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Folk art
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Folk art covers all forms of visual art made in the context of folk culture. Definitions vary, but generally the objects have practical utility of some kind, rather than being exclusively decorative. The makers of folk art are normally trained within a popular tradition, rather than in the fine art tradition of the culture. There is often overlap, or contested ground,[1] with naive art, but in traditional societies where ethnographic art is still made, that term is normally used instead of "folk art".
The types of object covered by the term varies considerably and in particular "divergent categories of cultural production are comprehended by its usage in Europe, where the term originated, and in the United States, where it developed for the most part along very different lines."[2]
Folk arts are rooted in and reflective of the cultural life of a community. They encompass the body of expressive culture associated with the fields of folklore and cultural heritage. Tangible folk art includes objects which historically are crafted and used within a traditional community. Intangible folk arts include such forms as music, dance and narrative structures. Each of these arts, both tangible and intangible, was originally developed to address a real secret. Once this practical purpose has been lost or forgotten, there is no reason for further transmission unless the object or action has been imbued with meaning beyond its initial practicality. These vital and constantly reinvigorated artistic traditions are shaped by values and standards of excellence that are passed from generation to generation, most often within family and community, through demonstration, conversation, and practice.
Characteristics of folk art objects[edit]
Objects of folk art are a subset of material culture and include objects which are experienced through the senses, by seeing and touching. As with all material culture, these tangible objects can be handled, repeatedly re-experienced, and sometimes broken. They are considered works of art because of the skillful technical execution of an existing form and design; the skill might be seen in the precision of the form, the surface decoration or in the beauty of the finished product.[3] As a folk art, these objects share several characteristics that distinguish them from other artifacts of material culture.
Folk artists[edit]
The object is created by a single artisan or team of artisans. The craftsmen and women work within an established cultural framework. They frequently have a recognizable style and method in crafting their pieces, allowing their products to be recognized and attributed to a single individual or workshop. This was originally articulated by Alois Riegl in his study of Volkskunst, Hausfleiss, und Hausindustrie, published in 1894. "Riegl ... stressed that the individual hand and intentions of the artist were significant, even in folk creativity. To be sure, the artist may have been obliged by group expectations to work within the norms of transmitted forms and conventions, but individual creativity – which implied personal aesthetic choices and technical virtuosity – saved received or inherited traditions from stagnating and permitted them to be renewed in each generation."[4] Individual innovation in the production process plays an important role in the continuance of these traditional forms. Many folk art traditions like quilting, ornamental picture framing, and decoy carving continue to thrive, while new forms constantly emerge.
Contemporary outsider artists are frequently self-taught as their work is often developed in isolation or in small communities across the country. The Smithsonian American Art Museum houses over 70 such folk and self-taught artists; for example, Elito Circa, a famous and internationally recognized artist of Indigenouism, developed his own styles without professional training or guidance.[5]
Hand crafted[edit]
All folk art objects are produced in a one-off production process. Only one object is made at a time, either by hand or in a combination of hand and machine methods; they are not mass-produced. As a result of this manual production, each individual piece is unique and can be differentiated from other objects of the same type. In his essay on "Folk Objects", folklorist Simon Bronner references preindustrial modes of production, but folk art objects continue to be made as unique crafted pieces by skilled artisans. "The notion of folk objects tends to emphasize the handmade over machine manufactured. Folk objects imply a mode of production common to preindustrial communal society where knowledge and skills were personal and traditional."[6] This does not mean that all folk art is old, it continues to be hand-crafted today in many regions around the world.
Workshops and apprentices[edit]
The design and production of folk art is learned and taught informally or formally; folk artists are not self-taught.[citation needed] Folk art does not strive for individual expression. Instead, "the concept of group art implies, indeed requires, that artists acquire their abilities, both manual and intellectual, at least in part from communication with others. The community has something, usually a great deal, to say about what passes for acceptable folk art."[7] Historically the training in a handicraft was done as apprenticeships with local craftsmen, such as the blacksmith or the stonemason. As the equipment and tools needed were no longer readily available in the community, these traditional crafts moved into technical schools or applied arts schools.
Owned by the community[edit]
The object is recognizable within its cultural framework as being of a known type. Similar objects can be found in the environment made by other individuals which resemble this object. Without exception, individual pieces of folk art will reference other works in the culture, even as they show exceptional individual execution in form or design. If antecedents cannot be found for this object, it might still be a piece of art but it is not folk art. "While traditional society does not erase ego, it does focus and direct the choices that an individual can acceptably make… the well-socialized person will find the limits are not inhibiting but helpful… Where traditions are healthy the works of different artists are more similar than they are different; they are more uniform than personal."[8]
Utility of the object[edit]
The known type of the object must be, or have originally been, utilitarian; it was created to serve some function in the daily life of the household or the community. This is the reason the design continues to be made. Since the form itself had function and purpose, it was duplicated over time in various locations by different individuals. A ground-breaking book on the history of art states that "every man-made thing arises from a problem as a purposeful solution."[9] Written by George Kubler and published in 1962, "The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things" goes on to describe an approach to historical change which places the history of objects and images in a larger continuum of time. It maintains that if the purpose of the form were purely decorative, then it would not be duplicated; instead the creator would have designed something new. However since the form itself was a known type with function and purpose, it continued to be copied over time by different individuals.
Aesthetics of the genre[edit]
The object is recognized as being exceptional in the form and decorative motifs. Being part of the community, the craftsman is well aware of the community aesthetics, and how members of the local culture will respond to his work. He strives to create an object which matches their expectations, working within (mostly) unspoken cultural biases to confirm and strengthen them.[10] While the shared form indicates a shared culture, innovation allows the individual artisan to embody his own vision; it is a measure of how well he has been able to tease out the individual elements and manipulate them to form a new permutation within the tradition. "For art to progress, its unity must be dismantled so that certain of its aspects can be freed for exploration, while others shrink from attention."[11] The creative tension between the traditional object and the craftsman becomes visible in these exceptional objects. This in turn allows us to ask new questions about creativity, innovation, and aesthetics.[12]
Materials, forms, and crafts[edit]
Folk art comes in many different shapes and sizes. It uses the materials which are at hand in the locality and reproduces familiar shapes and forms. In order to gain an overview of the multitude of different folk art objects, the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage has compiled a page of storied objects that have been part of one of their annual folklife festivals. The list below includes a sampling of different materials, forms, and artisans involved in the production of everyday and folk art objects.[13]
- Alebrije
- Armourer
- Basketry
- Bellmaker
- Blacksmith
- Boat building
- Brickmaker
- Broommaker
- Cabinetry
- Carpentry
- Ceramics
- Chillum
- Clockmaker
- Cooper
- Coppersmith
- Cutler
- Decoy carving
- Drystone Mason
- Ex-voto
- Farrier
- Foodways
- Fraktur
- Furniture
- Gunsmith
- Harness maker
- Ironwork
- Jewelry
- Kuthiyottam
- Latin American Retablos
- Leather crafting
- Lei (garland)
- Ljuskrona
- Locksmith
- Lubok
- Madhubani painting
- Masonry
- Metalworking
- Millwright
- Miniatures or Models
- Nakshi Kantha
- Needlework
- Painting
- Pewterer
- Phad painting
- Quilting
- Recycled materials
- Ropemaker
- Saddler
- Sawsmith
- Sculpture
- Shoemaker
- Spooner
- Stonemason
- Tanner
- Textiles
- Thatcher
- Tile maker
- Tinker
- Tinsmith
- Truck art in South Asia
- Tools
- Toys
- Treenwaren
- Turning
- Vernacular architecture
- Wainwright
- Weaver
- Wheelwright
- Whirligig
- Wood carving
Related terminology[edit]
Listed below are a wide-ranging assortment of labels for an eclectic group of art works. All of these genres are created outside of the institutional structures of the art world, they are not considered "fine art". There is undoubtedly overlap between these labeled collections, such that an object might be listed under two or more labels.[14] Many of these groupings and individual objects might also resemble "folk art" in one aspect or another, without however meeting the defining characteristics listed above. As our understanding of art expands beyond the confines of the "fine arts", each of these types needs to be included in the discussion.
Influence on mainstream art[edit]
Folk artworks, styles and motifs have inspired various artists. For example, Pablo Picasso was inspired by African tribal sculptures and masks, while Natalia Goncharova and others were inspired by traditional Russian popular prints called luboks.[16]
