the global gateway 18 returns to the newly activated mobile unit 10 a permanently registered pseudo-IP address, the global gateway 18 may also begin forwarding messages and other stored data to that mobile unit 10, through the local gateway 16. This data is originally received from the network during a period that the mobile unit 10 associated with the permanently registered pseudo-IP address is inactive. This received data is buffered by the global gateway 18 during this period for subsequent delivery to the mobile unit 10 when the mobile unit 10 once more becomes active.
When a mobile unit 10 enters a cell 11 and indicates that it is to continue a previous network connection, it sends a message to the local gateway 16, via a header station 12. The message causes the local gateway 16 to notify the global gateway 18, and possibly a previous local gateway 16, that the mobile unit 10 has migrated to the new cell 11. The local gateway 16 requests from the global gateway 18 all packets currently queued for the mobile unit 10 pseudo-IP address and delivers the packets over the downlink wireless channel. The global gateway 18 thereafter forwards to the local gateway 16 all future packets addressed to the pseudo-IP address associated, either temporarily or permanently, with the mobile unit 10. Any remote users having knowledge of the pseudo-IP address may negotiate an optimal route to the local gateway 16, employing known IP protocols. In this regard the local gateway 16 assumes responsibility for breaking the route if and when the mobile unit 10 migrates out of the local gateway's 16 cell area.
To avoid an unstable situation that may arise if the local gateway 16 purged internal data structures of all knowledge of a mobile unit 10 as soon as the mobile unit 10 was determined to be out of touch, such as might arise if a particular mobile unit 10 wandered along the periphery of a cell 11; the local gateway 16 temporarily queues packets destined for the mobile units 10 within the local gateway's service area (or LAN). If the mobile unit 10 returns to the local gateway's service area before the queuing time limit expires the local gateway 16 delivers the queued packets to the mobile unit 10. As such, so long as the mobile unit 10 returns to the service area within a predetermined time interval the local gateway is not required to notify the global gateway 18 that the local gateway 16 has relinquished responsibility for the mobile unit 10.
If a mobile unit 10 intends to terminate incoming network service in an orderly manner it notifies the local gateway 16 via a header station 12. The local gateway 16 notifies the global gateway 18 that the mobile unit's pseudo-IP address may be deallocated. The global gateway 18 also purges all stored information relating to the mobile unit 10. The global gateway 18 does not purge the association between the pseudo-IP address and the particular mobile unit 10 if the mobile unit 10 has previously requested and received a permanently associated pseudo-IP address.
All communication from a remote user to a mobile unit 10 employs the pseudo-IP address of the mobile unit 10. Fully qualified mobile unit 10 names specify a domain for use with network nameservers. By example, a mobile unit 10 having an associated name of "C-- E-- Perkins" may be located within a domain designated "hawII.np.watson.ibm.com" and thus have the fully qualified name "C-- E-- Perkins.hawII.np.watson.ibm.com". When a remote user initiates a conversation with a mobile unit 10 the remote user typically consults a network nameserver configured to send requests for specified mobile unit 10 names to a specified mobile unit 10 global gateway 18. A request for a mobile unit 10 name fails unless there exists an association registered between the mobile unit 10 name and a particular pseudo-IP address.
Nameserver operation is now described in greater detail. If the requested name is associated to a permanently assigned address, that address is returned by the nameserver even though the associated mobile unit 10 is turned off. If the requested name is temporarily registered to a pseudo-IP address, that address is returned. However, if the name is associated with a previously known pseudo-IP address, a predetermined special IP address is returned. The special pseudo-IP address is reserved only for this use and is not otherwise ever assigned to any mobile unit 10. This reserved address is specially handled by the global gateway 18 if it is used by remote hosts for incoming mail requests Using the example given previously the returned IP address may correspond to 22.214.171.124, where 199 corresponds to the reserved address.
If a remote user obtains the pseudo-IP address of a registered mobile unit 10, the remote user is enabled to send messages, such as mail, to the mobile unit 10, even if the mobile unit 10 is inactive. In this case the message packets are stored, as previously described, by the global gateway 18 until such time as the mobile unit 10 is active and the packets can be delivered via an associated local gateway 16. TCP session requests for the mobile unit 10 from the remote user are denied by the global gateway 18 unless the mobile unit 10 is active, although the session request may be accepted by the global gateway 18 when the mobile unit is active but merely temporarily "out of touch". However, only permanently situated mobile units 10 having a registered, permanent IP address may rely on conventional IP methods for point-to-point network communications.
A mobile unit 10 delivering a packet to a remote user employs conventional methods of network transmission and uses the IP address of the remote user. A remote user, running software having no provisions for mobile unit 10 communications, transmits a packet to a mobile unit 10 by routing the packet to the global gateway 18, which then relays the packet to the local gateway 16 that is managing mobile unit 10 network traffic for an associated subset of mobile units 10. This operation proceeds using a non-IP protocol; however, transmission of the packets associated with the nonstandard protocol, between the gateways 18 and 16, is accomplished by conventional IP methods.
In this regard packets bearing the IP address are routed to the global gateway 18 which encapsulates them as data within new IP packets destined for the local gateway 16. The local gateway 16, which may be one of the header stations 12, accomplishes further transmission of the data to the target mobile unit by using a non-Internet protocol. That is, by whatever protocol is established for the wireless network communication. Any packet transmitted to a pseudo-IP address using IP would be routed to the global gateway 18, thus negating the use of the pseudo-IP address. Indeed, the problem solved by the use of the invention is that of encoding the logical network number inside the IP address when the logical network number is associated with a mobile data communication entity.
If instead a remote user is executing software to enable special handling of pseudo-IP addresses, the remote user is enabled to deliver the mobile unit 10 packets directly to the mobile unit's local gateway 16, without requiring the intervention of the global gateway 18. This mode of operation requires the local gateway 16 to inform the remote user before the local gateway 16 terminates service for the mobile unit 10, as in the case when the mobile unit becomes inactive or migrates out of the cells 11 served by the local gateway 16.
In either situation described above the remote user is required to send mobile unit 10 data packets to the global gateway 18 for storage while the mobile unit 10 is inactive.
Transmission of packets from a mobile unit 10 to a remote user is accomplished using conventional IP addressing techniques. However, if the remote computer is known to be able to operate with multiplexed pseudo-IP address assignments, as described below, the mobile unit 10 encapsulates outgoing data within a header within the TCP packet to ensure that the remote user becomes aware of which specific mobile unit 10 is the source of the data.
Having described the five communication operations listed above other aspects of the invention are now described, specifically multiple interactive global gateways and multiplexed, or shared, pseudo-IP addresses.
A single global gateway 18 may become a bottleneck if it is simultaneously managing many separate Internetwork mobile unit 10 sessions. This is unlikely, however, unless there are many remote users having no special knowledge of the special nature of the pseudo-IP address, but which nevertheless maintain active communications with the mobile units 10. To eliminate this potential bottleneck several global gateways 18 are employed to partition the set of all mobile units 10 into disjoint subsets. This may be accomplished in either of two ways. A first method employs different "pseudo-network" numbers, one per global gateway 18. Alternatively, each global gateway 18 maintains and shares with its peers a consistent set of tables describing the current routing information, or location, for each mobile unit 10. If each global gateway 18 has separate pseudo-networks, then IP routing will automatically send IP packets to the correct global gateway 18 that is primarily responsible for a mobile unit. Even so, the global gateways 18 must cooperate with one another if free movement and access to the same set of remote hosts is to be accomplished.
As a community of mobile units 10 develops the required pseudo-IP addresses may be in short supply. If sessions with remote users having no special knowledge of the pseudo-IP addressing are frequently required a less than optimum solution is to continue to allocate more and more IP addresses. However, the remote users can be provided with facilities specifically directed to the needs of mobile unit 10 communications. Thus, software may be employed that uses a same pseudo-IP address to designate an arbitrarily large number of mobile units 10. Differentiation between mobile units 10 sharing a common pseudo-IP address is accomplished by including their respective unique identifiers, such as their serial numbers, within each IP packet.
This additional functionality of the remote users preferably resides in a layer above the TCP protocol handling. One suitable level is in the operating system. This added functionality demultiplexes the session stream according to an additional header, containing the mobile unit's serial number, into ports opened by the processes run by the remote user. Packets sent from the remote user to a particular mobile unit 10 are directed to the local gateway 16 that is responsible, at that particular time, for the desired mobile unit 10.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.


