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Romans Chapters 9-11, Part 3
by Karl Kemp
7/29/2012 / Bible Studies
We continue this verse-by-verse study of Romans chapters 9-11 here in Part 3, starting with Rom. 9:10.
(10) And not only this, but there was Rebekah also, when she had conceived twins by one man, our father Isaac [see Gen. 25:19-26]; (11) for though the twins were not yet born and had not done anything good or bad, so that God's purpose according to His choice would stand, not because of works but because of Him who calls [[The apostle doesn't say here that it doesn't matter what we do (including whether we submit to God and His Word in faith, or not). How could he? The Bible (including the writings of Paul) frequently mentions that all people (including Christians) will be judged according to their works, according to what they have done (cf. Psalm 62:12; Prov. 24:12; Matt. 16:27; Rom. 2:6-11; 14:10-12; 1 Cor. 3:12-15; 2 Cor. 5:10; Eph. 6:8; Col. 3:25; Rev. 2:23; 20:12; and 22:12). There is no contradiction, as far as the Bible is concerned, saying that we are saved by grace through faith and saying that we will be judged according to our works. Our works must demonstrate that our faith was real; the works of righteousness produced by the grace/Spirit of God as we walk in faith aren't optional. Of course, forgiveness (by the grace of God) is an important aspect of Christianity, but Christianity involves much more than forgiveness. For one thing, God hates sin! And He (with His unique Son) paid an infinite price to redeem us and make us righteous and holy.
The apostle Paul frequently makes the point that we are saved by grace through faith, not by works/merit (cf., e.g., Rom. 3:21-4:5; Gal. 2:16; 3:1-14; and Eph. 2:8-10). THAT'S HIS POINT HERE WHEN HE SPEAKS OF THE TWINS NOT HAVING "DONE ANYTHING GOOD OR BAD" and "NOT BECAUSE OF WORKS." God was not obligated to choose Jacob or the Jews of Paul's day (or anybody else) because of their works (works like circumcision, temple sacrifices, or any other work of man in the flesh).
Paul doesn't say that God's choice of Jacob over Esau (to continue the lineage that started with Abraham that ultimately leads to the Messiah and new-covenant salvation) had nothing to do with differences between Jacob and Esau. Jacob was different than Esau, and the differences were not based on God's preprogramming, as if they were robots. God's choice of Jacob was based on His foreknowledge (cf. Rom. 8:29), but God was not obligated to choose Jacob for any reason - His choice of Jacob was totally of grace.
The fact that we have a definite role to fulfill in our salvation doesn't make our salvation any-the-less dependent on God's grace; none of us (including Abraham and Jacob) merited salvation; God could have left all the descendants of Adam to perish; all of us are one hundred percent dependent on God's grace. If God had not sent His Son to die for us, and then called us to salvation, we could not have answered the call (in faith), and we would have been lost. We must submit to God's call in faith, and we must continue on in faith (by His enabling grace) to the end. We'll talk more about God's call to salvation (aiming for the balance of what the New Testament teaches) under Rom. 9:24. In accordance with God's plan, we must appropriate His saving grace through faith. God is sovereign, but - thanks be to God! - He wills to save the lost; He does so on the basis of grace through faith.
I'll quote part of what Godet said under this verse ("Epistle to the Romans," [Zondervan, 1969 reprint of the 1886 edition], pages 348, 349). "...the preference given to Jacob was expressed before the birth of the twins, before they had done any act whatever; so true it is, that it was not founded on any particular merit which Jacob might possess. ... No doubt it might have been said in answer to the apostle, that God foresaw the good works of Jacob and the evil acts of Esau, and that His predilection for the former was founded on this prevision. ... But supposing the apostle had wished to discuss the question thoroughly, he might have replied in turn that the divine prevision, on which election rests, relates not to any work whatever as being able to establish some merit in favor of the elect, but on his faith, which cannot be a merit, since faith consists precisely in renouncing all merit, in the humble acceptance of a free gift. Faith foreseen is therefore a wholly different thing from works foreseen. The latter would really establish a right [The apostle frequently makes the point in Romans that no one can merit salvation by works because all men are spiritually dead, and sinners. Salvation is based totally on grace, with no admixture of merit.]: the former [faith foreseen] contains only a moral condition, that, namely, which follows from the fact that possession in the case of a free being supposes acceptance. ... To accept and to merit are two different things. But the apostle does not enter on this discussion, and simply states the fact that it was no merit on Jacob's part which constrained God to organize His plan as He did. This plan certainly was not arbitrarily conceived, but it contains nothing which gives it the character of an obligation or debt. ... ...the choice on which the plan rests was not made in accordance with a merit of works, but solely according to the will of the caller. Romans 8:29 has shown us that this choice is unmerited, yet neither is it arbitrary."
I believe Godet is on the right wavelength here, but I don't believe his viewpoint fully squares with Paul's viewpoint: Godet doesn't acknowledge a special call for the elect, but that's the way Paul uses the word call in Rom. 8:28, 30; here in Rom. 9:11; 9:24 (and in several other verses). In Godet's view (which is a view widely held), God calls all men and then elects those He foresees submitting to the gospel in faith. But for Paul it can't be quite as simple as God's choosing for salvation those that He foresees submitting to the gospel in faith when, from Paul's point of view, they are not called until after they are chosen.
I'm not disputing the fact that (in fact I want to emphasize the fact that) in a very significant way God does call all people to repent and submit to the Lord Jesus Christ and the gospel (cf., e.g., Matt. 22:1-14; Acts 17:30, 31; and 1 Tim. 2:4-7 [the last two passages don't specifically mention a call]), but here in Rom. 9:6-29, as in Rom. 8:28-30 and in several other verses he uses the word call of a special call of the elect. See the discussion under Rom. 8:29, 30 in my verse-by-verse study of Rom. 8:16-39, and see under Rom. 9:24 in this present paper.
God's election of individuals is based on His knowledge/foreknowledge (Rom. 8:29; cf. Eph. 1:4); He is above the time of our created world; He knows the heart; He knows who will serve and worship Him from the heart, and He knows who is serving and worshipping Him from the heart. He knew, for one thing, that many (even most) of the Jews of Jesus' and Paul's generation were not worshipping Him from their hearts. The Lord Jesus frequently made that point when He was living on the earth.]], (12) it was said to her, 'THE OLDER WILL SERVE THE YOUNGER.' [[Paul quoted the last part of Gen. 25:23 here. I'll quote Gen. 25:21-23. "Isaac prayed to the LORD on behalf of his wife, because she was barren; and the LORD [Yahweh] answered him and Rebekah his wife conceived. (22) But the children struggled together within her, and she said, 'If this is so, why then am I this way?' So she went to inquire of the LORD [Yahweh]. (23) The LORD [Yahweh] said to her, 'Two nations are in your womb; And two peoples will be separated from your body [The "two nations/peoples" are to be headed by the two sons in her womb, Jacob and Esau.]; And one people shall be stronger than the other; And the older shall serve the younger.' " Esau was born first (Gen. 25:25, 26). The covenant nation Israel (that began with Abraham, then Isaac, then Jacob) eventually became dominant over the nation Edom (that began with Esau [cf., e.g., Gen. 27:29]).
I should point out that God's choice of Jacob over Esau didn't mean that Esau and his descendants were all destined for damnation (see under verse 13).]] (13) Just as it is written, 'JACOB I LOVED, BUT ESAU I HATED.' [[Paul quoted these words from Mal. 1:2, 3. The names "Jacob" and "Esau" are used in Mal. 1:2-5 of the nations "Israel" and "Edom." Malachi was writing some 1,400 years after the birth of the twins.
The word "hate" is not always used in an absolute sense in the Bible (it is sometimes used in a relative sense of loving someone/something less than loving someone/something else [cf. Matt. 10:37; Luke 14:26]); but the idea of God's displeasure with Esau and his descendants is included here. These words about loving and hating do not apply, however, to every single individual, whether the Israelites or the Edomites. God certainly didn't hate the individual Edomites who turned to Him from their hearts and lived for Him, and it is quite possible that many of the descendants of Esau will have a place in God's eternal kingdom as part of the nations.
I had a footnote: The salvation of the nations (the nations being distinct from God's true Israel) is discussed in my paper on my internet site titled, "More Regarding God's Salvation Plans for the Nations." Compare Deut. 23:7; Isa. 11:14; and 21:11, 12 (These verses from Isaiah, which seem to infer the ultimate salvation of the remnant of Edom, are discussed in my paper titled, "Verse-by-Verse Studies of Selected Eschatological Prophecies from the Book of Isaiah"); Jer. 49:11 (with 49:7-10); and Amos 9:12. All the verses cited specifically mention descendants of Esau (Edomites). See my subsequent papers dealing with the Psalms and the book of Jeremiah that also deal to some extent with God's salvation of the nations at the end of this age.]] (14) What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! [[The apostle Paul's primary point here is that there is no injustice with God when He saves some of the Israelites of Paul's generation but leaves many of them (even the majority) on the outside of new-covenant salvation. As Paul goes on to show in Rom. 9:15-18, God has the right to have mercy/compassion on whom He desires, but He doesn't owe mercy/compassion to any person, not even Moses, and He has the right to reject and harden whom He desires. God, whose ways are always right, does what needs to be done. For one thing, God cannot allow those who never will repent into heaven. Rebels in heaven would destroy divine order, and rebels would not want to be in heaven on God's terms, not that they will want the alternative.