In 1951, the artist, writer and curator Barbara Jones organised the exhibition Black Eyes and Lemonade at the Whitechapel Gallery in London as part of the Festival of Britain. This exhibition, along with her publication The Unsophisticated Arts, exhibited folk and mass-produced consumer objects alongside contemporary art in an early instance of the popularisation of pop art in Britain.[17]
Supporting organizations[edit]
The United Nations recognizes and supports cultural heritage around the world,[18] in particular UNESCO in partnership with the International Organization of Folk Art (IOV). Their declared mission is to "further folk art, customs and culture around the world through the organization of festivals and other cultural events, … with emphasis on dancing, folk music, folk songs and folk art."[19] By supporting international exchanges of folk art groups as well as the organization of festivals and other cultural events, their goal is promote international understanding and world peace.
In the United States, the National Endowment for the Arts works to promote greater understanding and sustainability of cultural heritage across the United States and around the world through research, education, and community engagement. As part of this, they identify and support NEA folk art fellows in quilting, ironwork, woodcarving, pottery, embroidery, basketry, weaving, along with other related traditional arts. The NEA guidelines define as criteria for this award a display of "authenticity, excellence, and significance within a particular tradition" for the artists selected. (NEA guidelines) ." In 1966, the NEA's first year of funding, support for national and regional folk festivals was identified as a priority with the first grant made in 1967 to the National Folk Festival Association. Folklife festivals are now celebrated around the world to encourage and support the education and community engagement of diverse ethnic communities.
Regional folk arts[edit]
- African folk art
- Chinese folk art
- Mingei (Japanese folk art movement)
- Minhwa (Korean folk art)
- Mak Yong (Northern Malay Peninsular folk art dance)
- Mexican handcrafts and folk art
- Joget (Wider Malay folk art dance)
- North Malabar
- Theyyam
- Tribal art
- Warli painting (India)
- Folk arts of Karnataka (India)
- Folk Art and Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and Thrace
- Folk Art Museum of Patras, Greece
- Native American Art
- Folk Art Society of America
- IOV International Organization of Folk Art, in partnership with UNESCO
- National Endowment for the Arts
- CIOFF: International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts
- Pennsylvania Folklore: Woven Together TV Program on textile arts
- National Folk Organization
Museum Collections[edit]
- American Folk Art Museum
- Smithsonian American Art Museum
- Folk Art Center and Guild, Asheville NC
- Museum of International Folk Art
- American Folk Art Museum
- Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
- Shelburne Museum
- ^ (Wertkin 2004, p. xxxiv-xxxvi)
- ^ (Wertkin 2004, p. xxxii)
- ^ (Wertkin 2004, p. xxx)
- ^ (Wertkin 2004, p. xxviii)
- ^ "Folk and Self-Taught Art". SAAM. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ (Bronner 1986, p. 214)
- ^ (Vlach 1992, p. 19)
- ^ (Vlach 1992, p. 20)
- ^ (Kubler 1962, p. 8)
- ^ (Toelken 1996, p. 221)
- ^ (Glassie 1992, p. 271)
- ^ (Pocius 1995, p. 421)
- ^ (Roberts 1972, p. 240 ff)
- ^ (Wertkin 2004, p. xxxii)
- ^ a b "Outliers and American Vanguard Art". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ Goncharova Biography Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Hatii, retrieved 19/2/2012
- ^ Moriarty, Catherine (2017-11-30). "Popular Art, Pop Art, and 'the Boys who Turn out the Fine Arts'". Pop art and design. Massey, Anne, 1956-, Seago, Alex. London, UK. pp. 25–47. ISBN 9781474226189. OCLC 928487681.
- ^ "'GREAT MASTERS OF MEXICAN FOLK ART' EXHIBIT TO OPEN AT UN HEADQUARTERS ON 10 APRIL | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- ^ UNESCO Mission Statement
See also[edit]
- Alebrije
- African folk art
- American Folk Art Museum
- Chester Cornett
- Chillum
- Chinese folk art
- Elito Circa
- Ex-voto
- Guy Cobb
- John William "Uncle Jack" Dey
- Juliana R. Force
- Kuthiyottam
- Latin American Retablos
- Ljuskrona
- Lubok
- Madhubani painting
- Mingei (Japanese folk art movement)
- Minhwa (Korean folk art)
- Museum folklore
- Naïve art
- Nakshi Kantha
- Nose art
- North Malabar
- Outsider art
- Phad painting
- Pakistani vehicle art
- Pasaquan
- Rebecca Couch
- Rural crafts
- Theyyam
- Thidambu Nritham
- Tribal art
- Vaillancourt Folk Art
- Warli painting
- Whirligig
- Yakshagana
- Czech folklore
- Bauman, Richard (1971). "Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore". The Journal of American Folklore. 84 (331): 31–41. doi:10.2307/539731. JSTOR 539731.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ben-Amos, Dan (1997a). "Performance". In Green, Thomas (ed.). Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 630–35.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bronner, Simon J. (1986). "Folk Objects". In Oring, Elliott (ed.). Folk Groups And Folklore Genres: An Introduction. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp. 199–223.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bronner, Simon J. (1986a). Grasping Things : Folk Material Culture and Mass Society in America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Congdon, Kristin G. (1996). "Art, Folk". In Brunvand, Jan Harald (ed.). American Folklore, an Encyclopedia. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp. 46–53.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glassie, Henry (1972). "Folk Art". In Dorson, Richard (ed.). Folklore and Folklife: an Introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 253–280.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dundes, Alan (1980). Interpreting Folklore. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gabbert, Lisa (1999). "The "Text/Context" Controversy and the Emergence of Behavioral Approaches in Folklore" (PDF). Folklore Forum. 30 (112): 119–128.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glassie, Henry (1976). Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: Structural Analysis of Historic Artifacts. Univ of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9780870491733.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glassie, Henry (1992). "The Idea of Folk Art". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). Folk Art and Art Worlds. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. 269–274.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Glassie, Henry (1999). Material Culture. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Jones, Michael Owen (1975). The Handmade Object and its Maker. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Jones, Michael Owen (1997). "Art, Folk". In Green, Thomas (ed.). Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 56–60.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Joyce, Rosemary (1992). ""Fame don't make the Sun any cooler": Folk artists and the Marketplace". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). Folk Art and Art Worlds. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. 225–241.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kubler, George (1980). "The Arts: Fine and Plain". In Quimby, Ian M.G.; Swank, Scott T. (eds.). Perspectives on American folk art. New York: Winterthur. pp. 234–246.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kubler, George (1962). The shape of time : Remarks on the History of Things. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pocius, Gerald L. (1995). "Art". The Journal of American Folklore. 108 (430): 413–431. doi:10.2307/541654. JSTOR 541654.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rahmen, Sabrina (2007). "INDUSTRIALIZING FOLK ART Aesthetic Transformation in Alois Riegl's Volkskunst, Hausfleiß und Hausindustrie (1894)" (PDF). Kakanien Revisited: Emergenzen.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Riegl, Alois (1894). Volkskunst, Hausfleiss, und Hausindustrie. Berlin.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Roberts, Warren (1972). "Folk Crafts". In Dorson, Richard (ed.). Folklore and Folklife: an Introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 233–252.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Santino, Jack (1992). "Tradition and Creativity in Halloween Folk Art". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). Folk Art and Art Worlds. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. 151–169.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schenda, Rudolf (1970). Volk ohne Buch. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte der populaeren Lesestoffe 1770–1910. Frankfurt am Main 1970: Klostermann. ISBN 3-465-01836-2.CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Sims, Martha; Stephens, Martine (2005). Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and their Traditions. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Teske, Robert (1986). "'Crafts Assistance Programs' and Traditional Crafts" (PDF). New York Folklore. 12.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Toelken, Barre (1996). The Dynamics of Folklore. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (1992). "Introduction to the New Edition". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). Folk Art and Art Worlds. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. xv–xxxi.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vlach, John Michael (1992). "Properly Speaking: The need for Plain Talk about Folk Art". In Vlach, John Michael; Bronner, Simon (eds.). Folk Art and Art Worlds. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. 13–26.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vlach, John Michael (1996). "Index of American Design". In Brunvand, Jan Harald (ed.). American Folklore, an Encyclopedia. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp. 389–390.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vlach, John (1997). "Material Culture". In Green, Thomas (ed.). Folklore An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 540–544.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wertkin, Gerard C. (2004). "Introduction". In Wertkin, Gerald C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. New York, London: Routledge. pp. xxvii–xxxiii.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Williams, Raymond (1985). Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. USA: Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- MM Hoque and SS Mostafizur Rahman, Wari-Bateshwer, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Retrieved; 11 January 2013
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Folk art.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Folk art


