text:
With little fanfare, the Reston Association (RA) board of directors unanimously passed its 2004-2005 budget during its Nov. 13 meeting. The $10.1 million budget reflects a five percent increase in spending from RA's previous biannual budget.
Gerald "Jerry" Volloy, RA executive vice president, said the current document reflects a concerted effort to "balance fiscal responsibility against community and organizational needs."
During the just finished budget season, more than $2 million worth of requests for new initiatives came from RA members, RA committee, RA staff and the association's strategic plan, Volloy said. Work by the board and staff was able to trim the list to approximately $1.1 million. Of those $1.1 million in suggesting expenditures, Volloy announced that about 80 percent of the initiative were able to be funded. Some of the expenses approved include an update of the Reston recreation master plan in 2004 ($25,000), continued implementation of the watershed plan ($95,000), referendum on updating RA governance documents in 2004 ($70,000), and deck lights added to the Hunters Woods Pool ($10,000).
In his Nov. 13 letter to the RA members, Volloy said over the course of budgetary negotiations and review, it became clear that "concerns over the 'cap' are real."
"Without significant future increases in revenues to provide for the needs and desires of our community, the impact of the cap will limit our ability to continue to respond to the wishes of our members and the needs of the organization beyond the budget cycle," Volloy wrote. "Funding critical needs in this budget takes us anxiously close to the imposed cap."
The budget represents a five percent increase in total income from years 2003 to 2004 and another four percent from 2004 to 2005. The increase will be generated by the newly approved RA assessment. The assessment for 2004 will be $415 and are projected to bring in $8,295,953, while the $425 assessment for 2005 will add $8,572,731 to the operating fund, according to budget documents.
Assuming an inflation rate of 1.2 percent, the "cap," or maximum assessment per household, is $428 for 2004 and at a 2 percent rate, $436 in 2005, according to RA budget documents.
--Jeff Green


text:
- About Us
- Our Locations
- Why choose a serviced apartment
- Corporate Solutions
- Case Studies
- Latest News
- FAQs
- Special Offers
This exquisite two bedroom apartment boasts a spacious living area with large balcony in a fantastic location in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. You'll have a wealth of shops and restaurants on your doorstep and you're just a 15-20 minute walk from the three popular South Kensington Museums. Upon entrance into the main hall which has original cornicing and wall panelling the master bathroom to the left is fully fitted with a walk-in shower. The first bedroom is a twin with two single beds and a large window with views of the communal gardens at the back of the property. The second bedroom is the master suite finished in soft powder blue and boasting a generous King-sized bed and built-in wardrobe space. Its three large windows allow a substantial amount of sunlight into the room. The en suite bathroom (please note: not photographed) has a bathtub with shower unit. The piece de resistance of this lovely home is the classically finished living and dining room which has three sets of French doors opening on to a wide balcony. Enjoy a drink in the evening outside with the wonderful views of St Lukes Church. The living room is elegantly finished in a cream colour palette with sweeping carpeted floors and patterned rugs. It has a marbled fireplace and matching coffee table with two large sofas arranged and a plasma TV for entertainment! The dining table has beautiful upholstered chairs seating up to six guests. This property sits right by the beautiful landscape of Brompton Cemetery it is one of Britains oldest garden cemeteries one of the "Magnificent Seven†designed by Benjamin Baud. It has featured in a number of films such as Finding Neverland starring Kate Winslet and Johnny Depp as well as Guy Ritchies Sherlock Holmes. Fulham Road and Fulham Broadway are great for local shopping and dining out with an excellent choice of restaurants and shops 9 screen cinema and luxury health club. Earls Court train station has District and Piccadilly line connections with the latter going directly to Heathrow Terminals and the District line going towards Notting Hill as well as Westminster and Embankment.
Apartment Type
3-7 nights
8-27 nights
28 - 89 nights
90 +
|2 Bedrooms , 2 Bathrooms
14 days cancellation policy

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Charles Sturt University (CSU) Faculty of Education is a single of the largest in Australia, creating high high quality Teaching and Education graduates who are properly-equipped with market expertise and sensible experience. AITSL advised the university that, in the future, students in an Educational/Teaching degree will require to satisfactorily full the Literacy & Numeracy Test for Initial Teacher Education Students. You will find that these are brief coaching courses that will final as lengthy as you make them. Early Childhood Research courses have been authorized by the Australian Children's Education and Care High quality Authority.
Students will continue to investigate formal and informal assessment methods utilized for deaf and hard of hearing young children, bilingual/multicultural education practices across the curriculum, successful finding out environments and approaches for educating and interacting with families and communities. There is a wide decision of education degrees and education courses around the globe.
We offer you a wide range of multi-disciplinary, professional education and profession development courses across all sectors of education. This course satisfies the Commission on Teacher Credentialing requirement for Health Education. The WJ-IV has been updated to reflect the contemporary investigation on cognitive abilities, to improve utility relative to figuring out special education eligibility, to provide higher diagnostic capabilities to inform instruction, and to reflect the analysis concerning language improvement and all round academic achievement.
ED78 key: Elementary Several Topic or Single Subject candidates at UC San Diego who have sophisticated to student teaching or internship. This scholarship is awarded to high college graduates accepted to a higher institution for an education program and is awarded annually. Third course in the series, which gives a theoretical and sensible grounding in pedagogy and specialist factors influencing high-quality elementary mathematics education.
If you plan to use courses for certification or endorsement, please verify with your own state agency and your school district for applicability. Continuous assessment strategies incorporate written assignments, written examinations, sensible assignments (videos), online activities, understanding portfolios, group projects and function-primarily based analysis projects. Print and full the Hunter Education Homework Worksheet (hyperlink leaves DEC's website). The University was founded from Catholic tertiary institutions that have been training teachers because the mid-19th century.


text:
Remember that time I reviewed the Lilly Brush? I whipped it out a few days ago and it is still the coolest little tool. The sweet folks from Lilly Brush partnered up with some of my beauty bloggin' gal pals of mine and together we're giving away $250 to one lucky winner.
Enter the Rafflecopter below. Good luuuuck!


text:
Welcome to Thrive on Salt Spring Island
Thrive understands the challenges of being a working parent and feeling anxious about what your kids are doing while you're away. We provide a safe and exciting environment that is new every day.
We do our best to keep this page updated with the information that you need, but if you have any more questions please contact us directly.
Parent Information
Age Groups:
Thrive offers age-appropriate activity based out of school care for kindergarten to age 12.
Hours of operation:
3:30-6:00 pm on school days
7:45am-5:30 pm on Fridays
7:45am-5:30 pm on Pro D days
7:45am-5:30 pm Summer Day Camps, Spring Break Camps and Christmas Break Day Camps
Thrive Fees:
Full Time including Pro D days and Early Dismissals $400/month (Sept is pro rated)
Part Time $20/day
Early Dismissals $28/day
Pro D, Full Days $40/day
Other Helpful Information
Don't Forget These Important Things
We ask every child to come with an after-school snack, a water bottle and weather appropriate clothing & footwear for outdoor play.
Please notify us by text or voicemail at 250-221-9794 by 1:30 pm if your child will be absent from Thrive after school or will be picked up earlier than 5:00 pm and we will keep them at the center for you.
We Love To Have Fun Together As Families
Several times a year Thrive has Family Fun Nights, Showcases or Open Houses for the whole family to hang out and build friendships. We will keep you updated through the events page with information about when these will take place.
Visit Our Facebook Page For More Updates For This Location


text:
If the world is in shambles, it seems that dancers will follow.
In the years following the Vietnam War, disco and its cocaine-snorting, platform shoe-towering and roller skate-wearing followers took the music industry by storm. During the 1970s, the political activists that once took to the streets with protest signs and chained themselves to trees, crowded in clubs in New York and San Francisco where four inches of glitter smothered the dance floor.
It seemed that the weight of the world — the civil turmoil, the atrocities of the 1960s, the fear that the world could end at any second in a missile crisis or a nuclear blast — proved too much to bear for a youth culture that witnessed assassinations live for the first time on television.
And disco was the soundtrack of the era.
People danced and obliterated their minds to forget about the past and numb themselves from the present. And America's youth is doing it again today, only the genre of music has a new name — electronic dance music, or EDM. Quaaludes have been replaced with ecstasy, platform shoes have been replaced with fuzzy neon-colored leggings. Much like disco, EDM has risen from the underground and overtaken American pop radio.
Where disco pioneered the electronic dance sound — which was characterized by reverberating vocals, syncopated bass lines, drum machines, sequencers and synthesizers — that same orchestra of electronic instruments is used today. Disco was also defined by its bass lines; electronic music is characterized by the same type of syncopation and wobbling. Donna Summer's "I Feel Love" was disco's anthem — a song that sounds just as modern as the Scissor Sisters' "Do the Strand" or Cliff Martinez's soundtrack on the movie Drive.
By the mid '70s the disco scene, which started out in underground clubs, had fully transitioned into mainstream pop radio. But by the early '80s, significant cultural backlash (thanks to rock music) squelched the dancing masses.
While David Guetta, Skrillex, deadmau5 and even LMFAO are hardly musical equivalents of the Bee Gees and KC and the Sunshine Band — the artists employ a similar sound. And, most importantly, they're peddling the same message. EDM is, by-in-large, the new disco: a genre more concerned with feeling happy right now, and thinking about the consequences later.
Today's youth culture has it easier. The pursuit of pleasure is easier to find — but, in the same turn, reality is more in the world's face than ever before. Kids today have watched Saddam Hussein's execution on YouTube, have seen the United States wage two wars and have seen America's promise of opportunity fizzle with skyrocketing unemployment and a persistent reminder that the economy is in the gutter.
While youth forces in the Arab Spring are bleeding for revolution and have overthrown power in countries like Yemen, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria, youth in the United States dance.
They dance because that's what they've always done here.


text:
A sizeable and scaly object resembling some kind of giant egg was recently discovered in Arkansas and sparked considerable speculation online as to the nature of the bizarre oddity which, it turns out, may wind up being quite valuable. According to a local media report, pictures of the weird find were posted to the Facebook group Arkansas History Unearthed by man named Drew Baledge. Along with the strange images, he wrote that an acquaintance had stumbled upon the mysterious object in a field and asked "what, if anything could this possibly be?"
As one might imagine, given the nature of social media, there was no shortage of suggestions from people in the group. A turtle shell, fossilized dinosaur scat, and a mushroom were among the more prosaic responses, while one imaginative individual posited that perhaps it was an alien egg. Others were more concerned about what became of the two-foot-long object as opposed to what it was, cautioning against cutting into it or bringing it inside of a home.
Find out what the object turned out to be and how the finder may wind up wealthy thanks to their discovery at the Coast to Coast AM website.


