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Audrina Patridge Claims Husband Corey Bohan Harassed Her and Was Verbally Abusive in Restraining Order Filing
ET has learned new details on what may have caused Audrina Patridge to end her marriage with Corey Bohan.
According to court documents obtained by ET, the former Hills star filed for divorce two days after requesting a temporary restraining order against the Australian BMX rider for an alleged domestic violence incident.
A judge in Orange County, California, granted Patridge's request, ordering Bohan to stay 100 yards away from her. Bohan was granted monitored visitation of their 1-year-old daughter, Kirra.
In the filing, Patridge claims that Bohan "has become increasingly possessive, angry, agitated and jealous" of her work and travel schedule.
WATCH: Audrina Patridge Files for Divorce from Husband Corey Bohan
"His aggressive behavior usually escalates whenever I am paying attention to work obligations, rather than to him," she alleges in her declaration. "His harassing behavior has recently become so extreme that I physically separated from him a few weeks ago. I am fearful of Respondent's temper because he cannot control his swearing and personal attacks on me, even when in the presence of our young daughter. Futhermore, as set forth below, his aggressiveness last month became so extreme he became physically violent."
Patridge continues on, detailing what happened on Sept. 16, when Bohan allegedly harassed and was verbally abusive towards her. She claims Bohan wouldn't stop texting her while she was working and was "very embarrassed" when he showed up to her O.C.Style Week event, followed her up to the stage and proceeded to ask where their daughter was at the time.
"I walked away from him and he kept following me, asking where our daughter was, was she at my sister's house, and saying he was going to go get her," she claims. "I was shaking at this point. He then got on his phone, was talking to someone and looking at me and then he left. He continued to text me that night about our daughter."
Patridge alleges that the confrontation was just the most recent incident of domestic violence. She states in the filing that just 10 days prior, she called police about another incident and filed a police report.
MORE: Audrina Patridge Celebrates Daughter Kirra's First Birthday
According to Patridge's claims, Bohan called her a "kiss a**," "weak" and said her latest swimwear collection was "a failure." She claims she started crying in front of their daughter and asked him to stop calling her names multiple times because he was "hurting" her.
"I started recording what he was was saying to me on my phone, and then he said he was waiting for me to 'grow some balls and pull the trigger and file for divorce because once I do he is ready and his documents all ready' and I'm going to be 'so f**ked,'" Patridge alleges. "He then took my phone and deleted the video. I told him he was scaring me and I was going to call the police."
On Aug. 16, Patridge claims Bohan's "temper escalated" and he pushed her as she was holding Kirra. She says the incident occurred because she refused to tell him "which person told me that he cheated on me with another woman."
Patridge said she would tell him, but "became frightened" and asked if she could take their daughter to her grandmother's house first.
"He wasn't listening and kept following me, cussing, yelling at me," Patridge alleges. "I had Kirra in my arms, trying to leave. Respondent locked the door and pushed me back with her in my arms. I begged him to please let me go and take Kirra somewhere else, I didn't want her around all this."
Patridge claims that Bohan then started "punching and hitting himself on the head" and also punched a hole in their door.
"Respondent then let me pass, and ran downstairs in front of me and grabbed a big metal canister, saying if I left right now he was going to bash his head in with the canister right in front of us," she says.
A hearing is set for Oct. 6 at 8:30 a.m.


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Wednesday, 10 December
Venue: Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, Avenue de Cortenbergh 71
1000 Brussels
About the event
The Republican Party scored a major victory in this year's Midterm elections, extending their majority in the House and seizing the Senate from the Democrats. Many analysts have attributed the Democrats' defeat to widespread voter discontent with President Obama. Evidently, with the Grand Old Party in power of both chambers in Congress, the prospects for Obama's last two years in office are even gloomier. Or aren't they?
Future Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican from Kentucky, has signaled that he wants to find compromise and end Washington's gridlock. But will the parties be able to pass urgently needed reforms, for example a new immigration bill? And which policy areas are likely to see no progress at all in the coming two years? How will the U.S. act in the international arena? Join us and our two American experts for a discussion of these and many more questions.
George Van Bergen, Senior Policy Advisor, American Jewish Committee, Brussels
Robert Moran, Partner at Brunswick Group, Polling Expert
Rick Weiland, Democratic candidate for U.S. Senator of South Dakota
Claus Gramckow, Representative USA & Canada, Transatlantic Dialogue, Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Kindly register by e-mail by 5 December 2014 at http://tinyurl.com/FNF-midterms or email to email@example.com.
Please find the complete invitation here.
Please indicate your organisation/institution. Please note that due to system restrictions we are unable to confirm registrations.
Please be advised that photographs will be taken at the event for use on the FNF website, social media, in the press, FNF marketing materials, and
other publications. By entering this event, you consent to FNF photographing and using your image and likeness.
Photo credits: flickr.com/srankin