In Rom. 9:6 Paul has already said, "But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For they are not all [part of God's true] Israel who are of Israel." And in verses 10-13 he has shown that God had the right to choose Jacob over Esau (even though Esau was the firstborn) and that His choice of Jacob was not dependent on works, as if Jacob could say that he had earned the right to be chosen, or that the Israelites could say that God was obligated to choose them for new-covenant salvation in Christ Jesus.
((I had a footnote: God would have been obligated to save the Israelites of Paul's generation if they had been doers of the Law, but none of them were (cf., e.g., Luke 13:1-5; Rom. 2:1-29; 3:9-20; and Gal. 3:10, 22). The believers who lived under the Law (the old covenant) will be saved, but it will be because of God's grace in Christ, not because they earned salvation through fully keeping the Law (through works). It is true, however, that believers under the old covenant did make it a priority to live according to the Law, and there was some grace available under that covenant to help them. Once Christ had come it was not an option to continue under the old covenant and reject Christ and the new covenant in His blood.)) Paul expects his Jewish antagonists to agree that whatever God has done (as recorded in the Old Testament) was right to do.
I'll quote a few sentences from what Robert H. Mounce says under Rom. 9:14-18 ("Romans" [Broadman and Holman, 1995], page 200). "Although God elects with sovereign freedom, it does not follow that Israel had nothing to do with their rejection. Later in the chapter we will learn that Israel failed to attain a right standing with God because they pursued it on the basis of works (vv. 30-32) [not on the basis of faith in Christ and God's new-covenant plan of salvation]. The sovereignty of God does not set aside human responsibility."]] (15) For He says to Moses, 'I WILL HAVE MERCY ON WHOM I HAVE MERCY, AND I WILL HAVE COMPASSION ON WHOM I HAVE COMPASSION' [[The apostle quoted these words from Ex. 33:19 to show that, even in the case of Moses, God granted his request on the basis of mercy/compassion, not because He was obligated to him. It is also clear, however, that God's mercy/compassion to Moses was not arbitrary (as if there were no differences between Moses and most of the other men living on the earth at that time); Moses was a believer and he lived for God, quite unlike Pharaoh.]]. (16) So then it does not depend on the man who wills [John 1:13] or the man who runs ["on man's desire or effort" (NIV)], but on God who has mercy. [[It takes more than the will/desire of the Israelites (or the Gentiles) to be saved and more than their running/effort/works, striving in the flesh, in an attempt to gain salvation, as if these things obligated God to choose them. The Israelites (like the Gentiles) are totally dependent on the saving mercy of God in Christ. God doesn't owe His saving mercy (grace) to anyone, including the Jews of Paul's day. The apostle's primary concern here (in the context of Rom. 9:6-29) was with God's right to not have mercy/compassion on (to even harden; cf. Rom. 9:18; 11:7, 25) many of the Israelites in the day of new-covenant salvation.
It is significant that these words of Rom. 9:16 don't say that God doesn't consider the hearts of people when He elects one for salvation in Christ and doesn't elect another (I'm confident that His choices are influenced by His knowledge/foreknowledge of the hearts of people; they certainly aren't arbitrary choices). And these words don't mean that the wills of people are not involved in submitting to Christ and the gospel or that the wills and works of people are unnecessary when it comes to working out their salvation (by grace through faith).
As Paul will show in Rom. 10:2, it required more than the religious zeal of the Israelites to please God. The devotees of many religions (and some atheists too) are zealous; God is interested in those who are zealous for Him (the God who really is God) and for His truth and righteousness. Our zeal must be from the heart (by faith), and it must be in accordance with the plan, truth, word, and righteousness of God. Before we run for God (by His grace), we must submit our hearts to Him (this is a big part of what faith means in the Bible); we must get our attitudes, motives, and priorities in divine order (by His grace); and we must learn what He requires us to do, where and how He wants us to run. Once the new covenant had been established on the basis of the blood of Christ, God required faith in Christ - zealous works of the flesh could never bypass the need for faith in Him and His plan of salvation.]] (17) For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, 'FOR THIS VERY PURPOSE I RAISED YOU UP, TO DEMONSTRATE MY POWER IN YOU, AND THAT MY NAME MIGHT BE PROCLAIMED THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE EARTH' [Ex. 9:16]. [[These words were spoken to Pharaoh after six of the ten plagues had already fallen on Egypt. God's plan included using the obstinacy (hardness) of Pharaoh, and even to further harden him, to bring forth judgments so intense and dramatic that His power and name would be broadcast across the world. (His name being broadcast would help many people worldwide to begin to consider Him, the God of Israel, the God of creation, the God of all people. His intense judgments against Egypt also had a powerful effect on Israel.) The book of Exodus makes it quite clear that Pharaoh had great pride and a hard heart, but it also makes it clear that God further hardened him for His own purposes.
I had a footnote: Although Paul doesn't mention this point (Paul's discussion in Rom. 9:6-29 puts all the emphasis on God's sovereign role in salvation), it is significant that the book of Exodus establishes the point that Pharaoh's heart was hard (Ex. 3:19; 7:13, 14; 7:22; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:7, 34, 35; 14:5 [see the NIV on these verses; some of these verses are ambiguous in the NASB]) before it says God hardened his heart (Ex. 4:21; 7:3; 9:12 [this is the first verse where it mentions that God hardened Pharaoh's heart]; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; and 14:4 , 17). God never hardens hearts that aren't already hard toward Him; He never makes righteous people sinful. He isn't the author of sin. He does, however, use sinful beings in His judgments, including the devil, evil angels and demons, Pharaoh, Antichrist, and the false prophet.
How did God harden Pharaoh? The Bible doesn't supply the details, but it may have involved nothing more than setting the stage for men and demons to remind Pharaoh that he was a god and the head of the mightiest nation on the earth. By yielding to Moses and the god of the Hebrews, he would be wrongly humbling himself, and letting his gods down, and his nation; he would be letting his forefathers down, and his people; how would it look in the history books for great Pharoah and mighty Egypt to have been humbled by the god of a slave people, who surely must be a rather insignificant god?]] (18) So then He has mercy on whom He desires [like Moses and the elect Jews of Paul's generation], and He hardens whom He desires [like Pharaoh and the non-elect Jews of Paul's generation]. [[But God's decisions aren't arbitrary (far from it); there was, for one thing, a big difference between Moses (Rom. 9:15) and Pharaoh (Rom. 9:17). The primary point that Paul makes here (in this context) is that God has the right to have mercy on the Israelites He has chosen and to harden the rest of them (see Rom. 11:7, 25). Hardening is a form of judgment; the idea here is to harden against becoming "Christians." (People cannot become Christians in any satisfactory sense, on God's terms, unless they truly repent and submit their hearts and lives to God and His saving grace. Becoming a Christian involves more than joining up on your terms. God knows the heart. He knows the attitudes, motives, and priorities. The grace of God doesn't change the rebellious hearts of people who remain closed to the idea of repentance.)
Paul (apparently) doesn't mention God's hardening Gentiles in Romans chapters 9-11, except for the hardening of Pharaoh in Rom. 9:17, which was a hardening that didn't directly deal with his salvation. And, significantly, one reason that Paul mentioned the hardening of Pharaoh in Rom. 9:17 was to set the stage to show (in Rom. 9:22, 27-29) that God's hardening of Israel would lead to intense, dramatic judgment of Israel, even as the hardening of Pharaoh had led to intense, dramatic judgment of Pharaoh and Egypt.
The apostle could have discussed the fact that God always has PERFECT REASONS for doing everything He does (for one thing, He doesn't arbitrarily judge/harden people), but some things don't really need to be said. GOD ISN'T ON TRIAL! (although many people think He is), and there is a limit to how much we can defend Him without indirectly insulting Him. Also, as I have mentioned, the apostle wasn't trying to give a balanced presentation of the truth in Rom. 9:6-29; he was dealing exclusively with one strand of truth: God's sovereign right to do what He does, and in this context he was dealing almost exclusively with God's dealings with Israel. As far as Paul was concerned, if God did it, is doing it, or will do it, it is right and good. Israel was challenging God: Christ Jesus isn't the promised Messiah; and if He were the Messiah, then God hasn't kept the promises He made to Israel (in that so many of the Israelites aren't being saved).
Didn't God want the Jews to become Christians? First Timothy 2:4-6 makes it clear that God wants all people to repent and submit to the gospel in faith (though He knows it isn't going to happen), but, and this is important, He doesn't want people to become "Christians" in a half-baked way that isn't really Christianity. It does much damage to the body of Christ, and it increases the sin of those people too.
God knew the hearts of the Israelites; He knew that many of them, even though many of them were religious, were not submitted to Him in their hearts (they did not love Him) and that they were not about ready to really submit in faith to Christ and the gospel of righteousness from their hearts. (The Lord Jesus frequently made that point, as recorded in the four Gospels.) Such Jews God hardened. He knew, for one thing, that they would have so distorted the gospel that it would have made it very difficult for Gentiles to be saved through Christ and the new covenant. (The Judaizers caused enough problems for the apostle Paul and the Gentile Christians as it was.) Also, the judicial hardening of the unbelievers in Israel contributes to the repentance and salvation of the remnant of Israel. For a rather lengthy discussion on the topic of God's hardening of Israel, see under John 12:37-41 and Isa. 6:8-13 on pages 37-42 of my "A Paper on Faith." Better yet, start on page 34 under John 6:44, 45. (The page numbers go with the version on my internet site.)
