text:
Morse telegraph
Guglielmo Marconi
Nikola Tesla
Edwin Armstrong, pioneer radio inventor
Marconi radio operator David Sarnoff monitors Titanic disaster
Sarnoff as chairman of RCA
The cast of One Man's Family, one of Radio's most successful serials.
War in Europe unfolds and a new breed of reporter, pioneered by the likes of Edward R. Murrow, carries war news to the folks back home
Forced to compete with the new medium of Television, Radio fights for its existence with new post-war era variety and drama programs. Above, singer Dinah Shore reached popularity during this period.
Pre-1900 - The Theory and Foundation
1600 William Gilbert suggests a link between static electricity and magnetism.
· Heinrich Hertz 1857-1894 proves Maxwell's theory that electricity can travel through space in waves. He went on to show that these waves shared the same physical properties as light.
· Hertz was born in Hamburg, Germany and attended the University of Berlin. In 1883 he became an instructor at Kiel University - where he first studied the work of Maxwell.
· Maxwell had theorized that electric fields in the form of waves propagated at the speed of light rather than instantaneously. To prove this, Hertz conducted a series of experiments between 1886 and 1889 involving measuring the strength of oscillations at differing points along a sheet of zinc. These experiments confirmed the existence of waves, and that these waves acted identical to light in regards to refraction and polarization. In short, Hertz had proven the theory of Maxwell that light itself was a form of electromagnetic radiation.
1894 Guglielmo Marconi 1874-1937
· Nikola Tesla introduces the use of a rotary gap for his spark transmitter .
· Marconi takes out patents in England for 'wireless telegraphy'.
· The Marconi Company is formed in England.
· Nathan B. Stubblefield reportedly transmits voice messages by wireless.
· Marconi sends radio messages across the English Channel.
· Marconi arrives in New York with his wireless equipment to issue radio reports on a yacht race.
1900-1909 - Early Experiments
· Other predictions by Tesla included radar in 1917, and radio services of pictures, time, and weather information in 1900.
· Reginald Fessenden theorizes that an alternator, as developed by Tesla, could generate an electromagnetic wave able to carry voice and music. He uses a spark generator to send the human voice the distance of about one mile.
· Canadian Marconi Stations constructed
· Marconi's antenna farm at Poldhu, England is constructed.
· Karl Ferdinand Braun introduces the use of a crystal detector as part of a wireless receiver.
· The magnetic detector is invented by Marconi.
· Fessenden forms the National Electric Signaling Company.
· The DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company is formed.
The Fleming Valve
· Fleming serves as a scientific consultant to the Marconi company, and designs many pieces of early wireless apparatus. He is charged to develop a new detector for wireless signals.
1900-1909 - Early Experiments
· Fessenden, a Canadian born in East Bolton, Quebec worked as a tester and Chemist in the Edison Machine works of New York, and later at Edison's laboratory in New Jersey. Among his patents were the electrolytic detector - far more sensitive than other early methods of detection, and the process of 'heterodyning' a signal - mixing it with another frequency to create a 'sum' and 'difference' of the original frequency.
· Personally, he is said to have been a bit arrogant - using phrases such as 'Don't try to think - you haven't the brain for it'. He obtained over 500 patents in his lifetime, many for advances in the art of radio.
Lee DeForest 1873-1961
· In the early years of radio he installed many wireless transmitting stations, and his became one of the most famous of the early companies. His business sense however, was lacking, and he was taken advantage of by several associates.
· He concentrated his efforts on moving pictures in the 1920's - claiming the field of radio was getting too crowded. Later years found him suing other inventors - notably Howard Armstrong - for patent infringement.
· Lee DeForest patents the "Audion" as a "new receiver for wireless telegraphy." He added a 'Grid' to the Fleming Valve, creating the 'Triode'.
· The worlds first Trans-Atlantic commercial wireless service is established by Marconi with stations at Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.
· Charles 'Doc' Herrold begins a regular schedule of broadcasts from his "Herrold College of Wireless and Engineering" at San Jose, CA.
· S.S. Republic sinks after a collision. All but two lives are saved with the help of wireless.
1910-1919 - Technical Advances
Armstrong Edwin Armstrong 1890-1954
· Born in New York City, Armstrong graduated from Columbia University in 1913, and received his first patent for his regenerative receiver in 1914.
· Without a doubt, Edwin Armstrong did more to advance the art of radio than any other inventor. Every radio and television receiver uses Armstrong's inventions. His list of patents and inventions includes regeneration, the superheterodyne receiver, and wide-band FM. During war time, Armstrong freely gave use of his patents to the military. From 1931 his efforts went into developing and promoting FM, and defending his inventions against suits by DeForest. Many years later almost every suit was decided in favor of Armstrong.
· Armstrong committed suicide in 1954.
· "Edwin Armstrong found the radio telephone talking like a hair-lipped man and left it singing like a nightingale."
· The ocean liner, "Titanic" hits an iceberg and sinks. The wireless distress call was heard 58 miles away by the liner "Carpathia". Those who made it into lifeboats were rescued 3 1/2 hours later. There were 705 lives saved.
· Congress passes the Radio Act of 1912 to prevent amateur radio operators from interfering with government stations.
· John H. Hammond, Jr. develops equipment to remotely control vessels by radio up to three miles away. Later, many of his patents were sold to the U.S. military for use in radio guidance in weapons delivery systems.
· There is no doubt that Sarnoff was a driven man, and he was a great figure in the growth of broadcasting. Sarnoff became the general manager of RCA in 1921, and quickly became its vice-president. He saw the company through the rise of radio broadcasting, supervised the creation of the first network (NBC) and the move into television. During World War II he was a communications consultant, and for his service was named as a Brigadier General.
· reportedly proposes 'radio music boxes' for the home as a potential business opportunity... and was ignored.
· Wireless is used by the New York city police department.
· Wireless telegraphy is made compulsory on all British vessels over 3,000 tons. ....25 minutes of scratching on a crystal with the cats-whisker to hear a station 50 miles away....Success!
· Amateur radio experimenters pull down their antennas and pack away their equipment by government order.
· 5700 ships are now equipped with wireless telegraphy worldwide.
· Owen D. Young starts the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) - an offshoot of General Electric. Within the year he has an agreement with GE, RCA, and AT&T for sharing all radio patents between themselves.
· Dr. Frank Conrad , a Westinghouse engineer, broadcasts a regular schedule of records from his garage in Pittsburgh, and begins to take requests from the avalanche of mail he receives. A local department store mentions those broadcasts in one of their newspaper advertisements, and promptly sells out of its radio equipment. Westinghouse takes notice, and begins to see the possibilities for broadcasting.
1920-1929 - Early Broadcasting
· Westinghouse builds a 100 watt radio station in a little shack atop its nine story factory in Pittsburgh... KDKA. November 2, 1920, Frank Conrad and Donald Little broadcast election returns from 8:00PM till after Midnight- an event that is credited with starting a rush to build stations, and purchase receivers.
· The first commercial radio stations with regularly scheduled broadcasts were heard in 1920. WWJ (Detroit) (then known as "8MK") went on-air in August. KDKA (Pittsburgh) went on-air in November with the results of the 1920 Harding - Cox Presidential election. [Some sources claim KQW in San Jose, California deserves the title of "First Commercial Station" because of its broadcasting in 1912.]
· By late in the year, radio is being acclaimed as the newest form of entertainment for the home.
· The 'C' battery is introduced to provide bias voltage. This helps the 'B' battery last longer by reducing the amount of plate current needed on tubes.
· Radio experimenters spent over 2 Million dollars for radio parts in 1920.
· Station WJC (soon to become WABC) in Newark, NJ broadcasts regular bedtime stories.
· Station 9JR broadcasts grain quotations to grain elevator operators using a $5 Sears-Roebuck broadcasting set and a 10 watt transmitter.
· David Sarnoff is named General Manager of RCA.
· The Dempsey-Carpenter fight is broadcast on WJY. This fight is broadcast to an audience estimated at 300,000. At nearly the same time as the fight ended, the transmitter overloaded - and was described later as a 'molten mass'. (Dempsey knocked out Carpenter in the Fourth round)
· Westinghouse joins in the agreement with RCA, GE and AT&T. They share a pool of over 2000 radio patents.
· There are 5 broadcasting stations on the air in December of 1921.
· WJZ broadcasts a Baseball World series game, pitch by pitch, getting the information by telephone.
· President Woodrow Wilson used the radio during the latter part of his tenure (1913 - 1921).
· In September of 1922 there are 537 stations broadcasting.
· Approx. 100,000 radio sets are produced this year. Radio prices begin to fall, as competition to market radio's grows.
· WEAF (Owned by AT&T) in Albany, New York is the first to offer air time to advertisers. $9/30 seconds. It was August 28th, at 5:15 PM - an infomercial on the Hawthorne apartment complex in Queens.
· Edwin Armstrong invents the 'Super-Regenerative' receiver.
· The Marconi Company starts '2LO' in London - Britain's first broadcasting station.
· National political conventions were heard on a nationwide network during the 1922 nomination season.
· Ever-Ready hour is the first business sponsored program
· First Radio Broadcast of a World Series
· US President Harding has a radio installed at the White House.
· The first Network broadcast was made, as WEAF, WJAR and WMAF are linked by phone.
· New radios became obsolete in 3 to 6 months time.
· Approx. 500,000 radio sets are produced this year.
· Edwin Armstrong invents the first 'Portable' radio. A wedding gift to his wife.
· The National Barn Dance first heard on WLS (Chicago). The show was broadcast between 4/19/24 and 4/30/60 (and only 14 recorded shows remain)
· The present A.M. band is assigned. It spans 550 - 1550 kilocycles.
· Over 1400 stations are now broadcasting.
· It is estimated that over 3 million radio sets are in use in the United States.
· Baseball games are broadcast almost daily.
· New radio's - superhets, reflex sets, TRF's, and neutrodynes are much more complex, so a new industry begins to take shape - the radio repairman.
· The first 'light socket' powered sets are marketed.
· To fight the competition from independently owned stations, Sarnoff gets 14 stations to pool resources and simultaneously broadcast the same professional content. This professional quality programming would knock out most of the independent stations in the coming years.
· RCA, Westinghouse and GE start a network...NBC, the National Broadcasting Corporation.
· A US court decides that the Secretary of Commerce has no power to regulate broadcasting - only to issue licenses, and the chaos on the broadcast bands grows as stations increase power to drown out the competition.
· More About Sarnoff, Part One In November 1916, E.J. Nally, vice president of the American division of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, received an unusual memo from one of his young assistants. The memo depicted a future in which music, news, sports, and even lectures could be broadcast over the airwaves, with Marconi reaping millions of dollars in profits from the sale of "radio music boxes." Nally quickly rejected the idea. Marconi sold radios for naval communication; the idea of entertainment radio seemed wrongheaded, if not completely fantastic. At the time, Nally had no way of knowing that the memo's author, twenty-five year-old David Sarnoff, had successfully predicted the multimillion dollar future of radio. Nor did he know that Sarnoff would one day, through a combination of keen foresight, boundless ambition, public relations manipulation, and ruthless opposition to everyone who stood in his way, develop a worldwide communications empire called RCA.
· Sarnoff's optimistic predictions for the future of radio, and belief in his personal vision were largely the by-products of his own dogged determination. Born into appalling poverty in a Jewish settlement near the Russian city of Minsk, Sarnoff came to New York with his family in 1900. He was nine years old at the time. Within days of his arrival, the young immigrant found employment hawking Yiddish newspapers on the mean streets of New York's Lower East Side.
· By the time he was thirteen, he had saved enough cash to buy a newsstand for $200. Profits gained for this early business venture only whetted Sarnoff's appetite for further gain. One Saturday morning in 1906, young Davey, as he was known to his friends, set out to visit the offices of the Herald newspaper to inquire about available positions. Quite by accident, he wandered into the Commercial Cable Company telegraph office instead, where he was hired immediately as a messenger boy--and fired almost as quickly, for requesting time off for the Jewish holidays.
· Undeterred, Sarnoff found work as a messenger boy at Marconi Wireless. He had already begun to develop his skills with a telegraph key, as he read voraciously from any technical journals he could find. In his spare time, he followed Marconi's engineers into their workshops, where he absorbed every possible morsel of technical information. At age sixteen, his persistence paid off. Sarnoff was hired as a junior telegrapher, earning $7.50 per week. A lifetime of vocational improvement through self-education had begun.
· Unrelenting persistence provided David Sarnoff with entree into the practice of wireless telegraphy; tragic accident earned him recognition in the field. On April 14, 1912, the day the S.S. Titanic sank in the frozen North Atlantic, Sarnoff was working as a telegrapher at the Marconi Wireless station atop the Wanamaker Hardware building in New York. His actions at the telegrapher's station following the sinking earned him considerable cache within the confines of Marconi Wireless. The carefully manipulated Sarnoff legend places young Davey at the telegraph, the first to hear news of the Titanic's sinking. More likely, Sarnoff rushed to the telegraph after learning about the accident from newspaper vendors. But there is no disputing that he sent and received wireless messages for seventy-two straight hours, gathering names of survivors as anxious relatives of Titanic passengers congregated on the streets below.
· Sarnoff impressed his superiors with his persistence and ambition. A promotion soon followed. Shortly thereafter, Sarnoff decided to abandon his career as a telegrapher, pursuing instead the business end of the wireless industry. He goal now was to acquire both money and power.
· He decided to pitch his idea for the radio music box to his superiors at Marconi. They, too, turned it down. But their rejection failed to quell his faith in his vision--or his determination to see it realized.
· Sarnoff's next chance came in 1920, with the formation of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Created to prevent domination of American strategic communications by a foreign company like the British-owned Marconi, RCA was controlled largely by General Electric, which provided the startup funds. So it was to GE that Sarnoff next pitched his radio music box idea. To his delight, GE agreed to front $2000 for RCA to develop a prototype.
· By 1920, entertainment broadcasting had made its debut on numerous amateur stations, and on KDKA in Pittsburgh, the nation's first licensed station. Still, radio had yet to make the leap from the realm of the hobbyist and into the average home. That was until a broadcast on the night of July 2, 1921, pushed radio forward with the force of a locomotive. And the man who brought America that broadcast was RCA's new general manager, David Sarnoff.
· Sarnoff had correctly gauged the public's huge interest in the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Dempsey and George Carpenter. So he arranged for the fight to be broadcast live by RCA. The event drew hundreds of thousands of listeners. The public got its first real taste of what a radio broadcast could be. Sales soared and Sarnoff came off looking like a visionary.
· Centralization of networks
· "Pay Radio" makes its debut in Philadelphia - Placed in retail stores, these 5 foot high units charge a nickel for 5 minutes of radio. big flop…
· Radio act of 1927 sought to regulate the 732 stations broadcasting across the US. Further regulation was needed and the Communications act of 1934 established the FCC.
· The FRC, Federal Radio Commission begins to regulate broadcasting. Their first act was to revoke all licenses, and then assign frequencies and power levels.
· Mechanical televisions are being sold in kit form.
· CBS Inc., American broadcasting company, with headquarters in New York City. Company operations are chiefly conducted through the CBS/Broadcast Group, which consists of eight divisions: television, radio, news, sports, entertainment, marketing, affiliates, and enterprises. The CBS Television Network distributes programming in news, entertainment, sports, and feature films to more than 200 independently owned and 7 CBS-owned television stations in the United States, as well as to foreign affiliates.
