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Objects and people that hover in the air will always, always bob up and down, as if floating on some invisible surface of water. This is typically because being perfectly motionless gives the unpleasant impression of being "stuck" in the air. The floating is often accompanied with a whoosh sound, for no other reason than the Rule of Cool.
The most egregious instances of this trope are when objects in zero gravity bob up and down, despite the fact that 'down' doesn't exist here. This conclusively proves that Space Is an Ocean.
Selective Gravity causes many items in video games to do that.
Justification usually invokes one of the following:
- It is possible that the bobbing is merely the character performing drift correction. Satellites in orbit, for a Real Life example, have thrusters to keep them from drifting out of the required orbit all the time.
- In Real Life, of course, few things float in midair, and those that do (such as tethered or semi-deflated helium balloons) tend to bob in all but the stillest air — or to be surrounded (as a hummingbird or helicopter) by a blur of corrective motion. And, of course, things floating on water bob up and down too. So this trope seems to derive from carrying learned expectations about the natural behaviour of objects over into extrapolations about unnatural behaviour.
- In animated cartoons, especially lower budget ones, midair bobbing serves the pragmatic purpose of establishing that a character or object is supposed to be in the air, and isn't just misaligned with the background.
- Urd in Ah! My Goddess likes to do this when "sitting" rather than sitting on furniture. She takes after Hild, who probably expends less energy at it than you would on breathing, being the equal and opposite number of that verse's God.
- Some of the character from Anpanman that fly would often bob up and down when hovering.
- In The Slayers, characters have a variety of methods of flight, but where the human characters tend to leave the ground for specific directional movement (using "Ray Wing" or the oddly named "Levitation"), Xellos just kind of relaxes in the air a lot, and bobs while he does so. He's perfectly capable of not bobbing — sitting or standing perfectly still in the air — so unless it's merely an affordance to viewers, it's because he enjoys it.
- Kizunatchi of Tamagotchi bobs up and down most of the time whenever she is flying.
- Luke Skywalker and the other X-Wing pilots do a good bit of this in Star Wars. It's only when they do a close-up cockpit shot of one of the X-Wing pilots. Everybody just kind of...bobs. Very odd, especially since the X-Wings themselves certainly aren't bobbing around in the longer shots. The speeders largely subvert this, however, in that they are completely motionless while idling, and often don't even react when someone is mounting/dismounting/operating them. (Aside from Luke's speeder in ANH, but that is mentioned on screen to be a bit of a cheapo/junker.)
- In Apollo 13, the bobbing was due to the zero-gravity set (which was in the Vomit Comet, an airplane being flown in a ballistic trajectory) being buffeted by the atmosphere; when other scenes were later filmed in normal gravity back on the ground, the actors bobbed to match the zero-gravity footage.
- Doctor Strange: When the Ancient One is dying and her spirit leaves her body, Strange follows her in astral form. As they have a heart-to-heart final conversation while the world around them is slowed down, they are still waving a little on the spot to remind the audience that they are disembodied spirits.
- Harry Potter:
- Peeves bobs most likely not due to the qualities of floating, but due to the fact that he has a lot of energy and a short attention span.
- Many other things float without this quality. Snape (when being levitated by Sirius) does bob, but that's more due to Sirius's lack of fine control.
- A notable aversion in The Stormlight Archive. When in human form, Syl never bobs in midair, instead walking as if along an invisible floor. Kaladin notes that she always acts like whatever form she's taking; as a leaf she blows along with the wind, so on and so forth.
- A pantomimed version of this is used in Holy Musical B@man! to indicate when Superman is flying. Well, in addition to being lifted from behind by a taller cast member and making whooshing noises like a five-year-old. In a stage musical about superheroes, Coconut Superpowers like this are to be expected and actually add a lot to the charm.
- Final Fantasy: Sometimes seen with flying enemies or party members under the influence of the "Float" spell. Specifically:
- Final Fantasy VI: Party members affected by Float bob; flying enemies do not, presumably due to graphical limitations when dealing with large, high-quality enemy sprites (most do not animate in any significant way when attacking, either).
- Final Fantasy VII: Thanks to the graphical upgrade, many flying enemies such as Bombs (floating fire-elemental orbs with faces) now bob.
- Final Fantasy IX: Flying enemies mostly bob; Floating party members, interestingly enough, don't, acting as though they were standing on an invisible platform about four feet off the ground.
- Lt. Magnezone and several other fliers and levitators in the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon games.
- The player in Descent. Since you're in a spaceship, it's presumably drift correction.
- The Allied Rocketeers in Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 do this.
- Happens in City of Heroes when the hover power is engaged and the hero isn't otherwise moving. The official website header makes it even more obvious.
- Giving an enemy in an RPG Maker game the 'flying' attribute will cause it to midair bob in battle.
- In Halo, the gravity thrones of the Prophets and Rtas 'Vadum (aka Half-Jaw) both behave this way.
- Watch the ships in Wipeout HD when at a standstill. As one would reasonably expect from machines designed to perform best at very high speeds, the ships appear to be performing drift correction to avoid shifting sideways as well as bobbing naturally with air currents, especially close to the ground, and when they move faster, they stop doing this—presumably due to their shapes enacting aerodynamic stability on the ships, allowing them to fly without wiggling everywhere.
- The fire pets from the "Firemaker's Curse" quest in RuneScape do this.
- All "Flying" characters in Marvel: Avengers Alliance do this for their idle animation.
- Several characters in Cave Story bob while flying, such as bats (which serve the purpose as obstacles, especially at the beginning when player has no weapons) and Misery (who bobs for no other reason than because not bobbing looks weird).
- In the Glider series, the player's glider will bob up and down at the top of updrafts, as an entirely natural consequence of the Vent Physics.
- Rosalina of Super Mario Bros. is constantly under the effect of Power Floats, which makes her bob around a little when standing, or rather floating in place in all of her appearances.
- In the Touhou fighting games, characters who hover will usually bob up and down, such as Patchouli and Cirno in their standing idle pose, as well as almost all characters in Hopeless Masquerade and Urban Legend in Limbo, where combat happens in midair.
- Hoverdines in Ground Control do this, even though one would imagine the Order soldiers inside them probably get seasick from all the bobbing.
- In one Strong Bad email, Bubs is shown to have once possessed the power of flight. Bubs bobs.
- The Powerpuff Girls are the queens of this trope: not only do they perform Midair Bobbing, they do it in unison.
- Fairy Godparents in The Fairly OddParents all bob like this. And they all do in sync, as if floating on the same invisible plane. And so do some of their buildings.
- As do both Starfire and Raven from Teen Titans. But mostly Starfire.
- The hoverbikes in The Venture Bros..
- Happens in the episode of Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers where they launch into space on a spaceship. This one is particularly silly; while whatever Applied Phlebotinum is used in the other examples may produce Midair Bobbing, physical weightlessness definitely doesn't.
- All over the place in the DC Animated Universe. Occasionally averted, which tends to look weird.
- Happens in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes! when Iron Man flies into space to search for Big Bad Kang's ship. Of course, this was right after coming to a stop without benefit of retro-rockets.
- The pilots of Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines bob in the air, whether they are flying or their planes are stationary.
- Billy does this in Dude, That's My Ghost!, due to being, well, a ghost.
- There is a similar phenomenon in aerospace called a "pogo oscillation", a reference to the bouncing motion of a pogo stick. It results when a problem with the fuel system causes fluctuations in the fuel flow rate, causing likewise fluctuations in engine thrust output, causing likewise fluctuations in acceleration. This fluctuation in acceleration worsens the fluctuations in the fuel flow rate, forming a vicious circle that eventually leads to a structural failure in the vehicle and, in some cases, complete and total vehicle disintegration.
- Many aircraft, especially when flying in formation, will do this to a degree. It is usually caused by the pilot (or the in-flight computer) making constant adjustments to the aircraft's control surfaces to stay on course or in formation.


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Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Skip, John
SKIP, JOHN (d. 1552), bishop of Hereford, seems to have been a Norfolk man. He may have been the 'Sr Skypp Bacheler beynge in Cambridge' who is mentioned as a legatee under the will of Margaret Norman of Norwich in 1516. If so, he was possibly brother of the 'wellbeloved to me, Sr Richard Skypp,' who was named supervisor of the will in question, and was the parish priest of St. John's, Ber Street, Norwich. He was educated at Gonville Hall, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1514–15, and proceeding M.A. in 1518, B.D. in 1533, and D.D. in 1535. He was a scholar of his college from Lady-day 1513 to Michaelmas 1516, and then fellow till 1536. From 1519 to 1521 he was president of Physick Hostel. He was early noted as a scholar, and declined an offer of a studentship at Cardinal College (afterwards Christ Church), Oxford. According to an entry in the 'Letters and Papers of Henry VIII' (ii. 1549), one John Skip was as early as 1518 an almoner to the queen. He was certainly chaplain and almoner to Anne Boleyn when queen, and Strype writes of his influence in 1534 in directing the bestowal of her charity on scholars.
