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Maybe you've already heard of 'The Pre-Vinylite Society'. If not, it's my pleasure to introduce you to this illustrious and passionate group of craftspeople. Though still in its infancy, the society models itself on the craft guilds of centuries past. As their manifesto states,
[We] are observant of the aesthetic world around us and resistant to traditions that dictate easy, quick, and careless ways of making our art…We care about the aesthetics of our surroundings because we know that artistic vigilance in the face of mass conformity will deliver us from a homogenous existence.
I discussed the finer points of the society with Meredith Kasabian, of Best Dressed Signs in Boston. Meredith is the literary voice of the society, curating the blog, writing and collecting articles for publication, and encouraging Pre-Vinylites to contribute their thoughts on art, lettering, society, beauty and the public space. Meredith tells:
The Pre-Vinylite Society is a loose network of mostly sign enthusiasts who are invested in improving the aesthetics of their local surroundings and public spaces. It came into being through Best Dressed Signs' Josh Luke's desire for a non-judgmental, all-inclusive forum where sign painters of all skill levels could showcase their work and get advice without worrying about being "good enough" yet.
It started as, and mostly still is, just a Facebook page (though I've recently started a Tumblr page called the Pre-Vinylite Society blog for more literary inclined Pre-Vinylites to share their thoughts and stories as well) but we hope to spread the word and have it develop into a movement towards a more visually conscious populace who demand that their urban environments be aesthetically improved—mostly through quality signage but also through historical preservation efforts, etc. Membership is self-ordained. Anyone that wants to be involved is more than welcome!
(for a list of members, click here.)
Right now the Pre-Vinylite Society—as a society—is kind of nebulous. As I mentioned, it's really just a Facebook page and a Tumblr site at the moment but judging from people's responses on those venues, it seems to strike a chord.
Back in 2010, when Josh and I were sitting around the kitchen talking about how we'd like to develop an inclusive community dedicated to the improvement of our urban landscapes, we came up with the idea and wrote this blog post called The Pre-Vinylites: Notes on a Manifesto. The first and only person to comment on that blog post was Colt Bowden. He's a sign painter, illustrator, and letterpress printer in southern California and he's just a very motivated, smart guy. Josh suggested a PVS zine and Colt made it happen, and in a really awesome way! All three of Colt's artistic pursuits are showcased really well in the zine! The first volume, Egyptian Lettering, was just his work (with excerpts from sign painting books, etc.), while the second volume, Casual Lettering, and the third volume, Script Lettering, are compilations of the work of many sign painters around the world. You can purchase Colt's 'zines' from Etsy
Colt was also kind enough to send a few images from the third issue:
At this early stage it seems that most people who associate with the PVS do so because their standards are high. But I can see how it may eventually get beyond our control and we may start witnessing people doing things in the name of the PVS that don't meet our standards. But that's why I'm trying to develop the PVS blog and promote Colt's zine. These products provide a kind of anchor for the PVS and record its original standards.
We hope that the PVS will continue to grow and that people who associate with it will continue to uphold the basic tenets of the society—to improve our aesthetic environments by producing quality work that doesn't conform to traditions that dictate an easy or cheap way of producing art.
I studied Romantic and Victorian literature and found out about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood through Christina Rossetti's poetry. She was the sister of Gabriel Dante Rosetti who was one of the founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Christina was never technically a member—probably because she was a woman—but she was a critical part of the movement.
I was immediately attracted to the Pre-Raphaelites' art and its relation to poetry and as I read more about their mission to defy academic art that taught a strict, almost rote manner of producing paintings (from a tradition started by Raphael), I became more attracted to their Romantic and rebellious attitude. I also like that they incorporated a writing component into their mission—they had a very short lived publication called The Germ that accompanied their work and sought to express their ideals in both written and visual mediums. As a writer who explores visual art, that obviously appeals to me. The PRB incited many conversations about how Josh and I could borrow this rebellious attitude and incorporate it into an art/sign painting community.
Once we decided on the name, Josh made his Pre-Vinylite Society painting. It's an homage to the PRB, manipulating an image of Jane Morris from Dante Gabriel Rosetti's 1874 painting Proserpine into a kind of muse for sign painting (instead of the pomegranate that condemned Proserpine to spend half her year in Hades, she's holding a lettering quill—a sign of the light to come).
As I mention in the Pre-Vinylite Society Manifesto: "Much like the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from whom we derive our name, the Pre-Vinylite Society is made up of members who are observant of the aesthetic world around us and resistant to traditions that dictate easy, quick, and careless ways of making our art. Also like the Pre-Raphaelites, we Pre-Vinylites are writers and artists, striving to make our mission heard as well as seen."
As for the future of the sign industry in general, we feel very positive that quality work will continue to be produced—but personally I think the message of the society needs to get out to more than just the sign painters themselves. Business owners, graphic designers, and the general population need to be shown what quality work is so that they can judge it against less quality work and make more informed decisions about the options available to them. Personally, I don't think the mainstream will ever value quality over quantity. But maybe I'm just a cynic!
Although we take inspiration from a pre-internet age, without the internet, the Pre-Vinylite Society would just be me and Josh sitting around our kitchen talking about how we wish more people appreciated hand painted signs!
I think a major misconception about the Society is that people take "Pre-" to mean "Anti." We are NOT Anti-Vinyl—we are PRO-commemorating a time BEFORE (or PRE-) vinyl. We're not nostalgic for times past but we are historians and we think those times should be honored and certainly not forgotten. But we also know that history only has as much to teach us as we're willing to take into the future and make new.
We consider the computer to be a tool like any other. We're committed to making signs by hand, but that doesn't mean we need to buy stock in erasers when we can fix a small kerning issue on a hand drawn sketch with a few clicks on Photoshop.
If you're interested in learning hand-lettering, the best advice is to seek out a sign painter in your community and learn from them–nothing compares to learning from a master. If an apprenticeship is not available to you, scour the internet for sign painting forums and ask questions, read every sign painting book you can get your hands on, and practice lettering every day, even when you don't feel like it. Also, remember that hand lettering, like every skilled trade, requires patience and a lot of practice before you'll even feel comfortable with the brush. It also requires a fine balance between confidence and humility–as do most honest endeavors.
I would like to push the PVS into areas that reach beyond signage and lettering like architecture or even public art. I think the PVS is about caring what your environment looks like and valuing art done well, more so than just hand painted signage. But hand painted signs are the root of the society and will always anchor its philosophy.
Here are some images from a PVS art show, held last year at the Extension Gallery at Orchard Skateshop (Allston, Massachusetts):
And now, since Meredith was kind enough to share her thoughts with us here, I've finally taken up her request to put together a guest post for the PVS blog. The piece is entitled 'A History of Creative Sign-making: A Sign-Carver's Perspective'. If you still have some time, please read it on The Pre-Vinylite's Tumblr page!


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Chris Masters talks more with WWE about saving mother
WWE.com is featuring an interview with former star Chris Masters where he talks at length about the news that he saved his mother from a burning home this week by uprooting a tree to smash a window. Masters added, "I bear-hugged the whole tree down to the ground, which scratched my forearms up. Basically, I took the tree and tackled it down to where it was parallel to the ground. Then [after the police had smashed most of the windows] I broke the last piece of glass with my forearm, and then out of nowhere, my mom pops up. I've never loved my mom any more than that moment in my life. It was the craziest day of my life," Masters said. "I was raised just by her, so I don't know if I ever would have recovered. I was hell-bent on [getting her out]."
To check out the full interview, click here.
Stephanie McMahon shows off her boxing skills
Stephanie McMahon released the following video on YouTube today.

subset: commoncrawl


text: House Approves Bill to Improve PennWATCH Site, Says Toepel Oct. 22, 2019 Legislation would add workplace/sexual harassment settlements to website HARRISBURG - A bill sponsored by Rep. Marcy Toepel (R-Montgomery) that would include information on the state's PennWATCH website about each settlement paid as a result of an action taken by an employee of a Commonwealth agency was unanimously approved by the House of Representatives today. The PennWATCH website was created for user-friendly monitoring of all state department and agency budget expenditures and investments. However, the current website does not include information on settlements paid as the result of an action taken by a state employee, such as a sexual harassment settlement. "My legislation is the result of a Joint State Government Commission report on workplace harassment/sexual harassment settlements that were never disclosed to the public or the Legislature," said Toepel. "Including this information on the website will provide residents with an easier way of monitoring how their taxpayer dollars are being spent." House Bill 1803 now goes to the state Senate for consideration. Representative Marcy Toepel 147th District Pennsylvania House of Representatives Media Contact: Tricia Lehman 717.772.9840 firstname.lastname@example.com RepToepel.com/ Facebook.com/RepToepel Share


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I landed in BGC to attend an event and before I enter the venue in Forum BGC, I decided to eat my lunch first before proceeding to that event, and I really want to eat that is something good and it will help me to kick away the holiday blues.
I spotted O'Rice, a Korean restaurant that specializes in pan fried rice, they have many kinds of fried rice concept created with lots of Korean spirit. But I'm not familiar with their dishes so I gave it a try, since its New Year, I should try something new.