subset: commoncrawl


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Facts on Growing the Greenbelt
Find information on a number of issues relating to the the Greenbelt below.
We've tried hard to make sure everything is backed up with facts (definitely more facts needed nowadays!), and sources are provided via links throughout the text.
If there's something you think should be included, please drop us a line and we'll do our best to find well-sourced, reasoned information on it.
What are you interested in learning more about?
The Greenbelt is a prime example of a 'natural solution' to climat change.
A recent letter, signed by a number of important public figures, outlines why this:
By defending, restoring and re-establishing forests, peatlands, mangroves, salt marshes, natural seabeds and other crucial ecosystems, large amounts of carbon can be removed from the air and stored.
You can read the rest of the letter here
The Greenbelt is permanently protected countryside of almost 2 million acres that protects key water sources, local foodlands, and green spaces for future generations. It is the world's largest permanently protected Greenbelt. Since its creation ten years ago, it has become very popular with Ontarians – 93% voiced approval in a 2014 study carried out by Environics, with 74% feeling it was very important to continue to grow the Greenbelt.
The Greenbelt protects over 533,000 acres of forests, lakes, wetlands, rivers and streams, saving us $2.3 billion in water filtration, flood mitigation and drinking water treatment. Further, it protects the habitat of 78 species at risk and protects the land of over 5,500 farms.
Simcoe County is the largest municipality in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, with anticipated growth to 667,000 people by 2031. We have a responsibility to protect the things that make Simcoe County a great place to live and play and that strengthen our local economies. Provincial studies show that our two main watersheds in Simcoe are no longer able to keep up with our population growth and that Barrie, Bradford, and Midland/Penetanguishine may not have the quantity of groundwater needed to support their residents in the future. Frequent beach closures, water restrictions and water bans indicate that our water systems need more effective protection before it's too late.
The Greenbelt would strengthen the policies that protect of our water (hydrologic) systems, natural heritage, and our farmland. The Greenbelt plan ensures:
- Simcoe's water systems will be protected, including areas that are not adequately protected through current Simcoe County policies such as Lake Couchiching, Severn River and Georgian Bay.
- Communities can continue to grow responsibly. Simcoe County (minus the cities of Barrie and Orillia) has enough land designated to grow until at least 2031 and also has an oversupply of land to accommodate an additional 150,000 people beyond this date. Greenbelt protection would limit costly sprawl and ensure future growth is concentrated where infrastructure and jobs already exist.
- The health of our forests, streams and wetlands will be protected so that they can continue to support Simcoe's $600 million tourism and recreation industry.
- Simcoe's 2,189 operating farms (StatsCan 2011) and agricultural communities will be protected so that they can continue to provide local food and generate jobs.
The Greenbelt was created, largely, to protect farmland from loss to development, and in particular to urban sprawl.
Within the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH), where the Greenbelt is located, farming contributes roughly $11 billion and 38,000 jobs to the Ontario economy. Development pressure is also extremely high in this region, with the population expected to grow by an additional several million people by 2041.
Nearly half of Ontario's best farmland is located in the GGH. The Greenbelt is meant to ensure that this farmland remains available for productive agriculture into the future.
In the updated section of the Greenbelt Plan, section 22.214.171.124 clearly outlines that the Greenbelt does not further restrict on-farm uses:
"All types, sizes and intensities of agricultural uses and normal farm practices shall be promoted and protected and a full range of agricultural uses, agriculture-related uses and on-farm diversified uses are permitted based on provincial Guidelines on Permitted Uses in Ontario's Prime Agricultural Areas. Proposed agriculture-related uses and on-farm diversified uses shall be compatible with and shall not hinder surrounding agricultural operations."
In fact, the Greenbelt Plan (section 184.108.40.206) emphasizes the primacy of agriculture over non-agricultural uses explicitly stating that other land uses should not negatively impact agriculture:
"Where agricultural uses and non-agricultural uses interface, land use compatibility shall be achieved by avoiding or, where avoidance is not possible, minimizing and mitigating adverse impacts on the Agricultural System, based on provincial guidance. Where mitigation is required, measures should be incorporated as part of the non-agricultural uses, as appropriate, within the area being developed."
This puts the onus on other land owners to work with existing agricultural operations rather than forcing farmers to adapt to development, aggregate or infrastructure, potentially negatively impacting the farms' viability as has been the case in the past.
The Greenbelt Plan (section 3.1.5) attempts to elevate agriculture's importance by encouraging planning exercises to include opportunities to support and enhance the agricultural sector through various means including developing a regional agri-food sector, creation of agricultural advisory committees, minimizing land use conflicts and protecting agricultural resources.
Regarding how the Greenbelt might impact activities on private farmland, section 126.96.36.199 of the Greenbelt Plan states:
"New buildings or structures for agriculture, agriculture-related and on-farm diversified uses are not subject to the policies of section 184.108.40.206".
These activities, rather, are subject to section 3.2.5 (specifically 220.127.116.11), which states:
"...new buildings and structures for agricultural, agriculture-related or on-farm diversified uses are not required to undertake a natural heritage or hydrologic evaluation if a minimum 30 metre vegetation protection zone is provided from a key natural heritage feature or key hydrologic feature. In addition, these uses are exempt from the requirement of establishing a condition of natural self-sustaining vegetation if the land is and will continue to be used for agricultural purposes."
The Greenbelt is effective at stopping the loss of farmland to development. Since its inception until 2014, zero hectares of farmland has been lost to development in the Greenbelt proving its effectiveness in preserving agricultural land for food production. Conversely, outside of the Greenbelt, 7,500 hectares of farmland has been lost to development in that same time frame. As recognized by the Ontario Federation of Agriculture, "land capable of supporting agricultural activity is a strategic non-renewable resource worthy of preserving" and the preservation of this land is in "all of society's best interest." If Simcoe County wants to preserve this land base to ensure a strong future agri-food economy, then providing the most effective land protections seems both visionary and pragmatic.
Within the Protected Countryside designation of the Greenbelt, as outlined in section 126.96.36.199, non-renewable resource activities (including mineral aggregate) are permitted and subject to all other applicable legislation. So it is possible for aggregate to be located close to market and continue operations depending on the location of the operation within the Greenbelt. However, the increased standards of the Greenbelt on aggregate operations, in certain areas, should be viewed as a net benefit to the community.
As stated in section 126.96.36.199, when a new non-renewable resource activity is proposed within the Natural Heritage System, key areas are protected from these activities, including significant wetlands, habitat of threatened or endangered species and significant woodlots. The language in this part of the plan clearly prohibits "new mineral aggregate operation and no new wayside pits and quarries, or any ancillary or accessory use" (220.127.116.11 (a)). Considering the widespread degradation of our key habitats, these standards allow municipalities to stand behind provincial policy to protect locally important environments. As the Environmental Commissioner noted in his 2006/2007 report:
"The inherent conflicts between aggregate production and the protection of natural areas arise because many of the highest quality aggregate deposits in Southern Ontario are found in areas of great ecological and social significance."
The Greenbelt would reduce conflicts in these areas and preserve the ecological integrity of our most sensitive spaces.
In prime agricultural areas, new applications must include an agricultural impact assessment as well as consider how the connectivity of nearby agricultural systems will be maintained or improved. No longer is the onus on the farmer to adapt to new aggregate operations including increased truck traffic, noise or air quality. Rather, the responsibility lies with the aggregate operation to consider its impact on agriculture and adapt its practices accordingly.
The aggregate industry has historically been both environmentally and socially problematic. As the Environment Commissioner notes, cited above, this is due, in part, to the conflict between resource extraction needs and sensitive ecological areas, inherent within the activity. Additional issues suggest work remains to ensure a healthy balance between resource extraction activities, and the health and viability of the ecosystems and citizens they are situated within and take place next to. These issues include a history of non-compliance with the Aggregate Resources Act, with, according to figures gathered by the MNR, 100 out of 121 operations non-compliant, as well as a frequent failure, incommensurate with the notion that its activities are an "interim use", to return to sites pre-existing features or otherwise natural functions, with "most operators ... not conducting progressive or final rehabilitation as required."
The Greenbelt is one of four land-use plans used by the government of Ontario to determine how land is used. The Greenbelt can be thought of as the flip-side of the Growth Plan. Where the Greenbelt tells us where growth would have negative consequences, the Grwoth Plan tells us where it's smart to grow.
In Simcoe County, the Study Area outlined by the previous government is shown as shaded, and the Bluebelt Area, based on key hydrological features, is represented in blue/green. (You can find a larger version here.)
In 2015 the Advisory Panel for the Coordinated Review of the Growth Plan, Greenbelt Plan, Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan, and Niagara Escarpment Plan, chaired by David Crombie, reported to the government their recommendations for how Ontario should grow in the coming several decades.
The recommendations of this report form the basis of the argument that expanding the Greenbelt is one of the best ways to ensure our children and their children can continue to access the green spaces and healthy environment many of us did when we were children.
The full report can be found here.
The policies within the Growth Plan determine where growth will occur. The most recent Growth Plan clearly prioritizes growth to primary settlement areas as outlined in Growth Plan section 6.3.4.
Recent studies estimate that there is enough land for development. The Neptis Foundation found there to be 103,200 hectares of Designated Greenfield Area (DGA), defined as "the area within a settlement area that is not built-up area," in the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Another estimate finds 31,400 hectares in the Greater Toronto Hamilton Area (note the different area sizes)(Note: The MGP study distinguishes between "vacant" and "committed" DGA. The Neptis study looks at DGA as defined in Places to Grow (see above).)
As one of four land-use planning documents used by the Government of Ontario to determine how and where development happens, the Greenbelt Plan works in conjunction with the Growth Plan, as well as requiring conformity in local Official Plans.
The Greenbelt Plan, along with oher higher tier plan such as the Growth Plan, allows municipalities to focus development, more accurately plan for infrastructure, reduce unnecessary over-sizing to provide for future urban expansions in all directions, thus reducing capital spending and development charge expenditures.
Currently, there is no protection against challenges to the underlying designations that would influence or guide decisions relating to settlement area expansions through future municipal comprehensive review processes. In the absence of provincial level protection for such areas, municipalities are left to potentially re-litigate the same issues over and over again.
Greenbelt would provide that level of protection thereby reducing municipal costs.
Better long-term infrastructure planning can also reduce both up-front costs and development charges, while focused development activity potentially would lead to more timely recovery of front-ending expenditures.
Concerns have been expressed about how the Greenbelt may impact private property, and specifically the ability of the individual to do what they want on their property.
Have a look through the below topics for answers on specific issues. We will point out, however, that generally the rights of individuals to do what they want is limited according to the negative impact their activity may have on others.
In this regard the Greenbelt is no different.
The Greenbelt Plan (section 22.214.171.124) details how any site alterations or development on lands within the designated Natural Heritage System must demonstrate there are no negative impacts to areas of any key hydrologic or natural heritage features. Further, due to the requirement that there must be consideration for the connectivity of these features, limits are placed on the size of the developable area as well as policies that prohibit the removal of natural features.
Property owners within what has been designated as a natural heritage system who want to alter the site or build will be subject to policies that are intended to limit negative impacts to watersheds, natural heritage and agricultural systems, and to thereby preserve and enhance the benefits they provide. This does not mean that private property owners are restricted from any activity, but there is rigour where impacts to water, other agricultural lands, and natural heritage may be realized.
The Greenbelt does not lower farmer to farmer sales value. Farmland prices have steadily increased in the Greenbelt at 10% or more annually (total 41% over 4 years) according to MPAC. Moreover, farms in Waterloo that are already protected by a regional Greenbelt, with policies modeled after the provincial Greenbelt Plan, have been shown to have the highest farm revenues in the province ($410,210 Waterloo vs. $304,977 provincial average).
Answers regarding how the Greenbelt Plan fits within Ontario's legislative framework.
The Greenbelt Plan supports and works together with Source Water Protection plans, the Clean Water Act, Natural Heritage and Ag Systems mapping, the Endangered Species Act, and the Growth Plan.
The Greenbelt protects water on a landscape scale including quality and quantity considerations, whereas Source Water Protection Plans were designed to assess threats of water quality and quantity for municipal wells. As noted in the Annual Report (2014) of the Auditor General of Ontario, "Private wells or intakes that serve one residence are currently excluded from source protection planning. An estimated 1.6 million people in Ontario rely on private wells for their drinking water supply."
Accurately mapping and understanding where all of these private wells are located is cost prohibitive and would take considerable time. A recent critique of Ontario's source water protection regime points out:
"The Ontario experience suggests that source protection legislation...may not be a cost-efficient means to achieving drinking water security. As of September 2014, the Ontario government had dispensed $241.3 million (CAD) on source protection of which only $38 million (CAD) went to implementation, which had barely begun."
A more cost-efficient and effective method would be to apply Greenbelt designation over rural areas identified by the Source Water Protection Plans including aquifers and recharge areas to ensure activities that could threaten water supply or quality (i.e. site alteration or development) are restricted.
Since most jurisdictions in Simcoe County, including Springwater Township, rely on finite groundwater resources for municipal water supply, protection of areas that allow groundwater to be recharged is key to the future health of our water supply.
By not allowing "development or site alteration" in these areas, as a Greenbelt would do, the quality of these complex recharge areas is protected.
Current policies that govern these areas now, such as the PPS, do not ensure protection; indeed, as of a few years ago only "1.2% of the total land area of source water protection areas will be protected by significant threat policies."
First, the Greenbelt Plan requires "conformity" of municipal planning documents versus "consistency" with PPS:
"Within the Greenbelt Area, there may be other provincial, federal or agency plans, regulations or standards that also apply. An application, matter or proceeding related to these plans, regulations or standards shall conform with the Greenbelt Plan. However, where the plans, regulations or standards are more restrictive than this Plan, the more restrictive provision shall prevail." (Source)
Second, the language in the Greenbelt for protection means "no development or site alteration", whereas in the PPS the level of protection is "no negative impact", which can be widely interpreted and has led to continued degradation.
The Greenbelt includes higher minimum protection standards on more features, such as all wetlands and smaller forest plots, mandates a 30m buffer, and protects key natural and hydrological features through site alteration or development thresholds including streams, springs and seepage areas. This would strengthen the protective measures for all of these sensitive systems.
Section 5.3 of the Greenbelt Plan states:
"Despite the policies in the Greenbelt Plan, there is nothing in this Plan that limits the ability of decision-makers on planning matters to adopt policies that are more stringent than the requirements of the Plan, unless doing so would conflict with any of the policies or objectives of the Plan. With the exception of the policies of section 4.6, official plans and zoning by-laws shall not, however, contain provisions that are more restrictive than the policies of sections 3.1 and 4.3.2 as they apply to agricultural uses and mineral aggregate resources respectively."
Thus the Greenbelt plan does not restrict municipalities from adding more protective measures, unless for aggregate or agriculture. Having provincial plans support protective measures at the local level reduces challenges to said policies and thereby reduces municipal costs and red tape.
As noted by the Council of Canadian Academics Expert Panel on Groundwater, "Our technical ability to map capture zones and time-of-travel zones necessary for source water protection plans is still developing, and there is a tendency to err on the conservative side when delineating these zones."
Therefore, a landscape level of protection is likely better suited to ensure that the entirety of capture zones is protected.
Also, since local conservation authorities have projected that municipal and private wells could run dry and would need to find new sources of water, erring on the side of permanently protecting all features that contribute to our water quality and quantity is not only pragmatic but essential.
The Greenbelt Plan is an additional layer in the multi-barrier approach to water protection recommended by Walkerton Inquiry, the addition of which has been shown to provide stronger legal protections for water and wetlands compared to jurisdictions elsewhere in Ontario.
The Greenbelt follows a thread that arcs back to Walkerton, where the death of seven people and illness of more than 2300 others, many of whom continue to suffer with ailments associated to drinking water infected with Escherichia coli, when groundwater was contaminated by seepage from manure on a nearby farm.


