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Since there seems to be some interest in mad cow, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and the disgusting-but-tasty world of meat-eating, I'm posting more stuff.
Here you'll find a 2001 article by Newsweek's then-medical editor Geoff Cowley on the cattle epidemic and the chances it could cross massively to human beings. He wrote it when the UK and Europe were killing hundreds of thousands of head of cattle on the chance they were infected. I was one of the reporters who worked on the story with him.
And if you're really interested, after the jump you'll find two of the reporting memos, what we called "files," that I contributed to that story. Caveats: They are really, really long. Some parts, especially the affiliations of sources and their thoughts on the status of the epidemic and disease surveillance system, may be out of date. (I wrote them almost exactly six years ago, which is the temporal equivalent of another planet.) Bear in mind that these aren't my notes—they're through-written summations of my work. Oh, and when you see the letters "TK," that's journalism jargon for "to come," which means I hadn't gotten the info yet.
TO: Cowley/Medicine
FROM: Rogers/DC
DATE: February 15, 2001
Mad Cow Policy 1
Modern epidemiology traces its roots to a guy named John Snow, who in 1854 tracked a cholera epidemic in London to a single public pump. He removed the pump's handle—rendering the pump unusable—and ended the epidemic. The public health effort that followed the link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans was as unlike Snow's grand play as the sequencing of the human genome was unlike Gregor Mendel's messing around with peas. And by the end of last year, it all seemed to be working. The European Union was allowing British beef back onto the continent. After peaking in 1992 and 1993, the number of British cattle found infected with BSE had dropped back to barely more than pre-discovery levels. While the new cases seem to be rising in France, Portugal, Germany, Spain and Ireland, that's probably a consequence of better surveillance. And the United States has never had a single case of BSE or new-variant CJD, the kind that eventually came to be associated with the bovine version.
This is where things get ugly—the specifics of how the United States dealt with an exogenous public health threat. At worst it could still a lot of people; at best it could destroy our beef industry the way it did Britain's. Because now that we've taken care of the things we know about, the only real vulnerabilities left are the surprises.
Back in 1986, everyone knew that cattle got a disease called Mad Cow Disease, more formally Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or BSE. It looked pretty familiar, because since 1755 shepherds had been putting up with a disease called scrapie that had much the same effect on sheep—it made them crazy and then killed them, and on death their brains were gunked up.
Some people also knew that human beings—very rarely—got a similar disease. Among the Fore people of New Guinea there was a variety called kuru, and it seemed to be linked to a ritualistic practice of eating the brains of dead ancestors. In 1968 kuru was identified as a type of disease called a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), just like BSE. In other parts of the world, those without Hannibal Lecter's gourmet flare, people got CJD. About ten percent of CJD cases are genetic, the result of a family disposition. Fewer than one percent are iatrogenic, a consequence of a medical screw-up that exposes a patient to the infectious agent. The remaining 90 percent of cases are termed "sporadic," which means no one knows how people get it. The disease is invariably fatal and a miserable way to die. In the United States from 1979 to 1998, it killed 4751 people, and globally it has an incidence of 0.5 to 1.5 cases per million. It, too, is a TSE.
So it wasn't long after the first case of BSE showed up that researchers started wondering if there was a connection between BSE and CJD. The US Department of Agriculture set up a working group to look at the bovine version in 1986; the United Kingdom started surveillance of the disease in 1990. By 1995 the USDA had banned live ruminants and ruminant products from the UK, started educating veterinarians about the disease and begun looking at cattle brains for signs of the disease. And CDC medical epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger had published a study of CJD mortality data. "My thinking was that we should have some kind of surveillance for CJD here, given that if the problem did break out in the United Kingdom we would need to have evidence one way or the other of what was happening," says Schonberger.
Like many researchers on both sides of the Atlantic, he was prescient. In 1996 the first cases of what would come to be called "new variant CJD," or vCJD, had been diagnosed and published. It didn't look like classic CJD—the victims were much younger, first of all, and they died more slowly (13 months as opposed to CJD's six). Cases didn't have the characteristic electroencephalogram pattern US doctors used to diagnose the disease, and the onset of psychological problems preceded clinically discernible neurologic problems (in the US it was the opposite).
The science of TSEs and prions isn't my mandate here, but the theory on how (basically) scrapie turned into vCJD is pretty cool. TSEs, it turns out, seem to broaden the species they can infect after passage through a third species. Kuru and CJD, for example, could only infect ferrets and goats after passage through primates or cats. A strain of BSE became a threat to hamsters after a trip through mice. So it's plausible that scrapie mutated—if that's the right word for a twist of protein—after making its way into cattle. How it probably got there is a whole other story, one that has to do with all the things people who eat steak generally don't like to think about. The rendering process, the process by which perfectly alive cows become perfectly done steaks, among a host of other stuff, is pretty gross. After a kill—like with a pneumatic stunner conk on the head followed by exsanguination—all the good bits get cut off. Then machines take off some more, less-good bits. The carcasses get ground up and boiled, which gets you protein mush covered in fat. The fat is tallow, used in candles and soap, so that gets taken off. The protein mush gets dried out and sold as a cheap supplement to feed—that's the MBM.
So, the story goes, maybe some MBM from scrapie-infected sheep got into a cattle feed mix. Wouldn't ordinarily be a problem, except around 1980 rendering changed. The responsible prion survived the process, and after amplification in cattle got cycled back through the now-vulnerable process again as cattle carcasses went through the mill. The lid was off.
Schonberger once more went to work. "We knew from our Department of Agriculture that we didn't have any epidemic of BSE...so it would be very important for the world to know whether the United States had new-variant CJD or not," he says. "A lot of people would have been happier if we had it, because it would have shown a disassociation between BSE and new-variant CJD." Folks like the European cattle industry hoped that the US would be a control case that proved no link between BSE and vCJD; instead, not a single case turned up, bolstering the case for a connection. It was a near thing. The CDC's surveillance centers turned up one case with many of the clinical hallmarks of vCJD. Schonberger took a set of pathology samples with him to the World Health Organization meeting in Geneva in the spring of 1996 to show to firstnametk Ironside, the researcher who had first characterized the disease. "We stepped out of the WHO office and found a microscope in one of their clinics," Schonberger says. "As soon as he saw it he said, 'no, Larry, this is not what I'm seeing.'"
Over the next few years in the UK and Europe restrictions on British beef got tighter and tighter. In 1988 the rule was, kill BSE-infected cattle and destroy their milk. By 1999 British beef and all the products made from it—gelatin, tallow, mechanically removed meat, specified bovine materials (brain, spinal cord, thymus, tonsil, spleen, intestines, the entire head except the tongue) and meat and bone meal (used as a protein supplement in animal feed)—was interdicted onto the British Isles.
In the United States, all European ruminants and ruminant products were banned. The Food and Drug Administration prohibited the feeding of MBM (meat and bone meal) supplements to cattle, though chicken, fish and pigs were okay. The FDA set up a TSE Advisory Committee to deal with questions about how to handle specific aspects of controlling the disease (though they didn't consult with them on the MBM ban, apparently—I'm checking this).
Meanwhile, the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the Food Safety Inspection Service and state agencies have all been trained—initially by Brits—to look for BSE. They sample the brains of cattle showing signs of neurologic disease either in the field or on their way to slaughter. Since 1993 they've sampled at random the brains of "downer" cows, defined as those that are nonambulatory at slaughter. The test samples sent to veterinary pathology labs and brains submitted to National Veterinary Services labs. The test uses immunohistochemistry to look for protease-resistant prion protein, or PrP, the BSE marker. By the end of 2000 11,954 brains had been sampled without finding a single case of BSE. "My concern is that surveillance among cows is inadequate," says Peter Lurie, deputy director of the Health Research Group at Public Citizen and a member of the FDA's TSE Advisory Committee. "We do testing of all cows with neurological symptoms, but in those downer cows we test only a fraction of them....They don't do enough testing of those downer cows, and that's an obvious place to expand surveillance in this country."
The USDA established a BSE Response Team and began to research a computer model to predict possible vCJD epidemics. "It's become pretty clear to us that, based on what's been learned in the UK, we have a pretty good idea of how to keep the disease out of animals and even the potentially dangerous tissues out of the human food supply," says George Gray, director of the Program in Food Safety and Agriculture at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, at Harvard School of Public Health. Gray isn't done with the model yet, so it's unclear how good it's going to be. One limitation is already clear, though. "This study was commissioned by USDA, and they tried as best as they could to keep it focused on USDA issues," says Gray. That means it doesn't take into account some of the possible subtle flaws in the firewall, the vulnerabilities to blood-borne BSE, iatrogenic infection or tainted nutritional supplements. All that stuff is under the FDA's auspices. "Unless it is animal health or human food," says Gray, "it's not within our current mandate."
The CDC continues the surveillance Schonberger initiated. Working with the Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and the American Association of Neuropathologists they started collecting samples, death reports, charts, rumors...anything that could lead to actual vCJD cases. They advertised in the Journal of the American Medical Association to inform clinical neurologists about their surveillance efforts, looking in particular at travelers, military people, anyone who might be at risk of exposure. "Despite the huge number of visitors to the United Kingdom from all over the world, there has not yet been a case occurring in an individual who has not spent a considerable amount of time in an endemic area," Schonberger says. "The hopeful interpretation of that is that this jumping of the barrier that we were all surprised about, it may be not that easily done. In fact, you may need huge numbers of people to be exposed before you get another outcome."
Schonberger, at least, is confident in his mechanism. He describes what in another context might be "false positives," indicating a highly sensitive system. In New York, for example, a local doctor reported a girl's illness to the media as vCJD because her parents recalled a Christmas gift of meat from the UK. "We ended up talking to the neurologist, but the neurologist said no, this really is not a case [of vCJD], but we can't talk about it yet." The consulting neurologist was worried about patient confidentiality, and about going over the head of the local doctor. Schonberger's CDC guys announced that it wasn't vCJD. In another case, a friends of a dying man in a nursing home, as well as staff from the hospital that sent him there, started calling CDC reporting him as a possible vCJD victim. Turned out he'd been a hunter, possibly exposed to chronic wasting disease, a TSE found in elk that's never jumped to humans. "About a week later the guy got up and walked out of the hospital," Schonberger says. "It was some kind of psychiatric problem."
So far, we seem to be okay. That ban on feeding MBM-fortified feed to ruminants is our firewall. Cows no longer eat cows in this country, according to FDA regulation. Now, that was always going to be bolstered by the fact that the US has never imported much beef, anyway. "Some cows in the early days of the epidemic actually did get sent to this country. Most of them were identified and killed, except for a few dozen," says Lurie. "The probability that any one cow is infected is low....Did those cows every enter the food supply of humans, or did they enter into the food supply for other cows, which in some sense would be worse?" Lurie says nobody knows, but the USDA says that of the 496 cattle imported from the UK and Ireland between January 1, 1981 and July of 1989, when the ban went into effect, only four are still alive, monitored by (APHIS) in Vermont. "We escaped BSE principally because the USDA camped all over the problem from a very early point, and we're self-sufficient with respect to beef and livestock supplements. We're lucky," says Paul Brown, a senior research scientist at NIH and former head of the FDA's TSE committee. "Since then I think we've put up pretty good walls so that if they get breached, it'll be rare, and a mistake. My guess is that it's very unlikely that we'll ever see BSE in this country."
Of course, the firewall has gaps. The General Accounting Office published a study in September of 2000 saying that of 2,481 feed mills, farms and other ag-type firms handling MBM that the FDA inspected from 1998 through the beginning of 2000, 699 of them weren't labeling the slop to indicate ruminants weren't allowed to eat it. That's 28 percent not in compliance with the regs. Six percent of the firms weren't keeping records of who they sold their stuff too, which makes backtracking violations difficult. And 20 percent of the firms that made both MBM and other kinds of feed didn't have systems to keep the two types from mixing. Out of over 9,100 firms the FDA and state inspectors visited, just under a fifth didn't even know about the regulations. So enforcement remains a problem.
So might the MBM feed ban. Michael Hansen of the Consumer Policy Institute, part of Consumers Union, thinks that BSE could jump the species barrier into pigs, and wants the ban to extend to all mammals. I'm talking to him Thursday.
Those Vermont sheep I mentioned earlier might be another problem. Imported to the United States in 1996 by rich folks who wanted a hobby farm, they were potentially exposed to BSE. Intuitively you'd think that wouldn't be a problem—sheep don't' get BSE, they get scrapie, which doesn't jump the species barrier to people. But in 1993 a Scottish lab showed that sheep could in fact become infected with BSE and end up with a disease that was, if not named, at least some kind of TSE. APHIS quarantined the sheep and, while they never got sick, testing showed infection with a prion. Earlier this month a judge ordered that the FDA could destroy the animals. "It's the most serious introduction of BSE into the United States that I know about," says Schonberger, though he acknowledges that "the odds are it's probably not true." He continues: "Given the consequences of an introduction into the United States, CDC took a position that these sheep should be gotten rid of....We encouraged the Department of Agriculture to do whatever they thought they could do to get rid of them. Quite frankly, the Department of Agriculture didn't have to be pushed very hard." (((The USDA's side of this is tk.)))
Other possible ways vCJD might get into the US are smaller probabilities. Blood is TK. That handful of iatrogenic cases seems to have largely been dealt with—nobody uses human growth hormone from cadavers anymore because the recombinant product is available, so that problem's solved. A few dozen cases of CJD resulting from transplants of dura mater, the casing of the brain, and roughly three cases of CJD from cornea transplants (((working on nailing down these numbers further))) have been reported. "Presumably if CJD gets transmitted this way, so could variant CJD," says Lurie. "There's no concern that anybody need go without the dura mater implant because we could ban either cadaveric dura mater altogether, as I would have it, or just from people who have spent time in Europe." And as for corneas? "We actually export the stuff, so at least for us there's no problem in saying we'll only use, in effect, American corneas."
Plus. the rules for harvesting corneas and sterilizing neurosurgical instruments are now much stricter than they used to be. For example, neurosurgeons routinely assume that patients with undiagnosed dementia could have CJD. "You may be wrong nine times out of 10, but that's still bad odds," says Brown. The real concern about iatrogenic infection is related to the long incubation period of CJD and vCJD. "We don't have any idea as to the real numbers of people who are now healthy but are infected, and there's no way to identify them," says Brown. "That's a real potential problem."
