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Here you find a summary of Swedish laws and regulations that regulate the letting and subletting of housing.
Which law to apply?
In Sweden there are two separate laws that regulate subletting: (1) the Swedish Tenancy Act (Hyreslagen, Chapter 12, Jordabalken, 1970:994) and (2) the Law on Private Subletting (Privatuthyrningslagen, 2012:978). An account on when and how the laws apply is provided below.
1. Law on Private Subletting
The law applies to all subletting of
- Cooperative flats
- Owner-occupied flat
- Detached houses and single-family houses.
The law does NOT apply
- to the subletting of rented flats
- when the tenant intends to rent a flat for recreational purposes
- to subletting that is part of a business (more than two homes)
- to tenancy agreements predating 1 February 2013
If you are subletting two homes/rooms, the law only applies to the first lease. Subletting more than two homes/rooms is usually considered a business, in which case the law on private subletting does not apply for any of the leases.
For more information, please visit the website of the Regional Rent Tribunal (Hyresnämnden):
2. Tenancy Act
The law applies to
- subletting of rented flats
- cases where the Law on Private Subletting does NOT apply
The rent
In contrast to many other countries, market rent does not apply in Sweden. This means that you are not allowed to charge whatever rent you want, regardless if there are people willing to pay it.
According to law, the rent must be reasonable. Reasonable rent is estimated in relation to comparable housing in the area. You can look at for example LKF and AF Bostäder (or ask us at BoPoolen).
BoPoolen recommends SEK 3500/month as a reasonable rent for a fully furnished room in Lund, including electricity and internet.
A tenant who considers the rent to be too high can ask the The Regional Rent Tribunal to determine if the rent paid is reasonable. If not, the landlord can be obliged to refund the excess rent for up to 2 years back in time.
The size of the rent is regulated by the Swedish Leasing Law (Hyreslagen) if you are subleasing a rental apartment and by the Law regarding Subleasing of your own home (Privatuthyrningslagen) if you sublease a condominium or a villa.
Rent for a rental apartment
When subletting a rental apartment, the rent may not be higher than the rent in the head lease. If the rental concerns part of the apartment, a corresponding part of the rent should be paid. If the room or apartment is furnished, the landlord can make an addition to the rent, 10-15% is normally considered to be reasonable. Costs as internet and electricity should be shared by the people sharing the household.
Rent for a privately owned home (condominium, terraced house, villa)
The law only applies to one lease. For more information, see the information on the Law on Private Subletting above.
When subleasing a condominium or a house you may charge a cost based rent. Rent charges can cover operating costs and capital costs. The maximum rent is calculated based on a reasonable yearly return on capital interest rate of the market value of the residence, in addition to any fees or costs due to wear and tear. Guidelines for market values can be found at Svensk mäklarstatistik.
How to calculate a reasonable cost based rent:
(Market value of the residence * interest rate)/12 + fees and costs = reasonable rent
(1 500 000 * 0,02)/12 + 3000 = 5 500 kr/mån
Legal review by The Regional Rent Tribunal
If you suspect that your rent is over-priced, it can be reported to the Regional Rent Tribunal (Hyresnämnden) who will perform an assessment. The report can be done regardless of the tenant being a physical or legal person. The Regional Rent Tribunal (Hyresnämnden) decides what rent is adequate in each individual case. The landlord may be obliged to pay back the surplus rent as well as any nominal interest on the amount. The report must be made within three (3) months after the sublet has been completed. The surplus amount can not be larger than 24 monthly rents.
Never pay for a contract
It's not allowed to demand a fee for a rental contract in Sweden. Such contracts are prohibited by law and have no legal relevance. Someone who demands a fee can be sentenced to jail or fined. The fee will be refunded to the tenant after trial in the Swedish rent tribunal. However, it's allowed to demand a deposit that will be refunded after the contract expires.
Many landlords request a deposit for the apartment and often one or several moths rent in advance. Usually a deposit is used as a guarantee for future claims due to damage to the apartment or unpaid rents. BoPoolen recommend that the deposit does not exceed one month's rent and is paid in connection with the signing of the lease agreement. It should then be in the contract. If the tenant breaks something the landlord has to prove it as to keep the deposit. We therefore recommend to use the appendix Defects and damages when signing the contract, as well as taking photographs both at the beginning and the end of the rental period- so as to avoid misunderstanding or false accusations as well as being able to prove the responsibility of the damages if needed.
We also recommend that a maximum of one months rent is paid in advance. If the landlord doesn't pay back the deposit as promised at the end of the leasing period you as a tenant can turn to Kronofogden to get help getting your money back.
Lease agreements
Both tenant and landlord are entitled to a written contract where the conditions of the rent are determined. The contract should be signed by both parties. Remember to read the contract carefully before signing.
It is en everyones interest to have a proper contract regulating the rent, the period of the lease, period of notice etc. A contract is the easiest way to prevent problems or misunderstandings. Specific rules on how areas and equipment in the residence may be used can also be specified in the agreement.
Use our draft contracts! They contain everything that is important to agree on and are ready to print and use.
Leasing period and termination
A lease can be until further notice (for an indefinite period) or with a fixed end date (for a definite period). Whether or not an agreement will need to be terminated depends on the leasing period of the agreement.
Termination of agreements for a definite period (with a fixed end date):
If the leasing period is 9 months or less:
the agreement will automatically terminate at the end of the period without notice. However, if a period of notice has been agreed, the parties are required to give notice.
If the leasing period is longer than 9 months:
Parties must always give notice to terminate the agreement.
Termination of agreements for an indefinite period (until further notice):
The parties must always give notice to terminate the agreement, regardless of the leasing period.
Period of notice
The period of notice may vary depending on the law that regulates the lease and whether or not the agreement is for a definite or indefinite period.
Period of notice in accordance with the Swedish Tenancy Act:
- Tenant (3 months or less)
- A tenant always has the right to terminate an agreement, regardless if the agreement is for a definite or indefinite period of time.