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Timing belt replacement on D15B
Engine & Drivetrain
933 views
Guide on replacing timing belt on D15B engine. Vehicle used in example images is EK3 civic.
You can replace belt without pit or lift, if you have enough wrench extensions to get lever arm outside of the wheel arch.
Required parts
Timing belt(orig. UNITTA), Belt tension roller(orig. KOYO), Camshaft seal, Crankshaft seal, Valve cover gasket, Spark plug well seals, Sealant.
Required tools
Crank pulley holder tool.
Jack up and remove left front wheel. Remove valve cover, old gasket, spark plugs and timing belt cover.
Pull out dipsticks tube by hands, it is just tightly sticked into block, flat screw driver might help. Then rotate the crankshaft pulley using a socket, until you will find top dead center. UP mark on the camshaft should be faced straight up.(Rotate the engine only counter-clock wise!)
Slide the jack under the engine pan, and slightly jack it up to get some pressure off of left engine mounts. Unscrew the mounting bracket of upper left engine mount, you will need here some long sockets. Remove bottom engine mount completely, and change it to new if its worn out.
Loose the bolts holding engines auxiliaries and take off all the belts (generator, air conditioner and power steering). Its better to loosen both generators bolts. Its easier to reach bottom bolt if you lower your engine a bit on the jack, this way its also easier to reach air conditioner belts tensioners roller.
Now the most important part, insert crank pulley holder tool into well and let it rest on something, for example on the floor. Then assemble this kind of thing from wrench extensions.
Put something under the extensions so its easier to push, extend your wrench with some pipe if its not long enough, and with abrupt move loosen the crankshafts pulley bolt.
Remove bottom cam belt covers bolts and remove the cover. Loosen cam belt rollers bolt, and if there is crankshaft position sensor, remove it. Remove belt, belts pulley, roller, and dont lose rollers spring.
Take out the camshafts seal. Insert new seals. Lubricate them with some motor oil and push them at first with your hands, then for example with wrench.
Place the camshaft pulley back to its place, and dont forget to put back the plastic cover if you took it off. Arrange the camshaft and the crankshaft by the marks. (Marks are on the left and right side of the camshaft. On images they are highlighted with black marker. Marks must be on the same level with blocks head.).
Put back the timing belts roller and the spring. Dont tighten the bolt to the end, roller must move easily.
Put on the new belt, and watch that the part of the belt moving the camshaft is tightened, so that the marks move synchronously. Now when the belt is temporarily in place, install the crankshaft pulley with the key, and the bottom cover of the timing belt. Rotate the crankshaft for two full turnovers(counter clock wise), so that the UP mark is again facing up. Arrange the crankshaft pulley by the marks and check if camshafts marks is in the right positions, if not, move the belt and repeat the procedure.
After the marks is aligned and the engine is in the top dead center, tighten the belt: The current mechanism is self-regulating 1. Tensioner rollers bolt must be loose 2. Take off the bottom cover of the timing belt, and put the pulley and the key in their places but dont fasten them 3. With crank pulley holder tool rotate the crankshaft pulley by the 3-4 teeths 4. Fasten the timing belt tensioner rollers bolt. The belt is now tightened up with the force of rollers spring. Take out the pulley and dont lose the key. Put back the crankshaft position sensor, timing belts bottom cover, crankshafts pulley and tighten the bolt on it with the same system you removed it. Check again for the marks to be aligned properly. Reassemble everything in reverse order.
Put your new valve cover gasket on your valve cover, and some sealant into corners. Install valve cover, engine mounts, dipsticks tube, all the belts, everything else and remove the jack. If everything else is in place, bolt on the spark plugs and start the engine! Its recommended to check ignition timing after timing belt is replaced.
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Common Standards Ignite Debate Over Prereading
Sparked by the Common Core State Standards, teachers and literacy experts are arguing about the role of a time-honored pillar of English/language arts instruction: classroom activities designed to help students understand what they are about to read.
The attacks on—and defenses of—"prereading" are unfolding largely in cyberspace, through online forums, blogs, and email exchanges. What's triggering them is educators' reactions to the new standards and two key explanatory resources created by their architects: a set of "publishers' criteria" and videotaped sample lessons.
That trio has created an impression in some quarters that the intent of the standards is to "ban"—in the words of one blogger—prereading and instead ask students to approach texts "cold," with no upfront assistance. That would represent a sharp turnabout from current practice.
Even as the standards' authors insist that their aim is not to abolish prereading, but to curtail and revamp it, the debates persist, pitting schools of thought on reading instruction against one another. Teachers are asking themselves how to honor the heart of the practice, which is intended to help all students access text from a level playing field, but also to learn from its mistakes.
The debates, some in the field say, open the door to a broad-based re-examination of how to approach reading instruction.
"What's being played out in front of us is a war for the soul of English/language arts," said Alan L. Sitomer, a Los Angeles high school teacher who was California's teacher of the year in 2007.
Interpreting the Standards
If the debates over prereading are a war, one of the battlegrounds has been the standards themselves, with critics claiming that they eliminate prereading.
This report examines the progress some states have made in implementing the standards, what preparations need to be undertaken, and the challenges that policymakers and educators face in achieving the goals of the standards.
• Read the report.
But defenders of the standards argue that they do no such thing. The documents call for students to be able to read "independently" and "proficiently," without "significant scaffolding"—instructional supports—by teachers. The standards also note that students may have added need for teacher assistance when wrestling with material above their reading level.
"If someone is reading that as eliminating prereading activities, they're reading it incorrectly," said Kelly Gallagher, an Anaheim, Calif., high school English/language arts teacher and the author of Readicide and other popular books about adolescent literacy. "But once you get into the publishers' criteria," he said, "it gets murkier."
Written by the two lead writers of the English/language arts common standards, David Coleman and Susan Pimentel, those criteria were designed as guidelines for the development of curricular materials that embody the standards.
But the criteria also include instructional strategies, and that inclusion has prompted many educators to accuse the writers of violating a promise made in the introduction to the standards: They "define what all students are expected to know and be able to do, not how teachers should teach."
"What's in the publishers' criteria is at odds with the 'defining the what and not the how,' " Mr. Sitomer said. "I am a big, big fan of the standards. But when the authors of the 'what' wade into the 'how,' it carries an awful lot of weight, and this is baggage that the movement doesn't need."
"There's a disconnect between the standards and what the publishers' criteria say about prereading," said P. David Pearson, a professor of language and literacy at the University of California, Berkeley's Graduate School of Education.
Publishers' Criteria
The parts of the publishers' criteria that have many teachers up in arms advise that "text should be central" in instruction, "and surrounding materials should be included only when necessary, so as not to distract from the text itself." Publishers, the criteria for grades 3-12 say, "should be extremely sparing in offering activities that are not text-based." When "productive struggle with the text is exhausted, questions rather than explanations can help focus the student's attention" on facets of the text that can aid in comprehension, they say.
"I'm concerned that some teachers may read this and think, 'Ooh, I shouldn't do any prereading activity with my kids,' " said Mr. Gallagher. "I think that's an incorrect reading. And it's not in our kids' best interest."
Mr. Coleman points out that the criteria specifically allow for scaffolding. But it's scaffolding that "enables all students to experience the complexity of the text, rather than avoid it," he said.
Such strategies, he said, "should not pre-empt or replace the text by translating its contents for students or telling students what they are going to learn in advance of reading the text; the scaffolding should not become an alternate, simpler source of information that diminishes the need for students to read the text itself carefully."
The K-2 criteria echo those themes and allow for scaffolding "when necessary," "prior to and during the first read" that focuses on "words and concepts that are essential to a basic understanding and that students are not likely to know or be able to determine from context."
No 'Ban'
"The publishers' criteria never, and very clearly don't now, in any way abolish or ban prereading," Mr. Coleman said in an interview. "They are very clear that strategic uses of prereading that don't pre-empt the text are consistent with the standards. We need to ensure that kids actually grapple with text."
He added that the criteria have been revised repeatedly, based on the input of teachers, literacy experts such as Mr. Pearson, and others. On the topic of prereading and scaffolding, the most recent version takes care to "leave room for a wide range of instructional approaches" that engage students in reading, while at the same time "setting some basic parameters based on the standards," such as ensuring that scaffolding "does not pre-empt or replace the need to read the text," Mr. Coleman said in an email.
Mr. Coleman acknowledged, however, that in speaking engagements and videotaped sample common-core lessons, he might have contributed to the impression that common-core authors want to eliminate prereading.
In those settings, he has been frank and emphatic about his view that prereading activities have "spiraled out of control," he said. "I appreciate that my words encouraged a one-sided view, and I am trying to be more careful in my public statements to take a more nuanced view," he said.
Mr. Coleman has company, though, in his view that prereading strategies need an overhaul.
"What they are reacting to is really appropriate," said Tim Shanahan, who chairs the department of curriculum and instruction at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Education. "There is some really bad prereading going on out there, and the field has just sat on its hands. So the notion of someone calling us on it is fair."
As part of his current research, Mr. Shanahan has been viewing scores of videotaped K-3 reading lessons, and a startling portion of them are "atrocious," he said. In one kindergarten example, the teacher spends 20 minutes preparing children for a six-minute reading.
By the time they actually read the book, "there wasn't a single shred of an idea in there that the kids didn't already know," he said. "What they were learning was that reading [the text] wasn't really necessary."
Nevertheless, Mr. Shanahan said, "just because lots of people are doing it badly doesn't mean we shouldn't do it at all. The question should be, how can we do prereading better?"
In a blog post penned in response to the hubbub over prereading, Mr. Shanahan, who served on one of the panels that helped shape the common standards, offered six guidelines that should shape the practice, from keeping prereading brief and strategic to making sure it "reveals instead of conceals" the text.
Ignoring Research?
The debate about prereading has angered many educators who cut their teeth on the research and theory that helped forge such strategies.
"To argue that meaning resides solely in the text is antithetical to several decades of research which shows that meaning is in the interaction of reader and text," said Karen K. Wixson, a literacy expert who served with Mr. Shanahan on the writing team for the common standards and is the dean of the education school at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
In the current move to curtail prereading, Mr. Pearson hears the echoes of the "new criticism" of the late 1920s and 1930s, which focused solely on text for meaning and helped shape literacy instruction for many years.
He also sees a reaction to multiple strands of thought that have reshaped it in recent decades: the idea that studying an author's life is important to understanding a text; the view that "directed reading activities," such as supplying background information or word definitions or helping students predict what might happen in a text, are key aids to comprehension; and the recognition that people learn new things best when they connect them to what they already know.
But when sound ideas wander into excess in practice, Mr. Pearson said, a backlash can't be far behind.
"In too many classrooms, the actual text never enters the discussion," he said. "It's all about kids' feelings about it, or their experiences related to it. The teacher spends 45 minutes wallowing in that space, but never gets into the information in the text."
An overreaction to weak practice, however, risks dispensing with valuable strategies, he said.
"I think they're making too much of a fetish out of this" push to curtail prereading, Mr. Pearson said. "When you read, the two fundamental things you use to construct meaning are your knowledge base and your version of what the text says."
Many teachers view prereading strategies as indispensable and see the attempt to restrict them as naive and even disrespectful, given the vacuums in background knowledge many students bring to school.
"I am dealing with kids who are just as smart as kids have always been, but they're coming to me with much narrower prior knowledge and understanding of the world," said Mr. Gallagher, a 27-year veteran who teaches at the predominantly low-income Magnolia High School in Anaheim, Calif. "You have to know things to read things.
"I wonder if the framers of the standards understand the high level of frustration that some of my 9th graders have," he said. "If help from the teacher comes too late in the process, it won't matter, because they've already tuned out."
To prevent that, and make sure his students can understand what they are about to read, Mr. Gallagher said he has "to do quite a bit of framing to get my kids to the point where they can wrestle with the text."
But the prereading debate doesn't need to be an either-or, he said. The key is to make sure that scaffolding "leads students to the wrestling match."
Reversing the Order
Christiana Stevenson, a second-year teacher at Arsenal Technical High School in Indianapolis, has found that she can accomplish both aims—background information and context for students, as well as a "cold read" of the text—in reverse order.
Using that approach, she had her students read the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter From Birmingham Jail" without any preparation. As they asked questions, she guided them to more information about civil disobedience and the clergymen's criticism that prompted his letter.
"After we did the cold reading, we talked about that stuff, because that content knowledge is really important with something like this," Ms. Stevenson said. "But it's not at all bad to do it after the first reading. Then it was the kids who were driving the understanding. The conversation led to more and more. And then we reread it with more background knowledge. It worked out really well."
Employing both cold-reading and prereading strategies is necessary to good literacy instruction, said Doug Lemov, the author of Teach Like a Champion and the managing director of the New York City-based Uncommon Schools charter school network.
"Students need to be able to encounter a text, often a disorienting one, and make sense of it on a first read," said Mr. Lemov. "Common core is right in saying our students need to be able to do that. But I also think that over the long haul, one of the biggest barriers to reading success and comprehension is the knowledge deficit. We need to close that knowledge deficit."
To do that, teachers have many strategies at their disposal, he noted. They can supply information upfront, when appropriate. They can plan a cold reading but assign texts leading up to it that will fill in knowledge gaps. They can ask students to read a group of surrounding pieces in conjunction with a central text.
"Reading the same thing multiple times is good. Prereading is good. Reading multiple texts is good. The best 'prereading,' " he said, "is reading."
At Uncommon Schools, where Mr. Lemov supervises middle-grades literacy, teachers have been using a technique they call "embedded nonfiction," which they find effective, he said. When reading a novel, they assign four or five nonfiction texts on a related topic.
Recently, when reading Lily's Crossing, a novel set in World War II-era New York City, students stopped after a couple of chapters to read an article on the rationing of supplies during that time, he said. They gained additional perspective on events in the novel with other such articles as they went through it.
"Now, the novel makes more sense because you understand about rationing, and the nonfiction article has meaning because you have come to care about Lily and seen it through her experience," Mr. Lemov said.
The practice grew from observations within the charter network that students absorbed content better on the second, third, or fourth reading of related materials, he said. Given those observations, cold reading is challenging for students since it "implies reading in a low-absorption-rate context," he said.
Reading from multiple sources on a topic, combined with rereading, can address that problem, Mr. Lemov said.
Vol. 31, Issue 29, Pages 1, 22-23Published in Print: April 25, 2012, as Common Standards Ignite Debate Over Student 'Prereading' Exercises
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New York State Library
Address: 222 Madison Ave, Albany, NY 12230; 7th Floor and 11th Floor
Phone: (518) 474-5355
Website: http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/This will take you to a map and information on parking near the library. I have had good luck with the Cathedral parking lot whenever I have visited the library.
Monday - Saturday
9:30 a.m. - 5 p.m.
|A view from the library
Situated in the state's capital, the New York State Library is simply put, the library for the entire state. It is situated in downtown Albany, a couple blocks from the state capital and at the southern end of the Empire State Plaza Convention Center. The building also contains the New York State Archives and the New York State Museum.
Monday through Saturday, the doors to the building open at 9:30 in the morning. Upon entering, you are in a large room with information and guard counters as well as kiosks with information about Albany including bus schedules. At first it can be confusing as archways lead off in all directions. If you have time, feel free to explore through these arches—they are parts the New York State Museum which is free admission. In the northeast corner is the museum gift shop, which among other items, sells many books about the history and culture of the state.
|Shortly after opening Saturday morning
Walking towards the back, you will see a desk for the security guards of the building. On either side of their area are banks of elevators. Turn towards the right and you will see these are marked with the various public floors. The majority of the library is on the 7th floor. This is where you will find books of general interest, law books and the genealogy area. Genealogy covers almost half the floor. There are many microform readers, copiers and scanners available to you. A set of computers connects to the Internet. All of these must be reserved, but it is very easy to do at the information desk. Another computer gives you access to the card catalog if you haven't looked at it through the website prior to arriving or need to check for one more item. An old-fashioned paper based card catalog contains surnames with published genealogies related to that name; locality cards and listings from the Daughters of American Revolution (DAR) books contain similar information. Open stacks contain countless genealogies and books regarding counties within New York, books on New Jersey, New England and probably other places as well. A complete set of the NYS DAR books are available as well as boxes of loose papers on various subjects. All of these are fully browsable and accessible.
Some microfilm and microfiche are available in cabinets. Most of these and some items from the catalog must be requested as they are stored on other floors. There are several "pulls" throughout the day, but request early so that you have plenty of time. I've requested microfilms to be pulled late in the afternoon for the following day. If you're coming from out of town, you can also contact them ahead of time and they'll have them ready and waiting for you upon arrival.
|Looking towards the microfilm area
The 11th floor is the archives and items from the library that need special handling. I will write about that floor in a post soon.
Photocopies cost 25 cents each, or you can do digital copies either to a thumb drive (a staff member will scan your drive first to make sure there are no viruses), or you can email them to yourself. Digital copies are free as well as the ability to take pictures with your own digital device as long as no flash is used. Some books are marked "too fragile to photocopy". There are now special overhead scanners that can be used on these as well as the ability to photograph.
|Just a few of the NY counties...
There are so many different items available that it is hard to mention one special item that can be singled out for this library. One thing that comes to mind is that the Capital District Genealogy Society actually staffs the library on some days with volunteers from their society that can help you with your searches! These volunteers are not only experienced genealogists, but they are already familiar with the library and can help you negotiate to where you need to go to find that elusive item. Librarians and staff members are also available and very willing to help, but they are very low staffed and so are busy trying to accomplish many things at once, so often it is better if one of the volunteers is available to help out.
Another thing that is special is the ability to use microfilms of newspapers across the state. While I was there on Saturday, I used some rolls of the Watertown Times to find a couple articles on one of my families. However, if I wasn't going to be there I could go to my local library anywhere in New York State and request that they Interlibrary Loan them for me from the NYS Library. It is a free service, and I've even had a film come to the Syracuse University Law Library (a private institution) a few years ago to look through. Outside of NYS there is a $20 fee for the loan.
Many years ago, while working on a high school assignment, my father gave me a box of newspaper clippings and photos that his mother had saved over the years. Among those was a yellowed and tattered article from a newspaper telling of her mother's death. This project started me on my genealogy search. Saturday morning while going through those microfilms, I found the exact issue of the paper that the article about my great-grandmother's death had come out of and was able to get a digital copy to go along with the tattered one my grandmother had saved.