From the first Skip to some extent favoured the reformed way of thinking. At the university he was one of those who used to meet for edification in Christian knowledge at the White Horse, afterwards nicknamed Germany in consequence. In February 1530, when Gardiner went to Cambridge to gather arguments in favour of Queen Catherine's divorce, Skip was among the supporters of the court's opinions. In 1534 he was sent with Simon Heynes [q. v.] to preach and argue at Cambridge in favour of the royal supremacy (Strype, Memorials, I. i. 260; cf. art. Ascham, Roger). On 9 Feb. 1534–1535 he became vicar of Thaxted, Essex. In April 1535 he had a grant of a canonry and prebend at St. Stephen's, Westminster, vacant by the promotion of Nicholas Shaxton [q. v.] On Passion Sunday 1536 he preached a sermon in the king's chapel on the text 'Quis ex vobis arguet me de peccato?' It seems to have been of a conservative turn, and he was examined in consequence. The matter did not go further. He was frequently with Queen Anne Boleyn during her imprisonment. On 19 May 1536 Sir William Kingston wrote to Cromwell: 'Sir, her Almoner is continewaly with hyr, and has bene syns ii of the clock after midnight.' In July 1536 he signed the declaration touching the sacrament of holy orders. On 1 Oct. 1538 he was in a commission against the anabaptists.
Skip was rapidly promoted. He had been made master of Gonville Hall in 1536, and on 1 Nov. 1536 archdeacon of Suffolk. On 7 Jan. 1537–8 he became rector of Newington, Surrey, and on 7 Nov. 1539 bishop of Hereford, in succession to Bonner. On 9 Nov. 1539 he was licensed to hold the archdeaconry of Dorset, and he is said to have held the priory of Wigmore in commendam (but see Letters and Papers, XII. ii. 120). He resigned his mastership at Cambridge in 1540.
Despite his support of the divorce and his early protestantism, Skip was at heart conservatively inclined, and, after Cromwell's fall, he and Heath tried to bring Cranmer to their opinions. He had regarded with approval the 'Institution of a Christian Man,' but during the reign of Edward VI he protested against the first prayer-book (cf. Dixon, Hist. of the Church of England, iii. 2, 3); he had a hand, however, in preparing the second prayer-book. At Hereford he is said to have wasted the property of the see by a long lease of the London house of the bishops. He appears to have died in London on 30 March 1552, and was buried at St. Mary Mounthaw, London (not at Hereford; cf. Havergal, Fasti Herefordenses, pp. 27, 173). He gave a copy of 'Valerius Maximus' to his college library. He was on familiar terms with Parker, and some of Parker's letters to him are printed in the 'Parker Correspondence.'[Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 109; information very kindly furnished by Dr. Venn; Norfolk Arch. i. 124; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII; Wright's Suppression Letters, p. 48; Dingley's Hist. from Marble, ii. 96; Narrative of the Reformation, p. 248 (Camd. Soc.); Gasquet and Bishop's Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer, pp. 140, 171; Dixon's Hist. of the Church of England, iii. 268; Cranmer's Works (Parker Soc.), I. xvii, II. 81, 152.]
Dictionary of National Biography, Errata (1904), p.251
N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line
|Skip, John: omit though his will points to Norwich
|for in the graveyard at Hereford read at St. Mary Mounthaw, London

subset: commoncrawl


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June 2017 Garden Tour
Click on any photo to open a gallery of larger photographs. To return to the web page after viewing a gallery, click the "x" in the top left corner.
Thanks to Josie Padzior and Laurie Graham for the photos.
Mildred Austin's garden
2016 Trillium Honorable Mention
Vanhurst Place Traffic Islands
2016 Trillium Award Special Mention: Kenella and Barbara were recognized by the Trillium committee for their work in beautifying the streetscape on two separate road islands.
Sharon Platts' garden
2016 Trillium Honourable Mention
Kenella Johnston's garden
Barbara Horger's garden
Linda Nishikawa's garden
Rosemary Campbell's garden


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New user? Activate your IADS account
The IADS member site requires you to activate your account with us. If this is your first visit to the site and you have an IADS account simply add your email address and click « Validate account ». You will immediately receive your account connexion in your mail. Please check your spam if you do not receive it.


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Hey, Mother's Day is this Sunday!
(You probably already knew that. Unlike me — because, since a decade ago I got married on Mother's Day weekend, I always think it's right around my anniversary. And since we're celebrating our anniversary next weekend in Chicago, I've been thinking that's when Mother's Day will also occur. I have obviously been wrong, as discovered last night. Related: sorry Mom, but you won't be getting a card from me today, or tomorrow. But maybe next week? It will never be said that your birthed a punctual middle child.)
In the spirit of having an impending day that often includes gift-giving, I thought I'd share my recommendations for a few (mostly) inexpensive things that are — in my mind — near-indispensable tools in the kitchen. You might not have time to request them for yourself, but if you are a mom, and your weekend plans include some shopping time to yourself, perhaps this is a good time for a self-gratifying splurge at Target (where you can possibly purchase all of these things, last I checked).
1. Oven Thermometer: $6
If I could make a set of rules for the kitchen that everyone in the world had to live by (that should happen at some point, right?), one of the first ones would be to require an oven thermometer in every single oven. No matter how fancy or expensive the oven in your kitchen, you need one of these. The vast majority of household ovens do not accurately display the oven temperature. Frequently, an oven will tell you it's preheated when it's not yet up to temp. And then, it will over-heat, often up to 50º higher than the setting. In a best-case scenario, you have to wait 10 extra minutes for your scones. But more often, you're taking burned food out of the oven. And all of this can be fielded by using a $6 oven thermometer.
I don't assume my oven is adequately preheated unless my thermometer tells me so. I also check it during the cooking process, and adjust the knob as necessary to keep a relatively even heat. For a while, I gave one of these as part of wedding gifts, even if the bride didn't request it (I know, I was one of those annoying people who went "off-registry," probably leading to the return of dozens of oven thermometers across the country — but at least I tried). If you don't have one of these in your oven, put it on your list. You and your baked goods will never be sorry.
Also, plan to buy a new one every year or so — if you're like me, yours will get so splattered with cooking food that after that length of time you will no longer be able to read it.
2. Instant-read Thermometer ($3-$10)
These run a range of prices. For many years, we used a cheap analog version ($3) which works great, especially if it's that or nothing at all. But a couple years ago I splurged (seven more bucks) on the winner of the Cook's Illustrated equipment reviews, the CDN ProAccurate quick-read digital ($10). I love this thermometer.
Last week, on my infamous day of inconvenience, I took it with me to Emily's house to read the temperature of our grilled steaks. Her adorable 18-month old dropped it in the grass, and it stopped working (I hold no one responsible but myself, since it was my thermometer, and something of mine was just bound to break that day). I chalked it up to a used-up battery (we've never replaced it), and brought it home to deal with later. This week, no less than three times, I needed that thing. I had no idea how often I reach for it — to check the temperature of everything from warm milk in yogurt-making to warming custard in ice-cream making. Not to mention cooking sausage, roasting chickens, grilling steaks, etc. Cooking meat well requires a knowledge of internal temperature — it's not just for Thanksgiving turkeys!
Tim checked the battery on ours last night, and it must've just needed to be tightened, because now it's working like a charm. I like the pricier CDN for it's speed and digital accuracy, but even the $3 ones will make any cook a more accurate one.
3. Digital Food Scale ($40-$50)
Ok, I know, I just threw a $50 one in there, like it's nothing. But if you know me, you know I don't spend $50 on much of anything — so it must, for some people, be worth it.
My first kitchen scale was purchased at a yard sale for $2. It was plastic, with an old-fashioned red line that marked the weight. For weighing out pounds of potatoes, apples, dried beans, etc. in recipes, it was just fine. Accurate, but not down to the gram. Which is what you need in baking.
So a couple years ago, I bought one of these using birthday money — and have never looked back. I would replace it in a heartbeat if it broke, for by now I can't imagine my kitchen life without it. The reasons why:
- bread-baking
For years — and I mean at least 10 — I baked bread using cup measures. I fluffed and scraped, just as recommended. And for each and every one of those years, my bread dough was different every time I made it. I chalked it up to humidity, to living in the deep south — and even scoffed at books that told me accurate measurements would mean consistent bread dough. They don't live in the South, I'd say, eyes rolling at their NYC-ness.
And then one day, I bought this OXO scale on yet another Cook's Illustrated test recommendation. And I kid you not, my bread dough is always the same, every time I make it (it might bake a little differently, based on weather, but the bread dough is consistent). I'm so wed to this contraption, I've put off posting my new-and-improved pre-fermented sandwich bread recipe because I just don't want to figure out the measurements by volume (so do me a favor, and if you bake bread, ask for one of these for your next birthday, so I can then post the recipe w/o suffering a backlash of frustrated non-scale-owners).
No exaggeration: if you bake bread with any regularity, you need one of these.
- all the rest of your baking
Even when I'm not making yeast bread, I'd much rather use a recipe that uses weights rather than measures. For no other reason than the fact that I only dirty one bowl. No measuring cups to wash, no butter knife for scraping flour. I put my mixer bowl on the scale, and add my ingredients one-by-one, zeroing out the scale between additions. It's a thing of beauty. And my kids like to push the buttons.