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TOEFL Exam is specifically directed to no native speakers of this language, it is designed to evaluate your real knowledge of american english. The score, in any of the different formats, is only valid for two years, after which it has to be renew.
There exist several types of examination among TOEFL, basically one name that involves different specializations. Some of them have international validity, accepted by hundred universities and private entities; others only have national validity. In any of these cases, we are talking about an exam of high prestige, recognized as an special honor in the management of the language, so important that it is the english test that has more locations and dates than any other in the world.
Among the examinations with international validity you can find the TOEFL IBT (Internet Based TOEFL), the one that is most accepted in universities and companies; the TOEFL PBT (Paper Based TOEFL), the first that was created although it is old now; and the TOEFL JUNIOR, designed to calculate the knowledge of students between 11 and 15 years old. There are also exams with national validity like TOEFL ITP (Institutional Testing Program), among others.
TOEFL Exam involves five sections: Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Speaking, Writing, although it is not included in all exams it is of vital importance in the IBT, which is the most required; and Grammar, present in all type of exams.
Besides, each exam has its own scoring rate and conversion tables. This is why it is essential for you to find the correct professional to train you for your TOEFL exam in Argentina. This kind of exam has to be in charge of professionals with large and successful experience in the training of students for this important event of their life.
Thanks Silvia Sapia for everything !! Fortunatly I passed the TOEFL and I will travel to Los Angeles with CAMPSA !!
Jordan Elias
I prepared TOEFL in just one month with Silvia in order to get a scholarship in the United States and I archieve my goals.
Maxi Martinez
Hay cientos de profesoras de ingles, pero la clave esta en como enseñarle al estudiante , trabajando con la metodologia correcta para alcanzar los objetivos deseados.


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TUESDAY, 23 AUGUST – The Bursar Department (BEN) will be organising the Malaysian Private Entities Reporting Standards (MPERS) on 22-23 September 2016.
Titled "MPERS: Are You Ready to be Audited", the programme aims to provide a comprehensive and practical approach towards MPERS implementation as well as a guidance on how to prepare financial statements according to MPERS standards.
The invited speakers are Audit Partner, Thong Foo Vung and Senior Manager, Oh Sye Yi from KPMG, a professional worldwide auditing company.
A 10% discount applies to group bookings of three or more participants. The closing date of registration is extended to 31 August 2016.
Pre-registration of the session is on 21 September at the lobby of the Klagan Regency, 1Borneo, Kota Kinabalu beginning at 2.00 pm until 8.00 pm.
For more information, please contact Suzie Binti Mohamad at 013-8528812, Hayati Salleh Baihaki at 014-6502837 or Sukma Setiani Binti Sujano at 016-8220218. - FL


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New England and Canadian business leaders are meeting in Boston to discuss challenges and opportunities of energy trade and cooperation in North America.
The two-day conference beginning on today will also feature policy-makers, regulators and energy experts who are expected to discuss efforts to secure reliable and affordable energy supplies despite environment concerns and uncertainties caused by the slow pace of economic recovery.
The conference, organized by the nonprofit New England-Canada Business Council Inc., recognizes that the northeast region of the United States lacks significant local energy resources and depends heavily on imports from Canada.
New England-Canada Business Council President Anthony Cicerone says that includes natural gas which powers more than 40 percent of electric power plants. About 60 percent of gasoline sold in and around Boston also comes from a refinery in New Brunswick.


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Page 67on February 3, 2014 at 12:01 am
Chapter: Chapter 4 - Hot blood
Looks like there's gonna be 4 chapters after all!
Hooray for another chapter!
She's hot blooded! Check it and see. She's got a fever of a hundred and three!
That's the first thing that came to mind when I saw the chapter title.


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Arnold, MO, HVAC Companies & Repair
HVAC Companies in Arnold. For nearly a century, Weis Heating and Cooling, a professional Arnold, MO HVAC company, has brought clients excellent and affordable heating and cooling repair services. Weis' HVAC contractors combine industry-leading techniques and brands to optimize heating, vacuum, and air conditioning units' reliability and efficiency.
As one of the preferred HVAC companies in Arnold, MO, Weis Comfort Systems delivers high-end service in a number of areas. Arnold HVAC repair requires trained professionals with the right tools, experience, and commitment to safety. Offering Arnold businesses and homeowners with customer-preferred pricing and quality work, Weis Heating and Cooling's services include:
Offering these services and others, Weis is one of the most customer-friendly HVAC companies in Arnold, MO. We'll discuss more about our capabilities and services throughout this page. As always, feel free to contact us for more info.
HVAC Companies in Arnold, MO
For those who are Arnold home or business owners, it's essential to have a seasoned HVAC contractor on hand. Weis Heating and Cooling is a flexible, local, and convenient HVAC repair and installation company that serves Missouri and Illinois clients. Another reason Arnold property owners prefer Weis Heating and Cooling is our flexible long- and short-term financing options.
Weis is ready and willing to assist replace, maintain, or upgrade your HVAC systems. Our contractors are factory-certified, trained professionals that answer any questions you may have about Weis' HVAC repair and installation services. Get more info and a free quote today.
HVAC Maintenance Checklist
Arnold HVAC Companies like Weis Comfort Systems understand how difficult it may be for some homeowners to manage HVAC repairs. Here is our maintenance checklist to provide you with a handful of go-to tasks and checks to keep your heating, cooling, and other systems working:
- Check your thermostat settings to make sure your HVAC system stays at a reasonable and comfortable level. Property owners can save money by investing in digital thermostats to keep their homes cool in the summer and warm in the winter, and even turn on at specific times to lower energy usage.
- Check electrical connections. You can also measure voltages and currents of a system's motors. Faulty electrical connections may cause electrical fires, poor efficiency, and unsafe operation. Arnold HVAC contractors like Weis Comfort Systems point out that poorly-functioning equipment lowers a systems' performance expectancy. Also check all of the system's oil/gas connections and controls.
- Lubricate all moving components. "Dry" parts cause friction and rust. This may result in increased workload and further reduces your system's efficiency. Call Weis for additional info about HVAC maintenance in Arnold.
- Check the condensate line. Your air conditioner unit has to handle water. Ask an AC contracting company about this process or view these guidelines on American Home Shield.
It is important to care for and monitor your heating and cooling systems. Weis Comfort Systems, one of the leading HVAC companies in Arnold, is here to help clients maintain HVAC systems to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase longevity. After all, who wants to deal with an HVAC problem in the middle of winter or summer? Call Weis to learn more and request service.
Weis Comfort System recommends property and home owners to schedule seasonal HVAC maintenance checks to bypass serious problems. If you're looking for HVAC companies in Arnold, MO, give us a call. For Illinois (618) 233-3039 and Missouri (636) 343-8440.
Arnold, MO, HVAC Companies | Why Choose Weis?
For Arnold HVAC companies, reputation is important. The expert Arnold HVAC contractors at Weis Heating and Cooling have proven their work ethic in the past decades as a top choice for business and home owners needing HVAC maintenance and repair. You can count on us to protect your home and family's HVAC interests. Learn more about our past service in these responses and HVAC contractor reviews. Below you can find a few of the goals we follow to make sure we are your Arnold HVAC contractor of choice:
Loyalty & Service
A leading Arnold HVAC repair contractor, Weis Comfort Systems knows the importance of quality service. We strive to provide the best in the business including certified HVAC contractors, safe and efficient equipment, and no hassle work.
Easy Payments
Weis Comfort Systems is well aware of financial constraints put on home and business owners. Weis accepts major credit cards (Mastercard, Visa, etc.), checks, and cash. You can learn more about Weis' pricing and financing for AC installation, boilers replacement, maintenance, and other services. Weis also offers coupons and rebates.
Safety Commitment
We utilize state-of-the-art products, practices, and safety measures in conjunction with hiring methods that ensure high-quality HVAC contractors with excellent backgrounds, skills, and years of experience. Safety is a cornerstone of our Arnold HVAC company.
Customer Satisfaction
Weis Comfort System's team of highly-qualified, local HVAC contractors in Arnold, MO, guarantee affordable, timely, no-hassle HVAC repair and installation. Let Weis Heating and Cooling know how we can help. Request service now.
Contact Your Arnold HVAC Contractor Now
As customers come to find out, Weis Comfort Systems is one of the top HVAC companies in Arnold, MO. We provide homeowners with HVAC repair, maintenance, and installation while keeping service as a priority. Contact Weis Comfort Systems today for more info about our Arnold HVAC contractors and services.


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Two-piece clothes are also a giant pattern and would look great at a garden wedding. In response to Paddy Energy , our traders have been inundated" with folks betting that Meghan's wedding gown shall be designed by house of Alexander McQueen, to the purpose that they've stopped taking bets".
"This wedding, like all weddings, will be a second of fun and joy that will mirror the characters and values of the Bride and Groom," the statement from Meghan and Harry stated. Mr Knauf also revealed Meghan – a protestant who went to a catholic high school – will be both baptised and confirmed before the large day to be ready for the non secular ceremony.
Relying on the situation, faith, and style of the wedding, this group might embrace solely the individual folks which might be marrying, or it may embody a number of brides, grooms (or bridegrooms), individuals of honor, bridespersons, finest individuals, groomsmen, flower girls, pages, and ringbearers.
The occasion will happen at St George's Chapel, Windsor Fort, and none of their correct buddies has the primary clue it's Cup Remaining day That stated, when the Archbishop of Canterbury asks if anybody is aware of any purpose they should not be joined in matrimony, it's going to go to VAR for 2 minutes.
Hindu ceremonies are normally conducted totally or at the least partially in Sanskrit , the language of the Hindu scriptures The wedding celebrations could last for several days and they can be extremely various, relying upon the area, denomination and caste Mehendi ceremony is a conventional ritual in Hindu weddings, where Henna software takes place on bride's arms and legs, earlier than the wedding.
Gifts additionally add up, particularly because the common guest spends about $a hundred for each merchandise from the registry, in response to , a wedding planning and registry company in New York. She and Eugenie are cousins of Prince William and Harry, and granddaughters of Queen Elizabeth II. They turned heads at Kate's wedding with their choice of fascinators.


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Hard Drive Inspector is a powerful, effective and easy-to-use program that monitors hard drive...
Created by AltrixSoft
I love this software but after I have it installed for like a week it starts giving an Empty file error and wont run. Even after reinstalation it will not run. Always the same error.
What a waste of money.


