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Alfred Métraux: Between Ethnography and Applied Knowledge
Rodrigo Bulamah
Alfred Métraux was part of a prolific moment in which French sociology and ethnology were enlarging their scientific scope and advancing toward new fields. Following the colonial expansion of France, Métraux participated in establishing ethnographic methods for codifying social life, material culture, and artistic forms. Through his own transatlantic voyages and personal exchanges, Métraux left personal documents in different parts of the world. Consequently, many are the archives that hold parts of his personal collections, letters, and published or unpublished materials. In addition, because of Métraux's own cosmopolitanism, studies on the ethnologist's life and works can be found in different languages. Métraux meticulously collected artifacts and documents from different cultures, and these items are now part of collections in museums in Argentina, France, and the United States. The multiplicity of themes Métraux dedicated himself to during his life reveal logics and developments of his work, as well as the importance of fieldwork to his making as an anthropologist, or a "man of the field," as he used to describe himself. His intense and long-term relationship with Haitian Vodou was central in his career as it arose from his early interest in vanishing civilizations, religious systems, and material culture, and defined his personal agenda for future research.
The Book in the Iberian Atlantic, 1492–1824
Eugenia Roldán Vera
The Atlantic world has not only been a geographic space for the exchange of people and products. Since the 16th century, it has also been a cultural space for the production, exchange, diffusion, reading, and rewriting of printed objects. Historians of the independence era constructed the view that Latin America had been "closed to the outside world" during the years of the Spanish and Portuguese domination; however, later research has shown that this was not the case. Latin American countries, especially from the 18th century onward, were part of a print network through which all kinds of information was being produced, circulated, and read.
During the Spanish Enlightenment, especially at the time of the wars of independence (1808–1824), this circulation intensified. The end of the Spanish and Portuguese trade monopoly in the region, changes in the regime of print rights, technological developments that lowered the costs of publishing, and transformations of the forms of sociability that the wars of independence themselves generated gave way to an explosion of print all over the Atlantic word. Newspapers, pamphlets, and books on topics that were not only religious but also political, literary, satirical, and educational were printed and circulated in the region. This helped to change forever the way the Latin Americans viewed themselves and contributed to the formation of new nations.
Although the circulation of ideas throughout the Atlantic does not account for the development of political and social transformations that led to the independence of the Latin American countries, print culture and political culture are connected in many different ways. This article explores some of these forms of interaction.
Brazilian Historiography in the 19th Century
Thiago Lima Nicodemo, Pedro Afonso Cristovão dos Santos, and Mateus Henrique de Faria Pereira
Brazilian historiography in the 19th century stands for a variety of practices and ways of doing history. In the beginning of the century, the writing of history assumed a specific color after the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, who were escaping the invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops. After political independence from Portugal (1822), this writing had to deal with the questions that occupied the minds of its authors, people mostly close to or part of the political elite of the country. Forging a nationality through history, dealing with the tensions between local affiliations and the nation-state, placing indigenous and African peoples in the historical narrative, combining an exemplary history with future-oriented thinking, and using history for international relations issues (such as boundaries disputes) were among the motivations and preoccupations involved in that work. Underlying it all, the myriad ways of writing history in the 19th century had to do with the ways the authors circulated among a world of public archives in the making, personal archives available through certain connections, booksellers, publishers, oral informants, and a changing community of readers and critics that were conforming and disputing rules of acceptability as to what could be considered a work of history. Thinking about the Brazilian historiography of the 1800s as a way of combining practices of archiving, reading, copying, writing, and evaluating can help us understand the remarkable variety of histories and historiographical works written in the period.
Brazilian Historiography in the 20th Century
Thiago Lima Nicodemo, Mateus Henrique de Faria Pereira, and Pedro Afonso Cristovão dos Santos
The founding of the first universities in the first decades of the 20th century in Brazil emerged from a context of public education reforms and expansion that modified the relationship between intellectuals and the public sphere in Brazil. The representation of national pasts was the object of prolific public debate in the social sciences and literature and fine arts through social and historical essays, pushed mostly from the 1920's to the 1950's, such as Gilberto Freyre's, The Master and the Slaves (Casa Grande e Senzala, 1936) and Sérgio Buarque de Holanda's Roots of Brazil (Raízes do Brasil, 1936). Just after the 1950s, universities expanded nationally, and new resources were available for academic and scientific production, such as libraries, archives, scientific journals, and funding agencies (namely CNPQ, CAPES and FAPESP). In the field of history, these effects would have a greater impact in the 1960s and 1970s with the consolidation of a National Association of History, the debate over curricula and required content, and the systematization of graduate programs (thanks to the University Reform of 1968, during the military dictatorship). Theses, dissertations, and monographs gradually gained ground as long social essays lost their prestige, seen as not befitting the standards of disciplinary historiography as defined in the graduate programs such as a wider empirical ground and more accurate time frames and scopes. Through their writing in more specialized formats, which moved away from essays and looked into the great Brazilian historical problems, historians played an important role in the resistance against the authoritarian regime (1964–1985) and, above all, contributed to a debate on the role of silenced minorities regarding redemocratization.
The Conjunction of the Lettered City and the Lettered Countryside in 19th-Century Mexico
William E. French
A persuasive literature has argued that the course of Latin American history from the arrival of Europeans to the present has been shaped to a large extent by a small but expanding group of literate bureaucrats, church officials, lawyers, and intellectuals, known as letrados, who made their lives in urban centers. Those marked by this combination of power, urban living, and the written word, an assemblage that Angel Rama has dubbed "the lettered city," utilized literature, history, the law, politics, and higher education to imagine the country into existence textually and to justify the hierarchies and inequalities that characterized their rule. Yet in Mexico, as elsewhere in Latin America, writing has a long history in nonelite settings, a venue that, in recognition of this fact, has now been referred to as "the lettered countryside." Moreover, as understandings of a single literacy are giving way to a concern with "literacies," defined in the plural and operating in relationship rather than opposed to such things as orality and visuality, traces of literacy practices are being discovered in many locations. Foregrounding the conjunction of the lettered city and the lettered countryside is an attempt to bring these venues into conversation while doing away with the binary that associates literary with the city and orality with the rural.
Over the course of the 19th century in Mexico, although the written word was still pressed into the service of national imagining, a number of other characteristics shaped the conjunction of the lettered city and the lettered countryside. A struggle over secularization was one new development, as authority came increasingly to be invested in the written word itself rather than justified in religious terms. New forms of literacies emerged, especially those associated with the novel and other forms of publications, including newspapers, periodicals for and by women, and the penny press, creating new publics with distinct senses of themselves as communities of readers and listeners; oratory, public discussion of politics and other issues in various venues, and the phenomenon of indirect readers also brought together these two locations. As early as the 1840s, rural residents in some parts of the country had made writing their own, drafting political proclamations in which they defined such things as federalism in their own terms and asserted themselves in national politics. While elite diarists, both men and women, left traces of their emotional lives in various forms of life writing over the course of the entire period, ordinary people, including mine workers, agricultural laborers, and women who carried out household duties, wrote love letters to each other by the last third of the century, if not before. Composed and exchanged by means of cooperation, the use of intermediaries known as evangelistas, or by individuals with various degrees of facility in reading and writing, love letters served as privileged means of communicating the emotions they brought into being while often ending up as evidence in legal proceedings that continued to assert the prerogatives of the lettered city even as it came ever more intimately conjoined with the lettered countryside.
Cultural Institutions of the Brazilian Empire
Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz
This article provides a larger panorama of the cultural politics of the Brazilian Empire during the 19th century and following the long Second Reign of Pedro II. The central figure of the emperor—as a kind of animator of cultural, scientific, and artistic life—and the conservative profile of the national movement are key issues. The article analyzes the development of the main professional schools of the country, which taught medicine (in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador) and law (in São Paulo and Recife), and also tells the story of the Historical and Geographical Institute and the origins of the museums of art in Rio de Janeiro, the former capital of the court, and scientific museums in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Belém.
Cultural Policies of the Chávez Government
Sujatha Fernandes
The cultural policies of the left-wing government of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela in the new millennium saw a shift back to funding and patronage of the arts after years of defunding and commodification of cultural production. However, despite leading to a renaissance of cultural activity, Chavista cultural policy also retained a modernist rationality that treated cultural production as objects to be classified and quantified. Official cultural policy in Venezuela has historically developed alongside popular-cultural formations that draw on alternative conceptions of culture that stem from everyday life. The official and the everyday have developed in tandem and, sometimes, at cross-purposes. Many scholars look to policies and states as the producers of change, but it is at the level of the everyday that we can see the emerging possibilities that define cultural movements in search of social change.
Digital Resources: The State of Digital Research on the Visual Culture of Spanish America
Barbara E. Mundy and Dana Leibsohn
Across the last 25 years, digital projects on the visual culture of Latin America have begun to shape, ever more fundamentally, both research and teaching environments. To be sure, books and journal essays remain the dominant mode of publishing (and significantly so), but digital projects—made possible in part because of increasingly accessible databases and less expensive editing platforms—are becoming widely recognized as key elements in the visual and intellectual landscape. The visual culture of Spanish America (also known as colonial visual culture or viceregal visual culture) extends across three centuries, dating from roughly 1520 to 1820. Yet its history, which embraces both the physical traces of everyday life and ephemeral experiences, is arguably the least familiar of Latin America's artistic and material legacies, especially outside Latin American Studies. Nonetheless, the period has inspired a suite of projects that, considered together, highlight the current potentials (and limits) of digital work, provide useful models for future research, and open onto debates relevant across the digital humanities (as they are currently called).
If this is the basic landscape, then what are the important issues when it comes to the intersections of digital technologies and colonial visual culture? This question is considered here along three avenues. First, what can be achieved with existing software, particularly imaging software, and the inherent epistemological assumptions imbedded in software commonly used? This topic receives the most attention because future research depends so heavily upon our perceptions and understandings of present technological capabilities. The second theme considered is accessibility. Given that institution-driven projects, most often online ventures sponsored by a museum or a library, have opened certain collections to an online public, what are the implications of the accessibility they offer, and how might such databases shape the parameters of research—both in the data they provide and in the kinds of questions their technologies make it possible to pose and answer? Finally, consideration is given to the possibilities and potentials for collaboration that the online environment offers in the study of visual culture of Latin America.
To set a framework for discussion, this article begins with a broad view, "The Object(s) of Visual Culture," and then turns to examples of scholar-driven projects currently online. Typically, these are generated by scholars working at universities and dependent upon both internal and external funding. The sections "Seeing Images, Knowing Landscapes" and "Epistemological Assumptions" not only describe examples, but also explore the modes of interpretation that digital environments enable and the habits of viewing that are produced as a result. Because scholar-driven projects do not exist in isolation, the article turns to institution-driven projects, represented primarily by digitized museum collections and archives, which have become central components of the research environment. Many projects in this vein are well-described elsewhere—our focus therefore rests on the effects on the larger research landscape, in a section called "Accessibility, Canonicity, Finance." Lastly, issues related to collaboration are dealt with, in order to both address ideas that are being explored through digital work in other fields, but which have not yet surfaced with much force in the field of colonial visual culture, and to ask why.
Digital Resources: The Handbook of Latin American Studies
Katherine D. McCann and Tracy North
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Please check back later for the full article.
The Handbook of Latin American Studies is a selective annotated bibliography of works about Latin America. Continuously published since 1936, the Handbook has been compiled and edited by the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress for seventy-five years. Published works in multiple languages are selected for inclusion in the Handbook by a cadre of contributing editors, actively working scholars who provide a service to the field by annotating works of lasting scholarly value and writing bibliographical essays noting major trends, changes, and gaps in existing research. In 1995, the Hispanic Division launched the website HLAS Online, providing access to a database of more than 340,000 annotated citations. The ability to search across more than 50 volumes of the Handbook with a single query gave researchers unprecedented access to years of scholarship on Latin America. In 2000, HLAS Web, a new search interface with more robust functionality, was launched. The two sites link researchers worldwide to a vast body of selected resources on Latin America. The Handbook itself has become a record of the history of the field of Latin American studies and an indicator of changing trends in the field. With digital access to Handbook citations of books, articles, and more, scholars are able not only to identify specific works of interest, but also to follow the rise of new areas of study, such as women's studies, cultural history, environmental history, and Atlantic studies, among others.
French Intellectuals and Cultural Diplomacy in Brazil, 1934–1943
Hugo Rogelio Suppo
Between 1934 and 1943, French cultural diplomacy in Brazil was the task of intellectuals, the so called "intellectual ambassadors." Notwithstanding the differences in their individual profiles, political convictions, academic conceptions, and religious beliefs, they all carried out their common mission of creating a pro-French profile in the Brazilian academic realm. The article is an analysis of the strategies, means, actors, and results of French cultural diplomacy in Brazil between 1934 and 1943, whose success can be explained, fundamentally, by the symbiosis between the university field and the diplomatic field.
History of Alternative Communication in Chile: Phases and Endeavors
Chiara Sáez and Jorge Iturriaga
