text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS Title: Condition of microfilm in patron-use collections, June 4, 1996 CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00089882/00001 Material Information Title: Condition of microfilm in patron-use collections, June 4, 1996 Physical Description: Archival Language: English Creator: Kesse, Erich J.Harrell, BobSchwartz, Nelda Publication Date: June 4, 1996 Copyright Date: 1996 Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00089882 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Full Text http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html UNIIT The Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections Bob Harrell, Erich Kesse, Nelda Schwartz June 4, 1996. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS In summarizing findings of this microform condition survey, two general areas surfaced as points of concern: acetate film base and storage conditions. Cosmetically the George A. Smathers Libraries microform collections faired well. While cosmetic defects (i.e. fingerprints, scratches, etc.) are not desirable, they are inevitable in a collection with such use. The amount identified in this survey is not alarming. A much more disturbing statistic is the number of microforms which are acetate based films. The instability of acetate based films is well documented. Off-gassing from these films creates deterioration problems for other films in the collection while accelerating their own embrittlement and destruction. As the survey indicates, approximately one-third of the collections are acetate based films. These films need polyester base replacement to minimize damage to other films in the collections. This survey also indicates that storage conditions of the collections is not favorable. Silvering, mold/fungus, swelling/curling, and other indicators imply that microform deterioration is being accelerated by fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity. A more stable environment is needed to help maintain good film quality, regardless of film base. Current data is not sufficient for determining the rate of microform deterioration within the collections. Data on other factors (i.e. proximity of advanced deteriorating film to other films; current storage conditions; procedures for handling and shelving films; viewing hardware, etc.) that contribute to film deterioration must be explored and documented before estimates can be more accurately projected for deterioration rate. Another problem was identified while gathering information from survey item catalog records. Many catalog records were incorrect or incomplete. For example: 17 survey items (10.24% of total items surveyed) were not on NOTIS; 32 (19.28%) holding records were nonexistent or unclear; 20 (12%) had neither holdings records nor item records; etc. Correct item records and holdings information is vital to a survey of this type. Reliability of findings and convenience to information depend on accurate catalog records. RATIONALE FOR SURVEY Evidence of microfilm deterioration in our collections has been apparent for years. For more than a decade, the Microform Center in Library West has maintained a quarantine over select microfilms whose deterioration threatened other films. At the same time, institutions from Florida to British Columbia reported the deterioration of microfilms. Studies issued by the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) confirmed the deterioration and raised questions about the vitality of acetate based films in particular (1). 07/22/96 08:50:31 Condktion of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 1 of 16 FFESES'.A-FICN DEPAB7MENT http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html Previous study at the University of Florida surveyed condition of the Libraries master microfilms and examined the causes of deterioration among these films (2). It was reasonable to assume that conditions afflicting our master microfilms afflicted our use collections to a greater degree than the quarantined films indicated. Given IPI's findings, it seemed our acetate based films -- a large part of the commercial microform supply through the late-1980's, represented a time-bomb of sorts, as certain as embrittlement among acidic 19th and early 20th century books. SURVEY METHODOLOGY IN BRIEF A program of review and replacement upon deterioration, at best, seemed wise and, at worst, crisis management. A survey of microfilms in use collections began in 1992 as a step toward planned care. From 1992 October through 1993 June, based upon national standard (3) and previous experience, the survey collected data on the conditions of 855 microfilm reels and 740 microfiche -- 1,595 microforms in all -- in each of the Smathers Libraries patron-use microform collections (e.g., Education Library, Government Documents collections, Humanities/Social Services Library, Latin American Collection, Marston Science Library, P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History, and the Price Library of Judaica). Survey design sought to characterize the microform's container and carrier (i.e., reel or core) as well as the microform itself Surveyors, trained by experienced staff, looked for evidence of deterioration (e.g., blemishes, efflorescence, scratches, warping, etc.) and manufacture (e.g., base of film, emulsion, etc.). Instruction given to and carried out by surveyors and collection curators also allowed for triage among sampled microforms. Immediate care included additional quarantine and implementation of a very modest replacement program for the worst cases. Treatments offered included the replacement of harmful containers and carriers. Acidic microfilm boxes and envelopes were replaced with neutral or alkaline buffered supply. Metal reels and cores of any type were replaced with inert plastic reels. Volatile plastic reels and reels with solid walls were also replaced. Rubberbands and plastic restraints were replaced with alkaline buffered reel ties and broken or torn films were sent to the Preservation Department for repair. Sampled microforms were chosen at random using an automated random number generator modified for each collection. Though the 1,595 microforms surveyed represent less than 1% of the Libraries microform holdings, survey findings are accurate to within 5% for the Humanities/Social Sciences Library and 10% for other microform collections. Regardless of holding collection, in the aggregate, findings are accurate to within 5%. SURVEY FINDINGS IN DETAIL Containers, Enclosures, etc. [] Containers (e.g., boxes, envelopes, etc.) [1 Retainers (e.g., paper bands, rubberbands, etc.) U Reels (e.g., metal, plastic, etc.) Microform characteristics D Film format (e.g., roll film, microfiche, etc.) o Film base (e.g., acetate, polyester, etc.) 0 Microform size (e.g., 16 mm, 35 mm, etc.) O Polarity (e.g., negative, positive, or mixed) o Emulsion types (e.g., diazo, silver, vesicular, etc.) 07/22/96 08:50:50 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 2 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html Condition findings L Fingerprints U Scratches l Breaks in film L Slice types (e.g., glue, tape, weld, etc.) o Adhesion of layers O Embrittlement L Chemical stains (i.e., Inadequate film processing) o Efflorescence (i.e., Micro-crystaline by-product of acetate film deterioration) L Mold/Fungus o Odor o Redox blemishes (i.e., Oxidation evidence associated with image density and processing) O Silvering/Mirroring (i.e., Oxidation evidence associated with storage environment) O Swelling/Curl Replacement issues o Availability L Order Fulfillment L Projected replacement costs CONTAINER TYPES Several types of containers have been used for microform storage. Cardboard and plastic boxes, metal cans, and paper envelopes were found in the collections. Roll-film/Microfilm Cardboard box (98.8% of all microfilms sampled) Of these, 23% were acidic. Surveyors and collection curators attempted to replace acidic boxes with alkaline buffered boxes as time permitted. Acidic boxes will remain in the unsampled microfilm collections and are characterized by unbuffered, grainy texture and obvious discoloration. pH neutral or alkaline buffered boxes represented 7.2% of the sample. pH was not confirmed for the 69.8% of sample remaining. Plastic box (1.0%) Metal can (0%, metal cans had been replaced prior to survey) No container (0.2%) Surveyors and collection curators provided alkaline buffered boxes in the course of survey. Roll films lacking containers will still be found in a small portion of the unsampled collections. Microfiche Paper envelope (95.8% of all microfiche sampled) pH of paper envelopes was not studied. The few examined were shown to be acid free and lignin free. Tyvek envelope (0%) While some tyvek microfiche envelopes are know to exist in the collections, none were selected by the survey sample. No container (4.2%) Surveyors and collection curators provided alkaline buffered envelopes and dividers in the course of survey. Microfiche lacking containers will still be found in the unsampled collections. 07/22/96 08:50:59 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 3 of 16 http:llkaramelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/reprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html The survey did not specifically look at container condition. Microform collection curators have actively replaced dysfunctional containers as found. Acid-free/lignin-free cardboard microfilm boxes are considered the most desirable and convenient to use. Plastic boxes may be used but are not as desirable because off-gassing of the box plasticizers can negatively affect film base and emulsions. Plastic boxes also do not "breathe" and create a microenvironment that can be harmful to film base and emulsion if gases are trapped inside the box. Metal cans are least desirable because of degradation of the paint coatings and metal decomposition that create environments that are destructive to film base and emulsions. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. RETAINER TYPES Retainers are used only with roll-films. Several types of retainers, primarily paper-bands and rubberbands, were identified. Some roll-film was not retained on the reel by any means. Paper-band (78.5% of all microfilms sampled) One quarter of these were confirmed to be acid free and lignin free. The quality of the remaining paper-bands was not established. Rubberband (6.9%) Rubberbands, when encountered, were removed and replaced by surveyors or collection curators with alkaline buffered and lignin free paper-bands. Rubberbands will still be found in the unsampled microfilm collections. Other retainer (0.4%) Other retainers, when encountered, were removed and replaced by surveyors or collection curators with alkaline buffered and lignin free paper-bands. Other retainers will still be found in the unsampled microfilm collections. Other retainer types included: pvc (plastic) strips, adhesive tape, and paper clips. No retainer (14.2%) An acid and lignin free paper band, or "tie" is preferred because they do not create hazardous chemicals or gases. Paper bands also restrict movement of the film on the reel, reducing scratches caused by movement of overlapping film layers. Rubber bands should not be used because sulfur, used to produce rubber band elasticity, reacts negatively with silver images and film base. Plasticizers used to stabilize PVC (plastic) strips release corrosive hydrogen chloride gas which migrates and concentrates to the surface of the strips, damaging any film base or silver images with which it might come in contact. Adhesive tape may pull emulsion layers from the film base. Residual tape adhesive may obstruct viewing equipment film path, causing film damage as it is viewed. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. 07/22/96 08:51:06 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 4 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html REEL TYPE Both plastic and metal reels were found in the collections. Though no cores, i.e., reels without walls, were found, several were found and replaced prior to the survey. The existence of cores in the collections is negligible. Also negligible were the number of roll-films found without reels or cores. No core of any type (0% of all roll-film/microfilms sampled) Plastic reel (97.5%) Plastic reels, either not inert or without open walls, when encountered, were replaced by surveyors or collection curators with open-walled, inert plastic reels. Other plastic reels lacking optimal characteristics will still be found in the unsampled microfilm collections. The number of such reels was not quantified. Metal reel (2.2%) Metal reels, when encountered, were replaced by surveyors or collection curators with open-walled, inert plastic reels. A concentrated effort to replace metal reels in the Humanities/Social Sciences Library's Microform Center was completed after survey. Other metal reels will still be found in the unsampled microfilm collections of the other libraries. No reel or core (0.3%) Roll-films without reels, when encountered, were provided with open-walled, inert plastic reels by surveyors or collection curators. Other roll-films without reels may still be found in the unsampled microfilm collections. Preservation standard requires reel film to be housed on inert plastic reels with open walls. Paint coatings of metal reels may react negatively with silver images or film base. If metal reels are not stored properly they will decompose, producing harmful residue (i.e. rust, metal shards, etc.) which may scratch silver emulsion or create cuts in film base. Open walls of reels allow films to "breathe" with environmental changes. Film base may swell or contract depending on humidity levels. Open walls reduce the affect of this change on the film. Solid wall reels do not allow film to flex with temperature and humidity changes which may cause reels to warp. This, in turn, causes film to become restricted on the reel, creating greater possibility of tearing of film as it is unspooled for viewing. Because closed wall reels do not readily allow contraction and expansion, the possibility of film adhesion (i.e. emulsion sticking to the previous wrap of film) is greatly increased. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. FILM FORMAT Both roll-film (53.6% of sample) and microfiche (46.4%) were found in the collections. One hybrid microfiche made of roll film cut into strips and placed into channeled polyester jackets was also found. 07/22/96 08:51:12 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 5 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edulreprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html Approximately 10.3% of the Libraries' microforms are roll-films. Though roll-films are over represented in this survey, information about both roll-films and microfiche, individually and in the aggregate, are accurate to a confidence level of + 5%. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. FILM BASE Two types of film base, acetate and polyester, were identified. The percentage of each was relatively consistent among film formats, roll-film/microfilm and microfiche. ROLL-FILM/MICROFILM Acetate based film (33.7% of all microfilms sampled) HSSL 69.8% of acetate base roll-film/microfilm sample 70.4% of all roll-fill/microfilm LAC 28.8% of acetate base roll-film/microfilm sample 26.4% of all roll-film/microfilm MSL 1.3% of acetate base roll-film/microfilm sample 1.8% of all roll-film/microfilm JUD 0% of acetate base roll-film/microfilm sample .7% of all roll-film/microfilm EDU 0% of acetate base roll-film/microfilm sample .6% of all roll-film/microfilm Polyester based film (66.3% of all microfilm sampled) HSSL 70.7% of polyester base roll-film/microfilm sample 70.4% of all roll-fill/microfilm LAC 25.1% of polyester baseroll-film/microfilm sample 26.4% of all roll-film/microfilm MSL 2.1% of polyester base roll-film/microfilm sample 1.8% of all roll-film/microfilm JUD 1.1% of polyester base roll-film/microfilm sample .7% of all roll-film/microfilm EDU .9% of polyester base roll-film/microfilm sample .6% of all roll-film/microfilm 07/22/96 08:51:19 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 6 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html MICROFICHE Acetate based film 28.8% of all microfiche sampled HSSL 54.1% of sample LAC 0% of sample MSL 45.9% of sample JUD 0% of sample EDU 0% of sample Polyester based film 71.2% of all microfiche sampled HSSL 54.1% of sample LAC 0% of sample MSL 45.9% of sample JUD 0% of sample EDU 0% of sample While we feel certain some acetate based films are contained in the Judaica and Education collections, their survey sample, based on percentages of the entire collections, showed none. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. MICROFORM SIZE Roll-film/Microfilm The nominal size was 35 mm throughout the sample. From experience, we know that there are 16 mm roll-films in the collections, but their number is clearly negligible. Microfiche The nominal sheet size was 105 x 148 mm throughout the sample. Preservation guidelines suggest acquisition of 35 mm film whenever available. Microfilming for preservation guidelines require 35 mm film. 35 mm film allows for lower reduction, is more tollerant of resolution errors than 16 mm film and is the defacto standard among microfilm reader manufacturers. 16mm microfiche contents is determined by the reduction ratio at which the camera 07/22/96 08:51:25 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 7 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edulreprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html is set at filming. 105mm x 148mm is the defacto standard. Microfiche collections should adhere to a uniform size to prevent leaning and bending. Leaning and bending result in scratched and curled fiche and can lead to nicks or tears that may accelerate necessity of replacement. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. FILM POLARITY Positive and negative microforms as well as one roll-film composed of both negative and positive microfilm were identified. Roll-film/Microfilm Positive (97% of all microfilms sampled) Negative (3%) Silver (94.1% of microfilms sampled) Mixed polarity (i.e., positive and negative) (a negligible percentage) Microfiche Positive (1% of all microfiche sampled) Negative (99%) Silver (19.1% of microfiche sampled) Mixed polarity (i.e., positive and negative) (a negligible percentage) All Microforms Positive (52.3% of all microforms sampled) Negative (47.7%) Mixed polarity (i.e., positive and negative) (a negligible percentage) Polarity was surveyed to help determine duplication and replacement costs. Silver negative films in the use collections is more susceptible to all forms of degradation (i.e. scratches, improper storage and handling, etc.). This means shorter shelf life and more frequent replacement. It is known that some negatives in the use collection are the only existing negatives. A separate survey is being conducted to identify and replace these negatives. While negative microfiche sample seemed extremely high, these numbers were found to be representative of the collection. Images in microfiche format filmed at high reduction ratios (i.e. 1:32) create a very small image. Negative images give higher contrast, making smaller images easier to read. Government documents make up a majority of the microfiche collection. The collection staff indicated that government documents on microfiche are almost exclusively negative format. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. 07/22/96 08:51:30 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 8 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edulreprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html EMULSION TYPE Each of the three emulsion types, diazo, silver and vesicular, used in microfilm production exists in the collection. Although some vesicular film is known to exist in the collections, only silver and diazo emulsion types were evident in the survey sample. Roll-film/Microfilm Diazo (5.9% of all microfilms sampled) Silver/Silver-halide (94.1%) Vesicular (0%) Microfiche Diazo (80.9% of all microfiche sampled) Silver/Silver-halide (19.1%) Vesicular (0%) Emulsion is the light sensitive coating suspended in a gelatin layer and fixed to the film base layer. Silver emulsion films, of all emulsion types, have the greatest potential life expectancy in storage. Diazo film contains photosensitive diazonium salts suspended in the film. Diazo film is more durable that silver film but has a life expectancy shorter than silver films. Vesicular film contains photosensitive dies suspended in the film. Vesicular film, like diazo, is very durable but has a life expectancy shorter than either diazo or silver films. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. FINGERPRINTS Fingerprints are an inevitable signature of use. While not all fingerprints are visible, surveyors noted that 16.6% of all microforms sampled carried visible fingerprints. Fingerprints contain oils, acids and other contaminants that can be harmful to film emulsions. Oils, in particular, may provide fertile anchor to mold spores and may migrate successfully through silver gelatin emulsions. Fingerprints also deposit particulates which, to some degree, are responsible for scratching. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. SCRATCHES Scratching microfilm during storage and usage seems inevitable, and the survey found just under one quarter of all microforms to be scratched so as to obliterate images/text. (Other scratches were discounted.) 07/22/96 08:51:35 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 9 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/reprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html Roll-film/Microfilm Scratches were noted on 15.9% (136 of 855) of roll-films. Of scratched roll-films, 94.85% (129 of 136) had silver emulsion (i.e., 16.02%, or 129 of 855) of silver emulsion roll-films were scratched). Microfiche Scratches were noted on 32.61% (241 of 739) of microfiche. Of scratched microfiche, 14.93% (36 of 241) had silver emulsion (i.e., 25.53% (36 of 141) of silver emulsion microfiche were scratched). It was suspected that fingerprints, indicative of poor handling, could be associated with scratches, but this seems unlikely as only 5.7% of scratched film had evidence of fingerprints -- not even half the microforms showing fingerprint evidence. Improperly handled film or film used on equipment that is in need of repair or adjustment causes scratches to the emulsion layer. Silver film is particularly succeptable to scratches because the emulsion rides on the surface of the film rather than within a film layer as do diazo and vesicular emulsions. Scratches can destroy images/text, as well as provide havens for microbiological growth by exposing the films' gelatin layer. Cross-tabulation of survey data found no significant correlation of mold to scratches in the sample. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. BREAKS IN FILM The survey found no instances of unrepaired film breaks. Microform collection curators have always sought to repair broken or torn films immediately upon discovery. Breaks and tears occur when microfilm is mishandled by the user, when equipment for viewing films is in need of adjustment or repair, or when the film itself is inherently weak or weakened as a result of embrittlement or weak prior splicing. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. SPLICE TYPES The majority of roll-films sampled (98.48%) had never been spliced. Adhesive- and tape-splices and ultrasonic welds were noted among the remaining 1.5% of the sample. Adhesive/Glue splice (0.47% of all microfilms sampled) Tape splice (0.35%) Ultrasonic weld (0.35%) 07/22/96 08:51:41 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 10 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html Other splice (e.g., heat weld) (0.35%) The most desirable method of joining two pieces of film is by ultrasonic weld. Ultrasonic welds are stronger and more durable than heat welds or any of the various splicing methods. However, their strength and durability can only be guaranteed with polyester films. The Preservation Department now uses ultrasonic welding exclusively, even though they may have to be repeatedly used on acetate films over time. Tape splicing adhesive migrates, causing sticking, and may pull silver emulsions and the images they carry with them from their film base. Residual adhesive may cause the film path of viewing equipment to become obstructed, increasing chances of film damage. Glue and other adhesives which chemically bonds films together contain plasticizers which volatilize (i.e., become embrittled) with age and re-break, but the detrimental effects on human health of these adhesives is the greatest reason for their non-use. NUMBER OF SPLICES Preservation standard suggests that no more than 6 splices be made to any film; the greater number of splices the more likely scratching, tearing and breaking will occur when equipment encounters the splice. No sampled film had been spliced more than twice. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. ADHESION OF LAYERS/STICKING Survey did not find adhesion or sticking of silver emulsion microforms to be a significant problem (0.3%). Adhesion among silver emulsion roll-films sampled was slightly more prevalent (0.5%) than it was among silver emulsion microfiche sampled (0.3%). Adhesion is indicative of high humidity storage climates affecting silver emulsion films. As silver emulsion film is wound onto reels, moisture can become trapped between the film base of one loop and the gelatin emulsion layer of the next loop. Adhesion can also affect silver emulsion microfiche stored without envelopes or dividers. When adhesion occurs, images carried by the emulsion may be stripped from the supporting film base during use. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. EMBRITTLEMENT Survey did not find embrittlement of microforms to be a significant problem (0.4%) overall. None of the polyester based films were brittle. However, 1.1% of acetate base films were embrittled. Embrittlement is a natural result of aging, exaggerated or advanced by certain climate conditions. As plasticizers in microforms volitalize or escape, microforms become brittle. Acetate film is 07/22/96 08:51:46 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 11 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html known to be less stable than polyester film in this regard. Embrittled films tend to curl and are prone to breaking with use. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. CHEMICAL STAINS Chemical residue or "stain" was evident in 5% of the total sample and 7.6% of the silver emulsion microforms sampled. Identification of chemical stains was not possible but should be assumed as detrimental to silver emulsion films. Residues "stain" microfilm as a result of inadequate processing. Water, fixer and developers are the frequent sources of stains and are threats to the gelatin emulsion of silver films. They may soften or "eat" into a gelatin emulsion, causing adhesion or separation, image distortion or fading, etc. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. EFFLORESCENCE Evidence of efflorescence among the sample as a whole was insignificant (0.2%). Polyester base films are not known to effloresce, and no polyester base films were identified among microforms efflorescing. Acetate base films were efflorescing at a rate of 0.6% of the acetate base film sample. Evidence of chemical staining could not be associated with efflorescence; the correlation was negligible. Efflorescense, manifest as a white or gray, powdery substance, is a by-product of film deterioration, usually advanced and most commonly associated with acetate based films. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. MOLD/FUNGUS Surveyors identified 5.2% of the total sample (5.81% of the silver emulsion sample) as having signs of mold, mildew or other fungal infection. Of these in the total sample, 28% had visible fingerprints. Cross-tabulation correlated 1.57% of microforms (1% silver emulsion) with visible fingerprints to an infection. Cross-tabulation arising from concern that efflorescence was misreported as mold, found no correlation or misreporting of efflorescence. 07/22/96 08:51:52 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 12 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/reprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html Mold and other microbiological agents may soften or "eat" into a gelatin emulsion, causing adhesion or separation, image distortion or fading, etc. Humid conditions, either in the storage area, drawers or containers, promote infection. Microforms are ideally stored at or below 40% Relative Humdity. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. ODOR A chemical ("vinegar") odor from microforms was reported in 3.6% of the total sample. Odor could not be associated with polyester base films, but was associated with 10.6% of the acetate base film sample. Associations with chemical residue (0.4%), and mold (0.5%) were insignificant. No association with efflorescence, another symptom of acetate base film decomposition, could be established. When film base deteriorates to critical levels, odorous off-gassing occurs. Once off-gassing occurs, a microenvironment is created within microform containers and drawers that accelerates the deterioration of adjacent microforms. Odor or off-gassing is the most often considered factor in quarantine decision making among the Libraries' microform collection curators. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. REDOX BLEMISHES Evidence of Redox blemish among silver emulsion films was 3.0%. Of affected silver emulsion roll-films, 95% were found contained within acidic cardboard boxes. Redox, red oxidized blemishes often referred to as "measles", is an indication of silver oxidation resulting from a combination of image density, inadequate film processing (i.e., developing and washing), and inadequate storage climate. Non acid-free/lignin-free containers may contain peroxides and other industrial agents known to accelerate silver oxidation. Redox damages silver emulsion films and obliterated the images carried by the emulsion. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. SILVERING/MIRRORING 07/22/96 08:51:58 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 13 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edulreprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html Silvering (i.e., mirroring/tarnishing) of silver emulsion films was reported at a rate of 9.1%. As silver particles of film emulsion are exposed to oxidants in poor storage and use environments, the black silver image turns a bluish color, making it reflective. This is referred to as "silvering". Advanced silvering makes this blue color even more pronounced, giving a metallic or mirrored sheen. This condition eventually renders images carried by the emulsion unreadable. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. SWELLING/CURL Swelling or curls were reported at a rate of 12.3% in the total sample. Swelling/curl is not known to be associated with polyester base film and no association could be made by the survey. Among acetate base films, swelling/curl was reported at a rate of 36.6%. The Latin American Collection contains 59.18% (116 of 196) of the items identified with swelling/curl. Humanities and Social Sciences Collection contains 40.3% (79 of 196) of the surveyed items and Marston Science Library Collection indicated .52% (1 of 196). Judaica and Education samples did not show swelling/curl. Swelling occurs when relative humidity (RH) in the storage environment is too high. Ideally, RH should be 35% 5% (American standard previously allowed for a range of 40% 5%). High RH may allow moisture to be absorbed into the film -- this is most probable with silver emulsions. Swelling is symptomatic of films subjected to high RH. Curl occurs when plasticizers in the film have escaped (i.e., the film has become embrittled). Climate "cycling", (i.e., temperature fluctuation which dries then re-hydrates film) advances curl and embrittlement. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. AVAILABILITY (Insert statements here.) Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. ORDER FULFILLMENT 07/22/96 08:52:03 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 14 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edu/repro/micrographics/survey/1996.html The survey did not study order fulfillment issues outside of current availability study. Availability does not imply successful order fulfillment or continuing availability. Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. PROJECT REPLACEMENT COSTS Vendors were identified for titles selected for the survey which were acetate based films to determine replacement costs. Much confusion arose trying to determine replacement costs because targeting of many films did not include specific information concerning production. Many of the vendors who produced these microfilms have gone out of business, merged with other companies, moved offshore, etc. Some vendors were unaware that they held negatives for specific survey titles while others were unaware that they duplicated microforms for sale. Some were unaware whom to contact within their own organization to find duplication prices. Some refused to give a specific price even though the title and year requested was given. Very large organizations are very general in their organization description, making identification of survey titles producers extremely difficult to contact. However, some vendors of survey titles (approximately 40%) were able to respond with general pricing information (i.e. some vendors who own multiple survey title negatives charge different prices for different titles based on royalty fees, etc.). Replacement costs derived from this survey are, therefore, an average cost given by the vendors that were able to establish a general duplication cost. The average cost of duplication for 35mm polyester based microfilm is $50.00 per reel. Microfiche prices were not determined because the University Libraries owns a microfiche duplicator and can readily duplicate deteriorated fiche. The cost of microfiche duplication film stock is currently $0.18 per fiche. Using percentages of acetate base film in the microform collection sample, the Libraries collection of approximately 135,000 reels yields approximately 45,000 acetate based microfilms. Estimated cost of 35mm acetate base replacement by vendor is $2,250,000 (45,000 x $50). Using percentages of acetate base microfiche in the microform collection sample, the Libraries collection of approximately 1,450,00 fiche yields approximately 417,000 acetate based microfiche. Estimated cost of 16mm acetate base microfiche replacement is approximately $75,000 (417,000 x $0.18) for raw film stock only. Additional costs will be incurred for labor to operate microfiche duplication equipment, quality control and fiche containers. Since current copyright laws allow duplication for replacement of existing microfilm copies, the Libraries could consider contracting a vendor for duplication purposes. The price for duplication under the Libraries current processing/duplication contract is $16.96 per 35mm polyester base reel, far less than the average vendor price of $50 per reel. Using the Libraries current contract, replacement cost of acetate base microfilm with polyester base microfilm would be approximately $750,000 (45,000 x $16.96), a savings of approximately $1,500,000. Under the current University microfilm services contract, duplication of microfiche costs $0.45 each, or an estimated expenditure for replacement of approximately $187,500. While microfiche costs are well above estimated in-house costs, this firm price includes raw fiche stock, duplication equipment and labor, inspection and storage containers. With such large quantities, duplication contract negotiation should decrease current prices for both microform formats. 07/22/96 08:52:09 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 15 of 16 http://karamelik.eastlib.ufl.edulreprolmicrographics/survey/1996.html Back to LIST OF CHARACTERISTICS SURVEYED. REFERENCES 1. Image Permanence Institute studies. O Image Permanence Institute. Final report to the Office of Preservation, National Endowment for the Humanities, grant # PS-20159-88, preservation of safety film. Rochester, NY : IPI, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1991. D Image Permanence Institute. IPI storage guide for acetate film. Rochester, NY : IPI, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1993. D Reilly, James M., et al. Stability of black-and-white photographic images, with special reference to microfilm. [Conference paper: National Archives Canada. Conservation in Archives. May, 1988.] Re-edited and published as: When clouds obscure silver film's lining. INFORM. 2 : 8 (Sept. 1988), pp. 16-20, 37-38. Back. 2. Kesse, Erich J. Condition survey of master microfilm negatives, University of Florida Libraries. ABBEY NEWSLETTER. 15 : 3 (May 1991), pp. 47-51. Back. 3. Association for Information and Image Management. Standard for information and image management : recommended practice for inspection of stored silver-gelatin microforms for evidence of deterioration. New York, NY : American National Standards Institute, 1990. (Standard number: ANSI/AIIM MS45-1990.) Back. Back to top of document. For additional information about this survey, contact Bob Harrell at email@example.com. 07/22/96 08:52:17 Condition of Microfilm in Patron-Use Collections 16 of 16 Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs


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They are firecrackers in the sky and they are massive. The ultra-modern Chandra X-ray Telescope has observed numerous supernovae and copious amount of X-rays in the Carina Nebula. NASA recently released pictures it snapped up using a radio telescope that shows a black hole gobbling up matter in the Centaurus A galaxy. In cosmic terms, both Carina and Centaurus A are close by, but not too close. We are lucky enough to have a great view of the violent and stunning explosions and be awed by them, while coming to no harm. We examine both in this article, and with stunning pictures.
Violent Scene 1:
Location: Carina, a stellar nursery and a violent neighborhood, about 7500 light years from Earth
Protagonist: The Chandra X-ray telescope, the best eye we have to see the X-ray band with
Observation: Streams of X-rays detected, which are signatures of massive supernovae explosions
Verdict: Awe-inspiring
Let's get straight to the image.
Get a bigger image here. (And you know you want to… you just have to get a bigger image!)
This is a false color image, because we are actually seeing in X-rays. The red is for low energy X-rays and blue is for the high energy ones. Shades of green and yellow represent intermediate energies.
Here's what magical about the image: It has been made up of 22 separate images through an exposure time of 1.2 million seconds! It's ultra-high resolution, and amazingly detailed. We get to see through a lot of dust, that optical radiation just cannot penetrate.
Remember that all the light in the image represents X-rays, which are very energetic. Look at the halo, the diffused purple glow around the central arc. That represents the X-rays being thrown out by ejected materials and charged stellar winds ramming into interstellar matter, and being shocked into X-rays emission. (Here's the simple rule of thumb from physics: If you have charged particles moving fast and you suddenly stop them, the energy is emitted suddenly as electromagnetic waves, which, in this case, is X-rays. The energy of the EM waves is dependent on how fast the particles were moving and how suddenly they were stopped.)
What's the big deal? Well, it seems that Carina has been producing very massive stars over the last few millions of years. These stars are so massive that they do not survive too long (Our Sun is a medium sized star and thus it is billed to last for 10 billion years; not so for many giant stars, which can die after living brightly for a short period of 10 million years). These stars die in extravagant explosions, called supernovae, which can outshine an entire galaxy for a few seconds. Further, Chandra has actually managed to count the number of heavy stars (those emitting X-rays) in the neighborhood and it turns out to be greater than previously thought.
We just wanted to show you, as a bonus, what the Carina actually looks like in optical light. It reveals a whole lot more stars, since there are many which don't emit X-rays.
(Enlarge here! You've got to!)
Violent Scene 2:
Location: Centaurus A, a local galaxy in the Centaurus constellation; about 12 million light years away from Earth
Protagonist: The TANAMI project, various radio telescopes
Observation: Radio images reveal giant plumes of radio waves in jets driven by the galactic supermassive black hole
Verdict: Scary and beautiful
The Centaurus A galaxy is an elliptic galaxy (our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy), having a central supermassive black hole. NASA's radio telescopes, under the TANAMI project, have now glimpsed the very heart of the galaxy and what they see is awe-inspiring. The central black hole throws out matter in jets, as matter from surrounding stars are yanked in by the black hole.
The black hole is estimated to be 55 milliontimes more massive than the Sun. Advanced interferometry techniques enhance the quality of the images. Interestingly, NASA's Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope has detected very high energy in the central parts of Centaurus A. Where these come from is a mystery.