I'll quote a few sentences from what Charles R. Erdman says regarding verses 14-18 ("Epistle of Paul to the Romans" [Baker, 1983], page 119). Erdman (AD 1866-1960) was a Calvinist who taught at Princeton Theological Seminary and pastored Presbyterian churches). "Paul does not here mention the complementary truths of faith and fault on the part of men; he is asserting only the divine sovereign freedom of God, whether in showing mercy or in hardening, whether in the cases of Moses and Pharaoh, or in the case of the believing and unbelieving Jews in the days of Paul. The choices and actions of God are not capricious or unjust, but they are absolutely free and uncontrolled."
I'll also quote two sentences from what Douglas Moo says under Rom. 9:14-23 ("New Bible Commentary, 21st Century Edition," page 1144). Although Moo is a Calvinist, by including statements like these he brings some much-needed balance to this topic. "The Scriptures make plain that God will never refuse to accept, or cast away, those who diligently seek him. [This is extremely important! We should always encourage people to humble themselves before God, to repent, and to diligently seek Him, starting with what He has said in His Word. No one should be given the mistaken idea that they will be wasting their time to seek God because they may not be one of the elect. The Bible shows that all who truly seek God according to His terms will find Him.] ... [Paul] has earlier in the letter made it plain that people are fully responsible for their rejection of the truth of God (1:20-2:11), and he will make the point again with respect to Israel (9:30-10:21)."]] (19) You will say to me then, 'Why does He still find fault? For who resists His will [cf., e.g., 2 Chron. 20:6; Job 9:12; and Dan. 4:35]?' [[As the apostle continues in Rom. 9:20-29, he doesn't answer the questions, "Why does He still find fault?" and "For who resists His will?" The apostle was offended by such questions, questions that challenged the goodness and righteousness of God. He didn't answer the questions at all here. Instead, he made it quite clear that no man has a right to answer back to God in such a way (Rom. 9:20). As Paul continues with this discourse in Rom. 9:30-11:36 (as in his other writings, and as it is taught in other books of the Bible), he does, however, show why God finds fault with the Jews (and the Gentiles too).
The destiny of the Jews (or the Gentiles) isn't determined apart from the input of each person. The Jews were responsible for their unbelief (cf., e.g., Rom. 2:5, 8; 3:3; 9:32; 10:3, 9-13, 16; 11:20-23, and 30). To the extent a person's sin is due to the hardening of God, I don't believe they would be responsible, but the unbelief and sinfulness of man does not result from the hardening of God; we are responsible for our unbelief and sin.
When it comes to foundational issues, like the fact that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem of a virgin, that He would be crucified and die for our sins, and that He would be raised on the third day, or the fact that God's end-time judgment of the world will come to pass as it is spelled out in the book of Revelation, God doesn't leave room for man (or for the devil and his angels) to alter His plans. But when it comes to the details of the lives of people, God (in His sovereignty) leaves much room for the input of man. The Bible is literally full of verses that back up this point. The New Testament is packed with verses that show, for example, that faith is something people do in response to God's grace, and that people are responsible for their unbelief when they don't submit to the gospel in faith, or when they turn from faith back into unbelief. See my "A Paper on Faith." All people are called to repent and submit to the gospel in faith (cf., e.g., Mark 16:15, 16; Acts 17:30, 31; and 1 Tim. 2:4-6).
God's will isn't always done; for example, the sin of Christians isn't the will of God (e.g., "For this is the will of God, your sanctification [holiness]; that is, that you abstain from sexual immorality [and all other sin]" [1 Thess. 4:3]). And even though the book of Revelation speaks of the Lamb's book of life, which has had the names of the elect written in it since the foundation of the world (cf., e.g., Rev. 13:8; 17:8 with Eph. 1:4), it also shows that if the Christians at Sardis didn't repent (and what was said regarding them is applicable to all Christians who are in a similar situation), their names would be erased from the book (Rev. 3:1-6). It's clear that it wasn't the will of God for those Christians (or any other Christians) to continue in sin and have their names erased from the book of life - He called for them to repent. ((The facts that the Lord Jesus said they still had some things that remained, which were about to die in Rev. 3:2 and that He said that they had soiled their (Christian) garments in verse 4, along with the fact that He was going to erase their names from the book of life if they didn't repent, confirms that He was speaking to people who had become born-again Christians.))
Again, Paul's total emphasis in Rom. 9:6-29 is on God's sovereign right to elect some of the Israelites of his day and to reject and harden the rest of them. The fact that God's right to do this was being challenged by many of the Israelites was a substantial factor that tended to keep Paul from answering the question here as to why God still finds fault. (As I mentioned, their basic challenge centered in their rejection of Jesus as the Messiah.) Furthermore, it's important to understand how intensely some of the Israelites were working to try to stop the gospel from going forth, including going forth to the Gentiles (cf. Acts 5:17-40; 6:8-8:3; 9:23-30; 11:19; 12:1-19; 13:45-51; 14:1-6, 19; 15:1-5; 17:5-13; 18:5, 6, 12, 13; 19:8, 9; 20:3; 21:20-22, 27-32; 22:21-24; 24:1-9; 25:1-3, 7-12; Gal. 4:29; 6:12; 1 Thess. 2:14-16; and Rev. 2:9; 3:9).]]
We will continue this verses-by-verse study of Romans chapters 9-11, starting with Rom. 9:20 in Part 4.
Copyright by Karl Kemp
http://www.karlkempteachingministries.com Karl Kemp worked as an engineer in the space field throughout the 60s. He became a born-again Christian in 1964. He received an MA in Biblical Studies in 1972. He has been a Bible teacher for 45 years. See the website for more info on his books, papers, etc.
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Royal Ontario Golf Club
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Health systems and sustainability
In this article, Professor Allen Foster (LSHTM) provides an overview of health systems and Dorothy Boggs (LSHTM) highlights the Sustaining Ability case study.
Healthcare system overview
Rehabilitation services need to be integrated into general health services rather than exist as stand alone vertical programmes.
A healthcare system can be considered as the organisation of people and resources to meet the health needs of the population through the delivery of health services.
- "Organisation" implies leadership, planning and management;
- "People" means all stakeholders including health care professionals;
- "Resources" include infrastructure, information systems and money;
- "Health needs of the population" means a public health approach prioritising the most important interventions to improve health; and
- "Services" includes all interventions be they promotive, preventive, therapeutic or rehabilitation, as well as non-clinical care such as waiting times and respect.
Figure 1 diagrammatically shows the six components on which a health system is built. The health needs of the population are at the centre.
Figure 1 - Health System Building Blocks
Health services
Health services are delivered at different levels:
- Community - through community health workers or outreach services
- Primary - a health care clinic
- Secondary - usually a hospital
- Tertiary - a specialist hospital, usually including training
The delivery of services may be through government, non-government or private health care providers and financed by different mechanisms; for example, patient fees, health insurance or government subsidy.
For the health system to work well it is important that ALL stakeholders participate in the planning of services to avoid duplication, and to encourage ownership and responsibility. This is not easy to accomplish.
Table 1 gives an outline of the components of a health system applied to rehabilitation services.
Table 1 - Building Blocks and Application to Rehabilitation Services
|Leadership to advocate with decision makers for rehabilitation services.
|Leadership to advocate with decision makers for rehabilitation services.
|Work Force
|All health staff involved in the delivery of rehabilitation, at all service levels.
|Provision of good quality training for rehab. staff.
|Clear job descriptions, with who does what.
|Encourage working in teams.
|Commitment by government to provide staff and facilities for rehabilitation services.
|Inclusion of rehabilitation interventions within health insurance schemes e.g. hearing aids.
|Medicines & Technology
|Appropriate technology (devices and aids).
|See GATE (See Step 3.8 Overview of assistive products).
|Use of IT to provide good information for decision making, evidence and research about rehabilitation needs and services.
|Service delivery
|Focussed on the person's needs and capabilities.
|- Access
|- Good equal access; equity – gender; age; residency; ethnicity etc
|- Coverage
|- High coverage for essential services, linked to equity
|- Quality
|- Provide a quality service (both clinical and non-clinical).
|- Promote quality improvement projects (QUIPs).
|- Safety
|- Promote a culture which identifies adverse events and seeks to improve while avoiding the "blame game".
|Improved Health
|Impairments minimised
|Functioning improved
|Participation enhanced
|Better health and life.
|Monitor results.
Table 2 gives an outline of health service facility levels applied to rehabilitation services.
Table 2 - Application of Rehabilitation Services at Health Facility Service Level
|Role of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) (See Step 3.16 Community based inclusive development)
|Integration of essential simple rehabilitation interventions into Primary Health Care. Primary Health Care Workers (PHCW) can provide basic promotive, preventive and therapeutic services which prevent diseases leading to impairment and disability. PHCW can identify and refer people who need secondary level rehabilitation services.
|Provision of common rehabilitation services required by many people. The second level is where the core services for sensory and motor impairments can be delivered together with rehabilitation services.
|Provision of specialist rehabilitation services. Training of the rehabilitation work force.
Sustaining Ability Case Study
It is therefore clear that Rehabilitation Services must be delivered through each level of the health system, in order to be effective, and this requires many components to be in place (e.g. expert staff, funds, patients and so on).