· The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Incorporated. In 1928 the name was changed to Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., and in 1974 it officially became CBS Inc. American communications executive William Paley invested in Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. in 1928 when it was a fledgling radio network. Under his guidance the network expanded from 22 to 114 stations in his first decade with the company.
· With the advent of television in the 1940s, Paley raided rival National Broadcasting Company (NBC) to attract such stars as Jack Benny, George Burns, and Gracie Allen. CBS became the most popular television network and remained at the top of the ratings through the late 1970s. During this period CBS stars such as Ed Sullivan, Lucille Ball, and news journalist Walter Cronkite became prominent personalities. In the early and mid-1980s, and again in the mid-1990s, CBS returned to the top of the network ratings.
· CBS first diversified in 1938 with the acquisition of the American Recording Corporation, which later became Columbia Records. Later interests included the newspaper and magazine businesses, the film business, and music publishing. In the late 1980s CBS consolidated into the core television and radio businesses, selling the music-publishing division in 1986, the magazine division in 1987, and the records division in 1988. By the early 1990s, profits had been reduced as a result of competition from cable companies, video rentals, and the high cost of programming.
· Independent stations must be located in large metropolitan areas to remain viable
· Sam and Henry became Amos and Andy in 1928 when the show moved to NBC. The Amos and Andy show was on the radio through 1960 - making it the longest-running series in radio history. One of the first comedy series on radio was Amos n' Andy. In fact, at the time, it was the most popular show on radio. Because of this series, sales of radio sets surged. Amos n' Andy was about the life of two black men and their friends. Played by two white men, Charles Correll and Freeman Gosden, the series remained one of the most popular for years. The two actors first were heard on WGN radio as Sam and Henry and the series was an instant hit in the Chicago area. However, two years later the two moved to WMAQ which was becoming the CBS outlet. They could not get the rights to their characters, so they created two new ones they called Amos and Andy and the show premiered in January, 1926. The dramatic series lasted off and on until 1954 when sensitivity to race was becoming a major force in determining the show's popularity.
· The Guy Lombardo Show [1967] started this year, as did the
· The Voice of Firestone and
· Uncle Don [1949]
· William Paley, Pres. of CBS opens radio for all advertisers and products
· Between 1930 and 1976 CBS is the dominant network in both radio and television.
· RCA gains control of several important radio patents, and begins to license manufacturers to use those designs. Prior to this, radio design was somewhat stifled because no one could legally use the designs of many important circuits.
· Amos 'n' Andy becomes a series on NBC
1930-1939 - The Golden Age
· Sherlock Holmes [1956]
· Believe it or Not [1948]
· Death Valley Days [1945]
· The First Nighter [1949]
· Rin-Tin-Tin [1955]
· Ben Bernie [1943]
· Grand Hotel [1945]
· The Shadow [1954]
· It is Thursday night, July 31,1930. The time is 9:40 PM. Radio listeners tuned to CBS hear the first appearance of "The Shadow" as James La Curto portrays the part in the Detective Story Hour. Street and Smith publishers sponsored this show (which lasted about a year), along with their magazine series The Shadow, A Detective Monthly.
· In September 1931, The Blue Coal Radio Revue, starring Frank Readick, Jr. (who was the star in the later Detective Story Hour shows), continued the adventures of "The Shadow". The show remained an hour long, but was heard on Sundays at 5:30 PM.
· For a short time, lucky CBS listeners were able to hear The Shadow on both Thursdays and Sundays. In October, 1931, the 9:30 Thursday slots were taken by Love Story Drama or Love Story Hour (sponsored by Street and Smith), which also had portrayals of The Shadow!
· Orson Welles was "The Shadow" through 1938, while the now syndicated program was sponsored by Goodrich. Blue Coal again became the sponsor in late 1938, and Bill Johnstone became the new voice. Here is a RA Bret Morrison was the voice of The Shadow for most of 1943, and John Archer took over near the end of 1944. Bret Morrison returned in September, 1945, and remained the voice through 1954, when the program ended. Blue Coal remained the sponsor until September, 1949, when Grove Labs sponsored the show for a year (The show remained on Mutual, but shifted a half hour earlier, to 5:00 PM, Sundays). In January 1951, the US Army/Air Force became The Shadow's sponsor, after it was "sustained" for a few months by Mutual. Wildroot was the sponsor from about September '51 to Sept. '53, when various sponsors began to appear. The program was again "sustained" by Mutual until the last show on the day after Christmas, 1954.
1931 New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· Bing Crosby's first radio show [1956]
· March of Time [1945]
· Myrt and Marge [1946]
· Lum and Abner [1954]
· Walter Winchell [1957]
· The Eddie Cantor Show [1953]
· The Hedda Hopper Show [1951]
· Kate Smith (Various shows) [1959]
New Shows [last broadcast date]
· Burns and Allen [1950]
· Jack Benny [1955]
· Fred Allen [1949]
· One Man's Family [1959]
· Tarzan [1953]
· Easy Aces [1945]
· The Adventures of Charlie Chan [1948]
· Vic and Sade [1946]
· Buck Rogers [1947]
· The Ed Sullivan Show [1946]
· The Fire Chief (The Ed Wynn Show) [1945]
· Shadow of Fu Manchu [1939]
· One Man's Family [1959]
· NBC blue network is east of Mississippi
· NBC red is west coast
· Several Phonograph companies start labeling records "not licensed for radio broadcast" as move to protect their alleged property rights.
· "Fireside Chats" President Franklin D. Roosevelt broadcast between 1933 and 1945
· Armstrong develops his theory to use FM.
· Audio-frequency waves must be combined with carrier waves in order to be transmitted over the radio. Either the frequency (rate of oscillation) or the amplitude (height) of the waves may be modified in a process called modulation. This accounts for the option on the radio dial for AM or FM stations; the signals are very different, so both kinds may not be received simultaneously.
· 'All-Wave' receivers are a hit this year, bringing in radio from foreign broadcasters.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· Let's Pretend [1954]
· Lux Radio Theater [1955]
· Lights Out [1947]
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is created by congress through the "Communications Act".
· Federal Communications Commission (FCC), independent agency of the United States government created in 1934, with jurisdiction over communications in the 50 states, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The function of the commission is to regulate interstate and foreign radio, television, wire, and cable communications; to provide for orderly development and operation of broadcasting services; to provide for rapid, efficient nationwide and worldwide telegraph and telephone service; to promote the safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communications; and to employ communications facilities for strengthening national defense.
· In the field of radio, the FCC regulates amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting and other kinds of radio services. It issues construction permits and licenses for all non-governmental radio stations. It also assigns frequencies, operating power, and call signs; inspects transmitting equipment, and regulates the use of such equipment. Television broadcasting is regulated by the FCC in the same manner. The commission also regulates the use of cable channels and the quality of service delivered by cable television.
· In common-carrier operations, which include telephone, telegraph, radio, and satellite communications, the FCC issues regulations and supervises service. The FCC is responsible for domestic administration of the telecommunications provisions of treaties and international agreements, and licenses radio and cable circuits from the United States to foreign points. The Emergency Broadcast System, which alerts and instructs the public in the event of enemy attack, is supervised by the FCC; the system is regularly used for broadcasting weather warnings and may also be used in local emergencies.
· The FCC is administered by five commissioners appointed by the president, with approval of the Senate, to 7-year terms
· Over a million auto radios are installed this year.
· Armstrong demonstrates FM.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· Bob Hope [1955]
· Major Bowes' Original Amateur Hour [1946]
· Fibber McGee & Molly [1956]
· Cavalcade of America [1953]
· G-Men (later called Gangbusters) [1957]
· Your Hit Parade [1953]
· 'Automatic Tuning' (pushbuttons) are the years big hit.
· Approx. 8 million sets are sold this year.
· 3 out of 4 families have a radio in the home.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· The Baby Snooks Show [1951]
· Grand Central Station [1954]
· Hilltop House [1957]
· Hobby Lobby [1949]
· Mr Keen, Tracer of Lost Persons [1955]
· The Road of Life [1959]
· Terry and the Pirates [1948]
· The Green Hornet [1952]
· Bill Stern's / Colgate Sports Newsreel [1956]
· Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy [1956]
· Broadcasting standards for TV were announced, paving the way for commercial television stations.
· The power of radio is demonstrated by Orson Wells, and the "Mercury Theater of the Air" - Panic is reported to be widespread as people believe the earth has been invaded by "Martians",
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· The Guiding Light [1956]
· Edward R. Murrow from London
· "War of the Worlds"
· Information, Please! [1951]
· The Adventures of Superman [1951]
· Challenge of the Yukon (Sergeant Preston of the Canadian Mounted Police) [1955]
· The first Television sets are sold by several manufacturers.
· The start of the European war renews interest in short-wave receivers.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· I Love A Mystery [1952]
· Blondie [1950]
· Against The Storm [1952]
· The Aldrich Family [1953]
· Captain Midnight [1949]
· The Dinah Shore Show [1955]
· The Red Skelton Show [1953]
· The Right To Happiness [1960]
· The Adventures of Ellery Queen [1948]
· Mr. District Attorney [1952]
1940-1949 - The War Years - Growth
· FM gains public interest as 'Noise Free', high fidelity broadcasting grows.
· Amateurs lose the right to communicate with foreign operators as the war in Europe builds.
· Abbott & Costello [1949]
· Bell Telephone Hour [1958]
· Can You Top This [1954]
· Gene Autry's Melody Ranch [1956]
· Truth or Consequences [1956]
· 13 million radio sets are made this year, and 130 million tubes.
· Color TV was demonstrated for the first time.
· 30 commercial FM stations are now on the air.
· The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor. 40 K Wav FDR speaks to the nation. That evening, Eleanor uses radio to speak to the women of the nation.
· All amateur radio communication is halted by the war.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· Inner Sanctum Mysteries [1952]
· Bulldog Drummond [1954]
· The Adventures of The Thin Man [1950]
· A Date With Judy [1950]
· The Great Gildersleeve [1957]
· The Life of Riley [1951]
· British mathematician and science fiction writer Arthur C. Clark suggests using satellites to relay radio signals about 20 years before the first satellite, Sputnik I was placed in orbit!
· The Adventures of Mr and Mrs North [1955]
· The Whistler [1955]
· Red Ryder [1949]
· Counterspy [1957]
· Hop Harrigan [1948]
· People are Funny [1960]
· It Pays to be Ignorant [1951]
· The Frank Sinatra Show [1958]
· Suspense [1962]
· One of the great fans of this series was the film director, Alfred Hitchcock, who adapted several of the stories from Suspense for his own film and television series. Beginning in June, 1942 the series strived for excellence in every aspect of its production. The stories came from some of the best mystery writers of the time including John Dickson Carr, Cornell Woolrich, Dorothy Sayers and others.
· The series was big budget featuring a major film star every week during the first half of its long run. Under the driving force of director/producer William Robeson, the series tried to "chill you a little, thrill you a little..." and almost always succeeded. One of the best known productions from the series was Lucille Fletcher's "Sorry, Wrong Number" which starred Agnes Moorehead. But there were other great broadcasts from this wonderful suspense-filled program including the chilling "House in Cypress Canyon" and "Donovan's Brain."
· The series budget began to decrease in the fifties as did the power of the featured star. But the series hung on ending up as the last major dramatic series from the classic days of radio drama dying a quiet death in September, 1962.
· NBC Red & Blue split; ABC formed.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· The Mysterious Traveler [1952]
· Adventures of Nero Wolfe [1951]
· (Molle) Mystery Theater [1954]
· The Falcon [1954]
· Nick Carter, Master Detective [1955]
· Archie Andrews [1953]
· No receivers are being manufactured, although some spare parts are now becoming available.
· Germany makes use of short-wave radio for propaganda broadcasts.
· The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet [1954]
· Boston Blackie [1950]
· FBI In Peace and War [1958]
· The Roy Rogers Show [1955]
· Smilin' Ed and His Buster Brown Gang [1953]
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· The Adventures of Monsieur Hercule Poirot
· Queen for a Day [1957]
· NY Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia reads funny papers
· Table model radios are the big seller. Over 15 million sets are produced. About half a million of those were FM receivers.
New Shows [last broadcast date]:
· Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts [1956] (Mr Godfrey was on various shows starting in 1933)
· Sam Spade [1951]
· A Day in the Life of Dennis Day [1951]
· Sky King [1954]
· Adventures of Philip Marlowe [1951]
· The Big Story [1955]
· Official Detective [1957]
· Quiet, Please [1949]
Escape [1954]
· Radio produced many interesting adult adventure series. Perhaps one of the best came to radio near the end of the forties. Escape contained a great opening that put the listener in the mood for the wonderful adventure that was to follow. The series began its run with classic adventure stories from the likes of Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson and F. Scott Fitzgerald (yes, he wrote a few adventures). But over time, original stories were written for the series some full of high adventure, others outright horror. One of the classic horror stories was first heard on this series - Three Skeleton Key told the story of three men trapped in a lighthouse overrun with rats. Some of the finest theatre of the mind came from this series. Beginning on CBS as a sustained program in July, 1947, some of early television's stars were heard on this series including Jack Webb and William Conrad. The producer/director for much of the series was the great Norman MacDonnell, who later created the radio series Gunsmoke. The series came to a close in September, 1954 as regular radio drama was winding to an untimely demise.
· You Bet Your Life [1956]
· The Brighter Day [1956]
· Hallmark Playhouse [1953]
· Life With Luigi [1953]
· Mr. Chamelion [1948]
· The LP or Long Play phonograph was introduced.
· The first Transistor is introduced to the public.
· 10 inch screen TV's have dropped in price by a third since 1947 - from $300 to $200.
· The 45 RPM record is introduced.
· By the end of the year, there are 98 television stations and 2021 radio stations on the air.
· $628 million dollars is spent on radio advertising this year.
· Last remaining network shows, including "Ma Perkins," "Amos N' Andy," "One Man's Family," "Yours Truly-Johnny Dollar," and "Suspense" sign off after final broadcasts. Some shows of the later Radio Era successfully make the transition to Television.
Edison records sound
Edison Light Bulb
John Ambrose Fleming
Early experiments in broadcasting at KDKA
Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll as Sam N' Henry
Early radios required batteries, antenna, and multiple dials to tune stations
Philco depression era "Cathedral" radio was priced to allow a radio in every home
Hindenburg explodes over Lakehurst, NJ,
Jack Webb's (John Randolph Webb) popular Dragnet Series, which began as a Radio drama, was one of the shows that made the transition to television. Webb entered the Army Air Force in WW-II, but was given an early discharge. He began an association with KGO Radio with the "Jack Webb Show," a comedy and variety show. He soon began work on a radio detective drama called "Pat Novak For Hire." That program was successful and it was picked up by the network. Realizing that there was a market for crime and police drama, Webb went on to create another detective show called "Jeff Regan Private Investigator" while also starring in the motion picture Pete Kelly's Blues." As Webb became a well known personality, he was able to sell the NBC network on the idea of a police radio drama based on the Los Angeles Police Department. The resulting show was DRAGNET. Shortly after production began, NBC agreed to take the show to the new medium of Television.


