text:
The Medical Messiahs:
A Social History of Health Quackery
in Twentieth-Century America
Chapter 19: Turmoil on the Drug Scene
James Harvey Young, PhD
"A . . . unique characteristic [of prescription drugs] is the difference between buyer and orderer; in the words of Chairman Kefauver, 'He who orders does not buy; and he who buys does not order.' . . . Hence in ethical drugs the ability of the ordinary consumer to protect himself against the monopoly element inherent in trademarks is nonexistent. The consumer is 'captive' to a degree not present in any other industry."
—Report of the Kefauver Subcommittee, 1961 [1]
"Americans are now paying the greatest price they have ever paid for worthless nostrums, ineffectual and potentially dangerous devices, treatments given by unqualified practitioners, food fads and unneeded diet supplements, and other alluring products or services that make misleading promises of cure or end to pain.
"It is incredible that a wealthy nation, priding itself on its enlightenment and its thirst for progress, should pay such a heavy penalty for ignorance or lack of adequate enforcement."
—Report of the Williams Subcommittee, 1965 [2]
To combat the menace of quackery, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Abraham A. Ribicoff told the delegates to the 1961 Congress on Medical Quackery, his Department and the American Medical Association could cooperate wholeheartedly. "It is a well-known fact," he also said, "that we do not always agree on every subject-the AMA and myself." [3]
This remark brought a chuckle from Ribicoff's audience, well aware that the power struggle over Medicare, quiescent during the Eisenhower years, was, with John F. Kennedy's accession to the presidency, beginning to heat up. The President would shortly present to the Congress a wide-ranging plan of legislative and executive action to protect more adequately the consumer's interests, a plan in which the tighter control of drugs held high priority. A new period of reform was dawning in America, and central to the design of the New Frontier was improvement of the nation's health. The thrust of the Kennedy years would continue in Lyndon B. Johnson's striving toward the Great Society. "The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare," stated John W. Gardner, one of Ribicoff's successors, in 1966, "is a partner in a historic effort in health, an effort that will mean a more rewarding life for each individual in our society and for society as a whole. But the partnership will work only if all of the elements with which the Federal Government has allied itself enjoy continuing strength and vitality-and that includes state and local agencies, public and private hospitals, professional associations and private practitioners. All of them must play a creative and independent role/" [4]
Ways in which a partnership to curtail the hazards of pseudomedicine might enhance the public health had formed the agenda of the 1961 Congress on Quackery. But as the overall drug problem was coming to be viewed, quackery was only one of many serious issues which required attention. As to prescription medication, critics were charging, the chemotherapeutic revolution had produced a "therapeutic nightmare." [5]
Academic physicians initiated the criticism, and their somber judgments were picked up by lay journalists and Congressional committees. No one denied the tremendous benefits that a generation of new drugs had brought in saving lives, easing pain, reducing the population of mental hospitals. But the valuable new therapeutic agents had proved to be so powerful that, when improperly used, grave consequences, sometimes long delayed, ensued. Some patients, because of personal idiosyncrasies, could not take drugs others could use with safety and displayed dangerous, sometimes fatal, reactions. Some drugs had cumulative toxic effects. Other drugs, once effective, lost their value as germs mutated into new and resistant strains. Drug-induced ailments of various kinds became an increasingly urgent problem as the statistics of "therapeutic misadventure" mounted.
Some risk was inevitable in drug therapy, the critics said, a chance necessarily taken when striving to achieve a cure. But various developments had ballooned the risk beyond all need. Many practicing physicians must share in the blame. They sometimes prescribed drugs when none was needed. They used too potent and hazardous drugs for conditions which might be served by medicines less potent and hazardous. They tried out new therapeutic agents without adequately informing themselves about the potential dangers in their use. To be sure, the task of keeping up to date was well-nigh impossible for the average doctor. New drugs were marketed in such a bewildering array and in such numbers—some 400 a year—that had a doctor sought to read all the pertinent scientific literature, much of which, in any case, was published after the drugs became available for use, he would have had no time to see his patients. What bothered the academic critics most was that too many physicians did not resort to the most authentic sources to keep themselves informed. They relied too heavily on the promotional literature with which they were deluged by pharmaceutical manufacturers and on the counsel of these companies' traveling salesmen, called detailmen.
Drug manufacturers received sharper criticism than did doctors. To be sure, they were engaged in a highly competitive business with wares that rapidly became obsolete. Much of their expensive research seeking to find new agents of value went for nought, since most prospective medicines turned out to be ineffective or too toxic to market. Thus, when they found a drug that showed commercial promise, they wanted to cash in on it before another drug from another pharmaceutical house replaced it. Critics charged, indeed, that too little of the research budget of such companies went for basic research to seek genuinely needed new drugs and too much of the budget went for seeking minor modifications, which might be patentable, of competitors' drugs that had achieved outstanding commercial success. Critics also held that, in the rush to get drugs to the market, some pharmaceutical manufacturers did not engage in adequate testing programs, either in animals or in man, to establish as securely as was desirable the safety and efficacy of their new wares. Some of the clinical testing that took place, critics believed, smacked more of promotion than of science, being an effort to acquaint doctors with the product prior to its release for sale by the FDA.
New prescription drugs had as part of the labeling enclosed with each package a brochure, which the FDA had to approve, describing the therapeutic indications for the drug's use, informing about the proper dosage patterns, and also providing warnings and contraindications. But, since the drug went from the manufacturer to the pharmacist, many doctors did not see this brochure as a matter of course. A few companies mailed copies to physicians, but many did not. They did send, however, lavishly printed literature stressing the drug's merits but playing down, or omitting altogether, commentary on the risks. Nor did drug advertising in most medical periodicals provide a balanced picture of the good and bad. Some detailmen, it was discovered, had been instructed, even after a new and more vigorous warning had been required in a drug brochure by the FDA, to minimize the warning in their conversations with physicians. Pharmaceutical companies were also guilty, the critics said, of placing research papers in medical journals that fell far short of meeting sound scientific canons. And the companies sometimes went to elaborate lengths to plant stories of some soon-to-be-released drug in the popular press or in a family magazine, presumably with the hope that patients would bring pressure on their doctors to prescribe it.
Pharmaceutical companies, moreover, the more severe critics held, charged too high a price for drugs. Drug industry profits ranked highest among all American industries, and promotional costs were certainly near the top, needlessly high. Trade-name pharmaceuticals which were patented held the same price level for years, despite economies of production, and sometimes this occurred when there were several trade-name pharmaceuticals made by different companies useful for essentially the same therapeutic purposes—they all remained for a long span of time stable in price, a price virtually identical from brand to brand. Institutional buyers, such as governmental agencies, sometimes found that bids for contracts from several competing companies were identical; at other times, it seemed, bids revealed that companies could make profits from drug prices incredibly lower than those the individual consumer was required to pay.
Whatever the degree of validity in these various charges and they launched a great debate as the groups criticized sought to defend themselves—it was apparent that much was amiss. Instances of greed, deception, and inexcusable carelessness were definitely established. But basically the revelations during these years showed that old ways were not sufficient for a new day. All along the line, from the discovery and testing of new drugs to their promotion, prescribing, and use, a caution, a scientific sophistication, was demanded much beyond the level required in the era before the wonder drugs had appeared. The speed with which the chemotherapeutic revolution had remolded therapy, the complexity of the chemical and physiological problems involved, the optimism warranted by the new drugs' lifesaving potency which tended to becloud the sober later awareness of the risks had created the need for agonizing reappraisal. This reappraisal took place in full public view, for news of the dangers inherent in drug use came to concern the nation's people as earlier news of drug miracles had cheered them. What came to seem like guilt, from the perspective of the new criticism, had been in some measure an unawareness of the high level of scientific rigor required in the production and use of the new therapeutic agents.
While there had been some popular writing on this crucial theme earlier, and the Blatnik subcommittee had concerned itself with tranquilizing drugs, the hearings presided over by Senator Estes Kefauver, between December 1959 and September 1960, made headlines that turned prescription drug practices into a national issue. The Tennessee Senator introduced a strong remedial bill, but, despite the public concern his hearings had aroused, the bill, weakened by amendment, languished in the Senate Judiciary Committee. As prior to 1906 and 1938, it was to take a stupendous threat to the public health-this time, happily, a "might-have-been"—to ensure legislative action [6].
The Food and Drug Administration did not escape unscathed during the agonizing reappraisal. The Citizens Advisory Committee of 1955 had urged a marked improvement in the FDA's scientific competency, through increasing the stature and prestige of the professional staff inaugurating greater cooperation with other federal health agencies, and engaging in more research on the side effects of dangerous drugs. Other CAC suggestions aimed at helping industry by expediting the processing of new drug applications. Later critics wondered if the FDA had not helped business much too much at the expense of the drug-consuming public. In conformity with the general governmental climate during the Eisenhower years, relations between the regulators and the regulated had been generally cordial. In retrospect, from a more reformist perspective, this seemed a fault. Some FDA doctors, processing new drug applications, believed that industry representatives had exerted too great and constant pressure on them to rush the applications through, and thought also that their own administrative superiors had not shielded them adequately from such pressure. The entire agency, in its posture toward business, was brought under a cloud as a result of a revelation made by the Kefauver subcommittee. Following up a clue presented by John Lear in the Saturday Review, the subcommittee discovered that FDA's director of the Division of Antibiotics, Dr. Henry Welch, had engaged in an enterprise that certainly aroused the suspicion of conflict of interest. Dr. Welch had secured permission from his superiors to edit two journals in his field in exchange for an "honorarium." No one had raised the question as to what size this presumably modest sum might be. As it turned out, Dr. Welch had received, during a seven-year span, an amount exceeding $280,000. This income came mainly from a percentage on drug advertising carried in the journals and a percentage on reprints of journal articles bought by drug manufacturers for use in their promotion. Although scrutiny by a blue-ribbon committee selected by the National Academy of Sciences revealed no evidence that Welch's "honorarium" had influenced his official decisions in evaluating antibiotics, the Welch case obviously injured the FDAs prestige and made it easier to interpret the agency's relationships with business in a critical light [7].
