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In a CNBC interview the EPA administrator contradicts his own Senate testimony. Scientists worry the agency will reverse key findings on carbon dioxide pollution.
Wrapping himself unabashedly in the mantle of climate science denial, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt declared on Thursday that he does not believe carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to global warming.
The statement contradicts a firmly established tenet of climate change science. By questioning it, Pruitt appeared to signal a coming challenge by the Trump administration to the agency's key science finding that obligates it to regulate carbon dioxide pollution from the burning of fossil fuels.
It sparked a chorus of unambiguous contradiction from leading scientists, including those working at the foremost government institutions.
"Mr. Pruitt is wrong," said one of them, Ben Santer of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. "Embracing ignorance is not an option."
John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy under President Obama, called Pruitt's claim "the purest ignorance."
"There is simply no scientific question," Holdren said. "The evidence for climate change caused by humans and principally by CO2 comes from many different lines of observation, monitoring, research, analysis. It's all consistent."
In an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box program, Pruitt was asked by host Joe Kernen if he believes that carbon dioxide is the "primary control knob for climate."
"I think that measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact," Pruitt answered. "So no, I would not agree that it's a primary contributor to the global warming that we see." Pruitt added, "We need to continue the debate and continue the review and the analysis."
Kernen also denied that the consensus science was "settled."
The most recent authoritative statement of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which represents the global scientific consensus, declared that "it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century." That human influence comes mainly from increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide) from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture and the like.
Former EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy denounced her successor's remarks. "The world of science is about empirical evidence, not beliefs," she wrote in a statement. "I cannot imagine what additional information the administrator might want from scientists for him to understand that."
McCarthy went on to condemn the Trump administration's larger campaign to remove government scientists who believe human activity contributes to global warming. "Giving pink slips to scientists across the federal government, including 43 percent of EPA scientists, and proposing to eliminate the U.S. Climate Global Research Program in its entirety, makes one question who this administration will rely on for scientific research and facts." She was referring to a plan that, if approved, would cut funding for the EPA's Office of Research and Development by 43 percent.
Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. said Pruitt is denying what has been indisputably verified.
"There is no doubt whatsoever that the planet is warming and it is primarily due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels," he said. "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and we can demonstrate clearly that the observed warming of the planet would not have occurred without that change in atmospheric composition. These are scientific facts, not opinion, and it is incumbent on politicians to take account of the scientific evidence."
Pruitt's statement on CNBC went beyond his more guarded words at his Senate confirmation hearings, when his record of climate denial was under intense scrutiny by Democrats.
"The climate is changing and human activity contributes to that in some manner," he said in response to a question from Sen. Bernie Sanders. "I believe the ability to measure with precision the degree of human activity's impact on the climate is subject to more debate."
This time, there was no way to construe his remarks as being consistent with mainstream science.
In a written response to questions from senators that he submitted during his confirmation process, Pruitt said he would fulfill the duties of the administrator in regulating greenhouse gases.
"As Pruitt testified before Congress, it is the legal duty of the EPA to tackle the carbon pollution that fuels the climate crisis," Sierra Club's executive director, Michael Brune, said in a statement. "Pruitt is endangering our families, and any sensible senator should demand he be removed from his position immediately for misleading Congress and being unfit and unwilling to do the job he has been entrusted to do."
David Doniger, director of the climate and clean air program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said he considered the situation bizarre. "Having an EPA administrator who claims carbon pollution is not the primary cause of climate change is like having a U.S. surgeon general who says smoking is not the primary cause of lung cancer.''
Sabrina Shankman contributed reporting to this story.


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A recipe is a set of instructions that describes how to prepare or make a culinary dish (is what the dictionary says about recipes) but we like to believe a recipe is much more. . . A recipe is a an inspiration transformed with letters into words and passed down generations on how to achieve one of life's greatest secrets . . . happiness
Early examples
The earliest known written recipes date from approximately 1600 BC and come from an Akkadian tablet from southern Babylonia There are also ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics depicting the preparation of food.
Roman recipes are known starting in the 2nd century BCE with Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura. Many authors of this period described eastern Mediterranean cooking in Greek and in Latin. Some Punic recipes are known in Greek and Latin translation
The large collection of recipes De re coquinaria, conventionally titled Apicus, appeared in the 4th or 5th century and is the only complete surviving cookbook from the classical world. It lists the courses served in a meal as Gustatio (appetizer), Primae Mensae (main course) and Secundae Mensae (dessert). Each recipe begins with the Latin command "Take...," "Recipe...."
Arabic recipes are documented starting in the 10th century.
King Richard II of England commissioned a recipe book called Forme of Cury in 1390, and around the same time, another book was published entitled Curry on Inglish, "cury" meaning cooking. Both books give an impression of how food for the noble classes was prepared and served in England at that time. The luxurious taste of the aristocracy in the Early Modern Period brought with it the start of what can be called the modern recipe book. By the 15th century, numerous manuscripts were appearing detailing the recipes of the day. Many of these manuscripts give very good information and record the re-discovery of many herbs and spices including coriander, parsley, basil and rosemary, many of which had been brought back from the Crusades.
Modern recipes and cooking advice
With the advent of the printing press in the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous books were written on how to manage households and prepare food. In Holland[ and England, competition grew between the noble families as to who could prepare the most lavish banquet. By the 1660s, cookery progressed to an art form and good cooks were in demand. Many families published their own books detailing their recipes in competition with their rivals. Many of these books have been translated and are available online.
By the 19th century, the Victorian preoccupation for domestic respectability brought about the emergence of cookery writing in its modern form. Although eclipsed in fame and regard by Isabella Beeton, the first modern cookery writer and compiler of recipes for the home was Eliza Acton. Her pioneering cookbook, Modern Cookery for Private Families published in 1845, was aimed at the domestic reader rather than the professional cook or chef. This was immensely influential, establishing the format for modern writing about cookery. It introduced the now-universal practice of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe. It included the first recipe for Brussels sprouts. Contemporary chef Delia Smith called Acton "the best writer of recipes in the English language." Modern Cookery long survived Acton, remaining in print until 1914 and available more recently in facsimile.
Acton's work was an important influence on Isabella Beeton, who published Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management in 24 monthly parts between 1857 and 1861. This was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism. Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. Most were illustrated with coloured engravings. It is said that many of the recipes were plagiarised from earlier writers such as Acton, but the Beetons never claimed that the book's contents were original. It was intended as a reliable guide for the aspirant middle classes.
The American cook Fannie Farmer (1857–1915) published in 1896 her famous work The Boston Cooking School Cookbook which contained some 1,849 recipes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Laptops are used by people for various reasons including for work, entertainment etc, people are always looking for where they can buy good, quality laptops at affordable prices.
The prices of laptops mainly depend on factors like the brand (HP, Dell, Accer etc), , operating system, size, storage capacity, display, processing ability, RAM capacity and lots of other features a good laptop should have.
There are many places where you can buy good quality laptops of your choice in Lagos at reasonable prices, but before buying laptops at any of places mentioned below you have to clearly have in mind the kind of laptop brand you are going for and their specifications.
Below are places in Lagos where you can by your laptops.
1. COMPUTER VILLAGEComputer village is a technology driven market in Ikeja, Lagos. Computer village is where they are major dealers in IT products and devices like mobile phones, gadgets, computers, laptops and their various accessories.
When buying laptops In computer village you have the opportunity to check different shops and outlets before you make purchase and also you can get a brand new laptop or used one at the market.
2. GSM VILLAGEGSM village is located along Agege motor road, Oshodi near the international airport at ikeja. The major products sold in the market are mobile phones and devices but there are people who also sell laptops of various brands and models. Like computer village, GSM village has shops where you can get brand new laptops as well as used laptops.
3. MYGADGETSMALL.COMMygadgetsmall.com is an online platform that provides you with the opportunity to buy various products and gadgets including laptops. They have an office located at 186 Ikorodu road Palmgrove Lagos State but they also provide an online store where you have a lot of laptops to choose from.
Mygadgets.com is an authorized laptop reseller which means they buy from reputable laptop manufactures and sell to the public. There are many benefits associated with buying from them such as being sure of getting genuine products from authentic manufactures along with valuable warranty and technical support. They are authorized resellers to the following manufactures: Dell, HP, Acer, Toshiba and other laptop brands.
Konga.com is Nigeria's largest shopping mall and started business in July 2012. Konga make deliveries to its numerous customers and also comes with a seven days free return policy. If you need good quality laptops and require a variety of options to choose from, you can check out konga.com to get one that suits and meet your needs.
Jumia.com is seen in some quarters as Nigeria's number one online retailer and took off in May 2012. Jumia makes deliveries to all 36 states in Nigeria. So if you need to buy a laptop you can get one at Jumia as you have various brands and models as well as specifications to choose from and get them delivered to where you need them.