While any beef product remains scary-sounding, gelatin and tallow may represent special cases. "The committee, in order to be logically consistent, considered gelatin in the same boat as everything else of bovine origin. In point of fact, gelatin is processed using lime, which renders it harmless because the lime inactivates the infectious agent," says Brown of the NIH. "When you make tallow derivatives on the one hand or extract gelatin from the hide and bones on the other, you're using processes that we use in the laboratory precisely to inactivate the agent, so it's pretty good."
(((FDA take on gelatin and iatrogenics tk)))
What seems to have experts genuinely scared, however, are so-called nutritional supplements. Federal law—the 1994 DeShay Act—keeps these largely unregulated by the FDA. "It is literally possible for an unscrupulous manufacturer to take a British cow brain, crush it up, dry it out, put it into a pill and ship it into this country with a misleading label," says Lurie. "Only about one percent or less of FDA-regulated materials are in fact inspected at the border, and it is likely that inspectors would pay less attention to dietary supplements than other things because their hands are tied by DeShay." And indeed, various glands and organs are often listed as ingredients in supplements, even those imported from overseas. But since there's no way to know the real ingredients or their point of origin, these supplements could pose a real danger. "The nutritional and dietary supplement industry ought to be held accountable for all of the extraordinary glands they put in their pills, including brain," says Brown. "The FDA can't force them to document where they're coming from. I think that's inexcusable, and it's purely political and a potential leak in this barrier."
Probably presenting less of a possibility for infection are vaccines that, in preparation, employed beef-derived products from Europe. The really scary part about vaccines is that the FDA told the pharmaceutical industry to stop using European bovine parts in 1993 and 1996 and the companies basically ignored them. The five companies the FDA eventually busted in the media—GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis Pasteur, North American Vaccine, American Home Products and BioPort—have different excuses, most of which are tk. Deborah Spak, a spokesperson for Baxter International, which bought North American Vaccine last year, says that they stopped marketing Certiva, a diptheria-pertussis-tetanus cocktail, in 1999. "North American Vaccine had purchased one of the toxoids from a company based in Denmark that used in the manufacture of the toxoid beef broth from Germany," says Spak. "But you're looking several years back, and Germany was not on any list at that time. The broth was a culture medium for the bugs.
Okay, but was North American Vaccine using the bovine-component-derived toxoid before 1999 in willful defiance of the FDA? "I don't know," says Spak. A good answer. It might not matter, anyway. "Even if there is any infectious matter in early on in the process, the probability is survives to the end is very low," says Lurie.
A final note on the political surround of BSE. Cattle producers advocate country-of-origin labeling, hoping that a "made in the USA" label will allay consumer fears of Mad Cow. A few lawmakers support this provisionally, but it has problems. First of all, anything that stirs up consumer fear about any part of the industry probably harms the whole, and manages to rupture whatever confidence consumers have in Hazard Analysis-Critical Control Points (HACCP), the current FDA standard for ferreting out tainted meat. And even though on the surface it seems like country-of-origin labeling helps small producers against the big firms, mostly in Texas and Kansas, that import cattle from Mexico, the big firms are also tighter with USDA and could redefine "origin" to mean the place the cattle are slaughtered instead of the place they're born. These are the same folks most likely to use MBM feed, by the way, because it's a cheap replacement for soy protein, which US producers have always had more access to than British producers.
Cattle producers are also looking to lawmakers to reassure them and consumers, to tell people that it's okay to eat beef. But no smart congressman or -woman wants to go out there and say, "everything's fine" when there's a chance that tomorrow it won't be, with a vengeance. So instead they support surveillance and education.
more tk
TO: Cowley/Medicine
FROM: Rogers/DC
DATE: February 23, 2001
mad cow 2
The people who guard the public health of the United States aren't stupid. They aren't bad people, or venal. They do, however, live in a system that pulls in several directions, and not all of them point to lower risks of any potential danger. That's true of any government regulation that protects the health of individual citizens, and those concerning transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is no different.
Agencies split up the responsibilities when it comes to TSEs, and more precisely bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease. In my previous file I talked about the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which manage surveillance on the disease among human beings. The Food and Drug Administration is in charge of preventing the European form of BSE (and the human version, new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) from sneaking into the United States inside processed products, and keeping it from spreading if it has gotten into North America by regulating what animals (and people) get fed. On the other hand, the US Department of Agriculture deals with animals that could become infected, and with surveying America's various herds, flocks and sundry other collective nouns' worth of animals to see if they've already got it.
The general idea is that the US ban on importation of any live ruminants or ruminant products from BSE countries—administered by the USDA—will keep BSE out. Just to be sure, though, the USDA will also routinely check animals for infection. Meanwhile, in case the disease has made it into the country, the FDA is supposed to enforce a ban on feeding ruminant parts to other ruminants. That's the MBM (meat and bone meal) feed ban. FDA also tracks products like vaccines, pills and dura mater from cadavers—stuff used in medical procedures—to make sure they're not infected, and don't pass on the disease.
The MBM feed ban is supposed to be our firewall against the infection. Not everyone thinks it's working. "This firewall is more like a white picket fence," says Michael Hansen, a research associate with Consumers Union. Over the life of the ban, he says, "nothing was pulled off the market. It was just that there were labeling and record-keeping requirements, and we know the labeling has been pathetic.... We know that stuff is being sold to farmers and not being labeled properly, so the enforcement to my mind has been a joke."
He makes a good point here. The MBM ban doesn't say, don't feed TSE-positive animals to other animals. It just says don't feed cow parts to cows. So, for example, sheep with scrapie or elk with chronic wasting disease can go into the food chain, as long as they're labeled "do not feed to ruminants." Plus, cow parts can be fed to pigs and pig parts can be fed to cows, and organisms can carry BSE either asymptomatically or with symptoms indistinguishable from whatever TSEs afflict their species, as I'll get to in a moment with the Vermont sheep case.
So where's the FDA on all this? "Swine have not been shown to be a species where it [BSE] has jumped in the past. Now, if there's anything true about this disease, it's that nothing's 100 percent," says Murray Lumpkin, senior medical advisor at the FDA. But "there didn't seem to be enough evidence even on the theoretical side to extend the ban." I asked him about the research showing that inoculating pigs' brains with BSE prions gave them the disease, and he said, "we know that the central nervous system is the most vulnerable part of the body for this disease, and also the most infective, so when one does an intracranial inoculation, the fact that one can find the infection after that route of exposure is not particularly predictive."
Lumpkin said that the primary purpose of the feed ban so far has been to educate feed lot personnel in good feeding practices to prevent future possibilities of amplification through a herd. "At this point we don't feel that the research or experience looking at other species would lead us to prohibit feeding of American feed of feed from non-BSE countries to other species," he said. But doesn't the Texas feed lot case suggest that there are problems? "That feed lot had been inspected and was found to be in compliance, but a human error occurred," Lumpkin says. "We're talking about thousands of individual sites across the United States. For someone to believe that there's going to be an FDA inspector watching every time a cow is fed is unreasonable."
Lumpkin further acknowledges that the ban has a ways to go before it's perfect. Commingling of feed at plants that handle prohibited and non-prohibited material is still a problem. "Part of it has to do with the ongoing learning of what can and cannot realistically be done," he says. "We're continuing to learn what can and cannot be done physically and chemically in those areas." One solution might be to just ban MBM feed outright, don't feed to anything. But the FDA seems to believe that's too draconian—the background rate, says Lumpkin, isn't known. "Is it really 100 percent either in there or not in there?" he asks rhetorically. "If indeed this is a legitimate form of feed the provides a high-protein source for animals who are not at risk, we don't want to be banning that if there's not a public health risk in that decision. The hard part here is that people will come and say, 'are you 100 percent sure there is none?' and of course we've said before that there is nothing 100 percent about this disease....How much of a real benefit do you accept against a potential risk?"
The MBM ban may be a Maginot Line, anyway. In the late 1990s the cattle industry started talking about a feed supplement called spray-dried bovine plasma. The MBM ban doesn't extend to blood or blood products, so there's no regulatory problem with this stuff made from cow blood (or pig blood, in the porcine version). A 1997 article from Dairy Herd Management touting the supplement's benefits even went this far: "Plasma is a natural source of adult disease-resistant antibodies—and it's a product that delivers exactly the type of proteins the calf needs in early growth....The method of spray-drying helps maintain plasma protein structure and integrity." Says Hansen: "Right there we have direct bovine-to-bovine recycling. That is not a good idea." Lumpkin's characterization of the FDA viewpoint, extending to blood, blood products, gelatin and protein both porcine and equine: "At the time [the regulation] was written, the science was that those were felt to be kinds of materials that could be excluded without increasing the risk...this is a very fluid, dynamic science at this point in time, and as more data come in even the exclusions are up to further debate."
One place the FDA does restrict blood is in human donors. The current rules say donors can't have spent more than six months in Great Britain, the assumption being that an exposure of that length puts a person at risk for incubating vCJD. The Red Cross, the major clearinghouse for human blood in the United States, now wants more stringent restrictions after initially spurning even the FDA's six-month UK limit. What changed? Bernadine Healy, former head of the National Institutes of Health and currently president of the Red Cross, says that two things tipped the scale. First, they found out that the USDA was seeing BSE in other countries besides the UK, elsewhere in Europe. And they also saw research indicating that disease prions show up in lymph tissue. "We have no knowledge at this point in time because of our inability to quantify the size of the reservoir of infected but asymptomatic people, because we don't have a blood test," says Healy. "We are trying to make judgment calls in the face of great medical uncertainty." (((Geoff, obviously this was before that Nature Med article about the possible BSE blood test...I can call her back if you want comment on it next week. Adam))) She says the Red Cross' new rules, whatever they end up being, won't come out before the FDA changes their guidelines "to make sure that whatever we come out with embraces whatever they want to do."
The FDA did take some action recently regarding vaccines, as I reported in my previous file. At least some of the vaccine companies they singled out seem to be taking a confused but cooperative stance. A spokesperson for BioPort, which used to make (and will make again) an anthrax vaccine for soldiers, says it's all a big misunderstanding. "In 1996 we grew a new master seed. It would have been grown on nutrient agar. We received that from a vendor who gave us verbal assurances that there were no components from BSE-risk countries," says BioPort's Kim Brennan Root. In 2000, at the FDA's prompting, they asked for certificates of origin for the bovine components in that nutrient agar...and it turned out some of it came from France. BioPort told the FDA, and the FDA told them they could keep using the master seed, but that intermediate and working seed colonies would have to be grown on safe agar. Will they change the master? "If the FDA directs us to do that, then we will," says Root. Meanwhile, BioPort's not making anything—they still have vaccine on shelves, and they're building a new manufacturing facility, which also awaits FDA approval.
At Wyeth-Ayerst (part of American Home Products), doses of an offending pnumococcal vaccine are still available. Meanwhile, "we've been working more than five years to reformulate our vaccine," says spokesperson Doug Petkus. "You're dealing with a vaccine with 23 cultures....We're rederiving these culture seed stocks from a soy-based growth medium, and we need to submit a supplemental filing for each of these seed stocks. We're quite a ways down the road in completing that." And the vaccine only has components of unknown origin, only possibly from BSE countries.
Well, okay. Excuses or not, at least everyone acknowledges that the risk from contaminated vaccine is minuscule. "If we were to pull the vaccines and say, 'look, we're really worried about this theoretical risk that's never been shown to cause a case,'" says Lumpkin, "are we not going to create a very real public health problem by not having adequate vaccines available?"
The really scary one remains dietary and nutritional supplements. If the FDA sounds wussy when it comes to animal feed, they're both spineless and toothless when it comes to vitamins and extracts. "It is no secret that when you compare the authority that we have over other products such as drug and biologics, the authority over dietary supplements is much less," says Lumpkin. Being on this side of the executive part of government, we have to operate under the laws that congress gives us to operate under." He says they're trying to work with manufacturers and with the USDA's importation staff, but "that is right now the highest risk we are worried about."
Surveillance of animals for signs of BSE is the other major governmental task. Here, too, the government—specifically the USDA—has come under criticism. Hansen says the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, or APHIS, doesn't check enough cattle. He's less worried about British BSE than a home-grown strain. "We have 100 million cattle, the size of the US herd, and 36 million are killed every year," Hansen says. "You would expect that one in a million should come down spontaneously with the disease. That's why you have to stop all forms of animal re-feeding." And APHIS is likely to miss that one in a million. "The surveillance program is testing way too few cattle," he says.
Linda Detwiler, a senior staff veterinarian at APHIS and coordinator for BSE activities and the TSE working group, agrees...sort of. "My job is never to be comfortable with it," she says. Last year APHIS tested only 2600 cattle, of which 1900 were so-called "downer" cattle or "fallen stock," cows that can't walk on their own. Back in 1993 and 1994 the Europeans told Detwiler that downer cattle weren't a good population to test because they weren't necessarily neurologically ill. It wasn't until 1998-9, she says, that the Swiss started looking at their fallen stock. "Lo and behold, they were able to find cases of BSE." Everyone started testing downers.
The mid 1990s were also tough because there wasn't yet a test for the BSE prion—diagnostics were limited to histopathology and to a mouse bioassay, where a researcher takes ground up cow brain, squirts it into a mouse and waits two years to see if the little guy gets a TSE. APHIS started using the new immunohistochemical test and western blots to do surveillance on scrapie, the sheep TSE, but at the same time validated it on BSE by trying it out on samples of infected bovine brain imported (under a biosafety level 3 containment) from the UK.
While Hansen and Marcus Doherr of the Swiss Veterinary Office have a point when they say Detwiler's team isn't looking at enough cattle, she points out the rate of increase. In 1993 they looked at about 400 brains. That went up over 2600 by 2000, and they're expecting more in 2001. And Detwiler contradicts Hansen's assertion that her people only do immunohistochemistry or western blot tests on brains that look like likely candidates under a microscope, via plain old histopathology. She says they do the advanced tests for abnormal prions on every brain.