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Tell us a bit about yourself, what do you do?
I am cultural strategist and brand planner who strives to bring uncommon thinking and fresh insights to solve sticky problems. With 20 years of experience in brand strategy, consumer insights, new product launches, qualitative and quantitative research and channel planning, I have led strategic thinking in the areas of CPG, consumer electronics, retail, healthcare, education, social responsibility, and beverages (alcoholic and otherwise). I also specialize in motivating niche audiences and demographic groups like Gen Z, Millennials, Boomers, and various multi- and omnicultural groups.
What did you do before your current role and what led you to where you are now?
I was most recently the Head of Cultural Strategy at Sparks & Honey, a cultural consultancy. I loved finding the ways that I could apply my cultural insights to futurism and innovation. As I learned more about how cultural insights, markets dynamics and disruptive technologies shape our possible futures, I decided to apply these learnings to brand communications to find more relevant ways for brands to live their values. That's when I returned to SS+K, which is an agency famous for helping brands live their values in culturally relevant ways.
How would you define the role of a strategist/planner?
What I've always liked about this role is the ability to work from both sides of the podium. I am always learning and I am always teaching. To do that, one must dig deep, look wide and ingest a wide variety of information. But that's not all. One must then internalize, distill and simplify the key elements so that you can effectively impart those insights to a broader team and establish a North Star by which to navigate all brand actions.
How has the role of a strategist been evolving since you first began?
The classic persuasion model revolves around marrying a simple product insight with a simple consumer insight into a single "winning proposition." For example, Bounty's "the quicker picker-upper" or Brylcream's "A Little Dab'll Do The louder your voice and the sharper your point of difference, the bigger the wins. However, in today's world with our always-fragmented attention, increasingly insular media bubbles and a growing cultural tribalism, it's rare to be granted the space to have a one-to-one conversation with your consumer. Today marketing communications don't just get played out in the living room; they get played out in the court of culture, as anyone involved with marketing for Pepsi, Gillette or Nike can tell you. The result is that today cultural relevance is even more important than commercial prevalence.
To navigate this new marketing landscape, we as brands, strategists and communicators must embrace not just only a product insight and a consumer insight but also a third layer of insight--cultural insight. Cultural insight relies not on what a single consumer sees, feels or experiences, but upon examining the various ways that entire groups of people are thinking, moving, and behaving. It's not enough to capture consumer mindshare; we must be able to instill cultural meaning.
In your opinion, what are the greatest barriers an aspiring planner/strategist encounters when trying to start their career?
While junior account people have no problem finding work that lets them shine, finding ways to add value can sometimes be harder for a junior planner. For junior planners, however, it's harder to establish credibility of insight without experience. The best thing to do is to make yourself indispensable by finding and imparting knowledge. Read the top books on the topic you're researching. Watch TED talks on the topic. Listen to podcasts. Be the go-to source for information and insights will follow. Stay hungry. Stay curious. Stay informed.
In your time, what have you noticed are the key skills and traits that separate great strategists from the mediocre?
When I hire strategists, I look for the following things: flexibility of thought, the ability to transfer knowledge and insights from one category to another, storytelling and narrative craft, unstoppable curiosity, and the ability to think in surprising, insightful and unusual ways about even the most ordinary things
How do you keep your finger on the pulse of culture and avoid getting stuck in a bubble?
The more exposed you are to new situations, new people and new ideas, the better you are able to understand the insights behind them and the better you are able to generate new thinking from common values. Be a culture vulture. That doesn't have to mean a Netflix marathon binge. Go to meet-ups; accept random invitations; ask people to coffee; read voraciously; check out Reddit; listen to podcasts. And of course, find times to shut down your thinking and let the connections flow. Walking down the street, halfway through Zumba classes, in the middle of the encore of my new favorite band—these are all places where I have had great flashes of insight. Keep a list of notes on your phone and write down your ideas in the moment. Tomorrow at your desk, you will thank yourself.