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"You must love the Lord your God with all your heart, all your soul, all your strength, and all your mind. And, Love your neighbor as yourself." Luke 10:27
Today's thoughts from today's verse:
We saw yesterday that God's mission for this world is that "the whole earth be filled with His glory." In the beginning, everything was under God's authority and in perfect harmony with God and his ways. However, mankind rebelled and a course for life on earth that excludes God was adopted. God's mission of filling the earth with his glory begins with the mission of redeeming people and filling them with his glory. Today's passage describes the life of a person who is under God's authority and in perfect harmony with God and his ways. Such a person loves God fully and other people fully. A world under God's authority and in perfect harmony with God and his ways is a world that is filled with his glory. It is a world where love connects everyone with God and each other in the beauty of relationships as they were meant to be.
Because of our sin and rebellion, we have been rendered incapable of loving God and other people fully. This is the reason God's mission for this world is first and foremost a mission of Redemption. God's mission of redemption is a mission of love for a lost and rebellious world. We are told that "God demonstrates his own love for us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us." We will never be ones who love God and others fully, until we respond to God's love and his provision of redemption through the Lord Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world.
Today's prayer response from today's thoughts:
Lord, thank you for your love and thank you for the gift of redemption. I pray that I will so know your love in my life that I will love you and others more fully than ever before. Take away my love for anything and everything that hinders you from filling my life with your glory and displaying it to the world around me. Amen!
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The Indiana State Department of Health is providing online updates concerning COVID-19. There are also Indiana State Department of Health phone numbers the public can call with questions.
From the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH):
The ISDH call center for healthcare providers and members of the public is staffed 24/7. From 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., call 317-233-7125. Calls after 8 p.m. should go to 317-233-1325 and will be answered by an on-call epidemiologist. The primary purpose of the call center is to provide guidance from the CDC to healthcare providers and the public. Call center staff will not offer personal medical advice or provide test results. If you are sick, consult your healthcare provider.
ISDH has created a dashboard showing the number of presumptive positive cases in Indiana and the number of tests performed. The dashboard is located on the ISDH COVID-19 website at https://on.in.gov/COVID19 and will be updated at 10 a.m. daily.


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"You all have wonderful genes. Your genes are a gift." You have a genetic expression that is reacting to a poor choice. Gluten is the family of proteins found in the seeds of grasses.There are many types of gluten. Gluten is a neurotoxin.
Peter Osborne is an incredible health educator. Here are two of his interviews.


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I would give 0 stars if I could. Dr. Shah was recommended (by anther plastic surgeon in town) as the best for rhinoplasty. My daughter had the initial procedure done over a year ago, to have a minor bump "shaved" down, and she now has a growth at the lower portion of her nose which resembles a "toucan nose" as my daughter calls it. Dr. Shah told her she needed a revision (which he charged her to have done) and it looks worse than before. Do not have rhinoplasty by this doctor, or at least get a second opinion. More
If this review helps one person it is worth writing. I had the absolute worst experience with Dr. Shah, not only did I find him condescending with horrible bedside manner, he is a terrible doctor and does not know what he is doing. I came to him for a rhinoplasty, I had a severely deviated septum and hump in my nose that I was hoping to have removed. I trusted that Dr Shah could do the job, as he said he could and what a HUGE mistake that was. Over 6 months after my surgery I had horrible black eyes, I still couldn't breathe and the hump in my nose was still there. After talking to many friends and finding out that this in fact was not normal I looked for another dr's opinion and in doing so found out that Dr. Shah had completely crushed my nose, he had broken the bones in my nose into tiny pieces which explained why I couldn't breathe and why my eyes were so horribly black. I talked to Dr Shah about the situation and tried to get him to do the right thing (refund at least half of the money I had paid him for the surgery), he chose not to. I am very fortunate as I was able to find a new dr that could fix the problems that he had created with my nose, but I am writing this because if I can somehow stop someone from making the same mistake I did by letting Dr Shah operate on me, then I am at least helping someone. More


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BMO Harris, 17 other firms settle with SEC over share class selection — more will follow
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Two BMO Harris Bank retail advisory entities joined the expanding list of firms that have faced enforcement actions this year under the SEC's push for greater share-class disclosure.
In all, the regulator charged 18 more firms — 16 of which self-reported in its share class initiative — with failure to adequately disclose conflicts of interest from mutual fund selection.
More cases are in the pipeline, according to Brian Rubin, an attorney at Eversheds Sutherland whose firm has represented clients in the self-reporting initiative. Rubin says that there are other firms currently being investigated by the SEC over both 12b-1 fee and revenue sharing disclosures, but did not specify the number or the status of the inquiries.
Even as some firms and broker-dealer groups accuse the SEC of "regulating without rules" in its share-class disclosure program, the enforcement cases are mounting. Since March, nearly 100 firms have settled with the SEC by agreeing to pay a combined $173 million over cases involving disclosure of share class selection conflicts. At least two cases are still pending against Cetera and Commonwealth.
"[These actions] demonstrate the Commission's commitment to holding advisors accountable for selecting more expensive investments that eat away at their clients' investment returns without proper disclosure," Dabney O'Riordan, co-chief of the SEC's Asset Management Unit, said in a statement after the latest batch. The regulator said it had settled with an additional 16 RIAs, many of which are corporate entities for broker-dealers. It is the second wave of self-reporting settlements since the first one involving 79 firms in March.
The SEC also recently settled with BMO Harris Financial Advisors and BMO Asset Management for $37 million over the regulator's case alleging failure to disclose both improper share class selection and concentration of proprietary funds in retail client portfolios.
The regulator has also settled with Mid Atlantic Capital's RIA after it allegedly failed to disclose conflicts around recommending higher-cost share between 2013 and 2018. While the firm was eligible for the self-reporting initiative, it did not participate, and will pay a $300,000 civil penalty in addition to $1 million in disgorgement and prejudgment interest, according to the SEC.
The 16 self-reporting firms collectively paid approximately $10 million in disgorgement and prejudgement interest, according to the SEC. But they weren't required to pay civil penalties. As self-reporting firms, they were given an omnibus order from the SEC, which states that, despite the charges against them, the regulator will waive certain disqualifications.
"What normally happens is that each firm would have to petition the Commision for a waiver," says the attorney, Rubin.
BMO Harris agreed to pay $29.7 million in disgorgement and prejudgment interest and nearly $8.3 million in civil penalties to the SEC. The company failed to tell clients that about half of the assets in its Managed Asset Allocation Program, the bank and broker-dealer's main retail advisory platform, were invested in proprietary funds from its own asset management arm, according to the SEC order. The firm also did not disclose to clients related conflicts of interest, the order states.
Even though there were cheaper share class alternatives available, BMO Harris placed MAAP clients in high-cost, non-institutional shares of either its proprietary mutual funds or others where it received revenue sharing payments and avoided certain transaction costs, "while clients received lower returns on these investments," the SEC states.
"These BMO advisors repeatedly put their own financial interests ahead of clients by giving preference to their own mutual funds or selecting higher-cost share classes," O'Riordan said in a statement. "This is important information for an advisor to tell clients as it goes to the heart of the advisor-client relationship and will impact the clients' returns."
Spokespersons at Mid Atlantic and BMO Harris did not respond to a request for comment. Neither company admitted to or denied the allegations, according to the SEC orders.


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Product details
These slim-fit, stretchy chinos are 100% unique. That's because of the garment-dyed process, which gives them an authentic vintage finish. A rainbow stripe belt loop at the back adds a pop of colour. They'll keep looking sharp from breakfast to bedtime.
- Slim fit
- Inside adjustable waistband
- 98% cotton 2% elastane
- Machine washable
* Imported
Shipping & Returns
Shipping Standard
FREE (On Orders Over $49)
7-9 Business Days Standard
$5 (On Orders Under $49)
7-9 Business Days Expedited
2-3 Business Days Express
1-2 Business Days if ordered by 3pm
We operate a 365 no-quibble return policy. However, If an item is returned within 90 days of purchase, we will refund the full amount or offer an exchange.
We are happy to exchange any item within 90 days of receipt, no questions asked. However you may have to pay for returns postage.
Relaxed Cord Chino Pants
Sunday lunch? Check. Movie Marathon? Check. Red carpet event? Check. In a choice of versatile shades, featuring a star-embroidered winter option, it's easy to dress these cord chinos up or down. A relaxed fit with an adjustable inside waistband keeps ...


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This camp is for children ages 10–12 by the first day of camp. Choose only one Habitat Adventures session per child.
We are unable to make age exceptions because activities are geared to cognitive, emotional and physical abilities for this camp's specific age range.
Drop off and pick up are at the Visitors Center circle drive unless stated otherwise on the camp itinerary.
Please download, complete and turn in all Summer Camp Registration forms soon after registration. Forms must be received at least one week prior to the start of your camp session. You can find all camp forms here https://www.lcfpd.org/education/camps/forms-guidelines/
Registration is closed.


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Throw a Halloween party fit for a Princess Knight with these printable posters from Nella the Princess Knight! Have a royal Halloween!
Ages 2-4
Nickelodeon uses cookies.Cookies help us understand how you interact with our site, improve your browsing experience, and serve advertising to you. For more information about how we use cookies and what your choices are, click here. Otherwise, you can click "X" to close this banner. Thanks for checking us out and happy browsing!