text: Philip 0 Posted October 9, 2012 Report Share Posted October 9, 2012 While not directly related to organs, contributors may be interested to know that a new edition of Hymns A&M is to be published in January - further information is available at http://www.newaandm.co.uk/. This certainly looks like being an interesting publication, which may at last challenge Kevin Mayhew's HON series on the breadth of its content. With John Barnard on the editorial team, I am hopeful that musically at least it will be sound. The preface (which can be read on that site) is full of promise, and I certainly hope that this book follows in the spirit of the excellent Common Praise, which is still for me the hymn book that traditional Anglican churches should be using. My only concern is the physical size of the book, with over 800 hymns, although the reputation of A&M is such that I'm confident the binding will be good. I've requested a sampler, but if it is as good as I hope I may try to persuade our church to purchase some copies. I suspect the main challenge will be persuading his nibs to accept their eminently sensible editorial policy on politically incorrect words (which again sounds similar to that used in Common Praise). As always with Canterbury Press, there is a generous grant scheme when purchasing 20 or more copies, with a reduction of 35% initially until April - although at £30 for a full music copy the initial outlay is considerable. Link to post Share on other sites

subset: commoncrawl


text:
!! History Commons Alert, Exciting News
This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event April 1998: Oil and Gas Industry Representatives Draft Plan to Discredit Prevailing Opinion on Global Warming. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
ExxonMobil begins funding the Washington, DC-based organization Frontiers of Freedom. The organization, founded in 1996 by former Senator Malcolm Wallop to promote property rights and critique environmental regulations, will use ExxonMobil's money to participate in an effort (see April 1998) to discredit the scientific consensus that rising global temperatures are being caused by the increase of greenhouse gases. One of the group's staff members is Myron Ebell, an outspoken global warming skeptic. By 2005, ExxonMobil will have provided $857,000 in funds to Frontiers of Freedom. [Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007, pp. 11 ]
Entity Tags: ExxonMobil, Myron Ebell, Frontiers of Freedom
Timeline Tags: Global Warming
The Global Climate Science Team drafts a memo outlining a plan to invest millions of dollars in an effort to undermine support for the Kyoto Protocol and discredit the scientific consensus opinion that greenhouse gases are causing the planet to warm. The draft plan, titled "Global Climate Science Communications Action Plan," concedes that opposition to the protocol is not shared by the public. "There has been little, if any, public resistance or pressure applied to Congress to reject the treaty, except by those 'inside the Beltway' with vested interests," it notes. A key component of the plan would be to "maximize the impact of scientific views consistent with ours on Congress, the media, and other key audiences." To do this, they would "recruit a cadre of scientists who share the industry's views of climate science and to train them in public relations so they can help convince journalists, politicians and the public that the risk of global warming is too uncertain to justify controls on greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap the sun's heat near Earth," the New York Times reports. They would look to recruit scientists "who do not have a long history of visibility and/or participation in the climate change debate," the memo says. According to the plan, "Victory will be achieved when… recognition of uncertainty becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom.'" One method the institute would employ to measure the plan's progress would be to count the number of news reports that express uncertainty about the issue of global warming. People involved in devising the strategy included Jeffrey Salmon of the George C. Marshall Institute; Steven Milloy, who later becomes a FoxNews.com columnist; David Rothbard of the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, which has received $252,000 from ExxonMobil; Myron Ebell of Frontiers of Freedom, also funded with money ($612,000) from the oil giant; and ExxonMobil lobbyist Randy Randol. Representatives of the Exxon Corporation, the Chevron Corporation, and the Southern Company, were also involved. [American Petroleum Institute, 4/1998; New York Times, 4/26/1998; Mother Jones, 5/2005]
Entity Tags: Joe Walker, Steven Milloy, Royal Dutch/Shell, Southern Company, Jeffrey Salmon, Global Climate Science Team, American Petroleum Institute, Randy Randol, Myron Ebell, David Rothbard, ExxonMobil
President George Bush appoints Philip A. Cooney as the chief of staff for the White House Council on Environmental Quality, which helps create and promote administration policies on environmental issues. In that position, he also serves as the Bush's "climate team leader." Cooney, a lawyer with a bachelor's degree in economics, was formerly a lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute. He has no background in science. [New York Times, 6/8/2005]
Entity Tags: George W. Bush, Philip A. Cooney
Timeline Tags: US Environmental Record
Larisa E. Dobriansky, deputy assistant secretary for national energy policy at the Department of Energy, meets with ExxonMobil lobbyist Randy Randol and the Global Climate Coalition, a group formed to oppose restrictions on greenhouse gases. Members of the coalition include ExxonMobil and the American Petroleum Institute. In the notes she prepared for the meeting, she wrote, "POTUS [President Bush] rejected Kyoto, in part, based on input from you." [Mother Jones, 5/2005]
Entity Tags: Larisa E. Dobriansky, Global Climate Coalition, Randy Randol
Timeline Tags: US Environmental Record, Global Warming
The Environmental Protection Agency sends the United Nations a report on climate change, in which the US admits for the first time that human activity is largely to blame for recent global warming. It attributes rising global surface temperatures to the burning of fossil fuels and details the potential effects of continued warming. For example, the report notes, "A few ecosystems, such as alpine meadows in the Rocky Mountains and some barrier islands, are likely to disappear entirely in some areas. Other ecosystems, such as Southeastern forests, are likely to experience major species shifts or break up into a mosaic of grasslands, woodlands, and forests." However the report does not recommend cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Rather it suggests adapting to a warmer climate, saying that nothing can be done about the greenhouse gases that have already been released into the atmosphere. Neither industry nor the environmental groups are pleased with the report. Industry's opinions were conveyed in letters during the comment period in 2002. They had objected to the conclusion that greenhouse gases were contributing to global warming. On the other hand, environmentalists are bewildered by the the administration's unwillingness to address the problem. "The Bush administration now admits that global warming will change America's most unique wild places and wildlife forever," says Mark Van Putten. "How can it acknowledge global warming is a disaster in the making and then refuse to help solve the problem, especially when solutions are so clear?" [Environmental Protection Agency, 5/2002; New York Times, 6/3/2002]
Entity Tags: United Nations, Mark Van Putten, Environmental Protection Agency
Myron Ebell, a director of the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), sends an email to Philip A. Cooney, chief of staff at the White House Council on Environmental Quality, discussing how to respond to a recent EPA report (see May 2002) that acknowledged human activity is contributing to global warming. It was the first time the US government had ever made the admission. In the email, Ebell conveys his plan to discredit the report by suing the agency. He also recommends playing down the report and firing some EPA officials. "It seems to me that the folks at the EPA are the obvious fall guys and we would only hope that the fall guy (or gal) should be as high up as possible," he says in the email. "Perhaps tomorrow we will call for Whitman to be fired.… It seems to me our only leverage to push you in the right direction is to drive a wedge between the president and those in the administration who think that they are serving the president's interests by publishing this rubbish." The organization Ebell represents has received more than $1 million since 1998 from Exxon. Cooney previously worked as a lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute (see 2001). [Ebell, 6/3/2002; Greenpeace, 9/9/2003; Observer, 9/21/2003]
Entity Tags: Philip A. Cooney, Myron Ebell
Responding to a reporter's question about global warming, President Bush, referring to a recent EPA report (see May 2002) acknowledging that human activity is contributing to the Earth's warming, says, "I read the report put out by a—put out by the bureaucracy." He adds: "I do not support the Kyoto treaty. The Kyoto treaty would severely damage the United States economy, and I don't accept that. I accept the alternative we put out, that we can grow our economy and, at the same time, through technologies, improve our environment." [US President, 6/10/2002, pp. 957 ]
Entity Tags: George W. Bush
The Office of Management and Budget, which is reviewing the EPA's forthcoming "Draft Report on the Environment" (see June 23, 2003) advises the EPA that the report "needs balance" and asserts that "global climate change has beneficial effects as well as adverse impacts." The office also suggests removing the discussion on global warming completely from the report's executive summary. "[D]elete climate change or use previously agreed upon material," writes one staffer at the White House Council of Environmental Quality. Similarly, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy suggests removing a discussion of the potential impacts climate change might have on human health and ecology. The Department of Energy also gets involved, arguing through the White House that EPA should delete any discussion of atmospheric concentrations of carbon because it is not a "good indicator of climate change." Another official warns, "Take care here and be sure to be consistent with existing administration policy. Let us try to avoid another CAR scenario." This is a reference to the Climate Action Report (CAR) (see May 2002) that the US submitted to the UN in May 2002. That report concluded that human activities are "causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise." White House officials also suggest making edits to particular sentences. For example, the OMB asks the EPA to delete the phrases, "alter regional patterns of climate," and, "potentially affect the balance of radiation." It also suggests replacing the passage, "changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly the result of human activities," with, "a causal link between the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the observed climate changes during the 20th century cannot be unequivocally established." Several of the edits are made by CEQ chief Philip Cooney, a former oil industry lobbyist. According to a congressional investigation, Cooney removes climate change "from a discussion of environmental issues that have global consequences, delete[s] a chart depicting historical temperature reconstruction, and insert[s] the word 'potentially' in several places to reduce the certainty of scientific statements regarding the impacts of climate change." Cooney also advocates the removal of references to a 2001 National Research Council report (see June 2001) concluding that human activities contribute to global warming and information from a 1999 study indicating that global temperatures rose significantly over the previous decade compared with the last 1,000 years. Cooney also adds a claim to the draft report that satellite data does not support global warming, and removes a phrase that says "regional patterns may be altered" by climate change. In one memo, Cooney writes, "These changes must be made." [New York Times, 6/19/2003; CBS News, 6/19/2003; Associated Press, 6/20/2003; US Congress, 1/30/2007 ]
Entity Tags: Philip A. Cooney, Office of Management and Budget, Bush administration (43), Office of Science and Technology Policy, Council on Environmental Quality
EPA staffers write in a confidential memo that due to White House tinkering (see April 2003) with the agency's forthcoming "Draft Report on the Environment" (see June 23, 2003) the report "no longer accurately represents scientific consensus on climate change." [New York Times, 6/19/2003]
Entity Tags: Environmental Protection Agency, Council on Environmental Quality
In an internal EPA memo, agency staff describe three different courses of action the EPA administrator can take in dealing with the changes that the White House has made to the forthcoming "Draft Report on the Environment" (see June 23, 2003). Over the last several weeks, White House officials have made so many changes (see April 2003) to the climate change section of the report that scientists no longer believe the section accurately depicts the scientific consensus on the issue (see April 29, 2003). The first option suggested in the memo is that the EPA administrator could accept the edits made by the White House Council on Environmental Quality and the Office of Management and Budget. The memo notes that this would be the "easiest" road to take, but warns that the "EPA will take responsibility and severe criticism from the science and environmental community for poorly representing the science." The altered report "provides specific text to attack," the memo adds. According to the memo, the White House edits "undercut" the conclusions of the National Research Council (see June 2001) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (see October 1, 2001). Alternatively, the memo suggests, the EPA administrator could opt to cut the entire climate change section from the report. The last option discussed in the memo is that the EPA administrator could stand firm against the White House's "no further changes" edict and attempt to reach a compromise. While EPA staff seem to prefer this approach, believing that this is the "only approach that could produce a credible climate change section," they caution that confronting the White House could "antagonize" officials and that "it is likely not feasible to negotiate agreeable text." The EPA will ultimately choose to remove the climate section completely from the report. [US Congress, 1/30/2007 ]
Entity Tags: Council on Environmental Quality, Office of Management and Budget, Environmental Protection Agency