- The tenant is entitled to 3 months' notice, never more. The law is binding and applies regardless of whether a period of notice is stated in the agreement or the parties have agreed on a longer period of notice.
- Landlord (3 months or more)
- For agreements for an indefinite period of time, the landlord is required to give 3 months' The law is binding and the period cannot be reduced.
- For agreements for a definite period of time, the landlord is bound by the agreement for the duration of the leasing period and is only entitled to terminate the agreement in case of a serious breach of contract (Land Code of Sweden, Chapter 12, Sections 42–44).
Period of notice in accordance with the Law on Private Subletting:
Both the tenant and landlord have the right to terminate the agreement regardless of whether the agreement is for a definite or indefinite period of time.
- Tenant (1 month or less)
- The tenant is entitled to 1 month's notice. The law is binding and applies regardless of whether a period of notice is stated in the agreement or the parties have agreed on a longer period of notice.
- Landlord (3 months or more)
- The landlord is entitled to 3 months' notice, regardless of whether the agreement is for a definite or an indefinite period of time. The law is binding and the period cannot be reduced.
The rules on termination for landlords are binding and without exception. More favorable periods of notice can be negotiated for the tenant but not the landlord.
Notice of termination
A notice of termination should preferably be in writing as the burden of proof that the notice was received on time party falls on the person terminating the agreement.
All notices of termination apply from the closest turn of the month. An agreement cannot be terminated on the 10th, for example, but only at the turn of the month. In other words, if you decide to terminate the rental agreement in August and the period of notice is 3 months, the agreement will not be terminated until 30 November.
Permission to sublet
Subletting is only allowed with permission from the landlord or the condominium's/coop. If the tenant sublets without a permission he or she risks to forfeit the tenancy. If the landlord refuses, you can request permission from the rent tribunal. If you sublet without permission and ALSO charges too much rent you risk to be fined or sentenced to prison for a maximum of two years.
You don't need permission to let a room in your apartment. Provided that the tenant does not occupy the entire residence, and that you inhabit the residence yourself, you do not have to obtain permission.
The rent tribunal can give permission under the conditions specified in section 40 in the Tenancy Act. The section states that the tenant must have notable reasons (beaktansvärda skäl) for the grant; age, illness, temporary employment in another locality, special family circumstances or comparable circumstances and the landlord does not have any justifiable reasons to refuse consent.
As the primary tenant or condominium owner you have the responsibility for the residence. You are responsible, for instance, that the rent is paid on time and that the secondary tenant takes care of the residence in your place. We recommend that you pay the rent yourself and then accept payment from your tenant instead of him or her paying the rent directly to your own landlord. Your tenant can easily deposit the amount into your bank account each month.
The residence must be up to standards, in other words, it must be inhabitable and properly cleaned when the secondary tenant moves in, as well as when he/she moves out.
Permission for the landlord to access the apartment
The secondary tenant has exclusive access to the apartment, which means that you, as landlord, may not access the apartment without permission from your tenant. If the primary tenant/condominium owner keeps a copy of the keys, then this must be specified in the contract. The primary tenant may only access the apartment in order to investigate signs of smoke or possible water leakage.
Landlords: important to consider
Security of tenure – if you sublet your apartment for longer than two years it is wise to include a waiving of the tenure in the lease agreement. This will grant you access to the apartment if you wish to terminate the lease after a longer period of time.
Home insurance – the landlords insurance does usually not cover a tenant. It can be a good idea to state that the tenant signs their own home insurance in the lease agreement.
Taxes – If you have subleased a room, house, weekend cottage, condominium, or leased an apartment, you must declare the income on tax form Uthyrning m.m. (Hjälpblankett). From the subleasing income you may make a tax deduction of 40 000 SEK. For more information please see Skatteverket.


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Electrican Boston
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
This report investigates how Pay TV operators can segment the consumer market more precisely and deliver service and pricing innovations thanks to a new breed of customer premise equipment (CPE) and a more agile Pay TV device ecosystem. It considers Pay Lite services and OTT onboarding, the potential for tailored CPE bundles, and implications for content security.
The report includes insights from DISH Network, SES/HD Plus, Sling TV, NOW TV (Sky), Ampere Analysis, Futuresource Consulting, Parks Associates, Strategy Analytics, IHS Markit, Pay-TV Innovation Forum, NAGRA, SoftAtHome and others. It investigates the growing market for low-cost paid video, how Pay TV providers are chasing new opportunities, how device innovation is creating new ways to deliver and market Pay TV, and why the Pay TV industry still wants its own device ecosystem.


text:
POWER granted $18 million contract extension with NAVFAC Pacific
July 2019
HILO, Hawaii (July 22, 2019) ‒ POWER Engineers Incorporated (POWER) was awarded an $18 million extension to the Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract that they currently hold with Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Pacific on June 27, 2019. The initial contract was awarded on November 12, 2015 for an amount of $20 million, bringing the contract's overall total to $38 million.
"This is an incredible opportunity for POWER to continue our partnership with NAVFAC Pacific," said Ray Arguello, NAVFAC Program Manager. "I have never seen a 90% plus-up on a contract amount before."
The IDIQ contract is for architect-engineer services for electrical projects throughout NAVFAC Pacific's area of responsibility, otherwise known as the Asia-Pacific theater. It was awarded for a total of five years, one base year with four option years, and is currently in its third option year. With the extension, the contract is now expected to be completed by November 2020. The funds are assigned through task orders for individual projects provided for various military construction initiatives.
The projects under this contract are planned for facilities under the command of the Navy, Marine Corps, and other government agencies throughout the Asia-Pacific region. The majority of the remaining funding on this contract will be allocated to Guam (70%), with additional capital provided for projects in Hawaii (25%) and the Northern Marianas Islands (5%).
"I believe this was made possible by NAVFAC's faith in this team's ability to provide a level of service and performance unprecedented on these islands," said Dick Corolewski, Regional Manager of Federal Services.