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Frustrated Federer wears down Del Potro for Basel win
ROGER Federer has overcome some rare moments of ragged play and frustration to stave off a determined Juan Martin Del Potro 6-7 6-4 6-3 and win his eighth Swiss Indoors title.
Del Potro, making a late bid to make the ATP World Tour Finals in London, was looking for a third title in Basel after defeating home-town hero Federer in 2012 and 2013 in the final.
Federer struggled at time to find his best form and after allowing Del Potro to break back when leading 5-4 in the first set, smashed his racquet on to the net in a clear sign he was unhappy with his game.
Del Potro took the first set in a tie-break, but it was his turn to lose his cool when he dropped serve at 4-5 in the second as the crowd roared Federer on.
Del Potro took the opening game of the decider but looked fatigued as Federer found another gear to surge back.
The Argentine delayed Federer's celebrations, breaking serve at to pull it back to 5-3 but the 36-year-old Swiss broke again to take the match.
Federer is now alone in second place on the all-time titles list with 95 wins, one more than Ivan Lendl.
American great Jimmy Connors leads with 109.
Federer's hopes of catching Rafael Nadal at the top of the rankings appear over, however, after he pulled out of next week's Paris Masters citing a back injury.
Federer, who trails Nadal by 1460 points, will be back for next month's ATP Finals in London.
Del Potro would have moved into the eighth and final qualifying spot for London had he beaten Federer.
Now he has to make the semi-finals at least in Paris next week to make it to the season-ending tournament.