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This second kneading step also helps distribute the yeast cells evenly throughout the dough.
After this second kneading step, the dough is again left to rest to allow further yeast respiration.
Because the yeast cells have been distributed evenly, the CO2 produced will be distributed more
evenly throughout the dough.
This complex preparation step of kneading and fermenting thus produces a light and airy dough where
the even distribution of gases produces a more evenly risen final product after baking.
Initial cooking
Once the dough has risen sufficiently, it is placed in a hot oven.
During the initial stages of baking (ie the first 10 minutes), the dough will expand greatly in volume –
this is known as "oven spring". This is due to a number of contributing factors:–
· As dough temperature increases up to about 60 C, both amylase activity as well as yeast activity
increase. Increased amylase activity results in the more rapid conversion of starch to maltose,
which further increases the yeasts food supply. Increased yeast activity means that more CO2 will
be produced, further increasing the quantity of gas incorporated in the dough. When temperatures
greater than 60 °C are reached, the enzymes are deactivated and yeast cells die. The yeast stops
producing CO2.
· As temperature increases, all the gases – ie the CO2 produced by the yeast as well as the air
introduced during kneading, expand.
· Also, some of the free water in the dough, as well as the ethanol produced by the yeast, will
evaporate, further expanding the dough.
So the first ten minutes of baking are associated with a high level of gas production and expansion.
Due to the relatively elasticity nature of the protein network in the dough, these gases will expand
without breaking the protein network. However, before cooking, several cuts are normally made on the
top surface of the dough with a knife, to further increase the ability of the dough to expand, so that it
can expand further as the gases expand, without forming unattractive cracks.
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Today's Observer profile of "raw-food queen" Sarma Melngailis reveals that she has pulled out of the raw-food, vegan juice stand she had planned to set up in Chelsea Market. Melngailis (who had a notorious falling-out with former boyfriend and partner in Pure Food and Wine Matthew Kenney and fully took over the restaurant from investor Jeffrey Chodorow last summer) says she was "steamrolled over" by an unnamed investor in the juice stand, which was to be a prototype for future expansion. She tells the Observer she "felt like I was being pushed into this role of bobble-head promoter."
A Rough Time in Smoothie World: Raw-Food Queen Scuffles With Chelsea Market [NYO]


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2 Pups N' Cat Kids Club Membership
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The club membership includes a special package that will be sent to you that includes club badges for your children, a letter from Buster, Chance, Jasper, and David, a photograph of Buster, Chance, Jasper, and David and a special gift for each of your children. The club package includes up to 6 children names. Please contact us if you have additional children. A small nominal shipping fee may be charged for additional children.
*2 Pups N' Cat understands that club membership fee can be a hardship for some families. If you receive SNAP (food stamps), participate in the National School Lunch Program, or are a foster family that fosters children the club membership can be waived. Please send us a message asking for a waiver at https://2pupsncat.com/support (Please include a picture of your SNAP card, school lunch program, or a foster document. The name must match the name on the membership.


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4000 Virginia Beach Blvd. Ste. 164
Virginia Beach, Virginia 23452
Having a home to sell is more than just sticking a sign in the yard and listing the property in the local MLS. In addition to market competence, selling your home involves a strong marketing strategy, negotiation, and communication skills!
I specialize in listing and selling residential homes in the S. Hampton Roads cities of Virginia Beach, Norfolk, and Chesapeake.
Recent Home Sales - What are homes selling for in your neighborhood?
Seller Resources - Articles to help you navigate the selling process.


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We send items through International registered air mail postal service and the shipping charges are $18 U.S. and Worldwide for each of the first items with a tracking number. We do combine shipping. We charge $7 U.S. for each additonal item on the same order and/or address. (For Example for 2 watches on same address and/or order, the Freight Cost is $25 U.S.) Shipping rates are automatically calculated in the CCNOW shopping cart and will appear on the invoice . Tracking may does not work in some countries due to their postal system.
We send all watches in soft resin box with bubble padded envelope. The delivery of your item through registered mail can take up to 15 working days for Asia, 20 days Europe and Canada and up to 30 working days for the U.S.A., South America and Australia. Sometimes there are rare exceptions to this. This just provides a rough guideline. Feel free to contact us at any point before and after delivery through the Contact Form. We are not responsible for any of shipping delay because some countries have longer postal routes and sometimes the delays are due to the buyer's countries customs scanning or inspection. and Registered mail tracking is not works in all countries, it depends on destination country postal system if they update tracking information on there server then you will see the tracking on your country local postal website.
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If you want more fast service with accurate tracking then choose EMS (Express Maill Service), it deliver between 10 to 15 days and tracking also works smoothly. and it cost you US$30 per watch and US$10 each extra watch on combine shipment. ...Otherwise we advise our default option Registered Postal mail is good and cheap cost. the default mailing option in shopping cart is registered mail so if you want EMS then select EMS in Order form.
Note: Don't worry about customs duties or taxes. We declare gift items with low monetary value on the invoice of our watches with "No Commercial Value - Gift Item" to prevent countries local customs duties and/or Taxes. However, we are still not responsible for your countries local custom duties or taxes if you are charged.