A second important issue to consider is that Rehabilitation Services must be sustainable. LSHTM's ICED and Handicap International evaluated what factors are important to ensure sustainability of Rehabilitation Services by developing the Sustainability Analysis Process (SAP) through a joint four year "Sustaining Ability" study in five post-conflict countries.
Sustainability Analysis Process (SAP)
The SAP evaluation is undertaken as a participatory process with in-country key stakeholders through a series of workshops. This process allows stakeholders to agree a common vision of sustainability, and how to define sustainability indicators that can be used to monitor progress towards this vision within the context of the national rehabilitation system (See Figure 2 for rehabilitation service indicators from Nepal's 2014 SAP workshop).2 Stakeholders are a multi-sector (including, but not only, the health sector) and multi-level (civil society, institutional, local, national) group of actors, which is why alignment is so important for rehabilitation.
Figure 2: SAP Component 2 Rehabilitation services indicators, Nepal SAP 2014
SAP lessons learned for sustainable health system strengthening3,4
- The Structure of the rehabilitation system stakeholder network characteristics is key
- Need to look at evolution over time to understand changing nature of relationships between stakeholders
- Stakeholders' capacity must work as a system, rather than a sum of stakeholders
- Creating consensus on a common vision of sustainability requires additional system level interventions
- Identify and support stakeholders who promote systems thinking above individual interests
SAP conclusions
- Importance of a 'sustainability champion,' this could be a government or civil society organisation and/or a person to lead and coordinate next steps
- Shift in thinking from project level –> system level is essential for all stakeholder
- The development of national rehabilitation action plans/strategies along the contiguum should be prioritised with close synergies to WHO health systems initiatives
- SAP can facilitate sector planning
- It is important to initiate and support development of data collection activities to monitor and measure indicators
Next steps for Sustaining Ability
As of 2017, Handicap International has coordinated 18 physical rehabilitation SAP workshops in three languages across the following 14 countries: Nepal (x3), Somaliland (x2), Cambodia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Haiti, Laos, Bolivia, Chad, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Jordan and Palestine (West Bank & Gaza).
Handicap International continues to support ongoing Sustaining Ability activities in the countries where they work with the aim to more closely align the methodology with WHO health systems initiatives and to share results widely to inform global rehabilitation sectors and UN cluster systems in emergencies.
© The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine


text: In this talk first an introduction to the double machine learning framework is given. This allows inference on parameters in high-dimensional settings. Then, two applications are given, namely transformation models and Gaussian graphical models in high-dimensional settings. Both kind of models are widely used by practitioners. As high-dimensional data sets become more and more available, it is important to allow situations where the number of parameters is large compared to the sample size.


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Pop Culture, Tech Reviews, Coupons & Sales, and SEO Tips
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August 26, 2014 / 0 comments
I attended Afropunk this past weekend and fell in love with it.
August 25, 2014 / 0 comments
Another day, another fake news story being shared out on Facebook. This time it's a story about former NBA player Allen Iverson being broke and begging for quarters at Atlanta's Lenox Mall.
August 24, 2014 / 0 comments
Gentrification is a complicated issue. It becomes even more complicated an issue when you're brand new to a city like I am to New York.
August 17, 2014 / 0 comments
I came across the following tweet today and thought that it makes a powerful statement on race in a succinct, clear manner; a reality check in eight words: "Black culture is popular, black people are not,"
August 11, 2014 / 0 comments
I've been wanting to write something about the New York Times article, "The Dutch Mourn Flight 17's Victims in Their Own Sober Way," ever since I read it three weeks ago. The piece discussed how and why we mourn or empathize with certain events; how humans emotions are limited by the "distance" or "connection"
August 8, 2014 / 2 comments
You just visited Chinatown today and you saw old Chinese men sitting on the corner playing a traditional bowed instrument. So you're wondering, what is that Chinese strong instrument you saw in Chinatown called?
June 8, 2014 / 0 comments
Something I have been thinking a lot about over the last several months is the idea that life is a game, one that's been created for each one of us to compete against one another.
June 4, 2014 / 0 comments
It's the image that resonates years later. "Tank Man," stood in front of a line of oncoming tanks headed toward Tiananmen Square on June 5th, 1989.
May 31, 2014 / 2 comments
When I was young, my mom would periodically place me on the living room couch and pick my ear and remove earwax with an "earpick".
May 18, 2014 / 0 comments
If you were in Michigan during the late 1980s and early 1990s, then at some point you probably ran into "The New Dance Show" while flipping through your five TV channels
April 28, 2014 / 0 comments
Here's an interesting holiday that I just found out about today: "Confederate Memorial Day"
April 25, 2014 / 0 comments
Big Appled put out this awesome guide on NYC etiquette. There's a lot of guidebooks and how-to's for New York, but this one hits many of the right notes, goes deep, and in a humorous way.
April 21, 2014 / 0 comments
Haha haha, HAHAHA I loved how Porsha dragged (drugged?) Kenya across the floor in tonight's Real Housewives of Atlanta reunion. Yes, I did love it.
April 17, 2014 / 0 comments
One of my favorite local sites, The Bold Italic, posted a story today about the fashion stylings of the Chinatown set in San Francisco. The author, Valerie Luu, wrote
April 12, 2014 / 0 comments
I don't think I am a particularly happy or sad person, but an approach I'm always trying to tweak is balancing good feelings and bad ones, and treating them equally.
April 8, 2014 / 0 comments
If there's a photo that should change the minds of sports fans that want to keep their precious Indian mascots, this photo of a Native-American coldly staring at a fool supporting the Cleveland Indian's Chief Wahoo just might be it.
March 27, 2014 / 0 comments
I know that a good chuck of the 14 of you that read this blog will be shocked and appalled by this post, but I feel strongly about this: Sarah Slocum has a really punchable face.
March 3, 2014 / 1 comment
File under: why? I've always appreciated the way women compliment each other's physical attributes without fear that their sexuality will be challenged, and if it is, they don't care. It's just built into the way women interact and it's socially acceptable.
March 2, 2014 / 1 comment
I love David Letterman. Six months in New York and I just realized that I could watch the Late Show with David Letterman live.
February 26, 2014 / 14 comments
Influence what you can influence, Arthur. Smash that buzzer multiple times. Click it furiously by your microphone. ClickClickClickClick
February 18, 2014 / 0 comments
India was easily the most challenging country I've ever visited. It was sensory overload and culturally, it was unlike any place I've ever experienced. One of the many cultural customs that my ex-boyfriend and I struggled with most were the non-verbal, side-to-side head nods
January 31, 2014 / 3 comments
Gung Hay Fat Choy! Kung Hei Fat Choy! Gong Hey Fat Choy! Gong Xi Fa Cai! 恭喜发财! Happy Chinese New Year! Happy Lunar New Year! #cny


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Chairman of State Bank of India (SBI) Rajnish Kumar today assured that the situation of cash crunch is 'temporary'. Normalcy, will, however, be restored within a weeks time.
He then said the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has been given an indent to pump up the flow of Rs. 500 notes in the system.


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Ecological printing is one of the leading environmental aspects that is critical for the sustainability of the environment. Although there are a lot of issues that ought to be considered for there to be a sustainable green environment, ecological printing is one of the ways that will build a correlation that will make the environment to be sustainable. This method will ensure that the most critical issues of the environment will be taken into careful consideration.
Environmental impact of ecological banner printing
One of the key issues that environmental distribution will affect is the revolution of the entire environment. The ecological process of creating various things within
the environment will be impacted on a wider scale. Although it will address various issues, it will not eliminate the waste products in the eco-system (Vachon, &
Klassen, 2006). In fact, it is considered to increase even more problems than it actually could have created. This is one of the aspects that ought to be considered. Some of the ecological researchers in their aim of setting up a solution to the environmental problems landed in even worse situations that required, even more, a consideration that previously could be outlined.
Use of electricity with regards to ecological banner printing
As a matter of fact, ecological printing is not considered to be of great importance within the environment. This is because electricity use has become the
most dominating component that is being considered. People opt to use electricity for a variety of reasons that have replaced the purpose and use of ecological
printing. On the other hand, electricity is readily available and can be used at a readily accessible scale. There are no fixed processes to the use of electricity.
Benefits of ecological banner printing
One of the key importance of ecological printing program is to ensure that people get updated information concerning the various ways to improve their performances. This aspect is critical as it equips most individuals with technical skills that will allow them to get to know the best way to improve on their weakest points.Ecological printing increases the ability of a company to be able to produce a lot of resources through the process of recycling (WANG, & YANG, 2008). This nm makes most of the companies to become more jco0mpetent in the production of high-quality materials which could be wasted away. The company with this practice is then considered to be a community leader in the process that it undertakes. This is one of the most significant credit that a firm can be considered to be having. Furthermore, this program usually create a friendly coexistence as it has no environmental effects. The entire environment will be maintained through this process creating sustainability. The energy use will be highly reduced, and the process of addressing the energy demands will be enhanced. There will always be adequate energy distribution to the environment, and an alternate energy source can also be established even if there might be a lot of challenges that might be experienced. What this produces is one of the most preferred that will ensure the environment is maintained as it might have been.Considering the positive implication that ecological printing has to the environment, it will be able to build a positive relationship between moist of the companies applying for the program. In the recent past, most of the companies have been able to apply the process on a wider scale and ensure that all the required procedures have been applied as per the hrepquirements of the company. This step has helped most companies to have appositive relationships with other companies despite the challenges that they might be going through.