The extension will be used to complete post-contract award services on nine of the current task orders as well as additional task orders. The goal of the IDIQ is to provide the services necessary for design, engineering, specification writing, cost estimation, and similar services across NAVFAC Pacific's area of responsibility. These projects include, but are not limited to, design charrettes and engineering studies, as well as the development of DD1391 forms, design-build requests for proposals, plans, specifications, and functional analysis and conceptual design.
About POWER Engineers: POWER Engineers is a global consulting engineering firm specializing in the delivery of integrated solutions for energy, food and beverage facilities, environmental and federal markets. POWER Engineers offers complete multidiscipline engineering and program management services. Founded in 1976, it is an employee-owned company with more than 2,600 employees and 45 offices throughout the United States and abroad.


text:
A: KAUST Research Conference: Computational Systems Biology in Biomedicine will take place in King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), in the Engineering Science Hall (Building 9) Level 2, Lecture Hall 2.
A: Presenting at the conference is by invitation
only, except for a limited number of PhD students whose poster session
applications are accepted.
A: Due to Saudi visa requirements, we can accept
out-of-Kindgom attendees only in highly exceptional cases. In-Kingdom
applicants will be considered subject to logistics availability.
A: You can register or unregister:
(1) by sending an email
to firstname.lastname@example.com
or firstname.lastname@example.com or (2) in person, before a session starts.
A: Deadline for external submissions is October 31, 2016. The deadline is early because we need time to process visas and other documents. Send your submissions to email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
A: Deadline for internal submissions is November 20, 2016. This is open to all KAUST students with research relevant to the conference title (Computational Systems Biology in Biomedicine). Send your submissions to firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
A: Airfare (economy class), hotel, taxi (to and from
airport in KSA) and visa fees.
1st Prize - Ipad Air
2nd Prize - BOSE Sound Link System
3rd Prize - PHOTOCUBE Compact Photo Printer
Additionally, there will be a "KICP Innovation Award" trophy for a student who presents an innovative research project with a high potential for market application. This may be awarded in conjunction with the 1st, 2nd or 3rd prize.
A: Yes, KAUST Library is open 24 hours and offers workstations and a quiet space for work and study. Wi-Fi is also accessible everywhere in the KAUST campus.
A: December at KAUST will be warm and likely pleasantly breezy with the possibility of a chance of a rain. Smart casual attire is required at the conference. Women do not have to wear abaya but should be dressed in conservative clothing (neck, arms and legs covered with loosely fitted clothing).
A: Many recreation options are available at KAUST. To find out more, visit this link.


text: Dale Talde of Top Chef fame, along with his partners David Massoni and John Bush, brought Talde to Park Slope in 2012 and it has since become one of the neighborhood's most popular restaurants—and for good reason. A dynamic Asian-influenced menu with an emphasis on local Brooklyn ingredients includes flavorful dishes like kung pao chicken wings, crab fried rice, and dan dan noodles. Also worth noting is the extensive wine list and carefully crafted cocktail menu (it may be a crime to skip the blood orange margarita). Expect a comfortable yet sophisticated vibe, and an authentic collection of rare Asian antiques and mahogany-wood carvings. Leave room for the dessert—the souped-up halo halo, a Filipino shaved ice dessert, is spectacular.


text:
Document Type
In light of increases in Indian Health Service (IHS) staffing and other health services, the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board initiated a reassessment of the impact, necessity, and sufficiency of contracting with county Health departments. This study followed five main objectives: 1) to examine carefully the services to Indians being provided by each county health department with whom IHS currently has a valid contract; 2) to describe what may be the strengths and weaknesses in contracting with county health departments; 3) to provide cost-effective information upon which the Portland Area Indian Health Board could jointly base any decisions regarding continuance or modification of existing county health department services to Indians; 4) to provide an updated report to the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, the Portland Area Indian Health Service and the Tribes concerned, regarding the current status of county services to Indians; and 6) to provide opportunity for county health department personnel, Indian health field staff, and Indian consumers to exchange views regarding central health issues. Another important objective for the project was to obtain Indian consumer response to county services. Data analysis and field evaluation meetings provided the basis for this study. Baseline data were secured from statistical and narrative contract reports from local health departments to IHS, including: 1) contract files; 2) Community Health Activities Report by county; 3) Environmental Health Daily Activity Reports by county; 4) responses to a letter to county health officers requesting lists of services provided to all residents; 5) services provided to Indians; 6) services directly attributable to IHS contracts; and 7) program plans and budgets as available. Field evaluation meetings were held with providers and consumers in the 14 health districts on planning, communications, services, program, and budget. The evaluation was based on the following criteria: 1) Health Board and Service Unit recommendations concerning the contract; 2) acceptance of county Public health services by the Indian consumers; 3) value of services based on IHS staffing equivalents; and 4) cost of services as reported by county health officers. The approach used in the report was quantitative as well as qualitative and has implications for developmental policy analysis. Seven county health department contracts in Washington, and one in north-central Idaho were found to be cost-effective when compared to the expense of providing IHS employees for the same number of hours of service. Six of the contracts in Washington were found to cost more than would direct services assuming IHS had the positions and the personnel to fill them. An arrangement was made for individualizing county contracts based on Service Unit priorities and the capabilities of the particular health department. However, the study found that Area and Service Unit level administration of the contracts would require more time and money than is currently being expended. In every case, the Indian population reported was larger than that noted on the contract. Since the contract award amount is currently based on the Indian population, to update the census figures would result in an increased award in most cases. The list of services to be provided, according to the contract, rarely describes the programs currently being offered by counties. Moreover, different program emphases are requested according to Service Unit program plans. A further study of alternatives for providing environmental health services is recommended, pending the outcome of legal determinations about the status of Tribes under P.L. 280, and proposed Environmental Protection Agency regulations. It is recommended that meetings between county health departments and Tribal or Service Unit Indian health boards, continue to be a regular and important component of every program planning and contract evaluation session.
Publication Date
Indian Health Service, Staff Office of Planning, Evaluation and Research, Rockville, MD 20857 (E-66).