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'Chiu on This' is a short and regular opinion blast
This time around, we're just doing some predictions for the Krakow Major day by day. It will be me, Vince and Dekay.
Vince's picks: GMB, F3, VP, SK, FaZe, C9, Na'Vi, AST
Dekay's picks: GMB, FNC, VP, SK, FaZe, C9, G2, AST
My picks: GMB, FNC, VP, SK, FaZe, North, G2, AST.
In the first round, I think there are only three close to contested matchups: Gambit/Mouz, North/Cloud9 and Na'Vi/G2. I have both Gambit and Mouz in my playoffs, but for this particular matchup I'm going with Gambit. Gambit has more experience than a majority of the players at Mouz and the time off should have them prepped for the teams. Mouz do have the edge in skill, though.
For North/Cloud9, I think C9 is too dependent on Skadoodle, Shroud and n0thing having a similar performance to what they had at the last LAN. I don't think it's possible and more importantly, they've shown their cards at the last LAN. So North should ban Mirage and Train, take it to a middling map and then win there.
Na'Vi won its last encounter against G2, but I think G2 will win this because it required s1mple and GuardiaN going HAM at the same time. While it can happen, most of the time it hasn't. This will be the best match for Day 1, but I'll go with G2.


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How to Get a Free State ID Card for Voting
The Wisconsin Department of Transportation provides free state ID cards for voting.
- Learn about getting a free Wisconsin ID card on the Wisconsin Department of Transportation website: http://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/license-drvs/how-to-apply/id-card.aspx
- Learn about getting a free Wisconsin ID card even if you do not have a birth certificate: http://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/license-drvs/how-to-apply/petition-process.aspx
U.S. Supreme Court Decision Clears Wisconsin Voter Photo ID Law
Monday, March 23, 2015, the United States Supreme Court issued an order declining to hear an appeal of Wisconsin's voter photo ID law.
On the advice of the Wisconsin Attorney General, the photo ID law will be enforced for all elections after April 7, 2015.
Read more about the Supreme Court's decision and its impact on Wisconsin elections here.
Background Information about the Voter ID Law
Voter ID Information for Local Election Officials
Photo ID News
Photo ID Guides
Click on the topics below for printable information about Voter Photo ID.


text: NBCUniversal Takes ITV's 'Mr Selfridge' With Jeremy Piven for Italy 3:00 AM PDT 6/10/2013 by Stuart Kemp FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Jeremy Piven Mr. Selfridge - H 2012 ITV Studios Global Entertainment also sells the drama to Africa and The Netherlands. LONDON -- NBC Universal Global Networks Italia is the latest broadcaster to pick up Mr. Selfridge, the Jeremy Piven starrer, in a deal with ITV Studios Global Entertainment. Piven stars in the show as the flamboyant and visionary American entrepreneur Harry Gordon Selfridge. The latest deal means the show, produced by ITV Studios' London-based drama team and created by writer Andrew Davies and co-written by Kate Brooke and Kate O'Riordan, has been sold to 99 countries worldwide. TV REVIEW: Mr. Selfridge The latest sales include a major pan-territory deal, which will see Mr. Selfridge air on BBC Entertainment across Africa. NBC Universal Global Networks Italia acquired the show for its DIVA Universal channel and NPO in the Netherlands. Tobias de Graaff, director of global television distribution at ITV Studios Global Entertainment, said: "With a second series now in production, I'm pleased to be working with more and more key broadcasters to market this beautifully produced drama to local audiences. Mr. Selfridge has already been a big hit with European and North American viewers and these latest deals extend the reach of Harry Selfridge's charm to even more viewers worldwide." PHOTOS: 'Entourage' Finale: 20 Unforgettable Hollywood Cameos From the Series ITVS GE has already sold Mr. Selfridge to a range of international broadcasters including Canada's Vision TV, Australia's Seven Network, Sundance Channel Global for countries across Asia and MBC for countries across the Middle East. It airs in the U.S. on PBS. FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Stuart Kemp email@example.com @thr


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Texas attorneys have discussed a rise in litigation since the decline in oil prices that begun in 2014. However, many of the discussions have centered on anecdotal references to increases in certain types of litigation attributed to the oil and gas industry. It is common to hear people discuss a rise in labor and employment suits, royalty suits, bankruptcies, and debt collection actions. However, how could an increase in litigation because of the plunge be accurately quantified?
The federal and state courts maintain a plethora of statistics regarding cases brought in their courts. Indeed, by analyzing the suits filed from 2010 to 2017, some clear trends emerged.
In 2016, intellectual property disputes in the 5th circuit rose 84% over the preceding five-year average from an average of 1,613 new cases filed to 2,969. Labor disputes, including FLSA suits for unpaid overtime and FMLA suits, increased 35.5% in 2016. Discrimination suits increased 11.1%. Indeed, federal civil litigation as a whole increased 23.5% in 2016. In 2017, intellectual property disputes maintained a 45.7% increase over the average filings from 2010 to 2015. Labor suits also maintained an 18.9% increase, and civil litigation as a whole increased an additional 25.5% to 37,648 suits filed in 2017.
Business Bankruptcy filings in certain categories also saw increases. In 2016, business Chapter 11 filings increased 15.8% over 2015, and an additional 37.7% in 2017. However, in the aggregate business bankruptcy filings actually dropped slightly in 2016 and 2017 compared to their previous five-year average.
In state courts, the data shows similarities to federal filings although to a lesser scale. Texas districts courts experienced a 3.8% increase in new civil filings in 2016, compared to the preceding five-year average. In 2017, the number of new civil suits increased an additional 8.4% to 236,390. One of the largest gains applicable to the oil and gas industry was a 12.8% increase in debt collection suits. Houston—the home of oil and gas—has shown a significant increase in litigation, with a 9.6% increase new civil suits in 2016, and an additional 8% increase in 2017.
Clearly, there has been an increase in certain sectors of litigation. However, based on the data alone it is difficult to support the theory that plunge in oil prices alone is the culprit for any increase in Texas litigation.
Justin Ratley
Disclaimer: Content contained within this publication provides information on general legal issues and is not intended to provide advice on any specific legal matter or factual situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, a lawyer-client relationship. Readers should not act upon this information without seeking professional counsel.
Chandler Hodo
Communications/PR Manager
You may use the wildcard symbol (*) as a root expander. A search for "anti*" will find not only "anti", but also "anti-trust", "antique", etc.
Entering two terms together in a search field will behave as though an "OR" is being used. For example, entering "Antique Motorcars" as a Client Name search will find results with either word in the Client Name.
AND and OR may be used in a search. Note: they must be capitalized, e.g., "Project AND Finance."
The + and - sign operators may be used. The + sign indicates that the term immediately following is required, while the - sign indicates to omit results that contain that term. E.g., "+real -estate" says results must have "real" but not "estate".
To perform an exact phrase search, surround your search phrase with quotation marks. For example, "Project Finance".
Searches are not case sensitive.


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Homeowners should take the following precautions:
Check Insulation
Add extra insulation to attics, basements and crawl spaces. If too much heat escapes through the attic it can cause snow or ice to melt on the roof. The water re-freezes causing more snow and ice to build up. This can result in a collapsed roof, and can contribute to ice damming. Ideally, the attic should be five to ten degrees warmer than the outside air. Well-insulated basements and crawl spaces will also help protect pipes from freezing.
One more precaution … let us do a complete review of all your insurance needs.


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Calparrio Travel recommends the website "US Passports and International Travel" to get the essential information about your destination.
The information on destinations covers the latest national news, local residents' culture, transportation safety and conditions, and safety and security in regards to terrorism, demonstrations, crimes, etc levitra generika kaufen.
-> US Passports and International Travel – Country Information


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Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing.
Postage and packaging
This item will post to United States, but the seller hasn't specified postage options. Contact the seller- opens in a new window or tab and request a postage method to your location.
Postage cost can't be calculated. Please enter a valid postcode.
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More Than 1,000 Dairy Farms in England and Whales Have Closed Since 2013
According to England's Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB), 1 in 10 dairy farmers have gone out of business since 2013 England's news service BBC reports. AHDB credits the liquidation to low milk prices. Last year members of the country's Farmers' Union protested in support of higher milk prices or government help without success. BBC reports farmers in the area were still being paid 10 pence per liter less than the cost of production. As the dust settles from the Brexit Vote, only time will tell what happens to milk prices in the region.
Read the story in full here.