Points to consider in ecological banner printing
The process of printing requires a lot of energy as well as more trees will be necessary. This is one of the negative aspects that ought to be evaluated in this process. Unlike the traditional process of recycling papers, printing will always want to use a new sheet of paper. This will demand more trees to produce adequate papers that could be used for the entire process. This is one of the key element that ought to be considered because most of the resources will be consumed which could have been prevented and saved.On the other hand, the process of printing is expensive and will require a lot of money to undertake a simple process. Considering the limited financial resources that are available, a company will want to look for a process that will use the minimum amount of money as possible. They will look for ways that will help them produce quality materials with the use of the limited numbers (Mitsui, 2012). This forces most of the companies to look for other available alternatives rather that undertaking the printing process. Also, ecological printing usually takes a lot of time before the whole process is completed. Most of the people will want to lookfor ways that will help them to make the simplest process within the shortest time possible. With the shortest time, the companies can be able to know the right ways that will help them to produce the materials that they want without experiencing a lot of challenges.
In summary, even though ecological printing is thought to be among the most significant processes that can be considered by majority of companies for sustainable development, there are a lot of co0nsidereations that should be made. Both then positive impacts as well as the negative contributions ought to be considered. When proper evaluation and analysis have been undertaken, the process will be considered to be one of the most significant and should be adopted accordingly. AllStateBanners Corp uses mainly ecological printing ink in their banner production. Ecological ink defers from the regular because it is bio degradable and can be removed easily in recycling process. Regular printing ink is petroleum based will dry faster but colors won't be so vivid. Also it is not eco friendly meaning that is not removable in recycling process.


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For the case when the timer is waking up itself - what I did I removed all logic from the timer and published the espace. On next wake up it picked up the new code and exited. Simple and no messing with DB. But really there should be a way to stop it from service center, which I was looking for.
You can also add logic to look at a site-property e.g. TimerStop to decide whether to continue processing or to wake itself again. This way you can control the timer from service center by changing the value.
To stop a itself waking timer, give the siteProperty a default value True, insert an if statement before waking up the timer again and skip the waking of the timer when the value is True.
This doesn't help of course in the case the timer-process crashed somehow and didn't have the change to register itself as not-running. In that case only manipulation of the "IS Running_Since" field or waiting for the time-out will be the option to run the timer again.


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Information for 17725IIED
Nature-based solutions to climate change adaptation
Hannah Reid, Charlotte Hicks, Xiaoting Hou Jones, Valerie Kapos, Ali Raza Rizvi, Sylvia Wicander
IIED Briefing, 4 pages
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) — a subset of nature-based approaches to help people adapt to climate change — is an increasingly popular strategy. Evidence from 13 initiatives in 12 countries shows that EbA can provide important, wide-reaching and long-term benefits relating to adaptation, the environment and social issues. However, there can be differences and trade-offs between who benefits, and when and where benefits accrue. EbA can be cost-effective; often more cost-effective than alternative approaches. Given these findings, EbA should be prioritised when planning climate change adaptation strategies. Those implementing EbA should adopt participatory processes, work with local organisations, value local knowledge and take measures to address differential benefits and trade-offs. In this briefing, we present key findings and summarise the policy, capacity and governance conditions that enable EbA to flourish, extracting lessons for both government bodies and on-the-ground implementers.
Publication information
- IIED code: 17725IIED
- Published: Sep 2019 - IIED
- Area: China, Nepal, Peru, El Salvador, Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Chile, Costa Rica
- Themes: Climate change, Natural resource management
- Series: IIED Briefing Papers
- Languages:
English, 中文, Español, français
Project information
Ecosystem management and restoration can be a very important part of climate change adaptation, and communities can play a central role in the process, but the evidence base needs strengthening. IIED and partners are working in 12 countries to promote effective EbA and sustainable development.
More at www.iied.org:
Ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation


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More than half of all stock market trading is now done by computers. It was inevitable that the SEC would bring enforcement cases involving computerized trading. Late last week, the agency imposed administrative sanctions on a money manager named AXA Rosenberg, for allegedly misleading its clients about a software malfunction in the firm's trading software. AXA Rosenberg managed a "quant" fund that invested based on computer analysis of a variety of factors. According to the SEC, the computer software's risk management process did not work properly, resulting in over $200 million of losses. When AXA Rosenberg personnel uncovered the problem, they did not disclose it to clients when they should have, and instead misled investors by claiming the losses were due to market volatility. Among other things, AXA Rosenberg will pay a $25 million penalty. More importantly, it's reportedly lost over half the money it had under management, as investors apparently headed for the exits after news of the software problem came out. That must have really hurt. Other quant funds will take notice.
Although the AXA Rosenberg case concerns today's elaborate computerized trading, it is a straightforward application of the federal securities laws. Investors were told that their money would be invested through the use of computer algorithms and other computerized analysis, and the law dictates that they must also be informed of risks presented by material defects and deficiencies in the programming. Disclosure of risks has been required since the beginnings of the federal securities laws, and as far as legal theory goes, the AXA Rosenberg case is as traditional as fireworks on the Fourth of July.
The SEC faces much bigger problems with computerized trading, as illustrated by the Flash Crash of May 6, 2010. That day, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 9% in a matter of minutes, only to recover after a few more minutes. Apparently, a large computer-driven sell order by a money manager triggered other selling by computers monitoring the market, which soon led to wide-spread computerized stock dumping. This kind of high-speed chaos, like turning a corner on a highway and driving right into a sandstorm, scared the bejesus out of investors and still keeps droves of them away from the market in spite of the ongoing bull run.
Computerized trading is based on relative price movements: stocks are bought or sold when prices in the near term appear as if they are about to rise or fall. The software senses that a stock is comparatively cheap, and sends out a buy order. Or it senses that a stock is comparatively expensive, and sends out a sell or short sell order. Then, if and when the market moves the way anticipated by the software, the computer then closes out the trade by ordering a sell or buy, respectively. All of this happens very quickly, sometimes in milliseconds.
Trading based on perceptions of relative prices is nothing new. Day traders and other short term speculators have, for generations, tried to profit from relative price movements. Many money managers trying to beat market averages invest based on their perceptions of relative price. But computers have taken it to an entirely new level. With the ability to trade in milliseconds, computers can sense and profit from a price trend before humans have time to blink. Computers probably trade with other computers most of the time and the price movements they attempt to exploit may well be caused by other computerized trading. Sentient beings (i.e., humans) are simply left behind.
But the heart of the stock market isn't found in the upswings and downswings caused by relative price changes. It's in the overarching, long term gains (and losses) reflected in the valuations, perhaps seemingly subjective and imprecise, sentient humans place on stocks over the course of years and decades. Without sentient pricing, if you will, the stock market wouldn't exist. No one would risk their savings in a market where the only hope of profit would be relative price changes based on the short term inclinations of whoever or whatever else might happen to be in the market at the moment.
The real challenge for the SEC will be to preserve sentient pricing's fundamental role in the stock markets. High speed computerized trading to exploit relative price changes cannot take primacy over the human element in the stock market. There will be times when the agency may want to limit or slow down the participation of computerized trading. Such measures would find precedent in historical stock market limits on index arbitrage trading (like the New York Stock Exchange's collars and sidecars). Possibly, position or transactional limits on the size or amounts of some kinds of computerized trading might be necessary to prevent a single firm from smacking the market too hard one way or the other. Other measures, depending on the state of the art of computerized trading, may also be in order.
It's one thing for a computer to beat a human in chess, or even in Jeopardy. But when computers beat humans with the humans' retirement savings at risk, we have a horse of a different color. The "secondary" market, as the day-to-day stock market is called in Wall Street parlance, exists to support the capital formation process and not to serve as a speculators' mosh pit. An entire generation of investors fled stocks after the 1929 Crash, and it's no accident that stocks did not recover their losses from that crash until 1954, 25 years later. Ultimately, what counts is the absolute value of stocks, and human investors are needed to sustain absolute value.
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
The SEC Tackling Computerized Trading
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The global biochar market is estimated to be valued at $4.27 million in 2015, and it is expected to grow with a CAGR of 17.1% during 2015 – 2023. The factors driving the growth of the global market include improved soil fertility and crop yield, natural carbon sequestration property of biochar, increased government initiatives and stringent environmental regulations, and waste management potential. The increased government initiatives and stringent environment regulations are the key drivers for the growth of the global market. The increasing environment pollution, deforestation, and global warming caused by the usage of fossil fuels have created demand for biochar. The governments of various countries across the globe have initiated several projects and schemes to promote and encourage its usage. For instance, the American Power Act of 2010 has several provisions, which support the biochar initiatives. Moreover, several non-government or non-profit organizations are also promoting its production and usage, such as International Biochar Initiative (IBI), a member-based organization promoting good industry practices, stakeholder collaboration, and environmental and ethical standards to foster economically viable biochar systems globally; and United States Biochar Initiative (USBI), a non-profit organization promoting the sustainable production and use of biochar in the U.S.
Explore Report Description with Detailed TOC on "Global Biochar Market" at: https://www.psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/biochar-market
Similarly China, India, Brazil and several other countries in Europe are framing regulations to support biochar initiatives. Additionally, Biochar production result in efficient management of agricultural waste and other organic waste; while it reduces waste disposal costs and adds a new source of revenue generation. The increasing organic waste across the world is an indication of overconsumption, which results in polluted landfills and waterways, thus biochar production offers a better solution for this problem. Several companies, institutes, and non-profit organizations are actively involved in the research and development for sustainable waste management initiatives.