With the surge of social struggles tied to the implementation of capitalist modernization at the end of the 19th century, diverse forms of technology-based mass communication in Chile arose to represent the emergence of social sectors that didn't participate in the dominant culture and sought to disseminate an alternative. Working-class and feminist newspapers, neighborhood theaters, and Cordel literature broke away from the traditional elitist and pedagogical nature that had defined the media until that time. Since then, with cycles that have ebbed and flowed, numerous communicative experiences were related to mass culture in controversial ways: they opposed it, converged with it, et cetera. Even though it is possible to trace the continuity between the cases described, this continuity is not clear upon first glance, due to its underground and nascent character. In general terms, these experiences were not established as an autonomous space for technical or aesthetic experiments; when there was a strategy, it tended to be political in nature, whereas communicative material remained conditional. Finally, the study of these cases implies a paradox: the 20th century began with a vast number of alternative communication projects that became institutionalized over the years, but they re-emerged more autonomously during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship and the era that followed. This process of institutionalization alludes to an inversely proportional relationship between the process of incorporating the masses into positions of power (in the period between 1925 and 1973) and the development of alternative communication: these experiences are plentiful in the less institutionalized contexts of the enlightened working-class culture (that is, preceding the founding of the Communist Party in 1922 and after the anti-working-class culture that has accompanied the neoliberalism imposed since the dictatorship).
Honor Ideology, Dueling Culture, and Judicial Lies in 1920s Uruguay
David S. Parker
In Montevideo in 1923, streetcar company executive Juan Cat shot at journalist and Communist parliamentarian Celestino Mibelli in the atrium of the Uruguayan Congress. Despite this premeditated assassination attempt in front of numerous witnesses, Cat was released, the judge accepting the possibility that his actions were in legitimate self-defense. The logic that led police, prosecutor, and judge to arrive at conclusions that seemed to contradict both the evidence and the law hinged upon, and in the process reveals, deeply conflicting ideas of honor, family, the public versus the private sphere, and the unwritten laws that governed journalism in 1920s Uruguay. Mibelli had published a series of scandalous newspaper stories, one involving Cat's young daughter, and many Uruguayans identified with the aggrieved father, arguing that an attack on family honor was no different from a physical assault. The only legally and socially acceptable remedy for Cat was to challenge his slanderer to a duel, but Mibelli refused to accept challenges because he considered dueling elitist. In the end, the police report, the prosecutor's brief, and the judge's ruling each subtly distorted the details of the encounter to construct Cat's attack as a quasi-duel, a frustrated attempt to "demand explanations" from Mibelli, following a ritualized script set down in the dueling codes of the era. Factually, Cat's actions were no such thing, but by crafting the narrative of an "affair of honor" gone wrong, official lies reflected deeper cultural truths.
Housing in the Latin American City, 1900–1976
David Yee
Housing has been a central feature of Latin America's dramatic transformation into the most urbanized region of the world. Between 1940 and 1970, the portion of people who lived in urban areas rose from 33 percent to 64 percent; a seismic shift that caused severe housing deficits, overcrowding, and sprawl in Latin America's major cities. After the Second World War, these urban slums became a symbol of underdevelopment and a target for state-led modernization projects. At a time when Cold War tensions were escalating throughout the world, the region's housing problems also became more politicized through a network of foreign aid agencies. These overlapping factors illustrate how the history of local housing programs were bound up with broader hemispheric debates over economic development and the role of the nation-state in social affairs.
The history of urban housing in 20th-century Latin America can be divided into three distinct periods. The first encompasses the beginning of the 20th century, when issues of housing in the central-city districts were primarily viewed through the lens of public health. Leading scientists, city planners, psychiatrists, and political figures drew strong connections between the sanitary conditions of private domiciles and the social behavior of their residents in public spaces. After the Second World War, urban housing became a proving ground for popular ideas in the social sciences that stressed industrialization and technological modernization as the way forward for the developing world. In this second period, mass housing was defined by a central tension: the promotion of modernist housing complexes versus self-help housing—a process in which residents build their own homes with limited assistance from the state. By the 1970s, the balance had shifted from modernist projects to self-help housing, a development powerfully demonstrated by the 1976 United Nations (UN) Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat I). This seminal UN forum marked a transitional moment when the concepts of self-help community development were formally adopted by emergent, neo-liberal economists and international aid agencies.
Humboldt in Mexico, 1803–1804
Myron Echenberg
During his breathtaking 19th-century scientific explorations of New Spain (as Mexico was known under Spanish rule), illustrious German scientific traveler Alexander von Humboldt crammed a lifetime of scientific studies into one extraordinary year: exhausting inspections of three major colonial silver mines, prodigious hikes to the summits of most of Mexico's major volcanoes while taking scientific measurements and botanical samples, careful study of hitherto secret Spanish colonial archives in Mexico City, and visits to recently uncovered archaeological sites of pre-Hispanic cultures. Humboldt wrote voluminously about his Mexican experiences and is an indispensable source of insights into the colony of New Spain on the eve of its troubled birth as independent Mexico a decade later.
Indigenous Intellectuals in Colonial Latin America
David Tavárez
The epistemic assumptions, methods, and rhetoric employed by colonial indigenous intellectuals in Latin America were based on preconquest intellectual labor and literacy systems. These practices were deeply impacted by collaborative projects and historical scholarship undertaken in the 16th century, as indigenous elites embraced European literacy and scholarly models. This merging of diverse traditions led to a "golden age" of indigenous intellectual achievements in the 17th century, and to a diversity of genres cultivated by native scholars in late colonial times. Indigenous historical actors were intellectuals not only because they recorded and disseminated historical, religious, or political knowledge, but also because they were inserted in culturally hybrid social networks through which collective knowledge circulated. While the works of Chimalpahin, Guaman Poma, Garcilaso de la Vega, and don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl are relatively well known, this small sample of native and mestizo intellectuals must be expanded considerably to examine works produced through co-authorship arrangements with friars and priests, and to address clandestine works composed exclusively for native audiences by less known, or even anonymous, indigenous scholars.
Intellectuals and the Nation in Early 20th-Century Brazil
Sergio Miceli
In Brazil between 1920 and 1945, the potential for professional advancement increased significantly among literate individuals in three main areas: the intellectual and academic field in São Paulo and the emergence of a university-based intelligentsia; the boom in the publishing industry and the rise of professional novelists; and the Vargas regime's widespread and deliberate co-optation of intellectuals. The interpretation presented in this article links class dynamics to changes within the activities of intellectuals, some of whom are analyzed here in the context of political and institutional tensions produced by the collapse of the oligarchic Old Republic (1889–1930).
Interpretations of Underdevelopment in Brazil
Carlos Brandão and Hipólita Siqueira
Brazil is a vast and highly complex country that is subordinated to its central hegemonic poles and that combines both backwardness, modernity, progress interrupted by unfinished cycles of growth, and extreme inequality. Paradoxically, it is on the one hand ranked among the nine most advanced capitalist countries in the world and, on the other, listed as one of the nine countries with the worst income distribution. Attempts to interpret these dilemmas, historical disjunctives, and impasses have produced a plethora of original intellectual work that deals with the specificities of this most dynamic and yet highly contradictory national space.
A select few authors have produced extensive work on the subject and have legitimized themselves as the pinnacle of classical interpreters of Brazilian social and political thought. The originality, broad scope of analysis, and ingenuity of these great national thinkers have made them the authors of choice for those seeking to better understand Brazil as a nation. Their classics have formulated key and critical questions relating to the often-interrupted construction of this nation and the truncated, material, and spiritual or immaterial development of the Brazilian civilization as a whole, which began as a former Portuguese colony founded on slave labor. These are very comprehensive formulations, with a long-term historical perspective produced by those who have taken a very profound and highly structural look at Brazil, shedding light on aspects of its hitherto-obscure or unquestioned reality, enlightening and inviting to think more coherently, boldly, and consequently about its present and, indeed, future.
Among the main contributors are the likes of Caio Prado Júnior, Celso Furtado, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and Florestan Fernandes, who have developed approaches to help unveil the nature and characteristics of the processes of dependence and underdevelopment that are so specific to Brazil's peripheral capitalism.
José Ingenieros, El Hombre Mediocre, and Social Integration in Turn-of-the-20th-Century Argentina
Mariano Ben Plotkin
The life of Italian-Argentine scientist and intellectual José Ingenieros (1877–1925) has been considered a clear example of the potential for upward social mobility based on talent that existed in Buenos Aires at the turn of the 20th century. Born Giuseppe Ingegnieros in Palermo, Sicily, from a working-class family, Ingenieros was able to become both one of the most internationally renowned Latin American intellectuals and scientists—his scientific and philosophical works were translated into several languages—and also a socialite of high visibility befriending some of the most prominent members of the Argentine social elite. His trajectory seems to be an example of unparalleled success. Nevertheless, a close look at recently unearthed sources, particularly his private correspondence, not only shows a different picture of Ingenieros's life and works, but also forces us to reconsider accepted knowledge about the possibilities offered to immigrants by turn-of-the-century Argentine society. His trajectory constitutes an excellent case study for the analysis of both the potentials and the limits of social mobility in Argentina at the time, as well as the relationship between intellectuals and power during the transition from the oligarchic republic established in 1862, after the unification of the country, to the really democratic republic based on universal (male) suffrage introduced in 1912. An analysis of the context of production of his most popular work, El hombre mediocre, provides an opportunity to contrast his public image with the social insecurities he expressed to his relatives and friends.
Latin American Marxism and the Atlantic
Andrés Estefane and Luis Thielemann
Marxist thought in Latin America was impacted by various transatlantic intellectual, and social influences. The changes in Latin American Marxism can be placed in a five-stage chronological framework. The first stage, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, encompasses the arrival of European immigrants, who introduced the first references to Marxist socialism, and the local development of that repertoire among workers, journalists, and intellectuals in the urban centers of Latin America. The initial influence of the Second International and Karl Marx's texts started to change during the second decade of the 20th century, following the debates sparked by the Russian Revolution and the emergence of communism. This context framed the beginning of the second stage, characterized by the emergence of a group of thinkers who questioned the Eurocentric tone and the mechanical assimilation of European Marxism. Taking as a point of departure the particularity of Latin American social formations, and inspired by a strong anti-imperialist discourse, these intellectuals and revolutionary leaders aimed at developing an original reading of Marxist thinking, more pertinent to the rural and indigenous character of the continental societies and the structural legacies of the colonial past. A third stage began in the 1930s, after the fall of the Spanish Republic, the ascent of fascism and Nazism in Europe, and the ideological purges that followed the Stalinization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The increasing influence of the Comintern (the Communist International) deactivated the creative impetus of the early 20th century, though it did not prevent the emergence of intellectuals and local organizations—led by Trotskyism and Left Opposition groups—who strongly criticized Stalinism and the bureaucratization of Soviet Communism. The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 marked the beginning of a fourth stage in the history of Latin American Marxism. That event inverted the traditional direction of the transatlantic influence, since Latin America became a landmark case for Western Marxism. In the midst of a complex and productive intercontinental dialogue with Europe, Latin American Marxism developed crucial debates on such topics as the colonial legacy of the continental capitalist development, the relationship between racial hierarchies and class struggle, and over the political "routes" to building socialist orders. These dialogues and debates came to an abrupt end after the wave of coup d'états that shook the continent between the 1960s and the 1980s. The political defeats of the attempts to construct socialist systems provoked a Marxist diaspora that brought many European intellectuals back to their own continent and sent many militants and thinkers into exile in Latin America and elsewhere. Interestingly, the evaluation of the defeat was the basis for an ample renovation of the Marxist thought, which marked the beginning of the fifth and current stage, characterized by the emergence of the Latin America's progressive governments of the 21st century and the gradual withdrawal from the old bases of historical materialism. Although this periodization recognizes the diverse transatlantic contexts that influenced Latin American Marxism, it also seeks to highlight that the production of Marxist thinking on the continent has mainly been connected with the experience of active militants and intellectuals proscribed or marginalized in academia. By extension, the development of Latin American Marxism appears to be intimately linked to the political struggle of the continental Left, which does not negate that Latin American thinkers have also produced theoretical works on Marx.
Literary and Cultural Magazines in Brazil in the First Half of the 20th Century
Tania Regina de Luca
Printed periodicals constitute sources increasingly used by researchers in the human sciences, as the catalogues of publishers, dossiers of academic journals, and research carried out in graduate programs show. The enormous variety of titles, many of which are easily available thanks to the digitalization programs of the institutions that hold them, seems capable of meeting a wide variety of interests. While heterogeneity is one of the attractions of this type of documentation, it also raises significant challenges for those who use this material as a source, since methodological procedures are subordinated to the specific nature of the selected printed material. Not by chance, wide-ranging works, which propose to cover the history of the press as a whole, have ceded space to monographic works dedicated to in-depth analysis of a single periodical or a restricted number of titles. Cultural and literary periodicals have attracted particular attention from specialists, since they included in their editorial teams combative intellectuals committed to disseminating aesthetic, social, and political postures, which makes these publications privileged vehicles to investigate sensibilities, tastes, themes, and ideas, in short shared readings that help us to understand the dynamics of cultural life at a given moment.
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Scott Rowland joined Timbercreek in January 2019 as Managing Director, Global Debt Investments. In his role, Mr. Rowland is responsible for the performance of Timbercreek's debt portfolios including syndication strategies and execution, asset management, closing and servicing.
Mr. Rowland has over 20 years of industry experience and prior to joining Timbercreek was Co-Head and Fund Manager of Debt Strategies for Fiera Properties. Before joining Fiera Properties, Mr. Rowland was the Managing Director for Blackstone in Canada where he led the real estate lending group. This followed an extensive 19-year career at General Electric with various roles including the Managing Director of GE Capital Real Estate in Canada. Mr. Rowland is a leading Canadian non-bank lender, having been involved in over $10B of transactions. His loan structuring and valuation expertise extends across all commercial asset types and in markets across Canada.
Mr. Rowland holds an Honours Bachelor of Commerce from McMaster University and is a registered mortgage broker #M08007185.