The lack of sufficient scientific competence within the FDA received increasing criticism. A new Citizens Advisory Committee in 1962 rebuked the agency for having failed to follow up adequately suggestions for strengthening its scientific resources made by the earlier committee in 1955. Nor did scientists within the agency, medical and Congressional critics charged, carry the weight they should have in making key decisions. "The Food and Drug Administration," Senator Hubert H. Humphrey asserted, "has been looked upon as a 'police' department, rather than as an agency of scientists and other professionals with a broad variety of health-related skills." Drugs had been approved which the FDA admitted should not have been, because proof of their safety had not been adequately demonstrated. Drugs had been kept on the market long after accumulating evidence had shown their hazards. Perhaps if scientists had played a more decisive role in the decision-making, such contingencies would not have occurred. "The New Frontier," said Humphrey, had "yet to make its mark on . . . [the] 54-year-old effort" to regulate food and drugs. "The Food and Drug Administration should be upgraded. There should be some 'new blood,' some new endeavor, some new action, some new spirit." [8]
Humphrey's Congressional inquiry, which revealed some of the FDA's shortcomings in evaluating new drugs, had arisen, ironically enough, from one of the agency's great triumphs. The shrewdness and firmness of an FDA woman physician had kept the United States from sharing in a terrible medical disaster.
A drug with the generic name thalidomide had been marketed in West Germany in 1957, By 1960 its sales had skyrocketed and, through leasing arrangements between the manufacturer and foreign drug companies, thalidomide had become purchasable in Britain, Canada, Portugal, and other countries. Used as a sleeping tablet, sedative, and anti-emetic in pregnancy, thalidomide became renowned for a certain sort of safety: unlike most other sedatives, it did not, when taken intentionally or accidentally in large doses, cause death. In September 1960, after nearly two years of animal and clinical testing, an American drug company submitted to the FDA a new drug application to market thalidomide under the trade name Kevadon. So confident of quick approval was the company that it gathered key detailmen together the next month to send them forth on a major pre-clearance campaign of lining up hospital doctors for a final round of clinical trials. The purpose, in a minor way, was "confirmation" of thalidomide's already established usefulness, the salesmen were informed. "But the main purpose is to establish local studies whose results may be spread among hospital staff members. You can assure your doctors that they need not report results if they don't want to. . . ." In all, more than 1,200 investigators were given free samples, nearly 20,000 patients treated [9].
But in the FDA's Division of New Drugs, Dr. Frances O. Kelsey, who was given the application to process, did not believe that the evidence submitted by the company demonstrated beyond question the drug's safety. Despite a succession of letters, phone calls, and personal visits from company officials, she would not grant acceptance and asked for more data. Her precautionary hunch was confirmed by a doctor's letter to the editor in the British Medical Journal, wondering if thalidomide might not be responsible for four cases he had observed of peripheral neuritis, a deterioration of the nerves in the bands and feet. A similar discovery in West Germany led to the changing of thalidomide's status from over-the-counter to prescription sale. Dr. Kelsey wondered, if thalidomide produced such an ailment, might it not be hazardous to the unborn child?
About the time the American drug company was briefing its detailmen, two cases of phocomelia were presented by a German doctor to a pediatric convention. As an American physician later reported the episode, "Photographs and X-ray pictures showed that the long bones of the infants' arms had almost completely failed to grow; their arms were so short that their bands extended almost directly from their shoulders. Their legs were less affected but showed signs of a similar distortion of growth. Both infants were also marked by a large hemangioma (strawberry mark) extending from the forehead down the nose and across the upper lip; one of them was also found to have a duodenal stenosis, that is, a constriction of the beginning of the small intestine."" Phocomelia, a name derived from two Greek words meaning "seal" and "limb," had been so rare an affliction that most doctors had never encountered it during a lifetime of practice. But babies by the hundreds began to be born in Germany thus terribly malformed. By November 1961, a German physician suspected the culpable agent to be thalidomide taken during the first three months of pregnancy. Hearing a rumor of this widespread affliction, Dr. Helen B. Taussig, of the Johns Hopkins University pediatrics department, went to Germany immediately for an investigation on the spot and came home to spread the word through letter, public address, and print of thalidomide's horrifying potentiality. Dr. Kelsey went to Baltimore to learn first-hand from Dr. Taussig her disquieting intelligence. On March 8, 1962, the American drug company asked Dr. Kelsey that its new drug application be withdrawn.
Had Dr. Kelsey been less adamant and had Kevadon been released, some 10,000 deformed babies would have been born in the United States before the danger was known. That a smaller-scale disaster did not take place was remarkable, considering the widespread distribution of Kevadon by the American company to clinical "investigators." Much of the record-keeping by these doctors was non-existent or shoddy, and the FDA had a difficult task making sure that all supplies of the drug had been recalled or destroyed. As it was, only a few cases of phocomelia occurred in America, mostly from thalidomide secured abroad.
The story of Dr. Kelsey's determined opposition to the marketing of thalidomide was first publicly reported by Morton Mintz in the Washington Post in mid-July. This news story precipitated a tidal wave of national publicity and numerous editorials of gratitude for Dr. Kelsey's perceptive contribution to the American people. President Kennedy presented her with the Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Civilian Service. The thalidomide episode focused scientific attention on the problem of teratogenicity: could other drugs taken during pregnancy also make monsters of babies who would be born?
The episode also called into question anew, as during Senator Humphrey's hearings, the practices of drug companies in testing their drugs prior to marketing and the procedures by which the Food and Drug Administration evaluated drugs which they released for sale. The FDA issued new regulations seeking to control clinical testing sponsored by manufacturers prior to their submission of new drug applications. If the FDA had had such authority under the 1938 law, Senator Humphrey questioned, why, in view of the way thalidomide had been distributed for testing to so many doctors who could by no means be classified as "experts," had not the agency promulgated such regulations much earlier?
The thalidomide near-disaster, like the meat-packing scandals of 1906 and the sulfanilamide tragedy of 1937, forced the Congress to enact a major new protective law. The languishing bill was revived, its weakened clauses restrengthened, and on October 10, 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments passed both Houses of Congress unanimously. Although provisions dear to Senator Kefauver's heart aimed at reducing drug prices did not find their way into the law, the measure markedly improved the FDA's control over the marketing and promotion of prescription drugs. Henceforth the FDA must approve all plans for clinical testing, must be assured that clinical investigators were scientifically qualified to conduct the tests. An investigator was required to inform his patient that he was taking part in an experiment involving an investigational drug unless, in the doctor's judgment, this was not feasible or would not be in the patient's best interest. The new law also required that no new drug could be released to the market unless the manufacturer had submitted to the FDA substantial evidence that the drug was not only safe—the 1938 law had required this—but also efficacious for treating the ailments for which it was designed as therapy. Both during clinical trials and after marketing, drug companies were required to notify the FDA immediately—as they had not always done before—should they receive reports of any adverse effects caused by a drug. All drug manufacturers were required by the new law to operate according to good manufacturing procedures, and the scope of the FDA's factory inspection was enlarged in plants making prescription drugs. An effort failed to put into the law the same inspection rigor for plants making proprietary products. Pre-marketing certification by the FDA was expanded from five antibiotics to all of them. And prescription drug advertising, hitherto the Federal Trade Commission's prerogative, was brought within the jurisdiction of the FDA. Each advertisement was required henceforth to present truthfully a brief summary of known side effects and contraindications, as well as information about the drug's effectiveness [12].
As Food and Drug Administration officials sought to implement the new law, they did so in a goldfish bowl. Seven years before the public may have been largely unaware of the agency and its mission, but the Kefauver bearings, the thalidomide headlines, and the new law greatly enhanced the newsworthiness of the agency. In the years that followed, reporters and Congressional committees kept the FDA under constant and critical scrutiny [13].
Such was the broader drug scene within which the continuing contest with medical quackery took place. Amid all the testifying about prescription drug difficulties that preceded the 1962 law, Congressional committees occasionally beard the shortcomings of over-the-counter medication mentioned. Arthritis and Rheumatism Foundation spokesmen, for example, described for the Kefauver subcommittee the broad range of deceptive remedies offered for direct sale to arthritis sufferers. And the editorial director of Consumers Union, Mrs. Mildred Brady, expressed her sympathy with the doctor's dilemma. "We who listen hours a day," she said, "to the conflicting claims made by various brands of deodorants, cold remedies, toothpastes, hair dyes, headache remedies and laxatives—claims made frequently by the same companies who also promote and sell brand name prescription drugs to doctors—we television viewers and radio listeners cannot help but feel a sympathetic uneasiness for our physicians, subject as they are to.equally intensive and extravagant hard sell directed at them." [14]
The main thrust of the hearings, however, as of the law, aimed at abuses associated with prescription drugs. The new law, nonetheless, provided important weapons against quackery. The new proof-of-efficacy pre-marketing standard applied to all drugs, not just prescription products. No promoter could henceforth seek to sell direct to the lay public any new drug that had not met this rigorous provision without quickly facing a Food and Drug action he could not hope to win. Nor would it any longer be possible for a specious promotion to masquerade for years "under the guise of pre-marketing clinical trials, distributing medicine" in exchange for a "contribution" to help cover the firm's expenses, a contribution that might really include a large margin of profit. Now the promoter would have to present to the FDA his plan for clinical trials and must persuade the agency that his experts were properly qualified, or else stop distributing his wares in interstate commerce. On this rock were wrecked the hopes of Krebiozen, Proved by FDA scientists to be nothing more than mineral oil and creatine, a common laboratory chemical. A committee of 24 cancer experts, chosen by the National Cancer Institute, reported in 1963, after surveying the records of 504 patients treated with Krebiozen, that the drug was ineffective in treating cancer. The committee strongly recommended that no clinical trial was warranted. Dr. Durovic filed with the FDA a plan for the investigational use of Krebiozen, required by the Kefauver-Harris law. But a month later Durovic withdrew his plan. Thus he failed to meet the new law's standard and could no longer distribute Krebiozen as an investigational drug across state lines. This ban held, even though the government failed to convict Krebiozen's promoters in a criminal case decided by a Chicago jury in 1966 [15].