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Click on this text to edit it.Impotence Can Be Reversed Through Simple Lifestyle Changes
Erectile dysfunction, another increasingly common problem among men, can be successfully addressed through lifestyle alterations involving weight management, proper diet, increasing your activity levels, avoiding alcohol, and improving your sleep. All of these factors contribute to impotence, according to recent research published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine.5, 6
It's well worth noting that among men with heart disease, 75 percent also have problems with erections. In fact, impotence can be an early warning sign of coronary artery disease, since your penis is more sensitive to slow-downs in blood flow than your heart. In addition, men with high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking are substantially more likely to have trouble getting erections. As reported by Health24:7
"Erectile dysfunction and low sexual desire is often linked to the development of heart disease. The researchers discovered that a large proportion of men were able to naturally overcome erectile dysfunction with heart-healthy changes – no pharmaceutical help necessary... What's the connection between impotence and heart health?
'An erection is a hydraulic event dependent on the dilation of blood vessels that carry blood to the penis,' explained [lead author Dr. Gary] Wittert... 'Although other issues such as nerve damage and hormone abnormalities can also lead to erectile dysfunction, the failure of the blood vessels to dilate properly is one of the more common causes,' Wittert said. 'This is an early abnormality in the pathway to more serious heart disease'...
One expert said the study carries valuable lessons for men worried about their sexual health. 'As we get older, there are some natural things we just can't change. The message from this study is, don't get a prescription, but get exercise. Get rid of the fat. Work on the depression,' said Dr. David Samadi, chairman of the department of urology at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York."
Heart-Healthy Strategies That Will Promote Sexual Health
The following list summarizes the key lifestyle strategies you'll want to incorporate in order to protect your heart and improve your sexual function.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet. Key dietary considerations include avoiding sugar, fructose, grains, and processed foods if you are insulin and leptin resistant. It doesn't matter if they are conventional or organic, as a high-sugar diet promotes insulin and leptin resistance, which is a primary driver of heart disease. Eat a healthful diet of whole foods, ideally organic, and replace the grain carbs with:
o Large amounts of vegetables
o Low-to-moderate amount of high-quality protein (think organically raised, pastured animals).
o As much high-quality healthful fat as you want (saturated and monounsaturated). Most people need upwards of 50-85 percent fats in their diet for optimal health. Good sources include: avocados, coconuts and coconut oil, butter made from raw grass-fed organic milk, raw dairy, raw nuts, organic pastured egg yolks, and grass-fed meats.
• Exercise regularly. Be sure to incorporate high intensity interval training (HIIT), as this type of exercise promotes your body's natural ability to optimize hormones like testosterone and human growth hormone (HGH)—both of which are important for sexual performance and male vigor. Weight training also helps boost testosterone naturally.
• Try intermittent fasting. An effective strategy for enhancing weight loss and promoting both testosterone and HGH release is intermittent fasting. It helps boost testosterone by improving the expression of satiety hormones, like insulin, leptin, adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CKK), and melanocortins, which are linked to healthy testosterone function, increased libido, and the prevention of age-induced testosterone decline.
• Optimize your vitamin D levels, ideally through appropriate sun exposure as this will allow your body to also create vitamin D sulfate — a factor that may play a crucial role in preventing the formation of arterial plaque that is linked to erectile dysfunction. Vitamin D also increases levels of testosterone, which may boost libido. In one study,8 overweight men who were given vitamin D supplements had a significant increase in testosterone levels after one year.
• Get plenty of high-quality, restorative sleep.
• Learn to deactivate stress. Stress can dampen your libido and make sex the last thing on your mind (a catch-22, since sex will help to reduce your stress levels significantly). Taking control of your emotions by learning the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) can help in this area. EFT is a psychological acupressure technique that can help you effectively address your stress-related thoughts, leaving you feeling calmer and more able to face your challenges, whatever they may be, so you're able to focus on more enjoyable pursuits.
• Avoid medications, as many can cause or exacerbate impotence. Top offenders include antidepressants (SSRIs and tricyclics), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (used to treat enlarged prostate), antihistamines, opioid painkillers (Vicodin, Oxycontin, and Percocet), blood pressure medications, and others.
Other Natural Alternatives That Can Help with Sexual Dysfunctions
Addressing lifestyle factors like diet and exercise should be at the top of your list if you're experiencing any kind of sexual difficulties. That said, there are a few natural alternatives that can be helpful, in addition to the basics listed above. This includes (but is not limited to) the following:
• Panax ginseng and Maca root have been used for centuries as libido-boosting tonics.
• L-arginine. This amino acid has a beneficial influence on blood vessel health, which indirectly can benefit erectile dysfunction by improving cardiovascular function. It appears to help with erectile dysfunction by enhancing the action of nitric oxide, which in turn helps relax your blood vessels, including those supplying blood to your penis. As blood vessels in your penis dilate, it increases blood flow, which helps maintain an erection. (This is also how drugs like Viagra work.) It's not a magic potion in and of itself, however. Some studies have found its effectiveness alone is on par with a placebo. But several studies have concluded that L-arginine in combination with other herbs is a remarkably effective treatment for mild to moderate ED.
o L-arginine combined with pycnogenol (a plant extract from the bark of a French maritime pine tree) provided "significant improvement in sexual function in men with ED without any side effects," according to one study.9
o The combination of six grams of L-arginine with six milligrams of yohimbine was found to be "a promising addition to first-line therapy for ED," according to a pilot study published in the journal European Urology.10 In combination with yohimbine, it's also been found to increase sexual arousal in postmenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder.
• Choline and vitamin B5 supplements. The neurotransmitter that triggers the sexual message, in both men and women, is acetylcholine (ACH). With too little ACH, sexual activity goes down. One way to safely and effectively enhance ACH levels in your body is to take choline supplements (1,000-3,000 mg) and vitamin B5 (500-1,500 mg).
Ensuring your hormone levels (including testosterone and human growth hormone) are balanced and optimized will go a long way toward boosting your libido and sexual performance. Again, high intensity exercise and intermittent fasting are the two most effective ways to do this. Certain pelvic exercises have also been found to be helpful for men experiencing premature ejaculation.
Do keep in mind that a heart-healthy lifestyle, summarized above, is paramount for treating impotence, as erectile dysfunction is actually an early warning sign of impending heart disease. Again, about 75 percent of men with heart disease also have problems achieving or maintaining an erection. Besides boosting your sexual health, you'll also reach a whole new level of overall health that can add years to your life.


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Shopping at Caffè 79 couldn't be easier – simply navigate to your desired product, or search using the search box in the top right-hand corner, add to cart, and within 2 days your order will arrive. We've designed our site to be easy to use, and it is protected by a SSL certificate, ensuring your details are safe.
You can pay for your order by any major credit/debit card (including American Express) and PayPal. We do not offer credit accounts of payment by BACS through our ecommerce website – if you are looking to work with us on this basis, please contact us on 020 8441 7643 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
We offer a variety of delivery options, but if you order by 2pm we will dispatch your order the same day for next day delivery. If you're not in a rush and want to take advantage of free delivery, we can deliver to you with our own vehicles – please note this is for selected areas only. For more information visit the Delivery Information page.
FAST Delivery service NOW availableLearn more >
We've been using Segafredo coffee in our shop since 2010, and customers immediately said they preferred Segafredo to the previous brand.