text: Ty Hafan 3 peaks challenge took place this June where teams of 5 take on the three highest peaks in Wales over a period of 1 day. Starting at the foot of Snowdon at 3.30am; Anthony Mynett, Neil Cope, Simon Williams, Rainer Wieser and Adrian Hancock represented Team 4 Willmott Dixon and commenced their trek reaching the summit by 5.30am and continuing up Cadair Idris and Penyfan Mountains, raising over £2500.00 for the charity. Having trained over the months leading up to the event, the team's performance was accomplished in a time acceptable to our fitness guru, Simon Williams, who was pleasantly surprised by our finishing speed. Assisted by Adrian's driving and culinary skills, the team enjoyed the whole experience while raising money for an excellent cause. Highlights of the event included Neil Cope doing the ayatollah on each peak and Simon's choice of accommodation.


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It's in the past. Forget it and move on!
This is typical advice from a thousand armchair psychologists.
It is also common to hear this from professional counselors and coaches.
Little do these well-intended folks know that this is not only impossible, but ignorant.
What do you do, then, if you are living in the shadow of a painful past?
To answer this question, we need to dive a little deeper. We'll do this FAQ style.
The past is a concept in your mind.
Most people subconsciously imagine the past trailing off in the mental distance, sprinkled with memories. There is no actual, objective past. There is only your present mental perspective on the imagined past.
In other words, you actively maintain the past by viewing it in light of your current perspective and experience.
At any point in time, your perspective on the past can be reframed with new information, giving the past new meaning.
Without what you learned in the past, everything you know today would vanish.
You know how to turn a doorknob, for example, because at some point in the past you learned how to do this. If you did not maintain that learning, you would suddenly have no idea what to do when you approached a door.
The purpose of the past is to inform the present with what you need to know and do to thrive. In other words, what you've learned in life is a gift that keeps on giving, every moment of your life.
Early in life, when painful, negative events happen that threatened you emotionally, you had no way of realizing that this was not about you.
Children do not possess the mental and emotional boundaries that adults possess. As a child, you could not separate what was done to you by others from who believe you are.
If a series of painful events occurred, such as abuse or consistent rejection, control or deprivation of needs, you had no choice but to experience yourself through these events.
Over time, consistently experiencing yourself in a negative way, it became familiar. You learned to survive by tolerating and even subconsciously seeking out these negative experiences as an expression of your identity.
This is called a negative psychological attachment. When you are attached to experiencing yourself negatively, your identity expresses itself by reviving and experiencing the negativity in the present.
This is why people continue to subconsciously seek out negative people, experiences and habits, even when they consciously do not enjoy it.
There are many ways. Fundamentally, all of them have two things in common: raised awareness (insight) and strategy.
Raised awareness is critical. However, not all awareness is healing. For example, you can be aware that your back feels uncomfortable. This awareness may or may not reduce the pain.
Or, you can become aware that your back is hurting because you are sitting in a twisted position. This is the kind of awareness that gives you real problem solving choices.
Mental and emotional discomfort is no different. You can be aware that you feel bad and that awareness may or may not help. Or, you can become aware that you feel bad, for example, because you tend to remember painful things up close and personal (in our NLP training, we call this being associated). Likewise you may realize that you remember pleasant things as if from a mental distance (NLP: dissociated).
The unconscious structure of your past memories has everything to do with how you feel when you remember them.
I use dozens of mental strategies with my clients and – interestingly – they all work when the client has come to realize that he or she is attached to a negative past and sets a conscious goal to let it go.
When you don't have such a goal, then you tend to experience the negativity in your past passively. In other words, it feels as if the past is casting a shadow on your life that you cannot escape.
1. You may be unconsciously attached to the negativity in the past and are expressing that negativity as part of who you believe you are in the present.
2. Once you come to terms with #1, there are many simple techniques that will work for you to mentally learn from and let go of the past. NLP association and dissociation patterns are among them.
However, don't count on any technique working for you until you decide you've had enough of experiencing yourself through an attachment to negativity.
If you'd like coaching to apply the principles in this article, click here for more information.
If you like this article, then like my Facebook Page to keep up with all my writing.
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They want style. You want safety. Few family decisions produce generational standoff like choosing a car for a newly licensed teenager or a semi-independent college grad.
On this one, of course, the parents are right. Young drivers, even 20-somethings who've had their license for a few years, have higher accident rates, so a safe car is paramount. But good luck with selling that practical notion to a frisky young driver.
When we crunched the numbers, the safest cars under $25,000 turned out to be geezermobiles like the Ford Taurus or minivans-gag!-like the Hyundai Entourage. Yes, if Mom and Dad are footing the bill, Junior should be grateful for any ride at all. But even many parents would cringe at the sight of their kid piloting a grocery-getter.
So we returned to our spreadsheets, to devise a list of safe cars that teenagers and 20-somethings actually want to drive. We started by compiling a set of cars popular with drivers under 30, based on research from auto experts like J.D. Power and Kelley Blue Book. We cross-checked those cars with the U.S. News Best Car and Truck Rankings, to see how they rank on quality. With nearly $4 gas, fuel economy matters-especially to thin wallets-so we measured whether each car gets above- or below-average mileage for its class. Then we factored in these safety considerations:
1. Government crash-test scores
We like cars that earn either 4 or 5 stars, out of 5, in each of the four categories the government tests. A perfect score would be 20. We consider a "top" combined score to be 16 or higher, with nothing lower than 4 in any single category.
2. Rollover resistance
The government also calculates the likelihood that a car will roll over if the driver loses control. This is just as important as crash-test scores, since many wrecks are single-vehicle accidents that can be perfectly survivable if the car stays upright-and deadly if it flips over. Road-hugging sports cars tend to have the highest rollover resistance, since their center of gravity is low. (Still, we discourage buying your kid a Porsche.) Tall SUVs usually score lower. Safety features like stability control can help. We consider 4 or 5 stars to be a "top" rollover score.
3. Mass
A car's size and weight matter too. While crash test scores are a good safety indicator, the government rates cars only within their class-which means a compact car with a 5-star rating scores high compared with other compacts, but not necessarily compared with pickups or SUVs. In the real world, of course, collisions occur between every kind of car, and as a general rule, bigger, heavier cars protect their occupants better. So we determined whether the cars on our list have above- or below-average weight, compared with all cars.
The List
In the end, we ended up with a list of cars that may just do the impossible: keep parents and teenagers happy. The best ten cars also run the gambit from practical sedans (for the serious student) to zippy coupes (for the effervescent cheerleader) and even a pickup truck (for the Outdoors Club president). While there are some smaller cars on the list, they make up for their size with advanced safety features, good fuel economy and a high cool factor. Even if their favorites didn't make the final cut, parents and teenagers should find plenty of cars here that they can agree on. As for setting curfew, well, you're on your own.
Check out the Top Ten Best Cars for Young People gallery.
|Top 10 Picks
|Why It Made the Cut
|MINI Cooper hatchback
|Bubbly looks, safety features compensate for small size
|Toyota Tacoma pickup
|Great safety features for its class; high youth appeal
|Toyota Corolla sedan
|Sensible styling and gas mileage with, zippy performance and low price
|Dodge Charger sedan
|Muscle car heritage and style
|Chrysler 300 sedan
|This car's cool factor is off the charts
|Honda Fit hatchback
|Cute and practical, with a low price tag
|Scion xD hatchback
|Quirky looks, great safety features
|Kia Spectra5 hatchback
|Top-notch safety features, plenty of space for teens' gear
|Chevrolet Equinox SUV
|Optional AWD make it a good choice for northern teens
|Honda Civic
|Futuristic styling, tough-to-beat quality and price