In a pioneering case under the Kefauver-Harris law, the Food and Drug Administration took successful action against another unproved cancer remedy, Mucorhicin. This substance, extracted from a mold grown on a mixture of wheat, salt, yeast, and water fermented in a pan, had neither been proved effective nor been produced under good manufacturing practices. So it too was barred from interstate commerce [16].
The 1938 law formed the legal basis for precedent-setting victories in the device and nutritional fields: the Micro-Dynameter and Vitasafe cases broadened the scope of the FDA's control over these critical areas. It began to appear as if the Food and Drug Administration, through the new law and accumulating judicial precedents, had gained enough legal authority to prevent the promotion of an unquestionably ineffective drug. aimed at the consumer market from growing to gigantic proportions, as had so often happened in the past [17]
A myriad of small and borderline deceptions, however, continued and were born anew: a Cincinnati promoter, for example, advertised that he could counteract the hazardous effect of thalidomide. Legal procedures still could drag. FDA resources, while expanding, hardly kept up with its growing obligations. Quackery practiced solely within the borders of the individual states remained immune to federal restraint. "In my experience," stated John W. Miner of California, the only prosecutor in the nation specializing in medicolegal crimes, "less than 10% of quackery cases could be filed in federal courts or reached by federal agencies." Speaking before the Third National Congress on Medical Quackery held in Chicago in 1966, Miner termed earlier estimates of quackery's financial toll too low. "An overall annual quackery take of two or more billion," be asserted, "would be a reasonable guess." Quackery "channels an amount equal or more to 2% of our national budget into the pockets of criminals." [18]
Other experts, seeking to balance regulatory gains and losses agreed that quackery had not diminished in size. Henry B. Montague, Chief Postal Inspector, thought fraudulent scheme still on the increase. Tle Arthritis Foundation, in 1966, raised its estimate of the annual sum spent by arthritics on misrepresented wares to a new high of $310 million. AMA headquarters, judging by letters of complaint received, considered cancer quackery the number one medical fraud, and the American Cancer Society issued its updated survey of the wide range of unproved remedies from whose appeals victims—or frightened self-diagnosers—of cancer might choose [19].
Thus, despite very real regulatory gains, quackery remained a major social problem, "a criminal activity as harmful as any in society" in John Miner's words, "but against which the law has done the least." And despite mounting campaigns to warn the public against the hazards of pseudo-medicine, many citizens of this "wealthy nation, priding itself on its enlightenment and its thirst for progress,' continued to hunt health in unenlightened ways. What was there about John Doe that made him such a perennial victim? [20]
- Administered Prices: Drugs, 87 Cong., I ses., Senate Rep. 448 (1961), 3.
- Frauds and Deceptions Affecting the Elderly, 89 Cong., I ses., Committee print of a report of the Subcommittee on Frauds and Misrepresentations Affecting the Elderly to the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate (1965), 1.
- Proceedings, National Congress on Medical Quackery, 3.
- N.Y. Times, Mar. 16, 1962; Gardner, "The Creative Partnership for Health," Medical Tribune, June 22, 1966, 1, 11.
- Morton Mintz used The Therapeutic Nightmare as the title for his book critically surveying the period (Boston, 1965). The discussion below is derived mainly from two sets of Senate committee hearings, presided over by Senators Estes Kefauver and Hubert Humphrey respectively; the printed hearings contain not only the testimony of witnesses but also a rich assortment of documents taken from the files of pharmaceutical manufacturers and of the FDA, as well as a reprinting of articles from the press and many journals: Administered Prices: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate (86 Cong., I and 2 ses.), Parts 14 through 26 (1960-1961), cited below as Kefauver hearings; Interagency Coordination in Drug Research and Regulation: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate (87 Cong., 2 ses., and 88 Cong., I ses.), Parts I through 4 (1963-1964), cit~d below as Humphrey hearings. See also the essays in Talalay, ed., Drugs in Our Society, and Louis Lasagna, The Doctor's Dilemmas (N.Y., 1962).
- False and Misleading Advertising (Prescription Tranquilizing Drugs). Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives (85 Cong., 92 ses., 1958). An illuminating account of the Kefauver hearings and of the legislative history of the Kefauver bill, written from a position of sympathy with the Tennessee Senator's objectives, is Richard Harris, The Real Voice (N.Y., 1964).
- Pertinent excerpts from the 1955 Citizens Advisory Committee report and from a series of internal and external critiques of FDA during the years that followed are brought together in the Humphrey hearings, Part 2. Kefauver bearings, Parts 22 and 23, are concerned with the Welch case, John Lear, "The Certification of Antibiotics," Sat. Rev., 42 (Feb. 7, 1959), 43-48.
- Citizens Advisory Committee, Report to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare on the Food & Drug Administration (Washington, 1962); excerpts in Humphrey hearings, Part 2, 428-47. Humphrey cited, ibid., 583, 588.
- Humphrey hearings, Parts I and 2, are concerned with the thalidomide case, and contain not only testimony but a vast assortment of documents, including reprinting of comment from magazines and the press. The William S. Merrell Co. document appears in Part 1, 259-70.
- Helen B. Taussig, "The Thalidomide Syndrome," Scientific American, 207 (Aug. 1962), 29-35, reprinted in the Humphrey hearings, Part 1, 108-14.
- July 15, 1962.
- 76 Stat. 780; Harris, The Real Voice, passim; George P. Larrick, "Appraising Drug Safety and Efficacy," Emory University Qtly., 21 (Summer 1965), 88-96.
- For an example of hearings, see Drug Safety: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives (88 Cong., 2 ses.), Parts I and 2 (1964).
- Kefauver hearings, Part 14, 7975-94; Part 21, 11536.
- George P. Larrick, "Changes in the Status of Proprietary Drugs under Federal Law, , mimeographed text of May 11, 1964, address; CA—A Cancer Jnl. for Clinicians, 13 (1963), 76-78; Dept. of HEW release, Oct. 16, 1963; Medical World News, Aug. 2, 1963, 41, and June 3, 1966, 25. Newsweek, 67 (Feb. 14, 1966), 65-66; American Cancer Society, Unproven Methods of Cancer Treatment, 62-64. An expert summary of the Krebiozen events, entitled "The Krebiozen Story; Is Cancer Quackery Dead?," was presented on Oct. 7, 1966, to the Third National Congress on Medical Quackery by Dr. James F. Holland of the Roswell Park Memorial institute of Buffalo, Papers, Third National Congress on Medical Quackery (Chicago, 1967), 48-59.
- Cal 11 (1961), 17-18; FDA release, Mar. 7, 1964.
- Micro-Dynameter: see ch. 11; Vitasafe: 226 Fed. Supp. 266 (1964); 235 Fed. Supp. 84 (1964); 345 Fed. (2d) 864 (1965); 382 U.S. 918 (1965).
- F&D Rev.2 47 (July 1963), 191; Miner, "The Costs of Quackery," mimeographed text of Oct. 8, 1966, address.
- Health Frauds and Quackery, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Frauds and Misrepresentations Affecting the Elderly of the Special committee on Aging, United States Senate (88 Cong,, 2 ses., 1964), Part 3, 286; Medical Tribune, July 23-24, 1966, 15; American Cancer Society, unproven Methods of cancer Treatment.
- Miner, "The Costs of Quackery"; Frauds and Deceptions Affecting the Elderly, 89 Cong., I ses. (1965), 1.
This page was posted on January 8, 2002.


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Definitions for "exchange"
Keywords: amex, rook, nyse, marketplace, knight
The place where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet at certain hours, to transact business; also, the institution which sets regulations and maintains the physical facilities of such a place; as, the New York Stock Exchange; a commodity exchange. In this sense the word was at one time often contracted to 'change
To give and receive reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; to swap; as, to exchange horses with a neighbor; to exchange houses or hats.
A serving of food that contains known and relatively constant amounts of carbohydrate, fat, and/or protein. The food used in an exchange is usually weighed or measured. The exchanges are divided into several groups: milk, fruit, meat, fat, bread, and vegetables.
Keywords: peritoneal, dialysate, dialysis, fresh, inflow
In peritoneal dialysis the draining of used dialysis solution from the abdomen, followed by refilling with a fresh bag of solution.
In peritoneal dialysis, the procedure of discarding the used dialysis solution and instilling fresh dialysis solution into the abdominal cavity.
The term describes the cycle of draining used dialysate and infusing fresh dialysate solution within the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis.
