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7 Days Masai Mara – Lake Nakuru – Amboseli National Park – Tsavo West Park Safari
per person
Guaranteed departures with minimum order: 2 People
7 Days
DepartureNairobi, Kenya
Departure TimeApproximately 7:00 A.M
IncludedBirdsEntry FeesSight seeingWildlife
Not Included5 Star AccommodationAirport TransfersBreakfastDeparture TaxesFlamingosPersonal Guide
Day 01: Nairobi –Masai Mara.
Picked up from your hotel/airport at 0700hrs and drive to Maasai Mara game reserve, the northern part of the Serengeti and one of Kenya's most favored game-viewing areas. It is the Africa of the imagination; endless reaches of acacia-dotted grasslands studded with hazy hills. Lunch at the camp followed by afternoon game drives. Accommodation at the camp/lodge or similar. http://www.masaimaramanyattacamp.com
Day 02:Masai Mara.
Full day game drives at the Masai Mara. Morning game drives to the Mara River where you will get a chance to view wildebeest migration as well as the resident hippos and crocodiles. Accommodation at the Manyatta camp/lodge or similar. Optional visit to Masai Village for a cultural tour can be arranged – $20 per person. Also optional hot air balloon ride can be arranged this morning, then proceed with your game drive – $450 per person.
Day 03: Mara – Lake Nakuru.
Morning game drives then return to the camp for breakfast. After that drive to Nakuru with lunch en-route. Accommodation at the camp/lodge or similar. http://www.chesterhotels.co.ke
Day 04: Lake Nakuru – Amboseli
Early breakfast then proceed to Lake Nakuru National Park for game drives until 1100hrs then depart for Amboseli with picnic lunch en-route. Amboseli is famous for its unforgettable views of Kilimanjaro, and a relaxed abundant population of elephants as well as prolific bird life. Accommodation at Kibo tented camp/lodge or similar. http://www.kibosafaricamp.com
Day 05: Amboseli National Park.
Morning and afternoon game drives where Mount Kilimanjaro background offers good photographic scenery with herds or elephants and other animals on the background. Accommodation at Kibo tented camp/lodge or similar.
Day 06: Amboseli – Tsavo West.
Breakfast at 070hrs then depart for Tsavo West national park arriving in time for lunch. The park is a home to a huge variety of animals and birds, especially around the watering holes in this otherwise dry area. Accommodation at the camp/Ngulia Safari Lodge.
Day 07: Tsavo West – Nairobi.
Early morning breakfast game drive with a visit to Mzima springs – the most iconic attraction in this park. The crystal-clear water of this chain of lakes is filtered through the volcanic rocks of the Chyulu Hills just to the north. Shaded by majestic fig and acacia trees, the lakes swarm with fish, large crocodiles and some big pods of hippos. You can leave your vehicle and follow a pretty nature trail – though you need to keep an eye out for large animals, especially early in the morning or before dusk. If you're lucky, the underwater viewing chamber, accessed by a pier, can provide unique photo opportunities – of a sinuous, gliding crocodile, or the delicate, tiptoe, swimming-walking style of a hippo. After breakfast leave Tsavo West cam for Nairobi NB/ If you plan to end this tour in Mombasa we can drop you at Mtito Andei township where you'll board public bus to Mombasa or we'll arrange for private transport from to Mombasa town for extra cost.


text: Harry Cox was well established on the post-war Parisian musical scene. For a number of years he served as pianist for the Youth Choir of Radio France. He was also active as a composer: he set poems by Maurice Carême both for individual voices and for choir, and also composed a number of instrumental miniatures.

subset: commoncrawl


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Religious Submission to the Pope
Michael McGuckian, S.J., surveys the range of attitudes and teachings visible through the sweep of Church history towards the teaching authority of the Pope. He looks at the separation of the Western Church from the East, the reforms of the eleventh century, and the conciliar movement, leading to the disputes of the sixteenth century Reformation. He addresses the range of views at Vatican I, before outlining the process of drafting the Vatican II teaching on the topic.
Brexit: the Ultimate Denouement of Ireland's Independence Project?
David Begg analyses the implications for Ireland of the shifting elements in the Brexit saga. He notes the opportunities if Ireland engages in closer cooperation within the EU with the Nordic countries and the Netherlands – all socially progressive, economically efficient and fiscally prudent.
Junia, Phoebe and Prisca in Early Christian Rome
Michael Peppard argues that Paul's language in chapter 16 of the Letter to the Romans indicates that named women were teachers and leaders in early Christian Rome.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Man of Faith, Giant of Science
Deirdre Powell outlines the life and work of Galileo, showing how he combined a genuine commitment to the faith with creative achievements in science.
Incarnation, Apples, and the Eucharist
Edward P. Echlin meditates on the ecological implications of every celebration of the Eucharist.
A Woman for All Seasons
John Scally reflects on the life and achievements of Nano Nagle and other creative women founders in Penal era Ireland.
*Please select your location from drop down menu* December 2018 - Price includes P&P The Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan John O'Brien details...
*Please select your location from drop down menu* November 2018 - Price includes P&P An End to Awkward Translations of the Liturgy? ...
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Create an inclusive whole school culture and learning environment that support the growth and development of faculty, staff, and learners.
We will strive to improve our organizational effectiveness, including developing a positive, collaborative work culture, and achieving more streamlined and efficient operations.
In order to create a collaborative environment where staff, faculty, and learners work together, we will begin with a needs assessment to determine how best to engage our people, including all faculty members in all aspects of the School, improve collaborations, grow and develop our leadership, and establish a comprehensive human resources plan. We must focus on our people to ensure that we will continue to fulfill our aspirations.


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Sightings for January 27: 2 Herons, 25+ Shoveler, 100+ Wigeon, 30+ Dunlin,Teal, 4 Curlew, Shelduck, 75+ Coot, Redshank, 50+ Lapwing, 14 Mute Swan, 100+ Canada Geese, 50+ Greylag Geese, 15+ Fieldfare, 5 Meadow Pipit, 2 Wren, 50+ Rooks, 75+ Starlings. Chilly but busy day.
In reply to Martin P:
Sightings for February 9: 70+ Shoveler, Teal, 400 lapwing, Little Grebe, coot, Canada Geese, Greylag Geese,100+ Wigeon, 10 Mute Swan, +100 Grey Plover, Redshank, +100 Dunlin,2 Curlew, 8 Reed Buntings. Cold with snow flurries
February 17: Shovelers 50+, Lapwing 100s, Skylarks, Teal, Wigeon, Stonechat, Marsh Harriers 2, Jays 4, Meadowe Pipits 6+, Chaffinch, Goldfinch, Shelduck, Song Thrush, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Cettis 2(h), Stoat
We spend 90% of net income on conservation, public education and advocacy
The RSPB is a member of BirdLife International. Find out more about the partnership
© The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a registered charity: England and Wales no. 207076, Scotland no. SC037654


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For many children, a visit to the dentist can be a frightening experience. However, experts who study the role of play in early childhood education have discovered some simple ways parents can ease their child's anxiety about having their teeth checked. Parents often select books to help children understand new experiences like visiting the dentist. However, buying toys that allow your children to play dentist can be a much more helpful way to ease their fears. In fact, pretend play helps kids in a variety of ways.
Experts emphasize children don't learn the way adults do. If adults want to understand something involving a medical or dental procedure, they will ask questions, research the subject on the internet and gather information to learn more. However, children learn by acting out and repeating their experiences. This is why the role of play in early childhood education becomes so important. Using a dentist playset allows kids try out the new words they learn from their parents and their dentist. They tell their doll they'll be taking a picture of their teeth, called an x-ray. Or they might inform their sibling that the little instrument with the mirror helps them see the dolls teeth way in the back of their mouth.
Playing Pretend Helps Kids Feel Less Scared at the Dentist
By acting out these things through pretend play, children ease their own fears and increase their understanding of the process. Toys that allow your child to play dentist will help them become more comfortable visiting their own dentist. They can ease their doll into the dentist chair, adjust the xray machine. You might even find your child trying to comfort their patient and remind them they don't have to be scared. This is simply your child's way of easing their own fears and building their confidence to face experiences in the real world.
The Playmobil Dentist's Office offers everything your kids need to play dentist. It comes with a dentist and a patient your child can use to act out their dentist visit. A cool dentist chair with a light and space for holding tools looks just like the kind you see at a real dentist office. There's even a little sink where the dentist can wash his hands. Your child can adjust the patient in the dental chair and choose the tools the dentist will use to help clean and examine their small patient's teeth.