text:
Number of people were seen lining up outside an Apple store on the Fifth Avenue of Manhattan in New York.
The iPhone 4S went on sale at Apple store on the Fifth Avenue of Manhattan in New York early Friday.
An Apple store worker said people were waiting outside the store around 3 p.m. Thursday and underwent an overnight rain for an early purchase of the smart phone which started sale at 8 a.m. Friday.
About 200 people were seen lining up outside the store and some of them said they would like to pay tribute to Steve Jobs, Apple's longtime CEO who died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 56 on Oct. 5.
"I'm a Steve's fan, iPhone 4S is the best of Steve's work. I am not going to buy iPhone 5,"Jim Bedford, who is in his 30s, said. "Maybe this is my last iPhone," he added.
People left a Steve's picture, flowers and apples on the sidewalk to pay respect to Apple's co-founder. Some apples were seen inscribed such words as "Nice job" and "We will always remember you."
Tom White, 50, said he had iPhone 1 and 3 and "now is the time to change a new one."
The iPhone 4S is operated seven times faster than their predecessor and features an upgraded camera. Apple reported more than 1 million pre-orders for the iPhone 4S, breaking a mark set by last year's model. The phone also went on sale Friday in six other countries -- Britain,Germany,France,Australia, Canada and Japan.


text:
David Schur, Plato's Wayward Path: Literary Form and the Republic
Part I. Literary Form and Classical Rhetoric. 1. The Problem of Literary Form
2. Philosophical Rhetoric
3. Literary Practice, Modality, and Distance
Part II. Concerning the Republic. 4. From Beginning to End and Back Again
5. Digressing toward a Possible Regime
6. Imagining Images in Chains
Glossary of Key Greek Words
1. The Problem of Literary Form
We rarely ask why Sophocles composed tragedies; Dickens, novels; or Dickinson, poems. These writers were presumably driven to these genres by psychological and cultural forces about which it would seem idle to speculate. When it comes to Plato, however, why he chose to write as he did has long been a serious question, becoming even more insistent in the modern era. "Why did Plato choose precisely this form?" asked W. G. Tennemann in his System of Platonic Philosophy, published in 1792. [1] The question has persisted into the twenty-first century. [2] In this chapter, my concern is with some of the most prominent ways that the question has been answered, while the next chapter deals with some general but crucial methodological assumptions that commonly guide the modern interpretation of literary form in Plato's dialogues. I find that the prevalent view of literary form as philosophical rhetoric is marred by a methodological confusion between expository and literary conceptions of discourse.
Baldly stated, this chapter argues that the notion of persuasive rhetoric applies readily to expository discourse but not to Plato's dialogues. The dialogues are widely recognized to be manifestly, and sometimes pronouncedly, not expository in form. Efforts to interpret the dialogues in terms of persuasive rhetoric are therefore compromised by insuperable methodological challenges. In the chapters following this one, I will continue to address the problem of literary form, while turning toward Plato's Republic and engaging with textual evidence from that dialogue. My analysis will describe recursion as a master trope in the Republic, but one whose function is to diffuse or modalize rather than promote univocal positions, modalization being a function that has little in common with traditional rhetoric.
Schleiermacher's Model of Unified Form and Content
Although Tennemann saw much that was good about the dialogue form chosen by Plato, which he called a delightful kind of "philosophical drama," he nevertheless considered this aspect of Plato's writing an aesthetic indulgence, ultimately inessential and potentially distracting (126–127). The "course of investigation" (der Gang der Untersuchung), presented in the dialogue form favored by Plato, can lead readers astray. It often encourages readers "to wander from the topic" (von dem Gegenstande abzuschweifen, 127). The topic (Gegenstand) under investigation, the "system of Platonic philosophy" announced by Tennemann's title, thus becomes markedly distinct from the subject matter that the reader encounters directly, which may involve characters doing things in various locations and defending different positions in rational argument. Indeed, the dialogue form can make it difficult for readers "to distinguish the authentic topic (den eigentlichen Gegenstand) from the incidental, to grasp the correct viewpoint, and to find the authentic results" (127). So the reader who follows Plato's written dialogues is at risk of getting lost, adopting incorrect viewpoints along the way, and reaching inauthentic results. Tennemann presumes to speak as one who has already found the authentic results that readers seek, and now that more than two hundred years have passed, some may be tempted to focus on the evident dogmatism of Tennemann's concern. Yet the imagined object of study that is Plato's authentic philosophy is by no means directly accessible through his writings. Tennemann's expert warning reflects a disturbing and persistent problem: perhaps Plato's style of writing obscures, rather than reveals, his real, authentic, actual message. To observe a separation between style (i.e. form) and message (content), as Tennemann does, is also to set appearance against reality. Form can mask, or even masquerade as, content, while content itself remains hidden from view. Conceptually, the preinstalled, retrievable message—the result of studying the object (which must be viewed correctly for the real topic to be seen)—is mediated by the thinker's writing, and this mediation can be a kind of distraction from the author's position.
Tennemann's main successor in the world of Platonic scholarship, Friedrich Schleiermacher, explained the role of dialogue form quite differently, by emphasizing its purposefulness (Absichtlichkeit) and connectedness (Zusammenhang), and this view has made a vital contribution to the modern study of Plato. [3] Each dialogue, Schleiermacher argued, is an organic composition in which each part and every detail, when understood in its context, serves Plato's global philosophical purpose. In his "General Introduction" to Plato's dialogues, first published in 1804, Schleiermacher laments various misunderstandings of Plato. [4] Schleiermacher is especially keen-sighted in identifying Plato's writings themselves as a major cause of widespread and enduring misunderstanding of Plato's thought. Even those who recognize Plato's greatness, he says, have trouble reconciling their esteem for the thinker with their impression of his writings—"the two will not agree"—because the writings appear to suffer from contradiction (Widerspruch) and disconnectedness (Unzusammenhang); such readers see the dialogue form as "a quite-useless and more-confusing-than-illuminating embellishment of the perfectly common way of presenting thoughts" (1836:8–9). We may safely assume that the common type of philosophical presentation meant here is the expository treatise or speech: a declarative, consistent, and linear presentation of an author's propositions. Schleiermacher says that complaints about Plato's unusual form of presentation may be resolved by demonstrating a holistic connectedness (Zusammenhang) in the dialogues, whereby the details in the texts, when seen correctly, are both interrelated and intelligibly related to the doctrines (Lehren) contained in Plato's works (8). These remarks afford a glimpse of Schleiermacher's revolutionary conception of Plato: his insistence on working with, and correcting misunderstandings of, the written dialogues themselves; his deep belief in the (inapparent) unity—the (nonobvious) interconnectedness—of thought and presentation in the dialogues; and his conviction that a systematic and unified Platonic philosophy, including Plato's doctrines, pervades all of the dialogues, with each individual proposition being inextricable from its context in the text. [5] Along with its devotion to a philosophical system, Schleiermacher's approach to Plato's form is notably literary in its nonlinear and comprehensive attention to the whole text.
In explaining his criteria for identifying authentic works of Plato, rather than those spuriously attributed to him, Schleiermacher insists on Plato's commitment to "this peculiar form" (diese eigentümliche Form), an "art" (Kunst) of writing that Plato uses to address all topics great and small (36–37). [6] The following sentence gives a fuller description of the form's peculiarities:
To the inward and essential condition of the Platonic form belongs everything in the composition resulting from the purpose of compelling the mind of the reader to spontaneous production of ideas: that frequent recommencement of the investigation from another point of view, provided nevertheless that all these threads do actually unite in a common center-point; that progression, often in appearance capricious , and only excusable from the loose tenor which a dialogue might have, but which nevertheless is always purposeful and artful; further, the concealment of the greater goal under a lesser one; the indirect commencement with some individual instance; the dialectic play with ideas, under which, however, the relation to the whole and to the original ideas is continually progressing: these are the conditions some of which must necessarily be found in all really Platonic works that have any philosophical bearing.
37–38Schleiermacher does not deny that the dialogue form goes all over the place, but neither does he view this waywardness as a regrettable distraction. Instead, he tells us that the written composition (the whole as a specific ordering of its specific parts) is entirely motivated by a firm "purpose" (Absicht), which is to "compel" (nötigen) readers to think for themselves. [7] The successful reader of Plato knows how to discern "the great purposefulness in the composition of his writings" (die große Absichtlichkeit in der Zusammensetzung seiner Schriften, 5). Although Schleiermacher clearly holds that form and content in the dialogues are "inseparable" (unzertrennlich, 14), his account resembles Tennemann's in the way it must separate irrelevant appearance from purposeful reality. This separation is especially strong in Schleiermacher's description of the "concealment" (Verbergen) whereby a meaningful but inapparent current of activity is located "under" the surface. [8] Indeed, elsewhere in the "General Introduction," Schleiermacher tries to convince those readers who turn toward extratextual sources for the philosophy they are unable to find in the writings that Plato's philosophy is a kind of "product" (Ausbeute) that can demonstrably be "taken from" (entnommen) the writings (13). This metaphor, redolent of mining for valuable ore, would seem more suited to the traditional extraction of doctrines than a holistic attentiveness to local contexts.
In his eagerness to affirm the unity of Platonic thought, Schleiermacher echoes Tennemann's focus on "the authentic topic" (den eigentlichen Gegenstand) when he refers to "the authentic content" (den eigentlichen Inhalt) of the dialogues, "which is rarely expressed literally" (7). Yet although the nature and location of this content are ambiguous, in part because of ordinary and inevitable terminological metaphors, the implications of Schleiermacher's model have been significant. Schleiermacher explains that one can retrieve a system of doctrines gradually, by accounting for details in their contexts and by gaining a proper perspective on the whole. [9] At the same time, he may be said to place a systematic philosophical purpose between the reader and the philosophical system; thus greater goals (but not necessarily doctrines themselves) are concealed under seemingly incidental preoccupations, and unity underlies manifest contradiction. To some extent, that is, Schleiermacher's unity comes not from a univocal propositional system that is present in any identifiable place in the text, but from a guiding purposefulness that regulates the whole. In this holistic model, local details moving in different directions add up to a directed, systematic whole. For Schleiermacher, a pedagogical, didactic purpose inextricably unifies form and content, and because of that unity, one can progressively extract the philosophy from the writings. In any case, Schleiermacher develops a model of indirect communication in which apparent unruliness, when correctly understood, furthers progress toward a fixed but frequently inapparent educational goal. "So it is requisite that the final object (das Ende) of the investigation be not directly enunciated and put down in words"; readers, according to Schleiermacher, are not allowed to "rest content … in possession of the final result [das Ende]" without having first been "led on the way [Weg]" (17). Here, Plato's gradual and devious promotion of his philosophy substitutes for straightforward and immediate didacticism. For many scholars today, this view has become a model of rhetoric, which I will discuss at length below: Plato is making effective use of literary language in order to pursue a didactic philosophical agenda. Because this view relies on an understanding of Plato's goal or purpose in order to explain why Plato used the dialogue form, I will call this a teleological response to the question of literary form.
Whereas Tennemann refers to systematic results that are decorated or concealed by a charming manner of writing, Schleiermacher's "General Introduction" gives more credence to a great paradox of Platonic-Socratic education: the teacher does not directly hand over the goods. Ideally, the Socratic teacher (who has a heightened awareness of ignorance) guides the student to look for the truth. But how exactly is this guidance to be provided in writing; how could a pedagogical purpose itself be a proxy "content" leading necessarily, compellingly toward the author's teachings? Without a commodity to hand over, Plato is teaching students to pursue a method that presumedly only leads where it is supposed to go: to Platonism. The problem can be put in stark terms: how do you get from an overtly unruly text to a univocal, systematic teaching? According to Schleiermacher's model of indirect communication, Plato the writer withholds what he knows, and the notion of content (what we want to get from the text) is therefore shifted from an immediate content to a postponed telos—the goal is not to retrieve a doctrine contained in the text, but to follow the text toward an end result. [10]
The text is a means to that end. But getting from overt waywardness to covert purposefulness by way of the text remains a profound difficulty for the interpretation of interconnected form and content in Plato. Recognizing Schleiermacher as a forerunner in the modern shift of attention to Plato's dialogue form, Thomas Szlezák writes that the recent focus "has remained mainly lip-service; the unity of content and form, announced so programmatically, has rarely had any concrete consequences for interpreting Plato" (1999:85). [11] While acknowledging that significant efforts continue to be made, I agree with Szlezák on this point, but for a reason very different from his. For Szlezák, Schleiermacher initiated a "naïve belief" in "the art of 'indirect' communication" (79) that expects far more from writing than Plato ever did—Szlezák insists that the texts we have by Plato must be supplemented by specific oral teachings so that we may grasp the authentic philosophy. My criticism of Schleiermacher's legacy in this chapter concerns the untenable combination of literary hermeneutics with philosophical goals. In my view, Plato's writing obtrusively mediates his thought, and this mediation opens a distance that is by no means easy to cross or eliminate, however much sensitive and sophisticated readers may wish to overcome differences between form and content, or between literature and philosophy. It is tempting to argue that the distance is merely apparent; but as long as one holds that the appearance of the text is indeed significant rather than merely formal or merely literary, how can that distance be merely apparent? Once the form of a Platonic dialogue meets with consistent and comprehensive analysis, the distance between Plato's writing and his thinking can no longer appear to vanish into content alone.