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This week we have a poll of polls and 100 per cent of them say we want more action on climate change; coal emissions continue to fall; the biggest private coal miner in the world is likely to file for bankruptcy protection; the USA and Canada join for action on methane and even the Brits are now aiming at net zero carbon mid-century - all that and more in This Week in Climate Change
This week we start with a poll of polls - 100 per cent of polls on climate change policy in Australia this week, well two of two of them, say it will be a key election issue. The Guardian reports almost half of Australian voters say policies on climate change, renewable energy and the Great Barrier Reef will influence the way they vote at the election. "The nationwide poll of 1,048 people over the weekend found 47% of people agreed or strongly agreed that "climate change and renewable energy will influence the way I vote at this year's federal election". That was more than twice as many as the 22% who disagreed with the statement, according to the survey conducted by Lonergan Research and commissioned by Future Super." Meanwhile, Essential poll says 57% of those in their survey (up 4% since August) think Australia is not doing enough to address climate change and 21% (down 3%) think Australia is doing enough. Those most likely to think Australia is not doing enough were aged 18-34 (66%) and university educated (64%).
Australia's climate change leaders went into a bit of a frenzy this week following claims made on ABC Radio by the Minister for Environment Greg Hunt that Australia had reached peak emissions:
- MICHAEL BRISSENDEN: Okay, goals aside though, isn't it the case that even though we've set our targets, our emissions do rise over time until 2030? Still they continue to rise, don't they?
- GREG HUNT: No I believe that we have reached what's sometimes known as peak emissions.
- MICHAEL BRISSENDEN: Right, so it's going to fall from here?
- GREG HUNT: Our emissions have fallen from their 2005 high point, and my best estimate is that we are unlikely as a nation ever to surpass that again.
There was a bit doing on coal and energy this week. First the Guardian reported global greenhouse gas emissions resisted a rise for a second straight year in a sign climate policies are working. Renewable power played a "critical role" in holding CO2 emissions to around 32 billion tonnes, the International Energy Agency said in a statement. The Paris-based think-tank also cited falling coal use in top carbon polluters China and the United States in its preliminary data. The figures mark the first period in 40 years that a halt or reduction was not tied to an economic downturn. The data does not account for pollution from transport or changes in land use," the Guardian reported. "The new figures confirm last year's surprising but welcome news: we now have seen two straight years of greenhouse gas emissions decoupling from economic growth," IEA head, Fatih Birol said.
In a sign of the times globally, the largest privately owned coal miner in the world, Peabody Energy, warned this week its financial survival was under a cloud. The Sydney Morning Herald reported Peabody told investors: "We may not have sufficient liquidity to sustain operations and continue as a going concern."
The news about the coal emissions couldn't come a day sooner. Global temperatures in February smashed previous monthly records by an unprecedented amount, according to NASA data, sparking warnings of a climate emergency. The Guardian reported the result was "a true shocker, and yet another reminder of the incessant long-term rise in global temperature resulting from human-produced greenhouse gases", wrote Jeff Masters and Bob Henson in a blog on the Weather Underground, which analysed the data released on Saturday. "It confirms preliminary analysis from earlier in March, indicating the record-breaking temperatures. The global surface temperatures across land and ocean in February were 1.35C warmer than the average temperature for the month, from the baseline period of 1951-1980. Although the temperatures have been spurred on by a very large El Niño in the Pacific Ocean, the temperature smashed records set during the last large El Niño from 1998, which was at least as strong as the current one."
In Washington, US President Obama said his country and Canada were more closely aligned than ever, using a meeting with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to announce joint efforts to curb emissions of planet-warming gases and to promote his personal rapport with the leader of a pivotal neighbour. The New York Times reported the two announced that they were teaming up to reduce the release of methane, contained in natural gas. They also promised that their two countries would "play a leadership role internationally in the low-carbon global economy over the coming decades." Mr. Obama and Mr. Trudeau also pledged to cooperate in preserving the Arctic, and to move more quickly to carry out agreements made in climate talks in Paris last year.
Over 'the pond', the BBC reports the government of the United Kingdom is saying climate laws will be tightened to cut carbon emissions effectively to zero. "Under current law, emissions must be cut by 80% by 2050 - but ministers have said this does not go far enough. Following the climate deal in Paris, it is clear the UK must not increase CO2 at all because the warming threat is so severe, they added. No details of the law change have been given - and critics said the UK was failing to meet even current targets," the BBC reported.
Finally, Inside Climate News reports on a new study claiming it's now possible for scientists to confidently measure the influence of climate change on some extreme weather events, such as heat waves. "In this first-ever assessment of the emerging field of climate science attribution, researchers from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine are setting the record straight on how well scientists can currently tease out the climate-change fingerprints of different types of extreme weather."
Finally this week, leader of the Climate Reality Project Chairman, Al Gore, was in the Philippines this week and laid a wreath in Tacloban while meeting victims of Super Typhoon Yolanda, one of the strongest storms on record and a symbol of the impact of climate change on extreme weather. "It very deeply affected me," Mr Gore said of his visit. The former US vice president was reported as saying at least 13.5 million Filipinos might have to be relocated over time to higher elevations due to rising sea levels caused by melting glaciers, among others. Thirteen and a half million people…. that's a little more than half of Australia's population. Imagine that.
Disclosure: Andrew Woodward is a member of the Australian Labor Party and a Member of LEAN - the Labor Environment Action Network.
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Port Dickson, pearl of Malaysia's breathtaking west coastWant to book your bus tickets to Port Dickson online? Use below form for real-time bus reservations. Instant confirmation of your bus seats. NOTE: Peak season is August till October
Port Dickson, or "PD" as it's affectionately known by the locals, is a popular R&R destination, located about 60 km, an hour's drive or so, from KL, in the state of Sembilan. It's a great place for beach relaxation or just to get away from the hustle and bustle of city life.
With its long and fairly turbulent past, Port Dickson is quite a draw also to those on the look-out for culture and history. But it's the new hotels and resorts, some more exclusive than others, that are the main tourism draw nowadays, both from surrounding areas, as well as from Singapore and, increasingly, from overseas.
There are quite a few grade-A beaches on the coast along Port Dickson and, so not surprisingly, leisure activities consist of water sports like water-skiing, canoeing, snorkeling and windsurfing.
If sailing is your game, then just head up to the Port Dickson Yacht Club, because there's plenty of choice there.
Fishing aficionados can also get their fill, since you can fish off one of the boat rentals or a kelong, which is a traditional wooden water hut built on stilts - a great experience.
Swing by the Blue Lagoon, about 15 km from Port Dickson town, for panoramic vistas of Port Dickson's photogenic surrounding inland and offshore sceneries. The Blue Lagoon is another great spot for water sports. Best of all, there's plenty of accommodation choices, as many of the hotels and resorts are located right here.
Click here to book your favorite Port Dickson hotel...
Once you're in Port Dickson, the easiest way to get around is by taxi. The taxis here don't have meters and it's useful to know that they charge per passenger. It's good to haggle a bit about the price before you decide to take a taxi, but you'll find that taxis here are relatively inexpensive.
That said, if you want to go really budget, then catch the coastal bus. It's not exactly zippy, but it's the most fun travel option. And it only charges a handful of RM, at most, for most destinations along its route, so it's certainly cheap.
Port Dickson has a great beach, so make sure you swing by to catch up on your tanning. There's a few water sports outlets that rent out kayaks, SUP boards and some sailing dinghies.
The best part of the Port Dickson stretch of beach is the cute water front bistros and local eateries. Enjoy both the laid-back mood and the local snacks. Life's good in Port Dickson.
Whilst there isn't really a true night-life scene to speak of in Port Dickson, there are quite a few cozy neighborhoods with plenty of eateries and even some rather happening watering holes. And with the distinctly European architecture here and there, you might easily mistake these parts of Port Dickson for Amsterdam, without the grittiness of course.
Dig into a piping hot plate of authentic mee goreng and wash it down with a "teh tarek". After all, Cuisine is quite a major aspect of life here.
In short, never a dull moment in Port Dickson.
Click here for a Tioman trip
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Port Dickson paradise
Get away from it all in Port Dickson
Click here to book your favorite Port
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Can this be real? A dense school
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ORADEA, Romania—DoubleTree by Hilton today announced the opening of its second property in Romania, in the historic city of Oradea.
Guests of the newly built 147-bedroom hotel will be able to utilize the property's four meeting rooms and the Varadinium Ballroom, hosting from 10 and 350 delegates; as well as a business center, state-of-the-art technology, and high speed internet access.
In an announcement, Simon Vincent, president, EMEA, Hilton Worldwide, said, "Growing our presence in Eastern Europe has been a major focus for Hilton Worldwide and I am delighted that we have added a second hotel to our DoubleTree by Hilton portfolio in Romania. Travellers visiting Oradea will now be able to enjoy a warm DoubleTree by Hilton welcome including a cookie on check-in, as well as the significant benefits of staying within the Hilton Worldwide portfolio. We look forward to welcoming guests to our new DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea."
DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea has a variety of guestrooms and suites that offer a sitting area; high-speed internet access; flat-screen, satellite TV; ironing board; mini-bar; and in-room tea and coffee making service.
DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea opens following a major investment by owner SIF Banat Crisana and SC Calipso SA.
The hotel also introduces Romania's first eforea: spa at Hilton. The spa offers seven treatment rooms with private shower, a transition lounge for relaxation, an indoor swimming pool with spa tub, as well as sauna and steam bath, and emotion showers with 24 hour Precor fitness room. Membership will be offered to local residents.
DoubleTree by Hilton Oradea also features Laurus, a contemporary restaurant serving Mediterranean dishes, and Cafe Cris, where guests can enjoy a light snack, morning coffee, or a glass of wine.


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Breakfast Banana, Coconut and Cinnamon Muffins
Posted by Joe Wicks in Recipes
These muffins are perfect for prepping in advance and having in the morning when you're on the go. This one is from Cycle 1 of my new Veggie 90 Day Plan.
Makes 12
200g plain flour
50g desiccated coconut
2 tsp ground cinnamon
1 1/2 tsp baking powder
1 1/2 tsp bicarbonate of soda
Pinch salt
100g soya protein powder
25g coconut oil, melted
280ml low fat soured cream
90g honey
100ml skimmed milk
3 large eggs, beaten
4 medium bananas (400g peeled weight), roughly mashed
Preheat the oven to 180ºC. Combine the flour, desiccated coconut, cinnamon, baking powder, bicarbonate of soda and salt into a large bowl and make a well in the middle. Put the remaining ingredients (except the bananas) into a liquidiser and blend until smooth. Pour into the dry ingredients and fold together until smooth.
Fold in the bananas then divide the mixture between a 12-hole muffin tin lined with paper cases. Bake for 15 minutes until risen and golden then remove from the oven and leave to cool.
- If you plan on freezing the muffins, remove the paper case then wrap individually in clingfilm before freezing
- This is a great way of using up old, brown bananas as the muffins will be even sweeter and full of flavour
Click here to start your own tailored Veggie 90 Day Plan and get more banging recipes like this and a new training plan.
About Joe Wicks
Joe Wicks is the online nutrition coach inspiring people all over the world to cook with his #Leanin15 video meals on Instagram. He is also transforming the lives of thousands of people with his tailored online nutrition plan, The 90 Day Shift, Shape & Sustain plan.
What to Read Next
Posted by Joe Wicks in Fitness, Recipes
How I stay on track: Body Coach graduates
We all have them, those days where you want to sack off the workout, veg on the sofa and chow down on a tub of Ben & Jerry's ice cream. Or perhaps you've eaten healthily all week, been to the gym, but feel like throwing in the towel because you just don't feel like you're making progress.
Posted by Joe Wicks in Fitness, Recipes
The amazing "ripple effect" of your fitness journey
We all know that eating healthy food and exercising regularly has immense benefits - you improve your health, get fitter, stronger and feel all-round awesome. What you may not realise, though, is that your healthy habits can also benefit your friends, family and colleagues too.