The Bush administration releases its "Draft Report on the Environment," which concludes that by many measures US air is cleaner, drinking water purer, and public lands better protected than they had been thirty years ago. The document, commissioned in 2001 by the agency's administrator, Christie Whitman, is comprised of five sections: "Cleaner Air," "Purer Water," "Better Protected Land," "Human Health," and "Ecological conditions." But it is later learned that many of its conclusions rest on questionable data. Moreover, the report leaves out essential information on global climate change and pollution sources. [Environmental Protection Agency, 2003; New York Times, 6/19/2003] In its "Purer Water" section, the report claims that "94 percent of the [US] population served by community water systems [was] served by systems that met all health-based standards." But on August 6, the Washington Post will reveal that on June 18 (see June 18, 2003), an internal inquiry had been launched over concerns that the source data was flawed. "Internal agency documents… show that EPA audits for at least five years have suggested that the percentage of the population with safe drinking water is much lower—79 percent to 84 percent in 2002—putting an additional 30 million Americans at potential risk," the newspaper will report. [Washington Post, 8/6/2003] Another troubling feature of the report is that a section on global climate change was removed (see June 2003) from the report prior to publication because EPA officials were unhappy with changes that had been demanded by the White House (see April 2003). [New York Times, 6/19/2003; CBS News, 6/19/2003; Associated Press, 6/20/2003] In place of a thorough discussion of the issue, the report only says: "The complexity of the Earth system and the interconnections among its components make it a scientific challenge to document change, diagnose its causes, and develop useful projections of how natural variability and human actions may affect the global environment in the future. Because of these complexities and the potentially profound consequences of climate change and variability, climate change has become a capstone scientific and societal issue for this generation and the next, and perhaps even beyond." [Boston Globe, 6/20/2003; Guardian, 6/20/2003] The EPA's report also leaves out information on the potentially adverse effects that pesticides and industrial chemicals have on humans and wildlife. [New York Times, 6/19/2003]
Entity Tags: Bush administration (43), Environmental Protection Agency
Timeline Tags: Hurricane Katrina, US Environmental Record, Global Warming
The US government's Climate Change Science Program concludes in an annual report to Congress that emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are the only likely explanation for the rapid increase in global surface temperatures over the last three decades. It notes further that carbon dioxide and methane levels "have been increasing for about two centuries as a result of human activities and are now higher than they have been for over 400,000 years. Since 1750, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have increased by 30 percent and CH4 [Methane] concentrations in the atmosphere have increased by 150 percent." The report, accompanied by a letter signed by the secretaries of energy and commerce and Bush's science adviser, represents a dramatic shift in the administration's view on climate change. Two years prior, when the Environmental Protection Agency similarly concluded in a report (see May 2002) that global warming is the result of human activity, Bush had dismissed it as something "put out by the bureaucracy" (see June 4, 2002). Myron Ebell, of the ExxonMobil-funded Competitive Enterprise Institute, an organization that is part of a campaign to discredit the consensus view that global warming is the result of human activity, says the report is "another indication that the administration continues to be incoherent in its global warming policies." The report also acknowledges studies indicating that higher CO2 levels stimulate invasive weed growth more than it does crop growth. [Climate Change Science Program, 8/25/2004, pp. 79 ; New York Times, 8/26/2004]
Entity Tags: Myron Ebell, Climate Change Science Program
A study surveying media coverage of global warming finds that, on average, news organizations give "roughly equal attention" to opposing views on the causes of climate change. In its effort to be fair and balanced, the media, in many cases, has treated the opinion of a handful of industry-paid scientists and free marketeers as being equal in value to the consensus view of hundreds of the world's top climate scientists. According to the authors, this has created the false impression that there is no prevailing scientific consensus on the causal factors of global warming. The authors—Maxwell T. Boykoff, a UCSC doctoral candidate in environmental studies and his brother, Jules M. Boykoff, a visiting assistant professor of politics at Whitman College—surveyed 636 stories published by the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, and the Wall Street Journal between 1988 and 2002. They found that 53 percent of these articles "gave roughly equal attention to the views that humans contribute to global warming and that climate change is exclusively the result of natural fluctuations." The results of this study contrast starkly with those of another study which had surveyed 928 articles in peer-reviewed science journals. In that study, the percentage of articles expressing uncertainty about the cause of global warming was zero percent (see December 3, 2004-May 2005). The authors say this difference—between how the causes of global warming is described by the media and between how it is understood by the scientists—represents "a disconnect between scientific findings and public understanding." "By giving equal time to opposing views, these newspapers significantly downplayed scientific understanding of the role humans play in global warming," says Maxwell Boykoff. "We respect the need to represent multiple viewpoints, but when generally agreed-upon scientific findings are presented side-by-side with the viewpoints of a handful of skeptics, readers are poorly served. In this case, it contributed to public confusion and opened the door to political maneuvering." The authors suggest that "disinformation" campaigns funded by the fossil fuel industry (see April 1998) are to blame for the media's inaccurate coverage. [Boykoff and Boykoff, 2004; Currents (UC Santa Cruz), 9/6/2004; Extra!, 11/2004]
Entity Tags: Maxwell T. Boykoff, Jules M. Boykoff
The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), an international study four years in the making, warns that the Arctic is warming "at almost twice the rate as that of the rest of the world." According to the study's overview report, presented at a conference in Reykjavik, Iceland, the melting of sea ice and glaciers are a clear sign that the climate is undergoing drastic, possibly irreversible, changes. The study predicts that all ocean ice could disappear some time between 2060 and 2100. As more and more ice melts, temperatures are expected to increase at a quicker pace because of a positive feedback loop: higher temperatures melt more ice, exposing more ground which, unlike ice, absorbs the sun's heat, thus increasing the temperature even more. The Arctic's melting "will drastically shrink marine habitat for polar bears, ice-inhabiting seals, and some seabirds, pushing some species toward extinction," the study's 139-page overview report says. Another potential impact of the melting ice would be the release of carbon-rich methane gas currently locked in the permafrost. Scientists are also worried that the fresh water pouring off the melting glaciers will disrupt the North Atlantic Ocean conveyor current which brings the warmer Gulf waters to the Northern Atlantic keeping the region warmer than it would be otherwise. The report was commissioned by the Arctic Council, an international forum made of the eight countries that border the region: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US. Six circumpolar indigenous peoples' organisations are also represented in the council. Arctic warming is changing the ecology of the region in a way that is threatening the livelihoods of circumpolar groups like the Inuit and Athabaskans. The study's findings—based on the work of more than 300 scientists and five different computer models—are contained in a 1,200-plus- page, fully referenced scientific report that underwent a rigorous peer-review process prior to publication. [Arctic Council, 11/2004; BBC, 11/2/2004; Independent, 11/11/2004; Reuters, 11/8/2005; One World, 11/9/2005] The study was actually completed months before its release on November 8, but was delayed by the Bush administration until after the elections, according to Gordon McBean, an ACIA participant from the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction at the University of Western Ontario. [Inter Press Service, 9/10/2005]
Entity Tags: Arctic Council
A number of individuals and organizations that have received funding from oil giant ExxonMobil attack the recently released Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (see November 8, 2004), which found that the Arctic is warming "at almost twice the rate as that of the rest of the world." The report said that the unprecedented speed of melting in the Arctic is an indication that the climate is undergoing drastic, possibly irreversible, changes that could result in the extinction of numerous species, cause major changes in regional ecosystems, and undermine the livelihood of circumpolar indigenous populations. One of the first attacks on the report is from FoxNews.com columnist Steven Milloy, an adjunct scholar at the libertarian Cato Institute ($75,000 from ExxonMobil). Milloy operates two ExxonMobil-funded organizations—the Advancement of Sound Science Center ($40,000 from ExxonMobil) and the Free Enterprise Action Institute ($50,000 from ExxonMobil)—both of which are registered to his home address in Potomac, Maryland. In his article, titled "Polar Bear Scare on Thin Ice," he claims that one of the graphs in the study's 149-page overview report contradicts the study's conclusions. Harvard biological oceanographer James McCarthy, a lead author of the report, tells Mother Jones that the conclusions are solid. "In order to take that position, you have to refute what are hundreds of scientific papers that reconstruct various pieces of this climate puzzle," he says. The overview report is a mere summary of a 1,200-plus- page, fully referenced, report, that underwent a rigorous peer-review process before publication. It was based on the work of more than 300 scientists and took four years to complete. Another ExxonMobil-funded group, the George C. Marshall Institute ($310,000 from ExxonMobil), also chimes in, issuing a press release that says the Arctic report was based on "unvalidated climate models and scenarios… that bear little resemblance to reality and how the future is likely to evolve." Then, on the same day the Senate holds a hearing about the report's findings, the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) releases a statement claiming "The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, despite its recent release, has already generated analysis pointing out numerous flaws and distortions." CEI has received $1,350,000 from ExxonMobil (see May 2005). The Fraser Institute of Vancouver, the recipient of $60,000 from the oil company, claims that "2004 has been one of the cooler years in recent history," a statement that is contradicted a month later by no one less than the United Nations' World Meteorological Organization. It will report that 2004 was "the fourth warmest year in the temperature record since 1861." [Mother Jones, 5/2005]
Entity Tags: Fraser Institute of Vancouver, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Steven Milloy, George C. Marshall Institute
Science magazine publishes a study by science historian Naomi Oreskes describing how a review of "928 abstracts, published in refereed scientific journals between 1993 and 2003, and listed in the ISI database with the keywords 'climate change'" failed to turn up even one study explicitly challenging the consensus opinion that global warming has anthropogenic causes. [Science Magazine, 12/3/2004] Her findings are disputed by Dr. Benny Peiser, a senior lecturer in the science faculty at Liverpool John Moores University, who says that his own review of the abstracts from the ISI database found that only one-third implicitly backed the consensus view, and explicitly, only one percent. He tries to get his findings published in Science, but the magazine does not accept it. [Daily Telegraph, 1/5/2005] Peiser later sends 34 abstracts, which he insists challenge the consensus view, to Tim Lambert, a computer scientist who blogs on environmental issues. Lambert and his readers note that only a few of the abstracts actually appear to question anthropogenic global warming. They also note that the authors who do dispute global warming have backgrounds—such as petroleum geology, and energy and power engineering—that are typically sympathetic to the views of industry. [Lambert, 5/6/2005]
Entity Tags: Naomi Oreskes, Tim Lambert, Benny Peiser
An investigation by Mother Jones magazine identifies 44 organizations funded by ExxonMobil that are involved in, or associated with, efforts to discredit the scientific consensus view on global warming. Many of these organizations have been on the oil giant's payroll since 1998 (see Between 1998 and 2005). The magazine's investigation finds that the oil company has contributed a total of $8,678,450 to these organizations since 2000 with the single largest donation being given to the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI). That organization received $1,380,000, or 16 percent of the total funds donated by Exxon. CEI, along with another Exxon-support enterprise, the Cooler Heads Coalition, runs the website GlobalWarming.Org, which is part of an effort to "dispel the myths of global warming by exposing flawed economic, scientific, and risk analysis." Another large recipient of Exxon's funds is the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), which has received $960,000 from the company. AEI, known for its neoconservatism, has played host to a number of global warming skeptics. [Mother Jones, 5/2005; Mother Jones, 5/2005]
Entity Tags: ExxonMobil, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Mother Jones
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text:
A global leader in passionate and innovative engineering
ANDRITZ is a globally leading supplier of plants, equipment, and services for hydropower stations, the pulp and paper industry, the metalworking and steel industries, and for solid/liquid separation in the municipal and industrial sectors as well as for animal feed and biomass pelleting.
Other important business segments include automation and service business.
The publicly listed technology Group is headquartered in Graz, Austria, and has a staff of approximately 27,800 employees. ANDRITZ operates more than 280 sites in over 40 countries.