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Posts Tagged 'tyrannosaurus'
Split Personalities: LearnPlay's HalfToy Dinosaurs
Better By Half…
I first saw the wonderful HalfToys creatures at The Toy Association's New York ToyFair back in 2017 and instantly fell in love with the look as well as the concept. So I was especially pleased when early in October this year LearnPlay (the exclusive United States distributor of HalfToys) reached out to solicit the first wave of the product line.
Read the rest of this entry »
When You Wish Upon a 'Saur: TOMY's Dino Goodies
Kid Dino-Mite…
Between the rush of excitement and that Japanese language course you took to help dissect the nuances of the recent Star Wars: The Force Awakens trailer, you might have missed The Walt Disney Company sliding another film in under your noses. The Pixar collaboration titled The Good Dinosaur has been brewing in the background for some time. Now, with the kinks worked out of its bones, it will hit theaters, on November 25, 2015, as a sweet Thanksgiving dessert for your youngsters.


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Class Claims Apple| Double-Bills at e-Stores
SAN JOSE (CN) – Apple double-bills for purchases at its e-Stores and refuses to issue refunds to customers who catch them at it, a man claims in a federal class action.
Robert Herskowitz sued seeks an injunction and punitive damages for breach of contract, breach of faith, unjust enrichment, unfair competition and business law violations.
Herskowitz claims he bought a single song from the iTunes store for $1.29, for which Apple charged him twice.
When he brought the error to Apple's attention, he says, the company responded: "Your request for 'Whatya Want from Me' was carefully considered; however, according to the iTunes Store Terms of Sale, all purchases made on the iTunes store are ineligible for refund. This policy matches Apple's refund policies and provides protection for copyrighted materials," according to the complaint.
Herskowitz says the agreement governing use of Apples' e-Stores "says no such thing." He claims the policy has "resulted in substantial numbers of Apple customers throughout the country having been double billed by Apple."
Apple's refund policy, in the Terms and Conditions to which every customer must agree to make purchases on Apple's e-stores, states that Apple does not provide refunds in the event of a price reduction or promotional offering, Herskowitz says.
Accordingly, by its own terms, "Apple's 'no refund' policy is limited to 'the event of a price reduction or promotional offering.'"
The complaint adds: "Under the agreement, as with any consumer transaction, Apple may bill customers only once for each product or service that is purchased. With troubling regularity, however, Apple has 'double billed' customers for purchases made through the Apple Stores. In those cases, when a customer purchases a song, movie or book, Apple bills that customer twice for the same download. Apple, however, has effectuated a policy and practice of refusing to refund the extra charge to customers whom it has overbilled."
Apple violates its own terms of agreement as well as California state and common laws, according to the complaint.
Herskowitz claims that in addition to the iTunes store, Apple follows the same illegal policy at its App store, iBookstore and the Mac App store.
Herskowitz seeks damages of more than $5 million for a national class.
He is represented by Joseph Tabacco Jr. with Berman DeValerio of San Francisco.