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by Florian Flade
Diese Diashow benötigt JavaScript.
The "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan" (IMU) presents a chilling list celebrating 87 "martyrs" of the organization killed in 2011 – amongst them Afghans, Pakistanis, Tajiks, Uzbeks and a German.
Most of the IMU fighters – 64 militants – were killed during fighting and suicide attacks in Afghanistan, mostly in the northern region of the country.
Some of the most famous Jihadi militants serving in the ranks of the IMU were killed this year: Commander Abbas Mansour from Kyrgyzstan, the military commander of IMU, Uzbek "Ukosha" from Tashkent who served as a propaganda chief of IMU, and a German Islamist from the city of Essen named Abdullah H. aka "Miqdaad".
The new martyr list reveals the pressure under which IMU is operating. Many of their fighters are prime targets of NATO assassination campaigns and are also under the heavy missile barrage of the CIA drones in the Afghan-Pakistan border region.


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Do you think it's a glamorous job being a photographer?
You see that flawless panoramic photograph and you say to yourself that it's just a case of being in the right place at the right moment.
I won't deny it.
But did you think how I got to that place?
I spent days searching for exactly the right location, often traversing dangerous terrain, just to pick the best spot for the shoot. I had to take into account the panoramic backdrop, the vegetation, the proximity and the features to capture.
As for the time, I waited for the right season and probably spent days waiting for the exactly the right weather conditions and got up at three in the morning to be there just as the sun rose.
Some photos require less effort.
My brief is to render the object more imposing than the skyscraper.
The camera, therefore, has to look up to the statue, so here I am lying on the wet grass amongst plastic wrappers and bird droppings while people eye me as if I'm completely crazy.
I hope you like the result.
This week I'm celebrating my return to Flash Fiction for the Purposeful Practioner, a challenge that disappeared sometime last year. The other day I discovered that it had been resurrected since last September! So I'm back. Better late than never, right!


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The City of Mason City has a state-of-the-art outdoor warning system which was replaced with all new equipment in 2007. This warning system was designed to warn citizens of Mason City who are outdoors of an impending weather or other emergency so that they can get indoors to safety and to tune to radio or television for more information about the emergency. The warning system was not designed or was it intended to be heard indoors throughout the City.
Sirens are tested the first Monday of every month around 10:00 a.m. unless the National Weather Service has issued a weather advisory. If such a weather advisory has been issued, then the sirens are tested the following Monday.
If citizens notice a siren not working, they are encouraged to contact the Mason City Fire Department (641.421.3640) to report the problem.


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Well, here it is. Peugeot have officially unveiled their Exalt four-door coupé concept, and I dare all of you buzzkills to say it looks like a Honda Accord.
As expected, the car is bare steel up front, will-never-reach-production textile at the back. It also sports the 270bhp turbocharged four-cylinder from the RCZ R mated to the 70bhp electric motor of PSA's Hybrid4 system, so that's good for 340bhp and 4WD. It also looks fantastic, and like the Onyx features innovate uses of natural materials for the interior (as Top Gear Magazine says, "no carbon here, thanks").
Duurtlang, 505 Turbeaux, watch the video below and tell me you don't feel something.
If it doesn't reach production next year slightly toned down and rebadged 408 GT, I'll eat my hat. I don't even have a hat.
Source : Peugeot.


text: Tapestries, Yoga, and India - in 1992, I received a Fulbright research grant and lived in India for 13 months. I worked at Tasara Center for Creative Weaving in Kerala, and hand-wove 18 tapestries. I have since returned to India so many times at this point, I've lost count...probably around 15 times or so.


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In February, there was drama in the city as two of Kampala's big shots evicted each other and each claimed ownership of a property on Plot 2 Colville Street.
By Hillary Nsambu, Damali Kisakye & Leticia Kahubire
In February, there was drama in the city as two of Kampala's big shots evicted each other and each claimed ownership of a property on Plot 2 Colville Street.
The five-storey building changed names from Shumuk House to Backlines House and back to Shumuk House. Another disputed property is Hotel Diplomate on Plot 970&971, Muyenga Tank Hill.
According to court documents, the drama started when the of Pakistan Consul in Uganda, Bonny Katatumba, learnt that businessman Mukesh Shukla, who is the managing director of Shumuk Group of Companies, was planning to sell the building, yet the two had not yet settled a wrangle over its ownership.
The case was pending in court.
Katatumba applied to the High Court to stop Shukla from selling the property and got orders of attachment.
Lawyers representing Shumuk told the court on Monday that upon obtaining orders of attachment, Katatumba used the documents to evict his business rival.
He took them to the Execution and Bailiffs Division, they said, and erroneously obtained eviction orders and possession of the property against Shumuk Springs Development and Springs International Hotel Limited. Thus the building reverted to the original Blacklines House.
Upon eviction by Katatumba, Mukesh ran to the Registrar Execution and Court Bailiffs Division and obtained counter orders to evict Katatumba from the building, which was promptly done the next day. And the building was once again renamed Shumuk House.
Katatumba then referred the matter to the head of the division, Justice Alfonse Owiny-Dollo, asking him to cancel Shukla's eviction orders arguing that Irene Akankwasa, who issued them had no powers to cancel her predecessor's orders, in which he had been re-instated into occupancy of the property because both of them were at par.
Owiny-Dollo said before a packed High Court on Monday, that the warrant of eviction issued by Assistant Registrar Henry Twinomuwhezi to the court bailiffs against Shumuk had no basis and was illegal.
He cancelled all the earlier eviction orders including the one that was issued by Akankwasa, saying they had all been issued unlawfully. Owiny-Dollo said he would oversee the order that would be re-issued from the Commercial Court.
The High Court directed that while the building remains in the hands of Mukesh, it should not be sold off until the ownership case is disposed of.
Owiny-Dollo ruled that the Registrar Execution and Bailiffs Division should refer the orders that had been issued earlier by the two registrars of the division he heads, back to the Registrar, Commercial Division.
The house under dispute located on Plot 2 Colville Street
A group of men removed the huge poster that Katatumba had placed on the building in question
The young men also took out property belonging to Katatumba after the eviction order
Katatumba is pictured here. PHOTO/Richard Sanya
This is so that he could extract the exact order he had made for Katatumba that led to the confusion, so as to bring it (order) in conformity with his ruling. He ordered Katatumba to pay the costs.
"Yet it is this that has brought about the saga I have berated herein. Thus, it would be unfair for the applicants to benefit from a wrong that was their making and; for that they should pay the costs of this application," Owiny Dollo said.
He also set aside the eviction of Shumuk Springs Development and Springs International Hotel.
The ruling meant that Shumuk, who is occupying the premises currently, should stay on the property, until the court finally decides on the saga.
How it began?
It is alleged that in 2008, Katatumba ran into financial difficulties and deposited a number of titles of the units on the then Blacklines House in Crane Bank for a loan.
It is also alleged that he staked over 100 titles for the same number of units of the Blacklines House with Crane Bank. However, when he failed to clear the bank, he ran to his then friend, Mukesh, for a bail-out, totalling $4.63m.
However, Shukla insists that he did not give Katatumba a bail-out. "The understanding was that I buy the premises," he said.
According to the project manager of Shumuk Springs Development and Springs International Hotel, Patrick Muheirwaho, Katatumba also wanted money to rescue his Hotel Diplomate, which was also on the verge of being sold off.
He also needed $1.7m he allegedly obtained as condominium for 27 units on Blacklines House.
Mukesh said: "Katatumba entered into a deal to sell me Blacklines House at a cost of $5m (sh11b), which was later revised to $4m (sh10bn). Later, he breached the sales agreement terms, failing to avail Shumuk Group with all the titles of the property after receiving a payment of $3.7m (sh9bn)."
But according to Katatumba, all this is a result of a misunderstanding between him and Mukesh whom he trusted, but has now turned against him.
The matter is still in court.
How will Katatumba, Shumuk feud end?