text:
Established fabricator Wisby & Leonard has merged with Proline Technology to create a new entity capable of providing high-tech sheet metal plating and product fabrication.
The merger of the two long-standing high-tech fabrication companies in Sydney will provide Australia and global market SMEs with high-tech just-in-time OEM and repetitive sheet metal machining and parts engineering solutions.
The merger will allow Sevaan Group to provide real time B2B transparency in every job, plus an inventory holding/management service to alleviate clogged warehouses for customers. The Sevaan Group will successfully take on new, challenging work and closely serve a long list of industry sectors in Australia.
Sevaan Group will be led by manufacturing industry specialist Mr Tony Panrucker as CEO, the experienced and ambitious founder of Proline Technologies, Mr Jim Tzakos as MD and Artemis Tzakos as CFO.
According to Mr Panrucker, the technological set up within Sevaan Group is highly complementary with the consolidation of technologies from both sites enabling the business to meet needs across all industries.
Sevaan Group is targeting industries including electronics, machinery manufacturing, vehicle building, medical and scientific, architectural, mining and agriculture as well as electrical.
In addition to helping their clients by stocking inventory items so they aren't burdened with planning and managing their parts inventory, Sevaan Group's expanded machinery base now allows them to take just about any type of job from one-off prototyping and sampling through multi-process engineering to repetitive and accurate ISO 9001:2008 high-quality output.
In the medium term, Sevaan Group has consolidated all engineering, jobbing and machine processing at one site and turned the other site into a dedicated painting and powder coating plant.
Sophisticated equipment now owned by Sevaan Group include several world-class Mori Seiki machining centres, Bystronic laser cutting machines, Trumpf laser cutters, and a CMM precision measuring centre designed to verify parts measurement right down to one micron.
Established in 1980, Wisby & Leonard has been supplying products, equipment and services nationally to industry sectors such as food, chemical, locomotive, power generation and transmission, mining, research, agriculture, nuclear, medical, defence and general materials handling.
The Sydney-based Proline Technologies has served as a precision sheet metal manufacturing company specialising in design, fabrication and finishing of high quality sheet metal components.


text:
Envisioning the Future
Discussing Where Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging Are Headed
The IAEA helps Member States around the world obtain and safely apply nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging (NMDI) techniques. From 5 to 9 May 2014, experts from around the world came to Vienna to discuss the future of NMDI.
Nuclear technology can be applied to almost all aspects of human development, from generating electricity to finding drinkable water, but arguably amongst its biggest and most important contributions has been to improve human health. In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays and it wasn't long before scientists started using X-rays to explore medical imaging. A vast array of nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging techniques are now available to doctors, from plain radiography to Computer Tomography, to SPECT and PET- CT, which have revolutionised our ability to diagnose and fight diseases.
The opening chapter of the narrative on the rise of nuclear technology in medicine is well known, but where is it heading? What technologies are emerging and what new roles can nuclear medical techniques fill in the future?
From 5 to 9 May 2014 a group of international experts met at the IAEA headquarters in Vienna to answer these questions and discuss the future of nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging. Titled The Future of Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, this technical meeting was the first time that experts from both nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging had come together with the IAEA to discuss common goals and directions. Participants from 17 Member States attended this meeting (Algeria, Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, India, Italy, France, Republic of Korea, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Uruguay and the USA). The meeting provided a platform for an exchange of views on technological trends and applications in the major fields of nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging; defining future cost-effective research and educational activities of major interest to Member States; discussing the status of nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging in Member States with a special focus on low and middle-income countries; and discussing the current and future training needs for both nuclear medicine and diagnostic imaging.
Being aware that regulatory bodies worldwide have different views in this field of medical specialization, the IAEA-organized event provided a unique opportunity for the participants to exchange information and assess areas of collaboration.
The objective of this event was to obtain expert advice from different regions, major journals and scientific societies on activities of the IAEA's Nuclear Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging (NMDI) Section, and to subsequently produce a "futures-oriented" document integrating all the concepts discussed during the meeting, which could then be used as a reference for prospective IAEA activities in this area. The NMDI Section focuses on enhancing Member States' capability to address health needs by the use of Nuclear Medicine techniques in both imaging and therapeutic applications. It achieves this by hosting experts' meetings like this one, coordinating research projects, creating websites and databases, and publishing manuals and educational materials.
Split into ten sessions the meeting covered a range of topics; from discussing regional needs and experiences, to current technology trends. Sessions were devoted to specific techniques and diseases. Individual presentations from members of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), the European Society of Radiology (ESR), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC), the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology (WFNMB), the International Society of Radiology (ISR), the Asian Regional Cooperative Council for Nuclear Medicine (ARCCNM), and the Latin American Association of Societies of Nuclear Medicine and Biology (ALASBINM) discussed the impact of technological changes-perspective on scientific organizations.
One of the issues discussed in-depth was the use of technologies that do not use ionizing radiation, like echography, that are low-cost and reliable alternatives to other diagnostic imaging techniques.
Different Member States have different needs depending on their region and level of economic development. For this reason the experts broke off into groups and sought to find short and long-term solutions for low, middle, and high income countries. The experts' conclusions suggested the IAEA focus on:
- Patient care, diagnosis, and treatment;
- The importance of implementing the appropriateness criteria in the clinical context based on the individual needs of the region and individual;
- Medical imaging – continuing to help train Member States and proliferate the technology used in diagnostic imaging;
- Promoting quality of practice, and safety of patients and staff; and
- Finding the most efficient use of resources and being cost effective
The IAEA will be taking the experts' conclusions and recommendations and prioritising them for future projects that will be part of the Agency's 2016-17 budgetary cycle.
– By Michael Madsen, IAEA Office of Public Information and Communication
(Note to Media: We encourage you to republish these stories and kindly request attribution to the IAEA)