Recommended Citation
Geiger AC. Lambert FD. Evaluation of county public health services to Indians. Indian Health Service, Staff Office of Planning, Evaluation and Research, Rockville, MD 20857 (E-66). 1976


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pronounced: bah-LOACH
No matter where they live, the Southern Baloch people are family oriented with a strong honor code of hospitality, mercy, honest dealings, and refuge to strangers. They pass on their heritage through songs and poetry. Education has increased in Oman since 1970, so the Baloch minority has the opportunity to enjoy a higher literacy rate than they would have in their Pakistani homeland.
Baloch people are Sunni Muslim, though less devout than the more orthodox Arabs in Oman. Baloch spirituality includes a strong undercurrent of animism (belief that non-human objects have spirits). Freedom of worship is stated in Omani law, but not enforced. Those who turn away from the Islamic religious system risk facing the death penalty.
The New Testament, and the JESUS Film exist in the Southern Baloch language, although opportunities to use them are limited in Muslim Oman. Baloch honor code permits hospitality and refuge; perhaps the Lord will use these circumstances to bring followers of Jesus under the roofs of Baloch Persons of Peace.
There are no known followers of Christ among the Baloch people in Oman, no churches, no outreach. Pray for a move of the Holy Spirit to begin this decade. * Pray for workers who are filled with the fruit and the power of the Holy Spirit to go to the Baloch people. * Pray for Baloch hearts to be ready to receive their Savior. * Pray for Jesus movements to bless extended Baloch families so the gospel will spread rapidly among this people group.
"And thus I aspired to preach the gospel, not where Christ was already named, so that I would not build on another man's foundation." Romans 15:20
|People Name
|Southern Baloch
|10/40 Window
|World Population
|Balochi, Southern
|Primary Religion
|New Testament
|Online Audio NT
|Jesus Film
|Audio Recordings
|Christ Followers
|Few, less than 2%
|Progress Level:


text:
Mar 25
26 Responses to "Våren väntar…"
Angelica says:
mars 25th, 2013 at 21:17
Oh, kan vi beställa en gårdsskottning?! Sa senast igår att snön kommer försvinna i juni på framsidan där solen inte hinner smälta snön lika fort!!
Kram i massor!
Rahman says:
december 21st, 2015 at 0:27
What an awesome way to explain this-now I know evnrhtyieg!
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A touching story
The government needs to step in and reconstruct the infrastructure and roads to make it a tourist resort
Blast From the Anglo Indian Past
Famed as the Little England of Jharkhand, McCluskieganj now lies in ruins.
The rumblings of the fast moving world and battle to outsmart others in the game of life seems inconsequential when one enters the silent and sleepy terrain of McCluskieganj where nature resides in its full glory.
Situated 60 kilometers from Ranchi, the state capital of Jharkhand in eastern India, McCluskieganj is known for its idyllic beauty and colonial bungalows built by the Anglo-Indian community, who put the town on the travel map of foreign tourists looking for a rendezvous with nature.
The town owes its name to Ernest Timothy McCluskie, an Irish-Indian property dealer based in Calcutta in the early 1930s.
Abhijit Biswas, a Kolkata-based historian, says that McCluskie used to visit villages in the area for hunting and even built a hutment in Harhu. "He wanted to build a separate settlement for Anglo-Indians retiring from the government services as the community members in those days were virtually employed in every government department," he says. "His friend PP Sahib worked as the manager of Ratu Maharaja's estate. It was PP who convinced Kumar Nand Kishore Nath Sahdev, the maharaja, to lease out the land to McCluskie."
Biswas adds: "It was then decided that the Anglo-Indians could build their houses in nine villages on land not occupied by the original rahiyats (tenants) of those villages. It was also agreed that the settlers would not be allowed to acquire the rivers and the hill."
In 1933, the Colonization Society of India (CSI) was formed and Ratu Maharaj signed an agreement with it. Nearly 10,000 acres were allotted for the new town, paving the way for the creation of McCluskieganj on 16 May, 1933.
Soon, many Anglo-Indians flocked to the town, lured by the prospect of a permanent base for the community. Nearly 350 families had settled in the town by the 1940s, earning it a sobriquet of mini England, adds Biswas.
The Anglo-Indian community had to toil hard as the town was then a dense jungle surrounded by wild animals, but soon their cuisine made the area popular.
Nomita Gordon, a sexagenarian who shifted to town as a young bride over four decades ago, recalls: "Word soon spread about the cuisines being available here. People from neighboring and far-flung areas, including Ranchi, began to throng here for non-vegetarian and scrumptious dishes. The local market remained chock-a-block with customers coming to enjoy the delicious preparations." Gordon runs a hostel and lives with her son and grandchildren in the town.
Several families migrated to England after Independence, but most decided to stay back as they had evolved into a close-knit family. Gordon says: "Life was smooth here and festivities were a community affair, celebrated leisurely in the Club House. Mass Prayers were organized on Christmas Eve and on Christmas Day. Christmas carols were sung amidst pealing of church bells and churches and houses were decorated with lamps."
Lack of employment opportunities however prompted many youth to migrate. "We need to understand that the town was basically built for older generation and particularly for the retired people to help them spend the last days of their life in the lap of nature. No thought was spared about employment and other facilities. Such issues began to take the center stage when the new generation came up," says Nelson Paul Gordon (44), whose grandfather William Paul Gordon, an engineer at Kamarhati Jute Mill in Kolkata, settled in the town in 1941.
The migration continued over the years and several families shifted out of the area, often opting for foreign shores for better employment and educational facilities for their children.
By the 1990s the population dwindled to just 15 households with 50 residents and even they contemplated leaving.
But then a savior came forward.
An Anglo Indian, Alfred George deRozario, was pained by the plight of McCluskieganj.
He established the Don Bosco Academy in the town in April 1997 with the aim of creating employment opportunities for the community.
Joshy T.D., assistant principal of the academy, who had joined the institution as a teacher two decades ago, says: "The whole purpose behind opening the school was to save the community from further migration and provide them with the source of livelihood."