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FC Porto – Liverpool : Preview & Prediction
Liverpool is no longer euphoric when it comes to the knockout stages of the Champions League. Third in the Premier League two points ahead of Tottenham and four ahead of Chelsea, the Reds are going to take the fire test in the most beautiful competition in Portugal. It must be said that if they seem capable of everything in Anfield, the men of Jürgen Klopp have too often cracked away from their bases in major events. Leader of La Liga Nos with two points ahead of Benfica, Sérgio Conceição Porto knows he will have to force the decision at Dragão, a few weeks before a difficult meeting in England. Impressive against Leipzig (3-1) and ASM (5-2) in his last two meetings on his land in the competition, Aboubakar and his teammates have the means to hit hard … Opposite, c is on the incredible Mo Salah that Liverpool will count. We expect a spectacular meeting on Wednesday: who will take the ascendancy?
Porto is undefeated for 15 games in front of their home crowd, posting an impressive record of 13 wins for 2 draws.
The Reds have made huge performances at Anfield this season but have also taken the water at City (5-0) and Tottenham (4-0), or conceded three goals at the Emirates (3-3), ahead Arsenal.
The Portuguese have only been beaten five times in their last 27 Champions League games played in their compound. We are talking about a great team, not used to being walked on in front of its audience …
Porto recited his scales a few days ago at Chaves (0-4), even allowing himself to rest some frames. All are perfectly conditioned to shine on Wednesday.
The English had been held in check at Seville (3-3) and Spartak (1-1) in the group E.
The Reds have sometimes been feverish in the very big meetings far from their bases and remain in phase of reconstruction in the biggest competitions. Accustomed to the big European jousts, Porto will know how to put the ingredients to take to the throat the English formation. The Dragons have not been dominated since 15 games in front of their audience: the series will not stop this Wednesday night. Klopp's men are slightly surcotés in this shock of LDC.
FC Porto – Liverpool : Betting Tips
Liverpool – Win Odds: 2.25
Both teams to score / YES – Odds: 1.70
Over 2.5 Goals – Odds: 1.70