subset: commoncrawl


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We slept in as late as possible on Saturday morning in preparation for the trek up the big mountain. We'd decided to aim for the traditional goal of seeing sunrise from the summit, and we knew very well we wouldn't be getting any sleep that night.
We bought two litres of liquid each, consolidated our required baggage, dumped the rest—including, sadly, my Big Purple bag—in a locker hidden in the bowels of Shinjuku station, and unfortunately got caught in the two-hour gap between buses from 5:50 to 7:50 p.m.
We got on one of six full buses leaving at 7:50, and after two and a half hours of futile attempts at sleep, we arrived at the fifth station on the northern Kawaguchi-ko side of Mt. Fuji.
You can approach Mt. Fuji from four different directions, and on each side there are ten "stations," with station one at the base and station ten at the peak. Most people start at the fifth station, from which the climb is officially clocked around five hours with a three-hour descent. Although it was the height of summer, it was already chilly enough at that altitude for me to pull on my jacket. A bunch of Japanese guys in green helmets and military uniforms were stretching in the square between the shops. 10:20 p.m.: just five hours and fifteen hundred metres to go.
The standard souvenir for the climb is the Fuji Walking Stick, an octagonal length of wood cut to suit the height of the climber. You're supposed to get them stamped at each station, and many of them had flags and little bells attached that jangled around us in the darkness. Big Sis and I decided they'd only get in our way, so we just pulled out one of the 100-yen flashlights I never used at Fuji Rock and began our odyssey up to the 3776-metre summit.
Oddly, we started out going downhill.
We could see nothing but the darkness of what we assumed to be an uncomfortable plummet off to our left, but the sky above was clear and filled with an array of stars that my glasses weren't strong enough to allow me to see. Clouds gathered around the perimeter of the mountain, and while we never heard any thunder, lightning flashed intermittently throughout the night. Every hour or so we would look up and see the lights of the next station above, all zig-zagging lines of smoky white, ethereal in the darkness.
The dank reek of pay toilets heralded the approach of each station. The stations also sold limited food and drinks, raising the prices with the altitude. The last time I checked, it was 500 yen for a bottle of water you could normally get from a vending machine for about 130 yen. The higher stations offered bedding—or rather, floor space—by the hour. We wondered how the staff got to work every day. Each station was broken up into several sub-stations, so every time we thought we might have achieved the next one, it turned out we were only really at the fourth permutation of the same number we'd been lamenting for an hour.
The ascent was more of a walk than a climb. At the most interesting points, we had to pull on chains and use our hands to clamber up outcroppings of volcanic rock, and in those areas we moved quickly and gained a lot of altitude. But we spent most of our time trudging endless switchbacks filled with charcoal-like pebbles that slid us back several inches for every step we took forward—assuming the larger chunks of rock didn't trip us first. It was a slow, arduous slog.
Somehow, my legs never really felt tired, but Big Sis wasn't doing as well. As we ascended, she progressively cursed everyone who'd ever told her anything good about the climb.
We each stuck to our separate afflictions for the night: Big Sis was physically exhausted; I was cold and sleepy. I remember thinking around midnight that there was no way I could possibly stay awake until sunrise at 4:30. I kept adding and removing layers of clothing depending on the temperature and how hard I'd been pushing, but Big Sis only pulled on a super-thick MEC fleecy around station 8(d) and she was good for the night. I had a Gore-Tex rain jacket over my Costco fleecy, and the latter just wasn't holding up to its end of the Insulation Agreement.
As the air got thinner, the little bursts of energy needed to pass other climbers started to come with obligatory breathing stops. We occasionally saw people at the side of the path taking gasps from what looked like oxygen tanks. The general sentiment from all the gaijin we passed was: "I'll never… smoke… again."
We replaced the first flashlight halfway up when it suddenly conked out and wouldn't come back on again.
We chatted with a few people as we went. Someone came up to us from behind and asked in garbled Japanese where we were from, and we introduced ourselves to a guy wearing a Queen's track jacket who turned out to be from Etobicoke of all places. We even figured out that we now worked for the same company and he'd been at my training in Tokyo. We overtook and fell behind one another several times over the course of the night.
It was around 4:00 a.m. when we reached the last leg of the climb and hit a bottleneck of people. You're not allowed to travel off the path, and since everybody was tired it was a matter of waiting thirty seconds to take three steps as everyone moved a bit, rested, and moved a bit more. It was agonizing. We were still stuck in this mess when the sun rose at 4:30.
It wasn't that big a deal, though. You couldn't see it through the clouds anyway.
When we finally got to the top, some guy with a hand-held clock read out our official time: 5:40 a.m. Big Sis called her friends in Akita, partially in retribution for when they'd done the same to her months before, and partially to take advantage of the fact that her phone company (DoCoMo) is the only one that works on top of Mt. Fuji. But her batteries soon depleted in the cold, rendering her phone nearly as useless as mine.
Big Sis grabbed one of the exorbitantly-overpriced charms from the summit shrine before I convinced her to clamber over to the crater in the middle and head up the last few metres to the actual top.
The centre of mount Fuji is essentially a gigantic pit, hundreds of metres deep and as many across, varying in shades of orange, grey and black, and precipitously steep. You have the sense that you could simply plummet right in before you knew it; there's no distinct edge or border.
The highest point, at least on our side, was a relatively brief scramble away up a charcoal hill. There was a little torii gate at the top, and we took pictures by the edge of the peak with the clouds far below and the sun nearly parallel in the sky.
Some people take an hour and walk around the crater when they get to the top. We wondered why on earth anyone would be such a masochist. Admittedly, the actual "summit" was on the other side, but it wasn't like we really cared by that point. It was bloody windy and cold up there.
We huddled on a bench long enough to eat some muffins we'd bought in Tokyo, then stepped onto the long road back down. We worried for a moment that there was a horrendous line waiting to descend as well, but that turned out to be the queue for the bathroom.
The descending path was composed of still deeper charcoal pebbles than the ascent, and even using each other for support, we went no more than a dozen paces between each slip and near-fall. Big Sis's knees were getting battered by our jarring steps, and it was a struggle to limit our speed. I wanted to run down. Some people did.
The switchbacks just went on and on, and we had to rest after every four lengths or so. Now visible, the upper part of the mountain was all black, covered in charcoal-coloured debris that was marked with vividly green lettuce-like heads of vegetation. It got warm again very quickly.
It had taken us about seven hours to get up, but even with a half-hour line at the lone washroom on the descent, it only took three and a half hours to get down. We got to the fifth station village at 10:00 only to have to wait until 1:00 for the first bus with available seats. If you want to purchase return tickets ahead of time, you have to pay for both ways a day in advance.
Big Sis seemed to be doing all right, but it was a struggle for me just to keep myself awake. My mouth had somehow spontaneously generated toxic morning breath and I hadn't even slept. When the bus arrived, I was unconscious as soon as I sat down.
In retrospect, I don't specifically remember anything that branded the trip as unfortunate or ill-advised, but I recall that Big Sis and I agreed that we would never, ever, ever, ever consider doing that again. It's said that only a fool climbs Fuji twice. I think I'll trust my judgement at the time.
When I told Socks about our trip, he said we'd gone up the hard side.
Smelly and tired and just generally sick of all things related to keeping ourselves upright, we got back to our locker in Shinjuku station and found that the key wouldn't turn. The attendant seemed very pleased to inform us that, if we'd used it for over 24 hours, we had to stick another 400 yen into it to get our stuff out. I was too tired to even be cynical.
We changed clothes in the small station washrooms, much to the confusion a few innocent bystanders, and I still felt disgusting after the change.
[For photos of Mt. Fuji, check out Mountains in the Photography section - Ed.]
The train we caught to Tokyo station looked like something out of Total Recall. There were TV screens perpetually displaying ads and transit updates above the doors.
I had to leave pretty much immediately if I wanted to catch the last bus The Vilage at 7:20. I'd been hoping to stay with Big Sis a little longer, but that was it. She left to find a Starbucks while I tried to find my train.
Like Big Sis's, my phone's battery had died in the cold, so I'd just turned it off and forgotten about it. When I got home and plugged it in, I was a little surprised to find that I had a message from Bishop.
Apparently, he and Socks had missed their flight to Thailand.
This is worse than you may think, because from what I'd heard, it was now impossible to get tickets to Thailand for the month of August. He was calling from a pay phone—neither he nor Socks had cell phones any more—and he wanted The Toronto Girl's number because they needed a place to stay in Tokyo.
He called back around 9:00 and I gave him the info he needed; I wouldn't find out what happened to them until I returned from my trip to Canada two weeks later.
I'd been up for about 36 hours by the time I fell into bed at 9:30. Big Sis called at 10:00, which wasn't so bad, but when my mom called at 11:00 I was barely able to mumble that it was really a bad time to call. I think I had enough presence of mind to tell her I'd received tickets and would be coming in on Tuesday, though.
So I had Monday to pack and prepare, and then I needed to be back in Tokyo to pick up my tickets at the airport at 2:20 on Tuesday afternoon. I was getting to know the 7:50 a.m. bus out of The Village very, very well.
I determined that when I left, I would allow myself a lot of time to be absolutely sure I wouldn't miss my flight.
September 2002