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Morgan Sindall to construct the UK's first carbon neutral laboratory
Morgan Sindall has been appointed to construct the UK's first carbon neutral laboratory - winning the £15.8 million construction contract for the GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry for The University of Nottingham.
The laboratory, which is being part-funded by GlaxoSmithKline, will house The University of Nottingham's Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, which will serve as a hub to catalyse new collaborations with industry. The centre will be unique in the UK not only in its design but also in its focus on world-leading research activity in sustainable chemistry.
This research activity will aim for the highest 'clean and green' standards to minimise environmental impact and ensure that the new chemistry developed is both energy and resource efficient and sustainable.
The building, which has been designed by architects, The Fairhursts Design Group, will occupy 4,500 sq m over two floors. In addition to laboratory space for around 100 researchers, it will also contain dedicated instrument rooms, a teaching laboratory for advanced undergraduate classes, and space for a range of outreach activities.
The University of Nottingham's Chief Estates and Facilities Officer, Chris Jagger, said: "This building will be at the forefront of the next generation of highly sustainable wet chemistry research laboratory building design. We have commissioned the very best expertise in the project management and design team consultants and we are delighted at the appointment of Morgan Sindall as contractors to enable us to proceed with the construction and delivery of this project."
Located on The University of Nottingham's award-winning Innovation Park, the new carbon neutral laboratory building will provide unrivalled facilities for chemistry. The focus on sustainability will be reflected in the building itself, which will incorporate the latest technologies to allow it to be carbon neutral over its lifetime.
The building is set to achieve a BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) rating of 'Outstanding' and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) 'Platinum' rating. It is set to reach carbon neutral status after 25 years.
The laboratory will be built from natural materials and energy required to run it will be met by renewable sources such as solar power and sustainable biomass. Excess energy created by the building will provide enough carbon credits over 25 years to pay back the carbon used in its construction.
Morgan Sindall area director, Richard Fielding, said: "This is an extremely exciting project to be working on; it's a UK first and is set to push the boundaries of sustainable construction. We're proud to have been appointed to construct this outstanding facility which will enable world-leading research activity in sustainable chemistry to take place in a setting which has been constructed and designed so that it doesn't adversely affect the natural environment.
"Morgan Sindall has a depth of experience constructing speciality laboratory facilities and is well versed in delivering highly sustainable developments, so we're looking forward to working closely with the University and our project partners to bring that expertise and knowledge to bear on this scheme."
Construction of the laboratory will begin in the Autumn of 2013 and it is expected to be completed in early 2015. The project is being managed by Gleeds and the project team includes quantity surveyors Northcroft Services, structural engineers Aecom and CDM Co-ordinator WSP Group Plc.
Pictured: An artist's impression of the Centre for Sustainable Chemistry
For more information about this news release please contact Ruth Cobban at Paver Smith on 0151 239 5000 or email email@example.com