Let Barbie or the Calico Critters Help Your Child Conquer Their Fear of the Dentist
Calico Critters has another great pretend play set your child can use to play dentist. Becky Beaver Visits the Dentist includes two plush, poseable beaver dolls and an assortment of accessories. Dr. Ben can move the dental lamp to examine Becky's teeth as she lays back in the adjustable dentist chair. A rolling cart holds all the special tools he'll need to make sure her teeth are healthy.
If your child is already a fan of Barbie, their favorite fashion doll might be the perfect thing to help them overcome their fear of visiting the dentist. The set includes Dentist Barbie, Patient Kelly, a dentist chair, stool for the dentist and an xray stand. Dentist tools and a light are ready to use during the Kelly's check-up. A button on the dentist chair even features gargling and spitting sounds, just like your child might hear when they visit the dentist.
Kids Learn A Lot by Playing Pretend
Parents often don't realize the importance of play in early childhood education. Young children learn many things during play. Allowing time for imaginative play that your child controls will help them make sense of their world. Parents often struggle to help their child deal with difficult situations and experiences. Yet, if they are provided with the opportunity, children will often resolve many issues and concerns on their own, through pretend play.
Dental health is so important. Since children should visit the dentist every six months, you want them to feel comfortable. By choosing a dentist play set that allows your child to play dentist, you will help your child become more relaxed and at ease with the routine of visiting their dentist. Next time your child has a dentist appointment, they may not be excited to go, but after playing dentist, parents often find their kids are much less scared to visit the dentist.


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first AL.com user to add photos or videos of Shiv Investments Inc
Shiv Investments Inc was founded in 2010, and is located at 7933 N Century Blvd in Century.
Shiv Investments Inc is located at 7933 N Century Blvd, Century, FL..


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Twelve months ago, in the then-new category of Best City SUV for baby soft roaders, the Suzuki Vitara beat the Mazda CX-3 and Honda HR-V to take a perhaps surprising win, underpinned by its superior on-road ride and handling, more safety gear and better overall refinement levels.
But that was then. Jumping aboard the segment for small, front-wheel-drive SUV-shaped city runabouts, Jeep has popped up with a metrosexual-influenced revival of an old butch nameplate, the Renegade.
So this year pits the new funky Renegade against the more conservative carryover champ Vitara, improved further since its 2015 COTY category success with a turbocharged 1.4-litre so-called Boosterjet engine hooked up to a six-speed auto.
The Renegade is the first all-fresh product resulting from the trans-Atlantic marriage between Jeep and Italy's Fiat group. Manufactured in Italy, the new Renegade's squarish, caricature styling is clearly aimed at the young and young-at-heart. Despite some retro cues, it is far removed from the industrial-tough Wrangler Renegade of Jeep's past.
The new faux off-roader, the smallest Jeep ever made, is more suited to the 'burbs than the bush. Of the four different Renegade models, only one has 4WD and capable of some light work in the dirt.
The Renegade Sport 1.4 auto model in this contest is front-wheel drive and in driving terms not a whole lot different from any regular four-door hatchback. Then you slide inside to be confronted by a remarkable collection of Jeep logos scattered throughout the cabin. It's as if the American icon needs to remind owners that the dinky little runabout is in fact a Jeep.
You sit low in the seats, and peer over a high fascia, vision partially obscured by one of the world's thickest A pillars.
Rear-seat space in the Renegade is tight around the knees but there is an abundance of head room.
Youthful touches in the cabin give clues to its prime target market, although Jeep has held back on some features that today's buyers expect, namely sat-nav and parking sensors. But it does have a reversing camera, 5.0-inch touchscreen, a compass as a street guide, integrated voice command with Bluetooth, electric park brake, steering wheel audio controls, a tilt/telescoping steering column, cruise control and tyre pressure monitoring.
While no fireball, the Renegade Sport's 1.4-litre turbo four cylinder is lively enough thanks to its low-rev response, also moving along pleasantly and quietly at cruising speeds.
The Italian six-speed dual-clutch automatic reveals some hesitation to hook up and go from rest, but shifts gears smoothly on the fly.
The boxy Renegade behaves well enough when it gets to corners, with just some initial body roll. For a vehicle with such a small wheelbase, it also rides well over the bumps with no suggestion that its suspension travel is limited. Road noise penetrates the cabin when the tarmac surface is less than immaculate.
In other respects, they measure up very closely, particularly in engine output, accelerative performance, identical 5.9L/100km economy, resale over three years (both 50 per cent) warranty (three years/100,000km) and key safety features (seven airbags apiece, five-star rating). Neither gets auto city braking. Neither has a full-sized spare, settling instead for a spacesaver.
Pricing is always sensitive in a segment targeting young buyers, small families and retirees, and here the Jeep enjoys a nearly $1000 advantage but lacks some of the most worthy features of the Suzuki – sat-nav, front and rear parking sensors, leather accented and suede seats, and Apple CarPlay.
Additional features include black alloy wheels, keyless entry and start, Bluetooth/USB, cruise control with speed limiter rain-sensing wipers, tilt- and telescopic-adjustable steering, electric-folding mirrors and auto on/off LED headlights.
While the Vitara is dimensionally smaller in key exterior measurements it makes good use of its space with adequate rear legroom - more than the Renegade - and a decent cargo area (with a split floor 'wet' area).
Its Tupperware party cabin misses out on the sheer sense of cheekiness felt inside the Renegade, but its infotainment system is intuitive and easy to operate.
Suzuki's move to a turbo 103kW 1.4-litre engine (leaving the old 86kW 1.6 to serve the base model Vitara) has registered positively on both fuel efficiency and performance, helped by its light weight.
Excellent driving dynamics are the Vitara's great strength, its sure handling and steering, and amazingly comfortable ride, being huge positives for a family vehicle. Judges didn't like its interventionist stability control system but overall, the Vitara is nicer to drive and more agile, the Renegade feeling heavier, taller, softer…
The Vitara was a good car a year ago, and today it's even better.
In a close fight, each has their impactful characteristics and strengths. In this segment, the Jeep's cutesy, comic-book looks are a clear young buyer-grabber. Oldies, though, would surely prefer the more conservatively styled Vitara.
With its predictable on-road behaviour, spaciousness, features-for-money, and revitalised with a new turbo engine, the Vitara landed five primary votes to the Renegade's one to emerge on top, retaining its Best City SUV crown in the 2016 Drive Car of the Year awards.
Judges' Vote
Suzuki Vitara Turbo - 7
Jeep Renegade - 11
(The Drive Car of the Year judging process awards points to every car in the category according to the position they were ranked by all six judges. The car with the lowest score therefore wins the category. If this vehicle defeats the existing category champion it is then eligible for the overall 2016 Drive Car of the Year award.)
Price and specifications
2016 Jeep Renegade Sport 1.4 turbo auto
Price: $28,000 (plus on-road costs)
As tested: $28,500 (with metallic paint)
Engine: 1.4-litre four-cylinder turbo petrol
Power: 103kW at 5500rpm
Torque: 230Nm at 1750rpm
Transmission: 6-spd DDCT automatic, FWD
Fuel Use: 5.9L/100km (95RON)
2016 Suzuki Vitara S Turbo
Price: $28,990 (plus on-road costs)
As tested: $31,239 (with $1250 two-tone paint, $299 black side moulding plus fitting, and $199 DRL bezels. Plus fitting)
Engine: 1.4-litre four-cylinder turbo petrol
Power: 103kW at 5500rpm
Torque: 220Nm at 1500-4000rpm
Transmission: 6-spd automatic, FWD
Fuel Use: 5.9L/100km (95RON)
- Interested in buying Suzuki Vitara? Visit our Suzuki showroom for more information.


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rutilated quartz
I'm on a Mission to Heal the Planet
Manage Mercury Retrograde
Manage Mercury retrograde by following these simple steps.
Crystals for Discernment
Work with these crystals to increase your spiritual discernment of light and dark energy.
Blue Moon Session – October 30, 2020
Use this session to tweak your boundaries; maximize confidence and self-assurance; and increase inspiration, alignment, and inner strength.
Elevate Your Equinox
Address thought prompts to help you set your goals. Use this activity to gain momentum, clarity, and insight into your next steps.
Connect With Your Higher Self
Do you want to connect with your higher self but aren't sure where to start? Try these prompts while using automatic writing or speaking.


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On the special occasion of the Japanese Emperor's birthday and the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Japan and Cambodia, The Phnom Penh Post thought it was the perfect time to review the fruitful relationship between both nations. Moeun Nhean, the Post's special reports editor, poses questions to the Japanese embassy in Phnom Penh.