Enjoy the images. Also, there is more information in a nice little video NASA has prepared. Hereit is!
Remember the golden words. The Universe is not queerer than we suppose; it is queerer than we can suppose.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dating Violence
Safer recognizes all forms of dating violence. If you feel you have been in an abusive relationship in any way, please refer to our What to do if… tab to gain further information about campus options and resources available to you.
Dating violence is a pattern of behaviors by one partner in order to maintain power and control in a dating relationship. While physical violence is a form of domestic/ dating violence, it is not the only form. A perpetrator may be psychologically, verbally, sexually, financially, and/or emotionally violent. All forms of abuse are serious and no one deserves to experience violence in their relationships. The Power and Control Wheel below illustrates ways in which a perpetrator may use violence against their partner.
Controlling behavior may include:
- Not letting you hang out with your friends
- Calling or paging you frequently to find out where you are, whom you're with, and what you're doing
- Telling you what to wear
- Having to be with you all the time
Verbal and emotional abuse may include:
- Calling you names
- Jealousy
- Belittling you (cutting you down)
- Threatening to hurt you, someone in your family, or himself or herself if you don't do what he or she wants.
Physical abuse may include:
- Shoving
- Punching
- Slapping
- Pinching
- Hitting
- Kicking
- Hair pulling
- Strangling
Sexual abuse may include:
- Unwanted touching and kissing
- Forcing you to have sex
- Not letting you use birth control
- Forcing you to do other sexual things
Anyone can be a victim of dating violence. Both boys and girls are victims, but boys and girls abuse their partners in different ways. Girls are more likely to yell, threaten to hurt themselves, pinch, slap, scratch, or kick. Boys injure girls more and are more likely to punch their partner and force them to participate in unwanted sexual activity. Some teen victims experience physical violence only occasionally; others, more often.
If You Are a Victim of Dating Violence, You Might…
- Think it's your fault.
- Feel angry, sad, lonely, depressed, or confused.
- Feel helpless to stop the abuse.
- Feel threatened or humiliated.
- Feel anxious.
- Not know what might happen next.
- Feel like you can't talk to family and friends.
- Be afraid of getting hurt more seriously.
- Feel protective of your boyfriend or girlfriend.
Dating Violence in the LGBTQ Community
LGBTQ youth show significantly higher rates of dating violence when compared to non-LGBTQ youth, for example:
- 42.8% of LGBTQ youth reported physical abuse by dating partners
Compared to 29% of heterosexual youth reporting physical abuse
- 59% of LGBTQ youth reported emotional abuse by dating partners
Compared to 46% of heterosexual youth reporting emotional abuse
- 37% of LGBTQ youth reported being abused or harassed online
Compared to 26% of heterosexual youth reporting online harassment
More information at: http://www.hrc.org
Barriers to finding support and resources
- A survivor may be afraid to seek help from police and counseling services due to possible discrimination or insensitivity.
- Some abusers will threaten to "out" their partners to further control them.
- Limited resources specific to the LGBT community
- Women's shelters may not be sensitive to same-sex abuse or gender identity concerns.
- Fears of not being believed or losing friends and support within their community
Adapted from: National Lesbian and Gay Health Foundation Conference, July 1990
Abuse/battering that occurs in same-sex relationships is usually mutual.
FACT: True "mutual battering" is rare. A consensual "fight" is not going on. A cycle of violence that includes control and domination by one of the partners is occurring. Many victims will attempt to defend themselves by fighting back.
Only heterosexual women get battered. Men are never victims of domestic violence.
FACT: Men can be victims, and women can batter. Stereotypes about gender and sexual orientation are repudiated by the fact that gay men are victims, and lesbians are batterers at roughly the same rate as heterosexuals are.
Women do not abuse; lesbian relationships are egalitarian. When women fight, they are not violent.
FACT: Abuse is about power and control, and all relationships are affected by issues of power. Even though two partners may be the same sex, differences in power can come from differences in financial earning power or other factors. Anger and violent behavior are not restricted to one sex.
Domestic violence is less common in same-sex relationships.
FACT: Gay men are victims and lesbians are batterers at roughly the same rate as heterosexuals are.
It isn't really violence when a same-sex couple fights. It is just a lover's quarrel and a fair fight between equals.
FACT: There is nothing fair about domestic violence. This myth draws on the inability or unwillingness of many people to look at violence between two people of the same gender, particularly men, as a violent situation where one person is clearly a victim.
It isn't really violence at all when gay men fight; it's just boys being boys.
FACT: The commonly held belief that it is acceptable and normal for men to be violent is false. There is nothing normal about domestic violence. This is much more than "boys being boys." It is abuse.
The batterer will always be butch, bigger and stronger. The victim will always be femme, smaller and weaker.
FACT: Size, weight, butchness, queeniness, or any other physical attribute or role are not good indicators of whether or not a man will be a victim or a batterer. This myth focuses only on the physical aspects of domestic violence. A batterer does not need to be built like a linebacker to smash your compact disks, cut up all your clothing, or threaten to tell everyone at work that you are really a queer. Violence is a matter of personal choice, not body size.
People who are abusive under the influence of drugs or alcohol are not responsible for their actions.
FACT: Abusers use drinking as one of the many excuses for violence, and as a way of putting responsibility for their behavior elsewhere. Stopping the drinking will not end the abuse. Both problems must be addressed. Many people under stress do not batter or abuse. Perpetrators who are stressed at work do not assault their bosses or co-workers. Victims are usually abused in private.
Same-sex domestic violence is sexual behavior, a version of sadomasochism. The victims actually like it.
FACT: Relationship violence is not sexual behavior. In consensual S & M, any violence, coercion, or domination occurs within the context of a contract or agreement within which there is trust and/or an agreement between parties about the limits and boundaries of behavior. In contrast, domestic violence takes place without any mutual trust or agreement, and is not consensual or pleasurable for the victim. Relationship violence involves no such contract. Relationship violence is abuse, manipulation and control that are unwanted by the victim.
Victims in same-sex relationships exaggerate the violence that happens to them. If it were really that bad, they could and would just leave.
FACT: Most victims actually minimize the violence that happens to them because of the guilt, shame, and self-blame attached to victimization, and because others do not believe them or refuse to listen. Leaving is often the hardest thing for a victim to accomplish, and is commonly harder than staying.
Batterers may threaten their victims with more violence (including murder threats) if they leave. In general, incidents of domestic violence have been found to increase in severity when a victim leaves. Leaving an abusive situation requires resources such as money, housing, transportation, and support structures, all of which may have been eroded by life with an abuser.
It is easier for victims of same-sex domestic violence to leave the abuser than it is for heterosexual battered women.
FACT: This myth is perpetuated by cultural homophobia which invalidates LGBT relationships as less significant than opposite-sex relationships. Same-gender couples are as intertwined and involved in each other's lives as are heterosexual couples. It may be harder for those in LGBT relationships to leave if they have less of a supportive network, if social service agencies and police are not prepared to serve them, if they are closeted and cut off from family or other sources of support. The false assumption that LGBT people do not have children also affects the stereotype that it is easier for LGBT people to leave.
Domestic violence primarily occurs among LGBT people who hang out at bars, are poor or are people of color.
FACT: Domestic violence is a non-discriminatory phenomenon; victims as well as violent and abusive offenders come from all walks of life, ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, and educational levels. Racist and classist stereotypes around domestic violence are common not just in the LGBT community, but also in the dominant heterosexual culture.
Victims often provoke the violence done to them. They are getting what they deserve.
FACT: Batterers often manipulate victims to believe this myth. It perpetuates the false idea that victims are responsible for the violence done to them, that victims cause batterers to be violent. This common kind of "victim blaming" is powerfully destructive for survivors. In reality, whatever the situation that precedes abusive behavior, there is always an alternative, non- violent way of responding. Batterers choose violence; victims do not 'provoke it.' Abuse is the sole responsibility of the violent person.
Only men can commit rape.
FACT: Many people do not want to believe or are unaware that same-sex rape happens. If it is acknowledged, often is it thought to be "not as bad" as male-female rape. Even lesbians and bisexual women do not want to believe they could hurt each other. Because many people define rape as penetration by a penis, woman to woman rape is not acknowledged or taken seriously. But in fact, it is estimated that 1 out of 3 lesbians have been sexually assaulted by another woman.