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A renewed interest in butanol production has being observed. The advantage of biobutanol over ethanol is that it has a higher energy density and lower volatility. It is also a true biofuel with potential of no or little impact to food supply unlike bioethanol, which is produced from food crop. Biobutanol is produced by using anaerobic Clostridia that can produce acetone, butanol and ethanol during Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. The process is anaerobic (carried out in the absence of oxygen), and is similar to how yeast ferments sugars to produce ethanol for wine, beer, or fuel. Three areas of improvements to existing ABE fermentation process that is needed includes, maximizing butanol yield on a particular feedstock, expanding feedstock utilization capability of host microorganism and optimizing separation and purification processes to improve economics on overall butanol production process. One key component of the ABE fermentation process is the bacteria that is used. In the past, one of the challenge faced in ABE process is that the microbe could be killed by the butanol produced if the concentration of the latter is too high. This technology relates to a process whereby a high concentration of butanol is produced by utilizing multiple feedstock such as monosugars, xylan and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH) using a newly discovered microbe, which is more robust. In addition, the fermentive process produces butanol and acetone with negligible or no ethanol production detected. This meant that the separation and purification of butanol, thereby improving economics on scale.
Besides the possibility of biobutanol being adopted as a replacement of gasoline, biobutanol also has the added secondary appeal for a variety of commerical use in existing markets such as additives in the plastic and chemical industrial to produce paints, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, sealants and textiles. This market is estimated to be worth US$5Bn.


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This, I thought, would actually be harder than it seemed. Though I think there should be row upon row of Tlingit books, apparently large bookstores are limited to what people have published. There are a lot of Tlingit books, but very few that we do not own between us, and those would more likely come directly from a corporation or nonprofit.
I was pleased and surprised to see a book by Richard and Nora Marks Dauenhauer, and Lydia Black. The Duaenhauers are THE publishing authority on Tlingit people (Nora, is herself, Tlingit), and are two of the people I've never met that I admire most for the work they've done. I THOUGHT, between my dad and I, we owned every one of their major works, but I was happy to see I was wrong. I didn't even have to look for another book.
It's called Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká: Russians in Tlingit America, The Battles of Sitka 1802 and 1804. Okay - they aren't all exciting titles (though some of them, I think, have simple, beautiful titles.) And just the following day, the Anchorage Daily News prints an article that the book has already won a prestigious award.
The education of the real history and contributions of Alaska Native people is very close to my heart, and this is one of those events (technically two) that I wish everyone knew about. I am looking forward to reading the "real" story myself. The battle of Sitka is something I have only ever heard from (non-Native) books and oral family history - including one transcription of an auntie about an ancestor who was orphaned at the battle. From the ADN article:
The Tlingit view of the war, extrapolated from oral histories and supporting written documentation, is understandably different, more complex and probably more credible. It's a story of invasion, resistance, betrayal, siege and a brilliantly executed strategic retreat followed by campaigns of attrition that led eventually to a long-lasting business arrangement that proved beneficial to both sides.
One of the big fallacies of Alaska Native history is that the majority of us were ever a conquered people. This differs strongly from what happened in the Lower 48. Although the Aleutian Islands were hit pretty hard, you would be hard-pressed to find villages in Alaska that are NOT on or near traditional grounds.
There is a strong argument (which I subscribe to) that the sale of Alaska from Russia to American was illegal, because even the Western laws of the time stated you must have control of the land you are selling. Russians had control of very little of Alaska, and the sale was akin to "Well, we say we own Antarctica and no one that matters to us is arguing about it, so it's for sale." Up until very close to the sale, Americans were actually saying the same thing. American businessman and even the government put up strong arguments that, since the Russians had no control over Tlingit people, and the Tlingit people maintained their traditional territory, Tlingits were a soveriegn people. Of course, this attitude changed once the sale was on the table.
I digress. But this is certainly an interesting piece of history I hope others will be interested in also. A few other pieces of Alaska Native history I hope to extrapolate on later in "Did you know?" form:
Did you know...
- that a Native woman was arrested in Nome for sitting in the white section of the theater, prompting forward Alaskan civil rights, years before Rosa Parks made her courageous stand a bit more south?
- the Native people of Barrow fought an unjust law with the infamous "Barrow Duck-in," successfully, and with exactly what it sounds like?
- that the Japanese were not the only American group of people forced into camps during World War II - that Aleut people were also forced out of their homes by the U.S. government, and many, many died for it?
- that the U.S. Navy bombed three Tlingit villages after it "bought" Alaska, one so unfairly it prompted the American people of the time (who were still in the "kill 'em or move 'em" phase) to question it and react with legislation?
- that the first man to reach the summit of Denali (known to many of you as Mt. McKinley) was an Alaska Native man?
There is a rich, surprising, interesting and endless history of Alaska Native people well worth delving into.


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Double-pylon folding board with six writing surfaces.
Two pairs of pylons (pairs of uprights) made from combined, extruded aluminium profiles with natural anodized finish. Counterweights made from steel or plastic, lightweight, low-noise and maintenance-free, travelling in the uprights. The board surface can be moved vertically in front of the pylons. See table for maximum pylon height.
Installation. Wall mounting.
Board surfaces made from steel sheet, held in frame without screws, with rounded aluminium profiles and safety corners. Chalk strip and wiper holder on main surface (F1, F6) and dirt collection channel on the wings (F2, F3, F4, F5) made from aluminium with natural anodized finish and with side safety caps.
Accessories. Centre-mounted projection surface or Screen.
The following material groups are available to choose from: Pylon made of aluminium: M(anodis); Writing surface made of steel: E1.
Further products on this page: PantoMove-LuPo, Quattro-Teach.


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A high will be near 75 degrees.
There will be lots of sun over Volusia and Flagler, Friday heating up the day to 75 degrees.
Skies will be mostly sunny, according to the National Weather Service in Melbourne.
Patchy fog will occur after 4 a.m. Saturday and night skies Friday will be partly cloudy with a low around 51 degrees.
In traffic news, The Florida Highway Patrol reports a fatality as a result of a vehicle crash at U.S. 92 and Interstate 4 near Daytona Beach at 4:45 a.m. The crash has the eastbound lanes of U.S. 92 closed, troopers report.
No other details on the wreck were immediately available.
No traffic crashes are reported in Flagler County.
Check out our new weather page.
ON TAP: Find out what's happening today locally.
See current weather conditions and our BeachCam.
Check Volusia County traffic conditions.
Check Flagler County traffic conditions.


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LSU quarterback Brandon Harris plans to transfer
LSU quarterback Brandon Harris announced on social media Monday afternoon he plans to leave the program and transfer to another university.
A top recruit out of high school in 2014, Harris started 15 games as a Tiger but lost his starting job in 2016 to Danny Etling.
Harris tweeted "after consulting with Coach O (LSU head coach Ed Orgeron) and family, I've decided the best decision for me and my future is to transfer away from LSU. Coach O has given me a full release. I look forward to finishing school and graduating and finding the best place to further my education and playing career next season."
Keep up with local news, weather and current events with the WDSU app here. Sign up for our email newsletters to get breaking news right in your inbox. Click here to sign up!