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LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Technavio has announced the top eight leading vendors in their recent global anti-plagiarism software market for education report. To calculate the market size, the report considers the revenue generated from software licenses, maintenance, implementation, and subscriptions of anti-plagiarism software by educational institutions.
Academic dishonesty broadly refers to any form of unauthorized assistance used by students while furnishing any academic exercise. Globally, national governments and institutions follow various versions of definitions for academic malpractices. Laws, policies, and attitudes toward academic dishonesty vary from region to region. This thwarts the efforts to eliminate such practices. Students pursuing education in foreign universities often leads to a cultural clash regarding education standards. Therefore, institutions are inculcating a standardized culture of writing ownership among students. The tightening of laws and their successful execution will lead to a wider market for anti-plagiarism software providers.
Competitive vendor landscape
The global anti-plagiarism software market for education accommodates numerous vendors that cater to governments, and medical and academic institutions. There are variants of software solutions available in the market that incorporates basic to specific features. Although there are regional as well as global vendors among whom the market share is divided, customers rely on established and reputed vendors who have a proven track record. This makes it difficult for other small and regional vendors to penetrate the market. The competition is based on differentiating software features and some of them are the exhaustive databases of files in varied languages.
"The peculiar feature that is accelerating the market competition level is that the vendors are offering both paid and free services for anti-plagiarism software solutions. They are successfully selling the software with some differences in free and paid versions. This explains the nature of competition prevailing in the market," says Jhansi Mary, a lead education technology analyst from Technavio.
Meanwhile, there are various complementary services offered by vendors that help acquire and retain customers. Some of them include customization, deployment options, integration, and user training services. PlagScan assists institutions in their anti-plagiarism integration with learning management system, single sign-on needs, and building on-premise solutions. The majority of schools that do not require such specialized plagiarism check databases for on-premises options.
Request a sample report: http://www.technavio.com/request-a-sample?report=52967
Technavio's sample reports are free of charge and contain multiple sections of the report including the market size and forecast, drivers, challenges, trends, and more.
Top eight anti-plagiarism software market vendors for education
Academicplagiarism is an online software solution for individuals and educational institutions to help them detect plagiarism. It offers editing and proofreading services by academic experts and educators. It helps check web pages, books and magazines, academic publications, and large databases of papers.
Grammarly, through its renowned product offering the Grammarly Editor helps identify spelling and grammatical errors on the spot and rectifies them. With its writing app, it ensures students that their content is easy to read, effective, and error-free through checks for contextual spelling mistakes, over 250 common grammar errors, and vocabulary use. Its products are compatible with MS Office, plagiarism checker, and native apps.
PlagScan is a browser-based web service that checks the authenticity of documents and detects plagiarism. It is compatible with all common file formats, such as MS Word and PDF. The company offers PlagScan Pro with varied pricing options for schools, universities, and faculty in the education sector.
The company provides instructors with tools to engage students in the writing process, provide personalized feedback, and assess student progress over time. It is used by more than 26 million students at 15,000 institutions in 140 countries.
Blackboard provides enterprise technology and solutions to the educational industry globally. The company was founded in 1997 and is headquartered in Washington, DC, US. Its offices are located in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. The company offers a variety of solutions through latest technologies for government, further education, business, higher education, and K-12 schools. It serves over 19,000 clients in more than 100 countries globally, which include 1,900 international institutions. It is present in the market by offering SafeAssign, an anti-plagiarism software for institutions.
PlagiarismDetect is another vendor that caters to the corporate sector, education customers, and individuals. The company offers standard and premium pricing plans to all its customers along with free trials. It has a wide geographical presence that includes countries such as the US, India, France, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. The software offered can check for documents in two languages, namely English and Spanish.
EVE Plagiarism Detection System
EVE Plagiarism Detection System provides anti-plagiarism software to education customers. The company was founded in 1997 and is headquartered in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, US. The software, known as EVE2, assists faculty to check student work against internet sources. It has a strong presence in the North American market.
PlagTracker is a vendor that caters to plagiarism detection needs of students, teachers, publishers, and site owners. Plagiarism checks for the content that follows American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), and Chicago style of citations. Benefits offered to teachers include student management, custom filter, grading system, live document view, document cross check, and tracking system.
Browse Related Reports:
- E-learning Market in the US 2016-2020
- Cognitive Test and Assessment Market in Europe 2016-2020
- Curriculum and Data Management Market in Europe 2016-2020
Do you need a report on a market in a specific geographical cluster or country but can't find what you're looking for? Don't worry; Technavio also takes client requests. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com with your requirements and our analysts will be happy to create a customized report just for you.
About Technavio
Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. The company develops over 2000 pieces of research every year, covering more than 500 technologies across 80 countries. Technavio has about 300 analysts globally who specialize in customized consulting and business research assignments across the latest leading edge technologies.
Technavio analysts employ primary as well as secondary research techniques to ascertain the size and vendor landscape in a range of markets. Analysts obtain information using a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches, besides using in-house market modeling tools and proprietary databases. They corroborate this data with the data obtained from various market participants and stakeholders across the value chain, including vendors, service providers, distributors, re-sellers, and end-users.
If you are interested in more information, please contact our media team at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Jeweled Garden Flower Mosaic with Angie Heinrich
Transform a metal armature into a ShapeCrete substrate then learn Angie's techniques for applying beads and tile with precision and ease.Watch Promo
In this online course you will get your sparkle and jeweled creativity on! What if you could create a metal mosaic flower for your home or garden that is beautiful, professional quality, and soul satisfyingly creative? Do you yearn to have more creativity in your life, but don't have the time or resources to figure it out on your own? Have you been playing around with glass tiles and beads and want the inside scoop on easy and quick techniques?
Angie Heinrich is here to guide students through each step of the creative process of how to get all the tiny pieces into their spots and do it without it taking weeks. Angie's experience creating mosaic art with beads is like no other. She shares her tips and tricks that really makes this process easy and achievable. This will be your own unique piece of jeweled mosaic garden art.
The best part is people of all skill levels can be successful at this style of mosaic art.
- How to use Pal Tiya instead of Shapecrete to create a cement substrate
- How to choose the appropriate beads for your project
- Where to buy tiles and beads
- Where to buy a metal flower substrate
- How to use a color wheel to make smart color choices
- Appropriate adhesives for outdoor projects
- How to find the center of a circular shape
- Four things you need to know to successfully apply beads to your substrate
- How to cut tile to get around a circle (Angie's special cuts)
- Angie's technique for grouting pieces with lots of beads
- Bonus: How to make a palette knife out of a popsicle stick
- Bonus: What you can do with extra ShapeCrete
This course is taught for the flower to be an exterior flower but it can be displayed indoors as well. You can learn these techniques and create on any substrate you like. Here are few examples of the flowers Angie has created using different colors and materials. This flower is available in three different sizes and can be ordered at Zetamari, Angie's company. There is a link on the PDF to get your garden flower substrate. We highly recommend once you purchase this course, watch the whole course before starting.
Below are a few examples using different colors and materials than what is in this course.
Your Instructor
Angie Heinrich has been creating mosaics in Seattle, Washington for art/craft galleries, private collections, and public spaces since 1998 and has enjoyed every minute of it. She creates soothing symmetries of sparkling glass tiles and beads for over 60+ art and craft galleries around the U.S. Sharing her joy of creativity and color with students is at the core of her aspirations to elevate the home, heart, and soul. www.zetamari.com
Course Curriculum
StartIntroduction to Jeweled Flower Garden Mosaic with Angie Heinrich and personal interview. (7:29)
StartDownloadable PDF Tools, Materials and Resources
StartMaterials Overview. (5:05)
StartPrep substrate and work space. (3:32)
StartUsing Pal Tiya instead of Shapecrete. (5:59)
StartHow to apply Pal Tiya instead of ShapeCrete to substrate. (5:01)
StartHow to apply Pal Tiya instead of ShapeCrete to back of the metal mesh substrate. (1:40)
StartCovering the color palette with a color wheel. (2:20)
StartAdhesives. (7:58)
StartFinding the center of the circle. (1:17)
StartBeginning to design and mosaic flower. (9:58)
StartApplying individual beads and cut angled tiles. (8:30)
StartApplying more beads. (6:06)
StartFinal row of tiles and individual beads. (6:21)
StartGrout preparation. (1:06)
StartHow to mix grout with admix. (4:40)
StartGrouting the flower. (3:42)
StartGrout sponging process. (4:24)
StartCleaning and buffing after grouting. (2:59)
StartAngie's Wrap Up. (0:10)
StartBONUS: How to use extra ShapeCrete. (4:08)