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CBI arrests medical officer in connection with Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Test scam
New Delhi: The CBI has arrested a medical officer from Uttar Pradesh's Barabanki who has been absconding in a Vyapam scam case related to Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Test conducted in 2012, an official said.
The agency has filed a charge sheet on November 23, 2017, on the basis of which the trial court had issued non-bailable warrant against the absconding chargesheeted accused. "In pursuance to such, the accused who was posted as Medical Officer at CHC Jattuva Tappa, District Rae Bareli (UP) was arrested," CBI Spokesperson said.
He said the CBI investigation shows that that accused Virendra Mourya in conspiracy with co-accused, middleman and racketeer, appeared in MPPMT-2012 at an examination centre in Indore and helped co-accused (beneficiary candidate) by allowing her to copy answers from him.
"It was also revealed that in 2012, the said accused was a student of MBBS Course at a government medical college, Kanpur (admission Batch year 2008) and he had no intention of taking admission in MBBS course in any private medical college of Madhya Pradesh and his intention was only to provide alleged illegal copying assistance to the beneficiary candidate," he said.
The CBI Spokesperson said it was further alleged that in connivance with co-accused middleman and a private medical college in Bhopal, the accused blocked a seat of MBBS course and later on vacated the same, which was filled by the said medical college without following due procedure.
Disclaimer: This site is primarily intended for healthcare professionals. Any content/information on this website does not replace the advice of medical and/or health professionals and should not be construed as medical/diagnostic advice/endorsement or prescription. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use, privacy policy, advertisement policy. © 2020 Minerva Medical Treatment Pvt Ltd


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Right now, Scripture in Song has over 800 songs in its database. There are many more we like to add. The ideal volunteer to help with this project would know the Bible well enough to put appropriate categories on songs, and is comfortable copying/pasting URLs and information from various sites.
Here's how to get involved:
1) View the list of songs below and choose an album or songs to enter, and start inputting them on the "submit a song" page.
2) If you're willing and able to input lots of songs, the most efficient way is by using a spreadsheet which you fill out email to us. You can do this by downloading an upload form and following the song entry instructions.
Thank you for your willingness to help!
Please contact us below if you would like to volunteer to input songs.


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Student Travel
Non-employed Student traveling without a university staff member
When a non-employed student is traveling on behalf of the university, perhaps to a conference, without a university staff member the department for whom the student is traveling (and who will be paying the bills) will need to complete a travel authorization AP104 Form (ink signatures required).
Student Employee traveling without a university staff member
Students who are also active employees in the HR system have access to the Travel Center and can process their Travel Authorization and Reimbursement just like an employee. However, if they are employed by a different department than the one they are traveling for, the department they are traveling for will need to complete the Authorization and Reimbursement for them to insure the correct approval chain and project is used.


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By Michelle Rawlins
Set in the heart of Yorkshire, this is everything a traditional family pantomime should be.
Using a well trusted successful formula of a small cast, with an even smaller orchestra, these energetic and talented actors are more than capable of pulling off the annual festive show.
Based on the well known children's story, this production has all you'd expect: from a slimmer than most dame, a slightly fearful baddy – on this occasion named 'Nightshade' – to a dashing hero and a princess he needs to woo.
It's full of comical one liners, obvious puns and localised jokes as well as bursts of song and even a mini flash mob.
It's good light hearted fun, that works for any young family, who aren't after dazzling special effects or anything too serious.
With an enchanting fairytale set and a larger than life giant troll, combined with a fairy godmother style fortune teller, who helps guide the somewhat fearful Jack, director Joyce Branagh has mixed all the right ingredients to create a fun, thigh slapping production.
Although there aren't any of the expected "It's behind you" scenes, there are plenty of opportunities to shout "Oh yes we are, oh no you're not," – a real hit with my eight-year-old son Archie.
The audience are encouraged to stand and clap and shout as the cast chase each other around the theatre, surprising the younger members by racing up the aisles.
As you would expect, the plot drifts slightly from the original storyline, but this is far from a criticism. Playwright, Andrew Pollard, has added a plethora of amusing and quirky original touches. Yes, there's still the much loved family cow, Buttercup, but she has lost her Moo, so quacks instead. Then there's the Princess Jill (Megan Turner), who appears after completing a finishing school in Liverpool (who'd have thought it), and happens to have an excellent singing voice.
And definitely not to be forgotten is Jack's Mum, Dame Dotty Trotty, excellently played by Thomas Cotran, who appears to change costume in virtually every scene. She goes from appearing as a 'seriously cheesy mature' block of very round cheese, to a rather elaborate tree, a paintbrush, a meat pie and even a plane on a scooter (you have to see it to believe it) – again all to comical applause.
The giant's henchman, Nightshade, (James's McLean), couldn't be described as the scariest of villains but he plays the part perfectly and encourages the obvious 'boos' from the audience.
Of course good overcomes bad by the end of the show, when the dashing Jack, finally finds his courage and saves his land from poverty, after defeating the Giant and slaying his home grown (and rather spectacular) beanstalk to the ground.
There's a lots of clapping and cheering as Jack and Jill (Oooh I wonder where they thought of that?) tie the knot and everyone has a good old sing along.
This is a great show and if it's a traditional panto you are after, you won't be disappointed. My rather regular theatre going son, gave it 4.5 / 5, but actually couldn't give me a reason for not giving it top marks. And judging by how much he laughed throughout the two hour performance, I think he would secretly liked to have given it a 5!
Jack & The Beanstalk runs at the Lawrence Batley Theatre, Huddersfield until 6 Jan, 2018
for ticket price information, click here
Photographs by Andrew Billington