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New FlowSafe BWMS Works With Gravity Discharge Deballasting
A new Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) developed by Flow Water Technologies Ltd, called FlowSafe, can now be fitted in bulkers with gravity discharge deballasting.
Flowsafe is carbon offset neutral and saves costs because it can be installed at sea without the need for new pipework. Originally developed for bulkers with Framo type pumps and pump rooms, Flow Water engineers re-visited the FlowSafe installation method in response to a customer query.
"A ship management company put across the problem of gravity discharge valves on bulkers and asked us how we would overcome the issue without having to introduce new pipework to the vessel," said Mark Hadfield, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Flow Water Technologies Ltd.
"FlowSafe can be installed initially on the main ballast line just like any other system, but being an active substance, the TRO needs to be measured before discharge.
"The design of the FlowSafe BWMS allows for the TRO to be measured from in-tank and, if needed, the neutralisation of the active substance can be sent to each tank individually without altering the existing pipework.
"This way the gravity de-ballasting can be used as normal. We are confident that this is another design from Flow Water that will favour the shipowners' pocket for installation costs."
Flow Water Technologies Ltd, headquartered in Limassol, Cyprus, is a dedicated ballast water management engineering firm established by engineers with extensive experience in water treatment solutions. Flow Water has established its own on-site training facility, the Flow Water Academy, developed in association with Frederick University, Cyprus, to give students hands-on education and experience in the water ballasting process.
The products and services herein described in this press release are not endorsed by The Maritime Executive.