The basic unit for the administration and provision of telephone service by an ILEC, which normally encompasses a city, town or village and adjacent areas. Within an exchange and to other exchanges that have extended area service (EAS) or similar services with that exchange, all subscribers may place an unlimited number of calls of any duration to all other subscribers without incurring long distance toll charges. Exchanges for which EAS or similar services have been established continue, nevertheless to be separate and distinct exchanges.
Unit of territory for telephone rate purposes; includes city, village or other community and is served by one or more central offices.
Performs the switching function necessary to establish a connection between two telephones.
Keywords: conveyancer, solicitor, vendor, countrywide, gazumped
The signing of contracts by the buyer and seller.
(of contracts) occur after both purchaser and vendor have signed the contacts and the contracts are physically exchanged from one party to the other.
Date on which your conveyancer enacts the exchange of contracts committing the buyer to buy the property and the seller to sell the property. Some contracts allow a cooling off period during which time the purchaser can withdraw from the purchase.
Keywords: diverted, relinquishes, replace, recapture, pursuant
to replace with something else
exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares"
an even transaction
Keywords: reciprocal, consideration, destinguished, transfer, kind
A reciprocal transfer of real property which has certain tax advantages over a sale. Definite procedures must be followed in order to qualify the transfer as an exchange.
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money especially the currencies of different countries; "he earns his living from the interchange of currency"
a reciprocal transfer of property as destinguished from the transfer or property for a money or consideration only
Keywords: prisoners, thing, substitute, equivalent, scepter
The act of giving or taking one thing in return for another which is regarded as an equivalent; as, an exchange of cattle for grain.
The act of substituting one thing in the place of another; as, an exchange of grief for joy, or of a scepter for a sword, and the like; also, the act of giving and receiving reciprocally; as, an exchange of civilities or views.
The thing given or received in return; esp., a publication exchanged for another.
Keywords: forerunner, erm, unexpected, euro, dream
see stock exchange exchange rate mechanism (ERM) Forerunner of the European Union's single currency, the euro, by which member countries committed to maintain the value of their currencies within agreed limits in relation to other currencies.
A dream of exchanging things is a forerunner of business difficulties. Exchanging money, however signifies an unexpected trip.
The rally, the playing of alternating shots.
(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes; "after a short rally Connors won the point"
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens"
The capture of pieces belonging to both sides during the course of a few moves. (See also Winning the Exchange).
When you sacrifice one chess piece for another of equal value.
Keywords: tuition, educationally, cambridge, korea, thailand
The Student Exchange Program offered by the University is rewarding both educationally and personally. The ANU has established agreements with institutions of high standing in Austria, Canada, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, USA, Sweden, and The Netherlands. The University also has an exchange with the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.
a formal agreement which enables you to study at another institution while paying normal tuition to Queen's
The process of attending another institution under formalised exchange agreements. An outgoing exchange student pays all tuition fees to Bond University.
Exchange is the twelfth episode of the second season of Kim Possible. It was written by Thomas Hart, directed by Steve Loter, and aired in the United States on November 7, 2003.
Keywords: trunk, switch, supervisory, tandem, converges
A building or cabinet where local loop wiring converges and calls are directed to their destination, either back over the local loop or over a trunk line to the wider network.
change over, change around, or switch over
Network node where various numbers and types of communication lines are switched at the command of the telecommunications user or network operator. Exchanges operate at local, trunk and international levels.
Keywords: friend, happier, sweethearts, crochet, fun
a fun way to learn more about crochet and make friends from all over the world
Exchange, denotes profitable dealings in all classes of business. For a young woman to dream that she is exchanging sweethearts with her friend, indicates that she will do well to heed this as advice, as she would be happier with another.
Keywords: neba, covisint, bookselling, atla, congregate
A business-to-business Website where buyers and sellers congregate to transact business. Although the term exchange has been used to talk about sites where information is exchanged, the term 'Exchange' is becoming commonly understood to mean a place where goods and services are exchanged. An exchange is a type of Hub.
The Covisint Exchange located at www.covisint.com or any successor location designated by Covisint, and all related Services
a discount retail store run by the military services
Keywords: relay, changeover, skater, swimmer, momentum
The changeover between teammates in a relay event. This is usually a touch, or a push, as one skater tries to transfer his momentum to the next skater.
The exchange between the swimmer in the water and the next swimmer on the relay team. A perfect exchange will simultaneously have the finishing swimmer's hand on the touch pad and the starting swimmer's feet just touching the starting block with the rest of the starting swimmer's body extended over the water.
Keywords: bite, condo, appreciation, way, tax
a great way to take the tax bite out of high condo appreciation
a particular good way to get the tax bite out of high property appreciation
Keywords: fax, microsoft, outlook, integrated, email
is Microsoft's fully featured email server. Features of Microsoft Exchange include an appointments calendar and contacts database. Staff at the University are on an Exchange email system.
This is the networked version of Microsoft Outlook.
Microsoft's integrated fax and e-mail program designed for Windows.
Keywords: nxxs, npa, theatrical, depository, theater
A depository and inspection/distribution center for theatrical release prints. Exchanges are located in approximately 35 regional areas within the United States roughly dependent on theater and population density.
a collection of NPA/ NXXs grouped for the purpose of designating local calling areas, while a Rate Center is used to determine distance-based billing between locations
A group of area codes and prefixes which make up a local calling area.
Keywords: chapter, greek, visit, acquainted, event
A get-acquainted experience where 4-H members from one county are housed for a few days during the summer with the families of 4-H members in another county. The exchange may be between two California counties or between a California county and another state. The Host County's 4-Her later makes a return visit.
An event involving two or more Greek-letter organizations.
an activity where the members of one Greek organization visit the chapter of another Greek organization for a social event.
Keywords: unpleasant, mutual, consideration, bitter, grant
A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other. Estates exchanged must be equal in quantity, as fee simple for fee simple.
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange"
a mutual grant of equal interests in land, the one in consideration of the other
(see Securities exchange)
A forum, either physical or electronic, that brings together buyers and sellers of commodities and their derivatives (e.g., futures) for purposes of matching them together. Typically, an exchange acts as a third party guarantor for such deals by requiring the posting of collateral, while establishing and enforcing market rules that ensure liquidity and fairness. Entry to an exchange is generally through "seats" that are limited in number, usually to brokerage houses.
Organized exchanges where commodities, futures, and securities transactions are carried out by member traders and brokers.
Keywords: osu, charity, volunteering, journal, international
an independent charity working to promote international understanding and community development through international volunteering
The OSU Libraries Exchange Program is a journal exchange with institutions around the world. The program receives more than 600 titles from over 137 national and international institutions.
To return tiles to the bag and draw new ones in lieu of making a play. Counts as zero score. Players are allowed to exchange any or all of their tiles, however exchanges are not allowed with less than 7 tiles avialable in the bag. See End Game.
Keywords: deferral, something, return, voluntarily, goods
the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
All activities associated with receiving something from someone by giving something voluntarily in return. This is the heart of the marketing process. A library user gives time instead of money to borrow materials, but it is still an exchange.
To give something in return for something else (such as goods or services). Making exchanges for similar or like property is a popular tax-deferral strategy.
Keywords: scsu, campus, calendaring, platform, brand
The brand name of the specific platform that provides e-mail, calendaring, and other related personal communication or personal productivity tools to the SCSU campus community.
Keywords: nonconcurrent, duplex, mode, sequences, half
A FC term for the basic mechanism used for managing an operation. An exchange identifies information transfers consisting of one or more related nonconcurrent sequences that may flow in the same or opposite directions, but always in half duplex mode. An exchange is identified by an OX_ID and an RX_ID.
Keywords: ospf, neighboring, routers, packets, adjacency
OSPF adjacency state in which the two neighboring routers are actively sending database description packets to each other to exchange their database contents.
Keywords: replay, commencing, circumstance, scored, disc
One play of double disc court, commencing with the serve and ending in a circumstance which results in a break, a replay or one or two points being scored.
Keywords: quotations, licence, market, australian, australia
an organized market with transactions concentrated in a physical facility with participants entering two-sided quotations (bid and ask) on a continuous basis
See: Movie Market
means a financial market operated in Australia by the holder of an Australian market licence.
Keywords: alienation, type
Keywords: pipelines, displacement, contractually, allocated, retains
Transportation of natural gas by displacement over two pipelines, each of which takes and retains possession of gas contractually allocated to the other.
To be changed or received in exchange for; to pass in exchange; as, dollar exchanges for ten dimes.
Keywords: chicago, counseling, firm, schools, educational
a Chicago-based educational counseling firm that helps applicants get into top B-schools
Keywords: intermediaries, secondary, approved
Keywords: maximize, tool, investors, sold, investments
a powerful tool for investors to maximize the value of their investments when they are sold
a place where networks meet
a true network
Keywords: interconnected, energy, electric, receive, means
means to provide electric energy to or receive electric energy from the interconnected electric system.
Keywords: extensible, description, language, forms
Keywords: department, store
Keywords: independent, come, needs, owner, first

subset: commoncrawl


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The Tumbling Souls are a country music band from the Isle of Lewis. A supergroup of the best musicians from the Outer Hebrides from all genres of music.
The sound is heavily influenced by the Country music and Bluegrass of America from the 50's and 60's with more than a hint of Scottish Traditional music seeping in through the instrumentation of the band.
The Tumbling Souls were formed in April 2017 as an excuse for performing musicians and friends to spend time with each other and has spiralled out of control. Viral videos online ensured the band were quickly performing at festivals to crowds of thousands and are excited to share their debut album through Stornoway's Wee Studio Records. The music is very fun and very entertaining. Be prepared to smile and dance.