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As someone who is constantly evaluating (and re-evaluating) every practice, habit, and method in my life, a "what's worked for me" post is something I've wanted to write for literally years. Every year around this time, I draft this post in my head, but it gets tossed by the wayside by the time February rolls around. But not this year!
If you're not familiar with this format, here's what to expect: a list, more or less, of habits/practices/techniques etc. that were new for me in 2017, and the value I got from them. I'm a fiend for this type of post, because inevitably, no matter how divergent the author's interests are from my own, I always walk away with a recommendation, a new way of looking at something, or an honest-to-goodness endorsement of something that I've been mulling over, but hadn't committed to. And that's my hope for you: that you would glean something useful, and that your 2018 will benefit from my 2017.
And yes—if you're wondering—I do intend to write a "what DIDN'T work for me in 2017." (I'll draft it today and get it up sometime in February.)
Alright, let's talk about some wins! I'm presenting these in categories for easy scanning/sifting. Below you'll find what worked for me:
- Physically
- Mentally/Spiritually
- At Home
- In Business
What worked for me PHYSICALLY
- SKINCARE: Sometime back in July of 2017, a friend of mine added me to a private Facebook group devoted to skincare habits that are founded in science and common sense. It has literally changed my life. I struggle with hormonal acne (it starts right below my cheekbones, and continues down to just below my chin-line), but by adhering to the "7 essentials," I've not only reduced the number of blemishes that pop up every month to almost zero, but the early signs of aging I was beginning to notice have diminished a great deal.I'm going to describe the 7 Essentials extremely briefly below; if you want more specifics, comment below and I'll email you with allllll the details. Bear in mind, these are not 7 steps, but rather 7 tools you'll use to uncover clear, glowy skin. Also, there are many "extras" you might include in your process, but I'm just focusing on the must-haves.
- Balm Cleanser
- Milk Cleanser
- Acid Exfoliant
- Vitamin C
- A Retinod
- Moisturizer
- CONSISTENT BASIC HEALTHY HABITS: This one sounds so basic and easy, but for whatever reason, basic good habits seem to be a struggle for almost everyone. Here's what I managed to do well (most of the time) in 2017:
- Drink plenty of water—for me, that means 2+ Nalgenes each day
- Eat unprocessed foods—I cooked the vast majority of my meals last year and, surprise! I'm in the best shape of my life, and I have more energy than I did throughout my 20s.
- Get regular exercise—for me, this is like 90% barre classes at my local studio, and 10% hikes outside. This year I'm changing it up a bit, but my foundation will remain barre, as it's keeping me strong and flexible, which is all I'm really after.
- Getting enough sleep—while going to bed is still a struggle for me (I cherish the quiet nighttime hours with my husband, after the children fall asleep), I finally took sleep more seriously, and typically get 7-8 hours a night. Optimum for me is probably more like 8-9 hours, so that's an area of growth for me.
- WEARING A DAILY "UNIFORM" this one is so simple and small, but radically changes my mornings for the better. I wear the same thing (more-or-less) every day, and I set it out the night before (including undergarments, shoes, accessories, etc.) Now, the first thing I do when I get out of bed is get dressed, and even if the morning process lags with my children, I'm basically ready to go. No more frantically running around looking for a sweater, or a missing shoe, and it is GLORIOUS.
What worked for me MENTALLY/SPIRITUALLY
- INVESTING IN COMMUNITIES: I'm someone who needs to make a concerted effort to remain socially connected with others; I live in my head a lot, and if I'm not careful, I can happily go days and days without talking to another adult aside from my husband. So one way I keep myself grounded in community is by putting some skin in the game, and committing myself as a leader, or organizer. At that point, it's natural for me to honor my social and service relationships, and respect them by showing up prepared, with my whole mind engaged on the people in front of me. Beginning in the fall of last year, I began volunteering as a table leader for our local MOPs (Moms of Preschoolers) group, and I'm co-leading a small group at my church's women's Bible study.
- INVESTING IN MY MIND: Like I mentioned, I'm someone who tends to live in her head, so this one comes more naturally to me. Here's what I read this year:
- Wild at Heart Revised and Updated: Discovering the Secret of a Man's Soul
- Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World
- Simplicity Parenting: Using the Extraordinary Power of Less to Raise Calmer, Happier, and More Secure Kids
- Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business
- Washington: A Life – Biography by Ron Chernow
- Alexander Hamilton – Biography by Ron Chernow
- The Pursuit of Holiness – Bible study by Jerry Bridges
- On Living – Beautiful and haunting memoir by hospice Chaplain Kerry Egan
- The Armor of God – Bible study by Priscilla Shrier
- DETACHING FROM SOCIAL MEDIA: after reading "Amusing Ourselves to Death," and "Deep Work," it was easy to step back from social media, and reevaluate how much brain-space I was affording it. No matter how well someone uses social media, or how knowledgable they are about its hazards, I'm less convinced than ever that it's measurably good for us in any way. Furthermore, after reading about a few historical biographies in a row (I've been on a Ron Chernow kick for about a year), it's hard to imagine any of these giants of history getting anything of significance accomplished if they had social media in their lives.As someone who used to make her living by crafting social media strategy, and teaching its use, I want to be very clear: I don't think any amount of preparation, caution, or understanding is enough to buffer oneself (primarily one's mind, and one's ability to reason) from the harmful effects of social media.
The creators of social media platforms specifically designed them to be addictive, and if you're telling yourself that you're unaffected, or immune, you're literally lying to yourself. It's not my intention to scare anyone, or be confrontational, but no matter how innocently, or for what good purposes you use social media: it is bad for your brain. Here: do a quick search and see for yourself.
Now, for many of us, participation in some social media is a non-negotiable, and for others of us, the only way we can effectively promote events and happenings is via Facebook. I get that. I'd encourage all of us to think of social media usage the same as smoking cigarettes: we know that they're bad for us, and we know that they're specifically designed to be addictive. How much risk are you willing to assume? That answer is entirely up to you.
- EXPERIENCING SOME GOOD ART: in 2017 I saw Hamilton, attended several classical music concerts and ballet performances, went to several museums, and enjoyed lots of beautiful architecture. I don't think it's any coincidence that 2017 saw in an uptick in my own creative output and ideation.
What worked for me AT HOME
- THIS INSTANT POT RECIPE FOR CREAMY THAI COCONUT SOUP You can also make this with a slow cooker, or on the stovetop. Either way, it's DELICIOUS.
- CLOTH DIAPERING: I was too overwhelmed and intimidated to try cloth diapering my first, but we gave it a shot with our second, and it is SO MUCH SIMPLER than I was led to believe (the internet is really good at scaring us, isn't it?). We use Grovia hybrid diaper covers, and pre-folds on the inside. They all get tossed in the wash with a scoopfull of Tide, and they come out perfectly clean. No stress. Better for the environment. Less money. All good things.
- THIS IKEA CART, for dragging our homeschool books, notebooks, math manipulatives, etc. around the house
- RESALE AND BUYING USED: in 2017 I began selling my children's gently used clothes on Kidizen, and buying needed items on the same app. To date I've earned more than $250, and I keep that in Kidizen to use when I need to buy a bigger pair of rain boots, the next size up of jeans, etc. I barely buy anything new anymore, and I LOVE IT.
- WEEKLY MEAL PLANNING: Now, I know this is super old-hat for many of you, but halleleujah! I LOVE knowing what I'm making for dinner for the next week, and the fact that I can buy stuff in bulk, and save money. Last year I made the same 7-10 dinners each week for a season, and then I'd swap out half the recipes for the next season. If you like to make something new every night, this system might not work for you. But if you like clearing your mind of "what's for dinner tonight?", or you want to limit your trips to the grocery store to once a week, then try weekly meal planning!
- MASTER GROCERY LIST: This follows the previous item nicely. Instead of writing a new grocery list every single week, I have one "master grocery list" on my computer, and I just delete the things I don't need. There have been so many times where we were out of something, and I would have totally forgotten to add it to my list, except that it was already ON my master grocery list. I never ran out of coffee creamer once in 2017! And that's what matters, right?
- "DOUBLE THE RECIPE, FREEZE THE EXTRA:" I almost never cook a single batch of anything. If I'm going to be in the kitchen for an hour, you better believe I'm getting more than one meal out of it. Having meals on-hand has reduced the amount of times we order takeout to almost zero, which has saved us a ton of money, too.
- LAZY-DINNER NIGHT: One night each week I've cut myself slack and made something simple, like tuna sandwiches. Everyone is happy with it, and I get more time with my family. (I might increase this to twice a week!)
What worked for me in BUSINESS
- FINALLY TAKING AN AMY PORTERFIELD COURSE: after many years of "I should really do that!" I finally took an Amy Porterfield course, and I am SO GLAD I did. The course I took is called "List Builder's Lab," and it guided me through the process of building a self-sustaining email-list-building strategy that is adding new people into our "sales funnel" on a daily basis. The fact that the whole thing (including the nurture sequence) is automated has lifted a HUGE burden off my shoulders. If you are involved in any business or nonprofit, your organization needs to do this. Do it this year!
- KEEPING MY HEAD DOWN + TAKING ONE SMALL STEP AT A TIME: I'm a dreamer, and an idealist. I have this massive vision for what's possible, but when I lift my eyes to the summit ahead of me, I get incredibly discouraged by the distance I'll have to travel to get there, and I never get moving.Last year I committed to breaking projects down into smaller pieces, and then breaking those pieces down into discrete steps. After I write the big fat vision down, and break it down into pieces, and break the pieces down into steps, I almost never dare to look at the big fat vision again, preferring to keep my eyes down on the next step I have in front of me. As a result, I made more progress on our business than I had in the past two years combined. This year I'm applying the same tactic to my personal projects, and it's already helping. (Here I am, with two blog posts in January!)I hope you glean at least one useful tidbit from all of this! Any suggestions for me? What should I consider next? Did you write a "what worked for me" post? If so, please link to it in the comments to so I can read along!I'll be back with a "What DIDN'T Work For Me in 2017" post sometime in February.
Peace to you!


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Right ventricle
The right ventricle (RV) is the most anterior of the four heart chambers. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium (RA) and pumps it into the pulmonary circulation. During diastole, blood enters the right ventricle through the atrioventricular orifice through an open tricuspid valve (TV). During systole, blood is ejected through the open pulmonary valve (PV) into the pulmonary trunk.
On this page:
Gross anatomy
The right ventricle projects to the left of the right atrium and when viewed in the cardiac short axis plane, is semilunar in shape wrapping around the anterolateral aspect of the left ventricle (LV). It has thinner walls than the left ventricle due to lower right sided pressures compared to the left ventricle. It forms almost all of the anterior and inferior borders of the heart. It is separated from the left ventricle by the interventricular (IV) septum, which is concave in shape (i.e. bulges into the right ventricle). It has three walls named anterior, inferior, and septal.
The interior ventricular surface has irregular muscular ridges known as trabeculae carneae. A prominent trabecula, the supraventricular crest, separates the trabeculated inferior ventricle from the smooth wall of the right ventricular outflow tract. It acts to redirect blood approximately 140° from the inflow tract to the outflow tract.
The inflow part of the ventricle receives blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve. The fibrous ring surrounding the valve forms part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart. Superiorly the chamber tapers as the funnel-shaped outflow tract, known as the conus arteriosus (or infundibulum), which lack trabeculae and continues beyond the pulmonary valve as the pulmonary trunk.
There are three papillary muscles that attach to the leaflets of the tricuspid valve:
- anterior (largest), with chordae tendineae which attach to the anterior and posterior cusps of the tricuspid valve
- posterior (smallest), with chordae tendineae which attach to the posterior and septal cusps of the tricuspid valve
- septal, with chordae tendineae which attach to the anterior and septal cusps of the tricuspid valve
Arising from the apical aspect of the IV septum, the septomarginal trabecula (or moderator band) extends to the anterior papillary muscle and contains the right branch of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle.
Arterial supply
- predominantly from the right coronary artery and its branches
- conus artery supplies the infundibulum
- acute marginal arteries supply the anterior free wall
- posterior descending artery via septal branches supply the posterior 1/3 IV septum
- the other 2/3 of the IV septum is supplied by septal branches of the left anterior descending artery
Venous drainage
- middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein drain into the coronary sinus
- anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface directly into the right atrium
- tiny myocardial thebesian veins drain directly into the right ventricle
Radiographic features
On contrast-enhanced chest CT and cardiac MRI, the right ventricle when measured on axial slices can be considered enlarged when the transverse diameter is ≥60 mm (male) and ≥57 mm (female) 4.
On transthoracic echocardiography the right ventricle can be considered enlarged when 5:
- the basal diameter exceeds 42 mm
- the mid-cavity diameter exceeds 35 mm
- the longitudinal diameter exceeds 86 mm
- the proximal outflow tract diameter exceeds 35 mm
- the distal outflow tract diameter exceeds 27 mm
Related pathology
Quiz questions
- 1. Butler P, Mitchell A, Healy JC. Applied Radiological Anatomy. Cambridge University Press. (2012) ISBN:0521766664. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 2. Moore KL, Agur AMR, Dalley AF. Clinically oriented anatomy. LWW. ISBN:1451119453. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 3. Chummy S. Sinnatamby. Last's Anatomy. (2018) ISBN: 9780702033940
- 4. Eifer DA, Nguyen ET, Thavendiranathan P, Hanneman K. Diagnostic Accuracy of Sex-Specific Chest CT Measurements Compared With Cardiac MRI Findings in the Assessment of Cardiac Chamber Enlargement. (2018) AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 211 (5): 993-999. doi:10.2214/AJR.18.19805 - Pubmed
- 5. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, Solomon SD, Louie EK, Schiller NB. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. (2010) Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 23 (7): 685-713; quiz 786-8. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010 - Pubmed
Related Radiopaedia articles
Anatomy: Thoracic
- thoracic skeleton
- thoracic cage
- thoracic spine
- articulations
- muscles of the thorax
- diaphragm
- intercostal space
- intercostal muscles
- variant anatomy
- spaces of the thorax
- thoracic viscera
tracheobronchial tree
- carina
- left main bronchus
- right main bronchus
- secondary lobar bronchi
- tracheobronchial branching anomalies
- trachea
bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy (Boyden Classification) (mnemonic)
- left lung
- right lung
- variant anatomy
- lung parenchyma
- hilum
- pleura
- bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy (Boyden Classification) (mnemonic)
- cardiac chambers
- heart valves
- pectinate muscles
- cardiac fibrous skeleton
coronary arteries
- coronary arterial dominance
- myocardial segments
- left main coronary artery
- right coronary artery
- congenital anomalies
- innervation of the heart
- fetal circulation
- pericardial space
- oblique pericardial sinus
- transverse pericardial sinus
pericardial recesses
- aortic recesses
- pulmonic recesses
- postcaval recess
- pulmonary venous recesses
- pericardial ligaments
- epicardial fat pad
- esophagus
- thymus
- nipple-areola complex
- terminal ductal lobular unit
- axillary tail
- mammary fat
- Montgomery glands
- Cooper ligaments
- retromammary space (Chassaignac bursa)
- lymphatic drainage
- supranumerary nipple (polythelia)
- accessory breast tissue (polymastia)
- breast hypoplasia
- amastia
- amazia
- tracheobronchial tree
- blood supply of the thorax
- arteries
thoracic aorta (development)
- ascending aorta
aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- common carotid artery
subclavian artery
- vertebral artery
- internal thoracic artery
- thyrocervical trunk
- costocervical trunk
- axillary artery
- variant anatomy
- aortic isthmus
- descending aorta
- pulmonary trunk
- thoracic aorta (development)
- veins
superior vena cava (SVC)
- superior cavoatrial junction
- variant anatomy
- inferior vena cava (IVC)
coronary veins
- cardiac veins which drain into the coronary sinus
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
- posterior vein of the left ventricle
- vein of Marshall (oblique vein of the left atrium)
- anterior cardiac veins
- venae cordis minimae (smallest cardiac veins or thebesian veins)
- cardiac veins which drain into the coronary sinus
- pulmonary veins
- thoracoepigastric vein
- superior vena cava (SVC)
- arteries
- lymphatics
- innervation of the thorax