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The Tuttnauer manual autoclave is designed to compliment any healthcare facility. The bright new easy to use panel was designed with the operator in mind. Our 2340M autoclave will satisfy all of your sterilization needs without compromising on quality, safety or reliability.
Purchase includes:
- 3 Trays
- Power Cord
- Users Manual
- Warranty Card
- Chamber Brite Sample
- Automatic shut off at the end of both the sterilization and dry cycles.
- A long life electro polished chamber and door.
- Double safety locking device prevents door from opening while chamber is pressurized.
- Drain valve is located on the front, allowing for quick and easy draining of water reservoir.
- Dual safety thermostat to protect against overheating.
- International certifications.
- 1 year parts and labor warranty.
1 Year Warranty


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While I've been quiet here on the blogging front, there's plenty going on behind the scenes in anticipation of what promises to be a busy autumn.
Preparations are in the final stages for Fluxible. It's going to be another terrific event, and there's still more that's yet to be announced. Relatedly, uxWaterloo will start the new season with a terrific, soon-to-be-announced event. There's plenty more UX goodness in the pipeline, so stay tuned! September is going to be filled with exciting news.


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From Muhammad Sabrin.
Attock.It has been a hard and challenging task for me for the last many years to reach my school( 1/2 km away) on wheel chair with the help of my cousin and class fellow Muhammad Waheed , however I never felt disappointed and discouraged as this is the will of almighty Allah. Muhammad Qasim s/o Amir Baz r/o Multan Khurd who is also Hafiz Quran who obtained 1011 marks in matriculation from BISE Rawalpindi whose both legs are paralysed has been a regular student of Govt High School Multan Khurd .While exclusively talking to The Nation ,He said , Life is really not a bed of roses for me as I can not move at my own will and wish and have to request others for this, however I am not disappointed and will overcome my disability with the help of education. Qasim said , a mysteriuos disease attack the members of our family at teen age and we gradually our legs become paralyzed and so for no doctor could diagnose this disease.He said , my two brothers Muhammad Fayyaz 24 and Muhammad Danish 20 are also paralyzed because of this disease. While giving details about his other family members he said that his maternal uncle , paternal uncle , two aunts , and his one cousin have also been suffering from this disease. His 44 years old uncle Aslam Khan told this journalist that he consulted all the renowned doctors and surgeons across the country but to no avail. Qasim said , I am disable but am good in studies and my studies are a great source for dreaming a good future. He said , I got distinguished position in matriculation and this is the reason that Punjab College has offered me free of cost education at college level. Qasim said , this college is 45 km away from my home town but I will keep cobtinue my studies. His father Amir Baz , his mother , brothers and sisters are also proud of Qasim's out standing performance. Headmaster Ziaulhaq of Govt High School Multan Khurd when contacted said that Qasim is although disable yet a regular , hard working and intellegent stident. He hardly missed his class.Zia ul Haq said that he and other teachers of the school are proud of Qasim. He said , soon a function will be arranged in the honour of Muhammad Qasim . He said , DCO Chakwal Javed Mehmood Bhatti has promised to approach high ups for the financial support of Hafiz Muhammad Qasim. Amir Baz father of Qasim demanded that Pubjab govt and Federal govt to formulate policies for the welfare and rehabilitation of such families suffering from such fatal diseases.


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Slacker and Steve - OPP: Spy on Our Teen (Audio)
Today's OPP is from Mandy:
My husband wants to start spying on our teenage son. He's been in some trouble and we are worried that he's starting to hang around some questionable people. My husband wants to install a tracker on his car and recording devices in the car and in his room—audio only, not video. He says it's our job as parents and we'll only be doing it for our son's own good. I think it is a violation of our son's privacy but my husband was raised to believe that you don't get privacy while living under your parent's roof. He says we can use the information to make better parenting decisions and address the actual issues rather than using vague parent guesses. Should we spy on our son to be better parents?
Is it a good okay to spy on your kids?


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Heather and Jeff are amazingly down to earth coming all the way form California & North Dakota, meeting in New York, then moving to and getting married in Austin at Camp Lucy. We knew the wedding was going to be wonderful going in to it but we really had no idea how wonderful it would truly be. Also feel free to check out Adam Grumbo's amazing video here!
Credit: Camp Lucy, Circle the Date events, Rosehip Flora, Beam FX lighting, DJ Berlin.


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On Health Canada's website under the heading, Mission, Values and Activities, the Ministry declares its commitment to "improving the lives of all of Canada's people". As part of this mandate, the agency is empowered to regulate psychoactive substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). However, the opportunities for public safety are lost through evidence-free thinking by senior policy makers, and the law's cooptation by special interest groups whose actions put Canadians at risk.
The CDSA penalizes those who possess or traffick in certain substances, a punitive feature which depends upon the threat of punishment to deter people from consuming or profiting from drugs. The failed 40 year-old drug war has proved otherwise – according to the recently released report from the Global Commission on Drugs. Rather than enhance public safety, the threat of penal sanctions sustains black markets where business is conducted outside the behavioural norms and regulatory structures of legitimate enterprise. Consequently, the violence and related havoc intrinsic to drug trafficking is fed by the (il)legal environment which governments create through a fetish with prohibitionist policies and practices.
It is painfully ironic that the current and former Ministers of Health have chosen to use the CDSA to threaten imprisonment for those possessing or cultivating cannabis, a product which has far fewer negative health effects than do the penal sanctions for its cultivation or possession. It is jail, not cannabis, from which Health Canada should be protecting Canadians. As it stands now, the most dangerous thing about cannabis is being caught with it by the police.
Read the full article at http://crimguy.com


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Proposed features/motorway junction Extension
|highway=motorway_junction Tagging Extension
|Abandoned (inactive)
|Proposed by:
|Applies to:
|Extension of the "ref" and "exit_to" sub-tags that work with "highway=motorway_junction"
|Rendered as:
|same way as it is currently
|Drafted on:
|RFC start:
The reason this is being proposed is to aid in tagging of highway exits that have ramps that split after they leave the mainline of the highway. Most of the time, they will only need the "exit_to:right=*" & "exit_to:left=*" part, but sometimes they do have a split exit number (see "real life examples" section) when the exit splits into two separate ramps (hence the "ref:right=*" & "ref:left=*"). Thus the reason for this proposal.
This is needed to help deal with split ramps where the router can't always display the correct info of where each ramp goes which frequently happens when exit ramps split. Most of the time, they guess and they are sometimes wrong. This would especially help when displaying mapping directions on a website (like MapQuest Open) if they are willing to accept this change and support it. This would allow us mappers to properly tag the exit number and the destination that are posted on the signs.
Some examples where this would need to come into play are when a highway ends and splits into two separate ramps (one for each direction of the highway it's intersecting). Some examples of that would be I-77's Southern end @ I-26. Several 3di's (3 digit Interstates) end @ T-interchanges with their parent Interstate (I-381, I-581, I-190(NY) + others) where the signs are obviously different for each direction (not all have exit numbers at said junctions, but the I-381 does).
|Used on node
|This tag is for the exit number of the motorway_junction (exit). Currently, the "ref=*" is the default tag.
The "ref:right=*" & "ref:left=*" are to be used when encountered in split exit ramp configurations where each ramp is given it's own number.
|As in current practice, "exit_to=*" will still be used for normal non-split exits.
"exit_to:right=*" & "exit_to:left=*" are used to tag ramps that split and go to different locations (per highway signage).
|Optional - Only needed if the exit has a name. See example on highway=motorway_junction page.
"name:right=*" & "name:left=*" to be used only on split junctions where each side has different names in the same way the normal "name=*" tag is used here.
Applies to
When rendering a split exit, all renders should "merge" the two tags together to render like this "1B-1C" if base "ref" tag isn't present.
When rendered: 1B-1C
This could also be accomplished by just manually tagging the two numbers in the default "ref" tag as so: ref=1B-1C.
Features/Pages affected
Real life examples
- 684996085 684996085 - Exits #1B-1C on I-279 in Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Additional uses
This could also be used when dealing with motorways that split off from another motorway (to the right or left) and both ways are tagged with highway=motorway. In those cases, you could use the *:right/*:left tags to let people (data users) know which highway is considered to be the *exit* and which is the mainline in their directions. Three such examples would be the following:
I-279 splitting off of I-79. Would use the exit_to:left=* & ref:left=* tags.
I-579 splitting off of I-279. Would use the exit_to:right=* & ref:right=* tags.
I-74 splitting off of I-77 (this one is an example of the two sharing the same highway and then splitting). Would use the exit_to:left=* & ref:left=* tags.
Please use discussion page to comment on this.