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University Senate
Proposed: January 26, 2001
President George Rupp, the chairman, called the Senate to order shortly after 1:15 pm in the Schapiro Engineering Auditorium. Forty-two of 87 senators were present during the meeting. There was no quorum.
Minutes and agenda: The agenda was adopted as proposed. When the President asked for additions or corrections to the minutes of November 17, Sen. Luciano Rebay (Ten., A&S) commented that the Provost's uncertainty at that meeting about whether he had communicated with the Senate a decade ago about the sale of the Casa Italiana was disingenuous; he made a similar complaint about the description in the last annual President's Report of the Italian Academy, which is located in the Casa Italiana.
The minutes were adopted as proposed.
President's report: At the President's request, the Senate observed a moment of silence for Andrea Melendez, a Columbia College sophomore who died in a fall on December 6.
The President invited questions from about his decision on November 13 to declare a pause in the construction of a new Social Work building on 113th Street, to enable planners to consider alternative plans for the school. There were no questions.
The President mentioned two important new appointments:
--Jonathan Arac, a faculty member in the Columbia English Dept. a decade ago, is returning as chair, an addition that will lead to other major appointments in this traditionally distinguished department; the President thanked Roger Bagnall for his service as acting chair.
--Gerald Fischbach, director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health, will become Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Vice President for Health Sciences in early February; the President thanked Thomas Morris and David Hirsch, who have served as interim deans since Herbert Pardes left to lead New York Presbyterian Hospital a year ago.
Executive Committee chairman's report: Sen. Paul Duby (Ten., SEAS) reported on the plenary meeting of the Trustees on December 2 that he attended with Sen. Rit Aggarwala (Stu., GSAS/SS). The main topics were the triumphant conclusion of the capital campaign and the pause in construction of the new Social Work building.
A subcommittee of the Executive Committee has exchanged short lists of nominees for Senate-consulted Trustees with their Trustee counterparts. The two nominating subcommittees will meet on February 13.
On the same day, the whole Executive Committee will meet with another group of Trustees to discuss issues of concern to the community. Likely agenda items are Fathom.com and on-line learning, as well as Columbia's long-term space needs.
At its December 4 meeting the Executive Committee followed up on issues Sen. Debra Wolgemuth (Ten., HS) had discussed in her report to the Senate in November, particularly the question of interaction with the Trustees' nominating subcommittee for honors and prizes. Sen. Duby stressed the responsibility of the Columbia community--particularly the faculty--to recommend excellent candidates for honorary degrees.
Also on December 4, the Executive Committee responded sympathetically to a sketch of a proposal to establish an ad hoc committee on research staff affairs, and looked forward to a more formal proposal in January, specifying the group's mandate, composition, and life span.
New business:
--Update on inquiry into Fathom.com: Sen. Sharyn O'Halloran (Ten., A&S), co-chair of a subcommittee drawn from the Budget Review, Education, External Relations, and Student Affairs committees, summarized the group's thinking so far, as expressed in the November 17 letter to Provost Cole that was distributed in the Senate packet. She said Fathom.com is an internet company providing general, topical information--a kind of intellectual People magazine on line--whose revenue comes from advertising, and from selling books and online courses. Sen. O'Halloran said senators can learn about it by looking at its preview site, at www.fathom.com.
She listed the subcommittee's main questions:
--What is the relationship between Columbia and Fathom.com?
--What is Columbia's stake in Fathom and what are its prospects for success, particularly given the recent shakeout in the stock market of internet companies dependent, like Fathom, on advertising revenue? What is the University's legal and financial liability?
--How do commercial ventures like Fathom fit into Columbia's overall strategy for online learning?
The subcommittee will meet on December 14 with Executive Vice Provost Michael Crow, and is awaiting Provost Cole's response to the subcommittee's letter.
Sen. Michael Resnick (Stu., SDOS), a member of the subcommittee, said students are particularly concerned about faculty involvement in Fathom.com and its effect on their primary obligations to their students, and about quality control.
Sen. O'Halloran said it has been valuable to have a subcommittee that reflects the membership and concerns of the entire Senate.
Sen. Aggarwala asked if the subcommittee will address online initiatives apart from Fathom. Sen. O'Halloran said one lesson she has learned from the subcommittee is that there is a large reservoir of expertise and interest among students and faculty that has gone largely untapped in the University's pursuit of its online strategy. She said the subcommittee could play a positive role in that effort.
Sen. Duby said he would be very disappointed if what he has seen on the Fathom preview site were all that Columbia is offering on the internet. He said the current offerings do not reflect Columbia's basic mission or values. He asked when and how Columbia will put courses on the web that are developed by Columbia faculty.
President Rupp said Fathom.com is only one of a number of online initiatives Columbia is undertaking, any of which the subcommittee is welcome to study. He said he wrote a five-page letter about a year ago (now somewhat out of date) summarizing the full range of the University's online initiatives. He said that, without providing more background information, he did not think was worth reviewing these at the present meeting.
--Report from External Relations on recent correspondence with the Academic
Consortium on International Trade: Sen. Eugene Litwak, chair of External Relations, said the purpose of the committee's letter distributed in the Senate packet was to make clear that its recommendations on anti-sweatshop policy were based on a careful review, not on sit-ins or unthinking reactions.
The President said the letter reflects well on the committee, for having included experts in its deliberations, including Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati, a prominent member of the consortium that has criticized the anti-sweatshop policies that Columbia and other universities have adopted.
--Report from Faculty Affairs on a proposal to add professorships of practice in
the School of International and Public Affairs: Speaking now in his role as chairman of Faculty Affairs, Sen. Litwak said the committee had met with SIPA Dean Lisa Anderson and approved the school's request for renewable appointments for professors of practice--that is, gifted teachers and practitioners in international and public affairs whose careers do not fit the academic mold. But the committee had reservations about Dean Anderson's interpretation of the guidelines established in a 1994 Senate resolution setting a 10 percent limit on the fraction of professors of practice in any faculty. Dean Anderson had based her calculation of 10 percent on the total number of faculty FTEs in SIPA (now about 60); the 1994 guidelines use the total of tenured and tenure-track faculty as a basis (39 this year). Dean Anderson said four professorships or practice--the limit under the original guidelines--are sufficient for SIPA's current needs. Sen. Litwak said the committee agreed to meet with Dean Anderson later on to discuss possible changes in the school's needs.
Sen. Litwak said the Senate's 1994 guidelines have important implications for the University, because their purpose is to protect the institution of tenure, including the freedom it affords professors to express unpopular ideas. He urged fellow senators to keep this principle in mind in thinking about Sen. Rebay's comments earlier in the meeting.
Sen. Litwak asked Sen. Frances Pritchett (Ten., A&S) to speak briefly about a new subcommittee that she is chairing on inequities in faculty salaries. Sen. Pritchett said the subcommittee wants to learn about several types of inequities, including discrepancies among the salaries of senior professors in a single department, between salaries in different departments, and between the salaries of research officers and professors. Another concern is the exceedingly low salaries paid to language lecturers. She said the subcommittee hopes to see some of the data gathered by the Provost's reconstituted Salary Equity Committee, chaired by Sen. Irwin Garfinkel (Ten., SW). One solution worth considering is the idea of a cap on salary discrepancies within a certain group. She invited senators to comment on the subcommittee's project.
In response to a question from Sen. Roosevelt Montas (Stu., GSAS/H), Sen. Pritchett said the salaries of student instructors are marginal to the mandate of the subcommittee, which was formed by the faculty caucuses, but may deserve attention as well.
Sen.. Sekou Campbell (Stu., Arts) said faculty in the School of the Arts have unique salary issues.
Sen. Joel Banlaben (Stu., SIPA) said that professorships of practice would provide crucial stability for the SIPA faculty.
Sen. Avery Katz (Ten., Law) asked if all faculties observe the 10 percent limit on professorships of practice. Sen. David Cohen, Vice President for Arts and Sciences, said the Arts and Sciences overall are under that cap, but some A&S schools are not.
Sen. Litwak said some other instructional ranks, including clinical titles at Health Sciences and possibly lecturer titles as well, closely resemble professorships of practice. The President cautioned against overlooking the differences among these titles.
Sen. Joan Ferrante said there is some question about the fraction of professorships of practice in the Law School.
--Resolution to Establish a new Department of Ecology, Evolution, and
Environmental Biology (Education). Sen. Letty Moss-Salentijn (Ten., SDOS), chair of Education, moved the resolution, which the Senate passed without dissent.
The President adjourned the meeting at around 2:10 pm.
Respectfully submitted,
Tom Mathewson, Senate staff