- your ebay & etsy goods
Wanna skip the post office? Your kitchen scale will weigh, down to the ounce, the crap you sell on eBay — so you can buy your shipping label online and arrange for a carrier pick-up. Save your gas money, baby — the scale will pay for itself (make sure you get the 11-pound capacity for those bigger boxes).
So go, ye, and purchase! Spend $3 or $65 for one or all three — no matter your list, your kitchen life will improve. And just so you know, the links above are affiliate links — so if you use the link to purchase an item from Amazon, I will add your pennies to my virtual change jar, saving up for that Kindle (which according to my calculations I should be able to purchase in the summer of 2016). Of course you can also get them all at Target (perhaps not that version of the OXO scale) or your local kitchen store.
And if you're a mother, happy day on Sunday! Work it for all you can — unless of course you are my Mom, with a forgetful daughter, and then you can just be looking for videos of cute grandkids in your inbox.


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Destination weddings can often be difficult to plan. However, Anna and Adam made it look easy! They planned a gorgeous wedding in Charleston, South Carolina. Ava Moore Photography was there to capture beautiful shots of the couple's big day. Ava Moore is a Charleston fine art wedding photographer. She was able to photograph both the wedding and Anna's vision during her bridal session a few months before. Ava shared that Anna's bridal session made her so excited for the wedding she was counting down the days till the event!
The wedding was held at The Pavilion at Pepper Plantation right outside of Charleston. Adam and Anna live in Florida but their families live in South Carolina and Virginia, so Charleston was an easy pick for a central location! It was important to the couple to have an outdoor ceremony and Pepper Plantation has a beautiful waterfront ceremony location. In addition, the plantation's reception space is classic and does not require much decorating.
Adam and Anna's wedding was the definition of elegance. Anna wore an Essence of Australia gown from Gown Boutique of Charleston. We were drooling over all of Anna's other beautiful details from her invitation, shoes, veil and hair comb. Her bridesmaid's dresses were a beautiful wine shade, which was gorgeous with the blush roses in the bouquets. It was thrilling to see the handiwork of Tassia from Beautiful Brides along with the floral designs from the very talented Ann at The Purple Magnolia as they transformed the Pavilion into a dream reception space.
Anna chose wine, blush and navy for the wedding colors, as she loved the warm, fall look of those colors and how the florals coordinated with the color scheme. For style, Anna and Adam wanted something classic and vintage with little hints of the military. Anna is a Navy helicopter pilot and being in the military is a big part of the couple's life. A few of Anna's coworkers were there in their dress white uniforms to act as ushers and do the sword arch for the couple at the end of the ceremony.
The one aspect of the wedding day that was important to Anna was the flowers. The couple used flowers for the bulk of the décor, and to this day they still get compliments about them! Their vision for the flowers was soft colored greenery, while keeping with the wine and blush theme throughout the arrangements. The mantle arrangement was stunning and Anna's favorite! Ann at The Purple Magnolia also created a beautiful arrangement along the arch as the ceremony backdrop. Anna and Adam loved the elegant and timeless look of the floral arrangements.
Anna and Adam wanted to throw a fun, unforgettable party for their friends and family to help celebrate the marriage, so it was important to them that guests felt well hosted and and have fun at their wedding. Their favorite part of the day was the first look and reading vows to each other during the ceremony. The couple shares that the biggest advice they can give is to remember the reason for the day and to have fun on your first day of marriage!
Photography: Ava Moore Photography
Ceremony Venue: Pavilion at Pepper Place
Reception Venue: Pavilion at Pepper Place
Stationery: Betty Lu Paperie
Florals: The Purple Magnolia
Videography: Epic Charleston
Wedding Cake: ABCD Cakes
Accessories: The Family Joolz
Makeup: Vanity Salon
Hair: Vanity Salon
Wedding Dress: Essence of Australia
Groom's Attire: The Tie Bar
Bridesmaid Dresses: Bill Levkoff
Veil: Blanca Veils
Bridal Salon: Gown Boutique of Charleston


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Former Chicago lawyer Jacob Meister announces candidacy for 2010 IL Senate seat as Democrat
You probably don't know my name, but that's a good thing."— Jacob Meister
Another hat has been thrown into the ring in the bid for President Barack Obama's old Senate seat. Former lawyer Jacob Meister has announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate.
Meister, a Democrat, began working for various law firms in Chicago in 1990, before opening his own office in 2002. While attending college, Meister worked as a special-projects assistant on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. for Congressman Jim Moody of the 5th Congressional District of Wisconsin.
In a statement on his website, Meister says that never having held public office is an advantage, because he is not beholden to any special interests.
The seat is currently held by Senator Roland Burris, who was specially appointed by former governor Rod Blagojevich in 2008. Burris decided not to run for a full term in 2010.
Other Democratic candidates running for the seat include former Chicago Inspector General David Hoffman and State Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias.
You probably don't know my name, but that's a good thing.
Some known names have already begun to declare their candidacies for the U.S. Senate seat that will open up next year in Illinois.
Trouble is, while these candidates' names are known, so is their baggage. But because Illinois has become a laughingstock - known as much for its corrupt politics as it is for its glittering jewel on the lake and the abundant corn and soy of its heartland - the people of Illinois can ill afford to keep lugging that baggage around.
A Chicago attorney is running as a Democrat for President Barack Obama's old U.S. Senate seat.
Jacob Meister announced his candidacy Tuesday. Meister practiced law in Chicago for nearly 20 years, focusing on banking regulation, interstate commerce and telecommunications.
Meister says he's entering the race because it's time "to take back Illinois politics from career politicians."
The Democratic field for the Senate seat currently held by Democrat Roland Burris also includes first-term state Treasurer Alexi Giannoulias (jeh-NOO'-lee-ehs) and former Chicago Inspector General David Hoffman. Chicago Urban League President Cheryle Jackson says she also plans to run.
Burris says he isn't running for a full term.
More information
Meister for Senate


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910 Live's modern industrial style features polished concrete floors, brushed metal accents, rolling garage doors which open to the back patio for an indoor/outdoor stage, and a metallic granite topped bar adorned with classic rock decals and dancer poles. Located in an entertainment area, away from residential concerns, 910 Live provides a variety of amenities for guests and talent including 3 staging areas, indoor/outdoor VIP areas and indoor/outdoor bars. Valet parking and catering are available upon request. Performers may also enjoy the private green rooms with Wi-Fi internet access, a production office and flat screen televisions.
For more information or to reserve your space, call (480) 966-0707
or e-mail email@example.com.


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This week marks the one-year anniversary since UFC president Dana White announced that former champs Quinton "Rampage" Jackson and Rashad Evans would serve as opposing coaches on "The Ultimate Fighter 10."
The coaches were expected to fight in a season-ending bout in December, but Jackson pulled out of the fight and even announced a short-lived retirement from the organization.
Jackson (30-7 MMA, 5-1 UFC) is back with the UFC, and Evans (14-1-1 MMA, 9-1-1 UFC) now fights in him in Saturday's UFC 114 main event. And UFC president Dana White thinks the long-awaited bout will be worth the wait.
Saturday's pay-per-view event takes place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas and will settle one of the sport's most explosive feuds. The trash talk began even before the reality show but reached a peak level on "TUF" in 2009. Even a pre-event conference call with reporters this past week turned into an epic trash-talking fiasco filled with expletive-ridden threats, personal insults and bold predictions from both competitors.
Evans specifically has criticized Jackson for pulling out of their scheduled December matchup at UFC 107 – which took place in Jackson's hometown of Memphis, Tenn.
Given the extra time to let the feud boil, White thinks the delay may have been a blessing in disguise.
"You know it all did work out OK," White said. "And actually I just did an interview the other day talking about – listen; I'm in the fight business. This is what we do, and especially coming off that season of 'The Ultimate Fighter' – the way these two hated each other and the way the stuff went – it was a huge blow (losing) the fight (with it) being in Memphis and everything else.
"But then everything worked out."
Additionally, while some competitors have tried to manufacture feuds to build interest in their fights, White said there's no way to fake the disdain that Evans and Jackson have for each other.
Their legitimate beef – couple with the fact that each competitor is a top-10 light heavyweight and fighting for a guaranteed title shot – is what makes the fight so entertaining, he said.
"You know the reality is that these two really don't like each other," he said. "There's a lot of bad blood between these two, and they really want to fight each other.
"I think you know when you get two of the best in the world fighting each other, it's fun anyway. But when they don't like each other this much it makes it a lot more fun."
For the latest news on UFC 114, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of MMAjunkie.com.
(Pictured: Dana White)


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'Trumpet played for a King' sounds at auction
'Trumpet played for a King' sounds at auction
A Hawkes & Son Bach trumpet will sell alongside a 20k antique Hamming flute at Bonhams
An unusual Hawkes & Son Bach trumpet which was played at dances at Balmoral Castle will appear alongside other exciting lots at a Fine Musical Instrument auction on Wednesday March 10.
The trumpet was the property of the late leader of the Kincardine O'Neil Dance Band. Thebandregularly provided the dance and reel music for balls at Balmoral Castle in the 1940s and '50s during the reign of King George VI.