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JAMMU, NOVEMBER 18: Taking another step towards better healthcare services, National Health Mission J&K today launched the Bio Medical Equipment Waste Management Programme (BEMMP) in the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
The programme was launched by Financial Commissioner Health and Medical Education, Atal Dulloo who was Chief Guest at the launch ceremony.
The FC, while launching the program, said that the biomedical equipment management was the need of the hour to improve the patient care facilities in the health care institutions.
Highlighting the objectives of the program, Dulloo said that the program is designed in a way that the equipments in the district level health care facility will have an uptime of 95%, in sub-district hospital 90% and in PHC 80%.
He said the service provider is responsible for mapping the entire inventory of equipment in healthcare facilities and said that they have almost completed 80% of the work.
He also said that has to repair the faulty (if any) equipment in all the health care institutes of J&K and Ladakh within 4 months and said that the program is valid for 5 years.
He also said that any complaint on the centralised call centre provided by Service provider regarding the faulty equipment has to be set right by it within 7 days and said that if it fails there is a provision for penalty.
Dullo also said that the Service provider will place bio-medical engineers in health care institutions for timely and efficient management of the program. He also called upon all the authorities in their respective hospitals and other health care institutes that they should see that no equipment remains dysfunctional. He sought cooperation from MSs, CMOs, BMOs so that the program runs smoothly for uninterrupted patient care.
Highlighting the importance of program, Dulloo informed that mapping and tagging of various bio-medical equipment in the different healthcare facilities, upto PHC level in JKL has been completed and now onward Service provider Healthcare Services Pvt Ltd shall ensure regular maintenance of all these equipments, supported through 24/7 call centre as per terms and conditions of the agreement.
Mission Director National Health Mission, J&K Bhupinder Kumar said that the maintenance of equipment has remained a persistent challenge throughout the country and said that with the launch of BEMMP the health sector will get strengthened to ensure proper health care services in the hospitals.
He informed that as per the directions of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the BEMMP is being implemented in various healthcare facilities upto PHC level in J&K and Ladakh through Service provider Hyderabad. He informed that the financial support for the program is provided by MoH&FW under National Health Mission.
Seeking cooperation from the end users, Kumar said that all Medical Superintendents, CMOs, BMOs and designated Nodal Officers should use this golden opportunity for improving health care facilities.
He said that the programme will bring a paradigm shift in patient care and will also bring a lot of efficiency in health service providers.
Programme Manager JK-BEMMP, NHM, J&K, Massarat Iqbal in his welcome address termed the launch as a remarkable occasion and said that this will go a long way in ensuring trouble free patient care in the health care institutions.
Divisional Nodal Officer, Jammu, NHM Dr. Harjeet Rai presented the vote of thanks.


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Daniel Mittler
Daniel Mittler is political director of Greenpeace International. Follow him on Twitter: @danielmittler
Articles by this author
Sunday, November 30, 2014
Lima: A Positive End to a Brreakthrough Year for the Climate Movement?
There is no question: 2014 has been a key year for the politics of climate change already, even before the latest round of climate talks get under way in Lima, Peru, next week. This is the year that you, and people like you, turned the latest, frightening warnings from climate science into a...
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Wednesday, June 18, 2014
Ocean Action in Washington – But High Seas Ignored
US Secretary of State, John Kerry, clearly cares about the ocean. He grew up with the sea and backed many progressive ocean policies while in the US Senate. You could feel that emotional connection at the OurOcean conference , which he hosted over the last two days in Washington, D.C. Unlike most...
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Monday, April 14, 2014
Dear Fossil Fuel Industry - It's Over
It's been a long week here in Berlin, with experts and government officials finalising urgently awaited conclusions from the United Nations climate change panel about the solutions to climate change . Now they're done and the message is clear: climate action is an opportunity, not a burden! The...
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of excess liver triacylglycerol (TAG), inflammation, and liver damage. The goal of the present study was to directly quantify the biological sources of hepatic and plasma lipoprotein TAG in NAFLD. Patients (5 male and 4 female; 44 ± 10 years of age) scheduled for a medically indicated liver biopsy were infused with and orally fed stable isotopes for 4 days to label and track serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), dietary fatty acids, and those derived from the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway, present in liver tissue and lipoprotein TAG. Hepatic and lipoprotein TAG fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. NAFLD patients were obese, with fasting hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. Of the TAG accounted for in liver, 59.0% ± 9.9% of TAG arose from NEFAs; 26.1% ± 6.7%, from DNL; and 14.9% ± 7.0%, from the diet. The pattern of labeling in VLDL was similar to that in liver, and throughout the 4 days of labeling, the liver demonstrated reciprocal use of adipose and dietary fatty acids. DNL was elevated in the fasting state and demonstrated no diurnal variation. These quantitative metabolic data document that both elevated peripheral fatty acids and DNL contribute to the accumulation of hepatic and lipoprotein fat in NAFLD.
Kerry L. Donnelly, Coleman I. Smith, Sarah J. Schwarzenberg, Jose Jessurun, Mark D. Boldt, Elizabeth J. Parks
The inhibitor of NF-κB (I-κB) kinase (IKK) complex consists of 3 subunits, IKK1, IKK2, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and is involved in the activation of NF-κB by various stimuli. IKK2 or NEMO constitutive knockout mice die during embryogenesis as a result of massive hepatic apoptosis. Therefore, we examined the role of IKK2 in TNF-induced apoptosis and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver by using conditional knockout mice. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of IKK2 did not lead to impaired activation of NF-κB or increased apoptosis after TNF-α stimulation whereas conditional NEMO knockout resulted in complete block of NF-κB activation and massive hepatocyte apoptosis. In a model of partial hepatic I/R injury, mice lacking IKK2 in hepatocytes displayed significantly reduced liver necrosis and inflammation than wild-type mice. AS602868, a novel chemical inhibitor of IKK2, protected mice from liver injury due to I/R without sensitizing them toward TNF-induced apoptosis and could therefore emerge as a new pharmacological therapy for liver resection, hemorrhagic shock, or transplantation surgery.
Tom Luedde, Ulrike Assmus, Torsten Wüstefeld, Andreas Meyer zu Vilsendorf, Tania Roskams, Mark Schmidt-Supprian, Klaus Rajewsky, David A. Brenner, Michael P. Manns, Manolis Pasparakis, Christian Trautwein
Increasing evidence demonstrates that IL-6 has a protective role during liver injury. IL-6 activates intracellular pathways via the gp130 receptor. In order to identify IL-6–gp130 pathways involved in mediating liver protection, we analyzed hepatocyte-specific gp130 knockout mice in a concanavalin A–induced (Con A–induced) model of immune-mediated hepatitis. We demonstrated that IL-6–gp130–dependent pathways in hepatocytes alone are sufficient for triggering protection in Con A–induced hepatitis. gp130-STAT3 signaling in hepatocytes mediates the IL-6–triggered protective effect. This was demonstrated by analysis of IL-6–induced protection in mice selectively deficient for gp130-dependent STAT1/3 or gp130-SHP2-RAS signaling in hepatocytes. To identify IL-6–gp130–STAT1/3 dependently expressed liver-protective factors, we performed gene array analysis of hepatic gene expression in hepatocyte-specific gp130–/– mice as well as in gp130-STAT1/3– and gp130-SHP2-RAS-MAPK–deficient mice. The mouse IL-8 ortholog KC (also known as Gro-α) and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2) was identified as differentially IL-6–gp130–STAT3–regulated genes. Hepatic expression of KC and SAA2 mediate the liver-protective potential of IL-6, since treatment with recombinant KC or serum SAA2 effectively reduced liver injury during Con A–induced hepatitis. In summary, this study defines IL-6–gp130–STAT3–dependent gene expression in hepatocytes that mediates IL-6–triggered protection in immune-mediated Con A–induced hepatitis. Additionally, we identified the IL-6–gp130–STAT3–dependent proteins KC and SAA2 as new candidates for therapeutic targets in liver diseases.
Christian Klein, Torsten Wüstefeld, Ulrike Assmus, Tania Roskams, Stefan Rose-John, Michael Müller, Michael P. Manns, Mattias Ernst, Christian Trautwein
Cholecystokinin (CCK) modulates contractility of the gallbladder, the sphincter of Oddi, and the stomach. These effects are mediated through activation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle as well as enteric neuron CCK-1 receptors (CCK-1Rs). To investigate the potential physiological and pathophysiological functions linked to CCK-1R–mediated signaling, we compared male WT and CCK-1R–deficient mice (129/SvEv). After 12 weeks on either a standard mouse chow or a lithogenic diet (containing 1% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid, and 15% dairy fat), small-intestinal transit time, intestinal cholesterol absorption, biliary cholesterol secretion, and cholesterol gallstone prevalence were compared in knockout versus WT animals. Analysis of mice on either the chow or the lithogenic diet revealed that CCK-1R–/– animals had larger gallbladder volumes (predisposing to bile stasis), significant retardation of small-intestinal transit times (resulting in increased cholesterol absorption), and increased biliary cholesterol secretion rates. The elevation in bile cholesterol, coupled with a tendency toward gallbladder stasis (due to the absence of CCK-induced contraction), facilitates nucleation, growth, and agglomeration of cholesterol monohydrate crystals; this sequence of events in turn results in a significantly higher prevalence of cholesterol gallstones in the CCK-1R–null mice.
David Q.-H. Wang, Frank Schmitz, Alan S. Kopin, Martin C. Carey
The etiology and pathogenesis of bile duct obstruction in children with biliary atresia are largely unknown. We have previously reported that, despite phenotypic heterogeneity, genomic signatures of livers from patients display a proinflammatory phenotype. Here, we address the hypothesis that production of IFN-γ is a key pathogenic mechanism of disease using a mouse model of rotavirus-induced biliary atresia. We found that rotavirus infection of neonatal mice has a unique tropism to bile duct cells, and it triggers a hepatobiliary inflammation by IFN-γ–producing CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. The inflammation is tissue specific, resulting in progressive jaundice, growth failure, and greater than 90% mortality due to obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. In this model, the genetic loss of IFN-γ did not alter the onset of jaundice, but it remarkably suppressed the tissue-specific targeting of T lymphocytes and completely prevented the inflammatory and fibrosing obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts. As a consequence, jaundice resolved, and long-term survival improved to greater than 80%. Notably, administration of recombinant IFN-γ led to recurrence of bile duct obstruction following rotavirus infection of IFN-γ–deficient mice. Thus, IFN-γ–driven obstruction of bile ducts is a key pathogenic mechanism of disease and may constitute a therapeutic target to block disease progression in patients with biliary atresia.
Pranavkumar Shivakumar, Kathleen M. Campbell, Gregg E. Sabla, Alexander Miethke, Greg Tiao, Monica M. McNeal, Richard L. Ward, Jorge A. Bezerra
Ali Canbay, Maria Eugenia Guicciardi, Hajime Higuchi, Ariel Feldstein, Steven F. Bronk, Robert Rydzewski, Makiko Tanai, Gregory J. Gores
We recently showed that antigen-nonspecific inflammatory cells are recruited into the liver when hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CTLs are injected into HBV transgenic mice, and that this process amplifies the severity of liver disease. We also showed that the severity of CTL-induced liver disease is ameliorated by the depletion of Gr-1+ cells (Gr-1 is an antigen highly expressed by neutrophils), which, secondarily, abolishes the intrahepatic recruitment of all antigen-nonspecific Gr-1– mononuclear cells (NK and NKT cells, T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells) despite the strong induction of chemokine gene expression. Those results suggested that in addition to chemokine expression, CTL-induced functions are necessary for mononuclear cell recruitment to occur. We now report that MMPs known to be produced by Gr-1+ cells are rapidly induced in the livers of CTL-injected mice. The inhibition of MMP activity reduced the intrahepatic recruitment of antigen-nonspecific mononuclear cells and much of the attending liver disease without affecting the migration or antiviral potential of antigen-specific CTLs. The notion that the inhibition of MMP activity is associated with maintenance of antiviral effects but diminished tissue damage may be significant for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Giovanni Sitia, Masanori Isogawa, Matteo Iannacone, Iain L. Campbell, Francis V. Chisari, Luca G. Guidotti
Yin Zhi Huang, a decoction of Yin Chin (Artemisia capillaris) and three other herbs, is widely used in Asia to prevent and treat neonatal jaundice. We recently identified the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) as a key regulator of bilirubin clearance in the liver. Here we show that treatment of WT and humanized CAR transgenic mice with Yin Zhi Huang for 3 days accelerates the clearance of intravenously infused bilirubin. This effect is absent in CAR knockout animals. Expression of bilirubin glucuronyl transferase and other components of the bilirubin metabolism pathway is induced by Yin Zhi Huang treatment of WT mice or mice expressing only human CAR, but not CAR knockout animals. 6,7-Dimethylesculetin, a compound present in Yin Chin, activates CAR in primary hepatocytes from both WT and humanized CAR mice and accelerates bilirubin clearance in vivo. We conclude that CAR mediates the effects of Yin Zhi Huang on bilirubin clearance and that 6,7-dimethylesculetin is an active component of this herbal medicine. CAR is a potential target for the development of new drugs to treat neonatal, genetic, or acquired forms of jaundice.
Wendong Huang, Jun Zhang, David D. Moore
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid–activated transcription factor that is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Fxr-null mice exhibit a phenotype similar to Byler disease, an inherited cholestatic liver disorder. In the liver, activation of FXR induces transcription of transporter genes involved in promoting bile acid clearance and represses genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis. We investigated whether the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 could protect against cholestatic liver damage in rat models of extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestasis. In the bile duct–ligation and α-naphthylisothiocyanate models of cholestasis, GW4064 treatment resulted in significant reductions in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as other markers of liver damage. Rats that received GW4064 treatment also had decreased incidence and extent of necrosis, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased bile duct proliferation. Analysis of gene expression in livers from GW4064-treated cholestatic rats revealed decreased expression of bile acid biosynthetic genes and increased expression of genes involved in bile acid transport, including the phospholipid flippase MDR2. The hepatoprotection seen in these animal models by the synthetic FXR agonist suggests FXR agonists may be useful in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease.
Yaping Liu, Jane Binz, Mary Jo Numerick, Steve Dennis, Guizhen Luo, Bhasha Desai, Kathleen I. MacKenzie, Traci A. Mansfield, Steven A. Kliewer, Bryan Goodwin, Stacey A. Jones
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a pro-oxidant and fibrogenic cytokine. We investigated the role of NADPH oxidase in Ang II–induced effects in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a fibrogenic cell type. Human HSCs express mRNAs of key components of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase. Ang II phosphorylated p47phox, a regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase, and induced reactive oxygen species formation via NADPH oxidase activity. Ang II phosphorylated AKT and MAPKs and increased AP-1 DNA binding in a redox-sensitive manner. Ang II stimulated DNA synthesis, cell migration, procollagen α1(I) mRNA expression, and secretion of TGF-β1 and inflammatory cytokines. These effects were attenuated by N-acetylcysteine and diphenylene iodonium, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, Ang II induced upregulation of genes potentially involved in hepatic wound-healing response in a redox-sensitive manner, as assessed by microarray analysis. HSCs isolated from p47phox–/– mice displayed a blunted response to Ang II compared with WT cells. We also assessed the role of NADPH oxidase in experimental liver fibrosis. After bile duct ligation, p47phox–/– mice showed attenuated liver injury and fibrosis compared with WT counterparts. Moreover, expression of smooth muscle α-actin and expression of TGF-β1 were reduced in p47phox–/– mice. Thus, NADPH oxidase mediates the actions of Ang II on HSCs and plays a critical role in liver fibrogenesis.
Ramón Bataller, Robert F. Schwabe, Youkyung H. Choi, Liu Yang, Yong Han Paik, Jeffrey Lindquist, Ting Qian, Robert Schoonhoven, Curt H. Hagedorn, John J. Lemasters, David A. Brenner