Looking for Content Beyond Form
When approaching the surge of interest in Plato's written artistry, it may also be instructive to review attitudes expressed by René Schaerer, along with those of Szlezák, in the twentieth century. Both scholars stress the inadequacy of writing, and they seek to understand and explain how Plato could have meant for his written form to function in a Socratic, philosophical (and Platonic) manner. Crucial to their concerns is the basic contradiction between what Socrates says about the inadequacies of writing (notably in the Phaedrus and the Seventh Letter) and what Plato does as a writer. But we should also note that this contradiction is but a specific, if particularly reflexive, example of widespread contradictions within and among the dialogues. Thus the inadequacy of writing usually emerges as a twofold problem. First, writing may be inherently inadequate for the project of philosophy. Second, Plato's written dialogues challenge our philosophical methods of reading insofar as statements made in them are sometimes inconsistent; arguments, unruly; positions, abandoned. The things the characters say in the dialogues do not add up neatly; the dialogues are not straightforward. And so it is incumbent on us, according to philosophers such as Schaerer and Szlezák, to develop methods of interpretation that will either avoid or explain away the inadequacies of the written texts and bring us to the elusive philosophical content. Such a focus on philosophical content is a crucial characteristic of philosophical interpretation, strikingly different from the sort of textual focus that I will argue is a hallmark of literary interpretation. Whereas Schleiermacher turns to the texts themselves for a fullness of philosophical meaning, a unity of thought that is inherent in their organic unity of form and content, other interpreters turn beyond the text, eventually finding the form inadequate and looking for the content elsewhere. The views of Schaerer and Szlezák exemplify the strangeness of a focus on form and writtenness or textuality (Schriftlichkeit) which, finding the texts inadequate and incomplete in themselves, ends up moving away from written expression in its search for essential content.
Schaerer sharpens Schleiermacher's discussion of interpretation by focusing on "the problem of form" in La Question platonicienne, originally published in 1938. He draws a vivid contrast between the sublime simplicity of Platonism and the difficulties posed by Plato's texts: "the written oeuvre is, in many respects, terribly, hopelessly complex: contradictions, obscurities, bizarreries abound" (1969:9; translations mine). Schaerer's approach to the text is conventionally Platonic. Drawing on a Socratic-Platonic theory of Forms, Schaerer says that the subject matter of the dialogues is ultimately the reality of the thing-in-itself (246). "But because this thing is inaccessible to language, it follows that the dialogue finds its point d'appui outside of itself (en dehors de lui-même), on a superior plane, and that the rules presiding over its composition are not immanent to it, but transcendent" (246). As a composition based on, and leading toward, a transcendent reality, "the text aspires to be overcome [dépassé]" (250). To "overcome" a text is to look beyond it, to treat it as a means or instrument for reaching an "essence" that is "supradiscursive" (247). Hence Plato's "literary oeuvre is only a play of allusions" (251). "One can therefore affirm that Plato wrote nothing, in the sense that one says Socrates knew nothing and said nothing" (251). As a Socratic withholder, Plato the writer is in a sense not a writer; behind, under, or beyond the apparent chaos of our everyday reality of reading lies a transcendent philosophical reality that the reader's vision cannot see on the page.
Where Schaerer is idealistic, Szlezák is primarily historical. Convinced that Plato's written dialogues were complemented by explicit oral teachings, Szlezák writes, "the dialogues are to be read as fragments of Plato's philosophy with a propensity to encourage the reader and at the same time to point beyond themselves. But the form must be regarded as essential for the content" (1999:118). As with Schaerer, the problem of form has been solved by conceiving of the writings as purposefully protreptic—they do not function as a complete expression of the philosophy (the doctrinal content) so much as they turn readers toward it, and thereby lead beyond themselves. And like Schaerer, Szlezák envisages a transcendent process of interpretation: "From the start Plato conceives of philosophical writing … as writing whose content must be transcended if it is to be fully understood" (1985:66). I take Szlezák to mean that form and content are united in the protreptic usefulness of Plato's texts, but also that this combination of form and content is nevertheless incomplete, not self-sufficient, and not in itself a proper basis for philosophical interpretation.
I certainly do not mean to give the impression that the scholars discussed in this chapter underestimate or neglect Plato's written dialogues. Both Schaerer and Szlezák, more than many, take the dialogue form to be of tremendous importance, as does Schleiermacher. What I wish to highlight is a peculiar methodological phenomenon: modern interest in the Schriftlichkeit of the dialogues, driven by a desire to recover Plato's authentic philosophical purposes, tends to adopt an instrumentalist and teleological view of textuality, which paradoxically abandons the written form in favor of a stable Platonic lesson plan. This is so whether the writings are understood to be complete in themselves or parts of a greater undertaking, and whether the lesson is a propositional system of knowledge or a more general call to philosophy. Thus the writings become a meandering path toward something that in Plato's mind was straight. According to this model of interpretation, the indirect appearance of each dialogue belies its underlying didactic directedness.
Bolstered by widespread respect for the evidential power of textual specifics, advances in the treatment of Plato's dialogue form since Schleiermacher have been increasingly influential. Traditional readings, in their disregard for major aspects of the written presentation of Platonic thought, can willfully ignore much of the text itself by sequestering it as peripheral context: who says what in a dialogue, where he says it, and so on. The intellectual historian Gerald Press has been an important chronicler, herald, and advocate for alternative approaches. "An identifiable mode of interpretation of Plato," wrote Press in 1993, referring to the traditional approach, "has prevailed, with rare exceptions, since antiquity" (1993b:107). Press called for greater unity and "self-consciousness" in a "transformation of Plato interpretation that is now taking place" (1993a:viii–ix). This transformation has continued to unfold, leading from a narrow focus on the philosopher's doctrines toward increased attention to features of writing now recognized as literary: features such as characterization, setting, plot, and wordplay. Welcoming the appearance of Debra Nails's Platonic prosopography (Nails 2002), Christopher Rowe signaled "a time when we have come to realise that almost any aspect of a Platonic dialogue may help to throw light on what it is for, even, or especially, philosophically" (2003:250). [12] From the time when hermeneutic disagreement grew more prominent in the 1980s, however, two sides emerged (with misgivings and unavoidable simplifications) in the academic imagination. [13]
The long-dominant philosophical approach to Plato is one that focuses on logical arguments, propositions, and positions, which it attributes to Plato without much regard for the discursive contexts in which the arguments are presented. While a recent shift in perspective is evident among specialists, the traditional approach—which has been called dogmatic, doctrinal, literalist, analytic, and philosophical—will probably still dominate both the study and especially the teaching of Plato in the foreseeable future. Its orthodoxy is firmly established in, and its authority endorsed by, a powerful current of the Western tradition. The other range of approaches (whose proponents, not surprisingly, have done most of the labeling) has called itself nondogmatic, dialogical, dramatic, literary, and contextualist. The change in perspective owes much to Schleiermacher's holism, although many scholars do not explicitly acknowledge his contribution. [14] By attending to features that are typically identified as literary, the holistic approach contends that Plato's stylistic choices form a context for each proposition he makes in the dialogues, and that this style is therefore essential to any understanding of "what he is trying to say" (McCabe 2008:89). In practice, many scholars continue to combine the two main approaches, insofar as an interest in form need not preclude a search for Plato's doctrines, just as an interest in the unity of form and content need not rule out the unity of Plato's thought. [15] But increased interest in the dialogue form of Plato's writings has shifted the modern gaze in such a way that formal concerns now seem obtrusive and insistent, to the point where they present a glaring challenge to unreflective linear argumentation; and so an exclusive focus on Plato's linear arguments has come to seem limited if not narrow, blinkered, and naïve. My argument here concerns explanations of literary form that conceive of it as goal-driven rhetoric, explanations made by scholars who do in fact take Plato's formal complexity seriously. Although the idea that Plato wrote the way he wrote (rhetorically) in order to say what he wanted to say (univocally) is a neat and nearly indisputable explanation, I see some serious problems in this now-prevalent view of literary form. It bears repeating that for traditionalists focused solely on linear argumentation, a genuine confrontation with the written form of the dialogues can only disappoint, by leading away from univocal, philosophical discourse. Yet for contextual approaches, too, an emphasis on rhetorical persuasion is similarly inadequate to the manifest waywardness of Plato's texts. As long as the asystematic texture of Plato's dialogues is surrendered to the retrieval or reconstruction of a persuasive agenda (inevitably tantamount to a didactic system), rhetoric will always remain a set of superficial devices, separable from a presumptive substance.
The Status of the Dialogues: Did Plato Write Platonic Dialogues?
Given how little we actually know about Plato's own view of the dialogue form, we could turn to a writer like Shakespeare for a momentary comparison. Does it even make sense to ask after Shakespeare's motive for writing Hamlet as a play rather than a treatise? And what is the goal of Hamlet? Is the form of Hamlet merely ornamental, merely aesthetic, merely literary? Plato's dialogues are certainly not Shakespearean plays—and Shakespeare was not what we call a philosopher—but contrary to popular belief, we do not know how Plato intended his writings to function, and the practice of philosophy itself has gone in directions that he could not have foreseen. Meanwhile, asking why Plato wrote in the way he did rests heavily on the assumption that Plato's text is always teaching us a lesson of some sort. Even simply to question this assumption is unorthodox. Many experts find the notion of a nondidactic Plato inconceivable, but their sincere conviction on this point should not foreclose all further investigation. [16] In any case, it is worth noting that a prejudicial certainty about Plato's goals can create an undesirable methodological tautology: it may limit interpretation to finding what was already presumed to be there, what we always expected to find—the moral of the story, if you will: the lesson of Platonic philosophy waiting as a foregone conclusion. Uncooperative features of the text are thus destined to be ironed out (justified, straightened) after the fact.
Without a doubt, Plato was one of the world's greatest thinkers and teachers. Even if we could bracket Plato's intellectual-historical influence (and lose the benefit to humanity from having read him), a nondidactic Plato would be difficult even to imagine. [17] It is nevertheless worthwhile to consider how the inherited view of Plato's purposes underpins the modern (and ancient) reading of his texts. As noted above, the problem of literary form has been addressed in modern times by way of questions that lead back to Plato's philosophical motivations: "Why did Plato write dialogues?" asks one scholar; "Why so much deviousness on Plato's part?" asks another, who wonders about "Plato's motive for holding back"; "Why, then," writes a third, "did Plato choose to write philosophy in this peculiar form?" [18] These questions express an admirable unwillingness to ignore the particularity of the texts as Plato wrote them. But they also presume that these texts are peculiar by way of contrast with a philosophical norm, a blend of philosophy and discourse that was not firmly established until after Plato's time. Plato did not write what we expect him to have written: namely, univocal philosophical treatises. According to Northrop Frye's handy definition of philosophical discourse, "philosophy is assertive or propositional writing" (1957:329), and it is against this background that Plato's way of writing stands out. [19] Frye's remark captures two relevant aspects of philosophy, understood as a genre or discourse type. For one thing, proper philosophical discourse (so understood) states points, and it does so avowedly. This philosophy is linear and rational argumentation, taking us from point A to point B along a straightforward path of reasoning that should not rely on turns of phrase. As is often noted, Plato did not write like Aristotle (even if Aristotle did sometimes write like Plato, in now-lost dialogues, and even if Aristotle treated Plato's writings like treatises). Compared with the syllogistic progression of Aristotelian discourse, Plato's style is certainly peculiar. Frye's formulation also suggests that philosophy is essentially a practice of writing. Lectures, conversations, and solitary thinking are, at best, profound but ephemeral philosophical activities, which may enter the genre of philosophy itself only through written discourse. (And Socrates is a paradoxical catalyst of the Western tradition, known only from a distance, not by his writing but by having been written about.) In any case, by focusing on the dialogue form as the context of Platonic philosophy, readers are apt to continue seeking a univocal text (philosophical content) hidden inside a dialogical context (literary form).
As a piece of writing, each dialogue is a verbal mechanism that arguably presents readers with more perplexities than instructions. "When one compares Plato with some of the other philosophers who are often ranked with him—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Kant, for example—he can be recognized to be far more exploratory, incompletely systematic, elusive, and playful than they" (Kraut 2009:3). Strangely enough, even though Plato's writings largely underlie our conception of philosophy, our conception calls for sustained, direct, and coherent argumentation, a mode of communication that is often manifestly abandoned or perverted in the dialogues themselves. Yet most readers, even those who acknowledge the texture of the dialogues, begin with an institutionalized assumption that has far-reaching effects: Plato is presumed to have designed each text to lead us toward a foreknown goal, to lead us to some brand of Platonism. This assumption comes naturally when we move from Plato the legendary thinker to Plato the writer. Plato was a philosopher; therefore, what he wrote must have been in the service of philosophy. Plato was a teacher and continues to be our teacher; therefore, Plato's texts are, to put it crudely, teaching machines. [20] Where are we to find Plato's real thought if not in his writings? [21] His writings, one presumes, must have been made—and must be made—to communicate his real teachings, his fixed beliefs. [22] It is the must be made, the active pressure on interpretation that I see being imposed by our preconceptions about philosophy, that gives me some pause about this conventional line of reasoning. And this pressure is one of the driving forces behind the conception of literary form as rhetoric, and of rhetoric as persuasion in the service of philosophy.