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The din of rumor and the clamor of speculation inspired by Apple's expected announcement is about to peak. We're all convinced this tomorrow's "one other thing" will be some kind of magical tablet device. We all expect it will be a big deal. And in these past weeks we've witnessed a parade of writers, analysts, and consumers who have all published their "wish" or even "guess" (or, in some cases, "fantasy") lists. But we have yet to see what we think really matters: an Apple (NSDQ: AAPL) "should" list that identifies the things Apple needs to do to ensure that its device is successful.
Let's put this on the record: Apple has to create a new category here — that's something it has not done in more than two decades. Apple's genius is its ability to consumerize a device category through great design, software and marketing. It did it with the PC, the digital music player, and the [shudder] smartphone. The coming tablet is an oddity. It is flawed in meaningful ways: It's a computer without a keyboard, it's a digital reader with poor battery life and a high price tag, and it's a portable media player that can't fit in a pocket.
As a result, Apple has to tap the 6 million people who will buy e-readers this year and/or the 7% of adults interested in buying a netbook and help them see that this new tablet is a new version of all of those things and more, where its value comes from their elegant integration into a single, awesome user experience. This is something we think Apple can do, but only if it puts the right objectives on its to-do list. We're not rooting for Apple per se, except to the extent that Apple: 1) improves consumers' lives, and 2) cleverly exploits market opportunities or gaps to force everyone else to elevate their game. (Note that #2 will lead to more of #1; this is a fruit of free-market economics, and we are eager to taste it.)
So into the vast cacophony of opinion that is about to get turned up past 11 (apologies to Spinal Tap), we offer the following three things we think Apple should do with its announcement tomorrow. Accompanying this recommendation is a warning: if Apple doesn't do these things, or do them well, the long-lauded tablet form factor will remain a peculiarity.
1. Create a new device category around personal media. Today, people spend as much as five or six hours a day with media (most of it video, next with audio, then with text — younger consumers spend as much as seven hours a day on media, including social media, much of it overlapping with other media). Nowhere do they have an integrated experience that ties it all together. Of course, Apple knows it is well positioned to offer music, video, and, soon, books, magazines, newspapers and web-based opinion and commentary. However, the critical link that would make Apple's tablet really soar is the inclusion of personal media: photos and home videos. Viewing photos is a top-five online activity, digital photography has created a whole new set of behaviors that Flickr, Picasa and others have tried to serve.
Now with the rise of Flip cameras, video is about to achieve the same prominence, but no one has a handle on it yet because it's harder to edit, manage and share. Putting all of these personal and professional media into the device and synchronizing them intelligently across other devices with the help of the dreaded "cloud," that's where Apple can take it all to the next level. Importantly, personal media are by definition social media because they have to be shared to be valued. Apple needs some to do work here — social media has not been a strength. Nail this combination of professional, personal and social media, and a new device category is born.
2. Work its user-experience magic on connectivity. Among the most hotly debated questions about the tablet is what flavor of connectivity it will possess, which mobile operator(s) may play a role, and what that role may be. Today's 3G networks simply cannot support a Kindle-like pricing model (that wraps the delivery cost into the content price) for video, nor for a concept like the rich magazine that Time Inc. (NYSE: TWX) has demonstrated. To accommodate the full panoply of media offerings, Apple will need to rely on a combination of home broadband, WiFi, and cellular networks to seamlessly deliver and synchronize content using a complex model that optimizes based on cost, urgency and price.
This network dance is already visible to iPhone owners who know they can only retrieve certain content over WiFi or when physically connected to their iTunes library, but it's a clumsy dance and Apple can — and should — do better. Here's an idea: become a Virtual Network Operator (VNO, providing connectivity services without physically operating a network)…a smart VNO. Put a multimode radio into the tablet, negotiate wholesale rates with AT&T (NYSE: T) and Verizon (and others in the future), and do arbitrage pricing across networks to reduce pricing using market efficiencies. Sure, the carriers don't want this but if anyone can do it, Apple can. After all, you'll already have all the other retail and service components in place.
3. Break open the meaning of the word "device." All along, we've talked about this device as if it were a single form factor that would define a new era in media use and connectivity. But the future of selling devices is not in selling single devices; instead, it lies in selling device-based experiences, where families of devices work together to give consumers what they really want. That means the tablet must be introduced with a family of co-devices (not accessories, please don't marginalize them by calling them that) that will make the device itself more flexible and therefore valuable. We're talking Bluetooth keyboards, sure, but also a family of docks that position the tablet to be a bedside alarm clock, a bedroom Pandora radio player, a kitchen recipe stand, a family-room photo frame, and a home remote control. We're talking about TVs that tablets can "publish to" wirelessly and HD cameras that can function in attached mode or work wirelessly from across the room — the same camera that will speak to your Mac, your iPhone, and anything else Apple makes.
There's a lot more detail behind it, but this is our short "should" list for Apple. A list that, conveniently, applies to everyone who wants to take on or draft off of Apple as well. Amazon's next generation Kindle should do the same (we've codenamed it "Kindle Flame" around here). We'll be publishing a much more detailed analysis of the tablet market in the coming weeks once we have the full detail of Apple's offering and can scour our consumer data for evidence of who wants — and can pay for — this kind of experience.
Charles Golvin and James McQuivey are analysts at Forrester Research, where they serve, and contribute to the Forrester blog for Consumer Product Strategy professionals.
This article originally appeared in Forrester Research.


text:
Hemp planting delayed in Kentucky amid legal fight
250 pounds of imported hemp seeds being held by customs
Hemp activists planning to celebrate the crop's comeback in Kentucky this week will have to wait a bit longer to watch seeds go in the ground.
State Agriculture Commissioner James Comer said Thursday that a planting of hemp seeds scheduled for Friday in rural Kentucky was delayed because of a legal standoff between his agency and federal drug enforcement officials.
A half-acre hemp plot was scheduled to be planted Friday in Rockcastle County, a move meant to signal the long-banned crop's small-scale comeback.
Comer said his office decided to postpone the planting as his department tries to win the release of a 250-pound shipment of hemp seeds imported from Italy. Comer's department sued the federal government Wednesday.
"I don't want to do something there to jeopardize this court ruling," he said.
The case is being closely watched by agriculture officials in other states thinking about venturing into hemp production.
The seeds for the Rockcastle County planting came from California for a pilot project involving a group of military veterans interested in farming.
Michael Lewis, a farmer who is heading up the project, said the delay was unfortunate and could jeopardize yield.
"They're holding back family farms over what?" he said, referring to federal officials. "We're frustrated, but we're ready to work it out. We want to be above the board. We want to grow this crop. So let's get together and resolve it.
Comer said he's disappointed by the delay but hopes the seeds will go in the ground soon.
Eight hemp pilot projects are planned this year in Kentucky, which has been at the forefront of efforts to revive the crop.
Hemp production was banned decades ago when the federal government classified the crop as a controlled substance related to marijuana. Hemp and marijuana are the same species, Cannabis sativa, but hemp has a negligible amount of THC, the psychoactive compound that gives marijuana users a high.
The crop's comeback took root with passage of a new federal farm bill. It allows state agriculture departments to designate hemp pilot projects for research in states such as Kentucky that allow hemp growing.