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Rochester, NY – August 29, 2013 – Bio-Optronics, the developer of Clinical Conductor Site CTMS, is thrilled to announce the successful CTMS implementation at over 1,600 clinical research sites around the world, making it the most widely-used clinical trial management system. Designed specifically for research sites, Clinical Conductor Site CTMS is the premier tool for clinical research sites.
Sites that have adopted the Clinical Conductor Site CTMS platform have seen dramatic improvements in their overall operational effectiveness; many sites have reported up to a 20% increase in overall efficiency, while showing a 30% increase in profitability while using the software.
Company Vice President and CBO Maria Durkin states, "Clinical Conductor Site CTMS has revolutionized the way sites conduct trials. Our customers are meeting recruitment targets more quickly, improving financial performance and managing trial documentation efficiently. Sites using Clinical Conductor are also differentiating themselves as successful research organizations that consistently meet deliverables and achieve results. We've seen our customers achieve significant growth in trials. We are proud to be working with them and appreciate the ongoing feedback that enables Clinical Conductor Site CTMS to continue to adapt and grow with the market's needs."
Clinical Conductor Site CTMS has helped research sites worldwide make a profound impact on the healthcare industry. Since its debut, Clinical Conductor Site CTMS has been used in nearly 40,000 trials and has tracked over 2 million trial patients, spanning single sites, multi-location sites, site networks and hospital departments. As Clinical Conductor Site CTMS continues to grow, we foresee additional ways in which researchers will be able to expand and optimize their businesses, while expediting delivery of critical new enhancements in medicine, through the use of this CTMS.
Created with the understanding that no two sites are the same, Clinical Conductor Site CTMS has been designed with extensive functionality capable of satisfying every trial management need while adapting to the specific needs of each research organization. Listening to our customers and adapting to their changing needs, coupled with many years of healthcare experience, Clinical Conductor is able to stay on the leading edge when it comes to providing research organizations the necessary tools for successful trial management. The success and experience with site customers has provided Bio-Optronics the knowledge to expand its portfolio with Clinical Conductor Enterprise, a unique CTMS that provides unparalleled project management, visibility and real-time collaboration for CROs, SMOs, AMCs and provider networks managing multiple research trials across multiple sites, research organizations and partners.
Clinical Conductor Site CTMS is the site-specific trial management solution from leading healthcare software and service provider Bio-Optronics. As a market leader with over 28 years of industry experience working with over 1,800 healthcare and life sciences organizations, Bio-Optronics produces a variety of products aimed at meeting the specific needs of each organization: Clinical Conductor Enterprise, a leading-edge CTMS for organizations managing multiple trials across multiple locations; Momentum Physician and Staff Scheduler, the highly configurable, rule-based scheduling software; and Biopoint, a patient identification system designed to ensure the proper identification of patients and synchronization of treatment at hospitals and other long-term care facilities. Bio-Optronics and its products are recognized for consistent, unparalleled service and support that continuously ensures our products are exceeding client and market needs.
Bio-Optronics, +1 585-272-1960, www.bio-optronics.com; Kyle Ricketts, Marketing Specialist, firstname.lastname@example.com