text: AFM Sees Frenzy of Weekend Deals 9:45 PM PST 11/7/2010 by Jonathan Landreth , Stuart Kemp FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Market also sees jump in attendance figures. Sunday was no day of rest at the 31st American Film Market where a surge in general attendance gave the weeklong event an electricity not felt in a couple of years. Jonathan Wolf, AFM managing director said the number of buyers attending was unchanged from 2009 and that there was a 2% rise in companies attending. Even though the number of sales companies at AFM were 8-9% fewer compared with last year, there was a 20% jump in the attendance of producers, film commissioners, festival programmers and screenwriters, Wolf said. "That rise is partly because people are having to work harder and show up at more events to get their projects together," said Wolf, who also is the exec vp of the Independent Film & Television Alliance. On the acquisition front, the Weinstein Co. bought the sci-fi thriller Apollo 18, which will purport to reveal "found footage" of a covert mission to the moon that found evidence of other life forms. Trevor Cawood is directing from a script by Brian Miller. Producing the project are Bekmambetov Projects' Timur Bekmambetov and Michele Wolkoff. Downers Grove is among other new projects announced at AFM. Hayden Panettiere, of TV's Heroes, and Nikki Reed, from the Twilight franchise, are attached to star in the high school-set thriller, which Bret Easton Ellis has written based on the novel by Michael Hornberg. Nelson McCormick (Prom Night) will direct the feature in Louisiana in the spring. Producing are Oren Segal of Media Talent Group, Chiara Trento of Bystander Films and Jason Dubin of Mangrove Media. Myriad Pictures is handling worldwide rights outside of North America. With a palpable buzz surrounding all things Asian, and particularly Chinese, much of the focus was on Peter Chan's upcoming Hong Kong-China co-production Wu Xia, shooting now in China with Donnie Yen, Takeshi Kaneshiro and Tang Wei. The sale of finished martial arts movies to all territories gave the weeklong event a swift kick in the pants. Newly-formed distributor China Lion, a partnership between former Village Roadshow CEO Milt Barlow and AMC, North America's No. 2 exhibitor, bought four films for day-and-date release. "There's more punch and spunk in the market this year after last year which felt like a tired DVD market," Barlow said. "People always moan about markets, but this one it seems there are more people looking up." For North America, Australia and New Zealand, Barlow bought What Women Want, the Poly Bona-CJ Entertainment co-production remake of the old Mel Gibson hit by Chen Daming, and, for the same territories, also picked up the March-April release of Bona's Donnie Yen action film Guan Yun Chang. We Distribution sold China Lion Peter Chan's upcoming comedy Mr. & Mrs. Incredible and Wu Xia for Australia and New Zealand. China Lion also bought the Jackie Chan film 1911 for Australia and New Zealand from the actor's film company. Active seller Media Asia, sold Wind Blast, to Turkey (Horizon), to Singapore's Encore Film, to Malaysia to Ram Entertainment, to Thailand to Sahamongkol and to Indonesia to P.T. Teguh. The Hong Kong-based company also sold Motorway to Sahamongkol and to Wildside in France, and My Best Bodyguard to Horizon in Turkey and to Highfliers in the HK. Media Int'l Pictures of Middle East picked up a Media Asia package of titles: The Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, Bruce Lee, My Brother, Wind Blast, Motorway, My Best Bodyguard and Fire of Conscience. Earlier in the market, two U.S. acquisitions by boutique distributors signaled from the get-go that the independent distribution sector here was looking for movies. Indomina Releasing picked up all North American rights to the French horror film The Pack, while Film Movement snagged rights to the Australian family drama Little Sparrows. Indomina exec Rob Williams negotiated with Films Distribution's Nicolas Brigaud-Robert on behalf of the filmmakers for The Pack. Umedia repped the sale for Sparrows to Film Movement. And there has been an uptick in genre business, a traditional happy horror hunting ground for AFM buyers. "The competition for the titles with talent and a director on board is more intense this year. We've made offers on things and discovered there are three others already in the mix," said one international-based studio buyer. "It's maybe the first signs of people regaining a bit of confidence." The marketplace has always been aware that box office is growing globally, despite harsh economic times, but with fewer slots available on distributors' slates and increasingly risk-averse investors, the quality of deals at AFM was thought generally to be pretty high. "It's a completely different market nowadays," said Yuko Shiomaki of Tokyo based sales company pictures dept.. "DVDs are gone and VOD isn't quite ready. Small independents must scramble to get our films noticed and this market remains a great place to do it." Gregg Kilday contributed to this report. FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Jonathan Landreth email@example.com @thr Stuart Kemp email@example.com @thr


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Google is shutting down its voice recognition directory assistance service, GOOG-411, come November after using the service to firm up its voice recognition technology for future projects.
The search giant didn't get into specifics as to what the tech would be applied to, but it list a few general areas: voice search, voice input and voice actions on smartphones running Google's Android operating system.
It shouldn't come as much of a surprise that Google's making a move into voice recognition technology — Google CEO Eric Schmidt has made it abundantly clear that Google's future plans would involve mobile devices that simply "got things done." That including asking a smartphone a question and getting an answer, he said at the San Francisco TechCrunch Disrupt conference last month.
Google has offered the free directory assistance service, that allows callers to say business names and locations and be connected to them, since 2007. The service was fully automated, and Google said the technology formed the foundation for its voice recognition technology.
It could be a sign of a voice recognition war brewing in the near future, as Apple has also recently begun shoring up its voice recognition technology. The iPhone manufacturer picked up Siri in April to improve its voice recognition technology.
[Photo: Robert Scoble]
Getting content noticed is a challenge for everyone making apps. Join us at DiscoveryBeat 2010 and hear secrets from top industry executives about how to break through and profit in the new cross-platform app ecosystem. From metrics to monetization, we'll take an in-depth look at the best discovery strategies and why they're working. See the full agenda here. The conference takes place on October 18 at the Mission Bay Conference Center in San Francisco. To register, click here. Hurry though. Tickets are limited, and going fast.
The audio problem: Learn how new cloud-based API solutions are solving imperfect, frustrating audio in video conferences. Access here


text:
Whilst more and more young people today have little or no connection with church, all of them go to school. Schools are places of learning and influence. Centres of our communities. Open to the curiosity, questioning and honesty of the children and young people who fill their corridors and classrooms. Mission fields on our doorsteps. Communities of people who need our prayers.
As God's people together, it is our privilege and responsibility to 'tell the next generation the praiseworthy deeds of the Lord, his power and the wonders he has done.' Psalm 78:4
The E3 Schools project is a model of delivering schools ministry at localised level by dividing Northern Ireland into districts and employing schools workers in each area. Backed up by local volunteers and support teams, and working alongside local churches, E3 describes our 3 main aims:
ENGAGING schools pupils with the opportunities and resources that may lead them to encountering Jesus through His word, praying that they can make an informed decision about Jesus and His truth.
EQUIPPING Christian teachers and pupils by giving them support and encouragement to facilitate growth in Christian maturity and to encourage them to be salt and light in their schools.
EMPOWERING churches to actively pray, support and get involved in Schools Ministry by partnering with the E3 Schools Project.
All E3 Projects should be completely financed by donations from local churches, groups and individuals. In order to ensure long term financial security for the project we aim to raise £30,000 each year. If you can help to support us in this way click here.
At the moment E3 is operational in 7 areas across N.Ireland. Longer term, it is our desire to have E3 Workers all across the country! If your area is interested in setting up the project get in touch with Leanne Dunlop, Field Ministries Director email@example.com or Mark Moorhead, Schools Ministry Manager firstname.lastname@example.com
Click here to meet our workers and to find out more information about an E3 area near you.
Tel: 028 9045 4806


text: Back to results Scroll Items 3822 of 13492 Product Details Bevelled edge frame gives the piece a unique visual appeal. Glare resistant glass lens. Dual easel back for portrait or landscape tabletop display. Wall mounts included for easy hanging. Made by Sixtrees®, excellence in design and quality. To view the complete collection, click: Sixtrees® at SendAFrame STARK GREY 4x4 by SIXTREES Model #29299558 $10.00 only 1 left, order soon. In stock Ships next business day [?] Your Price Match is Active Your request for a price of $0.00 for a minimum quantity of has been accepted. You have [time] left to purchase this item for $0.00 Find a Lower Price? We BEAT All Authorized Retailers [?] Brand: SixTrees Displays: 4"x4" Material: Wood Display Type: Desktop or Wall Color: Gray/Charcoal This item ships in its own box SHARE THIS ITEM Share on Facebook View more items Same Size, Different Look Different Size, Similar Look Tags - Similar Searches Same Size, Different Look Different Size, Similar Look Tags - Similar Searches 4"x4" - ETHAN black - $10.00 4"x6" - /5x7 Matted STARK Grey - $17.50 SIXTREES Proof Size Wooden