It is offered for auction with related documents including a receipt for its purchase, as well as Balmoral dance cards listing dances such as Strip the Willow, the Dashing White Sergeant, the Floatation Polka and the Eightsome Reel.
This Hawkes & Son Bach trumpet graced dances at Balmoral Castle
The unique trumpet carries an estimate of 800-1,200.
Another unusual lot is a golden flute by Hamming which offers a rare opportunity for musicians to demonstrate their Midas touch.
In excellent condition with hardly a blemish, it is a soloist's instrument of the finest quality or a trophy flute for the gifted, gilded amateur.
It is estimated at 15,000-20,000.Sir James Galway, also known as 'the Man with the Golden Flute', used just such an instrument.
The sale will take place at Bonhams New Bond Street, in London at 11am.
Image: Bonhams
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Alfalfa Tablets 500 units
Lowering cholesterol & blood sugar.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is also known as Lucerne. This herb is widely used in Ayurveda for treating various ailments. The Arabs gave the name Al-Fal-Fa, meaning "Father Of All Foods". It is one of the richest sources of the many minerals and vitamins necessary for great health; it grows up to 30 feet deep into the ground and stores many minerals that are not present at the surface but which are present in deeper layers of soil. It has several vitamins, such as vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as zinc, carotene, iron, calcium and potassium. It is also a good source of protein. These minerals and vitamins play a vital role in strengthening the body, particularly promoting the growth of bones, and it assists in the treatment of arthritis. Alfalfa is used for lowering cholesterol and blood sugar levels and it is said to be hormone balancing. It is useful in the treatment of kidney, bladder and prostrate disorders. It alkalizes and detoxifies the body, particularly the liver.
Contains: 300u.
Shelf Life: 24 months from date of manufacture.
Ingredients: Each tablet contains 500mg organic Alfalfa and 100mg binding agent (corn starch).
Origin information: Alfalfa is grown in India, sun dried and grinded in Auroville.
Free from Dairy.
Free from Wheat.
Free from Gluten.
Container of 500 tablets.
Recommended dose 1-5g daily.
Please note that we take every care to make sure the product information displayed on our website is correct.This may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.
|Country of Origin
|Products Availability
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|May, 2008
|Daily calendar
|December, 2002
|March, 2008
|Kelly et al.
|Bracelet fastening device for watches and jewels
|June, 2006
|Novel Clip System for Holding a Timekeeping Device
|September, 2008
|Analog watch fiber optic image guide
|November, 2006
|Sunset timer
|July, 2006
|Huizi et al.
|Novelty wall hanging
|July, 2006
|March, 2009
|Lyons et al.
|Balance for a clockwork movement
|August, 2005
|Programmable alarm clock with telephone sleep, individual wake up and computer interface
|August, 2004
The present invention relates to a clockwork movement comprising a frame defining a reference plane, a control lever mobile on the frame and designed to be moved, in response to a user's action, to act on a control member of the movement. This control member is rotatably mounted on the frame around an axis X which is perpendicular to the reference plane for controlling first and second mechanisms exhibiting at least one movement function. For this purpose, the control member comprises first, second and third parts mounted at first, second and third levels, respectively, in a direction of the axis X, for interacting with the control lever and controlling the mechanisms, these three parts being integral in rotation.
One preferred embodiment of the invention concerns a movement of this type wherein the movement control member is a column wheel, and the movement function controlled by the column wheel can be a chronograph function, for information.
Many clockwork movements with chronograph functions whereof the control member is a cam are known from the state of the art. Likewise, many movements with chronograph functions in which the control member is a column wheel are known.
Furthermore, the use of a control member of this type to activate or deactivate other functions other than a chronograph is also known from the prior art. For example, patent application EP 1 394 637, in the name of Frédéric Piguet SA, describes a clockwork movement provided with an alarm mechanism in which the operating state of the alarm is controlled by a traditional column wheel.
The construction and assembly of the column wheel described in this document are traditional and also correspond to those implemented for the cam systems. This column wheel comprises drive means implemented in the form of a ratchet, as well as control means implemented in the form of a ring wherein columns are cut. The column wheel is engaged, via its central hole, on a hollow post integral with the plate wherein a stepped screw is screwed. Thus, the column wheel is free to rotate in relation to the post while the head of the stepped screw ensures its axial maintenance.
The primary advantages of a column wheel reside in its ability to simultaneously and precisely control the movements of several mobile elements of the movement, while also demonstrating great structural simplicity.
However, when it controls the movement of certain mobile elements of the movement, the column wheel must rotate while generally overcoming the force of one or several springs acting on these mobile elements. Moreover, its angular positioning is typically ensured by a jumper, which has a significant stiffness, the force of which it must also overcome before being able to rotate by one pitch.
All of these constraints can, over time, be harmful for the precision of the positioning of the column wheel and its rotational movements, in particular when they are not distributed around the axis of rotation of the wheel in a well-balanced way. Furthermore, the implementation of assembly means of the column wheel is relatively complex and requires extreme meticulousness, in particular for positioning of the hole in the plate to house the post, the dimensioning of the post and that of the central hole of the column wheel.
Solutions have been proposed which meet the definition mentioned above, and in which the column wheel comprises an arbor having an axis X, bearing the first, second and third parts, the arbor being rotatably mounted in at least two bearings of the frame placed apart from each other.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,325,539, issued Jul. 27, 1943 in the name of Société Industrielle de Sonceboz SA, describes a chronograph movement comprising a control member including an arbor mounted on a frame of the movement and supporting three control cams integral in rotation. Each of the cams is arranged to control a specific mechanism associated with the chronograph function. However, the presented structure is relatively bulky and has little flexibility in the arrangement of the components of the movement.
Patent CH 6505, issued Apr. 12, 1893 in the name of P. Perret and P. Jeannot, describes a chronograph movement comprising a control member having three parts distributed on three different levels and rotatably mounted on the frame of the movement by a single bearing. This mechanism is less bulky than the preceding one, but hardly offers more flexibility in the arrangement of the different mechanisms controlled by the rotating member.
The primary objectives of the present invention are to improve the operating precision, the reliability, and the preservation, over time and with wear, of the movements of the prior art, while also offering the movement's designer great flexibility in the arrangement of the different mechanisms necessary for the operation of the movement.
To this end, the present invention relates to a clockwork movement of the type mentioned above, characterized by the fact that the second and third parts are arranged on both sides of at least one frame element.
Thanks to this characteristic, the various mechanisms controlled from the rotating control member can be distributed in the movement by the designer according to the designer's needs, in order to optimize the bulk of the movement without damaging its quality. In the continuation of this text, the term "bearing" must be interpreted in a functional sense, i.e. as being able to be implemented in any suitable form to present substantially cylindrical and flat bearing surfaces, respectively, able to provide radial and/or axial guiding of a rotatable element.
Thanks to the fact that the arbor whereon the control member pivots is mounted on two bearings, the stresses undergone by said shaft can be better distributed and its rotational precision becomes better. These characteristics contribute notably to the reduced wear of the control member over time.
Preferably, the two bearings are arranged on both sides of the assembly formed by the first, second and third parts, which makes it possible to better improve the stability of the arbor in relation to the frame of the movement. More precisely, this preferred embodiment makes it possible to eliminate the cantilever situation in which the first and second parts are found in certain configurations of the prior art. Moreover, the first and second parts, providing the functions of drive means and control means, respectively, are preferably integral with the arbor in rotation.
In one specific embodiment, the arbor of the rotating control member is provided with a square onto which a sleeve bearing the third part intended to control the second mechanism of the movement is engaged.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear more clearly upon reading the following detailed description, done in reference to the appended drawings presented as non-limiting examples and in which:
FIG. 1a shows a perspective view of a control member whereof the structure of the pivot means is similar to the structures known from the prior art;
FIG. 1b shows a transverse cross-section of the control member of FIG. 1a when it is placed on a frame of a clockwork movement;
FIG. 2 shows a partial cross-section of a control member of the same type as that of FIGS. 1a and 1b, according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a top view of a detail of the control member of FIG. 2 having the function of additional control means in a clockwork movement of the chronograph type; and
FIG. 4 shows a partial cross-section, similar to that of FIG. 2, of a control member according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 1a and 1b show a specific control member, namely a column wheel 1 having a structure of the type known in the prior art, in an elevation view and a cross-sectional view, respectively.
This column wheel has two parts, a ratchet 2 and a disc 3 bearing columns 4, made integral with each other through a conventional riveting or molding process, for example. One also finds column wheels made in a single piece, i.e. in the form of a toothed wheel provided with columns perpendicular to this wheel.
The ratchet 2 is made here in the form of a ring comprising a cylindrical central hole 5, and comprising a bush 6 on one of its surfaces. The ratchet also comprises a cylindrical recess 7 coaxial to the hole 5, arranged in the other surface of the ring and having a diameter larger than that of the hole. The disc 3 bearing the columns also has a central hole 8 through which it is engaged on the bush 6 of the ratchet 2.
The column wheel 1 is mounted on a cylindrical and hollow post 10, itself press-fitted or riveted in a frame element of a clockwork movement. In FIG. 1b we have shown the positioning of the post 10 on a chronograph bar 11 mounted integral with the plate 12 of the movement.
We have also distinguished a barrel part 13 housed in a recess 15 of the plate in this figure.