Physical tickets available from Hootananny. If you can't make it into the venue itself prior to the concert you can contact the band directly for tickets via the email email@example.com


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on being a potato and other delightful things...
It's true, I'm officially in denial.
Especially about the fact that I haven't exercised in several weeks (resulting in my uniform skirt being tighter by the day, which is becoming quite uncomfortable). And the fact that I ate Taco Bell for lunch today (resulting in me feeling like I gained twelve pounds, which is always a good time). And the fact that I've grown incredibly apathetic in regards to any fitness goals I once made (resulting in me feeling like poo on a fairly regular basis, which is horribly depressing). And the fact that I just decided to eat a chocolate chip cookie because I was feeling crappy about myself (resulting in the realization that being an emotional eater is especially not a good thing when you're feeling emotional about eating).
In the last several years, my love affair with the new and healthy me has been quite hot and cold. I shift between truly wanting to make a change and being quite excited about it, to feeling like, "Meh, I'm fine the way I am. I'm not even going to bother with it." I revert back to seventeen-year-old me, who weighed 100 lbs. regardless of the fact she ate McChicken sandwiches like there was no tomorrow and only went to the gym twice in her life (and that was just to impress a boy).
I just stop caring. It sucks.
And I'm one of those people who is easily overwhelmed by it all, and discovering that I have gained any weight at all only makes me lazier. Isn't that ironic? If I find out I gained five pounds, I'm all, "Psh! I hate my life! This is ridiculous! I think I'll make a bunch of egg rolls for dinner." Instead of being motivated when I see things that prove to me I need to make a change, I get a weird attitude about it. And I kind of want to get over that attitude, because it's getting me nowhere fast. (Well, it is getting me somewhere, but that somewhere involves skirts that are cutting off circulation to my midsection, not to mention entirely too much food guilt for one person to handle.)
So, let's get to it, self. Whip yourself back into the shape you were this time last year. Don't you remember how incredible you felt?
The thing is, self, you know you're never going to be someone who adores exercise. You know you're never going to be someone who will change all your eating habits in order to look like Jennifer Aniston. (Side note: I WANT TO LOOK LIKE JENNIFER ANISTON AHHHH.) You know you will always want to treat yourself and be a slight glutton on occasion, and that's okay. We won't judge you. However, you also know what you need to do in order to feel and look your best. You know that all it's going to take is running a few days a week and making sure your late-night binges don't include an entire bag of popcorn. (Side note: MICROWAVE POPCORN IS MY HERO AHHHH.) You know that these tiny changes add up, and that it won't be long before your uniform skirt stops making you feel like a potato, you feel like a goddess when you check yourself out in the mirror while you're changing (hey, we all do it) and you feel truly at your best.
Five healthy goals:
- No eating after 9:00PM. (Sounds easy, but it's kind of not. Especially for the nights that I'm off work at 10:00PM and nothing sounds better than nachos made in the microwave.)
- Alcohol only allowed twice a week. (This is going to cut down substantially on the half-empty wine bottles Jay finds in the fridge. I have no shame.)
- Run at least twice a week, and build up to 3-4 times a week.
- Drink mass amounts of water.
- Think positively about self, even when feeling like poo.
And that, my friends, is my plan. (Hold me.)


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Individual news stories are posted on the APRN news page. You can subscribe to APRN's newsfeeds via email, podcast and RSS.
Police Arrest Anchorage Student After Online Threats
Daysha Eaton, KSKA – Anchorage
A possible attack was thwarted by law enforcement at an Anchorage School on Thursday. Officials are being tight-lipped about details, but confirm that a tip from out of state alerted them that an East High School student was involved in an online plot to attack a school.
Alaska Capitol And Church Bells Toll On Behalf Of Sandy Hook
Rosemarie Alexander, KTOO – Juneau
Bells across Alaska rang at 9:30 Friday morning in memory of the 26 victims who were shot to death one week ago at an elementary school in Connecticut.
Congress Recesses Until After Christmas
Peter Grantiz, APRN – Washington DC
Congress is recessing until after Christmas without an agreement on staving off the so called fiscal cliff. Senator Mark Begich is not optimistic.
Lawmakers Introduce Legislation To Decrease Student Loan Debt
Josh Edge, APRN – Anchorage
Student loan debt is second only to mortgage debt in America, totaling out to about $1 trillion. This is a serious financial hit for graduates, especially in a fairly weak economy. But, some Alaska legislators are working to reduce the burden on students.
Federal Government Lists 2 Ice Seals As Threatened
The Associated Press
The main prey of polar bears has been declared a threatened species because of diminishing sea ice due to climate warming.
The National Marine Fisheries Service on Friday declared ringed seals as a threatened species, joining polar bears on the list.
The agency also placed a second ice-dependent seal, bearded seals, on the list.
Operation Santa Goes To Mekoryuk
Mark Arehart, KYUK – Bethel
The small village of Mekoryuk sits on the north side of Nunivak Island in the Bering Sea. The remote community often experiences harsh weather that prevents planes from coming or going. But this holiday season, the village got a special early visit from a certain famous North Pole resident.
Ringed seals are the only seals that thrive under completely ice-covered Arctic waters. They use stout claws to dig and maintain breathing holes.
Females give birth in snow lairs to pups that are susceptible to freezing until they grow a blubber layer.
Bearded seals give birth and rear pups on drifting pack ice.
Sea ice this year melted back to record low levels.
New Book Explores Frontier Mythology
Dan Bross, KUAC – Fairbanks
A new book by Judy Kleinfeld of Fairbanks explores a mythology often lived out in Alaska. "The Frontier Romance" looks at why people head north to carve out an existence off the beaten track.
AK: Holiday Brass
Ed Ronco, KCAW – Sitka
Some of the nation's top brass musicians appeared in Sitka this week. The trumpeters, trombonists and more performed Monday night at the community's performing arts center. All 6xx seats regularly sell out for the concert which has become something of a holiday tradition in the southeast community.
300 Villages: Angoon
This week we're heading just northeast of Sitka, to another island community-Angoon. The village is home to about 450, most Tlingit, residents. Richard George is the mayor of Angoon.


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4.6 out of 5 stars with 1,279 reviews
The Mask Of Zorro
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Doctor Zhivago Anniversary Edition (Blu-ray Book Packaging)
Manufacturer: Warner Home Video Brand: Warner Brothers Color: color
David Lean's Doctor Zhivago is an exploration of the Russian Revolution as seen from the point of view of the intellectual, introspective title character (Omar Sharif). As the political landscape changes, and the Czarist regime comes to an end, Dr.Zhivago's relationships reflect the political turmoil raging about him. Though he is married, the vagaries of war lead him to begin a love affair with the beautiful Lara (Julie Christie). But he cannot escape the machinations of a band of selfish and cruel characters: General Strelnikov (Tom Courtenay), a Bolshevik General; Komarovsky (Rod Steiger), Lara's former lover; and Yevgraf (Alec Guinness), Zhivago's sinister half-brother. This epic, sweeping romance, told in flashback, captures the lushness of Moscow before the war and the violent social upheaval that followed. The film is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Boris Pasternak.
Once Upon A Time: Season 3
Manufacturer: ABC Studios Brand: ABC Studios Model: 29086319
It's a diabolical thing about curses: Just as one is broken, another, even more sinister than the first, inevitably emerges to wreak further havoc... Experience the heart-pounding action and tantalizing suspense of ABC's ONCE UPON A TIME: THE COMPLETE THIRD SEASON. The stakes are higher than ever following a narrow escape from the nightmare of Neverland and Peter Pan. A year after their amazing adventure, Emma and Henry are living in New York with no awareness of their past history -- until Hook shows up and jogs Emma's memory with a magic potion. Once again, the "Savior" is called back to Storybrooke when a legendary villainess arrives in disguise to curse the town anew and exact an unspeakably cruel vengeance. Now, with Regina and Emma working together, the stage is set for an epic showdown between the Evil Queen and the Wicked Witch of the West! Add season 3 to your ONCE UPON A TIME collection and relive all 22 captivating episodes. Plus, access never-before-seen bonus features. Each time you watch, you'll...
Once Upon a Time: Season 1
Manufacturer: ABC Brand: DISNEY Model: 25380767
Relive the complete first season of ABC's ONCE UPON A TIME, the hit series that boasts unforgettable characters and a tangled web of romance, action and enchantment. Immerse yourself in the magic and mystery of Storybrooke -- a sleep little town where every fairytale character you've ever known is frozen in time and trapped between two worlds, victims of an evil curse. On her 28th birthday, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) meets Henry (Jared Gilmore), the son she gave up for adoption 10 years ago. Henry believes Emma is the daughter of Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming (Josh Dallas), prophesied to break a powerful curse. Unconvinced, Emma returns Henry to Storybrooke, where she encounters the enigmatic Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) and clashes with mayor Regina Mills (Lana Parrilla) -- the boy's adoptive mother -- who Henry insists is none other than the Evil Queen! Start your epic collection with all 22 captivating episodes, including never-before-seen bonus features, in this spectacular 5-disc boxe...