So literary form emerges as a problem largely because of our expectations. We want to have a Plato of propositions and assertions, but instead we have a diverse collection of perspectivized propositions and assertions. The corollary implied in questions about the dialogue form is this: Why did Plato manifestly not write expository discourse? That is, why did he not manifestly urge something (whether some kind of convincing wisdom or a wise course of action) on his readers? With a seemingly minor change in emphasis, one comes to ask why Plato did not write manifestly expository discourse. Either way, the presumption that Plato was a didactic writer leads to an answer something like this: Plato did not write manifestly didactic discourse because he wrote covertly didactic discourse. On the one hand, the dialogues seem to taunt us with the prospect of wisdom and guidance withheld. Regardless of his motives, Plato's choice of literary form suggests to many that he hid his real meaning in the dialogues as in puzzles to be solved by readers. [23] On the other hand, Plato's dialogues are saturated with explicit arguments. But the abundance of argumentation embedded in the dialogues only heightens the taunting quality that readers notice when they try to extrapolate a point from their written form. For contextual readers who do not presume that a dialogue will have a dogmatic agenda, an explicit argument in the context of a conversation or a speech will always be significantly different from a straightforward, authoritative, expository declaration.
Having expected expository treatises from Plato and being faced with overtly digressive dialogues, scholars naturally turn to conventional generic categories in order to determine the Platonic text's status or type of discourse, and the author's stance or intention. The status might be, among other possibilities, fictional, historical, dramatic, theoretical, philosophical, literary, or experimental. The stance could be, for example, didactic, dogmatic, skeptical, playful, proleptic, propaedeutic, or provisional. Unfortunately, such overlapping terms potentially introduce new confusions, and the theoretical problems involved are extraordinarily difficult. But even more confounding: Plato and his contemporaries were exploring and developing the conventions of genre and discourse that we now take for granted in the Western tradition; it furthermore seems clear that Plato was transgressing the generic boundaries recognized even in his time; and there is no reliable account of Plato's stated intentions. Can we presume to know the final cause, the telos of Plato's written dialogues; that is, why Plato wrote dialogues and not treatises? The telos is usually assumed to be some combination of education and Platonic philosophy. The teleological approach to Plato is in accord with a long-established goal of philosophy in general: to reconstruct what Plato thought and what he wanted to teach us. Indeed, this goal or telos is essential to philosophy's own self-understanding as a pursuit that follows in Plato's footsteps. [24] The possession of this goal (tantamount to a desired commodity that Plato possessed) has led analytically minded interpreters to ignore dialogical contexts of argumentation at will, and has led literary-minded interpreters to explain Plato's form and wording in terms of a rhetorically purposeful, didactic master plan. In both instances, it appears that our goal has been aligned with Plato's goal.
We do know that the genre of Socratic discourses was a specific precedent for Plato's type of dialogue, and it is likely that Plato was sometimes emulating or playing off against contemporary writers. [25] At the same time, as pointed out by Andrea Nightingale, Plato brings the conventions of multiple genres (such as tragedy, epic, oratory, and history) into dialogue with each other, thereby differentiating and advancing his own brand of philosophical activity. [26] Insofar as Plato is "introducing and defining a radically different discursive practice" against a backdrop of ancient conventions, the historical context cannot help us much with the unconventional status of his texts—unless his once-radical version of philosophy actually is in accord with our now-familiar version. [27] Otherwise, we are still left trying to reconstruct or establish some ground rules for interpreting a radically challenging corpus. Even if Plato may be said to have invented philosophy—as Nightingale proposes, while acknowledging concerns about the tendency to retroject our version of philosophy back into its origins—the texts he left us are not what the subsequent tradition of philosophy would lead us to expect. [28] All of which suggests that the invention was and remains unconventional. R. B. Rutherford sums up the situation acutely: "Neither the origins nor the generic status of the dialogue form can be firmly established: in the one case this is a matter of lost evidence, in the other it reflects the genuine complexity of Plato's literary enterprise." [29]
Nor does the historical reception of Plato's writings offer a helpful vantage point from which to assess the author's stance or the texts' status. The difficulties in interpreting Plato's writings have always been there—and whether or not his dialogues were designed to do so, they have provoked an extraordinarily varied and industrious response. In a general introduction to ancient philosophy, Julia Annas adduces the Republic as a prime example of why we should not take our current assessment of ancient works for granted, citing basic facts of history that are little known by the public and rarely allowed to interfere with modern interpretation. "Plato is the only author for whom we can feel certain that we possess all the works he made public.… But even Plato is not a straightforward author to read; for one thing, the dialogue form distances the author from the ideas he puts forward, and interpretations of Plato are probably the most varied of any ancient philosopher" (2000:23). Annas summarizes "the changing fortunes" of the Republic: while today this dialogue holds a dominant position in the canon of ancient philosophy, for centuries it attracted far less attention, and was rarely celebrated for its Idealist metaphysics or its ideal model of political organization, which were eventually favored and promoted by Benjamin Jowett and others starting in the nineteenth century. [30] "Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries," notes Annas, "Plato fell into philosophical neglect, and the Republic was regarded as a mere oddity, if it was regarded at all" (27–28). Thus the reception of Plato's dialogues (and of the Republic, whose history offers a particularly striking example of vicissitudes in reception) is unlikely to contribute decisive evidence as to the generic, discursive, and pragmatic intentions or motives of its author. Historical data concerning reception can certainly inform our ways of thinking about the dialogues: "The ancient Platonists," for instance, "remind us of how Plato was read in the ancient world—that is, for some hundreds of years; and this may at the very least give us some perspective on our own assumptions in reading Plato." [31] And the historical data will, one hopes, keep growing in depth and accuracy. But ultimately, Plato's contemporaries and immediate followers were no more straight on this than we are—these resources give vital insight into the historical development of Platonic philosophy, but when it comes to the historical-biographical fact of Plato's stance as a writer of dialogues, they are nothing more or less than more speculation. The study of ancient texts would get nowhere without such speculation, but the "overwhelming impression" that Plato wrote to teach us lessons should not blind us to our methodological limitations. [32]
[ back ] 1. Tennemann 1792:127 (Warum wählte Plato gerade diese Form … ?); translation by the author. Tigerstedt 1977:67 calls Tennemann's book "the first modern monograph on Plato." See also Szlezák 1997, Lamm 2000.
[ back ] 2. English-language variations of the question may be found in, e.g., Scott 2007:xviii, Rowe 2007:25, Blondell 2002:38, Cooper 1997:xviii; Rutherford 1995:8; Sayre 1995; Griswold 2002:1, 143.
[ back ] 3. See Klein 1965:3–10, Krämer 1990:3–74, Szlezák 1997, Lamm 2000.
[ back ] 4. Much of the "General Introduction" may be read as a rather direct response to Tennemann. So Krämer 1990:222n34, Szlezák 1997:51–53, Lamm 2000:218–222.
[ back ] 5. On context, see Schleiermacher 1836:14 and Krämer 1990:219n4. Nails 1995:36–43 identifies a modern version of "literary-contextualism" that counterbalances the "analysis" associated with analytic philosophy.
[ back ] 6. Note the similarity between Tennemann's question ("Warum wählte Plato gerade diese Form … ?"), Schleiermacher's reference to "diese eigentümliche Form," and Blondell's twenty-first-century version "Why, then, did Plato choose to write philosophy in this peculiar form?" (2002:38).
[ back ] 7. Cf. Schleiermacher 1836:14. Cooper 1997 provides a modern example of this common sentiment: a dialogue's literary form helps make it a "springboard for our own further philosophical thought" (xxii).
[ back ] 8. Cf. Szlezák 1999:12–17 on concealment.
[ back ] 9. As described by Krämer 1990, Schleiermacher holds that Plato's system "unfolds in successive stages, according to a precise didactic plan" (3–4).
[ back ] 10. For Szlezák, however, the text points outside itself, to other texts and ultimately to oral doctrines that have left traces but no longer exist. Szlezák's view is first and foremost a historical attempt to recover what Plato meant to teach only to those ready to learn it. His argument relies heavily on the Phaedrus, the Seventh Letter, and "the historical reality of a doctrine of principles which was never set down in writing—the doctrine of principles which Aristotle prefers to cite in his criticism of Plato in the Metaphysics" (1999:31). See also Szlezák 1985. I will suggest below that this sort of historical project, while perfectly valid in itself, is categorically different from reading the dialogues as texts in their own right. Cf. Krämer's conviction that "the sphere of the esoterica" needs to be "elevated to a concrete historical reality comparable to the writings" (1990:12). To the degree that the esoterica do not exist in writing, I must insist that, once elevated, their concrete reality would be incomparably different from that of writings that actually do exist.
[ back ] 11. Cf. Klein 1965:3–10.
[ back ] 12. See also Rowe 2007:viii. One may observe a significant change in, e.g., the contrast between Kraut 1992 and 2009, the latter being far more conciliatory toward contextual points of view. (For criticisms of Kraut 1992, see Nails 1995:39–41 and Press 2000:35–37.) Cf. the shift in attitude between Annas 1981 and, say, 1992. Cooper 1997 is notable for using a widely visible forum to emphasize Plato's "renunciation" of authoritative knowledge (xxiii–xxiv). For overviews of literary, dramatic, and contextual approaches, see Klein 1965:3–31; Press 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2012; Nails 1995:36–43.
[ back ] 13. Nails 1995 describes a "self-destructive duel" characterized by "intense and unhealthy enmity" between two main philosophical approaches; she also notes the potential for disciplinary boundaries (as between philology and philosophy) to complicate such disputes (36). Blondell 2002 laments a "false dichotomy" for which Plato himself is possibly to blame (1), a point to which I will return. See also Gordon 1999:7–13.
[ back ] 14. Press is a notable exception.
[ back ] 15. E.g. Kahn 1996 and Rowe 2007 value both context and doctrine, taking different views of Plato's possible development as a thinker over the course of different dialogues, and claiming to account for literary style while reading in what is, as I argue below, a decidedly philosophical (i.e. nonliterary) manner.
[ back ] 16. Press 1993a:viii suggests that questioning whether Plato's dialogues "are meant to communicate any settled teachings" is a key focus for the "new Platonism." Questioning Plato's didacticism per se has proved unpalatable for most mainstream researchers. See also Scott 2007: "Plato must have wanted to communicate something in some way. But in what way do dramatic works 'communicate'?" (xix). And if one starts to ask how works of art communicate, didactically is not the only answer.
[ back ] 17. Note Press's distinction between Platonism and "the study and interpretation of the dialogues in and for themselves" (1998:309). In this sense, Platonic philosophy—like professional philosophy itself, for that matter—is a historical development focused on the thought of a historical figure rather than a text-oriented interpretation of Plato's writings.
[ back ] 18. Griswold 2002:143, Kahn 1996:65, Blondell 2002:38. Kahn acknowledges (65–66) that a writer's manner is likely to have many motivations; Rutherford 1995 makes a similar point (8–10).
[ back ] 19. Like any genre, this one has seen any number of exceptions and challenges; nevertheless, the category of straightforward, reasoned argumentation in expository prose does exist as a norm and has had a far greater historical impact on the interpretation of Plato than, say, the niche into which we might fit Kierkegaard or Nietzsche, whom we see more as modern subverters of expository norms than as inheritors of Plato's ancient subversiveness.
[ back ] 20. Press 1997:3 traces a similar line of assumptions underlying dogmatic interpretations of the dialogues: "since Plato is a philosopher, he must have doctrines." My emphasis here is less on doctrines per se than on teachings as a presumptive notion that, while perhaps nondogmatic, continues to guide or control the process of interpretation.
[ back ] 21. Again, the possibility of an unpublished but doctrinal legacy only underscores my point that a historical focus on Plato's thinking is likely to lead away from his writing.
[ back ] 22. Schleiermacher: "it is clear that he must (er muß) have endeavored to make written instruction as like as possible to that better [Socratic] kind, and he must (es muß ihm) also have succeeded" (1836:16). See also Cohn 1999:27 on what John Updike called the "must have" school of speculative biography.
[ back ] 23. So Kraut, quoted above. Cf. Scott 2007: "The more one studies Plato's dialogues, the more one has the gathering sense that Plato 'knows' more than he reveals in his works" (xviii). Hence the persistent efforts of readers—encouraged, one may well argue, by the texts themselves—to reach through the works toward a commodity that seemingly ought to be have been pre-possessed by Plato and then put into them. Consider this biographical anecdote testifying to Plato's legendary, taunting elusiveness: just before his death, Plato dreamed of turning into a swan, "and leaping from tree to tree, he frustrated the attempts of the bird-catchers to hunt him down" (Olympiodorus Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades, Riginos 1976:24). Annas 1996 also emphasizes Plato's elusiveness.
[ back ] 24. If "the dialogues are supposed to teach us a philosophical lesson"—which is thus identified as an assumption—then the first lesson Plato taught us, notes M. Frede with a nod to Whitehead, is how to write "footnotes to Plato" (Frede 1992:219).
[ back ] 25. See Rutherford 1995:10–15; Kahn 1996:1–35; Nightingale 1995; Ford 2010.
[ back ] 26. Nightingale 1995:1–12. I simultaneously agree with Rutherford: "The Platonic dialogue is too familiar, too central to the classical tradition, for us to realize how remarkable it must have seemed at first" (1995:15).
[ back ] 27. The quotation (if not necessarily the point) comes from Nightingale 1995:5, with 10nn30–31.
[ back ] 28. Nightingale 1995:10–11, with reference to Kraut 1992:1. Cf. Annas 2000:19–36.
[ back ] 29. Rutherford 1995:15. Cf. Press 1997:7–12.
[ back ] 30. Annas 2000:19–36. For a different perspective, see Pappas 2013:273–282. See also Press 1996 for a more detailed discussion of reception and the Republic. Press 1996:72n16 and Ferrari 2007:510 list relevant secondary literature on the topic.
[ back ] 31. Annas 1999:2. Writing of the development from Socratic to Platonic ethics, Annas also suggests that the "framework for reading, teaching, and discussing Plato is so familiar that it may come to seem inescapable. It is a presupposition of discussion rather than something to be discussed itself" (4).
[ back ] 32. For the "overwhelming impression," see Cooper 1997:xxv.


text:
A golf glove isn't a necessity, but it's an important accessory for most golfers. A glove prevents the club from slipping, especially if you have sweaty hands, and protects your hand from blisters.
Look for golf glove functionality. The golf glove you choose should have padding in the palm. Better gloves have stretchy material at the knuckles, allow your glove to flex as you grip the club.
Look for a glove that is comfortable. The glove should feel snug, almost like it is a second skin. However, you don't want it to be too tight because that would make swinging the club uncomfortable. Choose a material that feels right to you. A fine cabretta leather glove will have a soft feel that will mold to your hand, but better synthetic gloves can mimic the feel of leather.
Look for a heavier glove if you are inclined to play a lot of golf in the cold weather months. Consider a set of winter golf gloves for those really cold days. Buy a set of rain gloves if foul weather doesn't keep you off the course. Both winter and rain gloves are worn on both hands.
Look for a specialty glove if you suffer pain from arthritis. This type of glove provides a better grip and padding.
Try on the glove even if you know your size. Gloves sizes vary from one manufacturer to another and sometimes among the same manufacturer's products, depending on how the glove is cut.


text:
If you have not found on our website information on the activities of the Library, collections or services, you can send a message to the librarian using the form below:
Ask a Librarian
Contact form
Live Czat
Through Skype you have the ability to contact the librarian on duty in the Information, which provide information in person, or redirect the case to those who are more competent in that matter. To report a more complex problems whose solution requires a longer time, please use the Contact form.
Librarians on duty chatting during Information Centre's working hours .
Not always respond immediately, because they also support the readers who come to the Library in person.


text:
The Gigaset N300A IP is an easy-to-configure hybrid DECT IP base station for both landline and VoIP calls – plus an answering machine. It supports up to 3 parallel calls, 6 different lines, and 6 compatible Gigaset handsets. With a maximum of 30 minutes of recording time, the answering machine ensures that all messages are received. And HD sound with HDSP technology means internet calls sound more like face-to-face conversations. ECO DECT's energy-saving technology makes the Gigaset N300A IP an environmentally-friendly base station.
Key Features-
- Answering machine with up to 30 minutes of recording time
- Hybrid DECT IP base station for landline and VoIP calls
- Multi-line for up to 6 handsets and 3 parallel calls
- Energy-saving ECO DECT
- Compatible with multiple Gigaset handsets
- Compatible with provisioning standards: TR069, MAC address, code based auto-configuration
- Expandable up to 6 VoIP accounts / numbers
- Free calls between Gigaset VoIP phones via Gigaset.net
- Email reader
- Search in net directories and Yellow Pages
Answering machine features-
- Up to 30 minutes of recording time
- Dates and times of messages announced by voice
- New message notification via text message to external number
- Display of new messages on the handset
- Remote playback of messages
- Operation of answering machine via handset or base station
- Telephone call recording function
Manage missed calls with the answering machine
The answering machine of the Gigaset N300A IP is full of convenient features for managing missed calls. Its 30 minutes of recording time ensures that all incoming messages are received and saved. Easily record conversations with the telephone call recording function. Also, the dates and times of messages are announced by voice, and users can play back messages remotely via the handset. All new message notifications get directed to the handset or to an external number via text message. Convenient operation of the answering machine is possible both on registered handsets and on the Gigaset N300A IP base station.
Make parallel calls, expand lines, add accounts
Multi-line support allows up to three calls in parallel, in any combination of landline and online connections. Additionally, up to 6 compatible handsets can be registered to the base station, which also supports up to 6 different accounts / numbers.
Enjoy the advantages of VoIP
With internet calling, the Gigaset N300A IP truly raises the quality of telephony. All VoIP calls come in HD sound, thanks to Gigaset's exceptional HDSP™¹ technology. And when IP calls are made to other Gigaset VoIP phones via Gigaset.net2, the call – to wherever in the world – is free.
Supports online calling features
Use the Gigaset N300A with compatible Gigaset handsets for direct access to online information on the handset's display. The email reader shows status quo of the user's inbox and is updated as soon as new messages come in. Accessing people and businesses is easy via the online directories of various online phonebook providers.
ECO DECT: Pure energy savings and radiation-free
The energy-saving power supply of the Gigaset N300A IP consumes less electricity, so it's kinder to the environment, and kinder to users' wallets. Like all Gigaset base stations, it variably reduces the transmitting power from the handset to base station depending on their distance apart. Users can also reduce the transmitting power of the Gigaset N300A IP by 80% simply by selecting the ECO Mode on registered handsets. Furthermore, selecting radiation-free ECO Mode Plus on registered handsets turns off the transmitting power when the base station is in standby.
Sound quality
- HSP™ for brilliant sound quality
- Advanced handsfree
- Individual ringer melodies for VIP entries
Convenience - phoning essentials
- Phonebook transfer: via DECT / via LAN
- Automatic dialing of operator prefix
- Dial by voice command -Plug-and-play installation
- Live recording of calls
Messaging functions
- Messenger
- Up to 612 SMS characters SMS
- Up to 4 personalized SMS in-boxes
- E-mail notification
- Equipped with speech transmission encryption
Features with more than one handset
- Expandable to up to 6 handsets
- Selective internal calls / walkie-talkie mode
- Internal transfer of external calls
- 2 InternalParallel calls
- 2+1 External Parallel calls
Answering machine features
- Open listening at base station
- Recording time up to 30 minutes
- Playback of messages from external phone
- Predefined Announcements
- Individual announcements
- 1 x Mailboxes
- PIN-protected
- Date and time announcement
- Timed change between predefined and individual announcements
- AM control via handset
- Protection of recordings against power failure
- Warranty - 2 years
- Wall mountable
- Batteries 2xAAA
- GAP Compatible
- Dimensions base station (H x W x D in mm) 132x105x46
Basic IP features
- Dual Mode
- Number of parallel VoIP calls - 2
- Number of parallel fixed line calls - 1
- Up to 6 VoIP accounts
- Multiple provider configuration
IP net features and services
- Online Phonebook
- VoIP profiles for download > 140
- VoIP protocol SIP
- Codecs G.711, G.722 | G.726
- QoS: ToS. Diffserv
- VoIP Setup
Introducing the newest pocket-sized design object: the Gigaset SL400H additional handset. With a genuine metal frame and metal keypad, this home telephone adds a touch of luxury to your home. A large colour display in highest quality is easy on the eyes – and its Bluetooth headset connection offers you comfortable conversations. Names and numbers of your friends, family and important contacts are easy to manage in the generous address book with space for up to 500 vCard entries. And keeping it up-to-date is simple with synchronisation via Bluetooth or mini-USB. ECO DECT technology means you use less energy and save money with the Gigaset SL400A – while also reducing radiation.
Display and Keypad
- High-quality genuine metal keypad
- Graphical display
- 65k full color 1.8 inch display : 128x160 pixels
- Illuminated Display
- Easy-to-use text-based or icon-based menu
- Display of caller's number (CLIP)
- Multilingual menu for up to 21 languages
- Time displayed
- Date displayed
- Range (handset to base station)
- Charging status
- Call duration
- Illuminated (white) keypad
- Navigation key
- Message indicator key
- Mute hard key
Phoning Essential
- Bluetooth Connectivity
- Phonebook entries : 500
- List of last 20 missed calls with time and date
- Last dialed 20 numbers
- Phonebook transfer: via DECT, via Bluetooth
- Automatic dialing of operator prefix
- Room monitoring
- Vibracall
- Plug-and-play installation
- Free internal calls between handsets
- Internal transfer of external calls
- Parallel calls internal - external
- Up to 612 characters SMS
- HDSP Read handset
- Handsfree talking with brilliant sound quality
- Adjustable volume of handset sound (5 levels)
- New high-quality polyphonic ringer melodies
- Crescendo mode
- Vibracall and on/off
- Ringer melody output via handsfree speaker
- Advisory tones
Messaging Functions (SMS)
- Sending/receiving of SMS with up to 640 characters (Concatenation of up to 4 SMS)
- Storage of 50 short SMS
- Up to 4 personalized SMS-Inboxes
- Transmission of e-mails via SMS (Separate directory for e-mail address)
- Saving of numbers from SMS to directory
- SMS protocol 1
ECO Dect
- Up to 60% less energy consumption
- ECO Mode - manual reduction of transmitting power by 80%
- ECO Mode Plus for switching off of transmitting power of base station and all registered handsets
- Variable reduction of transmitting power between handset and base station
Other facts
- Range indoors : 50 meters
- Range outdoors : 300 meters
- Standby time: 230 hours
- Talk time: 14 hours
- Expandable to up to 6 handset
- GAP , DECT Capable
- Wall mountable: Base Station
- Batteries : Li-Ion
- Two year warranty
- Dimensions handset (H x W x D in mm) 120,8 x 46 x 16
- Dimensions charger (H x W x D in mm) 49 x 126,2 x 60,5
|Is this product a bundle?
|12 months
|Key Features
|DECT Type
|Standard DECT
|Number of Handsets
|Line Type
|Analogue (BT, TalkTalk, Sky, etc), VoIP/SIP
|Nuisance Call Blocker
|Caller ID
|Phonebook Size
|Headset Port
|Repeater Compatible
|Base Features
|Max Handsets Allowed
|Handset Locator
|Wall Mountable Base Unit
|Base unit is independent of main handset
|Answering Machine
|Handset Features
|GAP Compatible
|LCD Display
|Backlit Display
|Colour Screen
|Display Size
|Touch Screen
|Illuminated Keypad
|Big Buttons
|Splash / Shock Resistant
|IP Rating
|Bluetooth Compatible
|SMS Text Messaging
|Headset compatability
|Via 2.5mm jack, Via Bluetooth, Via DECT / GAP
|Headset Volume Control
|Hearing Aid Compatible
|Eco Friendly Mode
|Low Radiation Mode
|Yes - Selectable
|Extra Loud Amplification
|DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
|High Definition Audio
|Keypad Lock
|Date & Time Display
|Alarm Clock
|Do not Disturb / Night Mode
|Loudspeaker Button
|Speaker Volume Control
|Call Duration Displayed
|Low battery indicator / alert
|Ringer Melodies
|Downloadable Ringtones
|Charge Time
|3 hours
|Call Features
|Intercom - Handset to Handset (Internal Calling)
|List of Dialled Numbers. Time/Date stamped
|List of missed calls. Time/date stamped
|Last Number Redial
|On Hold Music
|Technical Specifications
|Range Indoor (approx)
|60 - 80 metres
|Range Outdoors (approx)
|250 metres
|Battery Size
|Battery Type
|Battery Capacity
|Standby Time
|Talk Time
|Handset Dimensions
|Charger Dimensions
|Base Dimensions
|Transmission Technology
|1.88 to 1.90 GHz
|REN Value
|Please Note
|Please note
|All information is provided for reference only. If you are unsure about any of the features listed, please check the manufacturer's official information.
No videos found for this product.
Konftel 300M Mobile Audio Conferencing Phone£720.00 (Excl. VAT) £864.00 (Incl. VAT) RRP £999.95
Plantronics Replacement Headband For The CS540 & W740£25.00 (Excl. VAT) £30.00 (Incl. VAT) RRP £39.00
Swissvoice Epure Bluetooth Speaker & Mini USB Charger£108.33 (Excl. VAT) £130.00 (Incl. VAT) RRP £169.00
Avaya 9621/9630/9640/9641/9650 Wall Mounting Bracket£25.00 (Excl. VAT) £30.00 (Incl. VAT) RRP £39.00
Jabra 9120 Replacement Headset - Flex Boom£89.99 (Excl. VAT) £107.99 (Incl. VAT) RRP £140.00
Siemens Gigaset Openstage M3 Handset£473.00 (Excl. VAT) £567.60 (Incl. VAT) RRP £737.88
Robust Cordless Business Phone System & Voicemail Bundle for 5 Users£502.39 (Excl. VAT) £602.87 (Incl. VAT)
Doro PhoneEasy 331C£23.50 (Excl. VAT) £28.20 (Incl. VAT) RRP £29.99


text:
Visit Our Sites
An ancient crop finds new life in kitchens across the country
You would be hard-pressed to find another food that can rival the olive for its longevity here in California. The first cuttings arrived in 1769, and as most transplants do, they responded quite well to the state's sunny days and cool nights. Fast-forward to present day, and when you're talking about planting roots with olives, you have to include Dennis Buresson. He's been farming olives at his ranch in Glenn County for more than 40 years.
California farmers like Dennis produce more than 95 percent of the olives grown in the United States, and from September to November, olive orchards are abuzz with harvest activity. Whether picked by hand or machine, all of Dennis' fruit goes to one location: the Musco Family Olive Co. in Tracy, where they've been curing olives since 1942.
As busy as the orchards are, Musco is equally busy: They process upwards of 35,000 tons of olives each year from the more than 250 growers they work with. With a company that size, investing in the future is top of mind, and for Musco, that means sustainability. The company generates renewable energy from olive pits, recycles much of their water through a closed-loop system and uses the excess salt from processing to grow a special hay that local dairy farmers use for feed.
"We're looking generations out, and properly managing that now sets our company in a fantastic position to do that and do it responsibly," said Musco's John Pierelti. "This 300 acres we have here—we're going to be here for a long time!"
For more information about the Musco Family Olive Co., visit www.olives.com.


text:
J. Crew / Bottoms: AG Jeans / Boots: Hunter / Bag: Gigi New York / Watch: Michele / Belt: J. Crew / Sunnies: Prada {similar}
J. Crew made up a holiday and it might just be my favorite day yet! National Stripes Day is today so break out all your favorites, use #nationalstripesday and celebrate! I paired my top with classic denim and because it was a rainy day, added my favorite boots. My bag is Gigi New York and comes in three colors. I love how versatile it is and this weekend receive free personalization and free shipping on their site!
Shop The Look
Favorite Stripes


text:
If you have missed any of the chicken recipes that came before the Mediterranean Chicken Tart, click here to find them.
The original recipe for Mediterranean Chicken Tart called for butter. I substituted olive oil which I think gives it a rich flavor. The phyllo pastry's crisp and tender texture make this chicken recipe absolutely delectable.
This recipe for chicken may look a little complicated with the list of ingredients, but it really only takes a little bit of time to prepare. So don't let it deter you from giving it a try. It will be one of your favorite chicken recipes.
To prepare your Mediterranean Chicken Tart you will need:
Saute tomato and onion in 3 tsp. olive oil until tender. Add mushrooms and thyme. Saute 3 - 4 minutes or until mushrooms are tender. Stir in flour and broth. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer 5 minutes or until thickened, stirring constantly. Add chicken and next 4 ingredients, stirring well. Remove from heat and set aside.
Lightly brush 1 sheet of phyllo with remaining olive oil (keep remaining phyllo sheets covered with a slightly damp towel). Fold phyllo sheet in half crosswise and place in a 13x9 baking dish; brush phyllo with oil. Repeat procedure, using half of phyllo sheets and butter.
Spoon chicken mixture over phyllo in baking dish and sprinkle with cheese. To with remaining 8 sheets of phyllo, brushing each sheet with olive oil. Bake your Mediterranean Chicken Tart, uncovered, at 300° F. for 1 hour or until lightly browned. Yields 8 servings.
Make money with your own website starting today!


text:
Soft Indoor Covers
Soft indoor covers protect from dust and scuffs. They are made of a light blue poly-cotton with a double brushed lining for softness. Scotchguard treatment protects the car and cover against drips of water.
The covers have protected zips on both sides for access to the doors, and elastic front and rear to pull the cover tight to the bodywork. They are 'car shaped' and available in various sizes to suit your car – see below.
Our unique ROSSO covers have been developed for sleek sports cars and modelled on Ferrari 328, 348 and F355 for example (ROSSO-C). Various sizes (b and D) made for other tipos, all in RED !
NEW - May 2008 - semi-tailored soft indoor cover for Jaguar XK8, with mirror pockets, red or navy blue. £130 each.
See soft cover price and ordering details here
Heavy Duty Waterproof Covers
Fully waterproof grey vinyl with a soft cotton lining. These covers are UV, frost treated and have welded seams so water won't leak through. They have vents to prevent condensation build up and are guaranteed for twelve months.
They are recommended for long term storage of dry cars - if your car may need covering when wet, Breathable Covers are recommended.
They attach with strong elastic front and rear, adjustable straps, and elasticated bungee hooks on each corner. Available in different sizes, supplied with a storage bag and an optional cable lock.
See heavy duty cover price and ordering details here
Breatheable Outdoor Covers
These covers are ideal for cars in daily use as the cover can be put on a wet car. They are 95-98% waterproof with welded seams and made from a fabric that naturally resists rot and mildew. They are silver coloured to reflect UV and keep the car cool.
There is a buckle strap supplied and reinforced side grommets to tie the cover down.
We recommend Breathable covers for cars which are used occasionally regularly, which may be wet when a cover is applied, but moisture will dry out and not penetrate the cover except under tropical conditions.Supplied in a neat breathable storage bag. Standard fit or custom made options available.
See all weather cover price and ordering details here
Custom covers
Custom Breathable and Indoor covers can be made for your individual car from the thousands of patterns our tailors have access to.
Custom Indoor covers: with a choice of 16 colours for main fabric and piping, your choice of logo (subject to some restrictions), these are simply the best covers money can buy. Thick soft padded material, with pockets for wing mirrors and any spoilers, bodykit or aerials give a perfect body-hgging fit though slight elasticity. Many prestige dealers, including franchised Ferrari / Maserati dealers recommend our covers to their customers.
Custom Breathable covers: the same breathable material in silver UV reflective material for any model, including race cars, specials and low production models. A more snug fit than standard breathable covers, with pockets for wing mirrors etc, they can be used indoors or outdoors.
Club or maker's logo can be incorporated (though not recommended for Breathable covers as slight leakage may occur and anonominity may be preferred if the car is viewable from the road). Covers have been made for these clubs and members of many others, from Ferrari, Maserati, Bentley and Aston Martin to MG, Mini,Ford and Rover.
See more on custom covers here
Home | About Us | Contact Us | Ordering | News & Reviews | Car Movies | Links | T&Cs | Cookie Policy
Custom Car Covers
Zymol Cleaning - Zymol Wax - Zymol Wheels - Zymol Interiors - Zymol Accessories - Zymol Kits - Car Inspections
Authorised Zymol Reseller - Dodo Juice Carnuaba Car Waxes - Valentines Wax - Meguiars - Smartwax - Sonax
Porsche Car Care - Snow Tyre Socks - Garage Floor Tiles - Cymbal Doctor - Gloss It
© 2003 to 2015 Morethanpolish Ltd. Trademarks are acknowledged as the property of their registered owners.
This site is in no way associated with Royal & Sun Alliance plc. Business Data protected by Backup Direct - Web Design Stamford


text:
Platelet Rich Plasma is the latest development in hair restoration. At the Foundation for Hair Restoration in Florida, Dr. Epstein, together with his colleagues, Dr. Bared, and Dr. Kuka, built a reputable plastic surgery practice and are duly recognized as creative and ethical experts in treating hair loss, especially since they formulated and advanced techniques that significantly complement this treatment.
Non-surgical therapies and the practicing doctors
Dr. Epstein, an experienced plastic surgeon with over 10,000 hair transplants under his belt, realized there is a limit to the amount of work he can perform and was consequently joined in Florida at the Foundation for Hair Restoration by two practitioners.
Dr. Anthony Bared, a University of Illinois, Chicago and University of Miami plastic surgery graduate, is equipped with the capability to perform high-quality hair transplants in addition to a variety of therapies that are non-surgical. Regarding his research into platelet rich plasma and laser light therapy, Dr. Anthony Bared has successfully presented his findings at national meetings.
Dr. Gorana Kuka, on the other hand, is a plastic surgeon from Europe, interested in the application of mesotherapy and growth factors for both male and female hair loss. She brings a higher understanding concerning these cutting edge therapies, primarily because they have been extensively applied in Europe, and for a longer duration compared to North America. She also has under her belt an in-depth research on the application of both fat transfer and regenerative cell therapies as potential treatments for the loss of hair.
Developments in hair loss treatment
Over the years, cell therapy, essentially cell multiplication and growth factors, have held the spotlight regarding potential creations in several medical fields, including hair transplantation, and the Foundation for Hair Restoration is at the forefront of these developments.
This therapy, which employs centrifuged blood separating the component containing growth factors, is applied to treat hair loss as a sole treatment and may also be combined with hair transplantation. Rich in platelets, potent healing mediators in our bodies, and growth factors, this therapy is applied to scalps in various techniques, suitably assisting hair loss treatment.
Plastic surgeons at the Foundation recommend this treatment to patients with an extensive loss of hair, on top of their utilization of the advanced Angel® system and transplant procedures for the last couple of years, with a majority of the patients responding positively.
On top of its application as a stand-alone treatment, using this therapy in combination with hair transplant provides several benefits; it increases the percentage of grafts that take and speeds up donor site healing. Although it's premature to know precisely how useful it could prove, chances are this therapy will soon be part of standard care.
Since providing patients with the best treatment is among the commitments of the foundation's doctors, this therapy is optionally offered for an add-on fee with the process of transplantation. As a stand-alone treatment, a series of two to four treatments spread over a period of six months is recommended.
Additional information
This therapy was formulated by a research scientist colleague and is primarily obtained from the blood of a patient by spinning it at high speeds in a centrifuge, effectively isolating growth factor proteins and platelets, which can then be applied to improve hair transplant outcomes. This treatment plan:
- Limits bleeding and bruising when added to the scalp where hairs are transplanted, speeding up the healing process and minimizing shock hair loss which results in the achievement of a better appearance much sooner
- Accelerates and enhances the percentage of transplanted hair growth
- Improves healing of the incision on donor sites and is particularly effective in FUE donor sites
This therapy can additionally assist the reawakening of dormant hairs and thicken thinning hairs once added to the scalp, and as a stand-alone procedure for the treatment of pattern hair loss, it occasionally helps to slow active hair loss. Your doctor can address any additional concerns pertaining to this therapy.
What this therapy is
Red and white blood cells contain platelets which are rich in growth factors, making them the most potent healing mediators in the body. Growth factors enhance healing through the restoration of normal structures and strengths of tissue. In a platelet-rich plasma injection, a patient's blood is processed at high speeds using the Angel® system to obtain a higher concentration of platelets consisting healing and growth factors, which are applied to enhance healing and blood flow on top of stimulating the healthier growth of hair follicles.
Is this therapy new?
For years now, this technology has been employed in the care of wounds and surgical procedures. In open heart surgery, it was initially used as a healing adjunct. Although its use on scalps is relatively recent, it is essentially evolving into a promising treatment for reversing hair loss and also as an adjunct to hair transplants. This therapy's response rate is approximated at 70-80% in specific body parts, even though this data primarily involves multiple studies conducted on small population groups.
Application in hair loss treatment
With basis on anecdotal data from colleagues in addition to our research, we have been applying this treatment combined with ACell, a regenerative matrix product that is derived from the porcine bladder and specially treated to ensure safety and purity. After anesthetization of the scalp, this combination is then injected into the areas with thinning or falling hair, a process that should be repeated six months and a once every year after that.
How it improves hair transplant results
For hair transplant, the growth factor/ACell combination offers four potential benefits. These are;
- Enhances healing and minimizes scarring when injected into the FUG/strip or FUE donor site.
- Encourages a better regrowth of hair grafts dipped into this combination before transplantation.
- Speeds up healing and improves regrowth of grafts when injected into scalp areas where grafts are placed, especially for the scalps with scarring from injuries or prior transplants and in the crown area where the percentage of hair regrowth is usually low.
- Treats the loss of hair in other areas of scalps where hairs have not being transplanted to, even though it is applied as a stand-alone therapy.
A patient's blood is used for this treatment, which means no transfusion risks or the need to worry about using blood products.
Before and after the procedure
Patients must avoid prescribed and over the counter anti-inflammatory medication including aspirin, naproxen, and ibuprofen seven days prior to the procedure and three days after, although cardiac patients can continue taking aspirin. Taking pain relievers such as Tylenol and narcotics, including codeine, is okay, especially in the case of a hair transplant having also been performed. Patients on blood thinners such as Coumadin, Pradaxa, warfarin, and Plavix are not suitable candidates for the injection of this combination, and patients are usually presentable right after this procedure.
The entire process takes approximately 90 minutes, with most of this time having been utilized to draw and process the blood of a patient before injection. A patient then consults two and six weeks after for a check-up.
Procedural expectations
About 80cc of blood is drawn from the patient using sterile equipment and placed in a customized tube for centrifugation. While the Platelet Rich Plasma is processed, the scalp is anesthetized by the use of nerve blocks, mainly because traditional anesthetics can inhibit this therapy and are impossible to inject into the areas of a scalp under treatment.
Injection of the combination into the affected areas of a scalp takes several minutes, and to activate the therapy, a roller or minuscule needle is used to treat the scalp in which many tiny microdots are made. If this treatment is being performed in combination with a hair transplant, blood is drawn at the procedure's onset and injected after preparation into the anesthetized recipient and donor areas, plus any other area losing hair.
Risks and possible complications
There are a few related risks to this procedure, all of which rarely occur, including a temporary bruising of where blood was drawn or the patient was injected on top of worsening loss of hair.
Pain relievers such as Tylenol will effectively treat the mild discomforts or headaches that might occur after the procedure.
Choice of treatment
After extensive research, we at the Foundation for Hair Restoration settled on the Angel® growth factor system manufactured by Cytomedix since it offers the best ability to produce pure and correctly concentrated results due to its advanced computer technology. Additionally, ACell is added to the treatment because it encourages regenerative activity and improves the probability of a positive response.


text:
Booker's cheap stitched jerseys timetable cheap 76ers jersey for recovery remains at two to three weeks. He moved about dressed in a suit and smiled while Leonard jersey wholesale answering questions about his injury.
Leonard jersey wholesale
Let's take a look at three realistic options, as well as why several other teams interested in cheap nba jerseys China Bledsoe may not be able to put together a basketball jerseys for sale cheap deal that satisfies Phoenix's needs.
The case against Kyrie: the NBA already rewarded a deeply polarizing point guard who plays no defense, and it's unlikely that cheap Embiid jersey Kyrie will be as dominant individually as Westbrook was last year, nor as valuable. There's a much better chance we spend the entire season yelling about his flaws and whether he can truly be the best player on a contender, because that's how Kyrie's career has always Angeles jersey been.?
The average bet on the Warriors [to win the series] nfl review cheap china jersey is $3,400, Simbal said. The average bet cheap custom basketball jerseys uk yahoo news on the Cavs is $120.
nfl review cheap china jersey
Basketball Insider's Steve Kyler, meanwhile, reports that Leonard expects to hammer out an extension with the cheap nfl chinese jerseys Spurs and that he is wholesale Ben jersey not looking for the door despite ongoing reports vintage nba jerseys china of discord with the Antonio jersey Nike team and how his rehab from his quad injury has been handled.
OKLAHOMA CITY — Russell Westbrook loves to cheap basketball jerseys uk yahoo football tell people he plays every game the same way, even sometimes going as far to make people tell him in return, but he has a tell when he's really got it cranked up an extra notch.
By signing the extension, Westbrook will have stayed true to all he has seemingly held so dear over the cheap chinese jerseys nfl past year — basketball jersey san antonio spurs wallpaper loyalty above all else. He will also be placing his NBA future in the hands of Presti, who?has a little less than half the team's salary cap committed Ball jersey wholesale to Adams and Victor Oladipo through 2021. Westbrook?will be giving up his freedom to pursue a title?elsewhere until he is 34 years old.
10. Cheering Omer AsikThis was the only happy subplot to DeMarcus Cousins' devastating injury — a seismic event that cheap authentic jerseys could alter Cousins' career and tilt the axis of the league.
The National Basketball Players Association launched its Mental Health and Wellness Program on Friday, cheap jerseys the group announced. The program, according to the release, will serve as a resource for all players in the league to assist them with a wide range of mental health challenges and issues, and be led by cheap nfl jerseys using paypal former NBA guard Keyon Dooling.
Redick rallied the Sixers from 17 down and hit consecutive 3s in the fourth that sliced authentic nba jerseys adidas yeezy the deficit to five.
Ten months later, Chicago lost in five games to James' Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference finals. Never again did the Bulls and Rose advance so deep into the playoffs. Soon, the injuries started:
a devastating ACL tear in 2012, torn menisci, lost months turning into lost seasons. James constructed powerhouses in Miami and Cleveland. Chicago crumbled, and suddenly, Rose found himself spit out of a season of New York Knicks dysfunction and into this gutted-out summer marketplace.


text:
Hammond Tactical is Pennsylvania's leading online Retailer of Firearms, Tactical Gear, Ammunition and Accessories. We are an brick and mortar shop with internet prices. We do not boast about how many guns we sell. Rather we boast about our superb customer service and fast shipping that we offer to our customers. Hammond Tactical Solutions was created to provide affordable firearms that meets everyone's budget. No more telling your spouse that you bought your firearm for cheaper than what you actually paid for it. We'll take care of that for you!
Mfg Item #: MCMR10556BLK
Bravo Company MLOK Compatible Modular Rail (MCMR), Black, MLOK, AR Rifles, 10.5" BCM-MCMR-10-556-BLK


text:
Top Features New in ver. 6 TextSnap™ feature to capture editable text from almost anywhere on the screen, when running under Windows 2000, XP or newer. Starting from ver. 6.10 can also capture tab-delimited data for easy paste into MS Excel. New & powerful image capture, editing, annotation and manipulation tools. Snags also those difficult-to-grab screens from DirectX™ and Glide™ games. Image stamps, frames, drop shadow, free-hand capture, FTP server uploads, more!Automatic color substitution!Non-rectangular window capture!Button Capture - perfect for professional technical writers who need to snap and document dozens of buttons!Auto-scrolls and concurrently captures long web pages and other. documents, enabling it to grab more than is visible on the screen. Tightly integrates with the MS Windows clipboard to automate repetitive tasks - will even automatically PASTE capture images where needed! Automatically saves your captures to graphics files. Doubles as effective image viewer, format converter (over 20 image formats supported). Fully customizable user interface. Rearrange menus and toolbars any way you want, assign any keyboard shortcuts you like, tear off menus to create instant toolbars, even control HyperSnap with voice commands! Extended Window Capture function when running on Windows XP® . Resizes a window to be much bigger than the screen before the capture - in one quick step, no auto-scrolling!Much, much more!-HyperSnap
I didn't try it yet. But looks like it doesn't have a auto-hiding dock containing the common capture modes (called OneClick in SnagIt)-sri (October 22, 2007, 12:40 PM)
Page created in 0.024 seconds with 45 queries.


text:
Coinrule is a smart assistant enabling people that trades crypto currencies, to build trading bots without having to program a single line of code.
Sign in with Twitter
to join the discussion
Connect with makers and early adopters exchanging product feedback and ideas.
Please use your personal Twitter account.
We won't post without asking