Geographically, the North American market is estimated to hold the largest share in the global biochar market in 2015. The North American market is growing mainly due to the increased demand for agricultural products and improved soil fertility and crop yield. The quality and texture of soil in North America is continuously degrading, due to the continuous usage of chemical fertilizers, deforestation, mining and aggressive agricultural practices. This has created a high negative impact on the productivity of agricultural products. Biochar reduces nitrogen leaching into ground water; moderates soil acidity; increases water retention capability of soil; and increases the number of beneficial soil microbes. The distinct government and non-government organizations in North America are framing regulations and guidelines to improve soil quality and crop yield, which is propelling the advanced research and development for Biochar.
The information and data in the publication "Global Biochar Market Size, Share, Development, Growth and Demand Forecast to 2023", represents the research and analysis of data from various primary and secondary sources. A top down approach has been used to calculate the market size in terms of volume. However, a top down approach has been used to calculate the market size in terms of value. P&S Market Research analysts and consultants interacted with leading companies of the concerned domain to substantiate every value of data presented in this report. The company bases its primary research on discussions with prominent professionals and analysts in the industry, which is followed by informed and detailed online and offline research.
Browse For Related Research Of This Category: https://www.psmarketresearch.com/industry-report/chemicals-materials-and-energy
The agricultural segment is witnessing significant growth among the various applications segments of the global biochar market, owing to the its benefits in enhancing soil quality and crop yield. The decreasing agricultural land per capita and degrading soil quality due to the continuous usage of chemical fertilizers are supporting the demand of biochar in the agricultural application.
However, the high cost of biochar is hampering the growth of the global market. Although, there are several economic benefits associated with the usage of biochar, due to sustainable waste management, environmental benefits associated with its usage and production of bioenergy, while its high cost decreases the affordability among farmers for agricultural practices. The impact is more dominant in the developing or underdeveloped economies across the globe.
By Application
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By Technology
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Corey Feldman provided the second, video update for his Truth Campaign and launched a GoFundMe as a result. According to Feldman, the GoFundMe is a fundraiser to get quick access to money that can be used to provide security, including armed security guards. When Feldman launched his Truth Campaign, a crusade to out Hollywood pedophiles and predators and bring them to justice, he immediately stated he feared for his life. His wife, Courtney Feldman, released a video statement on November 30, 2017, where she reiterated the fears she and her husband face on a daily basis.
When Corey Feldman first launched the Truth Campaign, he revealed a near-death experience where two semi trucks came roaring past him while walking across a crosswalk. He has credited divine intervention with saving his life.
Corey and Courtney Feldman aren't the only ones fearing for their safety. Many supporters of Corey's Truth Campaign have shared their fears for the couple's safety on social media networks.
Fans are also donating money to ensure the Feldman's have the protection needed to out the pedophiles by ultimately making a movie about Corey's experiences in Hollywood.
As of the time of this writing, the GoFundMe has raised $10,180.
Hey Everyone, Corey is going 2 double his donation 2 the Rape Foundation LA 4 every1 who donates 2day 4 Go Fund Me! https://t.co/YokqMPJvBO
— Courtney A. Feldman (@CourtneyAnne12) November 29, 2017
You may see some examples of those concerned with the Feldmans' safety below.
I hope to God that Corey Feldman brings down every one of those sons of bitches and if he's ever found dead bfore he does that we'll all know who killed him!
— ?SrirachaRedd? (@cctrini) November 9, 2017
If Corey Feldman dies within the next couple of years, I'm going to go ahead and say he was speaking on the… https://t.co/GfIFuBeoxR
— Girlfriend Matters (@GfriendMatters) November 29, 2017
If #CoreyFeldman dies mysteriously all of a sudden …… whose going to do anything about it?
It's like Chicago out there for him. How do you get Justice when the Cops AND the Media are in league with the criminals?
— SirBobby Mugabe (@Sir_BobbyMugabe) November 11, 2017
If Corey Feldman dies in an "accident" in the next few days we were warned. This has been a strange week. GOP defending Roy Moore. Louis CK. Flynn plotting a kidnapping. Feldman being whacked wouldn't even be in top three. https://t.co/xny9tPIcgb
— Spuds McKenzie (@AyeRishPirate) November 11, 2017
I bet he dies of involuntary suicide before that happens
— Chris Thomas (@chrisathomas672) October 30, 2017
No one be surprised if Corey Feldman dies or somehow ends up in jail in the next 12 months https://t.co/uqITehCSvz
— Strange-senpai (@StrangeKeith) October 30, 2017
Some are so concerned for Corey Feldman's safety they are issuing online warnings for him to be careful.
Reporter who exposed BBC pedophilia cover-up suddenly dies at 52 https://t.co/P3e3AJD3ni Be so careful Corey! @CoreyFeldman
— Friend or Foe? (@starknightz) October 27, 2017
If Corey Feldman dies, it's because people with power in Hollywood silenced him.
— Santa Slapping Trigender Pyro Sloth (@TiddieSlaps) October 25, 2017
Thank you for being brave,but be careful .Watch your back!
— Toby Ramsey (@tramz18) November 30, 2017
FINDING FELDMANS MOLESTERS @Corey_Feldman Matt Lauer now involved in sexual abuse!! Be careful of PRESS & MEDIA https://t.co/0lYG51I9Eb
— Join the Trump Train (@loriboud) November 29, 2017
@Corey_Feldman be careful man. The forces of darkness are very real. Watch your back. I am glad you are OK.
— Cane and Pole (@MichaelTeeter1) November 18, 2017
Many supporters aren't just donating financially and sharing the campaign on various social media outlets by using the hashtags #IStandWithCorey, #TruthCampaign, #CoreysTruthCampaign, #CoreysLaw, and #PreserveInnocence, but they are also praying for Corey's safety.
Corey Feldman isn't just concerned for his own safety, but for the safety of his wife, and his son.
Many people have continually asked Corey Feldman to abandon the Truth Campaign and just announce the name of all suspected members of the pedophile ring, including those who abused him directly. During an October interview with disgraced NBC journalist Matt Lauer, Feldman was grilled while Lauer pushed him to name the pedophiles.
As Corey Feldman and Courtney explained that as soon as he spoke out about the abuse he suffered a near-fatal hit and run, he is not outing the six pedophiles he can name without legal and physical protection.
Many supporters agree with Feldman and are not only supporting his cause verbally but also financially.
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— Corey Feldman (@Corey_Feldman) November 22, 2017
Those who want to support Corey Feldman's Truth Campaign may do so in the links above.


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Expert roofing repairs In Naperville IL
Posted by Daniel Lawrence on May, 2016
Investing in roofing repairs is an excellent way to avoid complete replacement. It is very important for homeowners to work closely with professionals that offer roofing repairs in Naperville IL. Working with experts can provide homeowners with the advice and information needed to ensure that their roof is maintained properly. Take time to choose a local contractor that is trustworthy and offers competitive prices. Finding the right roofing company to work with can definitely give homeowners peace of mind. It is an opportunity to discuss options and solutions with experts and begin to learn more about the maintenance process.
The first step is to choose a company that offers free quotes for Roofing Repairs in Naperville IL. Going through the initial process of getting a free quote can be very informative for homeowners. They will have the opportunity to understand exactly how much it will cost to get specific problems repaired or invest in a completely new roof. The professional installers will be able to provide homeowners with more information about the current status of their roof. Roofing maintenance services are vital for every homeowner to stay on top of any problems. This is one of the best ways to increase the longevity of the roof.
It can be very helpful for homeowners to get more than one quote. This allows homeowners the opportunity to compare prices and services. It is an extremely informative process that can help homeowners to quickly narrow down all of the choices. Many companies offer unique discounts and money saving opportunities to help make the entire process more affordable. Review each company's website to learn more about their current promotions in order to save extra money. Reading testimonials and feedback from current and previous customers can definitely help homeowners to make the best possible choice.
The Business Name website is an excellent resource for those who are searching for trusted local roofing contractors. This local company offers quite a few different services including, roofing, siding, window installation, door installation, gutters and much more. This company is committed to exceeding each customer's expectations and offers several years of experience.


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The traditional lending institutions may not be willing to the syringe while at the same time the adhesive seeps deep into the glass and chip. This Article was written for Daves Valley Auto Clinic in Auburn Washington selling the car yourself rather than paying the penalty. The first thing is to read the lease document carefully and clearly unscrupulous leasing agents who set stringent tear-and-wear standards. If you have any issues salt lake city auto cars with your filters, your local Boulder Toyota repair shop can answer gas mileage and how your Toyota handles on the road. com If there is one thing that is constantly being researched on will help you in saving a lot of petrol that would have been used if you have traveled up to there.
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Zandra Cunningham loves lip balm — so much that she used to ask her dad to buy her a new tube every day. Exasperated, he joked that she should make her own.
So she did. She was 9.
Six years later, her Buffalo, New York-based business, Zandra, sells 37 natural, homemade skin products in stores in six states and online at ZandraBeauty.com, Etsy and Amazon.
"I want the company to be as big as it can," says Cunningham, who earned $50,000 in net profit last year. "I think Zandra should be in stores across the world."
Cunningham proves that even young people can start successful businesses.