Once Upon a Time: Season 4 BD [Blu-ray]
Manufacturer: ABC Studios Brand: BUENA VISTA HOME VIDEO
Love. As seductive and dangerous as magic, this potent, unpredictable force proves to be the ultimate weapon in the epic battle between good and evil in ABC's ONCE UPON A TIME: THE COMPLETE FOURTH SEASON. Soon after Emma and Hook unwittingly bring Elsa of Arendelle to Storybrooke, they encounter the mysterious Snow Queen, whose relentless obsession with both Emma and Elsa has chilling consequences. Meanwhile, it appears Regina has at last found true love with Robin Hood, but how will she react when her happy ending is thwarted yet again by a maddening twist of fate? Then, a banished Rumplestiltskin enlists the Queens of Darkness (Maleficent, Ursula, Cruella De Vil) in an insidious scheme to rewrite their own stories and corrupt the Savior by turning her newly blissful heart pitch-black. Relive all 23 thrilling episodes of Season 4. Plus, delve deeper with never-before-seen bonus features as you revel in the intoxicating magic and mystery of ONCE UPON A TIME -- spellbinding now... and forever after!
True Blood: Season 6
Manufacturer: HBO Brand: HBO HOME VIDEO Model: 28940986
Now its sixth unforgettable season, True Blood is HBO's sexy, scary, wildly entertaining series from Oscar- and Emmy-winner Alan Ball (Six Feet Under) and based on the Sookie Stackhouse novels by Charlaine Harris. In addition to returning TB favorites - led by human/faerie hybrid Sookie (Anna Paquin), her unlikely vampire ally Eric (Alexander Skarsgård), and newly reconstituted supervamp Bill (Stephen Moyer) - Season 6 introduces several jarring storylines that threaten what little sense of normalcy remains in and around Bon Temps. As "Billith" comes to terms with his newfound powers after emerging from a pool of blood at the end of Season 5, Louisiana Governor Truman Burrell (new cast member Arliss Howard) declares open season on vampires, replete with novel anti-vamp weapons and a high-tech internment camp. Meanwhile, Sookie and Jason steel themselves for an encounter with the killer of their parents: the mysterious and ancient Warlow, whose identity remains a troubling mystery as the season unfolds.
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Check out this podcast from WZIP's own John Alfieri, covering the 1st round of the NFL Draft.
← All Posts for Show Sports Power Talk
Check out this podcast from WZIP's own John Alfieri, covering the 1st round of the NFL Draft.
Khalil Smith
2. Vernon Hargreaves III
3. Eli Apple
4. Artie Burns
5. William Jackson III
Safety: David Rodriguez
1. Vonn Bell – The Ohio State State senior Vonn Bell has had an elevated career as a Buckeye. Bell led the Big Ten with six interceptions as a sophomore and finished with just two his junior season. His speed is something NFL teams should take note of. Bell switched to free safety from cornerback where he was involved in more tackles, ninety two to be exact his sophomore year and with just sixty five his junior year. Bell has blown a few coverages at free safety but it's nothing you can't fix.
Vonn Bell is one of the better free safeties coming out of the top five projected players for his position for the draft. His team's success throughout the years he played shows that he can defend the best. He matched up with Amari Cooper in the college football playoff during the 2014 – 2015 season. Vonn Bell will hopefully be one of the later picks in the first round or early second.
2. Karl Joseph – The most fearful defender in the college backfield before suffering a knee injury after just four games into the season. After a disappointing season he seeks to go early in the second round with his aggressive play style and gritty tackle tactics. Joseph, with his 4.57 forty yard dash speed while staying low and engaging contact, he demolishes the opposing offenders.
His aggressive play style could be a downfall for the Mountaineer senior. It has been said that Joseph lacks in open field tackling which could be a problem. No team wants a guy that can't handle his own during one on one situations, and that could be crucial. Joseph's landing in the draft will be based on how quickly he can recover from his knee injury.
3. KelVarae Russell – The questionable KelVarae Russell of the Fighting Irish has on and off battles with his football career through college. Being suspend the season of 2014 for academic dishonesty, Russell managed to return in 2015 and play a good season until the final two games where he broke his right leg. The Irish defensive back Russell has raw talent, his unreal athleticism and excellent hand eye coordination helps him squeeze on the ball mid air. Some cons with his play style are keying in on the quarterback too long and that's where he loses the receiver. If Russell can to recover from his injury safely he can become something special in the NFL but he'll have to stay focused and healthy. KelVarae Russell is projected to go third or fourth round in this years draft.
4. Keanu Neal – The six foot junior weighing in at two hundred pounds solid, Keanu Neal, hopes to go in the first round as stated by scouts. The Florida Gator whose physical defense has stood out at his time as a Gator. Neal could be the new addition and perfect fit to the Arizona Cardinals five star defensive backfield. Quick to the ball and with the ability of breaking up passes instantly, Neal has the authority to make a statement in the NFL. Don't sleep on this guy.
5. Justin Simmons – Justin Simmons of Boston College didn't miss a beat while playing center field for Boston College. Simmons played an outstanding fifty games while having his time spent on the field. Leading his team in tackles his final year with seventy-six, Simmons' lengthy play style has made him someone to look out for. He has the ability to break up passes and jump routes. His toughness and ability to make open field tackles with no hesitation is a plus.
There aren't many weaknesses of Simmons but his size could get to him with his lengthy-ness slowing him down during coverages in the open field.
Wide Receivers
Coleman is an explosive playmaker as an outside receiver. The 2015 Biletnikoff Award winner, which is the award given to the best collegiate receiver, Coleman is ranked number one on my board because of his ability to make the big play. Decent size for a receiver, not a physical monster by any stretch of the imagination, but has enough build to transition to the NFL.
Combine Results
Most analysts have Treadwell as the clear top receiver in the 2016 class, but I believe in Coleman's ability to stretch the field while still being able to make plays in the short to intermediate passing game.
Some of Coleman's shortcomings are mental which causes red flags to be raised for a few organizations, but his high ceiling is what makes him the top receiver in the draft.
Coleman is a projected mid-first round pick, and would have to fall to the Browns later in the first round to be considered a good pick by Cleveland. Even with Coleman's talent and potential, Cleveland would not be a good fit for Coleman because the of the Browns' position in the draft.
NFL Comparison
Best Case Scenario – Emmanuel Sanders
Worst Case Scenario – John Brown
Laquon Treadwell is the most physical receiver in the draft. As previously stated, the majority of analysts have Treadwell as the best receiver in the draft, but problems with drops, route running, and average speed leave me unimpressed. What you see is what you get with him, a solid pass catcher that can line up both inside and out using his physicality to get open. The problem with his "physical dominance" in college is that the NFL is a different animal, and every cornerback is just as physical as Treadwell.
Combine Results
With all that said I still believe Treadwell will transition well to the NFL and be a solid receiver for many years. Whoever drafts him should expect immediate production; the only reason I don't have him listed as the top receiver is his potential. Treadwell is projected to fall somewhere in the middle picks of the first round, and would be a reach for the Browns at 8, but would be a great addition and a significant upgrade for Cleveland's receiving corps.
Best Case Scenario – Anquan Boldin
Worst Case Scenario – David Boston
Will Fuller is a speed demon, plain and simple. Fuller is the kind of receiver that stretches the field and allows other receivers to find open space in the middle of the field. A dynamic playmaker, Fuller is second all time on Notre Dame's receiving touchdown list. Shows the ability to go up and snatch the ball out of the air, and has an extra gear down field that allows him to create space.
Combine Results
It's worth noting that Fuller was clocked at 2.51 seconds at 20 yards, which means he accelerates to top speed very quickly and that should translate well to the NFL. Fuller's shortcomings include: untimely drops, thin frame at the receiver position, and question marks surround his ability to make plays in the middle of the field. Fuller is projected in the late first round or early second round. He would be a great fit for Cleveland as a playmaker on the outside, and would fall to the Browns in a range that would make him worth the pick.
NFL Comparison
Best Case Scenario – DeSean Jackson
Worst Case Scenario – Ted Ginn
Doctson left TCU as the school's all time leading receiver. A tall lanky receiver that needs to add bulk to his frame if he wants to excel in the NFL, Doctson has all the ability in the world to be a star. At TCU, Doctson played in the spread so he will have to adjust to an NFL playbook, but has enough raw athleticism to ease the transition.
Combine Results
Doctson showed struggles with concentration catching balls over the middle of the field, as well as mediocre route running which raises red flags. If he can overcome those problems and add some weight to his frame he will be a productive receiver in the league.
The Browns could end up drafting Doctson as he is projected as a late first to early second round pick and would be a solid fit on the team.
NFL Comparison
Best Case Scenario – Joe Horn
Worst Case Scenario – Michael Jenkins
Michael Thomas out of The Ohio State University is a physical beast. Great size for the receiver position, and possesses raw athleticism. More of a work in progress prospect than a NFL ready made guy. Thomas was Ohio State's best receiver this past season and arguably was the best receiver on the national championship team two seasons ago.
Combine Results
Thomas is still figuring out how to be a complete receiver and has much to improve on. Route running and mental focus are huge downsides to his game, but with the right team he could flourish. He is projected as a second round pick; Thomas could potentially be a good fit for the Browns, but not in a good position to be drafted by the Browns because if they take him high it would be a reach and he most likely won't fall to the third round.
NFL Comparison
Best Case Scenario – Marques Colston
Worst Case Scenario – Roy Williams
Since the end of last season the talk of the 2016 NFL Draft for Cleveland Browns fans had been, "Which quarterback should we take?" Now with the draft approaching quickly, the question has changed with the new one being, "What do we do with the second pick?"
The trade between the Los Angeles Rams and Tennessee Titans for the top spot in the draft and the signing of Robert Griffin III by the Browns has changed the perspective of this draft.
Some experts still had the Browns taking the QB that would be "left over" after the Rams make their choice. With the signing of RGIII, and having a roster that already contains Josh McCown and Austin Davis is another quarterback really what Cleveland needs?