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Podcast summary: Unlock potential with communication services
Monica Zethzon, Head of Solution Area Communication Services, in conversation with Dez Blanchfield, Industry Analyst and Business & Technology Consultant, shares how her Communication Services team works closely with software developers to bring new mobile voice-related services into a 4G and 5G world. In case you do not have time to listen to the full podcast, here is the summary.
The topic of conversation has shifted
In this episode of the Transmissions from Tomorrow series, Monica Zethzon describes the unleashing of potential in mobile networks with smartphones and the advent of new advanced voice and communication services. On the agenda is VoLTE and what new opportunities it can bring to the market for consumers and business users.
It's no longer about phone size and capacity. It's all about delivering new value to customers, and the key is speed. How can the time be shortened from software being developed to commercially running in operations with customers?
Voice is the new black
VoLTE is having a massive resurgence and there are new opportunities for monetization of services. One of the opportunities with VoLTE is multi-device, where users can be reached on different types of devices just by using their mobile phone number. Users can also use the same phone number on multiple devices that have separate SIM cards or eSIM, such as a smartphone and a cellular smartwatch.
Download our podcast summary and get the insights and more information about the future of VoLTE. Monica also shares more in-depth insights about how she sees the future evolution of today's mobile voice service, both on current types of devices as well as through taking the operators' communication services into the new world of IoT and 5G.
Download summary
Read more about VoLTE.
Read my previous blog post "Why VoLTE means services to monetize".


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I get
While WS is open, its windows can be displayed or hidden by displaying or hiding the X11 app. The first time this version of WS is run it may take several mins before the main window is displayed while font caches are built.
I get that message. but it never starts up.
MBP OS X snow lep. 10.6
asked 11 Feb '11, 16:52
cmaynard ♦♦
Running it from the command line
bash-3.2# /Applications/Wireshark.app/Contents/MacOS/Wireshark
2011-02-13 02:42:32.400 defaults[77170:903] The domain/default pair of (kCFPreferencesAnyApplication, AppleAquaColorVariant) does not exist
2011-02-13 02:42:32.420 defaults[77171:903] The domain/default pair of (kCFPreferencesAnyApplication, AppleHighlightColor) does not exist
dyld: Library not loaded: /usr/X11/lib/libpng12.0.dylib Referenced from: /Applications/Wireshark.app/Contents/Resources/bin/wireshark-bin Reason: Incompatible library version: wireshark-bin requires version 45.0.0 or later, but libpng12.0.dylib provides version 42.0.0 bash-3.2#
I've got current Xcode and X11 XQuartz 2.3.5 installed on my machine. port upgrade libpng on macports is at 1.2.40.
wireshark seems to be looking for a libpng with an entirely different numbering convention.
answered 13 Feb '11, 01:48
Ok. I've got a working wireshark. Did the macport version.
Comment to the developers: If you want portable code, do not write to the lastest version of the library unless you need a feature from that newer version.
(13 Feb '11, 23:27) SGBotsford
If "the developers" means the Wireshark developers, we don't write to libpng at all, we write to GTK+ (and not the latest version); GTK+ builds with libpng. The problem is the version with which GTK+ is built; the build procedure for GTK+ is oriented towards building with the version installed on the machine, not with the version in, for OS X, an SDK.
(14 Feb '11, 10:00) Guy Harris ♦♦
Open the ChmodBPF script, which is located in /Library/StartupItems/ChmodBPF/ChmodBPF, in a text editor. Add a chown line so that the file looks like this: ... chgrp admin /dev/bpf chmod g+rw /dev/bpf chown foobar:admin /dev/bpf* } ... But replace foobar here with the user you want to run Wireshark under. Save the file.
answered 02 Jan '12, 10:13
Michael Lucas


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February is finally here, that can only mean one thing… my husband's favorite "holiday", Super Bowl Sunday (shocking, it's not Valentine's Day haha) is here. It goes without saying that we're New England Patriot's fans! Julian Edelman is bae, Bill Belichick is a football genius and Tom Brady is a football god. Enough said.
The truth is, as much as I'm excited to cheer on the Pats, I'm more excited for the food! Super Bowl eating is one of my all time favorites. Don't get me wrong, I love fancy food, but I have a super soft spot for nice comfort snacky junk food. My parents never allowed much junk food in the house, so I would sneak it whenever I was at someone else's house. I remember when I started making my own money in high school, it was during Girl Scout Cookie season and I bought myself boxes of Thin Mints and hid them in my bedroom. Not much has changed in that regards, except now I hide them in the freezer and no longer have the 16 year old metabolism. To this day, my favorite comfort foods are nachos, chips and dip, and French fries.
So, in honor of my love for dips and a nod to my heritage, I present to you my real crabmeat rangoon dip. Traditional Crab Rangoon is made with imitation crabmeat, which I love only because of the nostalgia. When I was putting this recipe together, I knew that I wanted to reinvent this and use real crabmeat. It was the perfect decision and the final product ended up being this creamy and luxurious dip.
I like serving this dip with whatever I have on hand, crackers, tortilla chips or oven baked wonton chips. Cut up bell peppers, baby carrots and celery sticks work well too. This is a perfect dip to serve or bring to a Super Bowl party!
Check out the recipe below, let me know what you think. Tag me on the 'grams at @macaronsandlavender or #MLRecipes if you make this or any of my other recipes.
Love, Lephan
|Prep Time
|8 People
|20 minutes
|Cook Time
|Passive Time
|40 minutes
This creamy, cheesy rangoon dip is a nod to the favorite takeout appetizer. The addition of real crabmeat has reinvented this oldie but, goodie.
- 1 Cup Crabmeat Claw meat
- 16 oz blocks of cream cheese room temperature
- 8 oz sour cream
- 2 cups shredded mozzarella cheese
- 1/4 cup scallion whites
- 1/4 cup scallion greens
- 2 cloves minced garlic
- 1 tbsp Worcestershire Sauce
- Salt and Pepper to taste
- Preheat oven to 425 degrees
- Using a hand mixer or food processor, combine all ingredients except for scallion greens.
- Bake for 40 minutes or until bubbly and golden brown. Let cool for 10 min., garnish with scallion greens and serve.


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An Anthropology of Images: Picture, Medium, Body
In this groundbreaking book, renowned art historian Hans Belting proposes a new anthropological theory for interpreting human picture making. Rather than focus exclusively on pictures as they are embodied in various media such as painting, sculpture, or photography, he links pictures to our mental images and therefore our bodies.
The body is understood as a "living medium" that produces, perceives, or remembers images that are different from the images we encounter through handmade or technical pictures. Refusing to reduce images to their material embodiment yet acknowledging the importance of the historical media in which images are manifested, An Anthropology of Images presents a challenging and provocative new account of what pictures are and how they function.
The book demonstrates these ideas with a series of compelling case studies, ranging from Dante's picture theory to post-photography. One chapter explores the tension between image and medium in two "media of the body," the coat of arms and the portrait painting. Another, central chapter looks at the relationship between image and death, tracing picture production, including the first use of the mask, to early funerary rituals in which pictures served to represent the missing bodies of the dead. Pictures were tools to re-embody the deceased, to make them present again, a fact that offers a surprising clue to the riddle of presence and absence in most pictures and that reveals a genealogy of pictures obscured by Platonic picture theory.
Find more like this:anthropology, images, Belting, picture, medium, body, 9780691160962.
|Product Code
|Hans Belting
|23.4 x 15.8 x 1.1 cm
|July 2014
|Princeton University Press
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Q: Your views, Santa re: your kid?
- Dave Wave, Cape Canaveral, Florida
Ty: Wave, good question and an even better observation. Ah, yes. The Santa scam. Funny thing, is for reference, I checked a couple of articles on the topic and heck if there weren't parents and psychologist referencing "the Santa myth" and kids of ages seven and nine even. Seven and nine?! What kind of retarded children are you people raising?
My kid is four and a half now and doesn't buy the scam other than milking what she can in terms of loot. Good for her too. I ain't raising no suckers. I'm raising the one that will make profit off of the suckers. Yes, there are two kinds of people.
Look, I played along for a while with the whole Santa thing. I even put out a bottle of Dasani (tm) and some cookies for "Santa" last year. But, frankly, I'm pretty sure the youngin is on to the scam. From bell ringing (begging) Santas for the Salvation Army (tm) to every mall Santa wanting to sell the deluxe package.
What-ever. She'll find out for herself. When she asks about Santa, I say something like, "that's the story." Making it clear that it's a story. Like religion, like unicorns, like a competent federal government. Stories.
She can play along and mention "Santa" "chimney" and "gifts." But, she knows that the list for goods goes to the parents and that Target and Child's Play sells that stuff.
So, my approach is to play along, but be honest with the questions. When she asked once, if Santa was real, I said no. She hasn't asked again. Good for her. Ride it out, darling.
Who knows what the best approach is, but she won't be seven years old taking about Santa like it's something real. Just a guess. - Ty


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5 Budget Friendly Christmas TraditionsIt's the most wonderful time of the year or so they tell me.
I am not sure about you but for my family, it seems like our schedules start to get crazy busy come the month of December and we find ourselves more stressed than ever. We have so many fun family Christmas traditions that we are trying to fit into every weekend.
In my Christmas on a Shoestring I talked about creating or having traditions for your family to do. I am going to give you a news flash - they don't have to cost money. There are many things you can do with our family during the Christmas season that will not break the bank or cost anything at all for that matter.
Christmas Lights
Make some hot cocoa at home and plan a night to go for a ride to see the Christmas lights where you live. There are some spectacular displays out there to view with your family. Make some cookies the day before and hide them away to surprise the family with them on your drive.
Christmas Movie
Pop some popcorn and plan to do a family movie night and watch your favourite Christmas movie.
Christmas Concert
Schools and churches are always doing Christmas concerts and they are open for everyone to attend and are often free. Supporting community events and getting in the Christmas spirit at the same time.
Christmas Carols
Turn the Christmas lights on and sing Christmas carols. You don't have to be a singer to enjoy this one just have fun with your family. Better yet go caroling at friends houses and bring some joy into their day by spreading the Christmas cheer.
There is nothing like a games night by the tree to help get into the Christmas spirit. Spending time with your family is a much better investment than any gift you can buy.
Let's Chat!
What are some traditions you do with your family that is budget friendly?