How many Japanese live in Cambodia?
1,479 Japanese nationals were registered as residents of Cambodia as of 2012, up 278 from the previous year.
How many Japanese tourists visit Cambodia every year?
The number of Japanese tourists to Cambodia is gradually increasing from 161,804 in 2011 to 179,327 in 2012. Data regarding Japanese tourist arrivals to Cambodia in 2013 is not yet available.
What attracts Japanese companies and businesspeople to Cambodia?
Japanese companies are very interested in Cambodia as an investment destination. For Japanese, the merits of investing in Cambodia include political and social stability, amicable bilateral relations, competitive labour costs, open investment policy, high economic growth rate, macroeconomic stability and a geographical advantage at the centre of the Southern Economic Corridors. Most of Japan's investment has been made in the labour intensive manufacturing sectors including garment, shoes and electrical parts, etc.
How much the value of trade and investment between Cambodia and Japan?
Cambodia's exports to Japan totaled $209 million in 2010, $309 million in 2011 and $404 million in 2012.
Japanese exports to Cambodia reached $158 million in 2010, $205 million in 2011 and $244 million in 2012
Japan's investment in Cambodia has increased dramatically from $35 million in 2010 to $75 million in 2011 and $328 million in 2012.
How has Japan assisted the development of human resources in Cambodia?
Under Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) scheme, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has conducted a wide range of technical cooperation in which Japanese experts and volunteers transfer their knowledge and technologies to Cambodian government officials. JICA is also offering two-year Master's courses to young Cambodian officials who are expected to play vital roles at the Cambodian government in future.
For Cambodian students, the government of Japan has been providing various scholarship programs since 1992. Programs are divided into four main categories:
· Research courses which aim to provide doctorate and Master degrees in Japanese graduate schools
· Undergraduate courses which provides opportunities to study at Japanese universities as undergraduate students
· College of technology courses which aimto train the engineers of the future
· Specialized training college courses which provides various kinds of vocational training and technical educations
For the last several years, as many as fifty students have been awarded the scholarship annually. The total number of scholarship recipients amounts to more than 840 as of August this year. The government of Japan would like to continue to invite as many Cambodian students as it can through these programs in its hope of assisting the development of Cambodia.
What government-to-government projects is Japan currently working on in Cambodia?
· Construction of Neak Loeung Bridge on National Road No 1
· Improvement of National Roads No 1 and No 5
· Flood protection and drainage improvement in Phnom Penh municipality
· West Tonle Sap irrigation and drainage rehabilitation and improvement
· Capacity building for the urban water supply system
· Educational resource development in science and mathematics at the lower secondary level
· Educational capacity development of Institute of Technology of Cambodia
· Improving official statistics in Cambodia
· Improving maternal and newborn care through midwifery capacity development
· Legal and judicial development


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When selecting a construction company in London to build your Side Return Extension you will understandably want to pick the one that gives you the best results for your budget. Extension costs vary depending on the house builders that you hire. Modern house designs do not have to cost a fortune.
To help you choose, we've created the architectural design phase, a fixed price service that enables you to obtain the necessary planning permission and structural engineering in order to create a fully buildable scheme, before you commit to giving us the whole project. So, with the architectural design phase we will:
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Our design service not only gives you the opportunity to see how we work, but once your Side Return Extension plans are approved and your design is fully specified, you can still put the project out to tender, enabling you to compare our Side Return costs transparently with others. You can search our Design and Planning Database to find similar schemes in your local borough. Call us on 020 7495 6561 or contact us to arrange a site visit.
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Welcome to S.C.R. website
Welcome to Sleeping Church Records v1.0 !
Welcome to version 1.0 . The E-shop is now activated.
Shipments can be made throughout the world but for an order of less than 500g we prefer sending by classic letter and beyond a Colissimo shipment (if you want another type of shipment please let us know by going to Contact => Customer Service).
Send demo, album, EP, split etc.
About sending a demo: any format is accepted. Be brief and concise as we receive a very large number of requests. Each album, EP, split etc. is listened by us but an answer is not necessarily given... (To send something : Contact => Demo submission or directly firstname.lastname@example.com)
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Please fill out the details below to Enquire
The Mercure Charlestown offers 50 quality rooms and suite, all of which are non-smoking and is situated perfectly between the exciting city of Newcastle, the beauty of Lake Macquarie and the richness of the Hunter Valley. The Mercure Charlestown is one of Newcastle's premier hotels. The accommodation ranges from Superior, Deluxe Balcony, M-privilege Room King and M-privilege Room Spa King. Every one of our rooms offers complimentary high speed wireless internet capability. Additionally, every room can view on a 32 inch full high definition LCD TV, all digital and analogue free to air stations plus 16 complimentary Foxtel channels.The complete refurbishment of our beautiful restaurant, Bistro Blu, is complete, including and all new menu for you to try Meals can also be enjoyed in this magnificent lounge area. With panoramic views out all the way to Nelson Bay, there is no better restaurant in which to dine. Our Continental Breakfast Buffet is extensive and exceptional, including a complimentary self service espresso and pancake machine. Our hot breakfast menu features outstanding cooked to order hearty country breakfast items that will fuel you up for the day ahead. Please note that all packages that include breakfast must be taken in the restaurant only. We also cater for business and personal functions too. With a mix of great contemporary cuisine and a dedicated function team, functions have never been so effortless.Whether for business or pleasure, you are sure to enjoy the breathtaking views, exquisite food and exceptional service.


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General Donations
Your donations will allow us to continue to reach more people in our community who are in need of our services. We cannot thank you enough for everything you have given and continue to give. Thank you so much!
- In-Kind Donations – You can make in-kind donations of clothing, accessories, household items and furniture to our thrift shoppes (Anastasia Square and Julington Square)
- Donate Stock, Bonds, Equities, Real Estate – If you donate these items, you may avoid tax on the appreciated value while receiving a tax deduction.
- Bequests – Designate Betty Griffin Center as a beneficiary in your will, property, trust, IRA, retirement or insurance plan.
- Cash – Simply write a check to 'Betty Griffin Center' and mail it to 2450 Old Moultrie Rd., Suite 202, St. Augustine, FL 32086; or charge a one-time or recurring donation through the Donate button.
- Charitable Trust and Deferred Gifts – Establish a trust which benefits Betty Griffin Center and may provide you with income as well as substantial tax savings.
- Donations In Honor or In Memory – Send a donation in honor or in memory of a special friend, occasion, or anniversary. We will be glad to send an acknowledgement for the gift to the person of your choice.
- Matching Gift – Does your employer match charitable donations? If so, ask your employer to match your donation to Betty Griffin Center and double or triple your impact.
Gifts and Legacies
We would be happy to help you coordinate any gifts or legacies you choose to benefit the Betty Griffin Center. Please be aware that we are not tax experts and are not familiar with each individual's tax situation. Therefore, we advise you to consult your financial, legal, or tax advisor about the specifics of your donation.
The official designation should name the Safety Shelter of St. Johns County, Inc. d/b/a Betty Griffin Center as beneficiary.
Betty Griffin Center is registered with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Affairs: Our registration number is CH2886.
Betty Griffin Center is a non-profit 501(c)3 organization, Federal Tax ID #59-3028497.
For additional financial information, please review to our most recent financial statements:
990 Financial Statement for 2017
990 Financial Statement for 2018
Audited Financial Statement for 2018
Audited Financial Statement for 2019
If you have questions about your gift to Betty Griffin Center, or for more details on the above mentioned gift options, please contact Kenlie Kubart at (904) 808-8544, ext. 207, or email her at email@example.com


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Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment 2013View this Special Issue
Research Article | Open Access
Padmini Ellappan, Lima Rose Miranda, "Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Doped Titanium Catalyst for the Degradation of Nitrobenzene Using Visible Light", International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2014, Article ID 756408, 9 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/756408
Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Doped Titanium Catalyst for the Degradation of Nitrobenzene Using Visible Light
Cerium doped catalyst was synthesized using Titanium isopropoxide as the Titanium source. The metal doped nanoparticles semiconductor catalyst was prepared by sol-sol method with the sol of Cerium. The synthesized catalyst samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance measurements (DRS) and compared with undoped TiO2 catalyst. The photocatalytic activity of the sample was investigated for the decomposition of nitrobenzene (NB) using visible light as the artificial light source. Cerium doped catalyst was found to have better degradation of nitrobenzene owing to its shift in the band gap from UV to visible region as compared to undoped TiO2 catalyst. The operational parameters were optimized with catalyst dosage of 0.1 g L−1, pH of 9, and light intensity of 500 W. The degradation mechanism followed the Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic model with the rate constant depending nonlinearly on the operational parameters as given by the relationship (theoretical) = 2.29 * 10−4 * Intensity0.584 * Concentration−0.230 * Dosage0.425 * pH0.336.