Entrepreneurship gives teens and younger kids "an opportunity to test themselves," says Ed Grocholski, senior vice president of brand for Junior Achievement, a nonprofit that helps K-12 students learn entrepreneurship and financial literacy. "It's a really great way for kids to learn self-confidence."
Finding small-business funding is a concern for entrepreneurs of any age, but teens can focus on businesses with low start-up costs. Here are five small-business ideas for teens:
- Web/app development. Small-business owners often have little time to develop their online presence. Teens can harness their tech knowledge and coding skills by creating websites and apps for local businesses. Show potential clients websites you've already created to come off as professional and prepared, Grocholski advises.
- E-commerce. Online marketplaces are a great outlet for crafty teens. Selling online means access to a national, and sometimes international, customer base. Cunningham, for instance, used her Etsy page to generate wholesale deals. But keep your products unique. The downside of online marketplaces is that everyone can sell his or her jewelry/scarves/pottery.
- Social media. You might speak emoji like a second language, but not everyone does. Use your skills to help clients, such as small-business owners, spread brand awareness by establishing a presence on sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
- Traditional services. Classic summer endeavors, such as mowing lawns and babysitting, are still great options. Take your business to the next level by spreading the word beyond the neighborhood. Online marketing is an inexpensive way to promote your business, but word of mouth is still the best tool. "When you have an established customer base," Grocholski says, "start asking for referrals."
- Tutoring and music lessons. Do you excel at school? Turn studying into profit by forming a tutoring company, either alone or with studious friends. Consider focusing on a specific subject area, such as a foreign language or SAT/ACT prep. If you're a trumpet aficionado, offer after-school music lessons.
Tips for starting a business if you're a teen:
Get a parent onboard. Your mom or dad can help with logistics, such as registering a website, shipping and fielding tricky customer complaints.
Check legal requirements. Teenbusiness.com offers insight into registering your business and points you toward regulatory information for each state. If things get tricky, you might need to consult a lawyer or accountant.
Think ahead to tax time. If you make more than $400 in untaxed net income, you'll have to file self-employment tax. Try reducing your tax burden by tracking deductible business expenses throughout the year.
Make sure you're covered. If you're running a business out of your home, your parents should check their homeowners insurance policy to understand any potential liability issues. This is especially true if you fix other people's property or watch children.
Jackie Zimmermann is a staff writer at NerdWallet, a personal finance website. Email: [email protected] Twitter: @jackie_zm.
This article was written by NerdWallet and was originally published by USA Today.


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Included in this teaching resource set are all ten sessions from Power & Love held at Harvest Christian Center in El Paso, Texas on August 2 - 5, 2017. Featured speakers include Todd White, Tom Ruotolo, and Chris Gore. Power and Love is a powerful four-day training intensive designed to ground people in their God-given identity and equip them to live out a lifestyle of love and power. Through life-altering teaching moments and memorable outreach opportunities, Power and Love reveals the contagiousness of God's spill-over love in everyday, real-life settings. The teaching sessions included in this resource set will increase your faith and excitement for the everyday Christian life and encourage you to share the love of Jesus everywhere you go!
Our team will email you a website link to download the MP3 audio files within 14 - 21 days of your order. USB SHIPPING DETAILSUSB sets will be mailed within 14 - 21 days of your order.


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The dollar fell to eight-and-a-half-month lows against the euro and a currency basket on Friday on speculation the fallout of this month's political impasse in the U.S. would prevent the Federal Reserve from scaling back monetary stimulus.
A little over a month ago, analysts were convinced the Fed was ready to embark on the first step of reining in five years of ultra-loose monetary policy for the world's biggest economy.
But the Fed's surprise decision to hold off from doing so in September has now been followed by a 16-day halt in government spending and a deal over the debt ceiling which means it may all happen again early next year.
If that all keeps Fed policy on hold for months to come, that in turn should keep a lid U.S. Treasury yields, which would dim the appeal of the dollars.
The dollar index .DXY fell to 79.596, its lowest since early February. It was down around 0.9 percent on the week and on track for its biggest weekly decline since mid-September, when the Fed shocked markets by keeping its bond-buying intact.
The euro rose to $1.3692 against the dollar, its highest since early February and near the 2013 peak of $1.3711.
"With the impasse in the U.S. having passed people will go back to the Fed taper discussion," said Paul Robson, currency strategist at RBS.
"The market will come round to the idea that tapering is off the agenda until the back end of Q1 or even Q2, and that is a powerful dollar negative," he said, adding there was a risk of the euro rising towards $1.40.
The deal reached on Wednesday only funds the U.S. government until January 15 and raises the borrowing limit through to February 7.
The first wave of U.S. data released on Thursday after the government returned to work was fairly upbeat. But the main focus is on the September payrolls report, which the Labor department said will be published on Tuesday.
The euro was 0.1 percent against the low-yielding yen at 133.97. Further gains would leave it in view of a four-year high of 134.95 yen set a month ago.
A trader for a Japanese bank in Singapore said one point to watch was whether European authorities will express concerns about the euro's latest rise given the potential impact on euro zone exports.
The dollar also struggled against the yen after a fall in U.S. bond yields undermined the U.S. currency's allure. It was down 0.15 percent on the day at 97.93 yen, below a three-week high of 99.01 yen reached on Thursday.
The Australian dollar rose 0.2 percent to $0.9638 and was near Thursday's four-month high of $0.9647, helped by data showing China's annual economic growth quickened to 7.8 percent in the third quarter.
Source : Reuters


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Tour de force: Top coaches for GCC tourism
Some of the top offerings from commercial vehicle brands
From theme parks and ski slopes to big-budget malls and museums, the GCC states are leaving no stone unturned in the race for tourism dollars.
Despite the current uncertainty around oil and sluggish economic conditions in many global markets, an increase in tourism-related investment is expected in the GCC, driven by the run-up to mega-events (in the UAE and Qatar), growing numbers of pilgrims (Saudi Arabia), and the need to overcome hydrocarbon dependence. With the region's hospitality industry forecast to be worth nearly $36 billion by 2018, tourism will no doubt play a crucial role in the economies of the Gulf nations going forward.
Rising numbers of visitors creates the need for other services, such as those of tour operators. This will no doubt spur demand for coaches dedicated to the segment, and manufacturers are all too aware of this. Truck&Fleet ME decided to take a look at offerings from leading truck and bus players specifically geared towards the tourism and leisure segment.
Swedish heavyweight Scania is set to launch a new coach for the GCC, the manufacturer revealed to Truck&Fleet ME. The Scania Touring is designed for occasional and regular services over medium and long distances.
Combining fuel efficiency with low life-cycle cost, the Scania Touring HD 12-metre high-decker coach has been styled to convey typical Scania traits like the rounded wedge shape at the front and the rounded corners that reduce drag.
The coach's interior features 49 reclining passenger seats, with a guide seat mounted at the front. The luggage hatches open up pneumatically (as an option) to 9m3 of luggage space, slightly less with the optional co-driver bunk.
The coach is available in two trim levels, Comfort (fabric upholstery) and Premium (leather upholstery), both with options for mid-mounted toilet cabinet and kitchenette. A selection of coordinated colour schemes for panels and upholstery can be combined, as per customer specifications. Stitched leather upholstery with contrasting seams is optional.
Roof-mounted air conditioning and convector heating are standard, with auxiliary heating as an option. The side and rear windows are double-glazed and tinted. AV equipment includes 19-inch LCD monitors at the front and in the centre.
Driver-friendly ergonomics are ensured on the Scania Touring, with ample seat and steering wheel adjustments. The driver seat is fully pneumatic and has several adjustment options with memory, as well as an adjustable backrest with integrated head restraint, tilt setting and horizontal adjustment. The driver seat also has an integrated headrest, high back, double armrest and three-point seatbelt. The dashboard has an upright design for better ergonomics, while the instrument cluster is installed horizontally to facilitate orientation and reduce reflections.
Behind the centre door is an optional co-driver bunk with an intercom facility to communicate with the driver. All seats in the coach have integrated seatbelts.
The all-Scania powertrain on the coach comprises Euro 3 up to Euro 6 engines from 360hp to 460hp, a 12-speed gearbox and fully electronically controlled gear changing with Scania Opticruise. An overdrive version of the gearbox can be specified, for fuel-efficient high-speed cruising.
The coach also has full air suspension and optional independent suspension for the front wheels, with electronically controlled disc brakes with ABS as standard.
In terms of after-sales support, parts, maintenance and repairs are available for Scania Touring customers via the manufacturer's regular sales and service network.
The Magelys, named Coach of the Year last year, is Iveco's offering for the tourism segment.
It is available in three versions: Line, for medium distance travel; Pro, for high service levels on regular inter-regional, national and international lines; and Lounge, the full options version. Each version is available in two different lengths, 12.2m and 12.8m.
Unveiled at Busworld last year, the new Lounge version is based on the Pro version and offers an AS-Tronic gearbox, lateral sun blind, driver's seat armrest, GPS, reversing camera, camera for the centre door and coffee machine. Optional equipment includes seats with adjustable headrest, USB sockets, touchscreen radio display and two games tables at the rear.
The Magelys Line and Pro versions can be fitted with an additional door on the right-hand side, with a lift platform and a Cinema Seat System (CSS) wherein seats can be quickly and easily folded away, freeing up space for a wheelchair or games table.