"Permission to run hostels for students was initially restricted to Anglo-Indians. It was hoped that students would come in large numbers from across the country and will need hostels for residence and food that would in turn create employment opportunities for the community," Joshy said.
The gamble paid off. Students began to pour in from across the country and soon it became one of the most prestigious institutions in eastern India. The current strength of the school, which runs to Standard X, is more than 1,300,
Joshy said: "The institution has offered a new lease of life to the town by providing employment to hundreds of locals. Even people from other communities have opened hostels here after we allowed them. Several shops of daily commodities also opened up creating self-employment for unemployed people. Had it not been for the school, the situation would have been different."
Today nearly 50 hostels thrive in McCluskieganj. Inspired by the success of Don Bosco Academy, several other educational institutions have also cropped up. The Janet Academy, with over 800 students, boasts of being the second largest school in the area.
Even so, McCluskieganj is still struggling. Its Primary Health Center is in dilapidated condition, Nelson Gordon says: "A medic comes from Ranchi, but he is not regular. The staff quarter for the doctors is in shambles. It is even difficult to get basic health services and patients have to be rushed to the state capital for treatment. Patients often die because of the delay in treatment. We have brought the matter before the health officials several times but nothing has been done so far."
The town also has poor connectivity. There is no direct bus service to Ranchi. Residents say it is easier to reach Kolkata by train, 600 kilometers away, than the state capital, which is just 70 kms away.
Herald Mendis, 72,one of the oldest Anglo Indians in the town, recounts with pride that his grandfather, Alen Mendis started a direct bus service from McCluskieganj to Ranchi in the 1940s: "I have heard from my parents about my grandfather was the first to start the bus service. People used to travel in bullock cart and on horseback in those days. It used to take long hours to cover short distances. He was an innovative man who decided to start the bus service to shorten the traveling time.
He charged Rs 2.8 annas for the ride from here to Ranchi. The fuel was also cheap in those days. He ran the bus service till the late 1950s and then stopped it because of continuous breakdowns due to poor road conditions," Mendis recalls.
He adds: "There is a direct rail connectivity from here to Kolkata, but it is very difficult to reach the state capital because of poor transportation. The place has huge potential for tourism, but it suffers because of transportation woes. The government should immediately address the issue."
Like many other Anglo Indians, the septuagenarian runs a kindergarten and a hostel for students. Even though several of his family members have moved out, Mendis says he can never imagine leaving his birth place. "I have been born here and lived all my life amidst the greenery and blissfulness. I can never imagine of going out from here. I have already reached the autumn of my life and prefer to stay here till my last," he says, his voice choking.
Most colonial era bungalows owned by the Anglo Indians have been sold.
McCkuskieganj, which once boasted 360 palatial houses has just 150 left, with many others in ruins.
Kamal Kant Sharma, 35, who runs a guest house, says that the demography of the town has changed dramatically, with nearly 75 percent of the residents from other religions: "The Anglo Indians have mostly left and their bungalows have either become dilapidated or have been bought by other communities. Most of them had to be renovated, but the new owners have tried to keep the colonial symbols intact by not disturbing the basic structure."
As dark clouds hover over the sky bringing heavy rains, in this land that served as the abode of nature, many of its original inhabitants have moved on in search of greener pastures.
1 Comment
C N Pradeep
October 23, 2017 at 11:51 am
A touching story


text:
Submitted by Paulina (not verified) on
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Prebiotics are in general defined as the food of our gut bacteria, (the probiotics). In order for the probiotics colony to thrive, and do its job, it needs to be healthy, and to multiply. For this, the colony needs food. The best food for your gut bacteria are some dietary fibers, that humans cannot digest, but they are the best food for probiotics.
Some of the fibers that are great for feeding our bacteria colony are: inulin, fructo oligosaccharides, galacto oligosaccharides, lactulose, (a synthetic sugar), resistant starches, beta glucans, and mannan oligosaccharides, which are not accepted by the entire scientific world as prebiotics.
Prebiotic foods, if you haven't figure that out yet, are foods with an important content of the dietary fibers that favor the growth of probiotic bacteria. If your gut bacteria colony is big enough, prebiotic foods are a great way to feed your colony and maintain it healthy. If you don't have enough good bacteria in your gut, or you have more bad bacteria than normal, you should eat probiotic foods, take probiotic supplements and feed the colony, so it doesn't die of starvation.
A lot of foods contain prebiotic fibers, but most of them do not contain enough for a therapeutic dose, so we will help you chose the best prebiotic foods, the ones that are the easiest to find, are more popular, and are somewhat easier to tollerate, although there are very few foods with prebiotics that are easy on the stomach. Be aware, when you start to increase the prebiotic dose, you could experience serious discomfort. Later on the page, I'll show you some ways to minimize that discomfort.
The most common foods with an important content of prebiotics are:
All vegetables are best uncooked, in order to preserve intact their fiber. Cooking transforms the prebiotic fiber in simple sugars, so when you cook them, you will get a lower fiber content from the same amount of vegetables. However, you cannot eat too much raw onions, or too much raw garlic. It will make you sick. Even something as coffee substitute, that might seem completely safe, consumed in large quantities will give you intestinal cramps. This is only valid for soluble fiber though, most indigestible sugars will transform in simple during cooking. For instance, agave nectar, a fructose based sweetener, is industrially obtained this way. On the other hand, some resistant starches are obtained by cooking and cooling the respective foods. Some othere types of resistant starches maintain their prebiotic effect in raw state.
Gum Arabic is probably one of the most underestimated foods. Maybe because we use it mostly as a stabilizer in the food industry, and we think that, as most of the stabilizer, it's there only to enhance the final product, and it is not an essential food. This is so far from truth. Gum Arabic, or Acacia gum, as it is also known, or E414, as it appears on many product labels, is a great food, that can improve everyone's life. It is one of the foods with the greatest content of soluble fiber, and is used by an increasing number of people to treat, IBS, diarrhea, constipation, ...