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one person against another in an intimate relationship such as roommates, cohabitation, marriage, dating or within the family. It can be experienced by persons in heterosexual or same-sex relationship, all genders, ethnicities, classes. Forms of domestic violence include physical, emotional, verbal, financial, spiritual, economic and sexual abuse, which can range from subtle, coercive forms of abuse to violent physical abuse.
If you feel that you are involved in domestic violence, please see our What To Do If... tab


text:
Morblus, I Play My Blues,
The Joey Gilmore Band, This Time I'm Gone For Good,
Megan Flechaus, Don't Forget Tonight,
Wobblesauce, Moon Rips,
Ray Goren, Free,
Jim Gustin And Truth Jones, Crazy Little Women,
Jon Zeeman, All I Want Is You,
Big Bill Morganfield, Time To Go,
Billy Price, Lickin' Stick,
Vanessa Collier, When It Don't Come Easy,
Lauren Mitchell, Stand Up Like A Man,
Hurricane Ruth, Estilene,
Billy T. Band, Gone,
Delta Moon, Coolest Fools,
Hector Anchondo Band, Dig You Baby (feat Amanda Fish),
Chris Antonik, I'd Burn It All Down (For You),
Anthony Rosano & The Conqueroos, Give Me Strength,
Ken Valdez, Sugar Shakin' Boogaloo,
Sean Chambers, Travelin' North,
Johnny Mastro & Mama's Boya, Indrid Cold,
Vin Mott, The Factory,
Brody Buster's One Man Band, Into The Wind,
Samantha Fish, Either Way I Lose,
Geoff Achison, Working My Way Back Home,
D.A. Foster, Bad Blood,
Professor Louie & The Crowmatix, Confessin' The Blues,
Eliza Neals, Cleotus,
Mambo Sons, The Only Woman,
Brian Charette, Late Night Tv,
Mojomatics, Soy Baby
Many Thanks To:
We here at the Black-Eyed & Blues Show would like to thank all the PR and radio people that get us music including Frank Roszak, Rick Lusher ,Doug Deutsch Publicity Services,American Showplace Music, Alive Natural Sounds, Ruf Records, Vizztone Records,Blind Pig Records,Delta Groove Records, Electro-Groove Records,Betsie Brown, Blind Raccoon Records, Miss Jill at Jill Kettles PR and all of the Blues Societies both in the U.S. and abroad. All of you help make this show as good as it is weekly. We are proud to play your artists.Thank you all very much!


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Join us on Saturday, December 31st when we say goodbye to 2016 and hello to 2017!
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As always, there's never a cover to join the party at Rams Head and we'll be celebrating all night!
Rams Head will also be open for brunch New Year's Day. Start 2017 off right and receive a complimentary Ram-mosa with the purchase of an entrée. The Ram-mosa is a Rams Head signature drink made with Fordham Lager and Amaretto, orange juice, fresh mango purée, and a squeeze of lime. Full menu and bar are also available all day.
Rams Head Tavern Annapolis
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Drink specials:
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New Years Day Brunch: 10 AM to 2 PM
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New Years Day Brunch: 10 Am to 2 PM
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Wide-ranging conversations on current challenges faced by the media industry
Once again, ppi's Open Days 2017 in Hamburg were a great success – 165 participants from the media industry were inspired by the presentations and took the chance to exchange their views on new trends and current challenges. We would like to thank all participants and speakers once again!
Our next Open Days will take place from June 4-5, 2018, and we would be very pleased to welcome you there as well.
To get an impression of the great atmosphere and to hear what some of this year's participants have to say about the event, watch our short event film.


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Human Capital: It's more valuable than any other investment you have and that's why we often discuss career development and management on Better Off. If you're one of the lucky ones like me, then you're doing what you want to do, but it took me some time to get here…
Many of you may want to change careers and do something that's more in line with your passions. There are those who have been laid off, often after spending several years at the same company, and now suddenly have to launch a job search process.
Thankfully we live in a day and age where there's plenty of career finder and guidance websites available to assist. Enter The Muse, founded in 2011 by Alexandra Cavoulacos and Kathryn Minshew. Alex and Kathryn, both millennials, decided to launch the site after working together in the consulting world and realizing it wasn't what they wanted out of life.
Fast forward to present day — 50 million people visit The Muse each year to determine what they want to do with their lives. The success and popularity of the site encouraged Alex and Kathryn to write a guidebook for the modern workplace. "The New Rules of Work: The Modern Playbook for Navigating Your Career" is designed to help, whether you are starting out in your career, looking to advance, navigating a mid-career shift or anywhere in between.
Through exercises and tips, you will learn:
-The New Rules for finding the right path: Sift through, and narrow today's ever-growing menu of job and career options, using the simple step-by-step Muse Method
-The New Rules for landing the perfect job: Build your personal brand, and communicate exactly how you can contribute and why your experience is valuable in a way that is sure to get the attention of your dream employer. Then ace every step of the interview process, from getting a foot in the door to negotiating your offer.
-The New Rules for growing and advancing in your career: Mastering first impressions, the art of communication, networking, managing up and other "soft" skills.
Regardless of where you're at on your career trajectory, you're bound to find some tips in this book that will help you navigate your professional journey.
"Better Off" is sponsored by Betterment.
We love feedback so please leave us a rating or review in iTunes.
"Better Off" theme music is by Joel Goodman, www.joelgoodman.com.
For a recap of every episode, visit https://www.betterment.com/resources/topics/inside-betterment/better-off-podcast/.


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Sprinkler systems provide essential protection for your property should there be a fire, and they can help to ensure the people within the business are kept safe. The fire protection systems in any type of commercial or residential setting should be routinely checked and serviced by a qualified professional.
Do Fire Sprinklers Need Servicing?
Any fire service sprinkler system in the UK required routine and regular services in order to comply with the BS9251 British Fire Safety Standards. This essential task will ensure that the sprinkler systems operate how they are intended to should the need arise, that they work without fail. Aside from this, the majority of businesses in the UK will need a regular fire sprinkler service in order to retain the valid insurance policy.
Regardless of whether you a landlord or commercial building manager, ensuring the sprinklers are tested regularly in line with current legislation is essential.
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Fire Control Systems provide comprehensive serving of UK fire safety sprinklers in either commercial or residential settings. We will always ensure that there is minimal disruption to your business and our work is conducted by qualified professionals methodically and efficiently.
If there are any issues that arise, the majority of these can be resolved on the same day.
While each type of fire safety sprinkler system operates slightly differently, the typical timing for a sprinkler service can take anywhere from 60 minutes for a residential setting, to a full-day for a commercial fire sprinkler system.
During a fire sprinkler inspection, the below tasks are usually carried out as a minimum:
- Flow and Pressure of the water supply is checked
- Sprinkler pipework and heads are checked
- Flow switches, test valves, control valves, and any other equipment are checked.
- Any linked alarm systems will also be checked and tested.
Once the fire sprinkler inspection is complete, we will provide you with a report and a recertification for your compliance.
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References are available upon request. If you would like to talk with us about setting up a fire sprinkler maintenance contract, our friendly customer support team will be happy to answer any questions you might have.


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- Air flow meter
An air flow meter, is a device that measures how much air is flowing through a tube. It does not measure the volume of the air passing through the tube, it measures the actual speed of the air flowing through the device in a defined time segment. Thus air flow meters are simply an application of mass flow meters for a special medium. Typically, mass air flow measurements are expressed in the units of kilograms per sec (kg/s).
Types of air flow meters
In automobiles
An air flow meter is used in some automobiles to measure the quantity of air going into the internal combustion engine. All modern electronically controlled diesel engines use air flow meter,[citation needed] as it is the only possible means of determining the air intake for them. In the case of a petrol engine, the electronic control unit (ECU) then calculates how much fuel is needed to inject into the cylinder ports. In the diesel engine, the ECU meters the fuel through the injectors into the engines cylinders during the compression stroke.
The vane (flap) type air flow meters (Bosch L-Jetronic and early Motronic EFI systems or Hitachi) actually measure air volume, whereas the later "hot wire" and "hot film" air mass meters measure speed of air flow.