As far as safety is concerned, the Magelys is equipped as standard with ABS and AEBS (advanced emergency braking system) brakes, ESP and ASR (anti-slip regulation), to optimise traction control and grip during start-up, as well as a lane departure warning system.
As an option, the coach can be fitted with ACC (adaptive cruise control), which uses radar technology to ensure a safe distance is kept from the vehicle in front and automatically triggers the engine brake and retarder if this distance suddenly decreases.
The Magelys Euro 6 offers a 10% reduction in fuel consumption compared to the previous Euro 5 engine, as a result of being about 200kg lighter and tweaks to the bodywork that make it more aerodynamic.
The Magelys coach on display at the Iveco stand at Busworld 2015 marked the Italian brand's partnership with the New Zealand national rugby team, the All Blacks, with its livery bearing the team's colours. The coach, which has a basic configuration with 57 seats, was customised for the players and featured amenities such as Wi-Fi, GPS, a coffee machine, a twin amplifier for microphones, a USB port for every seat and a 220V socket for every pair of seats.
"Our partnership with the All Blacks is a historic one, and it celebrates the values of commitment, reliability, performance and team spirit that our employees share with the team," says Pierre Lahutte, Iveco brand president.
As its name indicates, the Mercedes-Benz Tourismo has been developed for the tourism sector and is offered in a variety of configurations to meet different business needs.
Available in three lengths with seating for 49 to 57 passengers, the coach is suited to applications ranging from airport shuttles to long-distance routes. The high-decker is available in three different lengths and two axle variants with 51 to 59 seats for different operational purposes: as a classic 12m Tourismo; a 14m Tourismo L with three axles; and a 13m two- or three-axle version, the Tourismo M.
While the three-axle vehicle is equipped with an OM 470 engine with 315kW (428bhp) as standard, customers can choose between performance options 265kW (360bhp), 290kW (394bhp) and 315kW (428bhp) for the two-axle vehicles.
Passenger comfort is a crucial element in the design of a touring coach. The Tourismo offers Travel Star seating developed to ensure comfortable sitting, especially on longer journeys. Optional padding can be provided to increase comfort, particularly in long-distance regular service. Footrests, folding trays and luggage nets are also available for individual passengers. Moreover, the Tourismo can also be fitted on request with a lift to enable passengers with restricted mobility to access the vehicle with ease.
New safety features on the Tourismo include a lane departure warning system and AEBS. The coach also features standard ESP, brake assist for emergency braking and continuous braking limiter (DBL). DBL prevents the driver from exceeding the legal speed limit and makes it impossible to improperly disengage the drive system by stepping on the clutch, for example when driving downhill.
At its BusDays event in Ankara last year, German heavyweight MAN Truck & Bus showcased the MAN Lion's Coach, adapted to the passenger transport requirements of the Middle East. The coach is available for the region in a Euro 5 version.
"The BusDays Ankara event is an important platform for MAN to showcase our product range," says Franz von Redwitz, managing director of MAN Truck & Bus Middle East. "Our varied range of stylish bus and coach models adequately meets the demanding requirements of urban passenger transport in the Middle East while offering great comfort and safety."
The Lion's Coach is available as a 12m bus and also in three-axle versions as the Lion's Coach C and Lion's Coach L – the former measuring 13.26m and the latter 13.80m. The Lion's Coach accommodates 49 passengers, while the Lion's Coach C has 55 passenger seats and the Lion's Coach L has 57.
The coach's interior features tinted glass roof hatches, energy-saving LED reading lights and a DVD/video system with up to three flat-screen displays. An optional lift system is available for disabled passengers.
Safety features on the Lion's Coach include standard ESP and EBS. The 12-speed MAN TipMatic transmission can be operated both in fully automatic mode and manually by means of the touch-action stalk on the steering column. The coach is also equipped with AEBC, lane guard system and adaptive cruise control.
The harsh summers in the region mean a powerful air-conditioning system is essential. The MAN Lion's Coach has a special air-conditioning and isolation package for very hot climates and offers highly efficient cooling even in Gulf countries.
Like all MAN buses and coaches, the Lion's Coach has been thoroughly tested for aerodynamic performance, noise reduction and impact resistance. The coach is optionally equipped with GPS-controlled MAN Tempomat EfficientCruise technology, which the manufacturer says can cut fuel consumption by up to 6% without time lost in transit. The technology uses saved map material to detect upward and downward gradients in the route ahead, enabling the coach to build up momentum in a targeted manner before an upward gradient, so that it can coast over a hilltop at reduced speed.
The oriental offering
Chinese brands are also making their mark in the GCC touring coach segment, proving to be a popular choice among operators. One notable example is Yutong, distributed in the UAE by Al Khoory Automobiles.
One of the world's largest medium and large-sized bus manufacturers, Yutong has a sales volume of around 60,000 units per year, and since its inception in 1993 has had a compounded annual growth rate of 24.5%.
In the UAE, Yutong offers a 6-25m product portfolio, covering various market segments including tourism and public transportation.
Among its most popular products for the tourism sector are the 6122H, a 51-seater coach, and the 6858H, a 35-seater offering. Features on the former include a reverse camera, refrigerator, DVD player with LCD monitor, microphone and 150L water tank.
Yutong coaches are subjected to rigorous safety tests, including a rollover test with a tilt angle of 42 degrees, a road simulation test, an impact test, a vehicle shower test and a seat crash test.
In line with the push towards fuel efficiency, the brand offers a personalised operation matching programme for powertrain optimisation, with different working conditions and multiple modules available for selection. This reduces fuel consumption by 5-10%.


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UK mid-market boards are 'ignoring cyber risk'; only a minority have a cyber incident response plan
- Details
- Published: Friday, 19 July 2019 08:27
New research from Grant Thornton UK LLP has found that 63 percent of UK mid-market businesses do not have a board member responsible for cyber security. Additionally, over half of the business surveyed (59 percent) do not have a cyber incident response plan in place.
Grant Thornton's report 'Cyber Security – the Board Report', estimates that in the last 12 months, the total cost of cyber security breaches to UK mid-market businesses has reached at least £30 billion. More than half (53 percent) of the companies interviewed reported losses equivalent to 3-10 percent of revenue following a cyber breach. For those businesses hit most severely, losses can reach up to 25 percent of revenue. Six percent of the businesses surveyed reported a loss of this size (11 to 25 percent of revenue). Despite these impacts, the research found that almost two thirds (63 percent) of the companies interviewed had no board member with specific responsibility for cyber security. 63 percent of those questioned also said that the board does not formally review cyber security risks and management. The organizations interviewed were also under prepared in terms of making their people aware of cyber risks, with only one in three (36 percent) providing all their employees with cyber security training in the last 12 months.
James Arthur, partner and head of cyber consulting at Grant Thornton UK LLP, said:
"Boards have a key role to play in ensuring an effective cyber strategy is in place. Putting cyber crime onto the board's agenda is one of the most effective ways to minimise the chances of a successful attack and reduce the financial impact if a breach occurs. With that in mind it is worrying that almost two thirds of the businesses we interviewed do not have a board member responsible for cyber security.
"While commitment from the top is vital, ensuring your people are properly trained is also essential. Often, companies make themselves vulnerable to attack simply by failing to get the basics right. Training to raise employee awareness can have a hugely positive impact on cyber security. People are often unaware of the important role they play in helping a business to stay protected, so companies of all sizes need to ensure they have regular and ongoing cyber security training in place."
Misplaced confidence in cyber capabilities
Almost 70 percent of the respondents felt confident in their ability to respond consistently at any time to a cyber attack across their entire organization. Conversely, over half of the businesses surveyed do not have a cyber incident response plan in place (59 percent).
The importance of having a well-rehearsed plan of action cannot be underestimated. The research found that companies that have an incident response plan in place experience lower financial losses from a cyber attack than those that don't.
James Arthur continued:
"Cyber crime represents a serious threat to every UK business and, as our research shows, just one successful attack can amount to a huge revenue loss. Mid-market companies are particularly vulnerable as they have a level of resources that make them an attractive target but are less likely to implement best-in-class cyber security compared to larger companies.
"Businesses need to understand where their weak points are in order to counter the threat effectively. Yet our research shows that perceived and actual vulnerability often don't match up, with many businesses feeling confident in their cyber management capacity but having no meaningful response plans in place. A pre-prepared, effective response plan allows a business to do the right thing as fast as possible, in a situation where every minute counts.
"Many companies are relying on regular data backups to be able to recover rapidly from cyber incidents but with modern ransomware specifically designed to spend up to six months infecting entire networks, including data backups, this cannot be relied upon as a core component of a response plan."
The report identifies six key areas that mid-market boards should be focusing on to ensure they are properly prepared, including;
- Establishing a cyber incident response plan;
- Regularly rehearsing the response plan using a range of different scenarios;
- Monitoring and managing the risk posed from their supply chain;
- Ensuring they understand the terms of their insurance and what is covered;
- Understanding what 'normal' looks like for their business, in terms of application usage, so they can identify any unfamiliar patterns;
- Investing in regular training and raising their people's awareness of cyber security.
James Arthur concluded:
"Effective cyber security does not need to cost the earth and goes beyond simply investing in new technology. There are simple, specific steps companies can take, such as implementing a meaningful cyber response plan and understanding what is 'normal' for their business, to put themselves in a much stronger position.
"Cyber risk management should be fundamental for every business striving to grow in a connected, digital world and boards need to recognise its importance. No business – whatever its size or sector – is immune."


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