Prebiotics are not for everyone, for some people prebiotics are just not the right thing. According to newer theories, fiber can be detrimental for people with an unbalanced micro-flora. Many food fiber sources feed our gut bacteria without discrimination, so all bacteria, good or bad, gets fed, and multiplies the same. For someone with an infection this can be more harmful than healthy. So the safe approach is to stick with fiber that is prebiotic.
If your fiber sources make you sick, IBS, GERD, etc... stop eating that type of fiber, or lower the dose to a dose that doesn't make you sick. The best prebiotic fiber in my experience is acacia fiber. I started using it a while back, and people who take it have only great words about it, and then I discovered the scientific support for what I already discovered myself. Here is the link.
Prebiotin is an original formula, containing both fructooligosaccharide, and inulin. By combining FOS and inulin we target feeding various bacteria in the gut. Prebioting is an oligofructose enriched inulin.
Inulins are known to improve cholesterol and triglycerides, and to stimulate the growth of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria cultures.
Oligofructose selectively stimulate the butyrate producing bacteria. Butyrate is an important short chain fatty acid, with role in immunity, gi health, and gut microbiome's composition.
The ingredients are 100% from natural sources. Prebiotics can be helpful in the treatment of IBS, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,...
Going back to fiber and acid reflux, too much fiber can cause the fermented fiber to spill into the small intestine. This will cause the bacteria to grow where is not its place, in the small intestine, a condition named SIBO. The key is to feed your microbiome a varied menu, not only fiber. In fact, even with a well balanced prebiotic diet, containing all types hard-to-digest-cabohydrates, if you eat too much of them it will get you sick. The key is to eat it in moderation. When you start to detect side effects, reduce the amount. You can find more on this from Norm Robillard.
Starting with small prebiotic quantities, will selectively feed the good guys, helping them grow a strong colony. If you take more prebiotic than your good bacteria can eat, you will end up by feeding the bad guys.
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Friday, October 10th, 2014
Commute Call
Talked to a friend while on my morning commute. It was so good I pulled over and took more time so we could keep talking. What a blessing.
I was feeling edgy. Told my boss. And had a good chat about it. I feel grateful to be able to just say what I needed to say.
Best dinner date in a very very long time. Had dinner with my sweet sweet Jacob tonight. Love that kid…and the man that he has become. So very grateful for him.
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text:
and Intellectual Struggle
in the Life of Ernesto
Galarza (1905-1984)
with an Accompanying Bibliography by Richard Chabran
first published in: Hispanic Journal of Behavioral
Sciences, 1985, Vol 7 No. 2, 135-152
a printable version
Ernesto Galarza was a man of stature. He was a man of conviction
and action. He was recognized both within the Chicano community
and, as witnessed by his nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize, internationally.
He knew his mission in life and pursued it with a rare precision
and determination. Yet Don Ernesto was also a humble man of letters.
This small tribute in no way pretends to be comprehensive; our intention
is to provide an outline of his life and work and provide a glimpse
of the person behind these actions.
Don Ernesto often opened his speeches to congressional committees
and foundations by stating that he was of Mexican origin. He was
born in Jolocotan, Nayarit, Mexico on August 15, 1905. His early
years were spentin that small village where he was always attuned
to the rhythms of life and nature. Perhaps the rhythm of the countryside
was the well-spring to which he would consistently reach as an older
child and adult.
These important early moments were to be changed by historical forces
already at work. The rise of the Mexican revolution signaled the
movement of many families north to the United States; Ernesto, his
mother, aunt, and uncles were part of this movement. His family
finally settled in Sacramento, California, where Ernesto assisted
his family during the harvest season as a farmworker while he attended
Lincoln Elementary andSacramento High School. As a youth he became
involved with the labor movement, as the following account of his
experience in the Sacramento valley while picking crops demonstrates:
. . . because he had gone to school to learn English, the Mexican
workers asked him to protest over polluted drinking water that had
taken the life of one baby in the camp and was making others sick.
(Arizona Republic, June 24, 1973).
Although he had not initially planned to further his education,
he was encouraged by a teacher to attend Occidental College. He
received a scholarship to attend college and returned to Sacramento
during the summer towork as a farm laborer and cannery worker. During
his senior year at Occidental, he traveled to Mexico on a study
abroad program. While in Mexico, he gathered information for a senior
thesis which was later published as The Roman Catholic Church as
a Factor in the Political and Social History of Mexico (M. Galarza,
personal communication, December, 1984). After graduating from Occidental,
he attended Stanford University where he received his Master's degree
in History and Political Science. After his graduation, he married
Mae Taylor in 1929. They eventually had two children.
Stanford, Ernesto attended Columbia University where he had received
a fellowship to complete his graduate training. While pursuing his
coursework at Columbia, he worked as a research associate for the
Foreign Policy Association. Several of his reports were published.
Between 1932 and 1936 Don Ernesto and his wife served as co-principals
and then as owners of Gardner School, a private school in Jamaica,
Long Island known for its commitment to progressive education.
By this time, we can clearly see major areas of motivation had already
been formulated and acted upon. Don Ernesto's goal was to improve
the living conditions of working-class Latinos. He saw education,
research, and organization as the principal vehicles to accomplish
that goal. He saw education not as an end unto itself, but as necessary
to pursue his larger goal. He saw the need to change established
educational philosophy and curriculum in schools. These motivating
forces, goals, and vehicles remain constant throughout his later
While working at the Gardner School, Don Ernesto finished his graduate
coursework. It was then time to choose a dissertation topic. During
a discussion of why he chose the development of electricity in Mexico
he stated:
I would select one industry that showed promise. that seemed to
be developing in Mexico along the pattern of modern industrial organization,
. . . one industry in which 1 can isolate and observe the capitalist
process of production getting started in Mexico. (Burning Light,
1982, p. 35).
In 1942 the Fondo de Cultural Economica published what would be
his dissertation La Industria Electrica en Mexico. He was awarded
his Ph.D. in Economies in 1947.