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Samsung has started rolling out another software update for the Galaxy S III in India. This is the second OTA update for the handset, within a couple of months of its release. While the first OTA update only brought some under the hood changes along with a kernel and baseband update, this new update actually brings one nifty feature – a brightness slider bar right in the notification bar. Apart from this, the 73MB OTA update hopefully brings about some improvement and stability fixes.
The original Galaxy S and the Galaxy S II had an option to control the brightness by sliding the finger across the notification bar. This nifty little feature was appreciated by the whole Android community, and was even ported to CM7 and CM9. However, for some strange reason Samsung had removed this feature in the Galaxy S III. This is the same update that Samsung started rolling out internationally just a week ago.
If you live in India and have not already got the update, head over to Settings -> About Device and select the 'Software Update' option.


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To qualify for this vacancy, you must be a resident of a South American country.
Flight Attendant Criteria:
* Have a successful career history in delivering the highest quality of customer service which can be transferred into our award winning First, Business and Economy Class cabins
* Display strong interpersonal and communication skills that reflect genuine cultural sensitivities and appreciation
* Have excellent personal presentation and grooming standards that will reflect .
You will also need to fulfill the following:
Aged between 20 and 30 years of age for female
Over 5 feet 3 inches (1.58m) tall with weight in proportion
Able to swim a minimum of 50m unaided
Never convicted of a serious criminal offence
Not suffering from any illness that would restrict you from flying duties, eg asthma, diabetes, epilepsy
Have no birth marks or tattoos that would be visible whilst in uniform
Single (with no children)
College or University qualification
Fluent in written and spoken English
Willing to take a full medical which includes an HIV test and drug screening
If you can answer yes to all the above criteria then we would love to hear from you. We will train you to be the best in the industry before you fly to any of our international destinations worldwide. The position is based in the Kingdom of Bahrain which offers a friendly and cosmopolitan environment with fantastic recreational opportunities including numerous sports, water sports, sun bathing, luxurious shopping malls, international restaurants, and many other places for socialising.
We Offer:
* Salary with generous allowances
* Fully furnished shared apartment
* 36 days annual leave
* Annual leave ticket
* Generous travel concessions
* Medical care
* Transport available to and from work
* "Balmain, Paris" designed uniform
* Uniform cleaning and laundering
* Opportunity for career progression
* End of service payment based on length of service
So, do you have what it takes? If you have, why not apply… it could be the best life changing decision you have made and what do you have to lose...
You will also need to attach the following files to your application:
* Head and shoulders passport size photograph (jpg, jpeg or gif)
* Full body photograph (jpg, jpeg or gif)
* Up to date CV/Resume (.doc) to firstname.lastname@example.com


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'Fragile Five' Is the Latest Club of Emerging Nations in Turmoil
January 30, 2014 Leave a comment
'Fragile Five' Is the Latest Club of Emerging Nations in Turmoil
By LANDON THOMAS Jr.JAN. 28, 2014
The long-running boom in emerging markets came to be identified, if not propped up, by wide acceptance of the term BRICs, shorthand for the fast-growing countries Brazil, Russia, India and China. Recent turmoil in these and similar markets has produced a rival expression: the Fragile Five.
The new name, as coined by a little-known research analyst at Morgan Stanley last summer, identifies Turkey, Brazil, India, South Africa and Indonesia as economies that have become too dependent on skittish foreign investment to finance their growth ambitions.
The term has caught on in large degree because it highlights the strains that occur when countries place too much emphasis on stoking fast rates of economic growth. The new catchphrase also raises pressing questions about not just the BRICs but about emerging markets in general.
The Morgan Stanley report came out in August, when there were reports that the Federal Reserve would soon reduce its bond-buying program. The term that report coined became a quick and easy way for investors to give voice to fears of a broader emerging markets rout, propelled by runs on the Turkish lira, Brazilian real and South African rand.
These fears were realized this week when Turkey, seen by most investors as the most fragile of the Fragile Five, raised interest rates 4.25 percentage points on Tuesday.
The sharper-than-expected increase by the country's central bank — which previously took a fairly passive approach to defending its currency — was intended to persuade foreign investors, as well as corporate and household savers, to hold on to their lira instead of exchanging them for dollars.
As with other members of the Fragile Five, Turkey relies heavily on fickle short-term investment from foreigners to finance gaping current account deficits — the result of which has been a currency that many investors say is overvalued.
Investment analysts love to come up with catchy names that simplify their views and, ideally, capture the market spirit of the moment. During the early period of the euro crisis, PIGS, unkindly, came to describe Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain. And when the focus turned to Greece and its future in the euro zone, Grexit became the term of art.
Not all of them catch on. In September, Deutsche Bank analysts came up with Biits, which covers the same countries as the Fragile Five, but it graced hardly any analysts' reports.
The countries in the Asian financial crisis of 1997 never got saddled with a nickname. As in that and other emerging market blowups, foreign investors and lenders pulled their money out because of broader concerns about political and economic uncertainty.
And while there have been sharp outflows from Turkey and some of the other members of the Fragile Five, broadly speaking, foreign investors have retreated from the asset class as a whole.
None of which surprises Jim O'Neill, who, as an economist at Goldman Sachs in late 2001, came up with the phrase BRICs as a way to highlight the long-term growth potential of large emerging market economies.
"I still believe these are the best investment opportunities in the world," said Mr. O'Neill, who acknowledges being irritated at having to defend his thesis every time there is an emerging market wobble.
Mr. O'Neill, who recently left Goldman and now works independently, has just come up with yet another, similarly dynamic club. This one, of populous countries with high growth potential, he calls MINTs, for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.
When Mr. O'Neill coined the BRICs phrase, foreign capital inflows into emerging markets were about $190 billion a year, according to data from the Institute of International Finance, the trade group for international banks.
His timing could not have been better: The Federal Reserve was moving to a policy of very low interest rates and China's growth engine was revving up, driving what would become a long-running commodity boom.
Yield-starved investors began pouring into Mr. O'Neill's markets and their economies. Since 2010, annual net inflows into these markets have averaged a little over $1 trillion a year.
As a result, Mr. O'Neill became quite the global man about town. He has been celebrated by investors and the BRIC nations themselves, which even formed a BRIC-development bank.
All this changed last summer, when the Fed's announcement that it would eventually reverse its bond-buying program panicked giddy emerging-market investors. Other concerns, like a slowdown of growth in China, political uncertainty in Russia and Turkey and most crucially, vulnerable currencies in Brazil and South Africa, spurred concerns over the possibility of a broader market panic.
So in early August, when James K. Lord, a fairly junior currency analyst at Morgan Stanley sent out a research note warning of the risks within the "fragile five," the name spread quickly, especially among investors already nervous about their emerging-market holdings.
Turkey, more than any of the others, has been the primary target. Since May, foreign investors have sold, in net terms, $3.9 billion worth of lira-denominated bonds, according to data from the Institute of International Finance, a substantial amount for such a short period.
Although Mr. O'Neill, while at Goldman, aggressively marketed his BRICs notion, Mr. Lord and his team at Morgan Stanley have been more circumspect, avoiding for the most part public statements in the news media.
In response to questions about his Fragile Five thesis, Mr. Lord, who this year was promoted from vice president to a more senior position, asked that he be quoted playing down his original thesis.
"We have been using the term less and less in our research," he said, explaining that responses by policy makers in these countries have to some extent addressed the issues he raised.
That is not surprising. Banks are always wary of promoting critical investment calls, especially when important, fee-generating nations like Brazil and Turkey are concerned.
But more skeptical investors remain less inclined to view currency-stabilizing steps taken by Turkey and other Fragile Five members in such a sanguine light.
"People made mistakes investing in these markets just because of the headline G.D.P. and demographics," said Stephen L. Jen, a former economist for the International Monetary Fund who now manages a hedge fund based in London. Important issues like corruption and governance, not to mention excessive lending in urban areas that favored the political and economic elites, have been ignored, he pointed out.
"Istanbul does not need 100 malls," he said. "There is a reason these people are poor."
Mr. Jen did make a stab at crafting his own catchphrase and considered adding Russia to transform the Fragile Five into the Sorry Six, before ditching the notion.
Better to keep it simple, he said, and steer clear of currencies with four letters: the Mexican peso, the South African rand, the Brazilian real and, of course, the Turkish lira.


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The Nasal Flu Session for reception, year 1, 2, 3 and 5 children at school, will be on Tuesday 27th November 2018. Year 4 children will not be vaccinated on this day as their trip was booked prior to the clinic date being confirmed. The date of their clinic is yet to be confirmed.
Please find below the Nasal Flu Information Pack. The consent form should be filled in and returned to school by Monday 26th November - only children with a completed form will be vaccinated.
Copies of the consent form will be available form the school office.


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11-29-2018 10:21
I have a 40 hp on a 22ft pontoon , on a horsepower restricted lake of 40 hp
anything I could do to get better performance?
11-30-2018 06:35
11-30-2018 07:33
The EPA has fines and possible jail time for anyone who changes the power output or the emissions on a 1998 or later outboard motor. Every year manufacturers have to certify EPA compliance with their motors.
"There is never just one thing wrong with a boat";
-- Travis McGee, main character in a book series by John D. McDonald
The factory recommends that a properly trained technician service your Johnson or Evinrude outboard motor. Should you elect to perform repairs yourself, use caution, common sense, and observe safety procedures in the vicinity of flammable liquids, around moving parts, near high-temperature components, and working with electrical or ignition systems.
The information offered here is only general in nature and should not be construed as complete factory approved procedures, techniques, or specifications. Always use the proper service manual for your motor, up-to-date service literature, the correct tools, and have an understanding of how to proceed with troubleshooting and repair methods. If you are unsure or uncomfortable with a procedure, a situation, or a technique, enlist the services of a factory trained technician.