The flap type meter includes a spring which returns the internal flap to the initial position. Sometimes if the spring is tensioned too tight, it can cause restrict the incoming air and it would cause the intake air speed to increase when not opened fully.
Differential pressure is also used for air flow measurement purposes.
Air flow meters may fail or wear out. When this happens, engine performance will often decrease significantly, engine emissions will be greatly increased, and usually the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) will illuminate. In most countries in Europe, and in places in the United States where emissions inspections are obligatory, a lit MIL is cause for a vehicle to fail the inspection. Some engines do not idle with an air flow meter failure.
Air flow meter for R&D of cars
In the development process of internal combustion engines with engine test stands, an air flow meter/air flow measuring unit is used for measuring the continuous gravimetric air consumption of combustion engines.
See also
- List of sensors
- Mass air flow sensor (MAF)
- Anemometer
- Category:Engines
- Category:Engine fuel system technology
- Flow meters
- Engine fuel system technology
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
air flow meter — A meter which measures the rate at which air enters the engine. In Bosch systems, any device that measures the amount of air being used by the engine. The control unit uses this information to determine the load on the engine. The two most common … Dictionary of automotive terms
L-Jetronic air flow meter — Airflow meter used on the L Jetronic system … Dictionary of automotive terms
vane air-flow meter — (VAF) a sensor with a moveable vane connected to a potentiometer calibrated to cause the amount of air flowing to the engine … Dictionary of automotive terms
Air flow bench — An air flow bench is a device used for testing the internal aerodynamic qualities of an engine component and is related to the more familiar wind tunnel. Used primarily for testing the intake and exhaust ports of cylinder heads of internal… … Wikipedia
Ultrasonic flow meter — A ultrasonic flow meter measures the velocity of a liquid or gas through a pipe using acoustic sensors. This has some advantages over other measurement techniques. The results are slightly affected by temperature, density or conductivity.… … Wikipedia
Peak-flow meter — This hand held device measures air flow (how fast air is blown out of the lungs). Patients can use peak flow meters to measure their own air flow regularly. The use of a peak flow meter allows patients to obtain a much earlier indication of an… … Medical dictionary
peak flow meter — pēk flō n a device that measures the maximum rate of air flow out of the lungs during forced expiration and that is used esp. for monitoring lung capacity of individuals with asthma (as to indicate bronchial narrowing) called also peak expiratory … Medical dictionary
peak flow meter — noun Date: 1962 a device that measures the maximum rate of air flow out of the lungs during forced expiration and that is used especially for monitoring lung capacity of asthmatics … New Collegiate Dictionary
peak flow meter — noun An instrument that monitors the peak expiratory flow rate of air from a persons bronchi; used to manage asthma … Wiktionary
Flow measurement — is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured in a variety of ways. Positive displacement flow meters acumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow. Other flow… … Wikipedia


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Nolan Kearney of Westport, a junior at Boston College High School and a member of the Certamen and Manuscript Challenge team, participated in the 45th annual Classics Day at the College of the Holy Cross April 6.
Each year, the Department of Classics at Holy Cross hosts Classics Day, a daylong series of events relating to the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture. Hundreds of students from high schools all over the Northeast visit Holy Cross for the event.
The event featured certamen, a contest on Latin grammar, Roman and Greek mythology, Roman history, and Roman life. For those students not participating in the certamen, a classically themed costume contest was held. Along with the certamen and costume contests, there was a new art contest and the Manuscripts Challenge competition. Due to construction on the Holy Cross campus, the famed chariot race was not held this year.
BC High placed first in the Manuscript competition with exemplary scholarship and research. The team was led by seniors Michael O'Donovan of Plymouth, Gaetano Ragusa of West Roxbury and Aidan Largey of Quincy.
Stephen Recupero of North Easton, Joseph Kester of Wellesley, Declan Leary of Plymouth and Matt Caron of Framingham placed second in the upper-level certamen competition.


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Computer running slow, unresponsive, internet connection & speed issues? Your computer does require regular maintenance for best optimal performance, speed & reliability. Off the shelf, manufactured computers are not optimally setup. Installs, toolbars, browser extensions, startup programs, system services all change over time and begin to bog down & degrade your computers overall speed. Along with viruses and malware overtime this can have a drastic effect on overall performance & productivity. About Lightspeeds PC
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World Vision has many nutrition-related resources available for review and download. In this section you will find:
Nutrition Tools and Guidelines – field-friendly training materials developed by the NCOE which provide practical guidance on how to improve nutrition for mothers and children. World Vision has also developed a series of guidance notes that support program partners to implement international recommendations and build practical skills related to nutrition interventions:
Positive Deviance Hearth Training
- Positive Deviance/Hearth Training of Master Trainers
- Positive Deviance/Hearth Training of Facilitators
- Positive Deviance/Hearth Volunteer Training
Grandmother-inclusive Approach
- Grandmother-inclusive Approach Guide in English: Involving Grandmothers to Promote Child Nutrition, Health and Development: A guide for programme planners and managers
- Grandmother-inclusive Approach Guide in French: Impliquer les grand-meres pour promouvoir la nutrition, la sante et le developpement de l'enfant: Un guide a l'usage des concepteurs et des managers de programme
Guidelines and Policy
- Milk Policy – To ensure effective infant feeding practices and avoidance of harm to children, World Vision has set an internal policy regarding the procurement and use of milk and milk-derived products in the field. World Vision's Milk Policy was updated in 2011 to incorporate new WHO Guidelines on Infant Feeding in HIV Contexts.
- Infant feeding in an HIV context
- Guidelines for the Selection and Use of New RUTF Product(s) in World Vision Programmes
- Breastfeeding in Emergencies
- Anaemia Assessment Guidelines
- Salt Iodisation
- Iron supplementation in malaria-endemic areas
Publications – formally published papers on World Vision's experience addressing malnutrition
- Molecular Epidemiology of Hemoglobinopathies in Cambodia. This paper sumarizes a community-based cross-sectional survey of 1631 unrelated individuals from three regions of Cambodia to determine the prevalence of thalassemia. A regional-specific thalassemia gene frequency was observed. The results indicate the importance of micromapping and epidemiology studies of thalassemia, which will assist in establishing the national prevention and control program in Cambodia. Access to abstract is free, but a subscription is required to access the entire article. Please contact email@example.com for more information.
- Can fortification be implemented in rural African communities?: Lessons from Malawi, Senegal and Tanzania. This paper reviews the innovative implementation of community-based fortification of staple grains in rural communities in three Sub-Saharan African countries. Published in the Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Volume 36, Number 1, March 2015, pp. 3–13(11).
- Medium-scale Fortification Chapter: Examines the success and sustainability potential of medium- and small-scale fortification to increase rural access to and usage of fortified flours in Malawi. Project evaluations provided strong evidence of impact over the nine years of implementation. Published in Thompson B, Amoroso L, eds. Improving Diets and Nutrition. Rome: FAO, 2014, 216–229.
- MICAH Adequacy Evaluation – An adequacy evaluation of a 10-year, four-country nutrition and health programme published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, March 2010.
- Cambodia Anaemia Study, Journal of Nutrition – A study of the role of genetic hemoglobin disorders, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, infections and other factors in determining anemia in young Cambodian children. Published in Journal of Nutrition, April 2012.
- Small Animal Revolving Funds Chapter – An innovative programming model increases access to and consumption of animal source foods by rural households in Malawi. Published in Amoroso L, Thompson B, eds. Food Based Approaches for Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies. Rome: FAO, 2010, 137–149.
- Decreasing Anaemia in Ghana & Malawi Chapter – A case study of the effectiveness of a large-scale, integrated, multiple-intervention nutrition program on decreasing anaemia in Ghanaian and Malawian women. Published in Elit L, Froese JC, eds. Women's Health Issues in the Majority World: Issues and Initiatives. (New York: Nova Science, 2007, 65–107).
- Child Stunting in Malawi, Public Health Nutrition – Impact of integrated community-based micronutrient and health programme on child stunting in Malawi. Published in Public Health Nutrition, May 2010.
- Anaemia in Malawian Women, Public Health Nutrition – Impact of an integrated community-based micronutrient and health programme on anaemia in Malawian women. Published in Public Health Nutrition, Nov 2009.