In the interim, Don Ernesto was hired by the Pan American Union
as a research associate in education. The Pan American Union was
created in the 1900s as an organization which would promote unity,
peace, and economic trade among the various American nations. (In
1948 it was reorganized and became part of the present Organization
of American States.) In 1940 the Pan American Union had created
a Division of Labor and Social Information and appointed Galarza
as its chief. During his residence with the Pan American Union,
he wrote numerous reports on various aspects of Latin America. Two
which stand out are his work on Bolivian tin workers and Mexican
farmworkers in the United States.
Standing on principle, Galarza resigned twice while at the Pan American
Union. The first involved the tin workers in Bolivia. The Bolivian
government in 1942 had passed fair labor legislation which would
require higher wages and better working conditions. Galarza charged
that the U. S. State Department had tried to influence Bolivia not
to sign these laws. The ambassador to Bolivia, Galarza alleged,
bad argued that the rise in the cost of production would endanger
the production levels of war supplies needed for World War II. Galarza
charged that what was really occurring was that the State Department
was representing the interests of U. S. companies in maintaining
a high profit margin. Galarza's charges caused a major scandal in
Washington. The State Department denied any involvement. After negotiations
which included President Roosevelt, Galarza was asked to return
to the Pan American Union. A few years later the President of Bolivia
was assassinated while Galarza was in Bolivia. Galarza again charged
State Department involvement. This time he was not convinced to
return to the Pan American Union. He 'vas offered a handsome contract
by Harpers to write up this scandal. He accepted their offer but
they decided not to print the story because it was too explosive
Galarza, personal communication, December 1984).
Galarza's other major area of interest while at the Pan American
Union was Mexican workers in the U. S. The Bracero Program had been
established and he saw it as a means of exploiting Mexicans working
in the U.S.for the benefit of agribusiness. He lobbied against it
but lost. By the end of his stay 'with the Pan American Union, he
had lost faith that the Union could produce the kind of changes
he felt were necessary. He could not see himself staying in a position
just to have a job.
After leaving Washington, he was recruited as the Director of Research
and Education for the National Farm Labor Union (Florida, Louisiana,
Texas, Arizona, and California) and established his home in San
Jose, California. Galarza's first assignment with the NFLU was to
assist strike director Hasiwar in the strike against the Di Giorgio
Fruit Corporation in Arvin, California. London and Anderson (1970)
note his initial efforts in this regard:
He was the very model of diplomacy, staying in the background while
. . . Hank Hasiwar continued the activities already in motion. When
Galarza eventually became his own strike director, Hasiwar returned
the consideration with a loyalty rare in organized labor (p. 18).
In 1950 he led the tomato strikers in Tracy and in 1951 the cantaloupe
pickers in the Imperial Valley. Galarza's NFLU efforts were not
limited to California. In 1953-54 he assisted in organizing sugar
cane workers and strawberry pickers in Louisiana. When "right
to work" laws were instituted as strike breaking tactics in
Louisiana he fought against them While these laws effectively halted
the strikes that Galarza was organizing, his efforts forced a revision
of the laws. To his dismay, 'when the laws were revised they were
restricted to agriculture and supported by organized labor. He considered
this a betrayal of farmworkers by organized labor and protested
to organized labor for supporting such reactionary legislation.
the 1950s, Galarza became a familiar face in congressional hearings
where be exposed the abuses of the Bracero Program and the socioeconomic
status of Mexican Americans. His attacks on the Bracero Program
accelerated. He realized that "unionization was futile while
the Bracero Program remained" (Acuna, 1981, p.261). The National
Farm Labor Union was renamed the National Agricultural Workers Union
(NAWU) in 1956. By that time, Galarza had become discouraged by
the symbiotic relationship between agribusiness, government bureaucrats,
and organized labor and decided to fight against it. London and
Anderson (1970) note Galarza's strategy:
Galarza undertook simultaneously, to destroy the alliance between
towers and government bureaucrats, and to shake organized labor
out of its complacency . . . He had neither large numbers of supporters.
nor finances, nor friends in high places. His weapons were highly
personal: the shield of research and analytical thought. the sword
of the written and spoken word His basic tactic was to document
the flouting of laws the abuses, the corruption, the debasement,
the scandals inherent in the Bracero system and to publicize his
findings as widely as possible (p. 123).
In late 1955 Galarza received money from the Fund for the Republic
to write a report on the Bracero Program. This report, Strangers
in the Field, bad immediate impact. Government officials in favor
of the Bracero Program sought to discredit Galarza by attacking
some to the specifics of the report. The report however was given
national press and 'vas a serious blow to the Bracero Program.
It received widespread publicity, even in media, such as the Los
Angeles Times, which no one had ever accused of pro labor prejudice.
The booklet went through two editions and 10,000 copies. Condensation
of much of the same material appeared in at least three national
magazines (London & Anderson 1970, p. 130).
The success of this report was the basis for a $25, 000 award to
the NAWU to assist in the organizing of workers. Galarza used the
funds to develop other organizers as he states here:
I looked upon it as a demonstration project I wanted to prove that
Galarza wasn't the only potential organizer in California. Over
the years, 1 would estimate that 1 have found at least two hundred
people in this state (California)-field workers who would be first-rate
organizers given the chance (London & Anderson, 1970, p. 130).
Later, in 1959, organized labor passed over Galarza when appointing
a chief for the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC).
While he initially continued to work 'with the new AWOC, his perspective
andbeliefs differed in many respects 'with those of the new leadership
as London and Anderson (1970) note:
Ernesto Galarza did not accept the proposition that any farm labor
union at all is preferable to none . . . He was not interested in
the kind of union which produces dependent, manipulable people,
even if they are well-paid and well-fed. He was interested in a
union which would help people become more autonomous, more responsible,
better able to make decisions for themselves (p. 135).
By 1959, he left AWOC and in 1962 began writing Merchants of Labor,
an analysis of the Bracero Program. In either late 1963 or early
1964, Galarza was appointed chief Counsel for Labor in the U.S.
Congressional Committee on Education and Labor. Galarza investigated
the Chualar accident in which 32 Mexican laborers were killed when
a bus collided with a train. Galarza's report was later published
under the title Tragedy at Chualar. During this time, Galarza was
busy fighting a law suit by the Di Giorgio Corporation against the
AWOC for showing an old film Poverty in the Valley of Plenty. At
the time Galarza 'vas not even associated 'with AWOC but he had
been named in the suit. He fought the suit and won, but was not
awarded any damages.
In 1964 he completed Merchants of Labor. The first printing was
self-published. He moved to Los Angeles where he worked for one
year as an Economic and Opportunity Agency officer. This move was
significant in another respect: it signaled his work with Mexican
American urban populations. Don Ernesto would focus his organizing
efforts on the Mexican urban working-class population for the remainder
of his life. Another major activity at that time was teaching in
colleges and universities. He was a professor at the University
of Notre Dame, San Jose State University, and the Universities of
California at San Diego and Santa Cruz. He often referred to himself
as a migrant academic. He once said of tenure, "If I stay here
much longer than three quarters, I'll feel that I am sinking roots
into a cemetery" (Burning Light, 1982, p. 34).
The academic atmosphere allowed Don Ernesto to continue writing
principally on farm labor. He authored Spiders in the House and
Workers in the Field (1970), Barrio Boy (1971), Mexican Americans
in the Southwest (1969), and Farmworkers and Agribusiness (1977).
Like most of us, he recognized the alienation between university
life and the community, but unlike many said "I contend that
the solution of the effort to overcome that alienation is ours and
not the community's" (Burning Light, 1982, p. 37). He also
spent time as a consultant to many organizations such as the Ford
Foundation as an expert on Mexican American affairs.
community work continued in Oakland where he compiled a report on
the economic status of the Mexican American community there. This
report served as the building block for the current Spanish Speaking
Unity Council which is a community development corporation in that
area. In approximately 1966, his concern for the urban plight of
Mexican Americans was drawn to Alviso, a small Mexican community
north of San Jose. Alviso had become a community threatened by the
metropolis. The expansion of San Jose, Santa Clara, and Hayward
eventually began to affect Alviso. The small town became attractive
to business interests which joined with the City of San Jose in
an effort to relocate existing residents and build new marinas,
apartment complexes, a trade mart, light industry, new transportation
routes, and tourist facilities" (Galarza, from Vialpando interviews,
1975, p. 8). In 1968 an annexation election was held and Alvisians
narrowly voted in favor of annexation to San Jose. Many
residents had received misleading information. Galarza, along with
several other committed professionals from the Bay Area who wanted
to save Alviso, instituted the Alviso Study Team. After some preliminary
research, they helped establish an ad hoc committee of residents
which took on the task of developing a strategy to fight annexation.
Although the ad hoc committee was unsuccessful in contesting the
election, the City of San Jose was forced to honor many of its promises
to the residents of Alviso. While the story of Alviso is continuing,
there is no doubt that Galarza played a key role in organizing the
citizens of that town against urbanization.
often visited Galarza to discuss the educational problems of students.
Besides acting as a formal and informal consultant, Galarza began
writing books for children. He called these the Colleccion Mini
Libros. He was trying to fill a need voiced by many teachers. All
but one of the books in the collection were self-published. Another
of Galarza's major efforts concerning education was the establishment
of the Studio Laboratory. The Lab's primary mission was to develop
alternative education methods for students. Its major effort was
to work with teachers to develop new curricula. Don Ernesto was
convinced that teachers had to be retrained in order to become more
sensitized to student needs. The Lab was funded by both private
and local public sources including the San Jose School District.
The Laboratory was considered too progressive for the district which
initiated its own bilingual education program with other districts
that became known as the Bilingual Consortium. However, the Consortium
received federal funds 'while the Lab did not. This signaled the
end of the Studio Laboratory. Galarza and those who had 'worked
with the Lab decided to monitor the new Consortium. He charged that
it was being unresponsive to the community and student needs and
was more interested in getting more funds than in the education
of youth. Galarza, together with concerned community members, developed
the Community Organization to Monitor Education (COME). COME exposed
the lack of community input in the Bilingual Consortium and its
use of ineffective methods and curriculum. Galarza, with the assistance
of COME, published Temas Escolares, a kind of white paper on the
Bilingual Consortium. Galarza detested the way bilingual education
had been co-opted. He also detested the manner in which a few Latinos
became Co-opted into the bureaucracy. In Occupied America, Rodolfo
Acuna assesses the significance of this struggle:
tragic was the network of brokers that bilingual education created.
Often grants were awarded to friends rather than to pro-grams that
had the resources to train bilingual teachers. A classic example
was the elimination of Dr. Galarza's bilingual institute by the
funding of a parallel consultant firm . . . Galarza's experience
exposed the basic problem of Anglo-American education The granting
depends more on the wrapping than on what is in the package. (1981,
p. 398).
Ernesto Galarza was a prolific writer. His publications number well
over 100 items and include over a dozen books, scores of articles,
reports, government hearings, and literary works. These cover the
areas of Latin America, farm labor, literature bilingual education,
urban sociology, education, and Chicano Studies. His works are cited
in virtually all major works on Chicanos and are represented in
all major Chicano bibliographies. Yet Galarza's impact on Chicano
society was much larger than his writings. He was known as an activist,
scholar, and organizer. He was a model to many who sought to improve
the conditions of working-class Chicanos in the U.S. His initial
work with foreign policy issues in Latin America provided the base
for his well-known work on farm labor. His organizing of farm workers
later served as a base for organizing urban centers like Alviso
and San Jose. His interest in literature combined his ties to nature
as well as his belief in the need for relevant education. There
is a consistent pattern of values and ideals- a strong humanistic
orientation and a dream of a better world- in much of his writings.
Those of us who had the pleasure and honor of working with Don Ernesto
Galarza also witnessed his intellectual vigor, his sense of action,
his belief in change, his life of praxis, his humanity and humility.


text:
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