The post 10 has a radial banking 16 to ensure its axial positioning relative to the chronograph bar 11, and also defining a bearing surface for the bush 6 of the column wheel when it is put into place.
A large-head screw 17 is screwed into the post until its head 18 is arranged abutting against the free end of the latter. The head 18 of the screw 17 is then engaged inside the recess 7 of the ratchet 2 and ensures the axial maintenance thereof on the post such that the column wheel is free to rotate.
The end of a control hook 20 is shown between two teeth of the ratchet 2. Conventionally, the control hook is borne by a mobile control lever (not shown) whereof the movements are caused by actuation of an outside control member, generally a push button, of a watch case in which the movement is mounted. Thus, each pressure exerted on this outside control member drives the rotation of the column wheel by one half-pitch. The angular positioning of the column wheel is typically guaranteed through the use of a jumper (not shown). Of course, any other suitable control member can be used alternatively, without going outside the framework of the present invention.
The columns 4 are driven in rotation simultaneously with the rotational movement of the ratchet 2 and acting on the end 21 of a yoke, such as a coupling yoke for example, kept in contact with the column wheel through the action of a spring (not shown). When the column wheel rotates, in response to repeated actuations on the outside control member, the end 21 of the yoke is alternatively found between two columns 4 and on one specific column, which has the effect of causing it to oscillate around its pivot axis in order to act on a mechanism of the movement. For information, the movements of a conventional coupling yoke enable successive couplings and uncouplings of a wheel driving a chronograph with a chronograph train.
The chronograph movement commonly comprises at least one return-to-zero hammer also laid out so as to have a part arranged bearing against the column wheel under the effect of a hammer spring. Likewise, as already mentioned above, the angular positioning of the column wheel relative to the plate is ensured by a column wheel jumper exerting pressure simultaneously on two successive teeth of the ratchet.
The combined action of the springs and the control hook can be damaging to the precision of the positioning and the rotational movements of the column wheel, in particular with use. More precisely, the fact that only a small portion of the post 10 is integral with the frame while its biggest portion, arranged in cantilever, must ensure the positioning of the column wheel, harms the stability of the entire mechanism over time.
The present invention aims to resolve these drawbacks by proposing in particular a control member whereof the positioning is more precise and the rotational movements of which are better balanced, because it is borne by an arbor mounted on two pivots arranged apart from each other in the frame of the movement.
FIG. 2 shows a partial cross-sectional view, similar to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1b, of a column wheel according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
In general, the column wheel is located on the bar side of the plate of the movement. Insofar as the column wheel according to the present invention comprises an arbor extending on both sides of the plate, the end of the arbor located on the dial side of the plate can be provided with additional control means.
To this end, the column wheel 40 has three parts serving respective functions relative to other mobile elements of the movement. The first part, i.e. the ratchet 35, enables rotational driving of the wheel in response to an action by a user. The second part, a control part, i.e. the columns 4, makes it possible to retransmit the rotational movement from the column wheel 40 to a mechanism of the movement associated with a specific function, such as a chronograph mechanism, for example. The column wheel 40 has a third part, a control part, making it possible to retransmit the rotational movement from the column wheel to an additional mechanism.
To bear the third part, the arbor 41 of the column wheel 40 has a square 42 on its primary portion, The third part comprises an elongated and hollow sleeve 43 whereof the central hole 44 has a shape adapted to keep the sleeve in rotation with the square of the column wheel. The sleeve bears a star 45 (more visible in FIG. 4), preferably made in a single piece with the sleeve and arranged on the side of the end of the arbor 41.
This arbor 41 also comprises a central region 46 and two end portions 47 and 48 rotatably mounted in bearings integral with the frame, shown here in the form of stones of the conventional type.
A first bearing 49 is housed in the column wheel bar 34 while a second bearing 50 is housed in the chronograph bar 11, and a third bearing 51 is housed in an additional bar 52, integral with the plate 12 from its dial side.
The column wheel 40, as such, is arranged between the first and second bearings 49, 50, while the sleeve 43 is arranged between the second and third bearings 50, 51.
Thanks to this structure, in particular due to the distance separating the two bearings 49, 51 from each other, the positioning of the arbor and therefore the positioning of the column wheel have great precision. Moreover, the stability of the column wheel is guaranteed, as is its preservation over time.
In the illustrated embodiment, it is important to note that the abovementioned advantages are optimized by an arrangement of the two bearings on either side of the assembly formed by the ratchet and the columns. An arrangement of this type, without being limiting, indeed makes it possible to guarantee better absorption of the stresses applied both on the ratchet and on the columns through the elimination of the cantilever configuration of the latter elements, as explained above.
It appears from FIG. 2 that the first bearing 49 interacts with the first end portion 47 to provide both radial and axial maintenance of the arbor 41 and, as a result, of the column wheel 40. The second bearing 50 acts on the column wheel 40 to provide its maintenance in the axial direction, in particular to limit the amplitude of its movements in this direction. The third bearing 51 cooperates with the second end portion 48 to provide radial maintenance of the arbor 41, this function being accentuated by the relatively significant distance separating the third bearing 51 from the first bearing 49.
One may also note that the sleeve 43 is positioned in the axial direction, on one hand, via the central region 46 of the arbor 41 defining a first banking for the sleeve and, on the other hand, via the third bearing 51 against which it rests in the illustrated configuration.
Preferably, but not exhaustively, the arbor 41 forms a single piece with the ratchet 35 of the column wheel, while the disc 3 bearing the columns 4 is press-fitted or riveted to the ratchet 35, similarly to what was described in relation with FIGS. 1a and 1b.
It is shown by the preceding description that the sleeve 43 and, with it, the star 45 are driven in rotation simultaneously with the arbor 41 and, with it, the column wheel 40. These rotational movements, controlled by the user's actions, can advantageously be taken advantage of to control an additional mechanism of the movement.
FIG. 3 shows an example of one such mechanism, in a preferred embodiment of the movement according to the present invention. This figure shows a simplified elevation view of certain component elements of an hour counter mechanism, located on the dial side, in a movement having a chronograph function.
The star 45 is shown with eight branches 53, i.e. as many branches as columns 4 showing through (dotted lines) in FIG. 3, the position of the branches being indexed on that of the columns.
An intermediate wheel 54, typically driven from the barrel, drives the wheel 56 of an hour counter bearing a hand indicating timed hours (not visible). The hour counter bears a conventional return-to-zero heart-piece 57 designed to be driven in rotation by a return-to-zero hammer 58 of the hour counter, in response to a user's action on an outside return-to-zero member.
The return-to-zero hammer 58 is shown in its rest position, in solid lines, when it is separated from the heart piece 57, and in its lowered position in mixed lines, in which it bears against the heart-piece 57, the latter thus being in its position ensuring that the hand indicating timed hours is kept at zero.
A brake-lever 59, pivotably mounted on the plate through a post 60, makes it possible to maintain the position of the hour counter when the hammer 58 is in its rest position and a time measurement is not in progress. Conventional friction is provided to allow the immobilization of the wheel 56 of the hour counter in relation to the intermediate wheels, during stops of the chronograph function or during return-to-zero operations.
The hammer 58 bears a pin 61 arranged to cooperate with the brake-lever during return-to-zero operations. When the hammer is actuated and if it moves in the direction of the heart-piece 57, the pin 61 exerts pressure on the brake-lever, in a known manner, to cause it to pivot so as to release the wheel 56 of the hour counter and allow the return to zero. The brake-lever is shown in mixed lines in FIG. 3 when the hammer 58 is lowered against the heart-piece 57.
Moreover, the brake-lever 59 comprises a beak 62 located in the region of the star 45 to cooperate with its branches 53, during rotational movements of the column wheel 40.
The hour counter mechanism is shown in its stopped position in FIG. 3, the brake-lever 59 bearing against the wheel 56. When the user actuates an outside control member to engage the start of the chronograph function, the column wheel 40 is driven in rotation by one half-pitch, the columns 4 acting on the yoke 21 to activate a chronograph mechanism. In the same time, the star 45 performs a rotation of one half-pitch and the beak 62 of the brake-lever is pushed back by an arm 53, to be separated from the wheel 56 of the hour counter. Said wheel 56 can then be driven to indicate the hours measured. When the user actuates the outside control member again, the column wheel 40 completes a new rotation of one half-pitch and the beak 62 is then found across from a space between two arms 53. As a result, the brake-lever 59 is pushed back in the direction of the wheel 56 of the hour counter by a conventional spring (not shown) to stop its rotation.
At this stage, the time measurement may be restarted by a new action of the user on the outside control member, then stopped in the same way, an indefinite number of times. When the chronograph function is interrupted, a return to zero may be done, as previously described.
In the control member shown in FIG. 4, the column wheel bar 34 is provided with a press-fitted cylindrical rod 63, engaged in a hole 64 of the bar 52, without play, such that it is kept at its two ends. The diameter of the rod 63 is slightly larger than these two ends 63a and 63b. The column wheel 40 is pierced in its center and over its entire length, with a cylindrical hole 65 serving as a housing for the rod 63. The column wheel 40 is thus radially positioned by the ends 63a and 63b of the rod 63. Axial positioning is ensured, from the bar side 34 by a shoulder 63c comprised by the rod 63, and from the other side by the bar 52. The column wheel 40 can therefore rotate freely on the rod 63, with perfectly controlled axial and lateral plays. Thus, the rod 63 and the bar 52 form, together, two bearings ensuring the pivoting of the column wheel 40.