Better Practices – program reports and analyses of World Vision's implementation experience in nutrition
- MICAH Final Programme Report Final programme report of the CIDA-funded Micronutrient and Health Program (1996–2005) in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal and Tanzania
- Nutrition Marketplace Nutrition Marketplace is a collection of nutrition initiatives, methodology, observations, best practices and recommendations from past experiences in the field. While historical in describing World Vision's early implementations, the lessons learned are valuable to anyone who is shaping the design of future projects.
- Indonesia FAST UP Final Evaluation Report 2008
- ENHANCE Malawi Brochure
- Mongolia Sprinkles Evaluation Report Final report on the effectiveness of home-based fortification of complementary foods with Sprinkles in an integrated nutrition programme to address rickets and anaemia
- Small Scale Fortification MICAH Malawi The MICAH Malawi programme initiated the small scale fortification of maize at a select number of rural hammermills, and this report provides an overview of the process and the response by beneficiaries.
- Nutrition Publication Anaemia - December 2006 Issue Involving communities: reducing anaemia in African children through an integrated approach. Barbara Main, p 6–8. Sprinkles: home-based fortification in Mongolia. Colleen Emary, S.M. Ziauddin Hyder. p 9–11.
Emergency Nutrition Updates Archive – access all 15 issues of World Vision's quarterly Emergency Nutrition Update (ENU) for technical updates and lessons from the field. These were published between January 2009 and March 2013.


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Growing Family magazine needs investment or equity partnervolusiafamily Aug 22, 2008 10:02 PM
Hello ,
My name is Sarah Romagnoli and I am the Publisher of Volusia/Flagler FAMILY LIVING Magazine, which is a print and online magazine serving the families of Volusia and Flagler Counties, Florida. Our website is http://www.volusiafamilyliving.com/ .
Although I started the magazine on a shoestring, we have paid distribution at all the 7-11's, Food Lions, Winn Dixies, BlockBuster Videos and K-Marts in the area and in hundreds of professional offices and locally owned establishments throughout the two county area. We are also excited that we will be at the front offices of all of the schools and libraries as well.
The magazine is free and is supported solely by advertisers. We would like to attract more local advertisers and more corporate accounts. We would also like to have more space devoted to articles.
In order to have more space devoted to articles we need to have better paying advertisers.
In order to have better paying advertisers we need to change our printing process so the magazine is more clean, clear and professional.
In order to change our printing process we have to change printers.
In order to change printers we need capital. (The printer we have been using works on terms with us and the "new" printer must be paid up front. The cost of the "better" process is actually less, but it must be paid in full and up-front).
These changes will not only allow us to make the magazine exactly what we desire it to be, with more articles (able to have a greater impact on readers) and less advertising, but will also make it much more profitable by allowing us to charge a premium for the advertising and attract large regional and national advertisers.
We have also, due to demand, expanded North into Flagler County . Palm Coast , the Largest city in Flagler County , is still growing rapidly and is a great place for families and businesses. In order to incorporate Flagler County , reach the families of Flagler County and advertise for the businesses in Flagler County , we must add to our distribution sites to include Flagler County .
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You can contact me at email@example.com
Thank You,


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Why can dogs learn their names and cats cannot?
One of the main training techniques every dog owner tries to master is recall, getting your dog to come back to you when you call them by name. Dogs easily learn their names and respond to it – whether they come back to you or not is a different story.
But what about cats? They are notoriously aloof and resistant to training – can cats learn their name and learn to respond to it like dogs?
I found some research conducted at the University of Tokyo that shows while cats do respond with slightly more reaction to their owner's voice than a strangers, they don't feel compelled to move upon hearing their voice.
The research team theorized the lack of reaction stems from the evolution of cats and the fact they domesticated themselves to humans. Dogs learned from humans and learned to respond to their voice, their commands, etc. But cats did not, they take the initiative in the human-cat relationship and they didn't really need humans for survivial in the same way dogs did so they never developed the need to respond.
That's not to say that cats CAN'T learn their names, they can, they just don't feel any need to respond to you when you call them!
If you want to teach them, the WikiHow article listed below has some good advice.
Additional Readings
Cats recognise their owners' voices but never evolved to care, says study
Cats Know You're Talking to Them But Couldn't Care Less
How to Teach a Cat to Recognize Its Name
22 Comments
For what it is worth, both of my cats know and come to their names when I call them. And they know which name is theirs. Martha came already knowing her name at about 5 years old. Theodore Trex (who comes to Theo, Theodore, and Trex) I got at about 6 months old, and he learned his name relatively easily. I wouldn't say either of them has quite as good of a recall outside as my dog. But indoors they have excellent recalls.
Crystal recently posted…Wordless Wednesday: Early Spring
My cat responds to her name and she has a recall, too. 🙂
Lauren Miller recently posted…When Your Sister Loves You TOO Much!
We have to disagree. Our cats both know their names. Sophie rarely listens when she is called, but Bert knows exactly to come when called, he knows off (doesn't choose to do it always), it is amazing but some cats can be trained a lot like dogs if they are motivated like Bert with food and catnip.
Emma recently posted…Can A Dog Crate Train Herself?
Any research about dogs who forget their name when they get called for a bath?
Interesting. I'd definitely like to read more about this.
Dogs do things with and for humans because it's in their interest to. I sometimes wonder if we just haven't made it worth a cat's while to do certain things —like come when we call them, walk them on a leash, etc.
Pamela recently posted…Doesn't Your Dog Jump Off The Boat?
Dogs come when you call them and cats take messages to get back to you at their convenience. LOL! I used to call my cats by pushing the can opener. They would come running.
M. K. Clinton recently posted…Chews Rescue ~ Choose Barkworthies
So true! 😉
CEO Olivia recently posted…Meet Epi Warrior Abel
I also respectfully and vehemently disagree. Cody TOTALLY knows his name. If he is in another room and we call him, 9 out of 10 times he comes. If I ask Dakota to come to have his leash put on he won't, (unless he has to go to the bathroom)…………my first cat also always came when he was called. They may take a minute or two longer (depending on their mood), but both of my cats most certainly KNEW and RESPONDED to their names.
Dot Matrix usually comes when called because she is young & wants to play but if it's nap time; forget it 😉
Miss Misty is only interested in her name if it's near meal time.
I'm a dog & I'm barking it how I see it 😉
CEO Olivia
CEO Olivia recently posted…Meet Epi Warrior Abel
Cats are their own species, lol
Sand Spring Chesapeakes recently posted…Resorting Back To Puppy-hood
It's been so long since I lived with a cat (mid- to late-70s when I lived with my girlfriend) that I can't say for sure if I agree or not.
Callie, Shadow, and Ducky's Mom recently posted…This Is What Happens
I've always thought my cats knew their names, but just often choose not to respond to them. We always paired a special noise with feeding them so that they would then respond to that noise. It works great if you keep it up.
Jan K recently posted…Black & White Sunday – Heat Hound
Since I don't have a cat – I've never given this much thought. But come to think of it – I'm struggling with when if ever I've heard a cat owner call their cat by name and the cat came. Hmm?
Groovy Goldendoodles recently posted…THE PET FRIENDLY WENTWORTH MANSION® #THEDOODLESPOT
I came across this site/question quite by accident, but this has to be one of the most witless things I've read in a long time. Cats can and DO learn their names, just as dogs do. Every single cat I have know their names well. They come when called, and unlike the many dogs I also have, when I shout a certain cats name for doing something he or she isn't supposed to do, that particular cat responds. Unlike the dogs, who ALL show guilt for the action of one getting in trouble. No, the cats don't have similar sounding names, so there is no reason to think they all respond because they think their names are alike.
Cats learn just as dogs, do, with repetition. A dog or puppy doesn't know it's name by telling it once. The same applies with most animals.


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The color looks more bright orangey in real life, the picture I took here looks more light and milky is because of the lighting.
Complete with 2 coats and I always brush with a top coat to maintain from chipping fast.
The lighting here was in my room near window, so the lighting was average.
The color really makes you feel like going to Miami, absolutely great for matching your clothes on Chinese New Year.
I did a bit simple design on the color, it's really simple. The mini polka dots I used a nail dotting tool or you can use a tooth pick too. And the flower I also used my nail dotting tool. ^_^
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