Enter the Philadelphia Eagles, who offered the Browns their first round pick this year, number 8 in the draft, along with third and fourth round picks this year. To sweeten the deal even further, the Eagles will also send their 2017 first and second round picks.
All it will cost the Browns is dropping six spots in the draft and a conditional fourth round pick in 2017.
This move has all the indications that Cleveland has decided not to find a quarterback in this draft and will look to fill other positions, such as the offensive tackle.
Joe Thomas returns for his 10th season on the left side, while a hole was created when Mitchell Schwartz left Cleveland and signed with Kansas City during the offseason. Let's take a look at the top possibilities for the Browns at the offensive tackle position.
Tunsil is possibly the best athlete of the top tackles in this draft, but unfortunately comes with a long list of negatives that could prove costly on draft day.
First the positive, the 3-year starter at tackle has great balance, can handle speed when coming at him, and can also hit and be ready to hit again with power. Tunsil only allowed one sack as a freshman as a starter. In fact, he only allowed two in the three years he played at Ole Miss.
The fact that he has only allowed two sacks in three years is misleading because he has never played a full season. Injuries to his knee, ankle, bicep, and a broken fibula all cost him playing time during his three years.
Tunsil was also arrested in June of 2015 for a domestic dispute with his stepfather in which the charges were eventually dropped. That arrest led to an NCAA investigation in which he was suspended for seven games. The NCAA found that he guilty of accepting impermissible benefits and for not being "completely forthcoming" when initially questioned by the NCAA.
Even though he declared after his junior year, Tunsil may be the best athlete available in this draft, doesn't mean he is the greatest pick. With all the eyes that are upon the Browns in this draft, I really do not see them taking the chance on a guy who cannot stay healthy and has had signs of trouble in his past.
Stanley probably would have been the top tackle in the draft had he declared himself eligible last year after his sophomore season, but he returned for one more year. He has experience on both sides with 13 starts on the right side and 27 on the left.
In the running game he shows that he can drive defenders off the ball with his strength, while his speed and determination helps him block as a runner gets into the second level.
His pass blocking shows that he has good awareness and will continually look for someone to block, especially any defender coming from the outside.
Stanley still has room to improve but scouts like his potential. Sometimes he makes a mistake because he plays a little over anxious.
This could be a good pick for the Browns if they traded down in the first round. With the veteran leadership on the line and his ability, Stanley could potentially grow into a Pro Bowl lineman.
Conklin's name is found as the definition for the word determination in the dictionary. Barely recruited through high school, his only scholarship offer was from Division II Wayne State, so he had planned on playing at Fork Union Military School, but then Spartan head coach Mark Dantonio took another look at his tape and asked Conklin to walk on with a chance that he could earn a scholarship his second year.
He took that chance, worked hard, and not only became a scholarship athlete, but a starter at left tackle. Now, after his junior year, he could be the first Michigan State offensive lineman taken in the first round since Tony Mandarich in 1989.
Size, strength, balance, and a good ability to learn more all work in Conklin's favor and will make up for his lack of raw speed.
Some have compared him to Andrew Whitworth of the Cincinnati Bengals in the fact that he will use his wide frame and strength to win over any speed on the edge. Conklin has also seen some time on both sides of the ball.
As the Big Ten Conference offensive lineman of the year, Decker is arguably the best senior lineman in this year's draft.
Named team captain by his teammates, he started 14 games at right tackle as a sophomore before switching to the left side for his final 28 games at OSU.
Decker is a tall, powerful player and uses his reach and strong hands to control rushers, but also the agility to move and take care of blocking on the second level.
However, this vocal leader has some down sides as he has some plays on film where he appears to lose concentration at the snap and looks unprepared. He also has to work some on his technique.
Even with that being said, Decker is durable, did not miss a single game in his four years, and ready to step in right away and help make a line stronger in the NFL.
Ifedi was a three-year starter for the Aggies, but his first season was spent at guard before moving over to tackle. He was destined to be at left tackle, but struggled on that side and was moved over.
Toying with the idea of declaring after his junior year, Ifedi changed his mind after receiving the word that he would probably be a second round choice.
Now built well for the next level, it will be hard for rushers to get around him and he moves well laterally to cut off the speed rushes. He will do well in pass blocking schemes.
Ifedi struggles with his concentration at times and is guilty of false start penalties and has trouble retreating at the snap sometimes rather than attacking.
He has some technical problems with his mechanics but with some aggressive coaching could correct those easily. It will all depend on his discipline. Hopefully he will have better discipline than the man he blocked for back in 2013, Johnny Manziel.
If the Browns stay pat with the eighth pick, it is highly doubtful that Tunsil, who is projected to go as high as number three, will be available. His injuries and off field antics would have probably scared off Cleveland anyway.
Stanley, however, could be a good choice. He has experience on the right side vacated by Schwartz, and would be ready to step right in. Don't expect a Pro Bowl year, but with the experience of the line already for the Browns, he could grow into one.
Another player, Jason Spriggs from Indiana, could deserve a look with the 32nd pick if he is still available. The six foot, six inch, 301 pounder is a four-year starter at left tackle and improved each year for the Hoosiers.


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This notice has been sent to all building users.
Building Occupants,
On March 1, 2018 from 6:00 am – 7:00 am the Fire Marshall will perform a test of the new fire panel at LILLIS Business Complex.
Horns, Strobes, and Speakers on the fire alarm system will not sound after the scheduled time, but there may be an activity such as door holders closing and smoke detector testing that will occur throughout the morning. Provisions have been taken to monitor the building fire systems during this time and alarms that occur after the scheduled time should be considered real events and occupants should evacuate as usual per the U of O Emergency Procedures.
If there are questions regarding emergency evacuation, please visit Emergency Management & Continuity, http://emc.uoregon.edu/node/50 and follow the UO Campus Emergency Procedures Manual.
You may also contact Fire Systems Program Manager Zach Earl with Safety and Risk Services at 541-346-9295 if you have any questions or concerns.


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This all sounds perfectly reasonable to me. And I agree with Jonathan Chait that it amounts to a drastic political concession on Democrats' part. But it points to a feature of political messaging that doesn't get enough attention. Very few voters need to be advised that what politicians say isn't always an accurate expression of what they really care about. So political messaging isn't likely to be well-received, even if voters like the message's content, if they don't think it's a credible expression of the messenger's real priorities. There needs to be a convincing fit between a political message's content and the target audience's perception of the messenger's values."[P]olling that [Stanley] Greenberg, Lake and Molyneaux conducted in 2008 proved to Greenberg that Democrats could talk in a way that won over voters. It needed to sound tough and pragmatic, but not overly punitive, the pollsters said. The message beat the amnesty charge in their polling.
"'There was more and more evidence that there were ways to address the issue,' Greenberg said. 'I also came to believe the country wanted to do comprehensive reform. ... People want this to be brought under control, and they know you can't just expel people.'
"The most significant shift in language involves the path to citizenship. Pollsters determined that Democrats sounded as though they wanted to reward illegal immigrants, even though lawmakers almost always laid out that requirements and delays that would precede citizenship.
"'It comes back to this idea: We give permission; we set the terms; it's under our control; and if you meet those conditions, you are us, welcome to America,' Westen said of the new frame."
Liberals tend to think that their biggest problem on immigration is rampant racist and nativist sentiment among core Republican constituencies. I suspect that the bigger problem is that a lot of voters who aren't nativists and racists have decided that Democratic immigration talk is cheap; they think Democratic promises to secure the border are just a pretext for conferring a political payoff on Latino voters. When that payoff in the form of a reasonably easy pathway to citizenship for illegal aliens is out the door, they expect Democratic politicians to stop caring about border security enough to devote adequate resources to it. When you think about it, that's not an unreasonable analysis of the prevailing political incentive structure.
So how do Democrats change minds on that score? Put yourself in the shoes of a skeptical, but non-nativist and non-racist, voter. Would anything convince you of the credibility of the new Democratic messaging on immigration short of a visible willingness on the part of Democrats to support border-securing measures that aren't tied to a pathway to citizenship? Put differently, would anything convince you short of an abject Democratic capitulation on immigration that would give the anti-immigration wing of the Republican Party everything it wants without asking for anything in return?
If you aren't any better at answering this question than I am, and there are as many immigration-skeptics as I think there are, then wise comprehensive immigration reform is probably a political loser for Democrats for the foreseeable future.


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Home > Office Machines > Calculators/Adding Machines > Calculators/Adding Machines Scientific Calculator
Product Code: AO41609Bar Code: 6925781416090Part Number: AX595TVBrand: AURORAPack Size: 1Manufacturers Code: AX595TVDelivery Time: 1-3 Working DaysWidth (mm): 90Depth (mm): 160Height (mm): 24
Ideal for students about to take exams, this scientific calculator from Aurora is compliant with all UK examination board specifications. The algebraic scientific calculator comes with 254 different mathematical and scientific functions and a dot matrix display which shows fractions and mathematical operators as you would see them in a textbook. The calculator features hard, durable keys and a robust hard plastic slide-on case which protects the screen and buttons when in a bag or pocket.
An easy to use scientific calculator with a TrueView screen. UK examination compliant. Dot matrix display, 254 different functions, battery powered, hard plastic slide on case to protect screen and buttons. Dimensions (Including Case): W83xD18xH154mm
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In this free video keyboard lesson, you'll learn how to play the Snow Patrol's "Chasing Cars" on the piano. While this lesson is geared toward beginners, intermediate and advanced players are certain to take something away as well. Watch this tutorial to get started playing "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol!