1. Introduction
The mechanism of photocatalysis using a semiconductor is by charge carrier generation resulting in the formation of holes, charge carrier trapping to form hydroxyl radicals, and recombination of electrons and holes where heat is generated.
Heterogeneous photocatalytic systems based on TiO2 catalysts show some limitations that reduce their impact in the domain of environmental protection. Important limitations are low photonic yield and little efficiency under visible light. These limitations have recently been the source of great development in the area of the production and characterization of TiO2-based photocatalysts, capable of being efficiently used under visible irradiation or showing a higher photochemical yield in the near UV region.
Any semiconductor material could be activated using a light whose wavelength greatly depends on the band gap of the semiconductor catalyst. Apart from the band gap, there have been other properties like surface area, crystal composition, particle size distribution, and porosity which have an influential effect on the degradation of the compound. Band gap reduction could be done by dye sensitization, doping, bimetallic semiconductor, and surface modification. By reducing the band gap, use of visible light could be employed as an alternative to UV light which may result in better economics. Various nonmetal elements, such as B [1], C [2], N [3], V [4], and S [5], have been successfully doped into TiO2 nanomaterials. Surface area, crystal composition, and particle size distribution can be varied by varying the preparation methods like preparation using solgel method wherein uniform crystal structure with better properties could be achieved. Several researchers have modified TiO2 with transition metals. Deposition of noble metals Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd [6, 7] on the surface of TiO2 enhances the photocatalytic efficiency by acting as an electron trap, promoting interfacial charge transfer and therefore delaying recombination of the electron-hole pair. Another technique involves TiO2 doping with transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Mn, Mo, Nb, W, Ru, Pt, and Au [8, 9]. The incorporation of transition metals in the titania crystal lattice may result in the formation of new energy levels between valence band and conduction band, inducing a shift of light absorption towards the visible light region. Photocatalytic activity depends on the nature and the amount of doping agent. Possible limitations are photocorrosion and promoted charge recombination at metal sites. Choi et al. [10] has made an extensive study by doping with Fe3+, Mo5+, Ru3+, Os3+, Re5+, V4+, and Rh3+ and concluded that there was an increase in the photoreactivity for both oxidation and reduction of the organic compound.
Cerium, among the lanthanides, has a band gap of ~3 eV. Hence, it has strong absorption and shows better optical properties. Ce (III) and Ce (IV) have the high oxygen storage capacity which enhances the catalytic potential, also its oxidation ability of Ce3+ to Ce4+ states leads to high oxygen mobility resulting in better catalytic performance [11, 12]. It has also been demonstrated by many researchers that there are many advantages because of Cerium doping [13]. Chen et al. [14] and Liu et al. [15] have also established that there was a shift towards visible region due to doping of titania with Cerium.
Nitrobenzene, an aromatic compound used in the manufacture of aniline, has moderate to low water solubility. This nitroaromatic compound has been listed as a carcinogen by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The maximum permissible limit for Nitrobenzene in drinking water is 17 ppm as recommended by the US EPA. Nitrobenzene has been widely used as solvent and in manufacture of dye intermediates and pesticides. Due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, it has to be eliminated from the water streams. Prolonged exposure causes damage to lung by irritation, anaemia, and liver damage. A number of workers illustrate the removal or degradation of this compound by different biological methods like bioaugmentation and oxidative reduction by bioremediation. Works has been carried out on the degradation of nitrobenzene using white root fungus and glow discharge plasma. Owing to the disadvantages of these procedures due to noneconomical degradation time and complicated equipment designs leading to increased cost, there has been extensive research in identifying techniques which would show better performance. One such technique found to be effective over the years is the use of advanced oxidation process, photocatalysis. Authors like Tayade et al. [6], Priya and Madras [7], and Bhatkhande et al. [16] have worked on the degradation of Nitrobenzene using semiconductor catalysts and an artificial light source.
The main objectives of the present research work are (i) synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doped with Cerium photocatalysts, (ii) photocatalytic degradation of Nitrobenzene pollutant in aqueous suspensions using the doped catalyst and undoped catalyst under visible light, (iii) optimization of operational parameters, and (iv) detailed kinetic study using Langmuir Hinshelwood model.
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Chemical Reagents and Apparatus
All chemicals used in this experiment were of analytical grade. Titanium isopropoxide, Titanium dioxide, Cerium oxide, ethanol, and glacial acetic acid are supplied by SRL chemicals, Mumbai, India. In all the experiments double distilled water was used.
2.2. Catalyst Characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Siemens D5000) was performed on fresh synthesized catalyst. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the powder sample was measured employing CuKα radiation. The data were collected over diffraction angle of 5° to 80° in with a step scanning. The accelerating voltage and the applied current were 40 kV and 40 mA, respectively.
The surface chemical analysis of the samples was made by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AXIS His; Kratos Analytical) using MgKα X-ray source () and an analyzer pass energy of 40 eV. The physical adsorption of nitrogen was performed on a NOVA 1000 system (Quantachrome) at 77 K. Surface areas of the samples were calculated based on the BET model.
The DRS spectra of all the samples were recorded to determine the sample's UV-VIS light absorption capacity, on a Jasco-V650 diode array, computer controlled (with SpectraManager software) spectrophotometer equipped with an ILV-724 integration sphere. The recorded spectral data was acquired in the 220–800 nm range, with 0.5 nm data pitch and 100 nm/min scan speed. When higher resolution of the spectra was needed (usually in the 400–525 nm) the data pitch was changed to 0.05 nm and the scan speed to 50 nm/min.
SEM-EDX analysis was performed to evaluate the morphology of the amorphous starting material and the obtained well crystallized catalysts on a Hitachi S-4700 Type II cold field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with a Röntec QX2-EDS spectrometer.
2.3. Photoreactor
The experiments were performed in an annular photoreactor with a separate immersion well for the visible lamp. The lamps were cooled using circulating water. The reactor was of 500 mL capacity. The samples were taken at known intervals of time and absorbance was measured using UV-spectrophotometer.
2.4. Preparation of Catalyst
Titanium dioxide was prepared by solgel method using Titanium isopropoxide as precursor. Titanium dioxide sol was prepared using Titanium isopropoxide as precursor. 8 mL of Titanium isopropoxide was mixed with 42 mL of ethanol and stirred well. To this 100 mL of 50% ethanol was added slowly and continuously stirred for 30 min at a temperature of 80°C for the hydrolysis reaction to take place, a method modified and adopted from Saif and Abdel-Mottaleb [17]. A modified method was adopted for Cerium sol preparation from Alouche [18]. 65 g of Cerium nitrate was dissolved in 1 L of glacial acetic acid. This solution was added to 1 L of 10% ammonia. This is the sol of Cerium. This sol was then added to TiO2 sol and stirred uniformly and continuously. It was then left for ageing for 24 hours and then calcined at 400°C for 4 hours. This catalyst is referred to as TiO2-Ce.
2.5. Degradation Experiment
The batch degradation experiment was performed in an annular photoreactor by taking a known quantity of catalyst to aqueous solution of concentrations ranging between 25 and 200 mg L−1. Visible light of 150 W, 300 W, and 500 W was used for degradation and the solution was irradiated for 7 hours. Samples were collected at different intervals of time and the solution was analysed for concentration of nitrobenzene by reading the absorbance at 264.5 nm in an UV spectrophotometer. The percentage degradation was the reduction in concentration compared to the original concentration as given in where is the initial concentration of the aqueous solution and is the concentration at any time . The unknown concentration of the solution at any time can be predicted from the standard plot of absorbance and concentration of the solution.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Catalyst Characterization
XRD patterns were recorded for the prepared and calcined samples on a graphite crystal monochromator, operating with a Cu anode and a sealed X-ray tube as shown in Figure 1. For the range of 20–80° with 0.05° step size, the scans were recorded at several resolutions using CuKα radiation of wavelength 1.54 Å. Average particle size was determined by using full width at half maximum (FWHM) data. Scherer's formula (2) was used to determine average particle size as follows: where is the diameter of the particle, is a constant equal to 0.89, is the X-ray wavelength equal to 0.154 nm, is the full width at half maximum, and is the half diffraction angle [4]. The XRD pattern of solgel-TiO2 showed primary anatase peaks at 25.06°, 47.54°, 54.46°, and 61.72°. The rutile phase of solgel-TiO2 was indicated by the peaks 37.4° and 53.63°. Titanium dioxide in the anatase form is generally accepted to be the most active polymorph [19]. This better efficiency is attributed to a higher degree of hydroxylation of anatase when compared with that of the rutile phase. The XRD patterns of Ce doped TiO2 samples almost coincide with those of pure solgel-TiO2 but show diffraction peaks due to cerium doping. The average particle sizes of solgel-TiO2 and TiO2-Ce were calculated and tabulated in Table 1.
The particle size was also calculated using surface area calculated from BET isotherms determined using BET Quantachrome instruments as given in (3). The surface area, average pore area, and particle size calculated are shown in Table 1. Consider the following: where is the surface area (cm2 g−1) and is the density of the catalyst which is approximately 4.2 gc m−3 for titania based particles. The ionic radii of Ce3+ and Ti2+ are 0.101 nm and 0.068 nm, respectively. Ce3+ could not be incorporated into the lattice of TiO2 and hence there was an increase in particle size. As the particle size increases, the surface area decreases as seen from Table 1.
The valence state of Cerium in the TiO2-Ce sample was examined by XPS. The XP spectrum in Figure 2 shows the characteristic Ce 3d peak that has a binding energy of 887.3 eV; XPS peaks corresponding to Ce4+ ion were not found. This result confirms the presence of Cerium deposits on the TiO2 surface of the TiO2-Ce sample. The binding energies for Ti 2p were 458.3 eV and 464.1 eV as shown in Figure 2. Combined with the XRD analysis, it could be understood that the doping cerium atoms presented in the forms of Ce2O3 and were distributed on the surface of titania.
Figure 3 shows SEM photograph of the typical samples of TiO2 (a) and TiO2-Ce (b). From the image, the sample TiO2-Ce existed approximately in the form of spherical particle and presented porous structures similar to those of TiO2. According to the statistical estimation, the average size was about 14.5 nm, which was in accordance with the value determined by XRD (19.14 nm). The morphological study shows that for both TiO2 and TiO2-Ce catalyst, the surface looked almost the same with slightly whitish portion indicating the deposition of Ce. On the basis of the SEM results, the Ti Ka-fluorescence signals for the pure TiO2 and TiO2-Ce samples were also obtained by EDX analysis and the spectra are shown in Figure 4, which gave both qualitative and quantitative information about the elemental and atomic percentages in the TiO2 and TiO2-Ce samples, as presented in Table 2.
In order to estimate the band gap distance, UV-vis spectroscopy was employed. An Oriel Instruments spectrometer with an integrating sphere was used for UV-Vis spectrometry measurements to analyze the red-shifts in the absorption regions. The UV-Vis transmittance measurements were taken and converted into absorption readings as given in Figure 5. For pure TiO2, the band gap energy correpsonding to 388.8 nm indicates 3.18 eV which was found to be in accordance with that of other researchers [20–22], while for TiO2-Ce, the band gap energy reduced due to the shift of absorbance further away from UV region. The band gap energy corresponding to the wavelength of 551.4 nm was determined to be 2.25 eV. The results show that cerium does improve visible light absorbance of TiO2 due to cerium plasmon absorption.
3.2. Control Experiment
Photocatalytic degradation studies were performed using TiO2-Ce and compared with undoped TiO2. The catalyst dosage was uniformly taken to be 0.1 g L−1 for all the experiments with solution concentration to be 50 mg L−1, pH of 6.8, and different light intensities (150, 300, and 500 W). From Figure 6, it could be seen that using TiO2-Ce and 500 W light, the degradation achieved was 79.09% which was higher than the other catalysts studied. Addition of Cerium to TiO2 has increased the percentage of degradation by 14% when compared to TiO2. The photolytic degradation of nitrobenzene was performed in the absence of the catalyst varying the intensity of the visible light for comparing the performance of cerium doped catalyst as shown in Figure 6. The degradation using 150, 300, and 500 W was found to be 23, 25, and 29%, respectively. This was much lower than the degradation using Cerium doped catalyst.
Though the particle size of TiO2-Ce was higher than TiO2 (solgel), it showed better degradation because, in photocatalysis, doping a semiconductor changed the photocatalytic process by suppressing electron-hole recombination and when the electron formed due to excitation migrates to the metal, it gets trapped within. The organic compound diffuses to the free hole on the semiconductor surface and oxidation of nitrobenzene occurs. The presence of cerium species on TiO2 influences the photoreactivity by altering the electron-hole pair recombination rate through the following equations (4)–(7). The reduction in band gap energy from 3.2 eV to 2.25 eV also contributed to this increase in degradation. Consider
The present study revealed that the cerium doped TiO2 in sol-sol method could be effectively used as compared to other catalysts as discussed in Table 3. Better shift of the catalyst towards visible region has resulted in 100% degradation at a pH of 9 and catalyst dosage of 0.1 gL−1 (as summarized in Section 3.3.5).
The TOC removal % was studied for different intervals of time. The photomineralization of the compounds were measured using Total Organic Carbon analyzer (Shimadzu TOC 5000 A). The extent of TOC removal % was compared with the undoped and Cerium doped TiO2 catalyst. The TOC removal % was maximum using Cerium doped catalyst at an intensity of 500 W.
3.3. Optimization of Operational Parameters
3.3.1. Effect of Solution Concentration
The most important operational parameter to be studied is the influence of initial concentration of the solution. NB photocatalytic degradation studies were carried out using 25–200 mg L−1 initial concentration of NB and 0.1 g L−1 of catalyst loading. The plot of degradation % for different solution concentration was made and from Figure 7 it could be inferred that as concentration increased, percentage degradation decreased. This may be due to the fact that with the increase in initial concentration of NB, while the irradiation period and catalyst dose are kept constant, more NB molecules are present on the surface of TiO2. Thus, an increase in the number of substrate ions accommodating in interlayer spacing inhibits the action of the catalyst, which thereby decreases the number of reactive •OH and O2•− free radicals attacking the NB molecules, and, hence, lowers the photodegradation efficiency [23].
3.3.2. Effect of Light Intensity
The influence of light intensity on the degradation efficiency has been examined at constant Nitrobenzene concentration (50 mg L−1), at pH (6.5) and catalyst loading (0.1 g L−1). It is evident that the degradation rate increases with increase in the light intensity as shown in Figure 6. The photons required for the electron transfer were generated by UV irradiation which results in electron transfer from valence band to conduction band of the catalyst. The degradation % increases when more radiations fall on the catalyst surface and hence more hydroxyl radicals are produced [24].
3.3.3. Effect of Catalyst Dosage
Photocatalyst dosage added to the reaction vessel is a major parameter affecting the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The aqueous solution of 50 mg L−1 of solution was degraded using different catalyst dosages (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g L−1). From Figure 8 it can be seen that maximum degradation was achieved for the catalyst dosage of 0.1 g L−1. It could also be inferred that further increase in catalyst dosage did not yield an increase in degradation percentage.
The increase in degradation percentage for 0.025 to 0.1 g L−1 may be due to an increase in the amount of active sites on the surface of the photocatalyst particles. The number of NB molecules adsorbed as well as the number of photons absorbed increase with the increase in catalyst concentration thereby enhancing the rate of degradation. Addition of catalyst beyond 0.1 g L−1 leads to decrease in the degradation. Aggregation of TiO2 particles occurs at higher dosage causing decrease in the number of surface active sites and also there is an increase in the opacity of the solution and light scattering of TiO2 particles at high dosage through the solution [25].
3.3.4. Effect of pH of the Solution
pH of the solution greatly influences the degradation rate. It tends to change the surface property of the catalyst. The effect of change in initial pH (2, 4, 6.5, 8, 9, 10, and 11) of 50 mg L−1 of the nitrobenzene solution was studied by adding 0.1 g L−1 of catalyst. The plot of % degradation against pH (Figure 9) showed that as pH increased the degradation increased. A maximum of 100% degradation was achieved at pH 9. The degradation was lower in lower acidic and higher alkaline pH.
pH of the catalyst dispersions majorly affects the surface properties on the particles, agglomerate size formed, and the conductance and valence bands positions [26]. The nitrobenzene solution was degraded by hydroxyl attack and direct oxidation at the holes and reduction at the conduction band. In alkaline pH, the surface of TiO2-Ce acquires a negative charge leading to greater adsorption and hence increasing the degradation rate in the alkaline media.
3.3.5. Kinetic Modelling Using Langmuir Hinshelwood Model
The degradation percentage was calculated and for heterogeneous catalyst, the Langmuir Hinshelwood model was used to calculate the apparent rate constant. The Langmuir Hinshelwood model, derived based on the monolayer activity assumption, was used to estimate the kinetic parameters in terms of reaction rate constant () and Langmuir Hinshelwood adsorption constant () which is as given in where is rate of disappearance of organic substrate, mg L−1 min−1, and is concentration of organic substrate, mg L−1,
Linearization of (8) yields an equation from which a plot of ln () against time will result in a linear relationship resulting in zero intercept and apparent rate constant () derived from the slope of the line. Figure 10 is the representation of the plot from which the apparent rate constant was determined using slope of the line. Similarly for all the conditions of pH (2–11), concentration (25–200 mg L−1), catalyst dosage (0.025–0.2 g L−1), and intensity of visible light (150–500 W), the plot of ln () against time was evaluated. The apparent rate constant was found to increase with light intensity and decrease with solution concentration. The maximum degradation could be achieved at the following parameter condition: pH: 9, dosage: 0.1 g L−1, solution concentration: 25 mg L−1, and light intensity: 500 W. The nonlinear fit between the apparent rate constant and the operational parameters was determined and were found that the experimental values when compared with the theoretical values as in Figure 11, the theoretical values had less than 3% error and hence the following equation (10) could be chosen for approximating the experimental conditions. Equation (10) could be used for a condition of pH 2 to 9, dosage of 0.05 to 0.1 g L−1, light intensity of 150, 300, or 500 W, and concentration of solution from 25 to 200 mg L−1. The nonlinear equation was
4. Conclusion
The undoped and cerium doped titania photocatalyst was prepared through the sol-gel route. The cerium doped photocatalyst could absorb the visible light and showed high photoactivity in the visible region because of the band gap narrowing. Cerium atoms existed in the state of Ce2O3 and were dispersed on the surface of titania, suppressing the recombination of electron-hole pairs and increasing the photoactivity as confirmed using XPS and DRIFT analysis. The average crystal size and the surface area were determined and compared between two types of catalysts. The operational parameters were optimized and the following condition was suggested to obtain maximum degradation: pH: 9, dosage: 0.1 g L−1, solution concentration: 25 mg L−1, and light intensity: 500 W. The kinetic study revealed that the degradation followed Langmuir Hinshelwood model. The apparent rate constant was determined and evaluated theoretically using the nonlinear fit which depends on the operational parameters. Based on the previously mentioned experiments and characterization it could be concluded that Cerium doped TiO2 catalyst prepared by solgel method could be efficiently used for degradation of Nitrobenzene using visible light.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Ask Anything – State Of The Photography Industry 2011
Former Art Buyers and current photography consultants Amanda Sosa Stone and Suzanne Sease have agreed to take anonymous questions from photographers and not only give their expert advice but put it out to a wide range of photographers, reps and art buyers to gather a variety of opinions. The goal with this column is to solicit honest questions and answers through anonymity
Can you write an article about the true reality of the photo industry across the board in LA, NYC, Dallas, and Chicago, or wherever? It seems most ad agencies don't view books in person, only online. Art Buyers are looking for work, photography jobs are being over run by secretaries, moms, dads, facebook friends, interns, and college kids out of school who just decide one day to pick up a camera. Software, cameras, HD video, Canon, Nikon, and Pentax have made it so easy for consumers to just take up the profession and to steal that minimum day rate away from a professional.
I grew up with my dad being a professional commercial photographer from the 60's and grad from Art Center College of Design on 3rd st, which I also graduated from in 2002 in Pasadena. Back then, it was a true profession, going to the lab, pushing and pulling chrome, sweating overnight to make sure it turns out, and hand delivering it to the client and then going to eat lunch and to meet more creatives. Everything is so computerized with FTP, Facebook, Twitter, and web galleries. There is nothing personal these days. I've talked with a handful of reps, photographers, and art buyers, and they are all scrambling to find the next gig. What is the true reality with our photo industry? Is it dying and being taken over by overnight photographers? I remember the days (2008) when I would shoot for Coca-Cola with a large production, multiple talent, digital techs, producers, assistants, all working as a team and feeling great about an end product.
Would be great if you could interview some photographers, art buyers,reps, producers…..To just get an inside feel of the true interpretation of the future of 2011. Just a thought…. I love reading your articles. I know your audience would like to know a true grit forecast for the year.
Overall I'm seeing a need for images that look more organic and effortless -shot well, but less produced. I constantly find myself in the microsite/flickr battle and do my best to romance clients with the idea of taking the things from those avenues that are great but applying them to custom photography that looks good (for them and their specific project) and is shot well, while also taking all the things that my clients will want addressed into consideration. I'll caveat this by saying that I think there is some wonderful work on flickr, if you've got time to sift through it. I also think that in this day and age of immediate media gratification, clients see images here and think yes, that could work. Let's just use that. Showing the client that they can have that wonderfully, effortless looking photo shot specifically for them, is where I've been coming in lately.
Clearly everyone is looking to save money where they can, which can sometimes mean shooting more per day. For me this can be done, depending on the shot list, but also means mostly likely a more mobile and smaller crew. Being realistic in these situations, of what can be done with the allowed time and budget is key. I think things can be accomplished under most budgets, but managing expectations properly makes this work.
I'm not really sure what all this really means for the photography industry as a whole. I know that photography as content will always be needed, regardless of the the constantly changing medium to which it is applied. I'm doing my best as an art buyer to make sure that my creatives (and clients) get an amazing end product with photography that was shot with their project in mind. But each project has it's own bends and folds and I think being flexible while not giving away work for free, and being upfront and honest about what is realistic is the best way to help everyone in today's market.
I am just starting my twenty-fifth year as an agent. Twenty five years in business for myself. A wonderful journey with a few bumps along the way. A few recent tempestuous years with end of the world talk and how only Bruce Willis can save us from calamity is finally coming to an end. I'm actually feeling more optimistic right now. Yes there have been major changes and the axis of the planet has tilted in a different direction, but new possibilities are also opening up to those who have the courage and stamina to continue.
Everyone has already written countless articles about how assignments have been chipped away. The recession, stock imagery, reductions in magazine advertising, digital photography where every person has a camera in their pants and sees themselves and the great hype hope. And of course there is the reduction of licensing images for a limited time and the expansion of image libraries for use in perpetuity. Some assignments have looked like those all-you-can-eat Vegas buffets for $2.99. And then there are the shooters who just give it all away in exchange for the fame to see their name in print or images published. We can freeze up, get pissed about all this or we can jump in and look towards the wonderful new possibilities.
Socializing is back big time. The obvious is connecting through networks like Facebook and writing personal blogs to be out there. Our markets and potential connections have actually expanded, but it is still necessary to keep those personal connections intact. Pressing the flesh. No matter how upset or discouraged you may get about the present and future of our industry, it is so important to be respected and trusted. This is how I have always tried to run my business. Treat everyone with honesty and respect and they will come back again and again. Take interest! Be personal!
I am so proud of the artists I represent and I know that it is difficult for them when assignments don't come through, but we will continue to persevere and move forward. They will continue to shoot work for themselves and I will do my best to showcase their talent and keep my personal connections alive. I will continue to get them their auditions whenever possible.
I think Arthur Miller said it wonderfully through his character Willie Loman in Death of A Salesman, "The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates a personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want."
The photography business has significantly changed in the last two years.
And I don't think it is because anyone can get their hand on a camera. I think it is that industry is in a young flux, one that looks to technology for fast information. I see it every day, those with huge twitter followings have a great career. They understand how to brand and market themselves in the social networking sphere. But, I think the biggest change has yet to happen, motion. It's imminent, ads will not be still shots but a mini commercials. As paper is used less and we all walk around with smart phones, iPads and the such, still will be an art.
However, no matter how much people complain, I have a lot of busy clients, they are just really good photographers. Yes, hustling a little more due to the economy, but still working and doing great work.
Only being full time in the business since 2007, I only know the current market. I feel like I have gone about things a little differently. I have found that rather than working through an agency, I have been working directly with a client and bypassing the particular agency. Sometimes this happened after I started working through an agency then the client started hiring me directly. The result has been some wonderful long term working relationships.
The most recent large project still in the making, came through a creative consulting company that introduced me to the client and now the client is presenting me to their marketing team. This may be a little backwards but I feel a lot more confident in this approach than relying on an agency to keep me in the good graces of a client.
The industry has obviously changed and evolved drastically over the past couple of years–otherwise there wouldn't be some much press on diminished budgets, over saturated markets, etc.. I've personally chosen to embrace these changes and focus on what is rather than what once was. To be honest I only see opportunity. The reality is that there is work and art buyers/creatives are gladly meeting with photographers–I'm living proof. Over the past 6 months I have traveled all over the US sharing my new portfolio with over 25 agencies/companies. The key to getting appointments is simple–do your homework and be consistent in your marketing. Don't expect someone to give you a meeting because you want one and if they turn you down don't take it personally. Be relevant and give creatives an opportunity to preview your work first. For my meetings I first researched who was doing the type of work I'm interested in and then based portfolio reviews in regions in the US that had many of these relevant clients. That increased my odds of filling my schedule making each trip more worthwhile. Personally these meetings have been a huge success. My business has grown tremendously over the past year and 2011 is off to a great start. I think the future looks extremely bright for those willing to embrace change. And for what it is worth the world is only as impersonal as you allow it to be.
I agree the industry is in for a major change, all for the better. 2009 and 2010 were the 2 biggest years of my 30 year career. Despite the economy, if you are able to provide your clients with consistently good images, have good production skills, and keep your work relevant you will be successful. The economy is definitely getting a lot stronger, and many of my clients have already started telling me they expect to shoot a lot more this year.
Yes, the basic bread and butter jobs are being done in house, but expansion of technology is providing more venues for imagery, and creating a bigger demand. Besides the economic expansion new technology, specifically motion, will increase demand in the near future. It is critical that we, as creatives, continue to expand our vision and reinvent ourselves on a regular basis to remain relevant. Doing so will provide both personal and professional rewards.
To Summarize:
"new possibilities are also opening up to those who have the courage and stamina to continue"
" …focus on what is rather than what once was"
Call To Action:
Decide how you want to be moving forward in 2011. Our vote would be to move towards optimism – it's the most becoming look on you (and looks great with your camera too). And on top of that – get out there, get away from behind the computer and shoot and socialize!
If you want more insight from Amanda and Suzanne you can contact them directly (here and here) or tune in once a week or so for more of "Ask Anything."
There Are 40 Comments On This Article.
The first photographer seems happy to be cutting out the agencies that helped him/her get in the door in the first place. That doesn't seem like a long term strategy to me. It's apparently working for them now though. It'll be interesting to see what happens in 5 years.
@Dave, It would seem that way but in fact the work they are doing for the client direct are projects that don't go through the agencies. This approach has increased this photographers profit three times what it was just last year. In house corporate is one of the most overlooked areas in this business. Corporations can't run everything through agencies and graphic designers because of the creative fees involved when sometimes that is not what the corporation needs.
@suzmanda, Isn't that agency going to be biased against using that photographer for any other projects that have higher creative fees? Or is this a case of "go for it, there's nothing there for us anyways"
@Dave, it sounds to me like they are diversifying their client base… which is always a good long term strategy.
@David Drake, I would agree with the client diversification. Beside any good business person knows you have a pool of clients.
I like that the summary is a positive one, this is a common thread on many forums and blogs and it usually has a negative spin. Industries change and we can stay ahead of the "overnight" photographers by raising the bar, not lowering it.
Here's a really interesting Video I found with Amanda Sosa Stone & Suzanne Sease. Real illuminating stuff here. http://ow.ly/3GLEE
@Clifton Weber, Hey Clifton thanks for sharing that link. It sounds like they pass along as much information as might other wise be found in their book.
@Steve Koontz, the interview you are referring to was from the request of our publisher about the book….hence why they seem so alike.
I distinctly remember these threads (or as we used to say "articles" or "bitching") as the consistent product of every economic hiccup. And every single one was surpassed by even further changes.
Somehow, though I've no time machine, whatever we think the iPad or iPhones foretell it will be something (completely) different. Plus in three out of the four recessions I've slogged through we grew.
I'm a pretty firm believer in really hard work, never giving up and extreme luck.
Did I mention never giving up?
And does anyone but me remember that corporate speak "paradigm shift" line?
I think the overriding message is, always be pushing to create better images and stay persistent. Great photography will always have a home. Be better.
I love the quote from Steve Martin where he says (paraphrasing here), "Just be so good that they can't ignore you." Seems applicable in any business climate.
Take your photography to a unique level into a niche. Niching means you've chosen one area to focus on and to grow your business with. Niching means you've chosen one area you love, and are willing to work harder in that one area than any other. You're ready to become the best you can be, and are willing to put everything you have into that one area.
@Andrew, I would agree that niching is good to a degree… but you don't want to become too pigeonholed either. I know a photographer who's niche was building/photographing bedroom sets for massive department store catalogs in the 80s and 90s. Needless to say, her business is not what it used to be now that a lot of that sort of thing is being done with smaller budgets by inhouse photographers. She's having a hard time getting work with her highly specific portfolio. I totally think its important to hone one's skills in certain areas, but I'd be cautious about putting all my eggs in one basket too.
@David Drake, I think it is important to niche but to figure out what niche is needed. Being passionate about that niche is gonna keep the pedal to the metal and that is a good thing. And yes pick up those other side jobs too. While I have my own niches, I can always expand it to include photographing "people" and that includes just about everything. ;)
It seems that there are many paths forward. I am not a niche photographer nor am I in one of the large markets, yet I love what I do and I have seen a steady increase in assignments in the last three months.
@Michael, excellent to hear!!! Keep up the great work….and would love to see it be an increase of 12 months! and then years!
I just don't have any sympathy for the photographers out there that are still complaining about regular civilians picking up cameras and taking "their" jobs. Those jobs belong to the person who's photos best fit the project and are priced accordingly. Do you really think art buyers are hiring retired mothers who buy a rebel and have a flickr account? (If they are, then you didn't want that job anyway)
"photography jobs are being over run by secretaries, moms, dads, facebook friends, interns, and college kids out of school who just decide one day to pick up a camera"
Every photographer decided to pick up a camera at one point in time. Nobody's born a veteran. Forever will be the complaint about the new school……so boring.
I think that many of those complaining are people whose work does not come through agents and art buyers. We cover a broad range of disciplines and get out work from lots of sources. Take photographers who specialize in portraiture or head-shots, for example: Many an amateur or enthusiast that picks up a camera thinks that all they have to do is point a camera and shoot a persons face and they have a head-shot. They go on internet forums and ask for advise and feedback, and then begin "marketing" their "services" often undercutting people who have been able to make a living doing this type of work because they just love to shoot, it's a hobby or its just some additional income to supplement their main occupation.
I think those who are working successfully may be keeping quite to remain off the radar screen.
I do think that some of us have enabled the general public to feel that they can easily become a photographer and make money. There are a whole lot of seminars and workshops run by successful photographers sharing their "secrets" with the promise that you too can be like me.
Yes, but this is not what the posters question was about at all. Besides, if someone can replicate your work (head-shots, portraiture) that easy, then that sounds like your problem, not an industry problem.
I'm not trying to be mean, I have to remind myself of the same thing every time I take pictures.
@Jeff, I realize what the OPs questions/request were. My response was specifically aimed at those who you cite as complaining; and actually since the OP was interested in the state of the industry, I do think the response is indeed relevant.
There are also a growing number of clients in some areas of the photographic markets that are comfortable with something which is just good enough as opposed to being exceptional or unique. It is the same mentality that people have when they buy a knockoff bag or watch: This has significantly impacted some areas of the market and will continue to do so. It's up the the affected individual to determine his or her own course of action.
From my perspective, I'm not seeing moms and doctors and neighbors taking over the market. What I'm seeing are clients (including some mighty big Fortune 500 ones) accepting anything as long as it's cheap and it includes all rights. The effect is work is being bid off to the cheapest bidder and that seems to be affecting my market more than anything. There has been this big rush to the bottom, and we are all losing. Until quality becomes an issue again, I don't see things changing anytime soon.
I love photography! I love looking through a viewfinder, I love looking at a scene, person, place or thing and think to myself how can I make that look unique, amazing, or beautiful.
What I dread is developing a plan to advertise, promote, and making who I am, known to those who should be hiring me. It hasn't been easy. I keep pressing forward though. The spells of editing personal work and portraits gives me renewed energy to keep pushing. I have learned a lot form the article of the last year. I have learned a lot from those that Rob has included in his weekly fare.
If you really love being a person that holds a tool to express your creativity and get paid for it , do the hard part and show what you can do and your worth. I look at it this way, If I spend 20% of my time marketing, I can spend 80% of my time being creative.
I am having a better January than I did last year and the only thing I have done is market more.
I very much agree with you. I'm mostly new to the game, and the social networking, advertising, blogging, etc, is extremely daunting to me. I'm young (30), but have never been connected in a social-media type way – I still don't have a personal facebook or twitter account, etc. I agree that. Although to the one dude's point, I would always prefer to personally interact, and it sounds like that still holds a lot of water.
I love to shoot, create, plan, and bring visions to life. Now I need to determine how to do the marketing piece/post production piece (photoshop to me is like nails on a chalkboard) without driving myself to drink.
interesting article .. in accordance with my studies .. thanks
best regards from Indonesia
The people who survive the current situation and thrive will be those who never stop developing new work, be it still or motion, can toot their horn the loudest, and have the goods to justify the horn-tooting. In that order.
I have shot for many advertising/ design agency's over the last 10 yrs, and never been
particularly consistent at the self promotion part of things. I would guess this is something the majority of us photographers fall down on.
The photography business requires alot of skills apart from just taking great shots and many of the most important skills often don't come naturally to many of us.
I think this probably stems from finding it difficult
to edit my images for my folio. I am not really sure that the photographer is the best person to make the right choice.
Any pointers would be greatly appriciated.
Great post!! You've shown that photography is a fine art that requires a unique and creative eye.
Dan B
Photographer Detroit
No real solutions to the problem just yet… But good optimism and hang in there if you can financially. Me, I had to hang up the towel and get a real job. Until I can save up and reinvest
Here are a few things to keep in mind:
1) Certain areas of the industry have tanked. I know stock photographers who used to shoot advertising gigs and stock who have just simply left the business. Other areas of the industry have simply contracted: clients, whether major companies or couples getting married want to pay less.
2) Many photographers, including myself, have simply reduced overhead a lot to stay in business.
3) Other photographers have diversified or are trying other revenue streams. Some of these revenue streams are working or starting to pay off and some are not.
4) Many companies are pinching pennies, and this usually results in shoots where there is little room for error or a lot has to be fixed in post. This can create a tense shooting environment.
5) The industry is always changing. (Just ask those photographers who used to shoot a lot of Holga for Ray Gun Magazine.) You can change with it, or enjoy shooting with your Holga and go into another line of work.
"Overall I'm seeing a need for images that look more organic and effortless -shot well, but less produced."
Such has been my maxim from the very beginning.
I have a hard time taking advice from anonymous photographers… it would be so nice if I could see the type of work they are producing, so I have some idea where they are coming from. Still worth the read, thanks for posting.
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Toronto is Canada's largest city and its centre of media and culture, but with cultures from all across the globe calling this metropolis of 5.5 million people home, its praises are sung by most that visit this vibrant alpha world city.
Being such a desirable place to live also means that the T Dot (as it is called by many locals) is not the cheapest spot in the world to visit. If you are prepared to shoulder the financial responsibilities of living here, the information contained below will help you sort out your budget so you can thrive in Canada's answer to New York City.
How much does housing in Toronto cost for one month
- Hostels: $660 - $1320 per month
- While Toronto has a reputation as being an expensive city, it does have a half decent supply of backpacker hostels within city limits, making it a great place to start your search for a longer term home in this vibrant city. The cheapest digs cost $22 per night at The Only Backpacker's Inn, which resides in the Danforth, one of Toronto's most multicultural neighborhoods. While the dorm rooms are basic, they are clean and the amenities downstairs, which include a free waffle breakfast and a pub with over 200 beers in stock, deliver incredible value per dollar spent.
- Hotels: $1200 - $21,000 per month
- If you'd prefer the privacy of a hotel during your stay in Toronto, there are a wide variety of price points to choose from, from $700 per night in the executive suite at the Cambridge Suites Toronto (ideal for well-heeled entrepreneurs and businesspeople) to $40 per night at inns like the Oakridge Drive Guest House.
- In the latter case, this accommodation combines budget but homely private rooms with shared kitchen facilities to allow those looking for a long term stay a stable place to establish themselves while they conduct their business here or search for a more permanent housing arrangement.
- Airbnbs: $660 - $22,000 per month
- Those that find hostels too juvenile or hotels too impersonal will find many options on Airbnb for housing during their time in Toronto. While those that are making it rain can shell out as much as $22,000 a month for a 4000 square foot penthouse in the Four Seasons Private Residences, killer views of the city, ornate furnishings and all, there are tons of cute, character infused apartments and houses at the other end of the scale.
They range from well-kept basement apartments with everything you need for those on a shoestring budget, to smartly decorated condos with key touches such as BBQ grills where you can enjoy a fabulous Toronto summer day from the 24th floor while cooking dinner. Spaces such as these start from $660 a month.
How much does food cost in Toronto for one month
Inexpensive sit-down restaurants: $10 - $15 a meal
With citizens from almost every nation on Earth living in Toronto, the array of dining options at the budget end of the market will have you exploring the city until the day you leave – and you still will have barely made a dent in what's available.
Brisket and Beans (929 Queen St E) offers amazing American Southern BBQ, while Faley (42 Rexdale Blvd) boasts Indian-Chinese fusion that will have your tastebuds doing a double take at the flavors they are experiencing.
Those that dine out five times per week can expect to spend just under $300 a month on these eats, while those that do so as a treat (2 times per week) will have to budget about $115 a month to account for this.
Mid-range restaurants: $50 - $80 a meal
Some of Toronto's best culinary experiences come with a hefty price tag, but if you want to understand part of reason why many laud Toronto for being one of the world's alpha cities, dining out a couple times per month at places like Richmond Station (1 Richmond Street W) or Campagnolo (832 Dundas Street W) will hint at the answer. Visitors adhering to this dining schedule at expect to spend $130 a month on this worthwhile indulgence.
The price of a cart of groceries
As fun as it can be to dine out in Toronto, those not wanting to blow out their budget should commit to buying groceries on a weekly basis so they can cook for themselves. This will not only keep your bank account in shape, but your body as well.
While the sample cart of groceries listed below is based on what you can find at local supermarkets such as Loblaws, going to farmer's markets like the year round St. Lawrence Market will put you in touch with local food producers.
Southern Ontario is one of Canada's most fertile regions, so the selection of fresh meats, fruits and vegetables will provide you with an excellent supplement of local and organic food at a price that isn't far out of line with the cost of standard groceries.
4 carts of groceries (1 litre of milk, loaf of bread, 1 kg bag of rice, 12 eggs, 1 kg cheese, 1 kg chicken breast, 1 kg of apples, 1 kg of oranges, 1 kg of tomatoes, 1 kg of potatoes, 1 head of lettuce, and a bottle of wine): $236 per month
The cost of getting around Toronto for one month
Toronto and its suburbs sprawl over the flat land that extends from Lake Ontario, making for lenghty commutes for those living further out from the center. If you live in or near downtown though, Toronto's extensive bus, streetcar and subway system can move you about the CBD and the core neighborhoods with ease.
If you choose to buy a monthly transit pass, it will set you back $133 per month for unlimited trips on TTC infrastructure. If you own a car, costs will vary according to the fuel mileage of your ride and the size of your tank, but with four fill-ups of 45 litres at an assumed summer peak of 97.9 cents per litre, you can expect to spend $176 per month on gas in Toronto in 2015.
Sick or injured? What you can expect for health care costs
If you are a Canadian citizen already, the answer is simple: you pay at least $60 per year through your income taxes if you make less than $21,000 per year, and as much as $900 per year if you make more than $200,000 per year.
If you are a foreign resident, you should apply for public health coverage through the Ontario
government as soon as possible (free to apply, but your costs will be the same as above once approved), but while you wait, apply for private insurance to cover yourself in the interim.
If you are in your thirties, want basic coverage and are okay with being placed in a public hospital ward, you can expect to pay $61 per month, while those wanting enhanced coverage with an option for a private hospital room and dental coverage should be prepared to shell out $171 per month to be protected under this robust plan.
Entertaining yourself without going broke
There are many ways to entertain yourself in Toronto, but they can tend to be on the expensive side. If your idea of an exciting weekend includes a night out at the movies and having four pints of draft beer at the local pub with friends, you can expect to spend about $138 per month on entertainment on average.
Those with finer tastes that love to indulge in tickets to the theatre and have four cocktails at trendy nightclubs with their compatriots every weekend will have have to pony up more money, as this lifestyle will cost about $372 per month to maintain.
Studying abroad in Toronto? Here's what you can expect to pay
Those hoping to spend a semester abroad at the University of Toronto, the city's leading post-secondary institution will need to bring their checkbook, as tuition for foreigners without a scholarship is not cheap.
Depending on the program, foreigners can expect to pay $11,160 to $40,000 per session, which usually runs from September to December, or January to April. Books can cost north of $1,000 per semester as well, so be sure your future loan burden can handle this ½ year abroad before applying.