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Best and worst sunscreens for summer
Which sunscreen is the best? The answer isn't as cut-and-dry as you'd think.
"Any sunscreen is better than no sunscreen," Dermatologist Caleb Creswell, MD., tells KARE-TV in Minnesota. "If you try one and it feels good on your face and it's an SPF 30 and it has broad spectrum coverage, than that's the sunscreen for you."
But if you're looking for a little more guidance, a Consumer Reports study out this month rated 23 sunscreen products in their ability to protect against both UVA and UVB rays.
Watch the video for the results. The Consumer Reports study is also found on their website, although a subscription is needed to view the full results.


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More refreshing and smooth options for non coffee drinkers.
Sour and sweet tastes that can activate your salivary gland.
Missing the sweetness of Mango? Here it is.
Sour citrus flavour notes contrasting with an underlying creamy flavour, heaven like combination.
Intense sweetness to brighten up your day.
So you like Lychee? How about a Lychee Freddo now?
A gentle sweetness that calm your bustling day.
When you realised apple is so versatile that it taste so amazingly different in Freddo.
A fruit of many flavours, a Freddo with impressive taste.


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University of Guelph students have created a contemporary art installation at Beausoleil Island in Georgian Bay Islands National Park as part of a national art initiative celebrating Canada's 150th.
U of G is part of LandMarks2017/Repères2017, which involves a coordinated national curriculum and network of contemporary art projects. Fifteen Canadian universities are working with national curators, artists and local communities to create art inspired by nature for display in Parks Canada locations.
Organizers aimed to develop art collaborations reflecting upon Canada's past and promoting shared visions of the future. The yearlong project culminates during LandMarks2017 week, now through June 25, which coincides with the summer solstice and National Aboriginal Day.
U of G's project, #Land_Art_Nation, has included a studio and seminar course, and artworks on knowledge sharing, negotiating of perspectives, indigenous epistemologies, and discussion of place, environment and construction of identities.
The largest island in Georgian Bay Islands National Park, Beausoleil Island is accessible only by boat. It's an important landmark for the Beausoleil First Nation on Christian Island, the Chippewas of Georgina Island on Georgina Island and Rama First Nation, and the Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron.
LandMarks 2017 is a Canada 150 Fund pan-Canadian Signature project and is overseen by the charitable Partners in Art. The project is sponsored by TD Canada Trust and funded partly by the federal government.


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I've wanted to be a writer for as long as I can remember. The first time I thought I had any real talent, or any real future with writing, was when I was in the third grade (if you can believe it). We had a homework assignment having to do with vocabulary, and I wrote a poem using the entire list of vocabulary words. My mom liked the poem, but made me complete the assignment the exact way the teacher assigned it so I wouldn't lose credit or get in trouble (good lookin' out, Ma!). I brought both versions of the assignment to school, and my teacher FREAKED out. He loved the poem and signed me up for a local young author's conference.
But third grade was FOREVER ago (or at least very much feels that way) and other moments of validation have been few and far between. I did publish a novel, but it was with an incredibly small press and there was no publicity, so I don't think anyone read it outside of my social network. And they all seemed to like it, but would any of them really tell me otherwise?
And that brings me to the main topic of today's post:
Ten Obstacles Every New* Writer Faces
(by new, I mean any writer not firmly established)
- Self doubt!
My biggest obstacle, without question, is self doubt. It plagues me every time I write anything at all, and it is a struggle to persevere against the nagging suspicion that I'm no good and people are just nice. I do my best and remind myself I was published and people did enjoy my book and that people do enjoy this blog. I remind myself as often as I can that I am talented, that my writing is worthy of praise, and that I have something important to say.
I think it's important to note that even wildly successful, established writers suffer from self doubt. I absolutely adore Nic Pizzolatto's work. He's the mastermind behind "True Detective," the HBO original series. The first season is pretty much universally lauded as a masterpiece, and I agree. I've re-watched the first season more times than I care to admit, and I find something else to love about it. It inspired me to read "Galveston" (Pizzolatto's novel) and "Between Here and the Yellow Sea" (Pizzolatto's collection of short stories). I highly recommend both, as Pizzolatto tells fresh stories with a love of language. His prose, while dark, is beautiful and cerebral. Hence, I was pumped when the second season of "True Detective" was announced, especially upon learning the cast included Colin Farrell, Rachel McAdams, and Vince Vaughn.
But the second season is pretty much universally lauded as garbage (though I think history will be kinder than the current climate of critics). There were so many plot lines and so many characters that nothing ever felt authentically fleshed out, and the ending was deeply unsatisfying. I was shocked; how could something so good turn so bad? I did some research, and came across an article that Pizzolatto was deeply affected by the criticisms of the first season and wrote the second season as a response. Instead of guarding his art, he lost his voice.
I am by no means passing judgement. I doubt I'd operate much differently. So when season three was announced, I was more than skeptical. I had no expectations, really. And boy, was I pleasantly surprised. Season three is a subtle, nuanced narrative that is delicately crafted to expose the many problems that come from the passing of time, failing memories, and the choices people make with no regard for future consequences. I was particularly impressed by Stephen Dorff's performance and have convinced myself I am in love with him (check out this article). Particularly in the last couple of episodes, Dorff shined and added a human element that was more palpable and tangible than what the main story line had to offer.
Granted, the third season had definite parallels to the first season, and I suppose it could be argued that Pizzolatto simply reverted back to what worked instead of venturing into new literary territory, but I call bullshit. Good storytelling is good storytelling, in my opinion, and Pizzolatto is a master storyteller. But everyone's a critic, right? Entertainment Weekly gave the finale a C rating and wrote a hit piece, specifically blasting a heartbreaking scene featuring Dorff. I read it angrily, remembering that scene from season one when Woody Harrelson accuses Matthew McConaughey of shitting on any moment of human decency. Instead, I offer Esquire's excellent write up of Dorff's performance, which can be found here.
But I digress; back to the list.
- Naivete!
When I first seriously started writing, I thought everything would be easy and happen in a predictable pattern. I thought everyone I encountered genuinely believed in me and my talent. However, I have learned the hard way that some people just want to stroke their own egos and make money, and some people have no problem doing that at the expense of a young writer.
- It costs money to make money, even as a writer!
The greatest asset as a writer, other than the obvious necessity of talent, is a professional network. It really helps you get your foot in the door if you know someone. I know no one, so to start making connections and contacts, I began attending conferences, which is really the only way to go. Unfortunately, attending legitimate conferences where you can meet agents and editors and other serious writers costs money. I've been to two legitimate conferences, and they cost $3,000 each. That cost does not include travel and lodging and other incidentals, and that can be difficult to manage on an average salary, which leads me right to my next point…
- It takes time!
It takes patience to finish a novel, send it out to agents and publishers, and wait to hear back. But it also takes time to hone the craft, to read and to write. It takes time to travel to conferences. I had to request time off from work for both of the conferences I attended, and I know I am blessed that doing so wasn't problematic. I'm sure there are some writers, working full-time as something else, who wouldn't be afforded the same luxury. I realized that writing takes serious time, and needs to be prioritized. I need to start turning down invitations and stay off Candy Crush and social media to get writing done. I have to choose my writing over other obligations, even those that involve my job, because it is my true passion and what I love to do. That's a daunting commitment, especially when it's easier to make excuses and not take the risk of pursuing a passion.
- Writer's Block!
I never thought it would happen to me. I'm bursting with ideas! I'm eager to tell stories! But when I sit down at the computer, sometimes, nothing comes. The cursor just blinks and I just sit there, blinking, and anything I type is deleted because it's awful. Stress and exhaustion create Writer's Block, and at times, there is just no avoiding it.
- Priorities!
I won't repeat myself, as I touched upon this idea in #4, but writing must be a priority. I thought I could have my cake and eat it too, that I could write while having a life. But as I grow older, I realize writing must be a part of my life. I have to do it everyday and pursue agents tenaciously. I can't put it off and use the excuse that I'm living and experiencing things to enrich my narratives – it can't be one or the other.
- Advice!
I'm a transcendentalist, so I believe people mean well. When I'm given advice about my writing, whether it be the content or the logistics of getting published, I patiently listen and express my gratitude for the concern and input. But I've realized it has to go in one ear and out the other. People are people are people; no two human beings are the same, so no two writers are the same and no two writers are going to have the same exact path to publication. And no two writers are going to have the same art. I'm learning to guard my art, to trust that I know the best way to tell my story, so I'm leery when it comes to advice.
- Finding a tribe!
It's easier to make writing a space in my life if I talk to and hang out with fellow writers and artists. I recommend finding a writing group, or a book club, or even just one person who will talk shop with you.
- Marketing/promoting!
Writers can often be introverts and have trouble selling themselves and their works. Luckily, I'm an extrovert. I'll talk to anyone about anything. I'm incredibly friendly. But I don't know the first thing about promoting a novel. I didn't do any marketing for my novel because I didn't know what to do, and I didn't know who to ask (and this goes back to naivete). A writer friend of mine has a publisher who's handling all that for him, and I am so excited for him.
- Staying relevant (releasing new material)!
It takes time to be published, so in between releases, how does a writer stay relevant? This blog is one way, but I want to be able to keep my writing in the spotlight. I'm considering publishing a chapbook of poetry I created using magnetic poetry (I post them on my Instagram, here). Self-publishing costs money, though it may save time, so I'm considering all my options.
Was the list helpful? Was there something I missed? Did you hate season three of "True Detective"? Leave a comment and let's start a conversation!


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If you didn't get enough of the Vertipod from last month, another Segway-like flying vehicle called PAM has shown up on the radar —literally. Like the Vertipod, a simple shifting of the weight points the PAM in the appropriate direction. So, in theory, it should be simple to operate (so why do you need a pilot's license?). More info after the jump.
The $50,000 PAM is powered by two 105-hp engines that can propel it up to 60 mph. Compare that to the Vertipod's 440cc lawnmower engine, 40 mph top speed and sticker price of $10,000. That having been said, it is probably not surprising when I say that I would have to recommend the Vertipod as my flying nerd-killer of choice. [Product Page via Gizmag via DVICE]


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Grandmothers are no longer sitting in rockers, knitting socks or being an annoyance to their daughters-in-law—well let's hope! In reality, grandparents have been economically necessary throughout history. In agrarian times they raised children and boosted family incomes by engaging in cottage trade while parents worked the fields or kept the local shops. I remember the exact spot I first became a grandmother.
It was late April, 2003 and my cell phone rang just as I drove round the bend where Tudor Road meets Muldoon. Husband Dave and I had raised five kids and on occasion, rescued a few of their friends. But we hadn't a clue how to be grandparents. My first job as grandmother was to climb over my daughter's backyard fence. Son-in-law Doug had locked himself out when Jenn had gone into labor. The dog needed to be let out so I wiggled over the fence and unlocked their garden shed finding the spare key.
It's all a blur now but when we had a house full of school age kids we spent untold evenings figuring out math problems, you know the trains that never quite get through the tunnels on time. And then there were the copious boxes of Kleenex that went along with those big hugs we delivered when someone was dumped before the big prom or maybe no one asked them in the first place. There were the swim team years, the endless weekends we would have rather have stayed home but awakened to dark cold mornings, stopwatch in hand ready to watch the flip-turn portion of a race, or sell hotdogs and logoed t-shirts. We've baked untold chocolate chip cookies before judging debate tournaments, brought sandwiches to tennis matches and stood in sub-zero temperatures ladling out cocoa to cross-country skiers.
What about those late nights sewing costumes for Halloween and high school plays? I always thank Mrs. Perry, my home economics teacher, for insisting the unseen parts of a garment must be finished. One spring the bonnet I created for West High's "The Music Man" got pilfered before the second act, presumably for a spring break excursion.
Back in the fifties my parents would pack me and my two sisters into "Dusty," our black Oldsmobile, and drive to grandma Gladys'. We'd sink into her overstuffed velvet sofa dressed in our smocked dresses and Mary Jane shoes and stare across at her large fireplace. Grandma called us all "lovey" and would serve us diluted cranberry juice, saltines and marshmallows. She never kissed us but would occasionally allow us coloring on a small white table that had belonged to her son, our dad. Grandma's husband was deceased so anywhere that had been his territory was off limits. When we got to high school the three of us rebelled against those Sunday visits. Husband Dave's grandmother, Martha, was even more Victorian, seeing her grandchildren only at tea time. Her chauffeur Barney and his wife Nora would be in charge of visiting progeny. One occasion Barney and Nora took Dave and his cousin Dicken on a Manhattan Circle Line Cruise which crashed into a bridge. Once on dry land again, Barney's main concern was getting a refund for his employer.
Well, it's been nine years since I climbed that fence in late April and since then we've had the pleasure of watching Averyl engage in Karate or laugh hysterically while she licked a Baskin and Robbins cone filled with gross bluey-tourquoise sherbet. This past fall we experienced the deep sorrow of losing infant granddaughter Violet, Kristin and Elliott's newborn. In 2006 I was in a bookstore on Chicago's State Street when son Nick rang my cell phone to announce the birth of Tess. Her brother Kai came along in January fifteen months later turning us into cross-country grandparents. We've cuddled beyond the wildest imaginings of our grandparents, routinely flying to DC to visit Nick's toddlers.
Which brings me to my choice of book this month, Ravens Cove, by Mary Ann Poll. I love self-published books as authors are eager and there is a freshness often lost when commercial publishers over-edit. True, much do-it-yourself publishing is not well proofread and characters often fetch up where they shouldn't. And yes, there are writers who should allow their readers more freedom of discovery rather than spelling out every detail. Occasionally, self-publishers can get zapped up by name brand publishing houses after producing one or two books, while the internet and e-readers have made distribution of limited printed materials more accessible. Ravens Cove would be a welcome addition to your fishing tackle box this summer, if you like taking along colored clouds that morph into goons.
Ravens Cove is a fictitious town nestled into jagged Alaskan mountains somewhere near Anchorage. With age discrimination rampant, it's a joy to find a book where one of the leads is an elder female who is respected for accumulated wisdom. Grandma Bricken ignores those who think she is too old to hike into the infamous ravine. She also radiates love that somehow plays a part in warding off the evil that has invaded her town and almost eradicates Kat, her granddaughter. Kat is secretary to cousin Bart Anderson, the local sheriff. And when FBI agent Ken Melbourne is told to drop into town from the big city and help solve murders where brains are sucked out through eyeballs, the locals naturally bristle. There's Cassie who has been dumped by her husband, she runs the beauty shop and "smells like salon chemicals." Josephina Latrell owns the coffee shop and specializes in an "older than dirt" salmon roast. She sees opportunity to make money in the off-season by staying open and accommodating those involved in solving the gooey murders.
There are two rival churches in a town that hasn't enough population for one congregation. The newer pastor is Paul Lucas who gets bullied by the secretive Pastor Martin Plotno; boy, does he have secrets. The town's folklore dates back to the time of Captain Cook's voyages when a murderous deckhand landed ashore and was killed by something alien. Of course there's the love interest between Kat and the FBI agent, while demons ooze black and purple fluids around town creating murders in very creative ways. After all, what's a small town to do without adultery, a shop that sells potions, crystals and adult play paraphernalia? A lone disheveled white-haired stranger pops into town unannounced, thus generating gossip. Poll is at her best when describing the sheriff's office and his frustrations when the big city guy barges into his investigation, acting insensitive to the daily operations of a sleepy town. She enjoys a good Stephen King novel and has been a strong reader since childhood.
Poll has taken writing courses but really honed her skills on business correspondence working for state and local offices. When a ruptured disk laid her up, friends suggested she write a novel. Author Mary Ann Poll is also an aggressive marketer, an essential skill when self-publishing. I found Poll on several occasions graciously chatting with passers-by between the frozen food cases at Costco. Promotion is often a daunting task for self-made authors. You can attend seminars or buy how-to-advertise books but in the end you have to be prepared to sit in bookstores where not everyone who approaches the self-publisher's table is nice or will buy your book. Poll has a video on YouTube and has appeared in local newspapers like Alaska Business Monthly. With her son Daniel about to graduate from college, Mary Ann Poll is eagerly promoting her sequel to "Raven's Cove" where I am hoping to find more romance between granddaughter Kat and agent Melbourne. "Raven's Cove" and the sequel "Ingress" are available at Amazon.


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Lazarus Press
Breathing Life into Beautiful Books
Click on a Title to view more information, or click on the Author to view their books.
Langtree Parish
|History & Memories This book is on the local history of the area. (Please Note This Book is Used but its Like New)
Langtree Parish History & Memories
|Incorporating Stibb Cross, Berry Cross, Stowford, Langtree & Langtree Week.
Living Memory
|A chance encounter with a long forgotten perfume evokes memories in a man of a time fifty years past. His eagerness to renew contact with friends from those days will lead to more remembrance than he bargained for. By the same author (J. R. Martin) that wrote the book Zoe this is also in are Catalogue. (Please Note This Book is Used but its Like New)
Lundy - An Island Stetchbook
|A book of sketches by well-known Lundy artist Peter Rothwell.


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Guest: Alycia Dias, Malkoo Ashraf, Asad Ahmed
Topic: 70th Independence Celebrations
Host: Faysal Qureshi
Salam Zindagi is a unique morning show that is full of life and a variety of colors, providing an energetic, optimistic and festive start to your daily routine.
With distinguished guest celebrities, cooking tips, live musical performances and an interactive audience, this show will definitely add the good to your mornings!
No matter what troubles people sleep through at night, they should always wake up to a positive new day!
With Salam Zindagi, the host Faysal Qureshi takes responsibility to make Pakistan a happier nation every morning!


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Wrangler98 wrote:itissteeltime wrote:Wrangler98 wrote:36 minutes until the Steeler game
In what world?
Wrangler98 wrote:36 minutes until the Steeler game
AlexPKeaton wrote:WTF!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Root SD = Pens Game
Root HD = some stupid stillers special
Verizon FIOS in the South Hills...
pronovost19 wrote:shmenguin wrote:sullivan thinking that martin is a better shooter than him for some reason
sullivan proving once again that he is....sullivan
Rocco wrote:Malkin knows he has linemates, right?
Users browsing this forum: Dr Rosenrosen, Pens4Life and 10 guests


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[VIDEO] Niggaz With Latitude (NWL) - "Final Call" - Official Video
Directed By: Deacon The Villain // [LISTEN TO THE FULL SONG]
Unapologetically gritty, sinfully slept on. Deacon the Villain and Sheisty Khrist drop a visual reminder to commemorate the one year anniversary of Niggaz With Latitude. A 13-track opus that attempts to honor everything that Hip Hop was meant to be – Raw. Predominately produced by Deacon the Villain (of CunninLynguists) with additional production provided by Kno (of CunninLynguists) & Kokayi.
Stream the entire project @ NiggazWithLatitude.com or purchase at your own price until the new year.
Category: Video


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Whether you are an active duty service member or veteran of the armed forces, having your estate plan in order provides the peace of mind knowing your loved ones will be cared for should something happen to you. Military families have particular estate planning needs, and unique benefits available.
Legal Assistance for Military Service Members
Military service members can take advantage of their legal assistance office to draft estate planning documents such as a Last Will and Testament, power of attorney and health-care proxy. To find a military legal assistance location near you, use the Legal Services Locator1.
Military Power of Attorney
A power of attorney (POA) is a legal document granting a person, known as the agent or attorney-in-fact, power to manage a person's affairs in the event they become unable to do so. Military service members commonly set up a power of attorney prior to deployment. A military POA can provide the agent broad powers or can be set up to limit the powers to a specific task. Consult with your estate planning attorney before creating a power of attorney.
Life Insurance
Life insurance is important for anyone whose family or loved ones depend on them financially. For military service members, particularly those who are about to leave for deployment, choosing the right life insurance is crucial. Members of the armed forces have several low-cost life insurance options:
- Servicemembers Group Life Insurance (SGL)
- Veteran's Group Life Insurance (VGLI)
- Family Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance (FSGL)
- Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance Traumatic Injury Protection (TSGLI)
- Service-Disabled Veterans' Life Insurance (S-DVI)
- Veterans' Mortgage Life Insurance (VMLI).
The eligibility requirements for these life insurance policies vary, so check with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to verify your eligibility.2
Military Pensions
The VA offers pensions in two broad categories: veterans pension and survivors pension. Pensions provide tax-free financial assistance for low-income wartime veterans or surviving family. If a veteran is housebound or disabled and in need of full-time care, there may be additional pensions available. The eligibility requirements for military pensions vary, so check with the VA to verify your eligibility.[3]
Survivor Benefits
For the surviving family, there are a number of survivor benefits available. Each of these benefits has varying eligibility requirements, so verify your eligibility with the VA.
- Death Gratuity of $100,000 paid to the family of a service member who dies during active duty.
- Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP) to compensate your surviving spouse for the loss of your retirement income in the event of your death.
- Dependency and Indemnity Compensation (DIC) paid to the surviving family of a military service member who dies during active duty or veterans who die from an injury sustained during their military service.
- TRICARE health insurance for qualifying surviving family members.
- Burial Benefits including a U.S. flag to place over the casket or urn, burial in a national cemetery at no cost and headstone or marker for eligible veterans.
To begin the estate planning process or review your current estate plan, contact a Fifth Third Bank financial advisor.


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Fresh Garden Vegetables
- Matter Malai MethIGreen peas mixed with creamy and spicy onion sauce, and methi. Learn More$14.50
- Paneer PasandaTriangular pieces of cottage cheese fried with gram flour coating and cooked in sweet and sour gravy. Learn More$16.50
- Mixed Vegetable KadahiPunjabi Recipe A combination of fresh garden vegetables sauted in kadahi with gravy of plenty of onions, tomatoes, capsicum Learn More$10.50
- Vegetable Jalfrezi Indo-Chinese FusionA combination of fresh garden vegetables stir fried in spicy gravy and served hot. Learn More$12.50
- Navrattan Korma Very MildAn assortment of fresh garden vegetables cooked in mild butter and cream and cashew nut sauce. Learn More$12.50
- Gobi MasalaFresh cauliflower pieces sauteed with onions tomatoes and spices especially turmeric. Learn More$9.50
- Mixed VegetablesA mixture of garden fresh vegetables cooked together in traditional North Indian style. Learn More$10.50
- Bhindi MasalaLadies fingers sautéed with ring onions tomatoes and spices especially turmeric and masala. Learn More$10.50
- Baigan BhartaSmashed barbequed brinjols cooked in North Indian village style and topped with green peas. Learn More$12.50


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1960 Morris Minor Convertible UPDATED LISTING READ
Price: - Item location: Adams, Massachusetts, United States
- Condition: Used
- Make: Mini
- Model: Morris Minor Convertible
- Type: Convertible
- Trim: Morris 1000
- Year: 1960
- Mileage: 70,000
- Color: cream
- Number of cylinders: 4
- Fuel: Gasoline
- Transmission: Manual
- Interior color: Tan
- Options: Convertible
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1960 Mini Morris Minor Convertible1960 Morris Minor Convertible
while not technically a mini it is made by a company that made mini, so here ya go.
Running,breaks, clutch, top, horn, lights, all WORKING.
there is one little light under the headlight that is not working, we are working of it.
Garage find, owned by the proverbial little old lady, garage kept. Recently uncovered and looking good. After a bit of tinkering was able to get this baby running. Will still need a tune up.
Classic, classic British car, ready to have fun in the sun in style.
Odometer says 70,000.
Top is in good condition.
Come take a look.


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Are you starting up a business as a sole trader, small company, partnership or LLP?
As well as setting out the obligations of either party, a well drafted commercial agreement should explain what happens if the parties fail to comply with their obligations be it failing to provide the agreed services or failing to pay. Although it is difficult to foresee a dispute arising at the start of an agreement, we will ensure that the contract contains a procedure to assist the parties in any dispute in a straightforward and cost efficient matter.
We aim to build long-term relationships with our business clients by offering the legal services you need through our team of professional and approachable lawyers.
In most cases we charge a fixed fee for advising on, drafting and negotiating a commercial agreement and we make sure that the agreement is tailored to your specific requirements and reflects what has been agreed with the other party.
Our approach is fundamentally business as well as legally oriented, focused on assisting client's objectives to grow, exploit opportunities and mitigate legal and business risk. We understand that there often needs to be a balance between covering every conceivable risk and angle and ensuring that costs are proportionate to the client and business and that timing is also important
We also provide a service whereby for a competitive fixed fee we review your existing commercial contracts to ensure they are up to scratch.
We can give you practical commercial advice on all aspects of your venture and set up legal framework for you.
Our expertise covers, among others the following:
- Partnership disputes
- Company formation
- Disputes on shares
- Mergers, Acquisitions and takeovers
- Insolvency matters
- Liquidation matters
- Preparing all types of legal documents
If you need advice contact us on 0208 880 9000 or complete the enquiry form.


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Although The Sound is focused on Martial Arts, our Strength & Conditioning Program will help improve your physical performance in all sports as well as complement your training.
At The Sound, our Strength & Conditioning Program uses the Marinovich system which can be defined by explosive movements that utilize minimal energy or even just your own body weight. Our classes are fun, fast paced and airy. In short time you will notice not only an improvement to your body but an extreme boost to your physical performance.
You are invited for a complimentary week of training where you can train as many classes as you'd like, so that you can check out our enviroment, meet our members and to see what we're all about. We're conveniently located on 2nd Avenue, in the Downtown area of Squamish, BC


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Smith & Stilwell offers entertainment production payroll services for TV commercials, theater, event and trade shows, print production and talent payments. We are skilled in all union contracts providing timely submissions for all dues and contributions. Whether you contract union or non-union talent and crew in the United States or Canada, we provide you with complete payroll services. As employer of your cast and crew, Smith & Stilwell provides:
-All start-up paperwork;
-Prompt calculations and invoicing of all wages;
-Verification of all union contract agreement provisions;
-Provides unemployment benefits, workers compensation insurance, claims handling as well as all Federal, State and Local tax payments and calculations;
-Year-end reporting for wages and rentals;
Please refer to our "links" for other information that may be pertinent to your production. Clients may sign in to download certain forms.