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Biofertilizer – Technology for Enhanced Plant Growth
Biofertilizer technology has shown enhanced plant growth in a number of different plants and different soil conditions. Different microbial species can increase plant phosphorus uptake, fix nitrogen, produce auxins (plant growth hormones), and increase availability of other mineral nutrients.
Here's a video showing increase root growth through time lapse photography. The right side is treated with Biota Max™ and the left side is untreated.
Notice three key points in the video:
- The treated side grows more total root mass,
- The treated side germinates faster
- More plants germinate in the treated side.
Definition of Biofertilizers – Bio fertilizer
Here's a good definition from Advances in Applied Microbiology.
Biofertilizers are defined as substances containing living microbes, which when applied to seed, plant, or soil promote growth by the supply of essential nutrients such as N, P, and other mineral nutrients.
I would add that Bio fertilizers enhance plant growth by producing auxins and siderosphores.
List of Benefits of Bio Fertilizer
- Increase in Phosphorus Uptake
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Plant Growth Promotion – Increased Plant Growth
- Decrease in the Use of Traditional Fertilizers
- Reducing Plant Stress during Transplantation
- Chitinase production
- Siderophores production
- Potassium solubilization
- Increase in Auxin Production
Let's take each of these benefits and discuss them a little further.
Increasing Phosphorus Uptake
Phosphorus is needed in plant cells for a number of purposes including photosynthesis, DNA, respiration and energy storage. Phosphorus is typically an expensive input for farmers. Additionally, phosphate runoff has become an environmental problem and a major issue in certain parts of the country. Phosphate is considered a growth limiting nutrient.
Bio fertilizers can help reduce the amount of phosphorus that needs to be applied to crops. Certain species of microbes sometimes called Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM), such as Bacillus subtilis, and Trichoderma, can solubilize phosphate making the phosphate available to the plant.
By increasing Phosphate uptake, plant yield can be increased.
Nitrogen Fixation and Biofertilizer
Nitrogen is an essential element for life. In plants, Nitrogen is needed in amino acids, proteins, DNA and chlorophyll. Atmospheric nitrogen is very plentiful but difficult for plants to use because atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is relatively inert, meaning that it does not easily react with other chemicals.
So plants need the nitrogen in another form. This is where microorganisms in biofertilizers comes into play. Nitrogen fixation occurs when microorganisms convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is easily utilized by plants.
Nitrogen fixation can be performed only by certain types of microorganisms including Rhizobium and Paenibacillus.
The use of nitrogen fixation biofertilizers has become common in soybean and peanut production. Typically, the bio fertilizer is applied as a seed treatment.
Plant Growth Promotion
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a type of biofertilizer. This type of biofertilizer has been known since 1970 or so, but just in the last few years have they become more popular. Rhizobacteria (Rhizo means root zone) are bacteria that have formed a symbiotic, or mutually beneficial relationship, with plant roots.
Rhizobacteria are attracted by the plant exudates, chemicals that the plant roots give off. In turn, the bacteria produce a number of chemicals that help the plant. Specifically, these chemicals help the plant grow bigger and better root systems. With a better developed root system, the plant is healthier and will produce better yields.
Rhizobacteria are known to produce a number of growth hormones such as auxins and gibberellins. These compounds are particularly useful when they are available at the beginning of root formation.
Typical usage is at the beginning of the planting cycle or at the transplant phase. Rice, corn, peppers, palm, are just some of the crops that will benefit from usage of a quality biofertilizer.
Decrease in the usage of traditional (N,P,K) fertilizers.
An often overlooked benefit of bio fertilizers is there use can decrease the usage of traditional NPK fertilizers.
NPK fertilizers are being overused today in both farming and gardening. This overuse leads to fertilizer runoff. This runoff is contaminating streams and lakes downstream oftentimes causing algae blooms or other problems. Using biofertilizers helps reduce the amount of nitrogen based fertilizers and increases sustainability.
Plant stress resistance
Reducing plant stress during transplantation is a major benefit of using biofertilizers. If plants undergo too much stress during transplantation, several problems can occur, such as:
- Increase in disease
- Increase in pest pressure
- Lower yield potential.
Decreasing these types of problems are key in transplantation success. This is where biofertilizers can help.
The use of nutrients, micronutrients and a biofertilizer, like Biota Max™ can greatly reduce transplantation stress and increase the yield potential of your crop.
Other Biofertilizer Benefits
In addition to the benefits I've listed above there are more benefits to biofertilizers, including:
- Chitinase production
- Siderophores production
- Potassium solubilization
Bio-fertilizer usage is expected to grow dramatically over the next decade particularly in South East Asia, Brazil, and the United States. As usage increases, more research will be performed in this area. I expect we'll see many more benefits of biofertilizer usage in the coming years.
Custom Biologicals, Inc.
CustomBio manufactures a wide variety of microbial products for a number of different applications and uses.
One of the biofertilizers that CustomBio distributes is BiotaMax. Biota Max™ is a small, biologically active effervescent tablet that contains billions of beneficial microorganisms. The microbes in Biota Max have been specifically selected because of their enhanced ability to form synergistic relationships with plants.
This microbial, synergistic relationship, which benefits both the plant and the microbes, is the key to success of a biofertilizer. BiotaMax contains both beneficial Trichoderma, like T. viride, and beneficial bacteria like Bacillus subtilis. The regular use of biofertilizers will help prevent soil problems at your farm or in your garden.
Custom Biologicals, Inc. manufactures and distributes biofertilizers. Contact us at (561) 797-3008 or via email at email@example.com.
CustomBio produces BiotaMax, Custom GP, Custom B5 and Custom N2 to name a few of our products for agriculture, farmin, and gardening.


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Guided by Herman Miller
Saturday, June 24, 2pm
For New York's Herman Miller Design Ride, leaders Michael Sainato, VP of Creative at Design Within Reach, and Andrew McGee, an architect at Knoll International, take us to some of Manhattan's overlooked gems and public spaces. Explore artist Brian Tolle's Irish Hunger Memorial, a slice of the rural Irish landscape situated in the heart of Battery Park City; then, we'll head east into the bustling Financial District for a tranquil oasis—modern master Isamu Noguchi's subterranean Sunken Garden at Chase Manhattan Bank Plaza. Cap off the ride with river views from Elevated Acre, a lush rooftop garden that's at once an escape and a destination. The ride should last around two hours. Come prepared with a puncture repair kit, a snack, and helmet. Pedals with foot retention are not required.
Upon signing up to this event, your email address will be added to the Rapha mailing list.
Herman Miller Design Ride: Manhattan's Modern Monuments - Saturday are unavailable, but other tickets are still available.By the power of Tito


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"Greta," he was being reasonable, "you can speak to them or I can call them all here and speak to them myself."
"Tobia went beyond the pale, even if it was only in the House Cup." His wife glared at him, her lips compressed, until she added, "There are things we just don't do."
"Like shafting one child to benefit another?" He let that question hang there, then asked, "How much did Antonia and Charles tell you about what led up to Tobia's acts against them?"
"What's to tell?" She gave him the compressed lip look again.
"Loyalty cuts both ways, Greta. It always has." The look he gave her could have been subtitled 'Remember?'
"You were in an entirely different position. Tobia's only fourteen, for heaven's sake."
"All the more reason she should have been able to rely on her parents, don't you think? So, why would they ditch her so completely? How much help do Jack and Cherie really need?" He poured tea for both of them.
Greta picked up her cup and saucer, holding them steady but not drinking yet. "I can talk to them, but I can't guarantee that they'll listen. At the moment most of the family believe that she should at least apologize while the remainder want to just cut her loose."
"For protecting her own position among her peers and in her own organisation?" He raised an eyebrow, "What planet are they living on? What planet are any of you living on that it's come to this?"
"Andrew," it was her turn to be reasonable, "Wolf Pack isn't an organisation, it's not even a proper school House. Tobia had nothing to betray and nothing to protect. At best, she made a mistake and she needs to apologise. If she does that and keeps her marks up, then when she finishes school, we can get her into a degree course and then get her a position as an agent despite the Wolf Pack thing. She can still have a reasonable career in the Agency, but the family isn't going to get in behind and help her if she doesn't apologize now."
"Oh dear." He put down his cup and saucer while she began to sip her tea. "None of you really understand what Wolf Pack is for, do you?" He sighed. "I can see that I'm going to have to give The Talk. Either you can arrange for everyone who's available to come in, or I'll do it. Your ignorance is quite chilling, under the circumstances."
"What do you mean?" She looked at him in surprise over her teacup.
"Wolf Pack has a point and it does pretty much what the school founders designed it to do. We are going to sort this out now before you bunch of protected idiots manage to break Tobia beyond mending."
Kith and Kin 3 is here.