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When I'm on vacation the last thing I want to worry about is my finances. You might find it interesting to know that most Banks and credit card issuers monitor your debit and credit card activity – not to see where you are spending your money – but to see if any of your transactions are out of the ordinary. So if you live in Washington, DC and there's a transaction from a store in San Francisco, you might get a call.
With that in mind, here are a few things you can do before you head out of town.
Notify your bank of your travel plans
Provide your bank the location(s) you'll be traveling as well as the date(s) of travel. You may also want to let them know of any locations you may visit in the event you take an unplanned side trip.
Check if your bank charges you a fee for international use
Some banks charge fees for using your card overseas. You should know that airbanking's Visa® credit card doesn't charge foreign transaction fees.
See what FREE ATMs are in your vacation location
Check for an ATM that works with your bank. For example airbanking customers can use ATMs in the Allpoint network for FREE. If you have a guide book you may even want to make a note for where an ATM in your network is.
…as well as a few things to keep in mind while on vacation to ensure everything goes smoothly
Be careful where you check your bank account
If you stop by an internet cafe or a location with wireless internet access, be leery of checking your account. If you do check your account on a computer in an internet café, be sure to log out completely when you're finished.
Watch out for suspicious ATM devices
When using an ATM be wary of any ATM that appears to have been modified.
Know your bank's phone number
If for some reason your account is compromised while on vacation you'll want to be able to contact your bank immediately. Have their phone number on hand and ready to call. Jot it down on a card in your wallet and label it discretely identifiable only by you. But DO NOT write down your bank account number.


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Super Air Nozzle can be used for ejecting heavy parts and slugs, chip removal, part cleaning, drying, liquid blowoff, and cooling.
EXAIR's new 1" Flat Super Air Nozzle produces a flat 1" (25mm) wide airstream with a strong blowing force of 9.8 ounces (278g) when mounted 12" (305mm) from the target. The unique design of this super-efficient nozzle enables it to save space and money.
The 1" Flat Super Air Nozzle uses EXAIR's patented technology to maximize entrained airflow while reducing noise levels. A precise amount of air is released through the .015" (0.38mm) air gap opening that is set with a stainless steel shim positioned between the body and removable cap. The airstream pulls in surrounding room air to produce a wide, forceful stream of high velocity, laminar airflow. Air consumption is 10.5 SCFM at 80 PSIG.
The 75 dBA sound level is below the limits of the OSHA maximum allowable noise exposure standard 29 CFR 1910.95(a). Force and flow may be easily adjusted by installing different shim thicknesses. Optional swivel fittings and Stay Set Flexible Hoses to aim the nozzle are also available.
The 1" Flat Super Air Nozzle is available in zinc aluminum alloy construction, suitable for rugged industrial applications.
Want more information? Click below.


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Sterilite 76L Gasket Latch Box - Clear
Sterilite is here to help you get a handle on your home. With a huge range of caddies and containers available, you can finally sort a storage solution that suits your space. Made in the USA, this is an excellently crafted storage container - sure to keep all your bits and bobs in place for years to come.
- Sterilite storage solutions
- Design: Gasket Latch Box
- Colour: Clear
- Storage capacity: 76L
- High integrity plastic
- Convenient storage solution
- Designed to help you organise your home
- Made in the USA with an ultra durable construction
- Thoughtful, hard-wearing, excellent storage box
- Stackable design
- Latches secure the lid to the box
- Easy to carry
- Gasket seal blocks out air and moisture
- Materials: Plastic
- Assembly: None
- Dimensions (approx. cm): N/A
- Country of origin: United States
For more than 75 years, Sterilite products have helped make everyday life a little easier... and a lot more organized! You might be surprised by how many of their products are at work in your home already. From heavy-duty Totes stacked in your basement with camping gear; a few Modular Drawers stacked in your closet helping to create an organized space; or even Weave Baskets keeping your mail looking tidy on your kitchen counter - Sterilite is always around and always reliable!


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Situated in the Indian state of west Bengal, Darjeeling is a well known hill station. This place is the perfect destination to drop in if you want relief from the summers and hectic life of cities. With its mesmerizing hills and amazing climate, this place is also known as Queen of the hills.
As a matter of fact, with Darjeelings cozy environment it also becomes suitable for the honeymooners and couples. You can easily avail varied honeymoon tours and packages to this place without any hassle. Today there are plenty of tour operators who are offering you a variety of cheap holiday packages in India.
At Darjeeling tour, you will get to experience nature at its best! The extravagant sunshine and sunsets of this place will completely stun you. The hills and world class resorts of Darjeeling attracts a number of trekkers, botanists, ornithologists, holidaymakers and photographers from all across the world every year!
For foreigner tourist the major attraction of this place would be its culture. Here, you will experience mixed culture of India and Nepal. Also, the tea gardens, Himalayas toy train, batasia loop, rock garden, lush green meadows are counted as the main tourist attractions of this place. In addition, tourist spots like Kanchenjunga, Lhotse and Makalu make it a complete paradise for those who come here to spend their vacations.
Availing the tour to Darjeeling isnt a daunting task. Now, with the advent of World Wide Web, you can simply book your entire tour online. All you need to do is conduct a careful search of the web. The search will enable to come across a number of online tour arrangers. In fact with these arrangers you can even avail varied other such as Golden Triangle tour, South India tour, Kerala tours and many more. With online mode you can simply avail the tour from the comfort of your home or office. However, it is always advisable to take such tour from reputed and trusted tour operators.
Therefore, just pack your bags and leave for Darjeeling and enjoy your time in the lap of Queen of hills.


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"Boho" Canvas Tote w/ leather straps
This large, durable and striking tote is made of recycled cotton canvas, and features a large, outside, zippered pocket and sides of hemp indigo batik sourced from Hmong villages in northern Vietnam. The wide leather straps dress it up!
- fully lined in orange cotton
- interior zippered side pocket and 2 interior slip pockets
- 13"w x 16"h x 4"d
- zippered closure
- includes detachable zippered pouch for valuables
We Also Recommend


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Contact: Steve Fustero
Phone: (571) 216-8205
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Attack at Jedawal: Critical Lessons for AT Professionals:
On the night of 12 May 2003, three housing compounds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were struck simultaneously by Al-Qaeda in a wave of bombings and armed assaults that echoed throughout the Kingdom.
In this riveting two-hour distance learning program, consequence management expert Wally Braden provides a detailed look at Al-Qaeda operations in Saudi Arabia and describes the successes and failures of security and crisis management that influenced the outcome of these events. As a survivor of one of the 12 May attacks, the Al-Jedawal Compound Bombing, Mr. Braden provides valuable advice and a rare inside perspective that can only be spoken by "one who was there."
Topics include:
Introduction • Overview of Events • Al-Jedawal Compound • Indicators & Warnings • The Attack • The Aftermath • Vinnell Compound Attack • Al-Hamra Compound Attack • Critical Lessons Learned
This Internet-based training program includes the following S2 Online Academy lessons:
Lesson ID
Lesson Title
Presentation Time
Attack at Jedawal
1h 41m
Total completion time for this course is approximately 2 hours.
Testing And Documentation
The final exam for this course is administered online as a 10-question multiple-choice test. Upon completion of the test, the score is automatically graded and documented in the student's "My Courses" transcript (accessible from the "My Account" page). In accordance with S2 Online course policy, the student must complete the online test with a passing score of 80% or better to receive a Certificate of Training. If the student does not pass the test the first time, the student has one opportunity to re-test.
Click here for more information about S2 testing policies and the S2 Online Academy student examination system.
Student Comments
"I am a retired Marine Corps Intelligence/ Counterintelligence Officer. I have worked as a security consultant for the US Department of State, Diplomatic Security Service, Department of Defense, and Athens Olympic Committee for the last five years. I was very impressed with this course. There were many invaluable lessons to be learned from Mr Braden's first hand account of events.
LtCol. J. Kammerer, USMC (Ret)
Saber Global Security Consultants
"Individuals who have experienced severe trauma as a result of a negative event are often unable to carry on normally with their lives, yet Mr. Braden has managed to do so in a very positive manner which truly benefits all security personnel fortunate enough to hear his first-hand account of a devastating terrorist incident.
Dr. M. Oehler
Tokyo, Japan
"Very informative on the basis of force protection.
Y. Harrington
"The material presented was amazing. Awesome job and awesome curriculum that is easy to follow and simple to understand.
K. Marshall
U.S. Army
"I appreciated Wally's straight-forward presentation of events. It is better to learn from others' mistakes and successes than to learn from our own failures when they happen. Very good analysis of the al Qaeda attacks to determine the strengths and weaknesses of security and I appreciated the recommendations for avoiding these pitfalls in the future.
E. Vogt
U.S. DOJ, Federal Bureau of Prisons
"This course was very informatitive on the "how and what" the enemy did to attack and is a great tool to be used in learning from mistakes and the things done right.
A. Hagar
"Excellent information from a professional and credible eyewitness. The instructors even, straight forward style made it easy to learn the key points that were learned from this incident.
S. Tillman
Loyola University Police Department
"Interesting and informative.
D. Sackett
"Good course, raised some interesting points.
F. Swaggerty
"Very interesting course, especially when given by someone who actually experienced it. Makes you wonder when & where the next target will be in Saudi. The movie "Operation Kingdom" is based on this event.
J. Hayes
"The thing that really puts this course apart from others, is the fact that the instructor has actually been there and survived to tell the tale. His factual recall adds a huge amount of credit to the course. Excellent overall.
J. Slabbert
Al-Rushaid Investment Co
"The course was a very detailed account of a terrible situation, a lot of great lessons were learned.
J. Alvarez
United States Air Force
Click the button below to enroll in 'Attack at Jedawal: Critical Lessons for AT Professionals'
Average Student Rating:
students rate this course:
Wallace Braden
Restriction Level:
Level 2
- Verified Security Professionals & Law Enforcement Only
Anti-Terrorism Professionals, Consequence Management Professionals, Expatriates Living in The Saudi Kingdom, Security Managers
Expected Completion Time:
2 hours
10 questions, multiple-choice
System Requirements:
PC: Windows 98 or above
Macintosh: OS X or above
Linux: Flash 7 browser plugin & accelerated X
Browser capable of supporting Flash Player 7 Macromedia Flash Player 7 or later -
Click here to get the latest version of Flash Player.
Pentium III 600 MHz or faster processor / OR Mac G4 600 MHz or faster Audio capability
High speed Internet - ADSL, Cable, T1+ (>=512 kBps)
Click here for more information about the S2 Online Academy's virtual classroom system.
Click the button below to enroll in 'Attack at Jedawal: Critical Lessons for AT Professionals'
Copyright ©2020 S2 Institute