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It is concerning to see your report (Horsemeat discovered in burgers sold by four British supermarkets, 16 January), but this is by no means a new problem. Adulteration of foods, meaning the addition of impure, improper, or inferior ingredients, has been identified in the UK since the 1800s. Bakers would whiten their bread with chalk and sawdust and brewers would add bitter substances to save on the cost of hops. The first Food Adulteration Act was passed in the UK in 1860. However, worrying cases, concerning not only food standards but food safety, have continued to surface. One such case was in 1985, when European wine was found to be adulterated with diethylene glycol, commonly used as a component of "antifreeze".
Food adulteration has been here since the beginning of time and, despite the measures taken to enforce food standards, will keep food authorities busy for many years to come.
Dr Louise Manning
Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester
• While the thought of unexpectedly tucking into a horse burger shocked the nation, we ask that the public spare a thought for all the other animals slaughtered for their flesh. Britons who say no to horsemeat do so because they find ponies lovable, but lambs, pigs, chickens and others are killed for food without many people batting an eyelid or considering their ordeal. One might question why one species is petted and the others ground up without a thought. If this story has shocked people, Peta suggests that they reject all meat of tortured animals. We stand ready to help.
Ben Williamson
• Your readers may be amused to hear that all the horsemeat I've seen in French supermarkets (not a very significant proportion of the meat on display, actually) has been sourced from the UK.
Liz Whittome
Charentes, France
• You say there shouldn't be any risks from simply eating horsemeat (Focus on suppliers, 17 January). However, that depends on how the animals were slaughtered and butchered. Some years ago I visited a laboratory where they were investigating, on behalf of the local council, some meat sold as pet food. Several dogs had died after eating it. The meat, which turned out to be horsemeat, had come from an animal which had been "put down" by a massive overdose of barbiturates – a fate probably suffered by many horses kept as pets in this country.
Dr DCH McBrien
Maidenhead, Berkshire
• Geordie readers of a certain age will remember a particular brand of pie known as "racers", relished precisely because the last horse in every race went into them.
David Feintuck
Lewes, East Sussex
• In Cambridge, most butchers proudly advertise the local speciality – Newmarket sausages. One is now looking forward to a local promotion of Tesco's "Newmarket value beefburgers".
Simon Sedgwick-Jell
• Couldn't they just have relabelled the burgers "May contain horse" and let us decide for ourselves?
Robert Harris
Dursley, Gloucestershire


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The best leaders build and maintain trust
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Five actions that will build trust in your organization. But only sustained behaviour will ensure that trust survives and thrivesRead More
Indigenous communities across Canada are learning how to prosper in a new era of cooperation in oil and gas development. Setting aside old grievances, industry, government and First Nations communities are working together to ensure that, as equal partners, Canada's Indigenous peoples enjoy employment and sustainable growth trickle down to them. It's part of the economic reconciliation called for the government's Truth and Reconciliation report. Three expert commentators look at the issues at play:
Kerry Jothen, CEO and Principal, Human Capital Strategies, has worked on approximately 50 First Nations and Indigenous projects, many involving resource sectors including oil and gas.
Beverley O'Neil, CEO and Principal, O'Neil Marketing & Consulting, and Numa Communications Ltd. Beverley is a citizen of the Ktunaxa Nation, writer, journalist, researcher, and media relations adviser. She's contributed discussion papers on Indigenous cultural tourism and long-term firm electricity export for BC First Nations. O'Neil was a board member of the BC Energy Council from 1993 to 1995.
Karen Ogen-Toews, CEO of the BC First Nations LNG Alliance. Karen was a founding member of the Alliance, and served as elected chief of the Wet'suwet'en First Nation for six years. She now sits on the nation's elected council, holding the Natural Resource/Energy and Economic Development portfolios.
Your readers will appreciated their unique insights in successive columns that appear Mondays, from Sept. 21 to Oct. 3, in the Troy Media series Road To Reconciliation.


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Although they showed no sign of being infected by the coronavirus and seemingly was tested when they arrived at the airport all squad members will now go into home quarantine for up to 14 days and even longer.
The three ODI's will be rescheduled for later this year.
Some of the returnees are contracted in the IPL - but it is not sure whether that tournament will kick off and even if it does occur whether they will be allowed to go back to play in it, Fact is that the tournament start has been delayed until 14 April and of it is is indeed played it ill be "closed door" games.
Wonder what will happen to Malan and other players contracted to play for English clubs this year.


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CRS Sound and Security sell and install the world's leading brands of car audio/stereo such as SONY, ALPINE, PIONEER and AUDIO/VISUAL ENTERAINMENT systems, vehicle security alarms and radar detectors.
CRS commenced trading in its current location in Polokwane in 1999, and has established a strong and trusted brand within the area. Quick and efficient service at fair rates, compliments our technical team's expertise in recommendations and installation.


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I can't even:
There are some outfits I see in our photo subscription and the MOMENT I see them I am magically transported three days into the future, where I am standing outside my mailbox flipping to the back page of Us Weekly to see who ended up in Fashion Police, because there is SIMPLY NO WAY this won't make their five worst of the week. It just can't miss. She's going to be sandwiched between, like, some cracked out thing Adrienne Bailon wore for attention and Rosario Dawson's boobs. There will be one joke involving either "tone-deaf" or "out of tune" or "this doesn't make me very Glee-ful" and I will totally read this and nod and be all, "OH RIGHT, she DID wear that. She looks like she just spent three hours working the dunk tank at the local elementary school carnival, but instead of water, the dunk tank was full of someone's Goodwill donations," and then my neighbor will walk by and be like, "who are you talking to?" and I will scurry back into my cave to read more about Kim and Kanye in peace. Can't wait for you to get here, Saturday.


text: "The difference between She-Hulk and Hulk is that she loved being She-Hulk. She was the Tank Girl of earlier days in terms of being able to say what she wanted, and when she became She-Hulk, it was like an opening of the door to freedom, to be the person that you wish you could be. That you're stopped from being as a woman. And that's the version of She-Hulk that I would love to embrace."


text: Immigration Law At Kostiv and Associates, we offer a wide range of immigration legal services. We focus on immigrant and nonimmigrant visas for foreign investors and business people. Our attorneys assist clients from all over the world to obtain E visas, EB-5 visa, and L visa. Key features of an Investment-Based Green Card Here are some of the advantages and limitations to an investment-based green card. As long as you have money to invest and can demonstrate that you are in the process of investing it in a for-profit business, you yourself do not need to have any particular business training or experience. Nor does it matter which country you come from, although the immigration authorities are more suspicious about fraud with applicants from certain countries. You can choose to invest your money in a business anywhere in the U.S., so long as you maintain your investment for at least three years and are actively engaged with the company you invest in. After approximately the first three years you can work for another company or not work at all. You must actually live in the United State-you may not use the green card only for work and travel purposes. Your spouse and unmarried children under the age of 21 can get green cards as accompanying relatives. Your green card will initially be only conditional-that is, it will expire in two years, after which you will need to apply to renew it and make it permanent. As with all green cards, yours can be taken away if you misuse it-for example, you live outside the U.Ss for too long, commit a crime, or even fail to advise the immigration authorities or your change of address. However, if you keep your green card for five years and live in the U.S continuously during that time (yes, your two years as a conditional resident count), you can apply for a U.S citizenship. Key features of the E-Visa Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages for the E-visa: You can work legally in the U.S. for a U.S. company if more than 50% of its business is with your home country, and your country has entered a trade treaty with the United States. You are restricted to working only for the U.S. employer or a self-owned business that acted as your visa sponsor. Your initial visa may extend up to two years, with unlimited possible two-year extensions. Visas are available for your accompanying spouse and minor children, but your children may not accept employment in the United States. Your spouse may accept U.S employment. You may travel in and out of the U.S or remain here continuously until your E-1 status expires. E2 nonimmigrant visa allows businesspeople from certain countries to work in the U.S. for a business in which people from their country have invested. Like E1 visa, E2 visa is the next best option to permanent residence because of the possibility of self-employment and unlimited number of extensions. Do you qualify for an E-2 Visa? There are six Requirements for getting an E-2 visa: You must be a citizen of a country that has an investor treaty with the United States. You must be coming to work in the U.S for a company you own or one that is at least 50% owned by other nationals of your home country. You must be either the owner or a key employee of the U.S. business. You or the company must have a substantial investment in the U.S. business. The U.S. Company must be an active for-profit business. You must intend to leave the U.S. when your business here is completed. Key features of the E-2 Visa Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the E-2 visa: You can work legally in the U.S. for a U.S. business in which a substantial cash investment has been made by you or other citizens of your home country, so long as your country has a trade treaty with the U.S. You may travel in and out of the U.S. or remain here continuously until your visa and status expire. You are restricted to working only for the employer or self-owned business that acted as your E-2 visa sponsor. Your initial visa may last up to five years, with unlimited possible five year extensions. Each time you enter in the U.S. you will be admitted for two years. Visas are available for your accompanying spouse and minor children, but your children cannot work here. Your spouse will be permitted to accept employment in the U.S. EB-5 immigrant visa allows wealth people willing to invest in the U.S. economy to obtain permanent residence in the United States. E1 Visa helps citizens of the countries who have treaties with the United States to more easily engage in international trading activities. L1 Visa allows managers, executives, or especially knowledgeable employees who work outside the United States for a company that has an affiliated entity inside the U.S. to come to the U.S. and perform services for that entity.


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This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Alumacraft continues to lead the industry in solidly, well-crafted aluminum fishing boats. Our 2XB hulls, larger, one-piece, hardened heavy-duty keels and our oversized spray rails give you a drier, smoother ride giving you peace of mind that you've made the right decision on your new aluminum fishing boat. Full-length double plating means twice the strength and protection all the way to the transom—without compromising agility. Compare our twin-plated 2XB Hull models against competing boats with twin-plating in the bow only.


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How to Hide Empty Fields on Email Alerts
Update: On the new email wizard, this option is already enabled by default so you don't need to do any further configuration in your form.
However, if you wish to change that option, you can open it in the Advanced settings in your email wizard. Below are the steps on where to find it.
This option can be found both in the Email Notifications and Autoresponder Email.
1. Click on "Settings".
2. Click on "Emails".
3. Here you can hover on the email alert and click the pencil icon to edit.
4. Click on the Advanced tab, and scroll down, you should be able to see the "Hide Empty Fields" option there.
Important Note: When this option is enabled, you should use the default data table in your email notification and autoresponder email for the "Hide Empty Fields" feature to work. You can still add some text and new rows but you should keep the labels and fields tags of the questions intact. If you delete the whole data table then create your own layout, then the hide empty field feature will not work.
Questions? Please let us know below!
Send Comment
20 Comments...
I have accedently hidden the name of the recipient and trainer from the form. Thus not able to see that in my mails. How can I edit the same
I have 2 fields that show up on every email even when blank and I have noted as hidden. How can I find out what's causing this?
Is it possible to show text fields in the confirmation email? They seem to be stripped out and only show the fields where the user is asked to input something.
Mike Hosford
I can't get it to work. Please check and tell me what is wrong. I still get all fields on email.
can't get this to work not sure what I'm doing wrong. https://form.jotform.com/52165125268151
Having the same problem - cannot get unfilled fields to be omitted from confirmation email. The screen shown above is no longer available. I used to use it and it worked like a charm. Can you please provide a solution. Thanks!
Jotform has been updated and I can no longer find this same option in the new advanced preferences pane.
in "Setup & Embed
> "Preferences"
I do not see that option. In fact, my panels do not look like the examples provided.
Has Joyform updated this since the posting in March 2016?
This issue should be given URGENT TOP PRIORITY consideration. Otherwise, it becomes a real mess.
It would be really great if you can add this to the new interface. The changes you recently made are more user-friendly and aesthetically pleasant. I have 100+ fields on a conditional form so hiding the unentered ones is important, but having to switch to an older and less intuitive interface to do so is disappointing.
Hi Jotform folks,
After the recent changes in the interface, these instructions for hiding the empty email fields in auto-responded and submission forms no longer work, as these options "Hide Empty Fields on Emails" no longer exist as menu options. Can someone update how to do this with the new menu, since I can't seem to find this option anywhere not in JotForms.
IS this thread still valid? I would like to use a completely customized email response getting rid of the default table.
Thank you. That helps a lot, but we cannot modify the email after the fact...that's unfortunate.
That's really useful, but is it possible to hide a field from the notifier?
I have a couple of hidden fields I'm using for validation and whilst I'd like to hide empty values in emails, not showing hidden fields is a bigger priority.
As it is currently, locking the table means these hidden fields are then put back into the email.
Thanks for any help.
Michelle McKinney
I'm attempting to hide blank entries but I don't get the same options as those listed in the screen shot. I'm only offered: Send Post Data, Unique Submission and Form Warnings under the Advanced Settings.
I see that if you modify the email template it wont' work - http://www.jotform.com/answers/245472-Hide-empty-fields-on-email-notifications
This seems to be working when viewing submissions within jotform, but the email alert is still showing all empty fields. Any ideas?
I am having the opposite problem. When I change this setting to enabled it does not keep this setting saved. It keeps changing to undefined. I have changed my e-mail to use the default so I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong. ANy help would be appreciated.
when I set this to disabled.. it still doesn't add the empty fields to the email..


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China stocks swung wildly on Friday before ending the morning session up more than 2 percent, after regulators suspended a newly-minted circuit breaker mechanism to calm investor sentiment.
Hong Kong stocks also gained on signs of stabilisation in markets on the mainland.
The CSI300 index rose 2.8 percent, to 3,384.99 points at the end of the morning session, while the Shanghai Composite Index gained 2.4 percent, to 3,199.56 points.
Late on Thursday, China's securities regulator announced a suspension in circuit breakers after just four days operating the mechanism, saying it had not worked as anticipated in actual situations and was doing more bad than good.
Analysts said the move injected life into the market.
"The market is back to normal. Investors can buy and sell as they wish," said Tian Weidong, analyst at Kaiyuan Securities.
"Under the circuit breaker mechanism, the market was suffocated."
China stocks rose across the board, with the resources sector surging more than 6 percent and energy shares jumping over 4 percent.
Analysts attributed the rise in those sectors to Beijing's efforts to reduce excess capacity, which investors believe will lead to industry consolidation and benefit major listed players.
In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index added 1.1 percent, to 20,561.25 points, while the Hong Kong China Enterprises Index gained 1.7 percent, to 8,904.74.


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Weddings are a speciality of Highsteppers.
Our beautiful glass fronted Landau carriage can be used open topped or covered. The carriage can be drawn by a pair (2) or a team (4) of horses. This is the ultimate way to arrive at your wedding venue in style.
To complete the picture, driver and groom dress in the traditional livery costume associated with the horse drawn carriage, and will ensure that you reach the church on time.
After the service your horse and carriage can drive you to your reception venue. The sedate pace of the journey will really give you time to reflect and relax . You will arrive ready to enjoy the rest of your big day.
If you are looking for a wedding photographer, consider Starlight Photography for natural, informal, timeless wedding photography in Dorset.


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Lean on us. Stay yourself.
Etac S.P.A. Collection comprises Rex toilet arm support, Flex grab rail and Relax shower seat. All three have a unique function but work together to give you the chance to continue being yourself.
Etac S.P.A. Collection gives you a bathroom that is:
Etac Rex
Etac Relax
Etac Flex
Etac Rex folding toilet arm support
- Top quality materials and construction provides security when it is most needed.
- The triangular shape of the arm support provides a stable and natural grip.
- With its clean, smooth surfaces, the arm support is both stylish and easy to clean.
- The arm supports take up very little room when folded up, while the angled shape makes them easy to reach, grip and fold down.
Support designed for you
Etac Rex folding toilet arm supports are available in three different lengths and in variants with or without supporting legs. Choose a model that suits you, your bathroom and your requirements. It can easily be fitted onto the wall and blends well into your bathroom environment.
Suitable for all bathrooms
The modern design suits any bathroom even when space is limited. The arm support is close to the wall and do not get in the way. They are also designed to guarantee a gentle and smooth folding down process.
Find out more about the Etac Rex folding toilet arm support »
Etac Relax shower seat
- Large and stable seat when folded down and discreet when folded up.
- The shape and material of the folding arm supports provide a safe and secure grip.
- The shape of the seat offers the option of varied sitting positions.
- As there are only three fixing points, installation is both quick and easy.
Scandinavian design for the modern bathroom
Etac Relax has been designed to ensure a secure and enjoyable shower experience. Design, function and safety are extremely important to us, and this is presented here in the form of a discreet, wall mounted shower seat.
Adapted to your needs
How do you move about in the shower, how much support do you need, and which model best meets your needs? Etac Relax comes in two colours and six different models, which have all been designed to create options specifically for you.
Find out more about the Etac Relax shower seat »
Etac Flex grab rail
- Can easily be assembled into a length and shape that suits you and your bathroom.
- The shape and surface of the grab rail provide a stable grip
- Connect as many handles as you want and choose the angles that suit you
- Attach with screws or adhesive
Easy to attach and easy to grip
Attach with screws or adhesive. Choose the method that best suits you and your bathroom. The pure Scandinavian design blends in with other products and you can choose between two colours - white and grey.
The support you need with the design you want
The material of the grab rail and its well-designed shape and surface provide a stable grip even if your hands or the handles are wet.
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The Characteristics of Multi-Unit Ownership in Franchising: Evidence from Fast-Food Restaurants in Texas
NBER Working Paper No. 5859
One empirical phenomenon that has received little attention in the franchising literature is the tendency for individual franchisees to own not just one but several units of a given franchised chain. Most current theories of franchising, based on incentives, information asymmetries, and strategic arguments, have little capacity to explain this phenomenon. In fact, several of them imply that all units should be independently owned and operated. However, given the existence of multi-unit owners, most of the theories have implications for the extent to which units owned by a single owner should be 1) geographically near each other, 2) located in areas where populations display similar demographic characteristics, and 3) contiguous to each other, that is, should share a market boundary. This paper provides empirical evidence that restaurants of individual owners in the six largest fast-food chains in Texas are geographically close to each other, that they are located in areas with similar demographic characteristics, and that they are contiguous. This evidence suggests among other things that franchising is not a strategic delegation device, and that the location of units is not determined by the franchisee's desire to diversify away risk. Instead, the minimization of monitoring or free-riding costs, and the franchisor's reliance on the franchisee's local market expertise, appear to be central concerns in the allocation of units across franchisees.
Machine-readable bibliographic record - MARC, RIS, BibTeX
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w5859
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Board of Directors
Board Chair: Julissa McWashington, Starbucks
Vice-Chair / Chair Elect: Stuart Williams, Kinzer Partners
Past Chair: Arlesia Bailey, Seattle Children's Odessa Brown Children's Clinic
Treasurer: Michaela Kay, CPA, BDO USA
Secretary: Rachel Lonsdale, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Ex Officio: Heather L. Fitzpatrick, CEO, Wellspring Family Services
- Eleanor Bradley, Pacific Science Center
- Paul Butler, Union Bank / PULSE
- Colleen Cosgrove, Community Involved Citizen
- Mike Cusack, American Seafoods
- Amy Hwang, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP
- Richard Jacroux, Buddy Platform
- Matt Lund, UW Medicine
- Mohammad Malakoutian, Amazon
- Lisa Mayfield, Aging Wisdom
- Kristin Misner-Gutierrez, KMG Consulting
- Ethan Norris, Health Management Associates
- Chuck Nordhoff, Community Involved Citizen
- Joe Nguyen, Washington State Senate, 34th District
- Olga Perelman
- Derek Ruckman, Recology
- Dave Sampson, Hootsuite
- Julie Seidenstein, Lane Powell PC
- Ali Shahrazad, F5 Networks
- Jason Shindler, efelle creative
- Lynn Tuttle, Lynn Tuttle LLC
- Edward West, Swedish
- Derrick Williams, Columbia Bank
Executive Leadership
Heather Fitzpatrick, Chief Executive Officer
Heather joined the Wellspring team as a contractor in 2017, and became the President and CEO in October, 2018. Prior to joining the Wellspring staff, Heather was the CEO of MarketFitz, Inc., a management consulting firm, where she worked with non-profit, healthcare and professional service organizations to help them reach their financial and organizational goals. An active community leader, Heather has served on a dozen boards of directors, including Northwest Center, the Washington Society of CPAs, Leadership Tomorrow, the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce, Seattle Rotary #4, CityClub and Girl Scouts of Western Washington. She received her MBA from the University of Washington, her BA from Colgate University, and was a Fulbright Scholar. She began her career with Deloitte, and is a Chartered Global Management Accountant and a licensed CPA in Washington state.
Peter Drury, Chief Strategy Officer
Peter Drury serves as Chief Strategy Officer, where he is charged with keeping Wellspring future-focused, aligned, growing, and increasingly wise. A social worker with a business education – plus years of innovative leadership and consulting for philanthropists, executives, and boards – Peter is uniquely positioned to facilitate strategy, planning, performance measures, and optimization of the whole. Peter has supported many high-performing organizations during critical stages of growth, such as Splash, Odessa Brown Children's Clinic, Seattle Children's, Sightline Institute, and Make-A-Wish. He is a member of the faculty in Seattle University's acclaimed Master of Nonprofit Leadership Program, and holds MSW, MBA, and M.Div. degrees from the University of Illinois, Seattle University, and Yale University.
Peter Schultz, Chief Operating Officer / Chief Information Officer
Peter Schultz joined Wellspring in March 2019 and serves as the Chief Operating Officer / Chief Information Officer. He provides oversight and leadership to all administrative operations of the organization including HR, Finance, IT, Facilities and general operations of the agency. Ensuring we have robust technology solutions and operational processes which streamline operations, improve efficiency, and reduce costs. Peter began his career in nonprofits at Lifelong Aids Alliance and the Woodland Park Zoo with a focus on IT. For nearly 20 years he was CEO of P S Consulting, helping clients meet and exceed their business goals through judicious use of change management, staff development, business process design, and system implementation. Peter used his wide range of experience in technology and business processes to advance the work of many sectors of non-profit organizations, including higher education, cultural organizations, hospitals and human services.
Asa Tate, Chief Development Officer
Asa Tate serves as Chief Development Officer, leading a team of fundraisers who partner with the community to raise the resources needed to best serve our clients. Asa brings over twenty years of results-driven, ethical fundraising experience and leadership at Make-A-Wish, KCTS 9, Women's Funding Alliance, Technology Access Foundation, Food Lifeline and Girl Scouts. Asa is best known for her strategic thinking and exceptional ability to create lifelong relationships and partnerships that strengthen non-profits and our community. Asa actively volunteers to grow the field of philanthropy; serving as President of the Association of Fundraising Professionals - Advancement Northwest Chapter and on the Advisory Board of the University of Washington Certificate in Non-profit Management & Fundraising Management. Asa is an alumnus of Western Washington University and Leadership Tomorrow Seattle.
Ernest J. Cathcart, Cultural Competency Specialist
Ernest J. Cathcart, MSW, ACSW, received his Master's in Social Work from the University of Washington. In the field of academia he has taught social work and cultural competency at George Fox College in Newberg, Oregon, Antioch University in Seattle, and Trinity Lutheran College in Issaquah. He worked for Children's Home Society as Director of their Western Regional Office. For 18 years he worked for Casey Family Programs; where he was Director of Division Operations for the Seattle Field Office; and also worked at Headquarters of Casey Family Programs as Manager, of Clinical Diversity Practice.
Kevin Host, Senior Director of Enterprise Services
Kevin Host, LICSW, has directed the Wellspring Employee Assistance Program since 1993. Wellspring EAP provides management and employee support benefits to over 300 regional businesses, governmental agencies, non-profits and trade associations serving over 185,000 employee lives. He is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker with over 35 years of experience providing mental health, employee assistance and business consulting services. He is a member of the Northwest Chapter of the Employee Assistance Professionals Association and the Past-President of the Washington State Society for Clinical Social Work and Past-President of the Clinical Social Work Association, a national professional organization representing the legislative, educational and practice needs of clinical social workers.
Bevette Irvis, Director of Early Learning Center
As Wellspring's Director of the Early Learning Center (ELC), Bevette is responsible for the overall management of the ELC and service delivery to vulnerable families and children. She is currently a board member of the Southeast Seattle Child Care Directors' Consortium, the Child Care Directors Association of Greater Seattle, and Team Neutral Zone. She's also on the Planning Team for Cultivating the Genius of Black Children, and recently served on the state-wide Trauma-Informed Care Advisory Group. Bevette frequently provides educational training and consultation to community groups and other early learning educators about the effects of trauma and homelessness on young children. Bevette has worked in the field of Early Learning for 33 years and she holds a Bachelor's degree in Health Science from the State University of New York at Cortland.
Walter Washington, Senior Director of Housing Services
Walter is a Seattle native with an extensive history of working with and designing programs for vulnerable populations in the greater Seattle region. His interest and development was seasoned through academic and civic work at Washington State University. Professional work has threaded education and human services; including STEM education advocacy with Technology Access Foundation, supplemental education support for foster students with Treehouse, and transitional housing management with YouthCare. Walter's more recent work as Emergency Services Director with Compass Housing Alliance, included leading Housing First initiatives across 10 distinct programs making up a department of over 200 staff. After opening Seattle's largest, full service shelter, Compass at First Presbyterian and piloting a 24hr model, Walter began working to advance transportation needs for vulnerable seniors as Director of Transportation at Sound Generations. He continues to serve as an advocate and steering partner in the Transportation community, while finding a home at Wellspring Family Services as Sr. Housing Services Director. Walter is laser focused on progressive solutions and innovative program design that will serve the most vulnerable families in and around Seattle.
Associate Board
Board Chair: Sarah Kilpatrick, John L Scott Real Estate
Vice Chair: Emily Rooney, Google
Vice Chair: Jamie Webber, Amazon
Ex Officio: Heather L. Fitzpatrick, CEO, Wellspring Family Services
- Mares Asfaha, Philanthropy Northwest
- Kelsie Bartolome, Washington Athletic Club
- Joanna Dunn, Foodie Central Tours
- Gavin Hudson, Peterson Sullivan LLP
- Cody Nelson, Amazon
- Lucas Nestvold, Alvarez & Marsal
- Jae Suzuki, Regence Blue Shield
- Alyssa Villablanca, Tyler Technologies


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Cooks Removals has been moving people in and out of Elstead for over 65 years. Elstead is a semi-rural civil parish in Surrey with shops, houses and cottages spanning north and south sides of the River Wey. It includes Pot Common its southern neighbourhood and and 2 hamlets Charleshill and Elstead Common, both rich in woodland.
Elstead is on the B3001 about 2.2. miles west of the A3 Milford interchange and lies between Farnham and Godalming. Elstead is surrounded by common land, including Hankley Common, which is used by the British Army for training purposes. Thundry Meadow, close to Elstead, has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSI) and is an important breeding area for dragonfly and damselfly.
Elstead's relative prosperity over the centuries can be partly attributed to the existence of the availability of a site for a watermill and a bridge over the river, parts of the bridge are dated to around 1300. The first known reference to Elstead is in the 1128 foundation charter for Waverley Abbey. The church of St James was built around ten years later. It still contains 13th century windows and some 14th century timbers and is a Grade II listed building.
In the 14th century, the scheduled ancient monument bridge was built over the River Wey. Today this old bridge takes the westward traffic; eastward traffic takes the new bridge alongside.
Cooks Removals has used that bridge for many years having provided a full range of professional house moving services to the people of Elstead. With a well equipped modern fleet of vehicles and an expertly trained staff we can offer you a professional service whatever your requirements. So if you are looking to move house to Elstead we would be happy to provide you with a free, no obligation survey and quotation. We can also offer you a range of service options from self packing to full packing.
The sections below provide further information on the house moving services we provide:
Contact us to learn more about our moving house services Elstead
Cooks is a family removal company with over 65 years experience and reputation for quality.
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We have a reputation built on quality and the professional service we provide.
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Cooks Removals offer a range of professional, safe, secure and convenient self storage solutions
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Most of us could use a little help living in the present moment, couldn't we? We spend much of our time planning, re-planning, and evaluating what we have done, moving back and forth between the past and the future. We forget that life is now and this is the time to live it. This is why I have chosen mindfulness as my first benefit of yoga.
Jon Kabat-Zinn defines mindfulness as "paying attention in a particular way. On purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally." So how does yoga help us do this?
By pairing our body movements with our breath, with our focus on our breath and body sensations arising as we practice, we train ourselves to stay present in the moment. This is not always as easy as it sounds when we are on the mat and our burning thighs, tight hamstrings and the blood rushing to our head as we are in downward facing dog are screaming for our attention. And this is of course the day the teacher decides to do long holds. But these are the perfect times to practice mindfulness, continuing to bring our attention back to the breath whenever it starts to wander.
There are teachers who combine their training in Buddhist mindfulness meditation with yoga with a special focus on mindfulness. This is of course helpful, but you can begin on your own by focusing on the breath as you move through the yoga poses.
Mindfulness is something that is learned. Yoga is one way we can learn it. So next time you go to the yoga mat leave the busyness of your day and the to-do list for later behind. Breathe. Move with breath. Focus on the breath and any body sensations that arise. It can take time for mindfulness to become a natural part of life, but start on the yoga mat and you are on your way.


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My most beautiful accomplishment
Three years ago I was a lost and scared girl who felt that her future was ruined. I was 20, pregnant, alone and had no one I felt I could turn to, basically, to be quite frank, I was screwed. Then one day I met a fabulous woman named Kris, my first contact with an adoption agency and the woman who put me in touch with Geri Glazer, the woman who changed my life, gave me a second chance and basically became a second mother to me. I am not one to open up to people at all, but there was something about Geri that let me open up and put my trust and my baby's future in her hands. At the time all I could feel was shame, anger and regret… Geri showed me that I needed to open my eyes, Nate is the best thing that ever happened to me and the most beautiful accomplishment of my life. I only wish now I wouldn't have wasted all that time feeling that regret and embracing the beauty of this adoption. The day Nathan William was born, I will admit, I was again a broken woman, I have never cried more in my life or felt the heart ache of having to sign the papers to officially give him to the wonderful family I chose, it still brings tears to my eyes when I remember those moments. The only thing that kept me strong through that process was Geri Glazer, her words in my head, her love in my heart, she showed me no judgment, but instead gave me validation for the beautiful act I was performing. She showed me I do have a future, I CAN finish school, I can have a life, AND I CAN LOVE MYSELF. Geri helped me through what started out as a horrible time in my life… But Geri Glazer saved my life. I can't imagine never knowing her now. She is the reason I am graduating from college this year and starting my adult life, she is the reason I am able to do anything today, and I will NEVER be able to repay her. But I will love her until the day I die, and I will never forget who helped me get where I am today.
I love you Geri.
With Love,
Emily P.
Adoptions by Heart
4605 S. Yosemite St.
Denver CO. 80237
*Disclaimer – Photos and testimonials may be from both present and previous clients of employment of Geri Glazer and Jeanne Reisig.


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Shelter No.2 Study Plan
Peruse the Shelter No.2 Study Plan to see if this plan is right for you. Here you'll find the floor plan in detail with dimensions of every room. Also included is detailed information helpful for everyone to know who is considering construction of this little dream house.
1400 sq ft
3 bedrooms (sleep 8)
2 baths


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Retirement Savings Plan (RSVP) Disclaimer
The information on this website is provided to you for informational purposes only and should not be viewed as investment, tax, legal or other advice. Please consult with your own professional advisors before making any investments or for further guidance. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Fees and other terms and restrictions may apply.
In the event of a conflict between the information contained on this website and the official plan documents, the official plan documents will govern. The Church Pension Fund and its affiliates retain the right to amend, terminate or modify the terms of any benefit plans described on this website at any time, without notice and for any reason.


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16 Feb Aunt Sally the Bee-you-t-full's Rhubarb Jelly
I vacillate between crying and grinning when I hold this recipe card in my hand. That's my Grandmother's PERFECT PENMANSHIP and my fabulous Aunt Sally's (Cecilia Dwyer Schultz) recipe for rhubarb jelly. By that I mean, my Aunt Sally was fabulous and so is the jelly. The back story: Aunt Sally wore a miniskirt to a family reunion in 1963. I think she was born in 1911. She was hot. And a hell of a good cook. I had my very first taste of tabbouleh at her house. She was hip. She also poured a mean margarita in those days and I do recall Aunt-Sally-the-Bee-you-t-full and my beloved Grandmother getting a little squirrely on the patio. My Grandmother loathed drunkenness, tho she was known to have a little touch – for medicinal purposes- every evening about 5. I think it was Canadian Club and water. No ice. She kept the bottle in a hatbox in her closet.
Oh those women. Catherine. Mary Theresa Catherine Fitzgerald Dwyer Norton. Helena. Cecilia. Johanna, Veronica.
So, the first thing I plan to make this season, in small batches, is this:
I recommend you serve it with a margarita.


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U.S. HistoryPolitical Theory
The egalitarian society is pledged to common cultural values resulting in a rigorous homogeneity. Thus, a man who stands in contempt of the prevailing ideology has no rights under the law.
Federal judges invented the notion of "qualified immunity" to protect police from lawsuits. So now Colorado has done an end run around the federal courts and removed qualified immunity as a defense.
U.S. History
New York and New Jersey have produced more COVID-19 deaths than the rest of the country combined. So politicians have repeatedly claimed that the nation is "two weeks behind New York" to drum up support for extreme lockdown measures.
Decentralization and SecessionWorld History
If we regard nationalism as necessarily harmful, we end up supporting the Soviet Union, and every empire and two-bit dictator who manages to hammer together a variety of disparate groups under a single national banner.
War and Foreign Policy
The Iraqi parliament response to the recent US airstrike — expelling all US troops from Iraq — suggests that an escalation of the ongoing US-Iran conflict would not be as simple as pro-war factions of the US regime would like it to be.
Big GovernmentThe EntrepreneurFree Markets
Anti-capitalist promoters of "climate justice" ignore all of the evidence of capitalism's benefits staring us in the face.
The EnvironmentTaxes and SpendingInterventionism
To borrow a line from Al Gore, this strikes me as a "risky scheme."
SocialismWorld HistoryOther Schools of Thought
Marx said that what he wanted was to create a one-world state. And that was Lenin's idea too.


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Mayor's Office
The open house scheduled for Thursday, September 22, on improvements to the intersection of N. 14th Street and eastbound Cornhusker Hwy. has been postponed. The meeting was to be 4:30 to 6:30 p.m., at Educare, 3435 N. 14th Street. The open house will be rescheduled following a review of documentation related to the federal aid process.
The intersection has been the site of 90 crashes over a five-year period, resulting in nearly $2 million in damages. An analysis by City, State and federal representatives and a private consultant resulted in the recommendation to build a roundabout at that intersection.
The project would include construction of a loop ramp connection from 14th Street to Cornhusker Hwy. and reconstruction of the eastbound lanes on Cornhusker Hwy. in that area. Additional work would include the widening of 14th Street, as well as construction of curb and gutter along the major roadways, concrete median surfacing, sidewalks and box culvert extensions. Construction is tentatively scheduled to begin in 2019.
For more information, visit the project website at 14us6safety.com or contact Craig Aldridge, City of Lincoln, at 402-416-5349 or email@example.com.


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Beautiful and unique gift idea.Buy Now
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Clear Quartz Pendant in Heart Shape.
Quality B means it may include imperfections in the stone and polishing.
Thickness range: 1/2" to 3/4"
Weight range: 32g to 60g
Category: Carbonate, Calcite
Chemical Formula: (SiO2) Silicon Dioxide
Colour: Colourless
Class: Silicate, Quartz Group
Group: Hexagonal, rhombohedral terminations
Formations: On geode base clusters. Also occurs as tall prismatic crystals, short stubby crystals, aggregates, and as rounded river worn stones
Lustre: vitreous, translucent to transparent
Cleavage: none
Varieties: Amethyst, Chalcedony, Citrine, Milky Quartz, Quartz, Smokey Quartz, Coesite, Cristobalite, Keatite, Lechatelierite, Moganite, Stishovite
Brief Description: Ordinary yet extraordinary, colorful and clear, Quartz crystals are the most common and abundant in the world, comprising the largest and most diverse family in the mineral kingdom. "From ancient times to the present day, quartz crystals have been a source of Light to mankind. Highly valued by spiritual leaders and healers as well as scientists, the unique attributes of quartz have played a key role in mankind' evolutionary development."
Mythology: Boys and girls before puberty made the best seers, brunettes with dark skin charged the crystal more quickly than blondes; females, especially virgins or widows were far better than males, though once trained males were more powerful and correct. From ancient divination to modern crystal-gazing, clear crystal balls have long been used to find lost articles, foretell secrets of the future, forecast impending doom, and was even used at one time as a means to detect minor offences and crimes. "Scrying" has been common since the Greek and Roman periods, and crystal balls brought back by Crusaders in the Middle Ages were said to possess magical powers. The "spirits" yielding the visions were induced by powerful spells, many of which have been preserved, and contain an incongruous mixture of religious and magical formulas.
Usage: For ongoing personal energy, carry Clear Quartz as a tumblestone or touch as needed for an instant lift. Add Quartz crystals to bath water, or make an elixir to drink or splash on pulse points by soaking Clear Quartz crystals in water from first light to midday. In the workplace, use as a filter against negativity and to transform critical words. Crystals are professional support stones for artists, stylists, doctors and healers, inventors, musicians, and those who work in media. Quartz crystal is valued for its piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, by which it can transform mechanical pressure or heat into electromagnetic energy, and vice versa. Its ability to focus, amplify, store and transform energy is used throughout the technology world in ultrasound devices, watches, microphones, radio trans


text: When Apple launched the iPad Air, it swiftly kicked the fourth-generation iPad to the curb, but kept the iPad 2 around as an "entry level" option. At the same time as the company has tweaked the iPhone lineup, it's also pulling a switcheroo in the tablet space -- dumping the iPad 2 and replacing it with the Retina-and-Lightning model. The unit is back on the Apple store for the same price as the Retina iPad Mini, so now it's just a decision as to what size slab your hands can carry.