Want to master Microsoft Excel and take your work-from-home job prospects to the next level? Jump-start your career with our Premium A-to-Z Microsoft Excel Training Bundle from the new Gadget Hacks Shop and get lifetime access to more than 40 hours of Basic to Advanced instruction on functions, formula, tools, and more.


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Himachal witnesses season's heaviest snowfall
- Himachal weather, Snowfall, Winters in Himachal
- avalanches in lahaul spiti, cold waves in himachal, heaviest snowfall in himachal, himachal cold, manali weather forecast, snowfall in dalhousie, snowfall in lahaul spiti, snowfall in manali, snowfall in shimla, western disturbance
Bringing cheer to tourists and hoteliers, Himachal Pradesh has received heaviest snow of the season, with many places covered with more than 90cm thick white blanket. While snowfall will prove boon for tourism, it has crippled life in higher areas with blocked roads, snapped power cables and frozen water pipes. The snowflakes measuring upto 4cm


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'The Vault': A Bank Job / Horror Movie Starring James Franco (Trailer)
'Public Enemies: Jay-Z vs Kanye' Documentary Airing Soon in UK (Trailer)
I fully admit I'm far from a rap beef scholar, but I still feel more or less secure in saying that it seems like the Kanye/Jay-Z feud is a little fresh to already be the subject of a documentary, and a British one no less. And yet, Public Enemies: Jay-Z vs Kanye is set to air next week in the UK, according to a recently released trailer for the film.
Public Enemies: Jay-Z vs Kanye features previously unreleased footage related to the Watch the Throne duo's deepening rivalry, relating to their rift regarding streaming service TIDAL and the shots Jay took at Kanye on his new album 4:44. There are also interviews with hip hop figures who are not Jay-Z or Kanye West, including DJ Clark Kent, GLC, Just Blaze, Touré, and more.
Check out the trailer for Public Enemies: Jay-Z vs Kanye below. If you're in the UK and have access to Channel 4, check it out at 10 PM on Monday, July 31st. And everybody can get more information on the documentary right here.
Here's the trailer:


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Admit it, mountain climbing is the millennials' new trend. Social media has been a powerful tool to inspire us to plan a hike with our friends, get our bags and discover what we can see from up there. We all have that dream weekend escape from stressful academic-related or office works. Well thank God, there's a less than two hours away mountain we can depend on.
Among the never-ending list of mountains in the Philippine archipelago, I picked Mt. Balagbag to be my second mountain climbing experience and I must say it's worth it! Besides its proximity to the metro, oh please, the view will make you feel in awe!
Mt. Balagbag is a favorite hiking destination in Rodriguez, Rizal at over 777 MASL. Favored by many mountain climbing enthusiasts for its closeness to the city and an experience that's really questionable for its low budget requirement. According to pinoymountaineer.com, its difficulty level is 3/9, and I think it's true. The trail is easy, broad and uncomplicated making it popular for outdoor bikers. You wouldn't get lost I promise. The battle begins when the sun starts to show up, so make sure you are well geared up for the trek. Also, it is part of the Sierra Madre range so expect a very spectacular view when you reach the summit.
You can sit and spend your lunch here. Great for picnics, eh?
And I'll keep the photos going…
- 0600H – From Cubao or anywhere on Commonwealth Avenue, take a bus or jeep to Jollibee Tungko | Fee: ₱38 for air-conditioned bus; ₱30 for jeep
- 0715H – From Jollibee Tungko, take a jeep to Licao-licao | Fee: ₱28
- 0800H – Arrive at the foot of Mt. Balagbag
- 0815H – Start to ascend
- 1000H – Almost there (you'll know why lol), head to registration booth | Fee: ₱20
- 1030H – Reach the summit
- Lunch and Relax, Photo Ops of course
- 1300H – Start to descend
- 1500H – Back at the foot of Mt. Balagbag
- 1515H – Take a jeep back to Jollibee Tungko | Fee: ₱28
- 1600H – From Jollibee Tungko, take a bus or jeep back to Cubao | Fee: ₱38 for air-conditioned bus; ₱30 for jeep
Total budget: ₱152 (varies)
- The transportation fee for Jollibee Tungko-bound ride varies depending on your location. Basically, the nearer you are to the destination, the cheaper the fare. But for the Licao-licao jeep, that's the standard fare.
- There are a lot of sari-sari stores in the area. However, it's better if you bring your own refreshments with you for they are sold relatively high.
- There's also a shower area found in the middle of the trek. Fee is ₱20
- The registration booth is located near the mountain peak. You can also raise inquiries about the place and other attractions you can pay a visit.
- Going on a picnic date is also a cool thing to do on the summit! There are free-to-use bamboo tables and benches near the mountain peak (photo displayed above).
- Guides are not mandatory. However getting one would help you go to other places if you want to explore further! Guide fee is ₱500 shared by the number of people in your group.
- Neighboring attractions such as Mt. Maranat & falls and Kaytitinga falls can be your best options for sidetrips after the trek.
One thing that will leave you motivated to keep going is none other than its locals. Almost every one of them will greet you "good morning" with his/her brightest smile, seriously. Go wander & wonder!


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Family Court Act, Article 4, Support Proceedings Part 2, § 427: Service of Summons
In order to get a legally enforceable child support order you must go to Family Court and petition the court for such an order. The first step is for you as the petitioner to file a child support petition with the Support Magistrate at Family Court. You will then have to serve the petition along with a summons to the person from whom you are seeking support, known as the respondent. Once you submit your petition, a summons will be issued. The summons will state the date, time and place of the child support hearing. According to Family Court Act, Article 4, § 427 the summons must be served to the respondent in a specific manner as follows:
- Personal service may be made by delivering of a copy of the summons and petition. Or service may be made by delivering a copy to a person of suitable age at the respondent's residence, or place a business and by mailing a copy to the respondent at his or her last known address at least 8 days prior to when the respondent must appear for the hearing.
- Service must be made at least 8 days prior to when the respondent must appear for the hearing
- If after a reasonable effort personal service is not possible, then the court may order substitute service.
- Service may also be made by mail alone. However, if service is made by mail, a default order may be issued only if the court has notice that the respondent actually received the summons. In other words, when serving by mail, you must do so in a manner such that the respondent must sign a receipt which is returned to you as proof of delivery.
Robbie and Suzie are parents to 8-month-old Lulu. Robbie and Suzie dated for several years, but never married. They recently broke up. Since the break up Robbie has been inconsistent in sending Suzie money to help take care of Lulu. Suzie decided to get a child support order. Suzie completed a petition for child support. She then arranged for a summons along with the petition to be served to Robbie at his residence. However, the documents were not handed to Robbie or anyone else. Instead they were placed under the front door of Robbie's apartment building. Robbie never received them. Because Robbie did not receive the summons, he did not respond to the petition and he did not appear at the hearing. The Support Magistrate issued a default support order. Robbie later learned of the support order and filed a motion to dismiss the support order, arguing that he was never properly served. Robbie's motion will be granted because service was not completed in the manner required by Family Court Act, Article 4, § 427.Related Statutory Provisions
- Issuance of warrant; certificate of warrant: New York Family Court Act, Article 4, Support Proceedings, Part 2, § 428
- Sequestration of respondent's property: New York Family Court Act, Article 4, Support Proceedings, Part 2, § 429
- Temporary order of protection: New York Family Court Act, Article 4, Support Proceedings, Part 2, § 430
- Personal service of a summons and petition may be made by delivery of a true copy thereof to the person summoned at least eight days before the time stated therein for appearance; or by delivery of a true copy thereof to a person of suitable age and discretion at the actual place of business, dwelling place or usual place of abode of the person to be served and by mailing a true copy thereof to the person to be served at his last known residence at least eight days before the time stated in the summons for appearance; proof of service shall identify such person of suitable age and discretion and state the date, time and place of service.
- If after reasonable effort, personal service is not made, the court may at any stage in the proceedings make an order providing for substituted service in the manner provided for substituted service in the civil practice law and rules.
- In any case, whether or not service is attempted under subdivision (a) or (b) of this §, service of a summons and petition under this § may be effected by mail alone to the last known address of the person to be served. Service by mail alone shall be made at least eight days before the time stated in the summons for appearance. If service is by mail alone, the court will enter an order of support by default if there is proof satisfactory to the court that the respondent had actual notice of the commencement of the proceeding which may be established upon sufficient proof that the summons and petition were in fact mailed by certified mail and signed for at the respondent's correct street address or signed for at the post office. If service by certified mail at the respondent's correct street address cannot be accomplished, service pursuant to subdivisions one, two, three or four of § three hundred eight of the civil practice law and rules shall be deemed good and sufficient service. Upon failure of the respondent to obey a summons served in accordance with the provisions of this § by means other than mail alone, the court will enter an order of support by default. Such order of support shall be made pursuant to the provisions set forth in § four hundred thirteen of this article. The respondent shall have the right to make a motion for relief from such default order within one year from the date such order was entered.
If you are involved in a child support dispute, you are seeking to get child support established or modified, or you have been served with a child support summons, it is important that you understand and follow the rules related to a child support proceeding. To ensure that you are properly prepared and to ensure that your rights are protected, it is important that you are represented by someone with experience. The staff at Stephen Bilkis & Associates, PLLC has years of experience successfully representing clients in New York Family Court in matters related to child support enforcement, child support reduction, and other types of issues related to support. Contact us at 800.696.9529 to schedule a free, no obligation consultation regarding your case. We serve those involved in child support matters in the following locations: