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Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)
This information page is about chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). CLL and SLL are different forms of the same disease and are treated in the same way. 'CLL' is used to refer to both forms of disease, except where there are important differences.
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On this page
Who gets CLL and what causes it?
Research and targeted treatments
Quick overview of CLL/SLL
This section is an overview of the information on this page. There is more detail in the sections below.
What is it?
CLL/SLL is a type of cancer that develops from B lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection). It is usually slow-growing and behaves like a chronic (long-term) condition; it needs treatment from time-to-time to keep it under control.
What are the symptoms and how is it diagnosed?
Most people have no symptoms when they are diagnosed, but can have high levels of lymphocytes (white blood cells) in their blood or sometimes enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands). Some people never develop symptoms. Symptoms develop gradually and can include feeling generally unwell, with fatigue (extreme tiredness), fevers, night sweats, weight loss and frequent infections.
CLL is normally diagnosed by looking at abnormal cells from a blood test. People with SLL usually need a biopsy of an enlarged lymph node.
How is it treated?
Before starting treatment, you might be monitored (called active monitoring or watch and wait). You start treatment when your symptoms become troublesome. Some people never need treatment. The main treatment for CLL is chemo-immunotherapy (chemotherapy with antibody treatment). Targeted drugs are becoming very important for treating CLL, particularly for CLL that is difficult to treat or for CLL that has relapsed (come back) after chemo-immunotherapy. You have active monitoring between courses of treatment.
What is CLL?
CLL and SLL are cancers of the lymphatic system. They can develop when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell that fights infection) grow out of control. CLL has 'leukaemia' in its name because it affects the blood. SLL is another form of the same disease and it mainly affects the lymph nodes (glands), which is why it is called a 'lymphoma'. Both forms of the disease are low-grade (slow-growing) and are often grouped as non-Hodgkin lymphomas. CLL and SLL are treated in the same way. On this page, the term 'CLL' is used to refer to both forms of the disease except where there are important differences.
Who gets CLL and what causes it?
Around 3,500 to 4,000 people are diagnosed with CLL every year in the UK - that's around 10 people every day. It affects nearly twice as many men as women. The risk of developing CLL increases with age, with an average age at diagnosis of 72 years. CLL is rare in young people.
In most cases, there is no known cause of CLL. People with a close relative (parent, brother, sister or child) with CLL are at an increased risk of developing CLL. However, the risk of developing CLL if you have a family member with the disease is still very small. Research has not identified any genes that are associated with developing CLL.
The majority of people have no symptoms when they are diagnosed with CLL. In around 7 in 10 people, CLL is found by chance on a blood test done for another reason.
The abnormal cells in CLL are B cells that are immature (not fully developed) and don't work properly. In the CLL form of the disease, the abnormal cells are found mainly in the blood. In the SLL form, they are found mainly in the lymph nodes or spleen and only at low levels in the blood.
As the abnormal cells build up, symptoms can develop. Any symptoms tend to be mild at first and gradually get worse as more abnormal cells build up. You might feel generally unwell, with symptoms like:
- fatigue (extreme tiredness)
- weight loss
- fevers
- night sweats.
As your immune system is affected, you might have frequent infections or find it difficult to shake off infections.
The abnormal cells can collect in your lymph nodes, causing them to swell. You might feel these as lumps. They can develop anywhere in your body but are most often found in your neck, armpit or groin. If abnormal cells build up in your spleen, you might feel pain or even a lump at the top-left of your abdomen (tummy).
CLL cells can build up in your bone marrow (the spongy centre of some of our bones where blood cells are made). This can cause low blood counts as the CLL cells take up the space of normal cells. You might develop:
- anaemia (low red blood cells), which can cause tiredness and shortness of breath
- thrombocytopenia (low platelets), which makes you more likely to bruise and bleed
- neutropenia (low neutrophils – a type of white blood cell), which makes you more prone to infection.
Low blood counts in people with CLL can sometimes be due to an autoimmune reaction, where your body produces antibodies that destroy your blood cells, for example:
- low red blood cells can be due to autoimmune anaemia
- low platelets can be due to immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
Low blood counts due to autoimmune conditions need different treatment from low blood counts caused by too many abnormal cells in your bone marrow.
What is monoclonal B-lymphocytosis?
Some people have CLL-like cells at low levels in their blood but have normal blood counts and no other symptoms. This condition is called clinical monoclonal B-lymphocytosis (MBL). Many healthy older people (more than 1 in 10 people) have MBL and may not be aware of it. It does not usually cause any problems.
Most people with MBL do not go on to develop CLL, particularly if the abnormal cells are at a low level. However, evidence suggests that MBL develops first in all people who go on to develop CLL. Around 1–2 of every 100 people diagnosed with MBL develop CLL each year.
People with MBL who are at high risk of developing CLL usually have blood tests every so often to check if the level of abnormal cells is rising.
Diagnosis and staging
CLL is usually first found in blood tests. If there are a large number of lymphocytes in your blood, CLL might be suspected. It is then diagnosed by looking at the lymphocytes in more detail and doing tests on them.
Tests on the abnormal lymphocytes also help your medical team to find out more about the CLL. For example, they can detect certain genetic mutations (changes) that make CLL more difficult to treat.
The SLL form is usually diagnosed by finding abnormal lymphocytes in a biopsy of a swollen lymph node.
When you have been diagnosed, you have other tests, for example:
- more blood tests to find out about your general health
- a physical examination to check for other signs of CLL such as enlarged lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen.
Some people have other tests, too, such as X-rays, a CT scan or bone marrow tests. These are done to find out if CLL is causing problems in certain parts of the body.
Although waiting for the results of your tests can be difficult, your doctor is collecting important information during this time. It is important that your doctor knows exactly how your CLL is affecting you so they can give you the most appropriate treatment.
What does 'stage' mean?
The tests you have are part of 'staging' – working out how widespread your CLL is and how it is affecting you. CLL is staged differently from other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma because it is mostly found in the blood. The abnormal cells are therefore carried around the body in a different way to types of lymphoma that are mostly found in the lymph nodes. The most common staging system for CLL in the UK is the Binet staging system:
- Stage A – you have fewer than three groups of swollen lymph nodes
- Stage B – you have three or more groups of swollen lymph nodes
- Stage C – you have anaemia (low red blood cells) or thrombocytopenia (low platelets) or both.
Another staging system, the Rai system, might be used. In this system, you are given a stage from 0 (the earliest stage) to 4 (the most advanced stage).
As SLL usually affects lymph nodes rather than blood, it is often staged the same way as non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Staging is important because it helps your doctor plan the best treatment for you.
Most people with CLL are treated to keep the lymphoma under control, rather than to cure it. There are lots of good treatments for CLL. It can usually be controlled for many years with several courses of treatment.
Survival statistics can be confusing as they don't tell you what your individual outlook is – they only tell you how a group of people with the same diagnosis did over a period of time in the past.
CLL usually grows very slowly and you might have many years between courses of treatment. However, some people have a faster-growing form that is likely to need more frequent treatment. Certain genetic mutations in the cells can make CLL more difficult to treat ('high-risk'). For example, 17p or 11q deletions or TP53 mutations can affect how your CLL is treated.
In general, people with CLL at a lower stage have a better outlook than those with more advanced CLL.
Average expected survival is reported to be around 10 years but this varies a lot between individual people and depends on many factors including the stage of the CLL and how it behaves. The availability of newer targeted drugs is significantly improving the outlook for people with CLL. Some of these new treatments are very effective for people with high-risk genetic mutations and offer alternatives to standard chemo-immunotherapy (chemotherapy with antibody therapy), which does not work well for this type of CLL. As people with CLL generally live for many years, it takes a long time to find out how these newer treatments affect outcomes.
Your doctor is best placed to advise you on your outlook based on your individual circumstances. Your doctor can use the results of your tests and consider other factors, like your age, symptoms, and other conditions you might have to predict how likely you are to respond to a particular treatment. These factors are called 'risk factors'.
CLL might not cause problems for many years. Some people never need treatment. Your doctor considers carefully whether you need treatment straightaway and what treatment is best for you. You are likely to need several courses of treatment during your illness. Most people have long periods of feeling well between courses of treatment.
Treatment aims to reduce your symptoms and keep the CLL under control for as long as possible with as few side effects as possible.
CLL is not causing problems for more than three-quarters of people when they are first diagnosed. If the CLL is not causing problems, you do not need treatment straightaway. You might be monitored regularly by your doctor until you need treatment (called active monitoring or watch and wait).
Research shows that there is no benefit to starting treatment before you need it. All treatment also carries a risk of causing side effects, so doctors often prefer to delay treatment for as long as possible.
What does active monitoring involve?
Your monitoring might be done at the hospital clinic or with your usual GP, depending on how your CLL behaves and your personal circumstances. You have blood tests and a check-up at each appointment. At first, the appointments may be every 3 months but the time between appointments might increase to once a year if you have early-stage CLL and stay well. The appointments allow your medical team to check for signs of the CLL getting worse. They also give you an opportunity to raise concerns and ask questions.
You are likely to have a physical examination and blood tests. Scans are not usually done unless there is a particular reason for them.
Some people go onto a self-management scheme. You are given information on what to look out for and how to look after yourself. You might have blood tests at your GP surgery.
If you are worried about your health at any time, contact your GP or medical team. They can reassure you or arrange an appointment for you to have a check-up.
You might have treatments to keep your symptoms under control while on active monitoring. For example, if you have autoimmune anaemia, you might be treated with steroids.
When does treatment start?
You usually start treatment for the CLL when it worsens, for example:
- your symptoms (for example fevers, night sweats, fatigue or weight loss) become severe
- the numbers of lymphocytes in your blood rise rapidly
- your lymph nodes, spleen or liver become very enlarged
- you develop low blood counts due to the abnormal lymphocytes collecting in your bone marrow
- you have autoimmune anaemia or thrombocytopenia that is not responding to treatment.
There are different treatment options for CLL so your medical team consider several factors when they plan your treatment, including:
- the stage of the CLL and whether it has high-risk genetic mutations
- how the CLL is affecting you
- your general health
- your preferences.
What is the usual first treatment for CLL?
Most people have chemotherapy as a first treatment for CLL, usually with antibody treatment (for example rituximab) – this combination is sometimes called 'chemo-immunotherapy'. If you are fit enough, the most common regimen (combination of drugs) is FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab).
If FCR is not suitable for you, other options include:
- bendamustine chemotherapy, with or without rituximab,
- chlorambucil chemotherapy tablets with one of the newer antibody treatments, obinutuzumab or ofatumumab.
These regimens both include intravenous treatments (given into a vein). For FCR and chlorambucil-based treatments, you also take some of the drugs orally, as tablets.
Note: after you have had treatment with fludarabine or bendamustine you must be given specially prepared 'irradiated blood' if you need to have blood transfusions in future. This is so that you don't develop a rare but serious complication of blood transfusion called 'transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease'.
If your doctor thinks your CLL will respond to gentler treatment or you cannot have stronger treatment, they might recommend chlorambucil chemotherapy tablets alone.
Your doctor might suggest a different chemotherapy regimen or a targeted drug, possibly as part of a clinical trial. Find out more about clinical trials and search for a trial that might be suitable for you at Lymphoma TrialsLink.
If your CLL has features that mean it is unlikely to respond well to chemotherapy, for example high-risk genetic mutations, newer drugs can be very effective.
You also have treatments that help to control symptoms or side effects. These might include:
- antibiotics, antifungal and antiviral drugs to prevent or treat infections
- growth factor (G-CSF) injections to boost blood counts and help fight infection
- immunoglobulin replacement therapy, where donor antibodies are given to help fight infection if your own antibody levels are low
- red blood cell transfusions and/or platelet transfusions to boost blood counts
- drug treatments for autoimmune low blood counts – steroids are usually given initially, but there are other treatment options.
Note: antibodies are naturally produced by your body to fight infection so the antibodies in immunoglobulin replacement therapy are not the same as man-made antibody treatments for CLL like rituximab.
Other treatments that are occasionally used for CLL include:
- Radiotherapy, which might be used for early-stage SLL, where it can sometimes cure the lymphoma. Radiotherapy is not often used for CLL but might rarely be used to reduce large lymph nodes if other treatments are not suitable or did not work.
- A splenectomy (surgery to remove the spleen) or splenic radiotherapy (radiotherapy to the spleen) might be used rarely if autoimmune complications of CLL are severe and do not respond to other treatments. This treatment doesn't usually treat the CLL itself.
- Steroids, which are often used to treat side effects but can also help to control the CLL.
Rarely, if you respond well to your first treatment, your doctor might suggest an allogeneic stem cell transplant, which could offer a longer-lasting remission. This is an intensive form of treatment and is only suitable for people who are fit enough.
All treatment has a risk of side effects (unwanted effects). Your medical team can give you more information about the typical side effects of the treatment they recommend for you.
Most people go back onto active monitoring after treatment if the CLL is under control.
Relapsed and refractory CLL
Remissions (time when the CLL is under control) are increasing in length with new and more effective treatments for CLL. However, CLL usually flares up again after a period of remission. Most people need several courses of treatment during their illness.
If your lymphoma doesn't respond well to your first treatment, it is called 'refractory' and you might need a different or stronger treatment.
When you need more treatment, your doctor considers the same factors as before but also takes into account:
- what treatment you had before
- how long your remission was after your previous treatment
- how your previous treatment affected you.
You might have the same treatment that you had previously if you coped well with it and had a good response to it. Your doctor might suggest a different treatment, particularly if your CLL relapsed quickly after your last treatment. For example, you might have a different chemo-immunotherapy regimen.
Newer targeted treatments might be available for relapsed or refractory CLL.
Research and targeted treatments
Newer targeted treatments are often available first for people with relapsed and refractory lymphoma. For CLL, targeted treatments are also beginning to be used as a first treatment, particularly for people with high-risk genetic mutations.
There are several targeted treatments already approved for CLL and many clinical trials testing new treatments for this type of lymphoma. Our newer drugs page has the latest information on drugs available for CLL and other types of lymphoma. You can also search our clinical trials information service, Lymphoma TrialsLink, to find clinical trials currently open in the UK for people with CLL.
At the time of writing, the following targeted treatments are approved for some people with CLL and might be available on the NHS in some parts of the UK although the funding available varies. Your medical team can give you more information about treatments that might be suitable for you.
Ibrutinib is a cell signal blocker. It blocks signals that B cells send to help them stay alive and divide.
- It is given on its own as a first-line treatment for people with high-risk genetic mutations.
- For relapsed or refractory CLL, it is usually given on its own, but within clinical trials it is being combined with other drugs including rituximab and venetoclax.
Idelalisib is also a cell signal blocker. It is approved for:
- first-line treatment of people with high-risk genetic mutations
- in combination with antibody treatment for people with relapsed or refractory CLL.
Obinutuzumab is a newer antibody that attaches to the same target as rituximab does, a protein called 'CD20'. It is approved for use with chlorambucil as a first treatment for people who can't have fludarabine.
Ofatumumab is also a newer antibody to CD20. It is approved:
- with chlorambucil or bendamustine chemotherapy as a first treatment for people who can't have fludarabine.
- for people with CLL who have had other treatments.
Venetoclax blocks proteins that help lymphoma cells survive. This can make the lymphoma cells die.
- It can be given with obinituzumab for people with CLL who have not been treated before.
- It can be given with rituximab for people with CLL that has not responded (refractory) or has come back (relapsed) after previous treatment.
- It can be given on its own for people with high-risk genetic mutations who cannot have a cell signal blocker or have not responded to a cell signal blocker, or to people who have not responded to previous therapy with a cell signal blocker and chemo-immunotherapy.
Rarely, CLL transforms (changes) into a more aggressive type of lymphoma, usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This is known as 'Richter syndrome'. Evidence suggests up to 1 in every 100 people with CLL develop Richter syndrome each year.
As part of your follow-up, your medical team check for signs of transformation. These include:
- fast growing lymph nodes or masses in your body
- a change in your symptoms, for example B symptoms (weight loss, night sweats, fevers)
- an increase in certain chemicals measured in blood tests, for example lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or calcium.
Tests such as a biopsy and a PET or CT scan might be done if your doctor suspects your CLL has transformed.
Transformed CLL can be difficult to treat. It does not usually respond well to treatment. Many people with transformed CLL are older and have had several previous courses of treatment so might not be fit enough for intensive treatment. The most likely treatment is chemotherapy, possibly followed by a stem cell transplant if you are fit enough. If you are not fit enough for chemotherapy, you might be able to enter a clinical trial or you might consider palliative care, where you are given treatment to control your symptoms.
Living with CLL
Most people live with CLL for many years. For some people, having CLL does not affect their life expectancy, but it can affect their quality of life. Issues such as chronic fatigue and recurrent infections are more common in people with CLL than in the general population.
It is important that you discuss these issues with your medical team. Although fatigue can be very challenging, there are things you can do to help manage it. Seek medical advice promptly if you have any symptoms of infection as it is important that you get early treatment with antibiotics and anti-viral drugs.
Some people have immunoglobulin replacement therapy, where you have infusions (drips) that include donor antibodies to reduce the number of infections you have. People with CLL and MBL should have vaccinations against influenza (flu) and pneumonia. You should not have live vaccines, such as the shingles / zoster vaccine as this can cause problems for people with a weakened immune system.
We have more information covering many aspects of living with a chronic condition like CLL.
We also offer a range of support services to help you live your life with CLL. We also have a Live your Life programme of free support, events and activities for people with a lymphoma diagnosis and their family, carers or friends.
HealthTalk have a range of videos of people talking about their experiences of CLL that you might find useful.
Our list of organisations that offer support and information for people with lymphoma might also be useful. The following organisations offer support and information that is particularly relevant for people with CLL:


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Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood
Would You Be Mine?DVD - 2015
From the critics
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I have mixed feelings about Daniel Tiger. I know a three and six year old who love him. After watching a few episodes and watching them watch a few episodes, I cannot get the Daniel Tiger song out of my head. "Think about what someone else is feeling. Think about how someone else feels, maybe you can make them feel better." It really is addictive. If you can't live with this song in your head for the next four years, don't let your kids watch this series. It will become a part of your life. This is sensitivity training for the adults of our future.
An excellent series for entertainment and learning life skills for children, specially toddlers. Practical steps in words and songs for day to day challenging situations for children dealing with emotions and interpersonal communication. Highly recommended.
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Better Ways to Satisfy That Sweets Craving
Satisfy That Sweets Craving
We all know sugar is bad for us. That horse has been ridden to death many times over. Sugar has no minerals, vitamins, or essential fats. It contains no proteins. All it gives us are empty calories that will stick to our waistlines, take forever to work off at the gym, and rot our teeth if we are not careful.
Another result of too much sugar? Rotting teeth from plaque that gathers between teeth and leads to decay. According to the site https://dentistinellicottcity.com:
"Plaque is a naturally occurring matrix of minerals and bacteria that forms on teeth. As plaque builds up, bacteria accumulate. The bacteria eat starches and sugars, then create an acidic byproduct. Acid softens enamel, causing erosion, dental sensitivity, and allowing bacteria can invade and cause cavities."
Among other things, consuming too much sugar is a recipe for non-alcoholic liver disease. Eating more than the daily allowance for sugar can lead to insulin resistance in the body. This can further lead to diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Insulin is also key to regulating abnormal cell growth in the body. Scientists now believe that your insulin levels play a role in developing cancer.
But all this information is of little help in thwarting a sugar craving. So what can individuals do to satisfy their sugar tooth in healthier ways? We break it down.
Go dark with your chocolate.
Cutting back on sweets all at once can lead to a binge session sometime in your future. A better way for controlling your sweets craving? Give yourself what you want in small, measured doses so that you no longer are dealing with an out-of-control craving.
A good option here is a bar of dark chocolate that is at 70 to 85 percent cocoa. With such a high percentage of cocoa, you are getting 11 grams of fiber in a 100 gram bar. As well as scoring high marks for magnesium, copper, manganese, iron, and potassium. Dark chocolate is a terrific source of antioxidants. It has also been studied in relation to lowering cardiovascular disease risk.
Choose fruit.
Your body interprets all sugar the same. But some sources of sugar come with additional minerals and vitamins, making them a more favorable choice. Case in point: Fruit. Apples, oranges, and berries all come with fiber and are chockfull of the nutrients that you need in your diet. Fruit can satisfy a sugar craving just as well as a candy bar, with only a fraction of the sugar content.
Go through your house and get rid of all the junk candy and replace it with fresh fruit for you to nosh on the next time a craving hits.
Make sure you get 8 to 9 hours of sleep each night.
Do you notice a pattern with your sweets cravings? Do they typically hit at night when you are sleepy? Sugar is one of the quickest sources of energy for the body, which is often why you begin to crave sugar toward the end of the day.
Instead of that sugar high, which will keep you up, go to bed. Give your body what it really needs, versus what it wants in the moment. Quality sleep hours mean fewer midnight hours in the kitchen trying to resist temptation.
Fill up your tank (stomach) with water and real foods.
Drink the daily recommended amount of water. Make sure you hit all your macro nutrient levels for food. Doing these two things will keep your stomach full of what your body needs to perform at its peak. This will also keep cravings away because a full stomach is less likely to call for more foods to fill it. Besides, how many of us drink all the water we are supposed to per day?
The next time a sweets craving hits? Tell yourself to first drink a glass of water and check to see if you have eaten the daily required amount of protein, fiber, and calcium. Once you hit your requirements for those, then allow yourself a controlled portion of dark chocolate or fruit.
Walk it off!
Occasionally, a sweets craving will hit that has nothing to do with the body's need for calories and more to do with boredom. Instead of looking at pictures of enticing foods on Tumblr or Instagram, take a walk instead. It will take your mind off of sweets and give you something to keep you occupied until the craving passes.
Additionally, being in and around nature in the outdoors reduces one's stress levels and can help you feel calmer and more at peace. Being stressed out can often trigger sweet cravings, which is why taking that walk is good for you on many levels!
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In this months DT kit, Bri asked me what range I would like to play with and I picked Pebbles" Warm & Cozy"
This range intrigued me when I saw it on Anna's and I would have to say that it wasn't a range I would normally not scrap.
But I was drawn to the chipboard leaves, and the rose gold word stickers. You have got to love a touch of rose gold which is so on trend right now.
There was also something about the papers. I think it was that they where a little bit different.
The natural tones with red , black and white, and the rawness of the designs on them. Plus I am a sucker for anything black and white.
Once I opened my DT pack and saw these papers in real life I knew I just had to scrap them, and scrap them I did, finding the perfect photos for it.
Completing two layouts and several very cute cards, I was pleasantly surprised how lovely this range was.
Hello Autumn Beauty
Warm & Cozy Cards
I would love too see if anyone else bought this range and scrapped it. If you have could you please share in the Anna's Craft Cupboard gallery or on the wall in our Anna's Carft Cupboard Community Facebook page.
And if you want to scrap something a little bit different? then I recommend this range.
Thanks for stopping by and happy crafting.
Cheers Kylie x


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Information about Filing a Florida Truck Accident Insurance Claim
According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, each year, nearly 100,000 people are killed or injured as a result of large-truck crashes. Of those accidents that proved fatal, nearly 73 percent of fatalities were not large-truck occupants. Put simply, if you are involved in a large-truck accident with an 18-wheeler, semitruck, or similar commercial trucking vehicle, you are not going to come out on top. Like traditional motor vehicles, truck and trucking companies are required to carry mandatory liability insurance; however, most, if not all, trucks are operating as commercial vehicles at the time of an accident. This means they are required to carry Florida commercial auto insurance, and the rules and regulations for making a claim under such may differ from those applicable to traditional auto insurance claims.
Florida Truck and Motor Vehicle Insurance Requirements
Under Florida law, operators of motor vehicles are required to carry liability insurance with a minimum limit of $10,000. As many drivers carry only state insurance minimums, if you are injured in an accident with another driver, you may be able to recover only a maximum of $10,000 from the insurance company. From that point, you would have to recover the remainder of your damages from the driver personally. However, the commercial trucking industry is governed by a different set of insurance requirements, as truckers spend a much greater amount of time on the road and are required to operate large vehicles with blind spots, irregular weight differentials, and dangerous loads.
If a truck is carrying "hazardous materials," Florida law requires the trucking company to carry a minimum of $5,000,000 in property and personal injury liability insurance. The minimum liability insurance requirements for other types of commercial vehicles are dependent on the registered vehicle's weight and can range from $50,000 to $750,000. However, many commercial trucking companies will carry insurance policies well in excess of the state minimums, as they wish to avoid getting sued personally for personal injuries.
Types of Claims under Florida Truck Insurance Policies
As you know from selecting your own insurance policy, there are different types of coverage you can choose from. These include:
- Mandatory no-fault/personal injury protection coverage
- Liability coverage
- Coverage for property damage
- Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage
- Incidental coverage, such as glass and weather coverage
- Miscellaneous coverage, such as rental car reimbursement
Not all types of coverage are required under Florida law, but generally, you can select the amount of coverage you want for each protection. For example, you may have great health insurance so that you only want to carry minimum no-fault coverage, but you may also want to ensure you have enough coverage in case of injury and may up your liability limits to $100,000. Commercial truck insurance, however, works differently. Where personal motor vehicle insurance splits property damage and personal injury coverage, meaning that you may often be dealing with two divisions of the liability insurance company, commercial truck insurance combines both claims into one larger limit. This means that a truck company may carry $100,000 in insurance to cover all damage, whether personal injury damage or property damage.
Immediate Steps to Take After a Florida Truck Accident
If you are involved in a truck accident, it is important to take the following steps immediately in order to protect your rights:
- Call the police and ensure a police report is filed.
- Take pictures of the scene, including both vehicles and any injuries sustained.
- Identify any potential witnesses to the accident.
- DO NOT admit fault.
- Go to the emergency room or a doctor immediately for evaluation, as some injuries do not develop until after the initial accident.
It is always wise to contact an experienced Florida personal injury attorney before calling your insurance company to make a claim. This is because both your own insurance company and the liability company may force you to make a sworn statement about the details of the accident, and you may, for example, admit to committing a traffic violation you weren't even aware of. Even if this violation had nothing to do with the cause of the accident, a liability company might refuse to pay out on its policy because you "contributed to" the accident by violating traffic laws. If you hire an attorney, he or she has the right to be with you while you are making that statement, and he or she can interject if they disagree with a question or need to clarify an answer.
Steps for Making a Florida Truck Insurance Claim
If you were injured in a Florida truck accident, making a claim with a commercial insurance policy is not all that different from making a claim with a traditional motor vehicle policy. Even if you were not at fault, you will, with the help of your attorney, file a claim with your own insurance company, who will then contact the liability insurance company on your behalf. A claims representative will be assigned to your case, and that representative will work with the other driver's insurance company to decide who is primarily responsible for the accident and what percentage of fault they will accept. However, be advised that this decision on liability is not legally binding on a court. Just because your insurance company decided that you were 20 percent liable for the accident does not mean a court has to do the same or that you are now "legally" 20 percent liable. A Florida personal injury attorney can fight for your rights if you disagree with a liability determination.
Once liability is determined, you will work with your attorney to gather and submit all medical records and information related to the damage to your vehicle to the liable insurance company. Based on that information and the arguments of your attorney, the company will normally make you an offer to "settle" the case within its policy limits. Your attorney will work to ensure that this is a fair settlement, and if it isn't, he or she will take the case to court to fight for your rights.
Contact a Clearwater Personal Injury Truck Attorney Today
When you are dealing with potentially high-limit commercial vehicle policies, you do not want to go through the insurance process alone. A Clearwater personal injury attorney can help you through the process by filling out the proper paperwork, gathering and submitting your medical records, and negotiating a settlement on your behalf. Further, there is normally no charge for these services, as personal injury attorneys are reimbursed from the money they fight to earn you. Dolman Law Group is your premier personal injury firm in the greater Tampa Bay area, and its experienced and understanding attorneys are here to fight for you. Contact our Clearwater office today at 727-451-6900 for a free, no-risk consultation about your truck accident.
Dolman Law Group
800 North Belcher Road
Clearwater, FL 33756


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These Forty Knots brought to you by the Boy Scouts of America. Always good to know how to tie the right knot for the right situation, and this is a great little knot guide! We suggest you bo... Read more
As always, check with your local laws before using bushcraft and primitive methods in a non-survival situation. The Paiute Deadfall is a fast acting kill-trap that uses cordage rather... Read more
Clay has a variety of uses in primitive living. Today we will talk about making clay pottery and how to go about firing clay in a primitive type setting. Clay may be found in a variety of pl... Read more


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Many of us get used to fielding dribble stains and feeling rather less sleek than we did, pre-baby. But it doesn't have to be this way – with a little know how you can beat any wardrobe malfunction quickly and step out smart and sharp…
1. Sort out the stains
To become a mother is to discover a new world of stains. Baby food, pen, poo, dribble – you can guarantee it'll be on anything you want to wear.
Baby wipes make excellent emergency stain removers – including deodorant marks on dark clothing – while an emery board rubbed on suede removes stains from it.
Cult US stain removal pen, Tide to Go, zaps coffee, food and make up right out of clothing. Pick up one from Angels Wardrobe Supplies (£4.75).
2. War on the wrinkles
Clothes' stylists swear by handheld steamers to get the creases out of clothing and fluff up jumpers quickly.
A blast of concentrated steam smartens up clothes on the hanger, and steamers can also be used on upholstery fabric and curtains. Don't buy a cheap model, though; here it's better to pay a little more and get real performance.
Good value steamers include the Tobi Wand Clothes and Fabric Steamer (around £50). If you've more cash, the Jiffy Esteam Travel Steamer (around £95) is one of the best.
3. Lose the lint
A lint roller should be in every woman's drawer. These sticky rollers remove lint and pet hair from clothes and provide an instant smartening lift – buy a large roller for home, and a smaller handbag one.
Again, cheap is not necessarily the way to go – a good roller will last longer and be more effective. Muji does a long-lasting version in both sizes – from £5.95 – with sticky paper refills.
For a cheaper substitute, this Fabric Magic set of two costs £2.75.
4. Banish the bobbles
Get rid of the bobbles on your jumpers and return them to prewash glory with a 'fabric shaver'. You can still buy the iconic Remington Fuzzaway (£27). For a cheaper option, try the small Evercare Fabric Shaver (£6.37).
You can also use a Sweater Stone (£9) to rub across the surface of knitwear and remove pilling.
Even cheaper than that is the humble pumice stone, which works in the same way to de-bobble. Or run Velcro (hook side) lightly over a sweater to smooth it out.
5. Erase the emergencies
Clear nail polish is a classic remedy for runs in tights, but it can also be used to secure loose buttons until you can sew them back on – dab the top of the button with it.
Dryer sheets, such as Bounce, stop static cling on clothes – and also tame flyaway hair, just rub over both.
Other useful items to keep to hand include candles and pencil graphite to free up stuck zips (rub along the teeth), superglue for a temporary broken heel fix and ice to freeze and remove chewing gum from clothes.


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Map of the local innovation industry.
Meet some of the best and newest startups based in Dallas.
QR codes systems for COVID-19.
Simple tools for bars, restaurants, offices, and other small proximity businesses.
Dedicated to Teaching Video Marketing
Vidpow is a collection of video marketing online courses and online conferences all taught by 50 of the top video marketing experts in the country launching June 26th at vidcon.com
Video Tweets for Events and Advertising
Telavent is a mobile app that allows Event promoters and Retail Advertisers to post 30 second micro videos of their particular event or special deal. This will include Everything from local retails stores, to local restaurants, to local entertainment venues all ...


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By: Grant Fisken
Germany v France
Germany have made comfortable progress through the tournament so far, scoring 19 goals along the way. They can call on the firepower of the joint-leaders in the race for the Golden Boot, Anja Mittag and Celia Sasic (both 5), but with nine different goalscorers at this World Cup they are not short of options in front of goal. France's only hiccup so far came in the 2-0 group stage defeat against Colombia, and they cannot afford their performance to drop to those levels if they want to match their run to the semifinal in 2011.
Tip – France are as much as 13/2 to win the World Cup, and consider the team that has knocked Germany out has always gone on to lift the trophy.
China v United States
This is a repeat of the 1999 final, when United States won on penalties after a 0-0 draw. China have not made it past the quarterfinal since that tournament, and few would back them to change that against the only country to reach at least the semifinal in all six previous World Cups. The US are on a 22-match unbeaten run against China stretching all the way back to 2003, and should be able to cope without the suspended Megan Rapinoe and Lauren Holiday.
Tip – Abby Wambach has scored in all three of her World Cup quarterfinal appearances, and is one short of equalling the tournament record for most goals (Marta 15) and most knockout stage goals (Michelle Akers 8).
Australia v Japan
Holders Japan are the only team left with a 100% winning record in this tournament, and their performances so far have been solid if not spectacular. That will have to improve against an Australia team buoyed by their shock last 16 win against Brazil. The Matildas will also be out for revenge after they lost 1-0 versus Japan in the 2014 Asian Cup final, but they have gone out at this stage in their last two World Cup appearances.
Tip – Japan to win and both teams to score. The holders will be expected to go through, but Australia have failed to find the net in only two of their 21 World Cup matches.
England v Canada
Every World Cup host has made it to at least the quarterfinal, but only United States (1999 and 2003) have gone on to the semifinal. Of the eight quarterfinalists, Canada (3) have scored the fewest goals at this tournament, with all-time leading goalscorer Christine Sinclair failing to find the net since the opening match. England have gone out at this stage in each of their previous three World Cups, but come into the match having won their last three fixtures by a 2-1 scoreline.
Tip – The head-to-head record between England and Canada reads five wins each. Of those 10 matches, only once did both teams score.


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Throttle control valves are one feature within the software that may or may not get used as much by different modelers as other valve types, but are another tool that in the modeler's toolbox that can be used. Due to some recent support calls we wanted to point out a few things regarding TCV's that may or may not be obvious to all users to help avoid confusion once they are used. These key points are added here to help clarify information that can help users best use this feature in the software.
First, let's start with a description of the Throttle Control Valve (TCV) from the software help file to describe what they are:
Throttle Control Valves (TCV) - A TCV may be used to
simulate a partially opened valve by adjusting the minor loss coefficient. They
are normally used to increase or decrease flows or to control pressures in the
system. A TCV can either have a Minor Loss vs.
%Open curve associated with it or not. Whether a curve is associated or not
depends on what the Setting value means to InfoWater.
Specify the Valve Type as Throttle Control in the Type field of the Modeling
Data section of the Model Explorer - Attribute Tab.
Required Fields:
Setting - %Open (with curve identified), K value (no curve)
Diameter - Diameter of valve, in. (mm)
Curve (Optional) - Minor Loss vs. %Open Curve ID
Note: For TCV's please do not enter
any data to the PID, UCL and LCL fields.
In addition here is the help description regarding the type of curve a TCV uses which is a Minor Loss vs % Open (Control Valves - Motorized Throttled)
For Motorized Throttled Valves (MTVs), a Minor Loss Coefficient Curve consists of a collection of points defining the minor loss coefficient K (Y-axis) as a function of the percentage (degree) opening setting (X-axis). It provides the capability to model valves with unique headloss characteristics such as cone and butterfly valves.
A sample table and curve are provided below. Either a general (multi-purpose) type of curve or a specific MinorLoss vs % Open curve will work as long as the X values are percent open and the y values are the minor loss K values.(Click for larger image)
General Curve
Minor Loss Vs. Percent Open Curve.jpg
MinorLoss vs. % Open Curve
ML vs % Open Curve.jpg
Here are a few key notes regarding Throttle Control Valves that will clarify their use in the model
- Throttle Control Valves use a setting which is the percent open for the valve. The TCV setting is expected to range from 0-100. (Note this is different from pump speed which is expressed as a decimal from 0-1).
- A percent open of zero as a valve setting will not directly make the valve have zero flow.
- This is due to the way TCV's were developed in EPANET. In EPANET the TCV does not have a curve, but simply assigns a minor loss K based on the setting. This means that the percent open is not used in EPANET and that at zero percent open the model will simply assign the K value to the valve. Even with the largest k value you can enter of 9999999999.00 used as the K for 0 percent open, the valve will still generally have a small flow. This is due to the intended purpose of TCV's to be used more as throttling a valve's flow rather than closing a valve off completely.
- This means the only way to completely shut off flow in a TCV is to change it's status to "closed". To make it active again the valve would have to be assigned a new setting. Be careful not to set the valve to "Open" though as this will make it act like an open pipe. Note: One could also put open/closed controls on a pipe downstream of the valve as well if you need to completely shut it off and would rather avoid the specifics of closing and making a valve active.
- Note: This may be of importance if you use TCV's to model isolation valves, which is something we see periodically in Technical Support. Make sure to close the valve rather than set it to zero percent open if you want to truly "close" the valve in the model.
- The key to understanding flow through a TCV is to understand how the headloss is calculated by the software:
- The valve setting (which ranges from 0-100) is used to identify the minor loss K to use for the valve. Once the K is known the model will calculate a flow that will induce a headloss through the valve to match the calculated head difference on both sides of the valve.
- Key points in how the headloss is calculated and how it impacts model results:
- The headloss through the valve is calculated by the following formula: HL = K*(V^2/2g), where HL is headloss in feet, K is the minor loss coefficient, V is the velocity through the valve in ft/s and g is gravity at 32.2 ft/s^2.
- Given that 2*32.2 ft/s^2 is 64.4 ft/s^2 is the divisor to the square of the velocity, headloss through the valve would need to be roughly 8 ft/s to get a value close to 1 in the V^2/2g term. Thus, unless the K is large, or the valve is small (increases the velocity) the TCV will potentially do little to throttle the flow (i.e. induce headloss to limit the flow) as the headloss will be small unless the velocity is very high.
- In essence, the model will push water through the valve until the headloss equals the head difference up and downstream of the valve. This can potentially lead to large flows if the valve is very large ( i.e. low velocity) or the K is very small, so be aware of this when you use this type of valve and make adjustments as needed to get the valve working as desired. Understanding the headloss and how it is calculated for a TCV is the key to understanding how a TCV controls the flow within the model. For lower flows through the valve either increase the K, lower the valve diameter, or decrease the setting used. If flows are still too large at the desired setting, increasing the K values in the curve or simply reducing the valve diameter may be the only way to reduce the actual flow through the valve as the only way to reduce the flow is to increase the headloss.
We hope this information will help our users to make better use of TCV's in their models and help clarify a few things that may not have been completely apparent from the current information in the help files for TCV's.
If you find you need further assistance with TCV's please don't hesitate to contact us at email@example.com.
Thank you!
Innovyze Support


text:
Just appeared as Cecily Cardew in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Tower Theatre.
"Glykeria Dimou as Cecily Cardew steals the show, bringing a modern likability to one of the more dated roles."
|Accents & Dialects:
(* = native)
|English-Standard*, French, Greek*, Italian, RP
(* = Native/Fluent)
|English*, French, Greek*, Italian
|Music & Dance:
(* = highly skilled)
|Greek Dancing, Guitar, Mezzo, Singing (general)
|BASSC-Rapier/Dagger/Unarmed (distinction)
(* = highly skilled)
|Bouldering, Football, Skiing, Stage Combat, Swimming*, Swimming (Open Water)*
|Vehicle Licences:
|Car Driving Licence, Motorcycle Licence
|Other Skills:
|Artist (Fine Art), Improvisation, Painting
Drama Studio London, Professional Acting Diploma, 2 years, 2013-2015
Worked as an assistant director in Greece for Ektoras Lygizos, Sofia Vgenopoulou and Georgia Mavraganni
University of Ioannina, Fine Arts, 2007-2012


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Who's Afraid Of R.L. Stine?
On a recent Saturday afternoon, I found myself in the children's department of a Barnes & Noble bookstore in Denver, listening to a group of kids talk about . . . shrunken heads. Actually, they were discussing How I Got My Shrunken Head, book No. 39 in R.L. Stine's mega-popular Goose-bumps series of horror books for children. The 15 or so kids, who appeared to be 8, 9, and 10 years old, sat on two long benches, clutching soon-to-be-purchased copies of Goosebumps titles while Carol Wagstaff, the store's merchandising manager, presided over the monthly gathering. Most of the children's parents had disappeared to other parts of the store.
How I Got My Shrunken Head is typical fare from Stine, who last year sold more books than any other American author. In it, a short, chubby 12-year-old named Mark describes his adventures on the fictional island of Baladora, where he attempts to rescue his missing Aunt Benna from the evil Dr. Hawlings. It's a sort of Raiders of the Lost Ark for kids, complete with red ants, quicksand, a tiger, and a shrunken head whose eyes glow.
Wagstaff read passages from the book, then asked a few questions about the plot and characters, such as, "What did Mark bring with him to the island?" Fifteen hands shot up in the air; the kids knew just about every little detail of the book. Skipping ahead to the end, Wagstaff read a section in which the shrunken head actually talks. Hearing this, one boy was so excited he couldn't contain himself. "Oh, cool!" he said, as the other kids nodded in agreement.
After the discussion, I asked the boy--Douglas Simon, an 8-year-old with straight brown hair and crooked front teeth--why he likes Stine's books. "Because they're mysteries," he said. "They chill you. They're sort of spooky, but not so spooky. They're funny sometimes." His cousin turned him onto Stine last year; now, he has about 20 Goosebumps books, and eventually he hopes to collect all of them.
"Do you read any other books?" I asked him.
"Yes," he said, "but I mostly like to read Goosebumps."
A 9-year-old named Sean, who was wearing a black Goosebumps T-shirt that he got for Christmas, told me he has all but about four or five of the books. "I'm having a little trouble keeping up with it all," he said.
Sean isn't the only one having trouble. Stine's books are so popular that bookstores can barely keep up with the demand. The 52-year-old author is a virtual one-man horror-book factory, churning out one new Goosebumps title a month. (His Fear Street books, aimed at children ages 9 through 14, are published at a slightly less-frantic pace.) He sells a mind-boggling 1.25 million books each month--more than John Grisham, more than Stephen King, more than Anne Rice. According to USA Today, Stine wrote 15 of the 100 best-selling books of 1995. No other author came close. It's largely because of Stine's popularity that Scholastic Inc., which publishes Goosebumps (but not Fear Street, published by Pocket Books), enjoyed a 60 percent jump in sales from 1993 to 1994. "The sales gain," Publishers Weekly reported, "was enough to boost Scholastic from the eighth-largest children's publisher to number five."
Goosebumps, it seems, are everywhere: bookstores, supermarkets, drugstores, even airport gift shops. There's also a Goosebumps television show, which debuted last October on the Fox Children's Television Network and quickly became the most-watched TV show for kids.
And that's not all. Last fall, Stine--a mild-looking man who lives with his wife and 15-year-old son in a three-bedroom apartment in New York City--published Superstitious, his first adult thriller. Reviews were mixed, but that didn't prevent Stine from selling the movie rights to Miramax Films.
Meanwhile, kids like Douglas and Sean are devouring Stine's books. "His books fly out of here," said Linda Spina, manager of The Bookies, a Denver bookstore that specializes in children's fare. Holly Ruck, a saleswoman at Tree House Children's Books in Peoria, Ill., told me: "They're extremely popular. We have kids calling up all the time asking, 'When is the next Goosebumps book coming out?' " And it's not just boys; girls, too, have fallen under the spell of R.L. Stine. Christopher Pike may have started the whole children's horror-book phenomenon back in 1985, with Slumber Party, but Stine has become the indisputable king of the hill.
Most parents seem to have adopted a philosophical attitude toward the cult of R.L. Stine. "I would much prefer that he do this than a lot of other things, like Nintendo," Sean's mother, Carmin Hunter-Siegert, told me. Others shrug their shoulders and say, "At least my child is reading something." A mother of a 10-year-old boy said, "I don't think they're bad books. They don't seem evil to me. The important thing is that he's reading."
Yet critics abound. Teachers have been known to ban R.L. Stine books from their classrooms. Last fall, author Diana West, writing in the second issue of The Weekly Standard, a new conservative magazine, accused Stine of writing "shock fiction for the young."
"In this literary landscape," West wrote, "narrative exists solely to support a series of shocks occurring at absurdly frequent intervals. Push-button characters serve as disposable inserts to advance the narrative, shock to shock." Her conclusion: Stine and his ilk should be taken to task for "desensitizing the very young, stunting the life of the mind before it has even begun."
Reading West's high-minded essay, I found myself coming to Stine's defense--even though I hadn't read any of his books yet. I wanted to say to West, "Lighten up. Stine's books may not be works of great literature, but, then, neither is The Shining or The Bridges of Madison County. If parents can read trashy books, why can't children? Besides, at least Stine is getting kids hooked on reading. Isn't that a good thing?"
But maybe West was onto something. A lot of kids, I discovered, are practically obsessed with Stine's creations, to the point where they won't have anything to do with other books. That doesn't seem particularly healthy. And what about nightmares? Stine calls his books "safe scares," but surely some of them are too disturbing for little minds to handle. At Barnes & Noble, I asked an 8-year-old boy named Sam if he ever got nightmares after reading Goosebumps. His answer: "Sometimes. When I was reading The Headless Ghost, I had a nightmare about a ghost named Andrew, who didn't have a head. But then he picked up his head and held it in front of his stomach. When I woke up, I was breathing hard."
"Did you tell your parents?" I asked.
"No," he told me. "They wouldn't believe me."
I decided to conduct my own investigation into the scary world of R.L. Stine. At the Tattered Cover Book Store, which has a huge children's department, I selected, more or less at random, a handful of Stine titles--Cheerleaders: The New Evil and Truth or Dare, both part of the Fear Street series, and Welcome to Dead House and How I Got My Shrunken Head, from the Goosebumps series. I went home, brewed a pot of coffee, and started reading.
The world of Goosebumps, I discovered, is quite different from the world of Fear Street.
The two Goosebumps books were pretty tame stuff. In Welcome to Dead House, which is the first book of the series, 12-year-old Amanda and her family move into a strange house in the town of Dark Falls. Naturally, the house is haunted--or so believe Amanda and her little brother, Josh. They hear creaky doors and mysterious voices in the middle of the night. But their parents don't believe them. "See if there are any other kids your age around," their mother says. So Amanda and Josh try to make friends--but there's something odd about the other children in Dark Falls. Maybe it's because they're . . . dead.
Welcome to Dead House isn't exactly The Tell-Tale Heart, but as a ghost story for kids, it's not bad. For one thing, Stine does a good job of getting into the mind of a typical 12-year-old. The parents stay mostly in the background, which allows Amanda and Josh to make discoveries on their own. There's plenty of gore but no real violence to speak of. Stine moves the story along nicely, ending each chapter on a cliffhanger. (This, I learned, is a Stine trademark.) He also puts in just the right amount of humor. In the end, of course, everything turns out OK. Amanda and Josh save their parents from the living dead, and the family hightails it out of Dark Falls.
How I Got My Shrunken Head is more of an adventure saga than a ghost story, but it follows the same basic formula of Welcome to Dead House and, I presume, the other Goosebumps books. Is it art? No. But it's an engaging story with just the right mixture of danger and levity. The Goosebumps books, I concluded, are pretty harmless stuff--at least for children 8 and older. For younger kids, who may have a harder time separating fantasy from reality, they might be too intense.
Stine's Fear Street books, on the other hand, are more problematic. They're targeted for older kids, so it's no surprise that they contain more blood. But I wasn't prepared for the gory descriptions I found in Cheerleaders and Truth or Dare.
In the first book, the cheerleaders of Shadyside High are being tormented by "the Evil"--an undefined supernatural force that keeps causing mysterious "accidents." Example: A screwdriver finds its way into the neck of Rochelle, who has just been named to the cheerleading squad. Corky, the book's main character, lets out "a horrified wail" when she sees "the bright gush of blood spurting up from Rochelle's neck."
She saw the blood. And then she saw the screwdriver. Stuck deep into the back of Rochelle's neck.
"Ohhhhh no!" Corky knew at once what had happened. The screwdriver had fallen from the bleachers above.
It had dropped straight down.
And now it lay embedded in the back of Rochelle's neck.
The blood poured out over Rochelle.
The hairbrush fell from her hand.
She slumped forward until her head hit the floor.
She didn't move.
Not even the boys' basketball coach is immune from the Evil. After a game, Corky makes this gruesome discovery:
The Tigers coach lay with his arms stretched out. The neck of an enormous green water bottle from a cooler had been shoved into his mouth.
The huge bottle rested on his face. Empty.
The water had all drained out into his body, Corky saw.
The coach had drowned. His belly and chest were bloated. Like a big water balloon.
In Truth or Dare, a group of teenagers spends a snowbound weekend at a house in the mountains. During a game of Truth or Dare, Dara, whose parents own the house (naturally, they're not around), is about to reveal something embarrassing about Josh, described as "quiet and shy." Suddenly, the boy charges at her with a fireplace poke:
Dara let out a frightened shriek. She shot out her hands as if to shield herself.
Josh stopped inches in front of her, breathing hard. He heaved the poker to the floor. And with a furious cry he spun around and ran to the hallway door leading to the left wing.
Thirty pages later, Dara suddenly turns up dead. April, who narrates the book, and her friend Ken discover the body:
I brushed snow off my eyebrows and followed Ken to the [ski] locker. He reached for the door, but the wind blew it open farther.
Ken and I both cried out, startled, as something toppled out of the ski locker and landed in the snow with a thud.
"Noooo!" A horrified wail escaped my throat as I stared down.
Stared down at a blue face under a tangle of streaked blond hair.
Stared down at a stiff, lifeless body.
Stared down at Dara's frozen corpse. . . .
Squinting through the white, gauzy curtain of snow, I saw the dark stain on the shoulder of her parka.
The dark puddle of dried blood.
"Ohhhhh!" Another cry escaped my throat as I saw the hatchet. Buried between her shoulder blades.
Buried so deep that just a glint of the metal showed above the parka.
Murdered. Dara was murdered with a hatchet.
Dara. Murdered in the snow. So cold. So cold she's blue.
My stomach lurched. I started to gag.
Considering that Stine's Fear Street books are aimed at children ages 9 through 14, such violence seems unarguably gratuitous. Yet it's not simply the violence that makes these books so disturbing; it's the way violence seems to come out of nowhere. In Stine's world, violence--or evil--doesn't necessarily have a cause; it simply is. It's random, and it can happen to anyone at any time. In Cheerleaders, for instance, Corky manages to destroy the Evil, but not before her friend Kimmy--for no apparent reason--drowns in an icy river. And in Truth or Dare, Dara turns out to have been mistakenly murdered by Ken's girlfriend, Jenny; the intended victim was April because she happened to know about a summer fling Ken had with another girl. No matter that April and Jenny are best friends. On Fear Street, your best friend may turn out to be your worst nightmare.
I wanted to give Stine the opportunity to defend himself, but he declined to be interviewed for this article. Last year, however, he told Publishers Weekly, "My thinking is that these books are entertainment. I'm very careful to keep reality out of it. The real world is much scarier than these books. So I don't do divorce, even. I don't do drugs. I don't do child abuse. I don't do all the really serious things that would interfere with the entertainment."
Asked to explain why his books are so popular, Stine replied: "I think [kids] like the books because they're like a roller coaster ride. They're very fast. They're very exciting. You think you're going to go in one direction--they take you off in another direction. So they tease you. They fool you."
I called Perry Nodelman, a professor of English at the University of Winnipeg and the author of The Pleasures of Children's Literature. In his book, Nodelman talks about how Stine, like other genre writers, offers his readers "slight variations of a basic formula, without major surprises." Adults, he goes on to say, tend to look down on such books.
"Many people," he writes, "call them 'trash' and believe that they hinder children from learning to enjoy good literature--that is, literature that less obviously fulfills a reader's expectations. As it happens, however, I've been told by many people who have become ardent readers of serious literature as adults that they spent part of their childhood absorbing every book in a popular series. Young readers of formula books may be learning the basic patterns that less-formulaic books diverge from."
Not that Nodelman isn't troubled by Stine's books. After reading about 30 of them for a paper he delivered at a conference last spring, he concluded that they are utterly lacking in a moral framework. In them, he told me, "being good or bad has nothing to do with how things turn out. So what you get is a sense that the world is a random place. I find them morally reprehensible, but they represent what we really believe and how we really act." In other words, Stine isn't trying to teach his readers anything; he's simply trying to confirm their suspicions that the world is indeed a scary place. "They tell children what they already know is true," Nodelman said.
Yet he admits that Stine's books make for compelling reading. "They're not great literature," he said, "but they're better written than some of the other popular series, like 'The Baby-Sitters Club.' There's certainly something imaginative going on in these books. And there's something unique about the way kids respond to them, but I'm not sure I have a handle on it. I think it has something to do with forbidden pleasures."
I asked him if teachers should be concerned about the Stine craze. "I worry about the kids who don't read anything but Goosebumps--and they're proud of it!" he said. "But teachers don't do enough in general about teaching literary strategies. They have an obligation to discuss these books with their students. Kids need some ways of thinking about them."
Patty Campbell, who writes a column on young adult fiction for The Horn Book Magazine, a bimonthly publication devoted to children's literature, shares none of Nodelman's ambivalence about R.L. Stine--at least not anymore. Two years ago, however, when the children's horror-book phenomenon was just starting to get noticed by the mainstream press, Campbell wrote in her column that the books were "not as bad as their reputation or the covers would have readers believe." Yes, she admitted, they contain gory scenes of violence. "It is easy to focus on these scenes and condemn the whole genre," she wrote, "but to do so is to miss the qualities that make them so popular--tight, suspense-filled plots with an irresistible page-turning pull. These books are compelling to read, even for an elderly critic like me who detests Stephen King and horror books in general. Teens are addicted to them for good reason."
Two years later, Campbell seems fed up with the whole craze, and her feelings about Stine are much less charitable. "I think he's wicked," she told me. "I think he's extremely destructive. He preys on the absolute worst instincts of the human soul. He's also an extremely bad writer. If any of his books were turned in as a 5th grade essay, he would get a D minus."
His books, she added, are "a type of pornography. Kids get a physical rush from reading them. It's not necessarily sexual, but it's visceral." (Diana West, in her Weekly Standard essay, makes the same point. After reading 30 books by Stine and others, she says she detected "an unmistakably pornographic pattern of means and ends.")
Campbell doesn't buy the theory that kids who read Stine's books will eventually move on to other, more refined, works of literature. "That's nonsense," she said. "I haven't seen that happen. What they move on to is Stephen King books. It's like eating cotton candy and potato chips all the time. After a while, you lose your taste for anything nourishing."
Susan Demanett, who teaches 6th, 7th, and 8th grade English at the Pine Hill Waldorf in Wilton, N.H., used the same metaphor, describing Stine's books as "Dorito literature." Regarding their undeniable popularity among children, she offered a different comparison: "They've spread like measles."
At Pine Hill, Demanett tries to steer her students away from such fare. "We try to encourage in our children a discriminating taste in literature," she said. "I don't think we have to rely on these. There are so many good children's books available these days."
Demanett realized what she was up against recently when she ordered some volumes from Scholastic for a book fair. The publishing company took it upon itself to add a box of Goosebumps titles to the order; reluctantly, Demanett offered them for sale. "They started going like hot cakes," she said. Her 9-year-old son, Rudy, wanted to buy a copy, but she put her foot down. "I really believe that the role of adults is to guide children," she said. "And sometimes adults need to say no to their children."
She asked, "Are Stine's books harmful? I don't know. But I think we should also ask, 'Are they helpful?' " She didn't answer the question, but I had no doubt what her answer would be.
For many teachers and librarians, R.L. Stine has become one of those damned-if-you-do, damned-if-you-don't quandaries. When librarians choose to stock his books, they face criticism from parents. Yet s that take a hard line also run the risk of angering parents. That's what happened at St. Thomas Catholic in Peoria, Ill.
Last September, Pam Cohen's 10-year-old son, Blake, came home with an order form from a book club. His 5th grade teacher had passed them out, but she told the students that they weren't allowed to order any books by R.L. Stine. But that's exactly what Blake, already a Goosebumps fan, wanted to order, and his mother thought he should be allowed to. "It made me mad," Cohen said. "I thought it was censorship."
Cohen told her son to go ahead and order the Stine books anyway, but a few days later the 's principal called and repeated the teacher's policy. Cohen, still upset, called the president of the board, who urged the principal to change the policy. Eventually, Blake was allowed to order the books.
Before her son discovered Goosebumps, Cohen said, "he didn't really read much at all. It was a struggle to get him interested in books." Now, he has about 25 Goosebumps titles, "and he's always looking for ones that he hasn't read."
"I just wanted him to get the reading bug," she said. "I didn't really care about what he was reading. And I never objected to the teacher not wanting the kids to read the books in class. I just wanted them to be able to order them and bring them home."
(I wanted to talk to the principal at St. Thomas, but she didn't return my phone calls.)
I figured if anyone was going to object to Stine's books, it would be Timothy Hamilton, an exceptional teacher who uses children's literature extensively in his 2nd grade classroom. Yet Hamilton, who teaches at a public outside of Nashville, is surprisingly unbothered by the whole phenomenon. "If they turn kids onto reading," he said, "then I don't have a problem with them. But I'm not going to promote them in the classroom. Kids need to increase their appetites for other things. They can't read Goosebumps forever."
Hamilton admitted that Stine's books "aren't very inventive," yet he isn't surprised by their popularity. "Kids love to be scared," he said. "But in the end, they want to know that they're safe." Stine, he said, knows how to fulfill both of these desires. "Besides, we all like a good roller coaster ride. And when you get to the end, you want to do it again."
He added: "Stine isn't killing off children's literature by any means. There's too much good stuff out there. It's kind of a fad, anyway. Something will come along and take its place."
Hamilton suggested I call Rosemary Oliphant Ingham, a professor of children's literature at Belmont University, in Nashville. Much of what she said echoed what I had heard from Hamilton. "I don't think Stine's books are harmful," she told me. "I think they're wonderful. They're not going to hurt the kids at all. Children are much brighter than we give them credit for. If left alone, they'll move on to something else. But if a parent pulls the book away, they may stop reading altogether." She added: "As long as the child is reading, it doesn't matter what they're reading."
Ingham, who teaches in the university's department of education, encourages her students to read Stine's books. "I think that prospective teachers need to know what children really are reading," she said, "not necessarily what we think they should be reading."
R. L. Stine may not be the devil, but he's no saint, either. I'm still bothered by the random violence depicted in his Fear Street series, but having spoken with Hamilton and others, I feel certain that Stine is not killing children's literature as we know it. "Generally," asserts Stephanie Loer, children's book editor of The Boston Globe, "the consensus is that these books are not good literature, but they are not harmful. Enticing, recreational reading, they can be a hook to get reluctant readers into libraries where they will find books of more substance."
Stine is probably right when he says that kids love a good, safe scare. My son, who is almost 2 years old, loves Maurice Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are, even though he finds it scary. He loves to say "Boo!" and he loves it when my wife and I say "Boo!" to him.
"People have always told scary stories," writes Diane Goode in the introduction to her Book of Scary Stories & Songs. "And others have loved to listen. Ghost stories are among the oldest of supernatural tales. They helped explain the unknown and, in a world where there has always been so much to fear, to make it seem less frightening. In a story, you have a sense that you have some control over your fright. At the movies, with their combination of horror and delight, you can always pull your coat over your head and scream and hope for the best--or the worst! Or around the campfire, where the dark lies outside the safety of the circle, a scare can be fun."
Kids, no doubt, will eventually grow tired of R.L. Stine, and some other author will take his place at the top of the best-seller list. "One thing, however," notes Loer, "will remain the same. There will always be a new audience of children coming along, and scary stories inevitably will cast their spell on the younger set."
Illustrations by Glynis Sweeny
Vol. 07, Issue 06, Page 37-41
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alesha dixon
Alesha Dixon is a British singer, rapper, model, television presenter and talent show judge. Her career began in all-female R&B/garage trio Mis-Teeq, before pursuing a career as a solo artist. In 2007, she won Strictly Come Dancing, and later became a judge of the show in 2009. She then moved to ITV and became a judge for Britain's Got Talent.
babita sharma
Babita Sharma is broadcaster and presenter for Newsday on BBC World News & the BBC News Channel. She studied journalism, film and broadcasting at University of Wales and began her career working at BBC Radio Wales. She has been presenting BBC World News show, Newsday, since 2015. Earlier this year, she spoke out against Lord Alan Sugar's racist tweet about the Senegal football team at the World Cup.
chiwetel ejiofor
Chiwetel Ejiofor is one of the UK's most critically acclaimed actors, best known for his award-winning role in 12 Years a Slave. Ejiofor attended London's Dulwich College and prestigious drama school LAMDA, before Steven Spielberg cast him in Amistad. He was appointed an OBE in the 2008 birthday honours.
gemma chan
Gemma Chan is an actress, most famous for her role in Channel 4's Humans. Her maternal grandparents were the first Chinese family to live in Greenock, Scotland, after fleeing Communist China. Chan has spoken up about racism in the industry, saying that she didn't think being an actress was a viable option after being turned away from auditions because they were "only going to see white women".
letitia wright
Born in Guyana and raised in London, Letitia Wright starred as Shuri in box-office triumph, Black Panther. An inspiration to young girls around the world, Wright has been working in film and TV since 2011, with roles in Black Mirror, Top Boy and Doctor Who. She was selected as one of Screen International's UK Stars of Tomorrow in 2012.
mohamed salah
Already a national hero his native Egypt, Mohamed Salah is a footballer for Premier League club, Liverpool. Undoubtedly one of the highest profile Muslim footballers in the UK, Salah proudly practices his faith in the public eye, despite the undercurrent of Islamophobic sentiment in British media.
ore oduba
On-air, on-screen and on stage, Ore has established himself as a true all-rounder since winning the 14th series of Strictly Come Dancing.
He has fronted some of the biggest national events, from the Queen's 90th Birthday celebrations to One Love Manchester for BBC1. Other notable high-profile credits include regular presenting slots on The One Show and ITV's This Morning, while Claimed and Shamed continues to be a ratings winner in the daytime schedule. Ore also dedicates much of his time to charitable causes including Comic and Sport Relief, Children in Need and Stand Up to Cancer.


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White iPhone 4 Release Date Delay: Backlight Leakage
All the hype about the white iPhone 4 release date is immense and has many Apple fans sitting in the corner of the room with angered faces and temperaments that probably should not be wrote about online.
Yes you probably would expect a few swear words flying around here and there about the delay and of course we will not allow such content in our comments section, here are a few details to keep you up-to-date.
Yesterday we reported that the iPhone 4 in white has been delayed for release because of manufacturing issues and these problems are down to getting the paint thick enough on the front of the smartphone, yes Apple would like the white iPhone 4 to be perfect and without any transparency. The paint job that Apple tried and tested was off-white and not good enough for production, there seems to a few reasons why the iPhone 4 in white is having problems.
Well according to The Street the white iPhone 4 smartphones are being delayed for release because the backlight leakage is seeping from the edges of the glass, we would love to know the real reason behind the delay.
Could it really be that Apple is telling us a white lie (No pun intended) because they really do not wish to release until they sort out the internal antenna problems occurring on the black iPhone 4 that is currently available.
Apple has said that producing the White iPhone 4 is more challenging than expected, we was all expecting Apple to sort the issue out and would release late July but this has not happened and suggestions say that we might have to wait until late 2010 or even early 2011.
If you have anything you wish to say about the White iPhone 4 please do so in the comments area provided below, if you are angry we do ask you to keep swearing out of your comment as we have all age groups visiting phonesreview.co.uk, we would delete your comments if we feel the need to. Thank you for understanding.
Source via All News Mac


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Praise be to Allah Almighty, we thank Him, seek His Help and His Forgiveness. We seek refuge in Allah Almighty from the evils of ourselves and that of our bad deeds. He whom Allah Almighty guides, is truly guided, and he whom Allah Almighty leaves to stray, none can guide him. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah Almighty, who has no partner and I bear witness that Muhammad Salla Allahu ta'ala'alayhi wa sallam is His Messenger.
This Note is a compilation of forty such verses, which are supplications imploring Allah Almighty for favours.
01 [Baqarah 2:127] "Our Lord! Accept it from us; indeed You only are the All Hearing, the All Knowing."
02 [Baqarah 2:128] "Our Lord! And make us submissive towards you and from our offspring a nation obedient to You – and show us the ways of our worship, and incline towards us with Your mercy; indeed You only are the Most Acceptor of Repentance, the Most Merciful."
03 [Baqarah 2:201] "Our Lord! Give us good in the world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of fire!"
04 [Baqarah 2:250] "Our Lord! Pour (bestow abundantly) on us patience (fortitude), and keep our feet steady, and help us against the disbelieving people."
05 [Baqarah 2:286] Our Lord! Do not seize us if we forget or are mistaken
06 [Baqarah 2:286] our Lord! And do not place on us a heavy burden (responsibility) as You did on those before us
07 [Baqarah 2:286] our Lord! And do not impose on us a burden, for which we do not have the strength; and pardon us – and forgive us – and have mercy on us – You are our Master, therefore help us against the disbelievers.
08 [A/I`mran 3:8] "Our Lord! Do not deviate our hearts after You have guided us, and bestow mercy on us from Yourself; indeed You only are the Great Bestower."
09 [A/I`mran 3:9] "Our Lord! Indeed You will gather all mankind for a Day about which there is no doubt"; indeed Allah's promise does not change.
10. [A/I`mran 3:16] "Our Lord! we have accepted faith, so forgive us our sins and save us from the punishment of fire."
11. [A/I`mran 3:53] "Our Lord! We have believed in what You have sent down and we follow the Noble Messenger, therefore record us among the witnesses of the truth."
12. [A/I`mran 3:147] "Our Lord! Forgive us our sins and the excesses committed during our efforts, and keep our feet steady, and bestow us help over the disbelievers."
13. [A/I`mran 3:191] "O our Lord! You have not created this without purpose; Purity is to You, therefore save us from the punishment of fire."
14 [A/I`mran 3:192] "O our Lord! You have indeed given disgrace to whomever You put in the fire (of hell); and the unjust do not have any supporters."
15 [A/I`mran 3:193] "O our Lord! We have heard a proclaimer calling towards faith, (saying) 'Believe in your Lord' so we have accepted faith
16 [A/I`mran 3:193] Our Lord! Therefore forgive us our sins, and wipe out our evil deeds, and make us die among the virtuous.
17 [A/I`mran 3:194] "O our Lord! And give us what You have promised us through Your Noble Messengers, and do not humiliate us on the Day of Resurrection; indeed You do not break the promise."
18 [Maidah 5:83] Our Lord, we have accepted faith – therefore record us among the witnesses of the truth."
19 [Maidah 5:114] "O Allah, O our Lord! Send down to us a table spread from heaven, so that it may become a day of celebration for us – for our former and latter people – and a sign from You; and give us sustenance – and You are the Best Provider Of Sustenance."
20 [Aa`raf 7:23] "Our Lord! We have wronged ourselves; so if You do not forgive us and have mercy on us, then surely, we are of the losers."
21 [Aa`raf 7:47] "Our Lord! Do not put us along with the unjust."
22 [Aa`raf 7:89] "Our Lord! Decide with justice between us and our people – and Yours is the best decision".
23 [Aa`raf 7:126] "Our Lord! Pour (bestow abundantly) patience on us, and bestow us death as Muslims."
24 [Yunus 10:85] Our Lord! Do not make us a test * for the unjust people." (* By giving them power over us.)
25 [Ibrahim 14:38] "O our Lord! You know what we hide and what we disclose; and nothing is hidden from Allah, neither in the earth nor in the heavens."
26 [Ibrahim 14:40] O our Lord! and accept my prayer."
27 [Ibrahim 14:41] "O our Lord! And forgive me, and my parents, and all the Muslims on the day when the account will be established."
28 [Kahf 18:10] "Our Lord! Give us mercy from Yourself, and arrange guidance for us in our affair."
29 [Ta-Ha 20:45] "Our Lord – indeed we fear that he may oppress us or deal mischievously."
30 [Tehreem 66:11] "My Lord! Build a house for me near You, in Paradise"
31 [Mominun 23:109] 'Our Lord! We have accepted faith, therefore forgive us and have mercy on us, and You are the Best Among The Merciful.'
32 [Furqan 25:65] "Our Lord – avert the punishment of hell from us; indeed its punishment is a permanent neck-shackle."
33 [Furqan 25:74] "Our Lord, soothe our eyes with our wives and our children, and make us leaders of the pious."
34 [Fatir 35:34] Our Lord is Oft Forgiving, Most Appreciative."
35 [Momin 40:7] "O Our Lord! Your mercy and knowledge encompass all things, therefore forgive those who repented and followed Your path, and save them from the punishment of hell."
36 [Momin 40:8] "O Our Lord! And admit them into the Gardens of everlasting stay which you have promised them, and those who are virtuous among their forefathers and their wives and their offspring; indeed You only are the Most Honourable, the Wise."
37 [Hashr 59:10] "O our Lord! Forgive us, and our brothers who accepted faith before us, and do not keep any malice in our hearts towards the believers – O our Lord! Indeed You only are the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful.".
38 [Mumtahenah 60:4] "O our Lord! We have relied only upon You, and towards You only we have inclined and only towards You is the return".
39 [Mumtahenah 60:5] "O our Lord! Do not put us into the trial of the disbelievers, and forgive us, O our Lord! Indeed You only are the Most Honourable, the Wise."
40 [Tehreem 66:8] "Our Lord! Perfect our light for us, and forgive us; indeed You are Able to do all things."


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first AL.com user to add photos or videos of Southern Connections
Southern Connections is located at 901 1st Ave, Opelika, AL. This business specializes in Cellular Providers.


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See Castle's Clever Nods to This Year's Oscar Nominations (VIDEO)
As movie lovers gear up to celebrate the best movies of the past year during this Sunday's Oscars, ABC has discovered an amusing parallel in its long-running series, Castle.
Over the past eight seasons, Castle has tackled all sorts of cases—several of which resemble this year's nominated films. And in the exclusive (and hilarious) video, ABC hosts the "The Rickies" awards, where clips from previous episodes are showcased as "The Refrigerant," "The Mars Man," "Mad Rick: Blurry Road" and "The Delightful Kate."
Check out the video now!
[jwplatform zORn7rlc]
Castle airs Mondays at 10/9c on ABC.


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Wild Rose are an AOR band that were formed in 2004 and released in 2014 their third album, Hit 'N' Run. They perform mid-tempo songs in the vein of bands of the eighties like the swedish Alien. After remaining in the shadows of grunge in the eighties, many good AOR bands resurfaced in the decade that followed, and some others were founded, thanks to a growing interest for music of the eighties and the will of labels like Frontier records (among others) to bring to front good old AOR through past heroes of metal like Jorn Lande or Michael Kiske. The music on Wild Rose's third offering is very well performed and truly enjoyable. The vocalist is none other than David Saylor, the very same person who lended his voice to Push's legendary 1987 record 'Strange World'.
Keyboards are overwhelming and their range is quite broad. Cosmic on Through the night, they tackle the best synth-pop acts on I'll be there. Elsewhere, like on Stay or Don't walk away, they can be enchanting with echoes of legendary canadian band Boulevard. More surprisingly, they sound eerie on Another day. In any case, keyboards are never demonstrative, they always stay focused on melody. Guitars, with their dreamy reverberations (I'll be there, Without your love, Can't wait on love, All for love) support the melodic load of voice and keyboards. They can be more aggressive ("Stay", "Give in to me"), this time to fuel the rhythmic assaults. Solos (keyboards and guitar) are scarce in order for the technique not to steal the show from the melody. The voice is in a nonchalant "bad boy" mode, i.e. with a bitter passion. The power ballad Without your love helps better appreciate the vocal signature of the singer. Last but not least, drums, with a beat frequency calibrated to highlight the melodies at best, and with a clever use of hi hat (Can't wait on love, I want your love), play an instrumental role in the catchiness of songs. Let us not forget that some of the greatest rock drummers are associated to AOR (Jeff Porcaro, Carlos Vega, Simon Phillips, Curt Cress).
Impeccable in its catchy and melodic delivery, Hit 'N' Run is a winner. Wild Rose go straight to the point: a focused album from start to end full of mid-tempo songs where catchy choruses abound, leaving no place for a distraction that would spoil the party. AOR Boulevard Records have an ear for quality AOR, and the bands of this label retain the characteristics that made the music of the greatest bands in this realm once so flamboyant. Believe me, as passionate and selective as I am about AOR, Wild Rose's Hit 'N' Run is certainly worth every single penny you will spend.
01. Through The Night
02. I'll Be There
03. Stay
04. Without Your Love
05. Another Day
06. Can't Wait On Love
07. Give In To Me
08. Together
09. Don't Walk Away
10. All For Love
11. I Want Your Love


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Faculty Member
Gerald R. Fink
Founding Member, Whitehead Institute
Professor of Genetics, MIT
Whitehead Institute Founding Member Gerry Fink developed baker's yeast as a model for studying the fundamental biology of all organisms. Fink's creative use of classical genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology has yielded numerous discoveries in biology. His lab has pioneered a better understanding of gene regulation, mutation, and recombination.
Topping the list of Fink's seminal contributions to the field was his development of a technique for "transforming" yeast that allowed researchers to introduce a foreign piece of DNA into yeast cells and study the inheritance and expression of that DNA. This technique laid the groundwork for the commercial use of yeast as biological factories for manufacturing vaccines and other drugs and set the stage for similar manipulations in more complex organisms.
Fink's discovery of filamentation in yeast uncovered a mechanism by which disease-causing fungi switch from a benign to infectious form and invade human tissues. The analysis of this switch provided the scientific basis for the search for new antibiotics. More recently, Fink used whole genome profiling to identify metabolic pathways responsible for fungal virulence that do not occur in humans and, thus, provide targets for drugs that are specific to pathogenic fungi. He has also identified a genetic mechanism by which pathogenic fungi can quickly alter their outer coatings, or appearance, and thus potentially evade the immune system.
Fink was instrumental in introducing Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism for studying plant development. He identified a mechanism of hormone signaling and outlined the key steps in the plant's response to gravity. Most recently, he uncovered mutants that enable plants to be grown in water as salty as seawater.
In 2003, Fink chaired the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Use Application of Biotechnology. This work provided the nation with critical guidance on how to deal with the threat of bioterrorism without jeopardizing scientific progress.
Fink is a Founding Member of the Whitehead Institute and American Cancer Society Professor of Genetics at MIT. He was director of the Whitehead from 1990 to 2001. Fink received his PhD degree in genetics from Yale University and served for 15 years on the faculty of Cornell University. A past president of the Genetics Society of America, he is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the Institute of Medicine.
Selected achievements
- Pioneered field of yeast molecular biology
- Developed a method for genetically engineering salt and drought tolerant plants
- National Academy of Sciences/U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology
- Awarded 2001 George W. Beadle Medal by the Genetics Society of America
- Received first honorary doctorate awarded by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Elected to American Philosophical Society, the oldest U.S. society devoted to the advancement of scientific and scholarly inquiry
- Awarded Gruber Genetics Prize (2010)
- President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 2014-17


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LexisNexis recently introduced a business model and wanted to promote the use of it amongst their employees across Asia Pacific by way of a universal analogy. They required a logo to equally represent the 4 perspectives in their business. They also needed a strong colour scheme and icons to represent 4 sectors as well as corporate tools such at Powerpoint templates and headers for their newsletters to assist during ongoing communication.
Logo for internal marketing campaign
Powerpoint templates
Logo design
Colour pallet
Powerpoint templates
Newsletter banners


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Applicable to:
- Plesk Onyx for Linux
- Plesk for Linux
SPF spam filter is enabled in server-wide mail preferences in Plesk > Tools and Settings > Mail Server Settings > Switch on SPF spam protection .
The following notifications are shown in
CONFIG_TEXT: plesk spf filter[22147]: Starting spf filter...
plesk spf filter[22147]: remote IP address does not correct
plesk spf filter[22147]: Unable to get options for spf filter
CONFIG_TEXT: plesk spf filter[22090]: Starting spf filter...
plesk spf filter[22090]: Error code: (2) Could not find a valid SPF record
plesk spf filter[22090]: Failed to query guess rules: Could not find a valid SPF record near 'a/24 mx/24 p'
plesk spf filter[22090]: Failed to query MAIL-FROM: No DNS data for 'example.comd'.
What do they mean?
Each line of the aforementioned log is explained, as follows:
This line is an error that is caused by an incorrect header on the message that was sent. It may occur if the SMTP command
HELO/EHLO is missing. The message is not checked by SPF.
If the error is seen when sending an email over the
telnet command, verify that the message is formatted correctly.
For example:
# telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 server.example.com ESMTP
HELO server.example.com
250 server.example.com
MAIL FROM: email@example.com
250 ok
RCPT TO: firstname.lastname@example.com
250 ok
354 go ahead
Subject: Test message for SPF spam protection
From: email@example.com_
This line appears if an incorrect guess rule is configured in SPF. Verify that the rule starts with "v=spf1."
The rule can be reconfigured in Plesk > Tools and Settings > Mail Server Settings > Switch on SPF spam protection > SPF guess rules or manually in the file /etc/psa-spf/spfguess.
For example:
# cat /etc/psa-spf/spfguess
v=spf1 a/24 mx/24 ptr
These notifications occur if the domain example.com does not have a valid SPF record in the DNS. In this case, SPF local rules are not applied.
The message is processed according to SPF checking mode set in server-wide mail preferences at Plesk >Tools and Settings > Mail Server Settings > Switch on SPF spam protection > SPF checking mode.
To resolve the problem, configure SPF records in the DNS zone of the domain that sends mail (as in MAIL FROM.)


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Du är här
DOF has been awarded two contracts with a large international
contractor in Egypt for the vessels Skandi Saigon and Skandi Sotra.
Both contracts have a duration of 75 days firm + 30 days options with
start up in February.
Skandi Sotra is a PSV, MT 6000 and Skandi Saigon an AHTS, Vard AH08
For further information, please contact:
Mons S. Aase, CEO, Tel: +47 91 66 10 12
Hilde Drønen, CFO, Tel: +47 91 66 10 09
With a multi-national workforce in excess of 4,000 personnel, DOF ASA
is an international group of companies which owns and operates a
fleet of modern offshore/subsea vessels, and engineering capacity to
service both the offshore and subsea market. With over 30 years in
the offshore business, the group has a strong position in terms of
experience, innovation, product range, technology and capacity.
DOF's core businesses are vessel ownership, vessel management, project
management, engineering, vessel operations, survey, remote
intervention and diving operations primarily for the oil and gas
sector. From PSV charter to Subsea engineering, DOF offers a full
spectrum of top quality offshore services to facilitate an
ever-growing and demanding industry.
The company's main operation centers and business units are located in
Norway, the UK, the USA, Singapore, Brazil, Argentine, Egypt, Angola,
and Australia.
DOF ASA is listed on the Oslo Exchange since 1997.


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Opt for classic sophistication with this traditional pendant light, coated in a handsome polished nickel finish.
Additional Info:
Largely influenced by traditional candle lanterns, the Larchmont Collection is tastefully classic. This updated pendant light has a rounded, polished nickel finish frame that encloses three candelabra style bulbs behind clear glass. Balled feet add to the timeless style, and give the impression that the "lantern" is portable. From Hudson Valley Lighting.