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Hoop Dreams Become Football Reality for Central Kitsap's Wesley
Christian Wesley is one of the state's top football prospects. Usually, guys who achieve that status have been playing football since they could walk. You knew they would be great when they first strapped on a helmet and played pee wee ball.
That's not exactly Wesley's story.
Wesley was a basketball player. He didn't turn out for football in eighth grade, thinking he'd get in shape for basketball season.
"I was not very good at all," the Central Kitsap senior said.
But he showed flashes of talent. CK coach Mark Keel remembers watching him play a junior high game. He remembers watching him make an over-the-shoulder catch with his hands. Keel knew there was something there. He made sure to find out Wesley's name, and made it point to talk to him.
Keel found out he had to work hard to get that future superstar on the high school field. If Wesley wasn't sure about playing, his mom definitely wasn't a fan of the idea. She didn't want to see her son hurt.
"It took a lot of work," Keel said.
So Wesley turned out as a sophomore, but his commitment to football hadn't quite developed yet. As the season opener approached, Wesley told his coach he would miss the game as his family was planning a vacation.
Keel had to break the news that he was in the starting lineup.
Wesley will never forget that first game. He was so nervous as he lined up for that first play, he didn't hear quarterback Jason Simonis call an audible. And he was surprised when the football hit him in the back of the helmet.
"We still give him the business about that," Keel said.
Things have gone a lot better since. Wesley has been on two teams that have made deep playoff runs with last year's Cougars advancing to the Class 4A state semifinals at the Tacoma Dome. Now he's the No. 74 tight end prospect in the nation, according to Scout.com, and No. 39 overall among seniors in the Northwest.
Wesley achieved that status thanks to an offseason of combines and camps. The most prominent was a 7-on-7 camp in Las Vegas, which fielded some of the nation's top recruits. Wesley performed well, including a 4.58-second performance in the 40-yard dash, and several recruiting Web sites took notice.
Coaches see plenty of potential adding that speed to a 6-foot-4, 205-pound frame that's sure to fill out. Before the camp, Wesley received college contact just via mail. Now, coaches started calling and dropping by.
He's received the most interest from Washington and Washington State, he said. But there's been interest from schools such as Michigan, UCLA and Notre Dame.
"It's kind of overwhelming," his mother, Dawn Wesley, said. "...Sometimes I think we're a little behind the ball because he didn't play sports until later."
"He has a lot of football to learn still," Keel said.
But Wesley is willing to do what he needs to improve. He's constantly asking Keel, who played tight end in the NFL, for a critique. He drops by his classroom to talk football.
Wesley played through a broken tibia his sophomore year. Last year, he was All-Narrows League Bridge Division at wide receiver after he had 22 catches, 347 yards and five touchdowns. This year he has 20 catches for 264 yards and two scores. Keel is planning on getting him even more involved in the game plan in the coming weeks.
He's also been a key member of the basketball team, and hopes to participate in track in the spring.
But the next few months will be interesting for an athlete who grew up dreaming of playing basketball for Duke and North Carolina. He said his friends would talk about college football, but he didn't listen to those conversations.
Now he's the center of them.
And he's also anxious to help out a single mom of three by getting a free education. Wesley's two siblings are twins. His brother, Andre, is backup receiver and defensive end. His sister, Alexis, is an emerging standout on the volleyball team.
"It's never the dream I had," Wesley said. "But as time goes on, if I could have this in my future, my life and my family's life would be so much easier."
JORDAN NAILON | Still just a bird out of a cage
Pheasant season is open through November 30 (1)
Sports Wire
No. 3 Villanova tops Western Michigan 76-65
CHARLESTON, S.C. (AP) - Eric Paschall had 17 points, including a 3-pointer with 2:50 to go, to help rally No. 3 Villanova past Western Michigan 76-65 at the Charleston Classic on Thursday.


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How nice is this! Ricky Bond, our gunroom manager, purchased this super little cartridge magazine a few days ago and then stupidly went on holiday for the long weekend holiday allowing me to intercept its arrival. I will of course credit him with the sale, 'the profit'! It is now safely amongst all the previously mentioned 'junk' in my apartment! A fitting piece, I have never seen this Westley Richards label before and I have never noticed a vintage magazine which takes 27 boxes of 2.5″ .410 perfectly, it is a gem!
I think in all honesty, it would take of course any 2.5″ cartridge in limited numbers but the fact that our old .410 boxes fit so perfectly makes me think it was made for this job.
Another little project for our case maker and leather shop!
The cartridge magazine is photographed on the 'blotting pad' from my desk here, this is a piece of natural coloured leather which has aged over the last year, it starts life a very light colour and ages beautifully and I believe this is what the original case here would have been made from.
These thick leather desk pads can be made to any size required, with hand burnished edges, edging lines and branding they make a nice feature on any desk and gain character over the years as you spill your ink and of course your drink!


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How objects from space could have kindled life on Earth
While it is generally accepted that some important ingredients for life came from meteorites bombarding the early Earth, scientists have not been able to explain how that lifeless rock transformed into the building blocks of life.india Updated: Apr 05, 2013, 18:34 IST
While it is generally accepted that some important ingredients for life came from meteorites bombarding the early Earth, scientists have not been able to explain how that lifeless rock transformed into the building blocks of life.
Now, a new study by researchers at the University of Leeds has shed light on the puzzle.
They study showed how a chemical, similar to one now found in all living cells and vital for generating the energy that makes something alive, could have been created when meteorites containing phosphorus minerals landed in hot, acidic pools of liquids around volcanoes, which were likely to have been common across the early Earth.
"The mystery of how living organisms sprung out of lifeless rock has long puzzled scientists, but we think that the unusual phosphorus chemicals we found could be a precursor to the batteries that now power all life on Earth. But the fact that it developed simply, in conditions similar to the early Earth, suggests this could be the missing link between geology and biology," said Dr Terry Kee, from the University's School of Chemistry, who led the research.
All life on Earth is powered by a process called chemiosmosis, where the chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the rechargeable chemical 'battery' for life, is both broken down and re-formed during respiration to release energy used to drive the reactions of life, or metabolism.
The complex enzymes required for both the creation and break down of ATP are unlikely to have existed on the Earth during the period when life first developed. This led scientists to look for a more basic chemical with similar properties to ATP, but that does not require enzymes to transfer energy.
Phosphorus is the key element in ATP, and other fundamental building blocks of life like DNA, but the form it commonly takes on Earth, phosphorus (V), is largely insoluble in water and has a low chemical reactivity. The early Earth, however, was regularly bombarded by meteorites and interstellar dust rich in exotic minerals, including the far more reactive form of phosphorus, the iron-nickel-phosphorus mineral schreibersite.
The scientists simulated the impact of such a meteorite with the hot, volcanically-active, early Earth by placing samples of the Sikhote-Alin meteorite, an iron meteorite which fell in Siberia in 1947, in acid taken from the Hveradalur geothermal area in Iceland. The rock was left to react with the acidic fluid in test tubes incubated by the surrounding hot spring for four days, followed by a further 30 days at room temperature.
In their analysis of the resulting solution the scientists found the compound pyrophosphite, a molecular 'cousin' of pyrophosphate ? the part of ATP responsible for energy transfer. The scientists believe this compound could have acted as an earlier form of ATP in what they have dubbed 'chemical life'.
"Chemical life would have been the intermediary step between inorganic rock and the very first living biological cell. You could think of chemical life as a machine a robot, for example, is capable of moving and reacting to surroundings, but it is not alive. With the aid of these primitive batteries, chemicals became organised in such a way as to be capable of more complex behaviour and would have eventually developed into the living biological structures we see today," said Dr Terry Kee.
The team from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL-Caltech) working on the Curiosity rover, which landed on Mars in August last year, has recently reported the presence of phosphorus on the Red Planet.
"If Curiosity has found phosphorus in one of the forms we produced in Iceland, this may indicate that conditions on Mars were at one point suitable for the development of life in much the same way we now believe it developed on Earth," added Dr Kee.
The team at Leeds are now working with colleagues at JPL-Caltech to understand how these early batteries and the 'chemical life' they became part of might have developed into biological life.