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Reasons Why Budgets Fail
Do you feel like it is an ongoing battle between you and your budget? And do you feel like your budget is winning? Budgets are not foolproof – which is why it is a good idea to revisit them with an open mind, at least once a quarter.
Here are some reasons why budgets fail:
It's not you. It's me (the budget)
I can't think of anything less motivating for long term goals than "failing" in the short term. Understand this though; there is a solid chance that you're not failing, but that your budget isn't realistic or comprehensive enough. Don't give up before you've even started! Just adjust your budget.
What goes up……
How much is your budget dependant on variables like interest rates (i.e. credit cards or mortgages)?Are you subject to high interest rates, is your mortgage attached to a variable rate, or have you recently renewed your mortgage for a higher rate? While rates in general are very low at the moment, they are a factor in your ability to pay down debt and cash flow. This could be eating away at your bottom line without you even realizing it.
Get real
Applause for developing a super strict budget that is going to put you on the express train towards your financial goals. Now a couple of months in, you realize that what you have on paper is in no way in sync with how you live your life.
If you are struggling with extreme changes, start small (pick one sacrifice or change a month). Adjust to that, and then on to the next. It's easier to absorb.
No Goal
If you don't have a goal in mind, no kidding you're going to feel like a budget failure. How do you even know where you are at?
Identifying specific short, medium and long term goals is essential to not only getting you where you need to go, but in allowing you to mark your progress along the way.
Are you wondering how you might be able to improve your financial situation by getting your budget under control? Is your debt standing in your way? Creating a budget may seem simple, but making it effective is certainly not easy. Call one of our trained credit counsellors 1-888-826-5898 or check out our free online debt analysis tool to get started.


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This page describes a quick way to achieve basic autonomous driving in a terrain between two or more waypoints.
Creating simple terrain maps
Given a terrain information in a form of point-cloud, points-join utility can be used to create maps from a terrain information in the form of a point cloud. Consider following dataset
> # download dataset > curl http://perception.acfr.usyd.edu.au/data/samples/riegl/rose.st/rose.st.ground.csv.gz | gunzip > ground.csv > curl http://perception.acfr.usyd.edu.au/data/samples/riegl/rose.st/rose.st.nonground.csv.gz | gunzip > non-ground.csv > # make sense of data > view-points "ground.csv;fields=x,y,z,r,g,b" "non-ground.csv;fields=x,y,z,r,g,b"
A simplistic map can be made with no effort as follows:
> # assign graph vertex ids > cat ground.csv | cut -d, -f1,2,3 | csv-paste - line-number > nodes.csv > # make graph edges (simply densely mesh points in a given radius > cat nodes.csv | points-join nodes.csv --radius 0.12 --all | csv-eval --fields=,,,a,,,,b --output-if "a != b" > edges.csv > # view graph > view-points "nodes.csv;fields=x,y,z;colour=white" "edges.csv;shape=line;colour=grey;fields=first,,second"
One easily can add more on top: filter out no-go zones, add or remove edges etc
Creating a plan on a terrain map
With distance as a cost function
A plan between two (or more) waypoints can be generated by running graph-search utility on a terrain map.
> # search for path between node with id 5000 to node with id 100000 (remember how we numbered the graph nodes using csv-paste above) > graph-search --from 5000 --to 100000 --nodes "nodes.csv;fields=x,y,z,id" --edges "edges.csv;fields=,,,source,,,,target" > path.csv > # view the result > from=5000 ; to=100000 ; view-points "nodes.csv;fields=x,y,z;colour=grey;weight=1" "edges.csv;shape=line;colour=grey;fields=first,,second" <( cat nodes.csv | egrep ",$from$|,$to$" )";colour=yellow;weight=10;fields=x,y,z,label" <( cat path.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";shape=lines;colour=yellow" <( cat path.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";weight=3;colour=yellow"
Our path is fairly jagged. There are lots of smoothing methods that are relatively easy to implement. As a quick fix you could simply higher --radius value for points-join, by the price of higher computation time. Try e.g. points-join ... --radius 1.5; it takes longer, but the path is way more smooth:
With a custom cost function
The plan we got above is based on minimum distance. We could add cost to each edge in edges.csv . Then graph-search will use the cost instead of distance.
Assume, it is expensive for us to drive on the grass (because the gardener will charge us for damages).
> # quick and dirty: add to each vertex the amount of green in it (the formula for colour is tuned for demonstration only) > cat ground.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,,r,g,b "t=(-1.3*r+2*g-1.3*b)*1.1+255" | cut -d, -f1,2,3,7 | csv-paste - line-number > nodes.with-cost.csv > # get edges with amount of green as their cost > time cat nodes.with-cost.csv | points-join nodes.with-cost.csv --radius 0.2 --all -v | csv-eval --fields=,,,,a,,,,,b --output-if "a != b" > edges.with-cost.csv > # search path with cost > graph-search --from 5000 --to 100000 --nodes "nodes.with-cost.csv;fields=,,,,id" --edges "edges.with-cost.csv;fields=,,,,source,,,,cost,target" > path.avoid-grass.csv > # search path by distance > graph-search --from 5000 --to 100000 --nodes "nodes.with-cost.csv;fields=x,y,z,,id" --edges "edges.with-cost.csv;fields=,,,,source,,,,,target" > path.by-distance.csv > # view results > from=5000 ; to=100000 ; view-points "nodes.with-cost.csv;fields=x,y,z,scalar;color=290:360,jet" <( cat nodes.with-cost.csv | egrep ",$from$|,$to$" )";colour=yellow;weight=10;fields=x,y,z,,label" <( cat path.avoid-grass.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";shape=lines;colour=yellow" <( cat path.avoid-grass.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";weight=3;colour=yellow" <( cat path.by-distance.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";shape=lines;colour=green;title=by-distance" <( cat path.by-distance.csv | csv-eval --fields ,,z "z=z+0.25" )";weight=3;colour=magenta"
As you see, the path by distance (coloured magenta) is almost a straight line, while path for avoiding grass (coloured yellow) tries to avoid the green areas, albeit not completely. If in the formula above "t=(-1.3*r+2*g-1.3*b)*1.1+255" you use a greater multiplier instead of 1.1 (e.g. 1.5), it will make driving on grass so prohibitive that you will see the path going around the lawn and avoiding greens completely.
This example does not demonstrate anything novel, it all are well-known decades-old algorithms. Instead, it demonstrates how just in three command lines you could build a reasonable drivable path on a terrain represented by a relatively arbitrary point cloud.
Modifying a plan
Moderating speed
control-speed utility sets the speed of each waypoint in the path based on its position in a curve.
turn operation calculates the angle at each waypoint with respect to its adjacent waypoints and assigns the speed according to given maximum lateral acceleration.
$ ( echo '0.0,0.0'; echo '0.3,0.3'; echo '0.6,0.6'; echo '0.6,0.9'; echo '0.6,1.2'; echo '0.9,1.2'; echo '1.2,1.2'; echo '1.5,0.9'; echo '1.8,0.6' ) > trajectory.csv # moderate speed $ control-speed turn --max-acceleration=0.5 --approach-speed=0.2 --fields=x,y --speed=1 < trajectory.csv > speed-turn.csv # visualise with trajectory as blue and speed as z axis in yellow $ view-points "trajectory.csv;fields=x,y;shape=lines;title=trajectory" \ <( echo 0,0,begin )";fields=x,y,label;weight=8;color=red;title=origin" \ "speed-turn.csv;fields=x,y,z;shape=lines;color=yellow;title=turn"
control-speed decelerate operation moderates the sudden decrease in speed in the trajectory by a given deceleration.
$ control-speed decelerate --fields=x,y,speed --deceleration=0.5 < speed-turn.csv > speed-decelerate.csv # visualise with speed as z-axis and orange color as the decelerated speed $ view-points "trajectory.csv;fields=x,y;shape=lines;title=trajectory" <( echo 0,0,begin )";fields=x,y,label;weight=8;color=red;title=origin" \ "speed-turn.csv;fields=x,y,z;shape=lines;color=yellow;title=turn" "speed-decelerate.csv;fields=x,y,z;shape=lines;color=orange;title=decelerate"
Handling sharp turns
By specifying
--stop-on-sharp-turn or
control-speed can implement spot turn by outputting an extra waypoint with relative heading and no speed, for each sharp turn in the trajectory.
# stop on sharp turns control-speed turn --max-acceleration=0.5 --approach-speed=0.2 --fields=x,y --speed=1 --pivot < trajectory.csv > speed-pivot.csv # visualise with trajectory as blue and speed as z axis in yellow $ view-points "trajectory.csv;fields=x,y;shape=lines;title=trajectory" \ <( echo 0,0,begin )";fields=x,y,label;weight=8;color=red;title=origin" \ "speed-pivot.csv;fields=x,y,z;shape=lines;color=yellow;title=turn"
Customizing desired heading
As can be inferred from previous section, spot turn to a specific heading at a waypoint can be achieved by copying that waypoint, changing the duplicates speed to zero, heading field to the desired heading and indicating absolute heading.
# output a plan from trajectory with fields x,y,speed,heading,is_absolute with speed=1 and both heading and is_absolute are set to 0 > csv-paste - 'value=1,0,0' < trajectory.csv 0.0,0.0,1,0,0 0.3,0.3,1,0,0 0.6,0.6,1,0,0 0.6,0.9,1,0,0 0.6,1.2,1,0,0 0.9,1.2,1,0,0 1.2,1.2,1,0,0 1.5,0.9,1,0,0 1.8,0.6,1,0,0 # Spot turn at (0.6,1.2), by copying it and setting 0 speed and 1.5 absolute heading. Make sure to decelerate to that point > cat <<EOF > plan.csv 0.0,0.0,1,0,0 0.3,0.3,1,0,0 0.6,0.6,1,0,0 0.6,0.9,0.6,0,0 0.6,1.2,0.3,0,0 0.6,1.2,0,1.5,1 0.9,1.2,1,0,0 1.2,1.2,1,0,0 1.5,0.9,1,0,0 1.8,0.6,1,0,0 EOF
Turning plan waypoints into control commands for a vehicle
control-follow-waypoints takes the plan and the live navigation data and outputs the velocity, turn rate, and (for omni-directional vehicles) heading required to follow that plan.


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Skip to 0 minutes and 12 seconds DR.
Skip to 0 minutes and 12 seconds ANNE EBRI: Africa is a huge continent with varied challenges from setting to settings, from country to countries. But I'd like to start by saying that the major challenge now would be the lack of data, lack of data on refractive error and refractive services. So it makes planning and implementation and even assessment of implementations very difficult. Another challenge would be the varied human resources, providing refractive error services. We have some that have been trained for a few weeks, those who have been trained for six years. And so in some parts, the skills are almost no there. And then you have the super skilled ones.
Skip to 1 minute and 0 seconds Even those who are now trained as optometrists– for instance, in some countries where you have adequate number of optometrists, there is the issue of maldistribution. So you have very well-trained personnel, but they are all crowded in the city areas. And why is this so? Because it is private-sector driven. And, of course, because it is private-sector driven, these optometrists set up their own clinics so that they can make money. And we end up having a [INAUDIBLE] programme, more or less. So refractive error hasn't really been embedded in the comprehensive eye care system as it should be.
Skip to 1 minute and 44 seconds In some countries, for instance in Nigeria and in Ghana, where a little bit of refractive error is going on in the public hospitals, we seem to not have the provision of spectacles. So these are some of the challenges that we have in refractive errors in Africa.
Skip to 2 minutes and 5 seconds SPEAKER 1: That leads me on to the next part, which is, you've raised the point of human resources. What has been the progress that has been made in terms of human resource development in Africa? DR.
Skip to 2 minutes and 17 seconds ANNE EBRI: One of the key developments, I would say, is the existence now of training schools in Africa. So training schools are available now for the French speaking. They are also available for English speaking, so there are four-year [? BSE ?] programmes in Malawi. And there's another one in Uganda that's coming up. And Eritrea actually has started graduating students. So this is a very important development. And we also have a school in Mozambique for the Portuguese speaking. So this has opened up access to all Africans who intend to study optometry. So this is actually a good development, optometry.
Skip to 3 minutes and 5 seconds SPEAKER 1: It's great to see the development that's being made in terms of human resource training. In your experience and in the Nigerian setting, then, what would you say is the acceptance of spectacles. How are they received in the community? DR.
Skip to 3 minutes and 22 seconds ANNE EBRI: They're not well received in the communities. Now, in the cities and amongst those who are educated, yes, spectacles are accepted. But quite a large number of people still reject spectacles as a management or a means of treatment. There's quite a lot that needs to be done. There's quite a lot of investment that needs to be done to change this belief. Their culture belief sometimes is the cause. Sometimes it's peer pressure. Sometimes it could be as a result of not feeling the need to have spectacles on. And we also find that some have actually developed coping skills. So even with large uncorrected refractive errors, they are able to carry on life, at least to some extent.
Skip to 4 minutes and 14 seconds And they think that that is fine. So we still have a lot to do. I would say no, spectacles are not accepted to a large degree.
Skip to 4 minutes and 24 seconds SPEAKER 1: Anne, thank you for summarising such a huge and vast topic of uncorrected refractive errors. The points that you've raised, the challenges, the barriers– they cannot just be seen in Africa. We see them globally. So if there were three key messages that you would say are necessary in terms of prioritising refractive error services that are more local, district level, what would you say those are? DR.
Skip to 4 minutes and 49 seconds ANNE EBRI: Nigeria is ready to deploy optometrists at the primary eye-care level. So if I have three take-home messages, I would mention one, that quantified, skilled personnel should be at all the levels of care, including the primary eye-care level. And the second would be to invest in health education and promotion, targeting the barriers that have stood against the optical spectacles. And then the third would be to recognise that the government and everyone needs to recognise that refractive error is a disability that can be treated and therefore should be part of the national insurance scheme.
Skip to 5 minutes and 41 seconds SPEAKER 1: Thank you, Anne, for summarising that for us. It's been very informative, and it's helped to raise some key points that are needed in terms of overcoming the correction of refractive errors. DR.
Skip to 5 minutes and 54 seconds ANNE EBRI: It's my pleasure.
An overview of refractive errors in Africa
Human resources in optometry is a key challenge in many countries within Africa. This is both in terms of numbers and distribution. As you watch the video interview between Priya and Anne, try to reflect on the situation in your own local setting. How can optometry training be aligned to bridge the gaps in service provision?
The true size of Africa
Click to expand
Share your views
Acceptance of spectacle correction remains a challenge. What are the various beliefs and barriers that you have encountered?
Human resources in eye care are essential but limited in many parts of the world. To deliver good eye health to schoolchildren can we use technology to make a difference? This presentation and YouTube video show how schools in Kenya are using Peek mobile technology to screen and refer children with vision problems to the local eye unit for examination and treatment. What local challenges would you face implementing this solution? Could it be an option in your setting?
© London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine CC-BY-NC-SA


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Boulevard House-Hubbard Farms began a thematic salon that included an aligned gallery opening with reception, open mic for spoken word and music segments, facilitated discussions break-out sessions, and, when the weather allowed, outdoor performances. All were welcome to attend. Call to artists were issued and artists interested in showing work are given weighted consideration based on 1) residency in Southwest Detroit, 2) residency in Detroit, or 3) a substantial body of work which is specific to Detroit issues.
Artists who would like to show in the gallery space submitted a proposal which included the following:
- An artist biography.
- A concise description of the proposed exhibit, specifically addressing how the pieces use the theme, the mediums used, and what infrastructure support is needed. Film, sculpture, paintings, photographs and other mediums which may be displayed inside are welcome.
- A link to an electronic portfolio. It is preferred that at least 3 pieces proposed for the actual exhibit be included in the portfolio; however, if the artist is proposing work in progress or responsive work, then the e-portfolio should include a diverse range of work to demonstrate professional execution and capacity.
- Proof of residency.
While the Condon House is undergoing creation, the salons may be featured in host venues. Please check the calendar to see what's current.


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You are here
Doctor of Medicine & Surgery Q&A
What are the entry requirements?
- Applicants must have completed or be studying the final year of a Bachelor degree at the time of application. Bachelor degrees undertaken in Australia must be from a Commonwealth-accredited institution and must be completed at AQF Level 7 at minimum. Bachelor degrees completed overseas must be from a recognised institution and must be equivalent to an Australian Bachelor degree. If your Bachelor degree was awarded more than 10 years ago, you will need to meet further study requirements to be eligible to apply. Please see the '10 year rule' FAQ for more information.
- The minimum weighted GPA for interview consideration is 5.6
- Domestic applicants must sit the Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test (GAMSAT). The minimum GAMSAT score for interview consideration is an overall score of 55 with a minimum of 50 in each section.
- International applicants must sit either the GAMSAT or the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). A minimum score of 125 much be achieved in each section of the MCAT to be considered for an interview.
- All applicants must meet the University's English language proficiency requirements for graduate applicants.
Meeting the minimum criteria does not guarantee an interview or admission into the program.
Has there been any admissions changes to the MChD due to COVID19?
This PowerPoint presentation and video provide details about 2021 admission requirements.
What is the GAMSAT?
The Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test (GAMSAT) is a requirement for applicants applying to the ANU Medical School. For information about the test and for important dates and locations please visit their website.
For the purpose of admissions, GAMSAT results are valid for two years. For example, to apply in 2020 for a course commencing in 2021, the following results can be used: September 2018, March 2019, September 2019 and May 2020..
How will my GPA be calculated?
The GPA calculation is based on three years of full-time equivalent study (3.0 EFTSL) in your most recent eligible degree. For the purpose of the GPA calculation, eligible degrees include Bachelor, Honours and Masters by Coursework programs. Course results from eligible degrees will be included in the GPA calculation if the degree is already complete or due to be completed by 31 December in the year of application.
The ANU Medical School uses a weighted GPA calculation for admission to the to Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) program. This means that your most recent results are weighted more heavily:
- Final GPA Year – Weighted x3
- Final-1 GPA Year – Weighted x2
- Final-2 GPA Year – Weighted x1
If your most recent eligible degree comprises less than 3.0 EFTSL worth of study, course results from your next-most-recent eligible degree(s) will be used to make up the remainder of the 3.0 EFTSL.
For example, if you completed a 2 year Masters by Coursework after your Bachelor degree, your GPA would be calculated using 2.0 EFTSL worth of course results from the Masters by Coursework, and the remaining 1.0 EFTSL worth of course results would be taken from the final year of your Bachelor degree.
Where an applicant is completing the final year of their qualifying degree in the year of application, the current year of study will only be included in the GPA calculation if at least 0.375 FTE worth of graded course results from Semester/Trimester 1 are available to be used in the calculation. If at least 0.375 FTE worth of graded results are not yet available, the Final GPA Year will be excluded from the calculation and the GPA will be calculated using only the Final-1 (x2) and Final-2 (x1) GPA Years.
There are helpful GPA calculation guides available on the GEMSAS website.
Please note that Graduate Diplomas, Graduate Certificates, Masters by Research and PhDs are not included in the GPA calculation. However, completion of some higher-level qualifications may attract a percentage bonus. Please refer to the FAQ about bonuses for further information.
Can I apply for the Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) after Year 12?
No. The Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) is a postgraduate program. Therefore you must already hold a Bachelor degree (or be completing the final year of your Bachelor degree) to be eligible to apply. You are not eligible to apply straight out of year 12.
However, the ANU offers a number of excellent pathways for students who wish to study medicine after their undergraduate degree. These pathways include the Bachelor of Health Science, Bachelor of Philosophy (Honours) in Science, and the Tuckwell Scholarship Program. Please visit the Pathway Programs page for more information.
Can I use my UCAT or UMAT results to apply for the Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD)?
No, applicants cannot use results from the University Clinical Aptitude Test (UCAT) or Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT) to apply. Applicants must sit the Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test (GAMSAT).
Note: International applicants may apply using results from the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) or the GAMSAT. Domestic applicants must apply using GAMSAT results only.
Do I need to have a science background to apply? Are there preferred Bachelor Degrees or prerequisite courses?
There are no preferred Bachelor degrees or prerequisite subjects for entry to the Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) program. The ANU Medical School welcomes applicants from a variety of academic backgrounds (sciences, social sciences, arts, humanities, law, etc.) and considers all applicants equally.
While some students may like to choose an undergraduate field that is related to medicine, others may like to choose a field that they especially enjoy and expect do well in. High level performance in the chosen degree is the main prerequisite.
What is a Bonded Medical Place?
The Bonded Medical Place (BMP) Scheme is an initiative of the Australian Government which aims to provide more Australian-trained doctors in regions experiencing a shortage of medical practitioners, particularly in rural and remote Australia. In line with this scheme, at least 28.5% of the total number of domestic places available in the first year of the Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) program must be BMPs.
In exchange for being provided with a place in the program, BMP recipients agree to work in a District of Workforce Shortage for a period of time once they have graduated from the program. This is known as the 'return of service' period. Information about the duration and time limits for completing the return of service period can be found on the Department of Health website: http://www.health.gov.au/bmpscheme
On your GEMSAS application form you will be asked to rank your preference for the two types of domestic places, i.e. Commonwealth Supported Places (CSP) and Bonded Medical Places (BMP). Both of these types of places are funded by the Australian Government. To maximise your chances of receiving an offer, consider listing both CSP and BMP on your application.
- CSP - 64 places available for citizens/permanent residents of Australia and citizens of New Zealand
- BMP - 26 places available to citizens/permanent residents of Australia and citizens of New Zealand who held a New Zealand Special Category Visa on or before 26 February 2001
Am I eligible to apply if I completed my bachelor degree more than 10 years ago?
Applicants are required to have completed their Bachelor degree within 10 years prior to the date of application. If your Bachelor degree was awarded more than 10 years ago, the '10 year rule' may be waived if you have undertaken additional undergraduate or postgraduate study in the intervening period — this must be evidenced by successful completion of at least 0.5 years of full-time equivalent study (0.5 EFTSL) at Bachelor level (or higher) in a Commonwealth-accredited program in the 10 years prior to the date of application.
A study load of 0.5 EFTSL is usually equivalent to one semester of full-time study or two semesters of part-time study. You should contact your institution directly to confirm the study load of any courses/units undertaken at that university.
Will I receive a bonus for completing a higher level degree?
A percentage bonus of 2% may be awarded for completion of a standalone Honours degree if the qualification is already complete or due to be completed by December 31 in the year of application. The bonus applies to standalone Honours degrees only. Embedded and professional Honours programs are included in the GPA calculation but do not receive the percentage bonus.
Masters by Research or PhD
A percentage bonus may be awarded for completion of a Masters by Research (2%) or PhD (4%) if the qualification is completed prior to the date of application.
- The percentage bonus is applied to the combined GPA/GAMSAT score, therefore applicants must meet the individual GPA and GAMSAT requirements before they can be eligible for the bonus.
- Applicants cannot accumulate additional bonuses for completing more than one of the degrees listed above. If an applicant has completed more than one qualification that is eligible for a bonus, only the highest bonus will apply.
Is special consideration given for a rural background?
Yes. In line with federal government initiatives, 28% of the ANU intake of medical students should be of rural background. GEMSAS will use the Australian Standard Geographical Classification - Remoteness Area (ASGC-RA) system to determine if applicants meet the rural background criteria. If your primary place of residence has been in an Australian rural area (ASGS-RA 2 to 5) for 5 years consecutively or 10 years cumulatively, you may be eligible for consideration in the rural sub-quota.
If you wish to be considered in the rural sub-quota you will need to complete the Rurality question in the GEMSAS application form and submit your supporting documentation to GEMSAS. You can check the ASGC-RA classification of your address by visiting the Department of Health's DoctorConnect website.
Can I defer my offer of admission to commence at a later date?
An offer of a place is only valid for the year in which it is offered. The Medical School will not consider a deferral for students unless exceptional circumstances arise that were not foreseeable at the time of application.
Applicants who meet the above and are seeking a deferral are required to submit a letter addressed to the Associate Dean detailing their reasons for deferral and why this was not foreseeable at the time of application. Applications for deferral are dealt with on a case by case basis.
Can medicine students from other universities transfer into the ANU Medical School?
Requests for direct transfers will not be considered. All years of the Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) program are at full enrolment capacity and the ANU Medical School is unable to accommodate additional students transferring into the program from other medical schools.
However, students from other medical schools are welcome to apply for the next available intake into Year 1 of the MChD program through the standard application procedure outlined on the How to Apply page.
Can doctors who trained overseas apply?
Yes, overseas trained doctors may apply for entry in the same manner as any other domestic or international applicant. We do not require overseas trained doctors to have attempted the Australian Medical Council exam prior to applying.
Who can I contact about the outcome of my application?
If you are a domestic applicant, please contact GEMSAS for details about your application
International applicants can contact email@example.com
Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD)
What is the MChD?
The Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD), Latin for Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, is a comprehensive and varied four year course for graduate students looking to enter the rewarding field of medicine. It aims to produce graduates who are committed to compassionate, ethical health care and the expansion of medical knowledge.
How is the MChD structured?
Please visit the 'Programs and Courses' page.
Can I study the MChD part-time?
No. Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) students must be enrolled full-time.
Can I study a combined MChD / research program?
Yes. The conjoint degrees offered include the combined MChD / PhD and MChD / MPhil programs.
What are the tuition fees for International students?
International students are required to pay the full cost of their medical training. The international fee for the MChD Program can be found in the 'Admissions and Fees' section on the Programs and Courses page. Further information can be found on the student fees website.
What are the English language proficiency requirements for admission?
All applicants must meet the Australian National University's English language requirements for graduate admission. Please refer to the ANU Policy Library for further details.
What happens if I become an Australian permanent resident after commencing the program?
A student who obtains permanent residence status after the census date in a semester will be classified as an international student for the remainder of that semester. They will be liable to pay the tuition fees applicable to international students for that semester. From the following semester, the student will be classified as a permanent resident and will be liable to pay the tuition fees applicable to permanent residents.
Where a student has obtained permanent residence by the census date for that semester and has already paid the tuition fees applicable to international students, the student may be eligible for a refund of these fees. Please refer to the Student Refunds Policy.
Note: permanent residency is recognised from the date proof of PR status is provided to the University, not the date on which the application for permanent residency was made or granted.
As an international student, can I stay and work in Australia after I graduate?
ANU and the Medical School are not responsible for internships. Internships are managed by State and Territory governments. In the ACT, placements are allocated through processes run by the Health Directorate. In other States and in the Northern Territory, placements are allocated by the Postgraduate Medical Council. These departments have made it clear that international students are not guaranteed an internship upon graduation from a medical program.
On completion of the internship, junior doctors are eligible to receive full registration with the State/Territory Medical Board. As each State/Territory has its own Medical Board, doctors are required to register in the State/Territory where they practice. The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency may offer additional information.
Note: international students should be aware of the Medical Board of Australia's English requirements for internship registration in Australia, which requires a minimum of IELTS level 7 in all four components.
What is the medical graduate internship?
Usually, MChD graduates will enter the medical workforce and complete a one year internship program, with the majority of time spent in major public teaching hospitals. On completion of this internship, junior doctors are eligible to receive full registration with the medical board in the State/Territory where they practice.
Placements are allocated through processes run by the Health Directorate, in the ACT and the Postgraduate Medical Council in other states and territories.
Can I undertake my internship through the ANU Medical School after I graduate?
ANU and the Medical School are not responsible for internships. Internships are managed by State and Territory governments. Placements are allocated through processes run by the Health Directorate in the ACT and by the Postgraduate Medical Council in other States and Territories. These departments have made it clear that international students are not guaranteed an internship upon graduation from a medical program.
On completion of the internship, junior doctors are eligible to receive full registration with the State/Territory Medical Board. As each State/Territory has its own Medical Board, doctors are required to register in the State/Territory where they practice. The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency may offer additional information.
Is the MChD recognised in other countries?
The Medicinae ac Chirurgiae Doctoranda (MChD) qualification is recognised in countries outside Australia through its accreditation by the Australian Medical Council and listing on the International Medical Education Directory and the World Health Organisation Medical School Directory.
However, specific countries may require additional steps to be completed before the degree is recognised by that country.
Will I be able to register and practice in countries outside Australia?
MChD graduates wishing to register and practice in countries other than Australia must satisfy that country's requirements for foreign medical graduates.