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watch 00:17
The Loop (TV)
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Celina Jade (born Celina Horan) is a Chinese actress. She portrayed Shado in a recurring guest role throughout the first and second seasons of Arrow. She portrayed Mei in a guest starring role in the third season of Arrow and Shado in a guest starring role in the fourth season of Arrow. She returned in a guest starring role in the sixth season.
Season 1
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Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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|Summary of 11 reviews :
|Room :
|Facilities :
|Service :
|Location :
|Hotel room status:
|Kamala Dreams perfectly positioned between the bustle of high street seafood restaurants, shopping, nighttime entertainment, and your own secluded beach.
|Phuket long recognized as a world class destination is Thailand's premier holiday resort. With its fine white beaches, water sports of every description, island hopping discovery opportunities, golf courses, seafood, and Thailand's exotically spiced world-renowned food. Plus much much more.
|The Kamala valley bounded on three sides by lush green covered hills of tropical rainforest is just 6km north of the well recognized nightlife hotspot of Patong. Sample if you will, or dare, alternatively settle for the more leisurely paced nightlife of Kamala - perfect after a hard day on the beach.
|The apartment building is built in an L-shape and looks
out over Kamala Beach. All studios have sea view and all look out over
the swimming pool. The 8 Ground floor studios open up directly to the
swimming pool area. There is a private terrace for Kamala Dreams occupants
at the beach end; Each studio is between 35 and 40 sq.m. including the
private terrace.
Every room is air conditioned which can be controlled by remote a small kitchen corner with refrigerator and microwave oven; a writing/make-up desk, big hanging lockers, a king size double bed; a dining table with 2 chairs and terrace furniture. Safety deposit boxes are available in the office.
A small laid out garden area fronts directly onto the beach, which is accessed by private footbridge.
|:- Beach Studio -:
|:- Poolside Studios -:
|Kamala Dreams - your perfect holiday destination - just a 30 minute drive from the airport.


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Health Insurance in Silverdale WA, Port Orchard WA & Gig Harbor WA
Good Decisions Today for a Healthy Tomorrow.
Like Life Insurance, Health Insurance is a valuable asset when it comes to safeguarding you and your family. Having proper health coverage will protect you from financial hardships that could arise if you or a family member are ever sick or injured and can't work. For businesses, having the right health benefit package is often the key to keeping your employees happy and productive, while providing the assurance that they're protected.
At Hawks View Insurance, we strive to offer the best Health Insurance options possible – from individual and group plans to specialized packages that may include dental and vision coverage.
Depending on your needs, our health care packages can include:
- Individual & Family Health Insurance
- Group Health Insurance
- Dental Coverage
- Vision Coverage
- Long-Term Care Insurance
- Temporary Health Insurance
- Supplemental Insurance
- Disability Insurance
- Medical Expense Insurance
- Child Health Insurance
- Travel Health Insurance
- Prescription Insurance
- HSAs
Why Health Insurance?
When it comes to your health you can never be too careful, and with the rising cost of medical care, Health Insurance has become a top priority. In order to have your health expenses covered at a reasonable price, having the right insurance is a necessity. Although plans vary according to your needs, they can cover anything from medical and hospital expenses to prescription drugs.
While finding the right Health Insurance is not always an easy choice, representatives from Hawks View Insurance are committed to providing the knowledge and support you need to help you make the right decision for you, your family, or your business.
At Hawks View Insurance, we provide health care insurance services near Silverdale, Bremerton, Shelton, Olympia, Gig Harbor, and Port Townsend.


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Nevada justices define minimum health benefits for lower wage workers
The Nevada Supreme Court, in an opinion issued this week, has unanimously defined what health benefits an employer must provide to qualify for a lower minimum wage.
Under the minimum wage amendment to the state constitution, businesses that provide workers health benefits can pay workers a dollar less than those who don't provide benefits. At present, that's $7.25 instead of $8.25.
According to the opinion authored by Justice Kris Pickering, the amendment, "requires an employer who pays one dollar per hour less in wages to provide a benefit in the form of health insurance at least equivalent to the one dollar per hour in wages that the employee would otherwise receive."
Under that reasoning, the high court ruled the amendment was designed to make health insurance available to workers and their dependents "at a total cost to the employee for premiums not more than 10 percent of the employee's gross taxable income."
The opinion grants a writ of mandamus directing the district court to vacate its decision granting partial summary judgment to the employees who sued MDC Restaurants and to hold hearings to determine whether the health plans offered workers meet the requirements of the amendment.
The opinion rejects MDC's argument the decision should be up to the Nevada Labor commissioner whether different health plans qualify for the lower minimum wage.
"This case requires interpretation of the (amendment), which is a responsibility that we cannot abdicate to an agency," the opinion states.
For purposes of this case, the opinion states, "the simplest and most straightforward meaning of 'health benefits' is a benefit in the form of health insurance at least equivalent to an additional one dollar per hour in wages."
The opinion concludes an employer who pays the lower minimum wage has the burden of proving they offer health insurance, "at a cost to the employer of the equivalent of at least an additional dollar per hour in wages and at a cost to the employee of no more than 10 percent of the employee's gross taxable income from the employer."
A number of employees of different Nevada business have charged over the years employers pay the lower wage by simply offering health plans that are far too expensive for minimum wage workers to purchase, thereby escaping the requirement.


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Despite all her decent experience in cock sucking this sexy white wife can't swallow the whole shaft of her new black lover. However she does her best in licking his dickhead and soon her white mouth will be filled with thick black cum!
this is hot. a white woman enjoying her black lover who is worshiping her sexy white body.
Very nice photos – great color contrast! The way sex was meant to be: Black Men and white women as white hubbies pay the bills and produce white female babies to service for Black Men later in life.
Her white husband is a very good photographer. They're gonna need quite a cleanup crew!
Let's hope her Black stud lover isn't wearing a condom so they can have a beautiful interracial baby in 9 months for the white couple to raise,
great pics my wife will soon be worshipping a bbc or maybe more than one
She is taking care of that black dick the way a white cock slut should
She chokes on this massive black dong as she tries to swallow it whole.
Lovely hair with which to wipe cock after cumming in or on her tight body.
hmmm i like it blackmen whit white girl
This Black Master has complete control ovefr that blond slut
Wow!! Now that's the perfect Blonde babydoll,getting it on with a real Black stud!


text:
More of Ellen's articles are appearing at the end of 2013: "Wind vs. Solar: Evaluating Alternative Energy Sources for Marine Use" is one of the cover stories of the November issue of Blue Water Sailing magazine, pictured left. In the same issue is her tale of a happy Thanksgiving afloat: "Thanksgiving on the Intracoastal Waterway". The British magazine Sailing Today, sister to Classic Boat, used her postcard-style Dispatches piece, recalling idyllic summer sails in Maine, to grace the back page of its 200th issue (December 2013).
In a slightly different vein, Ellen just had an article published in Alert Diver, one of the premier scuba magazines, which reaches all the North American members of DAN (Divers Alert Network). Her piece "An Ounce of Prevention" relates the precautions and responsibilities inherent in diving from your own boat without a guide and the rewards of doing so. It came out in the Fall 2013 issue, pictured left.
To read some of Ellen's previous articles, and to see a list of forthcoming ones, please visit our Articles page.


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21th "1_WALL" Graphics Exhibition
Guardian Garden
This event has ended.
The 21st "1_WALL" Graphics Exhibition will feature works by six finalists after two rounds of judging: the first round focusing on all entrants' portfolios, and the second round consisting of one-on-one discussions between the graphic designers selected in the initial round and the judges. For this group exhibition, each finalist is allocated one wall on which to show his or her works.
The final round of judging will take place on September 3 (Tue), i.e. while the exhibition is in progress. During this round, which is open to the public, the six finalists will each give a presentation of his or her works, and the judges will then discuss the relative merits of the six contenders' works and select the Grand Prize winner. The winner's prize is the privilege of holding a solo show at the gallery one year later, plus 300,000 yen to prepare for the show.
As always, this latest in the series of "1_WALL" Graphics Exhibitions brings together six diverse up-and-coming young designers. Toru Kase uses graphics to express monuments of unimaginable scale. Daisuke Kondo creates drawings using acrylic paints, spray and pen. Maya Kondo depicts imaginary worlds using acrylic gouache. Yoshiki Tanaka makes installations that combine words, drawings and three-dimensional art. Mousho aligns cube-shaped pictures to express the flow of differing times. Yuko Mayumi experiments with wood and photography to crystallize momentary scenes she wants to capture forever.
from August 27, 2019 to September 28, 2019


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Not sure what to do … I sent a messages to EGS almost 6 days ago,and another 2 days ago no response. Should I think about asking BFG for help?
I didn't see this thread, so I posted to you in the WeeSam thread.
Here the link to the rather long post I made in the WeeSam thread: