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NBER Reporter: Research Summary Fall 2005
When making decisions with immediate consequences, economic actors typically display a high degree of impatience. Consumers choose immediate pleasures instead of waiting a few days for much larger rewards. Consumers want "instant gratification."
However, people do not behave impatiently when they make decisions for the future. Few people plan to break their diets next week. Instead, people tend to splurge today and vow to exercise/diet/save tomorrow. From today's viewpoint, people prefer to act impatiently right now but to act patiently later.
Data from neuroscience experiments provide a potential explanation for these observations: short-run decisions engage different brain systems from long-run decisions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Samuel McClure, George Loewenstein, Jonathan D. Cohen, and I have shown that decisions that involve at least some short-run tradeoffs recruit both analytic and emotional brain systems, whereas decisions that only involve long-run tradeoffs primarily recruit analytic brain systems.(1) These findings suggest that people pursue instant gratification because the emotional brain system - the limbic system - values immediate rewards but only weakly responds to delayed rewards.
Whatever the underlying biological mechanism, the taste for instant gratification can be incorporated into models of human behavior. Several strands of my work have attempted to do this. Chris Harris and I have proposed models in which actors place a special premium on immediate pleasures.(2) I also have developed models that assume that people have biologically conditioned motivational states: when familiar cues are presented, consumers experience a drive to consume the goods that they consumed in the presence of those cues in the past.(3) For example, a cigarette smoker will urgently want a smoke when he enters his favorite bar (where he has smoked before).
The drive for immediate gratification has many empirical consequences that my coauthors and I have studied. Marios Angeletos, Andrea Repetto, Jeremy Tobacman, Stephen Weinberg, and I have run computational simulations of consumers with a taste for instant gratification (specifically, we studied quasi-hyperbolic discount functions).(4) We find that such consumers quickly spend whatever liquid wealth they have and are only able to save in illiquid assets. These consumers live from hand to mouth in their checking accounts, but hold large stocks of illiquid assets like home equity and defined contribution pension plans. When making long-run choices - for example, when deciding how to invest during flush times - these consumers buy illiquid assets that offer a high rate of return and pay out slowly over many decades. When making short-run decisions, however, these consumers are willing to pay a high price for immediate gratification.
Repetto, Tobacman, and I show that the taste for instant gratification explains why households hold illiquid assets and also frequently borrow with credit cards that involve relatively high interest rates.(5) We also estimate the strength of the taste for immediate gratification.(6) We find that consumers have a short-run discount rate of 30 percent and a long-run discount rate of 5 percent. In other words, delaying a reward by a year reduces its value by 30 percent, but delaying the same reward an additional year only generates an additional 5 percent devaluation.
Consumers with a taste for immediate gratification will avoid immediate disutility. Such consumers will repeatedly delay finishing unpleasant tasks like enrolling in a 401(k) plan. James J. Choi, Brigitte Madrian, Andrew Metrick, and I have found signs of procrastination in a survey of employees.(7) Over two thirds of respondents say that they save too little, and none say that they save too much. Among the self-reported undersavers, over one third say that they plan to join the 401(k) plan or raise their savings rate in the next two months. Using administrative records, we find that almost none follow through in the next four months.
It is typically difficult to determine whether households save optimally. Even asking a respondent - as we did above - yields ambiguous evidence, since it is not clear what it means to say, "I save too little." But in some cases, savings incentives are strong enough to make very sharp predictions about optimal 401(k) contribution rates. Choi, Madrian and I have analyzed employees who receive employer-matching contributions in their 401(k) plan and are allowed to make discretionary, penalty-free, in-service withdrawals.(8) For these employees, contributing below the match threshold is an unambiguous mistake. Nevertheless, half of employees with such clear-cut incentives do contribute below the match threshold, foregoing match payments that average 1.3 percent of their annual pay. In our sample, making this mistake correlates with other types of procrastination. Finally, providing these "undersavers" with specific information about the free lunch they are foregoing fai ls to raise contribution rates.
Such savings problems suggest that economists should think about the effectiveness of existing savings institutions. In particular, economists should ask why new employees take so long to enroll in 401(k) plans. Madrian and Dennis Shea started this literature by showing that defaults play a critical role.(9) Their original paper shows that the typical employee sticks with the default option - whether the default is enrollment or non-enrollment - for years after joining a new firm. Follow up papers have replicated these findings in a large number of firms.(10)0
In a typical company with a standard default of non-enrollment, only about one third of employees enroll on their own during the first six months of employment. Even after a year, only half of employees enroll in the 401(k) plan. Under the automatic enrollment system, new employees are automatically enrolled in the 401(k) and may opt out of the plan. If employees do nothing they are enrolled at a default savings rate (typically 2 or 3 percent of their wages) and their investments are allocated to a default portfolio (typically a money market, although increasingly, automatic enrollment systems are using lifecycle funds as the default). Under automatic enrollment, about 90 percent of employees accept default enrollment, and about 75 percent of these enrollees accept the default savings rate and the default asset allocation.
The consequences of passivity and status quo bias affect a wide range of 401(k) outcomes. Choi, Madrian, Metrick, and I find that 401(k) plan participants follow the path of least resistance in every investment decision that they make.(11) For example, the match threshold is the maximal (employee) contribution rate at which the employer provides a match (at the margin). Most employees who enroll in 401(k) plans contribute up to the match threshold. When an employer raises the match threshold, employees who join the plan after the change exploit the higher match threshold, but employees hired before the change typically take three years to raise their savings rate.
Evidence on company stock also supports the conclusion that savers are remarkably passive.(12) In 401(k) plans with the option to invest in company stock, nearly half of the assets are invested in company stock. Moreover, this pattern of investment was unaffected by the prominent bankruptcies of Enron, Worldcom, Global Crossing, and many other firms in the aftermath of the collapse of the technology bubble. Employees who lost their entire life savings in the Enron debacle were frequently discussed in the media at the time of the Enron bankruptcy, but American workers have not generalized that message. Company stock allocations never budged. The high allocation to company stock is linked to the fact that many employer-matching contributions are automatically invested in company stock. These matched contributions stay in employer stock, even when employees have the option to reallocate the money. In contrast, when an employer asks its employees to choose their own por tfolio allocation, employees invest a much lower share in company stock.
Asking employees to make their own decisions - by discouraging reliance on a default action or removing the default altogether - also provides a good system for 401(k) enrollment.(13) For example, one firm asked new employees to tell the firm their enrollment decision - including their enrollment savings rate and asset allocation - within 30 days of their hire date. Naturally, the employees can change their mind later, but they are supposed to make an initial decision within 30 days. Enforcement works the same way that the choice of a medical insurance plan works at most companies: employees who do not make the decision are reminded to do so. We call this an active decision enrollment system, since employees are encouraged to decide for themselves. We find that such active decision enrollment produces very good results. A few months after hire, employees hired under an active decision regime have a 70 percent enrollment rate in the 401(k). Moreover these employees s eem to be making smart savings choices. In particular, the distribution of savings rate at three months of tenure under an active decision regime matches the distribution of savings rates at three years of tenure under a standard enrollment regime. However, active decisions are unlikely to work as well as defaults when people are relatively uninformed about the decision they are being asked to make.(14)
The power of defaults implies that policymakers and 401(k) plan designers should pick defaults very carefully, even though they are non-binding. My coauthors and I have developed a framework for analyzing this problem.(15) We calculate the socially optimal 401(k) enrollment regime. Three different 401(k) enrollment procedures endogenously emerge from the model. We derive conditions under which the optimal enrollment regime is: automatic enrollment (that is, default enrollment); standard opt-in enrollment (that is, default non-enrollment); or an active decision (that is, no default and compulsory choice). The active decision regime is socially optimal when consumers have a large degree of variation in their savings needs and a strong tendency to procrastinate. In this case, a single default will not work well for all consumers and households won't enroll on their own without a deadline. Default enrollment is optimal when consumers have relatively similar savings needs and a m oderate tendency to procrastinate. In this case, a one-size-fits-all default is not a problem because households do not differ greatly in their savings needs. Moreover, households will not wait too long to opt out of the default if it is not right for them.
My collaborators and I continue to study the foundations of instant gratification, the consequences for savings behavior, and the implications for the design of optimal savings institutions.
* Laibson is a Research Associate inthe NBER's Programs on Aging, Economic Fluctuations, and Asset Pricing. He is also a professor of Economics at Harvard University.
1. S. McClure, D. Laibson, G. Loewenstein, and J. D. Cohen,"Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards", Science 306 (October 15, 2004), pp. 503-7.
2. D. Laibson, "Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 62 (May 1997), pp. 443-77; C. J. Harris and D. Laibson, "Instantaneous Gratification," Harvard mimeo (2005); C.J. Harris and D. Laibson, "Hyperbolic Discounting and Consumption," in M. Dewatripont, L. P. Hansen, and S. Turnovsky, eds., Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Eighth World Congress, Volume 1 (2002), pp. 258-98; and C. J. Harris, and D. Laibson, "Dynamic Choices of Hyperbolic Consumers," Econometrica, 69(4) (July 2001), pp. 935-57.
3. D. Laibson, "A Cue-Theory of Consumption," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66(1) (February 2001), pp. 81-120.
4. G. Angeletos, D. Laibson, A. Repetto, J. Tobacman, and S. Weinberg, "The Hyperbolic Consumption Model: Calibration, Simulation, and Empirical Evaluation" Journal of Economic Perspectives (August 2001), pp. 47-68.
5. D. Laibson, A. Repetto and J. Tobacman, "A Debt Puzzle," in P. Aghion, R. Frydman, J. Stiglitz, M. Woodford, eds., Knowledge, Information and Expectations in Modern Economics: In Honor of Edmund S. Phelps, Princeton: Princeton University Press (2003), pp. 228-66.
6. D. Laibson, A. Repetto and J. Tobacman, "Estimating Discount Functions with Consumption Choices over the Lifecycle," NBER Working Paper, forthcoming.
7. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Defined Contribution Pensions: Plan Rules, Participant Decisions, and the Path of Least Resistance" in J. M. Poterba, ed., Tax Policy and the Economy, 16 (2002), pp. 67-113.
8. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, and B. Madrian, "$100 Bills on the Sidewalk: Failing to Save Optimally in 401(k) Plans," NBER Working Paper No. 11554, August 2005.
9. B. Madrian and D. Shea, "The Power of Suggestion: Intertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior," Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 116 (4) (2001), pp. 1149-87.
10. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Saving for Retirement on the Path of Least Resistance," in E. McCaffrey and J. Slemrod, eds., Behavioral Public Finance, 2005; J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Plan Design and 401(k) Savings Outcomes," National Tax Journal, 57(2) (June 2004), pp. 275-98; J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "For Better or For Worse: Default Effects and 401(k) Savings Behavior" in D. Wise, ed., Perspectives in the Economics of Aging, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (2004), pp. 81-121; and J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Defined Contribution Pensions: Plan Rules, Participant Decisions, and the Path of Least Resistance."
11. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Saving for Retirement on the Path of Least Resistance"; J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Defined Contribution Pensions: Plan Rules, Participant Decisions, and the Path of Least Resistance"; J. Choi, D. Laibson, and B. Madrian, "Are Empowerment and Education Enough? Under-Diversification in 401(k) Plans," NBER Working Paper, forthcoming.
12. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, and B. Madrian, "Are Empowerment and Education Enough? Under-Diversification in 401(k) Plans."
13. J.J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Active Decisions," NBER Working Paper No. 11074, January 2005.
14. See Cronqvist and Thaler, "Design Choices in Privatized Social-Security Systems: Learning from the Swedish Experience," American Economic Review, 94(2) (May 2004), pp. 424-28.
15. J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Saving for Retirement on the Path of Least Resistance"; J.J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Active Decisions"; J. J. Choi, D. Laibson, B. Madrian, and A. Metrick, "Optimal Defaults," American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings (May 2003), pp. 180-185.


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ABUJA: THE United States has donated a warship to the Nigerian Navy. The donation was disclosed to CAJ News Nigeria Bureau in a document released by the American Embassy in Abuja.
At a reception held to welcome the ship, Consul General, Jeffrey Hawkins, said, "Today's arrival of the Okpabana (the ship) completes a process that started in 2012" the statement read. He added that the transfer illustrated the robust maritime cooperation that existed between the US and Nigeria.
"From the transfer of major naval assets like this one, to training for Nigeria's elite naval special operations units, to multi-national training exercises, the United States is fully engaged with our Nigerian Navy counterparts and is pleased to see the expanding capabilities of the Nigerian Navy." He pledged his country's commitment to helping find solutions to Nigerian challenges.

subset: commoncrawl


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This week the Senate is deliberating on the fiscal year 2019 Senate Ways and Means budget proposal. Now is the time to act to make sure that essential public health funding is included in the FY19 budget.
Please contact your Senator TODAY and urge her or him to co-sponsor the important amendments listed below. Don't forget to mention why the program or programs you are calling about are important to you.
To find your Senator's contact information or to find out who your State Senator is, click here.
Please ask your Senator to co-sponsor the following amendments:
Addressing Social Determinants of Health through Health Care:
- Social Determinants of Health Supports for MassHealth Members—Amendment #599 by Senator Welch (language in 4000-0500).
This amendment will ensure the availability of data from MassHealth about screening and interventions related to the social determinants of health (SDOH). MassHealth accountable care organizations (ACOs) will be responsible for identifying among their 800,000 members those who are impacted by SDOH such as housing insecurity, food insecurity, transportation needs, and exposure to violence—issues directly related to poor health outcomes, health inequities, and high health care costs. This data is essential to understand the activities, successes, and challenges. Data will also allow the public to assess the availability of social services and identify any gaps that may exist by region, population, or service type.
Healthy Food Access & Chronic Disease Prevention:
- Health Promotion & Disease Prevention—Amendment #584 by Senator Lewis—fund 4513-1111 at $3,610,997.
This account is the sole source of state funding for the prevention and management of chronic diseases, which are the leading cause of poor health and rising health care costs. Programs funded by this account include the Mass in Motion initiative, which supports more than 60 municipalities to increase access to healthy food and safe spaces for physical activity for kids and seniors; prostate, breast, and cervical cancer prevention programs; training on health equity and combating racial health disparities for community-based service providers; and support for community health workers (CHWs) as Massachusetts moves toward formal certification of CHWs.
- Healthy Incentives Program (HIP)—Amendment #489 by Senator Gobi—fund at $6,200,000 within 4400-1001 (increase over FY18).
The Healthy Incentives Program increases access to fresh, healthy, local foods for food insecure families in the Commonwealth participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and helps to sustain Massachusetts farms by increasing their sales. In doing so, the Healthy Incentives Program improves health outcomes in low-income communities, supports the local economy, and helps to protect farmland and natural resources.
- Massachusetts Tobacco Cessation & Prevention Program (MTCP)—Amendment #515 by Senator Lewis—fund 4590-0300 at $8,500,000 (increase over FY18).
MTCP is critical to the fight against tobacco in Massachusetts. It funds local boards of health and community organizations to implement and enforce laws, provides enforcement and education, operates the state's quitline, produces ads and materials educating about tobacco and nicotine, and collects data on tobacco use, including the rise in e-cigarette use among young people. The cut proposed in SWM comes at a time when schools are turning to MTCP for help handling the use of Juul and other new tobacco products.
Substance Use Treatment:
- Diversion to Treatment—Amendment #641 by Senator Brownsberger—fund 4512-0202 at $5,000,000 (increase over FY18).
Recognizing substance use disorder as a disease and connecting people with substance use disorders to treatment is fundamental to ending the opioid crisis. Increased funding will expand access statewide for pre-adjudication Jail Diversion residential treatment programs for non-violent offenders with substance use disorders.
Housing Security:
- Massachusetts Rental Voucher Program, MRVP—Amendment #777 by Senator Boncore—fund 7004-9024 at $120,000,000 (increase over FY18).
Stable, safe, and affordable housing is a driver of good health outcomes. More than 60% of the Commonwealth's renter households earning less than 30% of the Area Median Income (AMI) and more than one-third of renter households earning 31-50% of the AMI are severely cost burdened, needing to spend more than half of their income on housing costs. Additional funding will allow for adjustments to the rent cap and provide approximately 1,000 new vouchers.
What's next?
After the Senate debates its budget, The House and Senate will appoint three members each to a "Conference Committee" to reconcile the differences between the House and Senate proposals.
For more information, contact Maddie Ribble at: firstname.lastname@example.com or Melanie O'Malley at: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Know Your Moroni: A Field Guide
Know Your Moroni: A Field Guide to Angel Moroni Statues
Edition 2015a
Compiled and Written by
Brian A. Olson for Photogent.com
Based on original research by Marvin D. Quist
Thanks to the following for their editing, for their extensive knowledge, and for their assistance:
Marvin D. Quist – Your research started this, your enthusiasm drove it, and your attention to the details finished it.
Rick Satterfield of ldschurchtemples.com – Your work inspires, your site provides.
J. Markham of newtempleinprovo.blogspot.com – thanks for catching the mistakes I missed.
D. Dorff – Keep asking questions, keep seeking answers.
M. Olson – Thanks for the corrections. I wouldn't be here without you. Literally.
N. Wanlass – You know why you are on here.
Special thanks to P. Olson, for your editing and for putting up with my hobbies


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Michael Meadows won the second Porsche Carrera Cup GB race of the weekend at Knockhill to ensure he claimed a maximum points haul from the weekend, courtesy of two pole positions two wins and two fastest laps.
Additionally, problems for main title rival Jonas Gelzinis allowed Meadows to open up a 23 point championship lead with six races remaining, putting him in prime position to successfully defend his title.
As the lights went out Meadows made a textbook start to lead the field into the first corner while behind contact between Rory Butcher and Dean Stoneman saw the former take a trip through the gravel and drop to the back of the pack. Ever the opportunist, Dan Lloyd took full advantage to sweep around the outside of the delayed Stoneman and assume second place with the Redline driver shuffled back to third.
Initially the lead trio ran closely together but as the race reached the halfway point Stoneman began to put Lloyd under a huge amount of pressure which allowed Meadows to break clear and build an unassailable leading margin.
At the flag, the gap was 5.2 seconds as Meadows claimed his first double victory since Oulton Park back in June and the first "perfect weekend" of his Carrera Cup career.
He said: "It's great to have dominated the weekend. There was a bit of pressure from Dan in the first few laps. It has taken a while to put a weekend like this together and this is a massive step for me in championship terms. I never wanted to let up in that race and I was working very hard."
Lloyd defended resolutely to bag his second podium finish of the weekend.
He said: "That's mega. I'm really pleased with the result. We've struggled a bit this weekend, so it's great to get a second and a third. Dean was pushing me massively over the second half of the race."
Stoneman was third ahead of James Birch who secured his best Carrera Cup finish to date with a fourth place finish.
In Pro-Am1 Dan De Zille completed a double class victory after passing long time category leader Victor Jiminez late in the race, with a well-timed move at the Hairpin. George Brewster followed De Zille through to take second with Jiminez forced to settle for third.
De Zille said: "That was a perfect race. I just drove my own race and it came to me. I struggled at the hairpin in the first race, but worked something out over lunch and was able to pass Victor there and take the lead."
Butcher was eighth and a lap down after being forced to pit for repairs after his first corner contact with Stoneman.
Gelzinis was ninth after he was forced to pit to replace a flat spotted tyre in the closing stages.
For the full race classification, see here.


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AC Service & Repair
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Benefits to Regular Car Maintenance Schedules
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How to Extend the Life of Your Tires
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What Does it Mean When Your Car Vibrates
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July 3, 2013
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July 3, 2013
Auto Repair
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Making Sure to Repair Your Tires Properly
Knowing how to care for and repair your tires properly is quite handy. Road hazards, punctures, impacts, or potholes can cause damage that can lead to tire failure. You may notice an instant drop in tire pressure, or it may lose the pressure slowly. In either case, you should bring it in as soon as possible, as driving on a flat or low tire is dangerous and also damaging to your vehicle. Sometimes, the tire damage will be too severe to be repaired, and you may need to replace the tire all together. There are some ways you can temporarily patch your tire until you are able to bring it in, but it is recommended you do so as soon as possible. Why you would need to repair your tires Repairing your tires, no matter what shape they are in is important. It can be dangerous if you are driving on a tire that continuously loses air or has a puncture. It is important to your safety, as well as the safety of others that you have it inspected as soon as possible. By taking in your vehicle to regular tune-ups, you will be able to learn what condition your tires are in, and when you might need to repair or replace them. If your tires start leaking air pressure, they will wear unevenly and cause even more damage to the tires themselves, forcing you to buy new ones. It can also cause you to get lower gas mileage, as the car will need to work harder to make up for the uneven tires. Inspecting the tires It is important to check your tires on a regular basis. You should check them at least once a month and before any long road trips you might be taking. It is also important to go to the regularly scheduled tune-ups for your vehicle, as the mechanic can also check your tires and may see things you have missed. You should look for excessive or irregular tread wear, scrapes, cuts, bulges, cracks, punctures, or stones and other debris that might be embedded in the tread. If you notice any of these or repeated pressure loss over an amount of time, you should take your vehicle in to have it looked at immediately. By keeping your tires inflated in in the best condition, you can help provide safer travels for your self and others. It may do more harm than you think By driving on a tire that is leaking air pressure in one way or another, you are doing more damage than you might think. By driving on a tire that is lower, the tire will start to wear differently and be worn in the wrong spots. This can cause you to have to fully replace the tire, which will cost you more money in the long run. It will also cause your vehicle to work harder to make up for the underinflated tire, and result in lower gas mileage. It can also result in any damage to the undercarriage of your vehicle as well.


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Connecting faith and mental health
"In our culture, mental health and faith have been separated," said Sheila Stevens [MDiv, 1996], Director of Tyndale Counselling Services. "There is a huge interest in this issue. It couldn't be more relevant." Sheila is especially excited about the growing interest in the psychiatric world towards faith and its health benefits. "A faith community that knows how to care for those with mental health issues is such a support," she explained.
The Working Group for the Promotion of Mental Health in Faith Communities is organized by Sheila, Tyndale Seminary's Dr. Victor Shepherd, Tyndale graduates Purple Yip [MDiv Counselling 2007] and Adrianne Sequeira [MDiv Counselling 2012], and two others. They are tasked with finding ways to connect faith and mental health. "One goal of the Working Group is to help deal with the stigma around mental health issues," Sheila said. "We are so passionate about the work we do."
As part of their work, they organized Equipping Faith Leaders to Respond to Mental Health Challenges, a conference sponsored by the APA Caucus on Spirituality, Religion, and Psychiatry. The event was part of the Inaugural American Psychiatric Association (APA) Conference on Mental Health for Faith Leaders, and took place on May 19, 2015, at Tyndale University College & Seminary. Numerous well-known, distinguished members of the psychiatric field spoke at the event, including Dr. Mary Lynn Dell, Dr. John R. Peteet, Dr. Nancy Kehoe, Dr. W. L. Alan Fung and Dr. Alexander Moreira-Almeida.
The all-day event focused on equipping local church leaders with how to provide care to those dealing with mental health issues. Sheila explained that many people with mental health issues are not treated with the same care as those with physical health problems. She used the typical "bringing of casserole" as an example: when someone in the church is ill or dealing with loss, others will bring casseroles as a sign of their care. Mental health, on the other hand, is more likely to be ignored.
The keynote speaker, Rev. Craig Rennebohm, offered advice on the steps a church can take to help those with mental health issues. He suggested churches set up committees to explore ways of supporting those with mental health issues. He encouraged church members to engage in companionship and come alongside one another to create a welcoming environment. It is invaluable for those struggling with these issues to have someone who cares and listens.
For more information about the Working Group for the Promotion of Mental Health in Faith Communities, visit their website.


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Onto topic 3 of the "Learn Online Marketing" course by Google, build your web presence.
Topic 3: Build Your Web Presence
This topic has 6 lessons within it, They all have a focus on creating and maintaining an online brand for your business.
Lesson 1: Choosing your online presence
This lesson took under 5 minutes to finish for both the video and the test. It covers all of the possible platforms you could have for your business: website, social media, reviews, app and local business listings. This lesson used a great analogy about online presence being a 'digital storefront'. It was a good lesson that focuses on the basics of being online.
Lesson 2: How websites work
This lesson took 4 minutes and focused on the more technical side of websites. Particular, securing a domain name, how servers work, IP addresses and where to start. I really enjoyed this lesson as it clearly explained servers and domains and left me without queries.
Lesson 3: Key website ingredients
This lesson was too long. It could have been summarised easily but was dragged out. If you know anything at all about websites skip the video and go straight to the quiz. It was just slow and I was not engaged. The best part of this lesson was carrying through the store analogies with the homepage being the shop front.
Lesson 4: Websites and business goals
This lesson took 5 minutes but it didn't feel long it went really quickly. I was engaged the entire time and took away plenty. Importantly, something that we tell our customers all the time – make sure your contact details are easy to find. Another great takeaway was to link your business goals with visitor needs.
Lesson 5: Make your website easy to use
One word for this lesson – basic. If you've used a website before you don't need to watch this one. It was a bit slow and the conclusion that it found were quite obvious.
Lesson 6: Website do's and don'ts
Loved this lesson! It took about 6 minutes but it was great. It reminded the viewer of the little things that will really help them get more traction on their website. Including loading speed and responsive design. Really interesting and definitely worth watching.
The Tests
The tests were more interesting in this lesson, they followed the story of one lady developing your own business. I liked to choose to do that because it kept me engaged. All of the tests from the lesson only took a couple of minutes and were easy to complete. The end of topic assessment was slightly longer and started to get a little more difficult. You have to recall things from lesson 1- 6.
There was not a highlight for this section. I didn't find anything within the lesson tells that was interesting or important to highlight.
This lesson took 45 minutes to complete, the longest so far. It did have six components the most so far which explains the time.


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This impressive fridge will provide you with all you need to store and refrigerate your items. Packed with modern technology and features to achieve a professional standard, the A++ energy efficiency class and a total net capacity of 235 litres will ensure a reliable, happy purchase. This also comes with a 4-star freezer compartment.
Ideal for rapidly cooling freshly stored food, the SuperCool function automatically lowers the refrigerator temperature down to as far as +2 °C for as long as 12 hours.
This appliance is factory fitted with the door hinges on the right, however, with reversible door hinges you can change the appliance to fit wherever it is located
BioCool enables you to regulate the humidity level inside the BioCool-Box using a slider control, preserving the freshness of fruit and vegetables placed inside.
The scratch-resistant, shatter-proof GlassLine storage shelves are easy to clean whilst maintaining a stylish design with high-quality stainless steel trims.
Have ultimate peace of mind with our 5 year extended warranty
If your appliance develops a fault, the manufacturer's own engineers or a certified repair centre will be instructed to repair it.
If your appliance cannot be repaired, you will receive a brand new replacement, delivered free of charge.
If your appliance develops a fault due to accidental damage, you are covered from as soon as you take delivery.
If you need to report a fault with your appliance you will be able to get in touch with a dedicated, UK based claim line eager to help.
If you have any queries about our extended warranties you can find out more on our warranty page.
Alternatively, you can contact us to discuss your queries.
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As chief compliance officer, Jin Lien draws on her legal expertise to lead and manage First Light's compliance initiatives, including ongoing compliance testing and review, monitoring of internal policies and communications, proactive identification and mitigation of compliance risk, and oversight of the firm's regulatory filings.
Prior to joining First Light, Lien spent eight years as a civil litigator in Seattle. After relocating to Minnesota, Lien provided discovery consulting services related to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigations, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recalls, and Department of Justice (DOJ) inquiries. These experiences enabled Lien to hone her compliance analysis and risk evaluation skills. In addition, she was an administrator at a venture capital-backed Internet company where she managed personnel services, legal documentation and contracts, and assisted with shareholder communications and general marketing campaigns. Lien graduated from St. Olaf College with a bachelor of arts degree in composition and earned a juris doctor degree from Seattle University's School of Law.


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These cookies are so adorable, they are shaped just like miniature peaches. Round cookies are hollowed out and stuffed with a chocolate-apricot filling.
Make perfect cookies every time with our How to make cookies guide!
Ooooh, these are darling! They look just like little peaches and impress everyone! However, I didn't get them right the first time. All that ball rolling got the dough too warm and they flattened in the oven too much to work as peach halves. When you roll the dough, put it into the freezer for twenty minutes. Then they only flatten to hemispheres, which is just what you want. The other change I made was the stems. Using plastic seemed fakey on such a fancy little cookie, so I used a gumdrop cut into a triangle and then stuck it into the end of the "peach" with a whole clove. They were adorable and fun to make with the children, who delighted in rolling them in colored sugar. - 31 Jan 2006 (Review from Allrecipes US | Canada)
I've been making this recipe every year since 1972 when it was published in Sphere magazine as part of a collection of wonderful foreign cookies. They are a treat to the eye and the palate and make a wonderful gift for giving. Many readers might like adding 1/2 tsp of salt to the cookies to better suit an American taste. In addition, and to add more flavor to the filling, use a full Tablespoon of rum or substitute 1 1/2 to 2 tsp rum flavoring for an even stronger flavor. For a richer, moister filling I use only 1 1/2 cups of the reserved crumbs in the filling, making another half batch if you don't have enough. Using a spray bottle to lightly wet the cookies before coloring with the sugars is helpful as is a friend or two to help in a production line. I like coloring my sugars in zip bags; your children will like squishing the colors in for you. You'll get a prettier look by dipping in the red first and then roll in or sprinkle with the peach color sugar. I also make the stems and leaves in the following manner: Roll green gumdrops 1/8 inch thick on well-sugared board. Cut into leaf shapes. Make small hole in stem end of leaf. Insert small piece of cinnamon stick through hole in gumdrop and into seam of "peach." - 01 Dec 2009 (Review from Allrecipes US | Canada)
This is a great little cookie .I've tried the Italian versian and it's exactly the same.Everyone thought that they were cute and resembled bums so they are now called the bum cookies at my parties. thanks - 08 Apr 2002 (Review from Allrecipes US | Canada)


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NetBeans Dream Team Mission Statement and Processes
- Quick Start for Members
- Become a Member
- Honorary Members
- Projects and Incubating Ideas
- Dream Team Project Selection and Lead Guidelines
Mission Statement
The NetBeans Dream Team strives to make the NetBeans open source project more accessible to our user, contributor, and partner communities.
Processes, Guidelines, and Rules
Roles & Responsibilities
- Act & represent the interests of NetBeans in a positive, professional manner
- Spend a pre-determined (by each individual person) amount of time on NetBeans related activities a week.
- Can include: blogging, writing content, code contributions, bug fixing and submitting patches, localization work, answering questions on mailing lists & representing NetBeans on industry forums, NetCAT participation, and other forms of contributing.
- Act as a local representative and contact for NetBeans & their skill set
- Work to improve the NetBeans IDE and Platform
Member Characteristics
- Has a proven strong allegiance to and is passionate about NetBeans
- Selection Criteria
- Not an employee of Oracle
- Actively involved in the NetBeans community & project
- Specialist in one or more areas of NetBeans (including suites/clusters & Platform)
- Individuals who can influence others (for example):
- Active on NetBeans mailing lists, industry forums and/or at industry events
- Leader or Member of a Java User Group (JUG), open source project or other complimentary community
- Lead in a large development team
- Professor/Instructor
- Experienced blogger
- Industry analyst
- NetBeans Module Developer
- NetBeans Patch Contributer
- Other Considerations:
- Language skills
- Research projects
- Strong character: honest, reputable and knowledgeable
- 1 year term with a simple confirmation process to continue if the member elects to continue to be a member. Members are asked if they would like to continue to be a member every year.
Member Benefits
- Access to NetBeans conference materials: Presentations, T-shirts, Print Materials
- NetBeans Gear: T-shirts, use of logo & title, listed bio on www.netbeans.org, other special promotional gear
- Increased individual Visibility & Prestige
- Special inside NetBeans access - roadmap planning meetings, discussions, etc.
- Publication opportunities
- Access to preview certain published material before it is released
Dream Team and NetBeans Materials
Please ask on the Dream Team mailing list how to obtain the materials.
- Dream Team T-Shirts
- NetBeans T-Shirts
- Dream Team Logos
- Dream Team Banners
- Members Needs if you do not see something here you feel you need to contribute or be a better member of the Dream Team please see the needs list and add items if they are not already there.
Dream Team Project Selection and Lead Guidelines
This should be kept as loose as possible. Multiple projects can be alive within the group, yet there can exist projects the team works on together. There will be many things each member wants to be a part, and any help or improvement should be supported. The project/idea initiator will be the project lead. If this person ever leaves the Dream Team, the other members of the project can work it out for themselves who will be lead or a single point of contact if anyone. A project team can consist of anyone interested in a project, and does not require anyone to specifically be a part.
Questions to answer before starting a project:
- What does this project address?
- Has the initiator examined other Dream Team projects for similar functionality and/or concepts?
- Has the initiator examined other projects outside of the Dream Team for similar functionality and/or concepts?
- Does this project require changes to the NetBeans Platform? If so are there any projects which already address some of these required changes?
- Does this project require changes to the NetBeans IDE? If so are there any projects which already address some of these required changes?
Points to help a person playing the role of a project lead or point of contact for a project:
- A project/idea initiator will be the project lead
- Create a Wiki page for the project
- The page name should be prefixed with NBDT. Thus, if the project is called Foo the Wiki page name will be NBDTFoo.
- Link the created page to the NetBeans Dream Team Ideas and Projects page. A new category may need to be created.
- In the created project page, be sure to add a reference to your Wiki user page or the email address you use for Dream Team projects. This will allow members to see who the lead is and be able to contact you easily in reference to the project.
- Attempt to schedule a few IRC meetings so the project can be discussed.
- Communicate with project members often.
- Make sure project members are communicating with each other.
- Contributing source code to the NetBeans project requires signing a Contributors Agreement or CA.
Current Projects and Ideas
- Current projects and incubating ideas
Categorization of Projects and Ideas and Their Priorities (a project in each category may have the same priority)
We can prioritize our ideas as a group or individually. This does not mean we have to work on things in this order, but it can help keep track of them, and we can at least know what we thought would be most important (not necessarily more fun). More specific categories should be favored over more general ones. If the category hierarchy needs to be expanded to be more specific then please break a category into sub-categories.
Not so good
- Platform
- Evangelism
- Platform
- Communication
- Window System
- Evangelism
- Write Articles
- Blogging
- Podcasting
And it can be broken down further and further to make sure it is more specific and truly categorized. It will make it easier to locate similar projects when the project count grows.
New member nominations
Please see the new members section.
Past and Honorary Members
Please see the Honorary Members section.
Member Communications
The Dream Team must communicate to get anything done.
- When a meeting is scheduled we use IRC on irc.freenode.net.
- There is a web chat client located at webchat.freenode.net.
- /join #nbdreamteam.
- You should register your nick with the IRC server. See the freenode IRC user registration section for more information.
- Agendas are documented and designed at the chat agendas page
- We also communicate with others on the freenode IRC channel #netbeans. We are also active on the NetBeans mailing lists email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com plus others.
- The Dream Team Chronicles can get you caught up.
- Dream Team Member Blogs
Ways of Contributing and Examples:
- Main NetBeans contributing page
- NetBeans mailing lists
- Submit content to the NetBeans newsletter
- Write articles and blogs about NetBeans and let us know about them.
- Submit defects and enhancement and feature requests
- Contribute patches
- Write NetBeans modules
- Do presentations and spread the word about NetBeans!
- Many more ways to contribute. Anything supporting NetBeans is great! Check out the contributing page.
- Links members should read
Member Quick Start Guide
- Read this document and related sections to get to know the Dream Team infrastructure and processes
- Join the Dream Team or NetBeans IRC channel
- Join the the NetBeans community mailing lists if you are not already a member.
- Get your NetBeans Dream Team T-Shirt and other NetBeans materials
- Get and use Dream Team logos and banners
- Read about Dream Team projects
- Start or join a Dream Team project
- See the Dream Team Chronicles
- If you have any needs not available to the Dream Team currently please see the Dream Team Needs List
- Add yourself to the current member list. Note the alphabetical order.
- Add yourself to the newest/latest members section. Note the alphabetical order.


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Precision Aviation Group (PAG) Acquires Dallas, TX - based Avcenter
Jan 10, 2011, 08:37 ET
ATLANTA, Jan 10, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Atlanta, GA - based Precision Aviation Group (PAG), exclusive provider of ISMRO® (Inventory Supported Maintenance Repair & Overhaul), announces the acquisition of Dallas-based Avcenter, an FAA Repair Station specializing in Wheels, Brakes, and Accessories for the Aerospace industry.
The Avcenter purchase allows PAG to expand the MRO services it provides to customers operating Fixed and Rotary-wing aircraft. Avcenter has been relocated to PAG's 65,000 square-foot facility in Atlanta. "The acquisition of Avcenter expands the MRO capabilities of our Repair Stations in Atlanta and Vancouver, and provides enhanced MRO services for our customers. Since closing on the acquisition, we have made substantial investments in tooling, equipment, training, and inventory that have expanded Avcenter's existing capabilities and support" said David Mast, President & CEO of PAG. Avcenter has been fully integrated into PAG subsidiary Precision Avionics & Instruments (PAI).
PAG has MRO shops for Accessories, Avionics, Hydraulics, Instruments, NDT, Starter/Generators, and Wheels/Brakes. With 90,000 square feet of facilities in Atlanta, GA and Vancouver, BC, Unlimited FAA ratings for Accessories, Avionics and Instruments, PAG provides "Tier-One" MRO and Supply Chain services 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
About Precision Aviation Group: PAG is a leading provider of products and value-added services to the worldwide Aerospace and Defense industry. With 90,000 square feet of sales/service facilities in the United States and Canada, PAG uses its distinct business units and customer focused business model to serve aviation customers through two business functions – Aviation Supply Chain and its trademarked Inventory Supported Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul – (ISMRO®).
PAG provides parts and MRO services for Fixed and Rotary-wing aircraft through Precision Heliparts (PHP www.heliparts.com) and Precision Avionics & Instruments (PAI www.precisionavionics.com) in Atlanta, GA and Precision Heliparts – Canada (PHP-C www.heliparts.ca) and Precision Accessories & Instruments (PAI-C www.pai-canada.com) in Vancouver, BC. PAG has MRO capabilities on over 8,500 different products, including Accessories, Avionics, Hydraulics, Instruments, NDT, Starter/Generators, and Wheels/Brakes.
SOURCE Precision Aviation Group


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1 in stock
Framed Sylvester Stallone Hand Signed 10×8 Photo
" The world ain't all sunshine and rainbows. It's a very mean and nasty place… and I don´t care how tough you are, it will beat you to your knees and keep you there permanently, if you let it. You, me or nobody, is gonna hit as hard as life. But ain't about how hard you hit… It's about how hard you can get hit, and keep moving forward… how much you can take, and keep moving forward. That´s how winning is done "
Superb Brand New Gold Star Quality Hand Signed 10×8 Photo Signed with a permanent marker pen
Signed By Sylvester Stallone at a private Signing at film Premiere in London a Good Few Years Ago
All items come with our own gold star memorabilia coa
please note that autographs may vary due to stock volume gained from the signings
Gold Star Memorabilia aim to bring you the best memorabilia prices at the best prices
we are also Gold Star Promotions and bring to you legends and heroes to dinner and theare shows across the country
we currently have thousands of items in stock, so if you are looking for that extra special item feel free to give us a call or message
we have the stock and capacity to cater to everyones needs if you have your own design on a framed piece of memorabilia for that special loved on, I'm sure we can help
our recent shows and signings have been
Sylvester Stallone
Anthony Joshua
Tyson Fury
Frank Bruno
Conor Benn
Marco Antonio Barrera
Paul Gascoigne
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2014 Anime in Review
Merry Christmas and a Happy New year to all our members! What a great year has it been, so much stuff was accomplished, so many new anime were watched (right?). If by chance you didn't have time to attend our screenings where we watched a bunch of shows form the past few seasons, and were to busy with exams, then here is a video reviewing the anime you might have missed in the passed year.
Gigguk is a great anime reviewer and comes out with these anime in review posts yearly. Check him out:


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From Our Kitchen/News
Wedding Hampers
Hi David, The day was FANTASTIC! It went so well, we want to do it all over again! The food was absolutely delicious. All our guests loved it all. We can't thank you enough for supplying us the food to go in our hampers and the tasty cheeses. You have been a pleasure to deal with and I hope to…
News/Offers in the shop/Seasonal Meat
For that special BBQ
Butterflied Leg of Lamb For a change why not try one of our butterflied legs of lamb marinated in Royal Mint and Rosemary, perfect for a warm summers evening or a weekend meal.


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- 3 Beds
- 2 Full Baths
Property TypeResidential – Single Family
SubdivisionSAGE CREEK CANYON SUB
Listing Date09/26/20
Year Built1970
Lot Size0.56 Acres (24,394 SqFt)
Property Description
On the banks of the Blue River, this is a rare opportunity to own river front property only minutes from 5 world class ski resorts. Enjoy rafting, fishing and paddle boarding just steps away from this newly updated home in the highly sought after Sage Creek Canyon. Mature trees and plenty of sunshine with room to store all your toys, this home offers 2 additional flex rooms a loft, two car garage with an additional carport, spacious deck, sauna and generous parking.
Presented By
- River
- Creek/Stream
- Fireplace
- Main Level Master
- Sauna
- Vaulted Ceiling(s)
- Utility Room
- Electricity Available
- Natural Gas Available
- Phone Available
- Cable Available
- Septic Available
- Baseboard
- Electric
Financial Information
5 Beds 5 Baths
6 Beds 6 Baths
4 Beds 4 Baths
We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.
While we'll provide you with plenty of information, this is a snapshot of your market data and there are real people behind the high-tech and automated tools. If you would like more detailed information or help in understanding the results we are here to help.
Until then, enjoy the tools!
© 2020 Summit MLS, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Summit Association of REALTORS®. All rights reserved. The information being provided is for the consumer's non-commercial, personal use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumer may be interested in purchasing. The information provided is not guaranteed and should be independently verified. You may not reprint or redistribute the information, in whole or in part, without the expressed written consent of Summit Association of REALTORS®.
Listing courtesy of Colorado R.E.-Barb Schneeman


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Pictured here is "La Mela" (or "The Apple" if you really need a translation!) by Enzo Mari. Like the "In Attesa" Wastebasket we featured last week, this was also designed for Danese Milano.
Originally created back in 1963, "La Mela" belongs to the Nature series which also includes "La Per" (The Pear), "La Pantera" (The Panther) and L'oca (The Goose) which are all in a similar graphic style.
La Mela measures just over 44 inches squared and costs $250 (around £130) from Nova68.


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Christian Articles for All of your Publishing Needs!
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Once Saved, Always Saved? Part 3
by Karl Kemp
10/31/2011 / Bible Studies
Part 3 continues where Part 2 ended.
I'll always quote from the New American Standard Bible, 1977 edition, unless I mention otherwise. Sometimes I make comments in the middle of quotations using brackets [ ] or [[ ]] to make the brackets more obvious.
Galatians 5:16-24. (This passage is discussed in more detail in my book "Holiness and Victory Over Sin: Full Salvation Through the Atoning Death of the Lord Jesus Christ" and in the first three articles titled, "Holiness and Victory Over Sin.") "BUT I SAY, WALK BY THE SPIRIT, AND YOU [MOST CERTAINLY] WILL NOT CARRY OUT THE [SINFUL] DESIRE OF THE FLESH. [["The desire of the flesh" is to do "the [sinful] deeds [works] of the flesh" of Gal. 5:19-21. In other words, the desire of the flesh is to sin. "The flesh" is man (spirit, soul, and body) in spiritual death, without the Holy Spirit. "The flesh" is the old man that we are supposed to have crucified through the grace of God in Christ (Gal. 5:24; cf. Rom. 6:6; Gal. 5:24). But the trouble is that we cannot annihilate the old man, and it still wants to live and manifest itself in sin. And the old man can manifest itself in sin to the extent that we don't walk in the Spirit through faith on a continuous basis. To walk in the Spirit through faith requires, for one thing, that we really know and understand the gospel.]] (17) For the flesh sets its desire against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh; for these are in opposition to one another, SO THAT YOU MAY NOT DO THE [SINFUL] THINGS THAT YOU PLEASE. [[It is important to see that the primary warfare is between the Spirit (not the spirit of the believer) and the flesh (the old man that still wants to live). The Christian must continually cooperate with the Spirit through faith. (Of course it is true that faith is of the heart/spirit/inner man, not the body.) It is also important to see that the flesh, as the word is used in this passage, includes the work of demon spirits. When the apostle concludes this verse with the words "so that you may not do the things that you please," he means that you may not do the sinful "desire[s] of the flesh" mentioned in verse 16.]] (18) But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the [Mosaic] Law. [This verse is quite relevant to the overall message of this epistle. The Judaizers were trying to convince Paul's Gentile converts in Galatia that they must submit to the Mosaic Law and be circumcised, etc.] (19) NOW THE DEEDS [WORKS] OF THE FLESH ARE EVIDENT, which are: immorality, impurity, sensuality, (20) idolatry, sorcery, enmities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, disputes, dissensions, factions, (21) envying, drunkenness, carousing, and things like these, OF WHICH I FOREWARN YOU, JUST AS I HAVE FOREWARNED YOU THAT THOSE WHO PRACTICE SUCH THINGS SHALL NOT INHERIT THE KINGDOM OF GOD. [First, note that "the [works] of the flesh" include sinful attitudes etc. (and not just sinful acts) and that they are not at all limited to sins associated with the literal "flesh" (the physical body). And, more significantly, when considering the topic of this paper, the apostle Paul issues a powerful warning to Christians that their lives must not be characterized by sin. They must make it a top priority to make sure that they truly are living in the righteousness and holiness required by the gospel by walking by [in/after] the Spirit through faith. If not, they shall not inherit the kingdom of God. I believe the apostle intended his readers take these words seriously and not assume that these words certainly couldn't apply to them since they knew they had become born-again Christians. They knew that they had received the Holy Spirit (e.g., Gal. 3:2), but a walk in the Spirit doesn't automatically follow, and, therefore, neither does heaven.] (22) But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law. [Even as walking in the flesh produces predictable results, the works of the flesh; walking in the Spirit produces predictable results, "the fruit of the Spirit" and righteousness and holiness.] (24) NOW THOSE WHO BELONG TO CHRIST JESUS HAVE CRUCIFIED THE FLESH [THE OLD MAN] WITH ITS PASSIONS AND DESIRES." Christians cannot annihilate the flesh (the old man) so that it will cease existing, but they can, and must, keep the old man dead, that is, dead in the sense that it does not manifest itself in sinful works. See, e.g., Rom. 6:1-11 and 8:12-14 (discussed above). Romans 6:1-11 and much other scripture show that the atoning death of the Lord Jesus conquered sin and enables Christians to live in victory over sin. 1 Peter 2:24 is one of my favorite such scriptures: "He...bore our sins [with the guilt and the penalties, including the major penalties of spiritual death and bondage to sin] in His body on the cross, so that we might die to sin and live to righteousness...." We cannot overemphasize the importance of the atoning death of the Lord Jesus, but it is also true that we cannot overemphasize the importance of the Holy Spirit. There is no Christian holiness apart from both of them. And it is equally true that we will not be holy (and holiness is not optional) if we do not do our part by cooperating with God's sufficient grace through faith, "[crucifying] the flesh with its passions and desires" (Gal. 5:24).
Galatians 6:7-9. "DO NOT BE DECEIVED, GOD IS NOT MOCKED; FOR WHATEVER A MAN SOWS, THIS HE WILL ALSO REAP. (8) FOR THE ONE WHO SOWS TO HIS OWN FLESH [instead of walking by the Holy Spirit on a continuous basis] SHALL FROM THE FLESH REAP CORRUPTION, BUT THE ONE WHO SOWS TO THE SPIRIT SHALL FROM THE SPIRIT REAP ETERNAL LIFE. [To sow to the flesh is to do the works of the flesh (5:19-21), not living for God in the righteousness and holiness of the gospel. To sow to the Spirit is to live for God in the righteousness and holiness of the gospel, producing the fruit of the Spirit (5;22, 23). To not reap eternal life is to miss heaven and to partake rather of eternal death.] (9) AND LET US NOT LOSE HEART IN DOING GOOD, FOR IN DUE TIME WE SHALL REAP IF WE DO NOT GROW WEARY." That is, we shall reap eternal life if we continue to sow to the Spirit until the end by grace through faith.
Ephesians 5:1-10. "THERFORE BE IMITATORS OF GOD, AS BELOVED CHILDREN; (2) and walk in love, just as Christ also loved you, and gave Himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God as a fragrant aroma. (3) But DO NOT LET IMMORALITY OR ANY IMPURITY OR GREED EVEN BE NAMED [as existing] AMONG YOU, AS IS PROPER AMONG SAINTS; (4) and there must be no filthiness and silly talk, or coarse jesting, which are not fitting, but rather giving of thanks. (5) FOR THIS YOU KNOW WITH CERTAINTY, THAT NO IMMORAL OR IMPURE PERSON OR COVETOUS MAN, WHO IS AN IDOLATER [The covetous man bows down, so to speak, before the things he covets], HAS AN INHERITANCE IN THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST AND GOD. (6) LET NO ONE DECEIVE YOU WITH EMPTY WORDS [That is, with empty words like the following: "God doesn't care all that much how you are living as long as you asked Christ into your heart and call yourself a Christian. He understands your sin and He could never condemn you, and He certainly could not fail to take you into His heavenly kingdom. You don't have to be too concerned with finding out what the Bible says, or with repentance, or holiness." However, the apostle Paul (in these verses) says something quite different.], FOR BECAUSE OF THESE THINGS [that is, because of living in sin] THE WRATH OF GOD [not an inheritance in the kingdom of God] COMES UPON THE SONS OF DISOBEDIENCE. (7) Therefore do not be partakers with them [The apostle is speaking, at least for the most part, of God's wrath on judgment day. The point is that if you are living like the sons of disobedience, you are, by definition, a son of disobedience, and you will be "partakers with them" of God's wrath.]; (8) for you were formerly darkness, but NOW YOU ARE LIGHT IN THE LORD; WALK AS CHILDREN OF LIGHT [The light includes the truth, righteousness, and holiness of God. For Christians to walk in the light is not optional.] (9) (for the fruit of the light consists in all goodness and righteousness and truth), (10) trying to learn what is pleasing to the Lord." I would translate, "approving" or "demonstrating" instead of "trying to learn." For one thing, the "goodness and righteousness" of the gospel isn't that complicated. When we walk by God's Word and by His Spirit, we will think right, thereby "approving" the things that please God.
SOME MORE PASSAGES THAT DON'T FIT THE IDEA OF ONCE SAVED, NECESSARILY ALWAYS SAVED (Most of these passages are briefly discussed, or just listed. Some of these passages are as relevant to our topic as those discussed above, but I had to draw the line somewhere):
Luke 8:4-15 (Matt. 13:1-9, 18-23; Mark 4:1-20). "(11) Now the parable is this: the seed is the word of God. ... (13) And those on the rocky soil are those who, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no firm root; THEY BELIEVE FOR A WHILE, AND IN TIME OF TEMPTATION FALL AWAY. (14) And the seed which fell among the thorns, these are the ones who have heard, and as they go on their way they are choked with worries and riches and pleasures of this life, and BRING NO FRUIT TO MATURITY. (15) AND THE SEED IN THE GOOD SOIL, THESE ARE THE ONES WHO HAVE HEARD THE WORD IN AN HONEST AND GOOD HEART, AND HOLD IT FAST, AND BEAR FRUIT WITH PERSEVERANCE." It is not enough to have a good beginning; we also need a good ending. Bad soil can become good soil by beginning to make God and His word top priority.
Luke 14:25-35, especially verses 26, 28-30. "(26) If anyone comes to Me, and does not hate [by comparison of his love for Christ] his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be My disciple. [In our day prospective converts seldom hear that God requires a total commitment. They may not even hear of any required commitment.] (28) For which one of you, when he wants to build a tower, does not first sit down and calculate the cost, to see if he has enough to complete it? (29) Otherwise, when he has laid a foundation, and is not able to finish, all who observe it begin to ridicule him, (30) saying, 'This man began to build and was not able to finish.' " When prospective converts are faced with such exhortations to 'calculate the cost,' they will probably set their hearts to finish the race (by grace, through faith), or they will put off becoming Christians. However, when the "gospel" is presented in a way that leaves out the need for repentance, total commitment, calculating the cost, holiness, etc. (as is commonly done in our day), it's not all that surprising that many end up falling away (and that many "Christians" never were born again).
Acts 14:21, 22. "And after they had preached the gospel to that city and had made many disciples, they returned to Lystra and to Iconium and to Antioch, strengthening the souls of the disciples, ENCOURAGING [EXHORTING] THEM TO CONTINUE IN THE FAITH, AND SAYING, 'THROUGH MANY TRIBULATIONS WE MUST ENTER THE KINGDOM OF GOD.' "
Romans 6:16. DO YOU NOT KNOW THAT WHEN YOU PRESENT YOURSELVES TO SOMEONE AS SLAVES FOR OBEDIENCE, YOU ARE SLAVES OF THE ONE WHOM YOU OBEY, EITHER OF SIN RESULTING IN DEATH, OR OF OBEDIENCE [to God/the gospel] RESULTING IN RIGHTEOUSNESS." The apostle Paul exhorts his born-again readers with the fact that if they willfully submit themselves to sin, they are turning from God's kingdom of life and righteousness to the kingdom of sin and death, and the end result will be eternal death. Compare Rom. 8:13a.
Colossians 1:21-23. "And although you were formerly alienated and hostile in mind, engaged in evil deeds, (22) yet He has now reconciled you in His fleshly body through death, in order to present you before Him holy and blameless and beyond reproach - (23) IF INDEED YOU CONTINUE IN THE FAITH FIRMLY ESTABLISHED AND STEADFAST, AND NOT MOVED AWAY FROM THE HOPE OF THE GOSPEL THAT YOU HAVE HEARD...." For Christians to inherit "the hope of the gospel," which equals the glory of heaven (cf. Col. 1:5, 27), they must continue in the faith until the end. This includes their continuing to hold the basic truths of the gospel and their continuing to live in the holiness of the gospel. I recommend my book "Holiness and Victory Over Sin" (pages 186-190) for further study on these important verses.
2 Peter 1:1-11, especially verses 10, 11. "THEREFORE, BRETHREN, BE ALL THE MORE DILIGENT TO MAKE CERTAIN ABOUT HIS CALLING AND CHOOSING YOU, FOR AS LONG AS YOU PRACTICE THESE THINGS, YOU WILL NEVER STUMBLE; (11) FOR IN THIS WAY THE ENTRANCE INTO THE ETERNAL KINGDOM OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOR WILL BE ABUNDANTLY SUPPLIED TO YOU." These verses make it very clear Peter is writing to born-again Christians. But the apostle doesn't just assume once saved, necessarily always saved. Also see 2 Peter 2:20-22, which was discussed above.
Other passages: 1 Cor. 9:24-27; 10:1-22; 1 Tim. 4:1-5; 5:11-15; 6:9-12, 17-21; 2 Tim. 2:10-26; Heb. 2:1-3; 1 John 2:28, 29; 4:17, 18; Jude 1:20-24; Rev. 21:7, 8; 22:18, 19.
This doctrine originated, for the most part at least, with the later view of Augustine. He died AD430. I'll quote part of what L. Berkhof, a Calvinistic theologian, said under the heading, "The Doctrine of the Perseverance of the Saints in History" ("Systematic Theology" [Eerdmans, 1939, 1941], page 545): "The doctrine of the perseverance of the saints [this is the equivalent of once saved, always saved/eternal security] is to the effect that they whom God has regenerated [caused to be reborn] and effectually called to a state of grace, can neither totally nor finally fall away from that state, but shall certainly persevere therein to the end and be eternally saved. THIS DOCTRINE WAS FIRST EXPLICITLY TAUGHT BY AUGUSTINE [[my emphasis. The fact that this doctrine wasn't explicitly taught in the early church writings in the years before Augustine (AD354-430 weighs very heavily against the doctrine being true. I'll include an excerpt that deals with the teaching of the early Christian writers on this topic when I finish this quotation from Berkof.], though he was not as consistent on this point as might have been expected of him as a strict predestinarian. With him the doctrine did not assume the form just stated. He held that the elect could not so fall away as to be finally lost, but at the same time considered it possible that some who were endowed with new life and true faith could fall from grace completely and at last suffer eternal damnation."
I'll quote part of what David Bercot says on the view of the early Christian writers under the subheading, "Can A Saved Person Be Lost?" ("Will the Real Heretics Please Stand Up: A New Look at Today's Evangelical Church in the Light of Early Christianity" [Scroll Publishing, 1989, 1999], pages 65, 66):
"Since the early Christians believed that our continued faith and obedience [true faith includes obedience (by grace)] are necessary for salvation, it naturally follows that they believed that a 'saved' person could still end up being lost. For example, Irenaeus [about AD130-200], the pupil of Polycarp [who knew the apostle John], wrote, 'Christ will not die again on behalf of those who now commit sin because death shall no more have dominion over Him.... Therefore we should not be puffed up.... But we should beware lest somehow, after [we have come to] the knowledge of Christ, if we do things displeasing to God, we obtain no further forgiveness of sins but rather be shut out from His kingdom' " ("Against Heresies," bk. 4, chap. 27, sec. 2. [Heb. 6:4-6]). [Irenaeus didn't mean that there is no forgiveness for sins committed after conversion, but that (according to the Bible) we Christians must know that it is very dangerous to play with sin, and especially sin that falls in the category of being willful, defiant sin or apostasy.]
Tertullian [about AD160-240] wrote, 'Some people act as though God were under an obligation to bestow even on the unworthy His intended gift. ... For do not many afterwards fall out of grace? Is not this gift [of salvation] taken away from many?' ("On Repentance," chapter 6)
Cyprian [about AD200-258] told his fellow believers, 'It is written, "He who endures to the end, the same shall be saved" [Matt. 10:22]. So whatever precedes the end is only a step by which we ascend to the summit of salvation. It is not the final point wherein we have already gained the full result of the ascent.' ("Unity of the Church," section 21)
One of the Scripture passages that the early Christians frequently cited is Heb. 10:26: 'If we deliberately keep on sinning after we have received the knowledge of the truth, no sacrifice for sins is left.' Our preachers usually tell us that the writer of Hebrews wasn't talking about saved persons. ... All the early Christians understood this passage to be talking about persons who had been saved. ...." (Many more similar quotations from early Christian writers [quite a few of these brethren were martyred for Christ] are available. See the appendix of this paper.)
It is important to understand that the perseverance of the saints was only part of the package that Augustine came up with. An important part of the package was the idea that man is so completely fallen that he has no ability to respond to, or to cooperate with, God's grace. Calvinists often use the words "Total Depravity." I agree that man is so fallen that God must take the initiative in our salvation, and that salvation must be all of grace since we do not merit salvation in any way. But Calvinists (following Augustine) include the idea that man is totally unable to respond to (or cooperate with) God's grace or have faith and God must do everything, including giving faith to His chosen ones.
I believe the Bible clearly shows that faith (believing) in Christ/the gospel is our part. (It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss this topic, except to say that even the few verses that some have used to try to show that God gives us saving faith are, in my opinion, being misunderstood. This includes Eph. 2:8 and Rom. 12:3. On Eph. 2:8 see the Amplified Bible. This topic is discussed in some detail in my "A Paper on Faith," which is 114 pages.) However, it must be understood that we could not have faith in Christ if God didn't do His part first and continuously. This includes His sending His Son to die for us, His sending the gospel to us as individuals, His work of convicting, drawing, etc. And it must be understood that faith is nothing to boast about. We are simply receiving what God freely gives us at a high cost to Himself. God must receive all of the glory, as Calvinists rightly insist. We desperately need the balanced truth of what the Bible teaches on this topic, and every topic.
Two other parts of Augustine's package (using typical Calvinistic terminology) are "Unconditional Election" and "Irresistible Grace." Since all men are totally depraved (from that point of view), there isn't any difference between men that would enable God (by foreknowledge) to elect one person and not another. No man, they say, has any capacity for faith or to cooperate with God's grace. Therefore, His ELECTION must be UNCONDITIONED by anything in man (His election is unconditional). And since everything depends on God's sovereign will and power, who could possibly resist His saving grace - it is IRRESISTIBLE. If He chose you for salvation, you will be saved! And you will persevere - you will not lose your salvation. Who is man to thwart the plans of God?
One more basic point that is typically held by Calvinists (though this was not held by Augustine) is "Limited Atonement." That is, Christ did not die for all, but just for the elect. This makes sense when you consider salvation from a Calvinistic point of view, but I believe verses like 1 Tim. 2:4-6; 1 John 2:2 refute the idea of limited atonement. Calvinists try to reconcile such verses with their doctrine, but, in my opinion, quite unsuccessfully. With limited atonement the Calvinists are reacting against the Arminian position that the atonement was in its intention universal. From their point of view, it insults God to speak of His intention to save a people with the result that many of them are not saved. I'll quote from Berkhof again (page 394): "The Reformed position is that Christ died for the purpose of actually and certainly saving the elect and the elect only."
"The Five Points of Calvinism," which are all briefly discussed above, yield the TULIP: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and the Perseverance of the Saints. You also hear of four-point Calvinists; they reject the idea of limited atonement.
It is very important to see that the doctrine of once saved, always saved did not arise on its own, but as part of the Augustinian/Calvinistic system briefly described above. The doctrine follows quite naturally once you accept this theological viewpoint. However, it would have been very difficult for the doctrine to arise on its own with wide acceptance because of its limited scriptural support, especially when you consider the many passages of scripture that clearly refute the doctrine. Many such passages are discussed in this paper. The primary verses used to support the doctrine are listed below.
There are many Christians today, including many Baptists, who hold once saved, always saved but do not agree with much, if any, of the Augustinian/Calvinistic viewpoint. However, I believe we can say that their doctrine traces back to this viewpoint (whether directly or indirectly) in most cases. After all, the doctrine of eternal security is appealing, and easy to accept. I'll quote from W. W. Adams. (At the time of this writing he was a professor at the SOUTHERN BAPTIST Theological Seminary. The quotation is taken from the Introduction to "Elect in the Son" by R. Shank (Westcott Publishers, 1970). I mentioned an earlier book by R. Shank in my Introduction.) "Let it be remembered that, less than a hundred years ago, all five cardinal points of Calvin's system of theology generally prevailed among Baptists, as theological textbooks of the times will confirm. Today, only one point remains to any appreciable extent among Baptists, inevitable perseverance, and there is growing evidence that Baptists are increasingly questioning this last vestige of the central core of Calvin's system of theology. Our only legitimate concern in all of this is, What saith the Scripture?" Amen!
Although I don't believe Calvinism represents a fully balanced scriptural viewpoint (this is also true regarding most other theological traditions), I can say that many Calvinists are solid, Bible-believing Christians. And I can say that there is a scriptural basis for the Calvinistic viewpoint. (I'll list some key verses in the next paragraph.) The early Calvinists (as do many Calvinists today) guarded against a serious abuse of once saved, always saved by several means. One was to put an emphasis on the need for righteousness and holiness. But today, some Calvinists and some non-Calvinists who hold eternal security insist that holiness is not required. It is not necessary to make Jesus your Lord, just your Savior. Many of them say that all that is required is that you have had a conversion experience, even if you are living in sin. Some even say that you don't have to continue to have faith to maintain your salvation, including Charles Stanley in his book, "Eternal Security."
I believe the Arminian position (which, for one thing, rejects all five points of Calvinism) is somewhat closer to the scriptural balance than Calvinism. (We desperately need the balanced truth of what the Bible teaches.) However, they (some more than others) typically miss some of the balance by minimizing, or explaining away, many of the passages of scripture emphasized by Calvinists. Some verses that fit a Calvinistic emphasis are John 6:37, 39, 44, 65; Acts 2:39; 13:48; 16:14; Rom. 8:28-30; 9:6-29; 1 Cor. 1:24; Eph. 1:4, 5, 11; and Rev. 17:8 (The names of the elect have been written in the Lamb's book of life from the foundation of the world), and there are more such verses. Most of these verses do not deal directly with eternal security, but they provide a theological framework that fits the doctrine. The verses used to support eternal security are listed below.
Although many Calvinists speak of the need for holiness, they typically deny the possibility of walking in victory over sin. For example, they typically use Romans chapter 7 to try to prove that such a victory is impossible. John Calvin interpreted Romans 7 this way. Arminians typically teach (rightly from my point of view) that Christians can walk in victory over sin, and their interpretation of Romans 7 fits this viewpoint. James Arminius (AD1560-1609), from whom the Arminians were named) wrote a 200 page paper on Romans 7, giving, for the most part at least, the correct interpretation.
Aiming for a Balanced Biblical Viewpoint. It seems clear to me that Calvinists and Arminians both have a scriptural basis for their viewpoints, but by emphasizing their key verses and minimizing, or explaining away, the key verses of the other side, they both tend to miss the balanced Biblical truth. (This tendency is not, of course, limited to the Calvinistic/Arminian controversies.) We desperately need the balanced truth of what the Bible teaches. D. A. Carson ("Divine Sovereignty and Human Responsibility: Biblical Perspectives in Tension" [Baker, 1994], page 3) says: "Some writers draw every possible conclusion out of all passages which stress or presuppose God's unconditioned sovereignty, and then construct a system to filter out and explain any other evidence. Methodologically speaking, such an approach is no different from that of writers who focus on man, his responsibilities and choices, and conclude on the basis of their system that God's sovereignty is necessarily limited, perhaps self-limited, in some way."
I think we must admit that the Bible is written in such a way that it permits misunderstanding by supplying many verses that fit a Calvinistic emphasis and many that fit an Arminian emphasis. And at the same time there isn't much in the way of warnings to remind us that many such verses, though true, do not represent the balanced Biblical truth. Also, there isn't much of an attempt to tie both strands of truth together in a systematic way. This is not to criticize the Bible, of course; God isn't on trial and neither is His Word. But we must recognize that many verses need to be balanced out with the rest of the Bible to arrive at the balanced truth.
E. P. Sanders ("Paul and Palestinian Judaism" [Fortress Press, 1977]) demonstrates that other ancient Jewish writings (like the Dead Sea Scrolls) contain passages which speak of God's sovereign rule in such a way that you would think that they believed man had nothing of free will, but as you keep on reading you find other passages that speak of the need for man to do his part. I'll include a quotation from Sanders, pages 446, 447: "Although the individual's ability to decide and commit himself to a way or a Lord seems to us to exclude predestinarian statements, we should recall that the two generally go together in Judaism. Just as the Qumran covenanters [The Dead Sea Scrolls came from Qumran.] are called both the elect and those who choose God, so Paul has no difficulty in thinking of those who accept the gospel as being the elect of God (cf. also 1 Thess. 1:4; 1 Cor. 1:24, 26; Rom. 9:11f; 11:7). Precisely how we should formulate the balance between predestination and decision in Paul is difficult to say."
As I said, I don't believe we have enough information (even if we were competent to understand it in our present state of existence) to fully understand such things, and we don't need to fully understand them. However, we do need to make it a top priority to humble ourselves before God and seek Him for a balanced understanding of His Word. And we must make sure we do the things (by grace through faith) that He requires of us.
This article continues in Part 4.
Copyright by Karl Kemp
http://www.karlkempteachingministries.com Karl Kemp worked as an engineer in the space field throughout the 60s. He became a born-again Christian in 1964. He received an MA in Biblical Studies in 1972. He has been a Bible teacher for 45 years. See the website for more info on his books, papers, etc.
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On Tue, Jul 28, 2009 at 5:11 PM, John Daggett<firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > > Sylvain Galineau wrote: > >> I don't understand how any of the existing format proposals would >> yield "backward-compatibility with CFF-Fonts in IE" ? Since no file >> format can fix GDI or OS issues, I'm not sure I understand how this >> can be held against EOT-Lite in particular. And what >> backward-compatibility ? It seems the capability is currently missing >> for all browsers (modulo Safari enabled to use Apple's rasterizer) and >> all CFF Fonts. What am I missing ? > > Right, all of the rendering and GDI issues are not relevant. The > argument for EOT-Lite is that supporting it now means that once all > non-IE browsers add support EOT-Lite, web authors will have a single > format supported in all browsers, including older versions of IE. The > alternative is that all browsers rev to support a new format, be it > .webfont, ZOT, or something else, and that rev window gives > IE a chance to ship better @font-face support and support for loading > CFF fonts so that support for this single format has a better chance > of being interoperable across implementations. As stated elsewhere, the CFF issue is a Windows GDI issue, not an IE issue. According to some tests done by Hudson, it affects Firefox (and any other browser that pushes off font rendering to Windows in certain ways) just as much as IE. This has apparently been fixed in Windows 7. It will automatically work everywhere in that OS. > I realize the advantage of having backward compatible solutions, I'm > just pointing out if the goal is a single font format that all > commercial font vendors can support and we need it now, now, hurry, > hurry, rush, rush, then it's not necessarily EOT-Lite. Microsoft has > the ability to ship browser updates in the same timeframe that other > browsers can update. It also has the ability to add support in > previously shipped versions of IE. We shouldn't be anchoring the > debate on what are effectively resource-allocation decisions in > Redmond. The goal is not a single font format. The goal is an interoperable format that vendors support. Two or more such formats are perfectly fine, as long as each has interop. > Maybe this is just me but implementing EOT-Lite in non-IE browsers > without revving IE effectively handicaps CFF fonts, TTF fonts would > be favored for market reasons rather than on technical merits. CFF > font vendors would be under market pressure to offer TTF versions of > their fonts and switch to using a TTF tool chain. Clients would be > advised, "you should use TTF fonts because IE doesn't support CFF > fonts" and I'm guessing that stigma would outlive it's validity. In > many ways, CFF fonts offer advantages in compactness that TTF fonts do > not. I would much prefer all browsers support both on an equal > footing and let font vendors and their clients choose based on > technical merit rather than market pressure. But I guess if this is > not something CFF font vendors are concerned with I would not dig in > my heels so much. See above for the source of the CFF issue, and why it's a global issue, not an IE issue (and thus not a blocking issue for EOT-Lite). > Some may consider what I'm writing just to be stalling, mere sophistry > to buy time until "naked" fonts take over the world and pressure IE > into capitulation, hoist the flag, viva la Revolucion! Rather this is > me pleading for better support for @font-face in IE and CFF fonts on > Windows, because the web in many ways is only as good as it's lowest > common denominator. Better @font-face support in IE would be awesome (and Sylvain has at least talked about pushing that in IE, though I don't think he's offered any promises yet), but what currently exists in legacy IEs is at least *sufficient* for most purposes. > The EOT-Lite proposal effectively asks non-IE browsers to commit to > supporting something with no equivalent commitment to do *anything* > from Microsoft. I would care less about supporting EOT-Lite if > Microsoft was committing to supporting @font-face and CFF fonts better. So your objection is rooted in 'fairness' grounds rather than anything to do with the actual font format? This doesn't seem logical - even if we scrapped EOT-Lite in favor of some new format, and IE supported it, you'd still need the updated @font-face support in IE and CFF support in Windows. These problems are completely orthogonal to the question of format. > Hopefully this message reaches Sylvain on a chamomile tea day > rather than a triple venti day. More than likely it'll be a Jimmy Juice day. ^_^ ~TJReceived on Tuesday, 28 July 2009 22:35:37 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 22:37:33 UTC


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Dekisokonai no Monster Trainer
Synopsis :
In a world where everyone has a monster crest from birth, a select few rise to become Monster Trainers. Reyn Erhardt, a slime trainer, the lowest of the low, cares nothing for status and just continues his daily regimen of training for his personal slime, Pem-Pem. Yet in school dominated monsters as grand as dragons, those who cannot hope to rise to the top take out their frustrations on the lowest ones, and Reyn and Pem-Pem make for easy marks. Or do they?
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In the north of the Isle of Jura, between the Isle of Scarba and Jura, is the Corryvreckan Whirlpool. Corryvreckan is the third largest of these natural phenomenons and can be a spectacular sight to see. The dangerous currents, standing waves and sudden calm waters between the two islands of Jura … [Read more...]
Jura – Island of Deer or The Cursed Isle?
The name Jura is believed to originate from the Norse 'Island of the Deer' but do we know that for certain? I know I have it written down on the main page of my website which doesn't mean it's true of course. When I heard about the island for the first time and started reading about it in several … [Read more...]