It clearly appears that the structure of the movement according to the present invention has an increased simplicity relative to the movements of this type known from the prior art. In particular, the chronograph movements of the state of the art in which an hour counter is provided, the mechanism of this hour counter being arranged from the dial side of the plate, require that one provide for a greater number of elements to ensure the control of this mechanism.
Moreover, as already mentioned, due to the fact that the maintenance of the column wheel 40 is, here, ensured by a plurality of bearings, radial maintenance in particular being guaranteed by two bearings separated from each other, the activation of the mechanisms in response to a user's action is done with great reliability.
The preceding description corresponds to preferred embodiments described non-exhaustively, in particular with regard to the forms shown and described for the ratchet or the columns. One can in particular provide that the ratchet is made up of a piece attached on the arbor of the column wheel, means being implemented to make these two elements integral with each other in rotation. With regard to the sleeve, one can imagine any other suitable form for controlling a mechanism. Alternatively to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, one can omit the intermediate bearing 50 and/or the columns 4, the corresponding control member in this case only comprising the star 45 to control a single movement mechanism, without going outside the framework of the present invention.
One can provide, as an alternative to the design with a sleeve, that the plate comprises a lateral opening to allow the insertion of the control member in its site.
It is, of course, also possible to apply the principles described to a control member of the cam type, also called a shuttle.
Moreover, the function of the movement can be something other than the chronograph function. In reference to the above-mentioned application EP 1 394 637 of the prior art, one can implement the present invention in a clockwork movement comprising an alarm function. In this case, the column wheel can be used as described in the abovementioned application while the third part of the column wheel according to the present invention, located on the dial side of the plate, is taken advantage of to control a mechanism indicating the operating state of the alarm, through a yoke system, for example.


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Stadtman Tenure Track Investigator
Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit
Building 30 Room 326
30 Convent Dr. MSC 4340
Bethesda, MD 20892-4340
United States
Mammalian development relies on the precise execution of highly coordinated cell-fate decisions by stem cells, which can undergo self-renewal, reversibly exit into a quiescent state, or terminally commit to a cell differentiation program. To orchestrate these decisions, stem cells make frequent use of ubiquitylation, an essential post-translational modification that alters the stability, activity, localization, or interaction landscape of target proteins. The Werner lab combines proteomic and biochemical approaches with human embryonic stem cell culture to determine the molecular mechanism of how ubiquitylation controls these cell-fate choices—in particular, those involved in neural crest specification and whose mis-regulation leads to the craniofacial development disease Treacher Collins Syndrome. Results from these studies will provide molecular insights into important aspects of human development and into the origin of developmental diseases, which will be useful for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Dr. Achim Werner received his PhD from the International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology in Göttingen, Germany. As a California Institute of Regenerative Medicine fellow, Dr. Werner then performed his postdoctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied the role for ubiquitylation enzymes in human embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. By combining mass spectrometry-based approaches with stem cell differentiation assays, biochemical techniques, and ribosome profiling, Dr. Werner's work has elucidated a novel pathway that regulates the function of newly synthesized ribosomes to allow stem cells to adopt a neural crest cell fate during differentiation. On the basis of these findings, Dr. Werner was awarded an NIH/NIDCR K99 Pathway to Independence Award in 2015. In 2017, Dr. Werner launched his independent research program at the NIDCR as Chief of the Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit.
- Ubiquitin-Dependent Regulation of Stem Cell Biology. Werner A, Manford AG, Rape M. Trends Cell Biol. 2017 May 18. pii: S0962-8924(17)30060-0. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.002. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28528988.
- McGourty CA, Akopian D, Walsh C, Gorur A, Werner A, Schekman R, Bautista D, Rape M. Cell. 2016 Oct Regulation of the CUL3 Ubiquitin Ligase by a Calcium-Dependent Co-adaptor. 6;167(2):525-538.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.026. PMID: 27716508.
- Cell-fate determination by ubiquitin-dependent regulation of translation.Werner A, Iwasaki S, McGourty CA, Medina-Ruiz S, Teerikorpi N, Fedrigo I, Ingolia NT, Rape M. Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):523-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14978. PMID: 26399832.
- The Colossus of ubiquitylation: decrypting a cellular code. Williamson A, Werner A, Rape M.Mol Cell. 2013 Feb 21;49(4):591-600. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.028. PMID: 23438855.
- SCFFbxw5 mediates transient degradation of actin remodeller Eps8 to allow proper mitotic progression.Werner A, Disanza A, Reifenberger N, Habeck G, Becker J, Calabrese M, Urlaub H, Lorenz H, Schulman B, Scita G, Melchior F. Nat Cell Biol. 2013 Feb;15(2):179-88. doi: 10.1038/ncb2661. Epub 2013 Jan 13. PMID: 23314863.


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This year we celebrate the 35th anniversary of the Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (JSBE) which was launched in the summer of 1983 as a quarterly journal. Originally named Journal of Small Business – Canada, the journal's initial objective was to stimulate interest in research and publication in the area of small business and entrepreneurship development in Canada. Under the leadership of Editor-in-Chief Raymond W. Y. Kao and 5 editorial board members, the Journal published "research works, research-related works, research-based works, works of a conceptual nature but based on well-founded and developed arguments, works of practical educational value, and works of practical value that are able to provide direct benefit to small business operators or consultants." (Kao, 1983, p. 44).
The journal quickly gained traction and was renamed to Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 1985 to reflect the true nature of its coverage. By that time, JSBE had had subscribers worldwide "Canadians from coast to coast, and individuals and institutions from as far away as New Zealand, Finland and Australia" (Kao, 1985, p. 3) and published papers aimed at fostering entrepreneurship and developing small businesses that extended beyond Canadian borders. This was the year when the journal began accepting papers in either English or French with an abstract in both languages and committed to broadening its international scope. Fourteen years later, JSBE became self‑reliant and was no longer dependent on financial support from the Bank of Montreal, the Royal Bank of Canada, and the Business Development Bank of Canada (Kao, 1997). In November 2002, JSBE was acquired by the Canadian Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship – CCSBE/CCPME – which was formed in 1979 as the first affiliate of the International Council for Small Business whose members include academics, educators, representatives of small business support organizations, researchers, government officials, students of entrepreneurship, and policy makers. This development significantly increased JSBE outreach.
In 2004, Robert B. Anderson succeeded Raymond Kao. As a new Editor-in-Chief, he received a small grant from Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council called Aid to Research and Transfer Journals that helped defray costs associated with the preparation and publication of the journal from 2004 to 2007. In the 5 years under his management, JSBE maintained a steady publication schedule of 4 issues per year and gained a strong international reputation. In line with scholarly interests of the period, JSBE publications covered a wider range of topics, from entrepreneurs' attributes to firm growth but the majority were from studies of Canadian firms.
In 2010, JSBE welcomed its 3rd Editor-in-Chief, Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda, who co-edited the first two issues with Robert B. Anderson and took complete control of the journal from June 2010 until May 2015. Under his leadership, JSBE underwent major transformation. JSBE had now positioned itself as a research journal that "pushes the boundaries of current entrepreneurial and small business management thought – theoretical pieces, qualitative and quantitative empirical work, and/or case studies" (Nkongolo-Bakenda, 2012p. IV). As such, it stopped accepting manuscripts oriented solely towards practitioners. Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda and JSBE's owner – CCSBE/CCPME – succeeded in preparing the important groundwork to propel JSBE internationally in terms of both subject coverage, authorship, and circulation. After 30 years being copy-edited and distributed by university publishers (by Centre of Entrepreneurship at Centennial College from June 1983 to October 2002 and by Canadian Plains Research Centre at University of Regina from November 2002 to December 2012), JSBE began working with a major international publisher based in the United Kingdom, namely Taylor & Francis who is in charge of publishing, distributing, and administering subscriptions for JSBE from January 2013 onwards. This allowed JSBE to increase its capacity to publish 6 issues per year both on line and in print.
In May 2015, I had the great honor to join JSBE as its 4th Editor-in-Chief. Together with 10 associate editors, 65 editorial board members, and over 500 ad hoc reviewers from reputable institutions around the world, we have scored a number of achievements over the last two and a half years. First, our submission rate doubled every year while review time was cut down by almost a half. Most of accepted manuscripts to date went through 2 rounds of evaluation by 2-3 referees and got published within a year from the initial submission date. Second, our editors have strived to coach authors to improve manuscripts regardless of editorial decision and therefore have significantly improved the research rigor as well as the writing of manuscripts published at JSBE. Nevertheless, in some extreme cases, a manuscript may be evaluated by up to 6 reviewers due to the controversy it provoked and thus the review period may be longer than usual. Third, JSBE readership has increased steadily year after year (reaching 15,770 full text downloads from around the world in 2017, let alone the number of abstract views). Furthermore, JSBE has become truly international with submissions from 58 countries in the last two years. Its quality has been recognized internationally and thus included in a number of ranking indexes such as The ABS Academic Journal Guide (Association of Business Schools, the UK), FNEGE (Foundation Nationale pour l'Enseignement de la Gestion des Entreprises, France), VHB-JOURQUAL 3 (Verband der Hochschullehrer fur Betriebswirtschaft, Germany), ABDC Master Journal List (Australian Business Deans Council, Australia), Excellence in Research for Australia (Australia Research Council, Australia). We are positive that JSBE will soon be included in more important indexes.
Our goal is to be a relevant source for contemporary thought concerning entrepreneurship, venture start-ups, and small business management anywhere in the world. As such, we are rolling out several strategies to make JSBE a platform for stimulating discussions and grow JSBE's authorship and readership via dedicated researchers' networks and search engine optimization. Authors of accepted manuscripts have the option to make their papers available through open access and publish their full papers in both English and French (rather than just the bilingual abstracts). Besides the discussions led by our editors in their areas of expertise (below), we invite guest editors to manage special issues on emerging topics. We also organize research workshops and caucuses at major conferences in entrepreneurship and small business management as well as universities to provide support to authors who wish to submit their work to JSBE.
If you are interested in joining our efforts to advance research in small business and entrepreneurship in the capacity of guest editors, editorial board members, or research workshop organizers, please do not hesitate to contact us. We also welcome your suggestions on how to improve JSBE performance (in terms of scientific research quality, authorship, and readership) and appreciate your contributions.
On behalf of the journal, I thank all authors and reviewers for their hard work, dedication and commitment to advance our science and CCSBE/CCPME and Taylor & Francis whose work in silence has been an important determinant of our smooth operation. Last but not least, we are grateful for readers who have used and diffused research results published at JSBE and given us strong support over the years.
Current editors' expertise
- Mai Thai, HEC Montréal, Canada (email@example.com): New venture creation, social business, and new trends in entrepreneurship
- Ikpe (Justice) Akpan, Kent State University, USA (email@example.com): Information systems, general computing, operations/operational research and decision sciences
- Marco Cucculelli, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy (firstname.lastname@example.com): Family business, SME performance, and entrepreneurs' attributes and behaviors
- Vishal K. Gupta, Binghamton University, USA (email@example.com): Entrepreneurial orientation and performance, institutional environment, and gender issues
- Kalinga Jagoda, Mount Royal University, Canada (firstname.lastname@example.com): Innovation, technology transfer, financial and accounting issues
- Oliver Mallett, Durham University Business School, UK (firstname.lastname@example.com): Entrepreneurship education, mentoring, and human resources
- Nguyen Pham, Ernst & Young LLP, Canada (email@example.com): Operation research, business modelling, and decision analytics
- Syed Abidur Rahman, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia (firstname.lastname@example.com): Sustainable development, entrepreneurship at the bottom of the pyramid, and developing countries
- Amon Simba, Nottingham University Business School, UK (firstname.lastname@example.com): Microentrepreneurship, economic development in low-income countries, and small businesses
- Etienne St-Jean, Université du Québec a Trois-Rivieres, Canada (email@example.com): Entrepreneurial career, gender issues, mentoring, and SME management
- Ekaterina Turkina, HEC Montréal, Canada (email@example.com): Network, social capital, creativity, and transition economies
Kao, R. W. Y. 1983. Communique. Journal of Small Business – Canada, 1(1): 43-52.
Kao, R. W. Y. 1985. Editorial: Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, An International Perspective. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 3(1): 3-4.
Kao, R. W. Y. 1997. ON YOUR OWN. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 14(1): 2-3.
Nkongolo-Bakenda, J.-M. P. 2012. Announcement about the JSBE publishing arrangement for 2013 and beyond. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 25(3): 2-IV,V.


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Enjoy the white sands, blue waters and relaxed Caribbean atmosphere of Belize while making a valuable contribution to the protection of this rare and elusive species and their under threat habitats.
Prices from US$445
Nestled in Central America on the Caribbean coast between Mexico and Guatemala, Belize lies at the centre of the Mesoamerican "biodiversity hotspot". Pristine subtropical forests provide a refuge for wildlife and conceal ancient Mayan ruins, whilst the warm clear waters of the Caribbean lap sandy Cayes offering access to the world's second longest barrier reef and a UNESCO World Heritage Site; renowned for its spectacular snorkelling and diving.
Infused throughout is the country's culture influenced by Belize's Afro-Caribbean roots, creating a fabulous laid-back atmosphere.
'No shoes, no shirt, no worries' is the infamous motto for the Cayes off the east coast of Belize. Throughout your volunteer experience you will have the opportunity to discover famous barrier reefs and marvel at an extraordinary array of colourful reef fish, sharks, rays, sea urchins, anemones, octopus, sea turtles and manatees, who feed on deep green sea grass beds, the worlds underwater grasslands. In your free time, you can also explore this exquisite, undisturbed underwater world as you learn to dive off the Cayes of Belize or dive the world renowned Blue Hole.
Your primary focus on this project will be surveying the population, behaviour and habitat of the West-Indian manatee. Manatees in Belize are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN red list and their numbers are declining rapidly. This species is at risk from habitat disturbance and degradation, pollution, climate change and increasing tourism. Whilst recording manatee sightings and behaviours, in relation to human disturbance and various environmental factors, you will explore, map and monitor vast seagrass beds for the benefit of the manatees and other species that rely on these habitats. You will also have the opportunity to survey and monitor coral reef habitats, populations of reef fish, commercially and ecologically important invertebrate species, and may even get the chance to monitor local shark populations.
Your days will be eventful; the work will be challenging, rewarding and fun. You will have the opportunity to make a valuable contribution to the conservation of this rare and elusive species, whose numbers are rapidly declining. Results from this study will be used to apply further protections to the manatee and the seagrass meadows that they rely on, and encourage restoration work within the seagrass meadows, without which, they will continue to decline. This work will also allow for awareness programmes to be created with local stakeholders and businesses, further protecting these vital populations.
Please note: the peak manatee season begins at the end of May and ends in October; sightings outside of this period are expected to be less frequent, but the vital work on the sea grass habitats continues year round
A variety of qualifications are available on many of our projects. For example, BTEC certificates and diplomas on our Group conservation projects and TEFL certificates and BTECs on most of our teaching projects. You may also be able to gain a CoPE to support your university application. For more information on these qualifications, please see the qualifications section of our website or ask your volunteer advisor.
Although Belize is distinguished from its neighbours in being the only country in the region with a British colonial heritage, it also has strong ties to Latin America, as well as to the Caribbean. With one foot firmly planted in lush interior forests and another foot in the laidback and colourful Caribbean Sea, Belize's animal and plant life are the stars of the country, thanks to conservation efforts from national and international bodies.
The Belizean government is now working with national management partners and international conservation and aid agencies to protect the county's invaluable biodiversity. As a partner, Frontier work alongside the Belizean Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries and Sustainable Development, with long term aims to protect and conserve key marine and terrestrial hotspots. This is achieved through local conservation awareness, scientific monitoring & research, community support programs and implementation of protected areas co-management plans, and Frontier volunteers are an integral part of this effort.
To aid decision making and implement protected area co-management plans that are designed to protect the countries important marine life, Frontier partners in Belize require baseline data on marine habitats and associated species, and long-term monitoring programmes to meet both national and international protocols. In order to protect specific species it is necessary to determine current population levels and monitor changes in that population, along with determining the driving forces behind potential changes.
The West Indian manatee is reliant on marine seagrass habitats along the coast of Belize, however, key areas of this habitat are currently outside of designated marine protected areas. It is hoped that with data collected on the population and behaviour of this species and the health of its habitat, that we can extend protections to safeguard this species and many more who share its underwater world, whilst raising awareness within the local community of their ecology and conservation.
Through snorkel surveys you will assess the abundance and behaviour of the local manatee population whilst you explore, map and monitor vast seagrass beds. You will also have the opportunity to survey and monitor coral reef habitats, populations of reef fish, commercially and ecologically important invertebrate species, and may even get the chance to monitor local shark populations. Frontier uses standardised marine survey methodology, as well as incorporating vital local knowledge. Your results will be used to apply further protections to the manatee and the seagrass meadows that they rely on, and encourage restoration work within the seagrass meadows, without which, they will continue to decline.
Other activities include surveying mangroves, a vital buffer against storm surges caused by cyclones and an important part of the coastal ecosystem, opportunistic sightings of cetaceans, sharks and rays, beach clean ups, forest restoration work and monthly surveys of conch and lobster.
Working alongside the Belizean people will give you an insight into their colourful and laidback culture. Community work may include environmental education in local schools to explain Frontier's work, and interviewing local communities on their awareness and knowledge of the local marine reserves, particularly with regards to boundaries, zones and rules and the levels of involvement of local stakeholders in decision-making.
Soak up the chilled out, Caribbean atmosphere of Belize whilst taking part in a long term and sustainable marine research and conservation programme. The Frontier Belize programme is run in association with the Belize Fisheries Department. This research and conservation project aims to provide the local communities, stakeholders and government bodies with the baseline biodiversity data they need to increase and implement management plans for the future protection of this pristine marine ecosystem. As many manatee feeding and breeding sites currently lie outside of marine protected areas, Frontier's data collection on the manatee and it's habitat will enable stakeholders and government bodies to make scientifically sound decisions on the conservation of this species and will help raise awareness among the local community on manatee ecology and conservation.