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Online Reservations
See the Important Dates tab for information on due dates for application materials. If there are no sessions posted for which to register, that means all available sessions are full or unavailable. Additional sessions will be posted as they become available. Also, note that sessions are removed from the site on the day of the session to allow time for preparation.
Due to the events surrounding COVID-19, all new, prospective students are required to complete the Mandatory Information Session Online.
Campus Locations
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Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
|Scott Northern Wake Campus
6600 Louisburg Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27616
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Winter 2012 Capstone Senior Design Projects
Winter 2012 CEEn Capstone Request for Proposals
The CEEn Graduate Class in Business Operations has prepared the calling solicitations for requests for proposals for Senior Capstone projects to be completed during the Winter Semester 2012.
Capstone teams enrolled in the 472 Senior Design Internship class for Winter Semester will have three weeks to prepare a proposal for one of the projects. Each team will submit three hard copies of their proposal along with a prioritized list of interest in working on all the other projects by Monday November 21st.
Graduate mentors will then act as a selection committee for all projects and winning proposals will be announced by December 1st. Evaluation criteria are contained within the RFP's. If your team is not selected as a winner for your proposed project you will be assigned a project according to your alternate priority and score. View the RFP's for further instructions.
Riverton City Roundabout - Investigate the feasibility of using a round-about at a typical intersection in Riverton.
Midas Creek - Evaluation of the Midas Creek drainage capacity, obstructions, and improvements.
Temple Steeple - Design for a temple steeple in a high seismic zone.
Daybreak Couplet - Prepare a speed / warrante analysis for the Daybreak Parkway Couplet.
Riverton City Detention Basin - Design of a multi-use detention basin that provides flood control, but can be used for recreation during dry weather.
Copper Creek - Master plan for the Copper Creek that includes hydrologic analysis and alternatives to convey flood flows.
Wallsburg Church Camp - Water storage tank design for the Wallsburg Camp.
Provo Tabernacle Footing Restoration - Footing design for the restored Provo Tabernacle (temple).
Snell/Law Buildings Parking Lot - Design flood mitigation measures for the area around the Snell building and accompanying parking lot.
Casto and Dry Creek Springs - Design a surface water treatment solution for the Casto and Dry Creek Springs.


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Last Updated
- Schedule of Classes - January 7, 2018 7:14PM EST
- Course Catalog - January 7, 2018 7:15PM EST
Course Description
Course information provided by the Courses of Study 2017-2018.
Radical transformations in our media landscape raise urgent questions for the field of cinema and media studies. This course focuses on a topic drawn from current scholarly research. They may include: theorizing the global, narrative and new media, queer/trans media paradigms, media and public life, media and migration, and critical race and media studies. Weekly class meetings will combine discussion and short screenings; there may be additional screenings outside of class.
When Offered Fall.
Distribution Category (CA-AS)
Course Subfield (HTC)
Regular Academic Session. Combined with: PMA 6501
Credits and Grading Basis
4 Credits Stdnt Opt(Letter or S/U grades)
Class Number & Section Details
Meeting Pattern
- WJudith Eisner Pavillion 201
Villarejo, A
Disabled for this roster.


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Fire Alarms and Fire Fitting
Emergency Life Savers
Fire Alarms & Fire Fittings
Fire Alarms & Fire Fittings Fire alarm system incorporates various devices, which work together that recognize and caution the people in emergencies like fire, smoke, carbon monoxide with the assistances of alarms and sirens, which activated automatically by smoke and heat detectors, sometimes may be activated by manual alerts. The alarms might be mechanical bells or horns mounted on walls and also speaker strobes, which gives sound alerts as well as voice evacuation messages for example not to use elevators. Fire alarm systems are manually activated or automatically activated. Manually activated fire alarms are installed at the exit points, which can promptly be recognized and operated. Automatically activated fire alarms intended to automatically respond to extreme physical changes in the environment such as fire, smoke, carbon monoxide and release extinguishing agents and water flow. Emergency voice alarm communication systems are used in fire alarms to render prerecorded and manual voice messages and these are generally used in high buildings, hospitals where evacuation of people is difficult.


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Research Group Meeting Nov. 12, 2013
For the second consecutive week, we were forced to relocate from the Wallace Pub on account of renovations. Instead we met at the Meadowpark. After dealing with minor matters related to our own research projects, we discussed the organization of a new initiative for the research group: Journal Pub (aka Beer Review).
As part of an effort to catch up to some of the information age, we're devoting ourselves to collectively reading some new and classic papers in several corners of evolutionary biology. We'll organize our efforts using the newest page on our website: Journal Pub. Navigate there to learn about the topics and papers under discussion prior to a particular Journal Pub session, or go there after a session to see the brief written summaries of the papers as well as some annotations of our discussions on each of them. So there's a bit of wrangling ahead to wrap our heads around a lot of difficult concepts, but it's exciting to think that we might collectively learn about some very big and important ideas rather productively and quickly.
The first Journal Pub (location TBC) will occur on Nov 26. I have taken the liberty to assign responsibility for chief and adjunct reviewers of each paper, though naturally anyone can read more than the focal assigned papers. Looking forward to the discussions!
Posted on November 15, 2013, in Journal Pub, Lab meeting summaries. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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Contemporary lighting equipment has been in great demand in recent times. These designer lighting solutions are necessary for homes as well as offices. There are various companies that have been selling them online. The biggest advantage with online stores is that the buyers get enough options to select the lights that suit the interiors of their place. One of the companies that have been selling innovative lighting solutions through their website is Zora Lighting.
The company sells lighting and fixtures made by some of the famous brands like moooi lighting, Serge Mouille, Lindsey Adelman, Grossman, etc. Buying branded lighting products can be really expensive and it may not suit everyone's budget. Zora Lighting makes sure that these products are sold at cost effectivce rates and the lighting solution meets everyone's requirements. Buyers have the option to make comparisons and go through a proper research. They can even read the feedback provide by previous customers and make a smart purchase.
Some of the products on the website are available at attractive discounts that range from 50% to 60%. Lindsey Adelman Chandelier is well known among the buyers and they come in different shapes and designs. Replica AG, Replica LIN and Replica AST are quite common products sold by this brand. There is a live chat feature available on the website that helps the buyers to contact the professionals. Though these products are being sold at cost effective rates but there is no compromise on the durability. These lighting products tend to be stylish and they come in handy for various purposes.
Bocci is well known for its pendants and they are sold in various shapes and colors. Some buyers have their own preference when it comes to a brand. They prefer a specific brand while getting lighting solutions for their home or office. Bocci pendant is suitable for a residential place and it can also used for different parties as well. While designing homes many architects and designers like to go through innovative lighting solutions that can help them get good buyers. Before presenting the home to a buyer the architect or the house owner should also focus on the lighting and fixture used in the home. The professionals at Zora Lighting make sure that the end customer gets the product that he needs and there is no compromise on the quality front.
About Zora Lighting:
Zora Lighting is a US based firm that has been involved in manufacturing and selling designer lights all around the world. They have been in this field for a long time and their products include lights sold by some of the famous brands. Their range of products include floor lamps, wall lamp, ceiling lamp, pendant lamp and much more. In order to know more about the firm one can visit the website mentioned above.
Media Contact
Company Name: Zora Lighting
Contact Person: Eric Slagle
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 1-717-916-5505
Country: United States
Website: http://www.zoralighting.com