text:
All of these songs and movies are my favorite for listening to in my spare time. But now young people like electronic music and don't take much time to listen to older music, and it's very annoying. So now happy reading !
Music & movies are for me very important, because when you listen to it and watch at it, you go to another galaxy, and it's these things that I adore.
And Elvis Presley is the older song which I Enjoy in Rock-and roll
He was born in 1935 and lived until 1977.
His songs are considered like the most famous sound in the XX' century
He was the first man to give a concert broadcast by satellite
And when he died, his personal fortune represented like
90 golden records (disks), 50 of the platinum(deck), 25 of the multi-platinum(multi-deck) and 1 of the diamond
- Elvis Christmas Album, certified on September 9th, 2011 by the RIAA, which sold to more than 13 million copies in the world
I like all styles of music because I'm not difficult and I like all of the music, but I prefer for all my favorites group
French Rock :
Nicola Sirkis (vocals, guitar, synthesizer, harmonica since 1981)
Marco (bass since 1992)
Boris Jardel (guitar, ukulele, percussions since 1998)
Oli de Sat (guitar, keyboard since 1998)
Mr Shoes ( drums since 2002)
Matu ( keyboard since 2005)
When I listen their songs I fly away to a new dimention!
It is a French group and they formed 1981, It created popular titles like : "l'aventurié", "j'ai demandé à la lune", "Canary Bay" etc.
in Teen Rock is:
Like Plain White T's
Tom Higgenson
Dave Tirio
Mike Retondo
De'Mar Hamilton
Tim Lopez
Since 1997, their songs are paradise, like their songs such as "Hey There Delilah", " Rhythm of love" Etc, I'm in ecstasy because their song are so awesome with the sound of their voices.
-Their voice and their musicality are very and really comparable to a rainbow where the musical notes float on colors.
I like to Rock with groups like:
Simple plan:
Pierre Bouvier : vocals, guitar piano
Sébastien Lefebvre : rhythmic Guitar, chorus, bass (concerts)
Jeff Stinco : Guitar solo ist
David Desrosiers : Bass, chorus, guitar, vocals(concerts)
Chuck Comeau : drums
Their sonds are: Pop punk, punk rock, alternative rock , alternative metal, rapcore, melodic hardcore, skate punk, heavy metal.
"Noots,"one of their songs, is very my favorite. I love this group's music!
My favorite Series is Smallville:
It's the longest running series at of all the time, because it has 10 seasons, and was created by Alfred Gouhg and Miles Millar, this story tells about the youth of "Superman".
The music of these genre is as popular as the fictional characters.
I am an adict to listen the music sound of Max Boublil, he is a french boy were he sing about the life of all the days. For myself it's very funy, but never peaple can stand his humor.


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Using visuals to tell the return to risk story
Everyone talks about the retune to risk trade-off, but it is a concept that is at times hard to visualize. A simple tool is to form return to risk boxes with well-known benchmarks. The return to risk boxes represent the area of higher return and lower relative to some benchmark. If you are in the box, you have a better return to risk trade-off. If you are outside the box, your return to risk is inferior. You can look at a large number of managers or indices in one graph through the box approach.
In the graph above, we have included global macro and managed futures indices as well as the S&P 500 index (green circle) and Barclays Aggregate bond index (green square) for the last 12 months of return and 36 months of volatility. The triangles represent the major managed futures and global macro indices. We have not labeled them to make the graph a little cleaner. The other green circle is the MSCI world index.
The graph tells a very interesting story. All but one index shows a better return to risk than the S&P 500 even though the returns were flat or slightly negative. Relative to the bond index, managed futures and global macro did not do as well. Most indices were inferior with only one adding return value. These numbers will change over any period, but this graph shows a bond-macro combination was superior to a bond/equity combination.


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The Allianz ASP World Junior Championships launched today in clean 3-to-4-foot peeling rights at the iconic Ribeira d'Ilhas pointbreak.
This standalone event will crown the 2014 ASP World Junior Champions and offer invaluable access into the top rated 2015 Qualifying Series events.
Bronte Macaulay (AUS), 20, was the absolute standout surfer on the opening day of the Allianz ASP World Junior Championships, collecting two near-perfect scores and the highest combined heat total of the competition so far, an excellent 17.50 out of 20.
"I'm pretty happy to get a win and to be skipping Round 4,†Macaulay said. "It probably wasn't the best surfing, but I got through, so that's all that matters. It's really tricky out there, I sat there and waited at the start of the heat for about 8 minutes or so and was just waiting for a wave to come. I blew it a bit, there were some good sets that could have been ridden, but I was on the inside... I'm here to win the world title, but it's definitely not an easy task with so many great surfers. I just want to try to take it heat by heat, and get some surfing in, win or lose.â€
Meah Collins (USA), 15, had a huge come-from-behind victory in the second round where she was comboed with 8 minutes remaining and managed to tie her opponent's 16.53 heat total, taking the win courtesy of a highest single-wave score of a 9.33.
"I surfed a 5-minute heat basically," Collins said. "I really had all my waves in the last minutes there and it was kind of a heart-attack heat for me and my mom. I thought well If I can get one right now and another one on the way back out..., and that's what I did. You just have to stay calm and know that it's not over until the buzzer rings.â€
In a slow lineup around the high-tide mark, Collins unfortunately couldn't match Macaulay's rhythm in their afternoon bout and will have to surf the elimination Round 4 when competition recommences.
Mahina Maeda (HAW), 16, surfed a solid heat in Round 1 belting a 9.03 and later confirmed her great form with an exciting series of exchanges in the third round to come out on top of a talent-filled heat against defending World Junior Champion Ella Williams (NZL) and Teresa Bonvalot (PRT).
"I'm trying to stay away from the losers-round, so getting through another heat is amazing,†Maeda stated. "I had a hard time against Teresa and Ella. They are such amazing surfers. It was really tough out there, so we made the most out of these conditions and hopefully it's looking better tomorrow. I'm getting more confidence through each heat, and hopefully I get more heats like this.â€
Keely Andrew (AUS), 19, who had a hard time dispatching of Portuguese talent Bonvalot in their first round matchup, later took her surfing to another level and put on a dominant performance to advance into the Quarters.
"My first heat was a bit of a shaky one, so it was good to get a better heat,†Andrew commented. "I hope I can keep building in every wave I get, and keep going through heats. To take home the title would definitely top off my year. I've had a really good year on the QS, so to take it home to Australia would be amazing. This is my last event of the year, so hopefully I can finish strong.â€
The young Queenslander, who surfed against the World's Best as a wildcard in the Roxy Pro Gold Coast earlier this year, went vertical several times to unleash her power and collect excellent scores.
Barbados surfer Chelsea Tuach (BRB), 18, won the first heat of the event and went on to advance straight into the Quarterfinals with a win in Round 3. The talented regular-footer built momentum during her matchups and found the best scoring opportunities to display her powerful fronthand snaps and collect big scores.
"With the high tide it gets a little bit trickier to paddle into the waves,†Tuach explained. "So I was sitting in the back waiting for the bigger sets, but every time a set came I was too far out. I had to go and sit right on the inside and that was where the sets ended up coming. I had a really hard start. I could only get one-manoeuvre waves because the waves were closing out on me, and then when I got on the inside, I got runners that could let me do a three or four maneuvers, so I was glad they came to me in the end.â€
After a narrow win to start her campaign in the opening round, Tuach looked revived in her second appearance and capitalized on the confidence building with each big score she received.
"I've changed my boards and I was feeling more confident in every wave I got on the board,†Tuach continued. "Knowing that you have good scores, you surf with more confidence and feel more relaxed, so I could really go for it and see what scores I could get.â€
If conditions allow, competition will resume with Round 4.