To gather the data needed you will undertake snorkel surveys using underwater line and belt transects, active searches and behavioural methodologies. Your activities will involve locating, mapping and monitoring the health of the extensive sea grass beds. You will survey population abundance and behaviour of the local manatees and will also get the opportunity to study reef fish and invertebrates, and may even get the chance to survey the local shark, ray and turtle populations.
Whilst snorkelling in this Caribbean underwater world, you'll also see an extraordinary array of animals, from colourful reef fish species to nudibranchs, sea cucumbers to cushion stars and spiny urchins to octopuses. By the end of your project you will be knowledgeable on manatee ecology and conservation, capable of identifying a wide range of colourful and patterned reef organisms and have developed your conservation skillset considerably. Although the work is intense and challenging, you'll get immense satisfaction from having made a valuable contribution to the conservation of this marine environment.
Volunteers who join the project for less than 4 weeks may not be able to participate in the full range of project activities and surveys, but will still be able to make a valuable contribution to the work. You will return home with an increased knowledge and awareness of marine ecosystems and their inhabitants, vast numbers of photos, lots of new friends, a wealth of fascinating stories and extraordinary memories, alongside knowing that your work has contributed to the conservation of the West Indian manatee and 1000's more species that call this marine environment their home.
You'll find your team to be a fun, dynamic mix of ages and experiences, with members who all share a passion for travelling in developing countries and conserving nature. The project staff will be a friendly and welcoming group who are highly experienced in their research field and many of whom will have been Frontier volunteers at an earlier stage in their career.
Sample Itinerary*
7:00 a.m. – Breakfast at the volunteer house, prepared by the volunteers!
8:30 a.m. – Volunteers leave camp by boat to either carry out snorkel surveys of manatees and sea grass habitats or undertake skills training (survey and ID techniques). Some training activities will take place on camp.
12:30 p.m. – Volunteers break for a packed lunch (lunch prepared by volunteers when at the project camp)
2:00 p.m. - Volunteer work at the project camp for the afternoon; beach clean-ups, camp duties and maintenance, skillset training and development, surveying sites close to camp and many other activities depending on the project focus at the time.
5:00 p.m. – The working day comes to an end. Volunteers are free to catch up on anything, plan for the next day's work and socialise.
6:00 p.m. – Dinner at the Volunteer house prepared by volunteers!
7:00 p.m. - Socialising… party on a Saturday!
*This itinerary should only be considered as an example of the kind of activities and timescales to expect. Actual itineraries may vary depending on the season and the requirements of the project.
Volunteers arriving before 2pm (local time) on the first Monday of the month will be welcomed by a Frontier representative at Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport. From here it's a short minibus or taxi ride from the airport to Belize City where you will then transfer to the project site via water taxi and be introduced to the Frontier-Belize programme.
You will meet the staff, receive some initial briefings, including an introduction to the science programme and techniques used, as well as health and safety lectures, so make sure your medical kit is complete and start reading your safety and medical briefs.
At the end of your stay we will transfer those of you who are on the monthly program back to Belize City from the camp in time for you to head back home or continue on your independent travels. If you are joining for less than 4 weeks you will make your own arrangements to return to Belize City at the end of your stay, from where you can continue your own independent travel or return home.
Independent travellers arriving on dates other than the first Monday of the month can arrange a separate airport collection (extra cost; US$204GBP) by contacting your volunteer coordinator.
During the project you'll live in the beach camp alongside other Frontier volunteers and staff. We aim to provide you with a unique and memorable living experience. The Frontier camp was constructed by Frontier volunteers working with local craftsmen, using traditional building techniques and locally sourced environment-friendly, building materials and tents. The camp which is situated in a clearing on the beach has been designed to blend harmoniously with the surrounding landscape. Camp life is very simple, unsophisticated and fun.
You will be staying in tents or locally built huts, your "shower" will be a jug or a bucket of water and you cook over an open campfire: so prepare for the basic, virtually footprint less, unencumbered lifestyle! On occasions you may have to journey further to reach a remote survey site, then you will stay in a "satellite camp"; basically a mosquito net pitched on a distant beach.
Food on camp is simple and nutritious and consists largely of locally sourced fresh vegetables and fruit, rice, beans and noodles, all of which are purchased from nearby communities thereby helping to support the local economy. Luxuries such as chocolate, peanut butter and drinking chocolate are available in Belize City, so make sure you stock up before heading to your field camp or at nearby stalls accessible only by boat on weekends.
Part of your role on camp will be to help with the cooking. Creating spectacular meals over an open campfire or baking bread in the campfire oven will become second nature: so get your cookbooks out now and start thinking up recipes! Also, with luck you'll be invited to local feasts and festivals – a great way to engage with local communities and discover local cuisines and cultures.
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The Frontier-Belize camp is fun and in your spare time you'll have opportunities to swim and snorkel, play football against the unbeatable local side or try out beach volleyball. Alternatively you may enjoy a traditional Saturday night themed camp party, play backgammon, poker or chess, or join in a camp quiz night. After a long hard day of snorkelling you may prefer to relax with a drink and sway in the camp hammock, or sit around the campfire and chat to your new friends.
You will have weekends to enjoy the local culture, excursions, hostels and restaurants on Caye Caulker or the wider area of Belize. Local tour operators offer the chance to dive at the famous Blue Hole, learn to kite surf, windsurf and sail or relax on locally built boats on sunset tours. These can be organised in country via the Frontier-Belize staff. Alternatively you can travel back to the mainland to visit the renowned Belize Zoo, famous Xunantunich Mayan ruins or lush tropical forests.
*Medical certificate is mandatory for participation in dive courses
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20 weeks
Extra Week
Christmas Week
First and third Monday of every month.
Alternative dates available on request, at an extra cost.
You can join this project for a minimum of 1 week
This project is available for the special price of US$425 per week over the Christmas period. Placements starting on the 21st or 28th of December 2020 are eligible for this price, subject to availability. Please apply using the orange button below and then tell your volunteer advisor that you wish to take part over Christmas.
For detailed information on flights, visas and insurance, click here.
Please read our legal statement regarding the running of NGO projects.
To apply for this placement, click on "Apply Now" below. Fill in the short application form and one of our advisers will then call you back to answer any questions and make sure this is the perfect placement for you. Applying doesn't cost a penny and you won't pay anything until you're completely happy and you're ready to reserve your place.


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Following a deadly E. coli outbreak in July 2011 that was the result of a deer incursion in an Oregon strawberry field, growers in the state decided to take preventive measures in preparation for the 2012 season.
"We got together with the other berry commissions in the state and the California Strawberry Commission," said Matt Unger, chairman of the Corvallis-based Oregon Strawberry Commission.
Unger, a berry grower himself and owner of Unger Farms Inc., Cornelius, Ore., said all of Oregon"s berry commissions agreed that the California commission"s efforts in the safe harvest and handling of strawberries would meet their needs.
"They"ve been working on this for several years," Unger said. "We thought we should give our growers the same information to help them take steps toward adopting (good agricultural practices) if they didn"t already have them in place."
Carolyn O"Donnell, communications director for the California Strawberry Commission, said the food safety program for strawberries in the state has been in place for four years. It includes materials in English and Spanish, as well as "language-neutral" illustrations and flip charts that are used in the fields.
"Our food safety committee did an assessment in 2008-09 from seed to distribution," O"Donnell said. "We took a lot from the Leafy Greens Marketing Agreement and added our own material. … Bill Keene (senior epidemiologist from the Oregon Department of Health) participated on the committee, too."
O"Donnell said "there"s no sense in them reinventing the wheel" when the commission has the materials already.
No one agrees more with that statement than Unger. He pointed out that Oregon only ships about 1% of the fresh strawberries that California does.
He said the state"s other berry commissions, representing blueberry, raspberry and blackberry growers, all agreed it made sense to ask California to help them educate their growers.
Officials at the Oregon Department of Agriculture also agreed.
Laura Barton, the department"s trade development manager, wrote a grant application and secured money from the Specialty Crops Block Grant program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture to pay for licensing fees and printing costs to duplicate the California commission"s materials.
"The department is lending one of our food safety staff members to the commissions to help with the on-farm training," Barton said. "The berry commissions are paying for the other costs of the training."
Barton said four free training sessions are planned for late April and early May. Two are scheduled on farms in Cornelius and Jefferson, Ore., and another is scheduled at the North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora. The fourth training session will be in the Eugene, Ore., area, but the specific location has not been decided.
All Oregon berry growers are welcome to attend the free training, but both Barton and Unger said they particularly hope growers with small to medium-sized operations participate.
"It doesn"t matter what size grower is involved. It only takes one berry to impact the entire industry," Barton said.
"One of the challenges we identified when we started talking about this was how to find all of the smaller growers. It"s not like there is a list," he said.
The training sessions will be conducted in English and Spanish, Barton said, with a focus on helping field supervisors understand what field workers need to do to ensure the safest harvest.