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Ramen friends- do you want to be my friend?
college hoodie (Red)
Multi colour screen-printed on Gildan heavy blend, featuring 'do you want to be my friend?' illustration. (Tom and yokai bunny exchanging gift :3) Super cute yokai bunny mask doodles on both sleeves. 50% Cotton 50% Polyester, soft and fluffy inside.
Unisex size. Lose fit.
Model is 5'4 UK 8-10, wearing size M
Sizes :
XS (1/2 chest 50cm, body length: 67.5cm, sleeve length 65.5cm)
S (1/2 chest: 52cm, body length: 69cm, sleeve length:67cm)
M (1/2 chest:56 , body length: 72cm, sleeve length:68.5cm)
L (1/2 chest: 60cm, body length: 75cm, sleeve length:70cm)
XL (1/2 chest: 64cm, body length: 78cm, sleeve length:71.5cm)
XXL (1/2 chest: 68cm, body length: 81cm, sleeve length:73cm)
Please note that standard shipping does not include tracking. Track and signed shipping method is recommended for overseas including Europe.
CARE (please read before you wash):
Hand wash first time with cold water. After you can machine wash, remember to turn the shirt inside out. Air dry. no bleach. Iron when necessary.
please message me if you have more questions xo


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Stripping down all the unnecessary parts from the bike, cut off the seat and five a badass look to be the winner in this category!
All you need is a Scrambler 800 or a Sixty2. And the best of your creativity to personalize it in the way you prefer.
Rules for the Outsider challenge:
- Models: Scrambler 800, Sixty2
- NO CONSTRAINTS on the type of materials
Download the rule book for more information!
Some Examples
Here's how an Outsider-style bike looks like.
A different challenge?
The Custom Rumble is back with five different challenges. Choose the one that better suits your creativity!


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Click here for photos of previous events.
A HUGE thank you to all who have donated to support the Four Winds Music Education Program. We are delighted to share the news that we have now received donations totalling $40,000 which will be match-funded meaning the total value of this campaign is $80,000 towards young people's music making and changing their lives!
Plans for our Artists in Schools and Youth Festival, as well as professional development for teachers both in and outside the classroom are well underway and will be starting in Term 3. Thank you for helping make this possible and we look forward to sharing news of their success with you.
Whilst the dollar for dollar campaign has now reached its target, we gratefully receive any donation to support Four Winds Education work and your tax deductable donation can be made here


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Perks of shopping at BJs (without paying for membership)
Did you know there are a lot of ways to take advantage of warehouse club prices without ponying up for membership? The East Coast chain BJ's has especially sweet perks for non-members!
1. The prices online are the same for non-members. When you shop at Costco.com, non-members pay a 5% surcharge except on prescription drugs and gift cards. Non-members cannot shop at SamsClub.com.
2. BJ's accepts manufacturer coupons from the Sunday newspaper and they issue their own. Costco only accepts their own coupons and Sam's Club does not accept manufacturer or competitor's coupons.
4. At BJ's you can pay with cash, checks, all major credit cards, and EBT cards. Sam's club does not accept American Express or Visa for in-store purchases. Costco.com accepts all major credit cards. In store, Costco accepts American Express, major debit cards, check, cash, and Costco cash cards.
The major drawback of BJ's is that membership is $45, while Sam's Club is $40 and Costco is $50. Plus, there are locations in just 15 states, including Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia. This means most folks don't have access to BJ's. If you have a Costco but not BJ's near you, no worries. There are many ways to shop at Costco without paying for membership.
Full disclosure: BJ's sponsored a free membership giveaway on my personal blog, BargainBabe.com three months ago.


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What makes a person resilient? How does anyone come through the fires of adversity a stronger, more driven version of themselves? Each person's life has a different path than their neighbors, so the answer can sometimes be long-winded.
Besides pinpointing and nurturing internal formations, it helps to be discriminating in how or who they allow to influence them. A beautiful flower needs fertile soil and to not be molested by predators and parasites.
There are people and situations that are very much like spiritual pests and predators. Below are listed major elements to avoid. Circumnavigating these will save you time and suffering. Life isn't only about recovering from bad situations.
Giving Up
A person shouldn't be judged on how they behave when everything is working out and going well. They should be measured by how they proceed when everything is against them.
How we handle suffering defines who we are as people and giving up is the worst option. Any self-reliant and capable person has had to learn this and won't allow someone to drag them down with their inaction or pity party.
An Unsupportive Partner
Your partner should be your biggest fan and a cornerstone in your personal support structure. It isn't fair when, after you have given your partner whatever they needed, they don't rise to meet your needs.
It isn't an unreasonable expectation to want the unwavering support of the person who claims they love you. Be sure to keep them informed as to what you are expecting or need. Life changes fast and no one is a mind reader after all.
Being Under-Valued
A truly resilient individual doesn't do anything for praise and recognition. But it always hurts when credit is not given where it is due. After working and trying to reach a goal or fulfill a promise, it stings terribly when others don't, or won't acknowledge your efforts and intentions.
No one likes this, but not everyone does something when debased. A strong-willed individual isn't afraid of necessary conflict. They understand that respect is one of the pillars holding up society.
Respect is a type of love and acknowledgement that everyone deserves. Any strong and productive person has worked hard to enforce their character and nurture themselves into what they are. Any attempt to drag them down will be stopped.
Emotionally Distant Romantic Partners
While it can be very trying to acknowledge and share our true selves, it has to be done. Strong people realize the power in vulnerability. For a spiritually capable and mentally focused person to grow close to another person, they have to know who that person is.
An unwillingness to try and trust will stand in the way of a relationship moving forward and being mutually beneficial. If the relationship is not a safe and nurturing place then you will move on to someone willing to try.
One of the ugliest traits, it has no place in the life of capable and thriving people. Jealousy is inherently disrespectful and self-defeating. If entertained, even in the slightest way, this trait can hijack a person's life.
Once jealousy is a standard way of thinking, the person will cease to grow and is guaranteed to hurt and detract from those around them. No one who has realized their potential, and the vast opportunities available throughout the universe, would willingly put that handicap on themselves or allow it around them.
Fake People
A person who can't acknowledge their needs and express themselves honestly are repellent to real, self aware people. While trying to sort out life's puzzles, who wants to have to worry about the hidden agendas of those around them.
Disingenuous people try their best to seem legitimate, but they can be spotted by the lack of forward movement in their lives, as well as an obsession with the perception of others. They try to fool everyone around them into believing their fantasies, spending as much time and resources as they can to achieve this.
The true nature of life isn't easy, but once we open up and start fundamentally connecting to the universe, the beauty and possibilities are made obvious and available. Fake people aren't motivated by internal growth or awareness, but only by external projections.


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IMPORTANT NOTICE: the Media Gallery will be closed, starting May 2nd, 2019. Make sure you save anything valuable before this date!
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
So. Are you for or against spying?
-Governments advocated for increased online spying after the Paris attacks even though the terrorists used unencrypted communication
-This may be controversial to some, and I must stress this is just my view, but to me it feels like terrorism is being blown out of proportion by governments. They seem to be using it as an excuse for pretty much anything controversial related to privacy. Having said this, terrorism does still kill people. However, this should not be an excuse to have our privacy rights stripped away from us.
-The whole case from Apple vs FBI seemed sketchy. If you searched enough, you would've found sources demonstrating the FBI could get into the iPhone even without Apple's help. Then why did the FBI claim it needed Apple's help? To get backdoor access to ALL the iPhones in the world? It does make you wonder...
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor fabricated in the Apple A7 or later A-seriesprocessor. It utilizes its own secure boot and personalized software update separatefrom the application processor. It provides all cryptographic operations for DataProtection key management and maintains the integrity of Data Protection evenif the kernel has been compromised.https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf


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Book now
Via Bari 24 Milan Italy
Area: Lorenteggio
View map
Book online or call +39 041 8624040
view info & map
Property Location
With a stay at this apartment in Milan (Navigli), you'll be a 4-minute drive from Domus Academy and 7 minutes from IULM University. This apartment is 3.2 mi (5.2 km) from Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology and 3.8 mi (6.1 km) from Cathedral of Milan.
Make yourself comfortable in this apartment, featuring a kitchen with a full-sized refrigerator/freezer and a stovetop. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and digital programming is available for your entertainment. Conveniences include an electric kettle and a washing machine, and you can also request a crib/infant bed (complimentary).


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Lucy Kourides is used to welcoming home her 20-year-old son, Nick, from trips abroad.
"Oh! Oh my god it's good to see you!" said Lucy to Nick when he arrived.
"It's good to see you, too," Nick responded.
But she savored this reunion at New York's JFK airport more than the rest. Nick -- a student at the American University in Cairo - barely made it out of Egypt. He says Cairo's airport was mobbed with thousands of people desperate to leave.
"We were worried that we might be stuck there for a while, so we got out," said Nick.
Complete Coverage: Anger in the Arab World
Nick was one of more than 2,300 Americans evacuated from Egypt this week aboard one of 19 State Department-sponsored flights. Officials say other U.S. citizens found alternate flights out of the country.
"Many other Americans departed through private means, either through commercial airlines or on private charters," said James Pettit of the U.S. State Department.
Cornell University student Alexandra Woodhouse nearly found herself stranded in Egypt this week, but scrambled aboard a flight out Wednesday. She says the violence in Cairo came right to her front door.
"You could smell tear gas outside of our window, it was a very difficult time to see the place that I loved so much in distraught," said Woodhouse.
Now, safe at home in the United States, Alexandra says her thoughts are with friends she's left behind.
"I want nothing more than to go back but I don't know when that's gonna happen," said Alexandra, sobbing.
Officials at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo say another State Department-chartered flight left Egypt Sat., headed to Greece. But officials say because commercial flights are now available, it's unlikely there will be additional U.S. government charters after Feb. 5.


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Waste management
This course gives an understanding of the principal legal obligations associated with the management of controlled and special waste, together with practical tools for the classification of waste type.
Training objectivesOn successful completion of the course, participants will be able to:
- Understand the principal legislation governing waste management
- Apply the methodology for waste identification, segregation, classification and disposal
- Understand the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the waste management chain
- Identify opportunities for waste minimisation
AudienceThe course is intended for all staff with a responsibility for the identification, storage, transfer and disposal of waste, including:
- Health and safety managers
- Environmental managers
- Facility managers
- Process and warehouse staff
A one-day course involving formal presentations, videos and workshop exercises. The inter-active nature of the programme requires that it be limited to no more than 16 participants.
Special features
For maximum benefit, we recommend that the expert trainer be given access to your organisation's waste management policies and procedures, partly to ensure the relevance of the topics selected and examples used during the course and partly to ensure that session 5 can be tailored to your particular situation.
The expert trainer
Stephen is a very accomplished management consultant and trainer with over thirty years' industrial experience gained in a wide variety of sectors. In his fifteen years as a chemist / chemical engineer, he directed his career towards management systems and business performance, gaining extensive experience in the control of major design and build construction projects for the nuclear power industry by the application of formal quality management systems. In the latter ten years Stephen has specialised in consultancy and training of client organisations in the development of environmental and quality management systems to ISO14001 and ISO 9000 respectively. He puts his practical experience to excellent use in his training, which is invariably appreciated by course participants:
'A good day made interesting by trainer – thanks.'
'Experienced speaker, able to use real situations as examples.'
Course outline
- Background to UK legislation and enforcement
- EU Directives, criminal and civil law
- Statutes, Regulations, Codes of Practice and Guidance Notes
- Statutory duties
- Civil and criminal liability
- Enforcement
- Sources of advice and guidance
- National waste strategy
- Waste minimisation
- Targets
- Special waste
- Legal obligations
- General requirements
– Control of Pollution Act, Environmental Protection Act, Environment Act and related regulations
– Health and Safety at Work, etc Act and related regulations
– Landfill Directive and Regulations
- Issues
– Definition and classification of waste
– Special and hazardous waste
- Controlled waste
– Duty of care
- Special waste
– General requirements
– Special Waste Regulations
– Waste Management Licences
- General requirements
- Workshop exercise – duty of care
- Organisation-specific waste management arrangements
- Waste output
- Routes for waste disposal
- Waste management arrangements and responsibilities
- Management of controlled waste
- Identify and describe the waste
- Keep the waste safely
- Transfer to the right person
- Receipt of the waste
- Checking (monitoring and surveillance)
- Management of special waste
- Definition
- Classification
- Movement of special waste
- Monitoring and inspection
- Workshop exercise – identify and clarify
- Links to environmental management systems and objectives
- Organisation-specific environmental policy
- Environmental management systems and standards
- Organisation-specific targets and processes
- Review and close


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The giant panda cub that died at the Smithsonian's National Zoo in Washington in September is found to have passed away due to a lack of oxygen.
The newborn panda cub's underdeveloped lungs resulted in insufficient oxygen being delivered to the liver, causing it to pass away just six days after its being born, according to CNN. The National Zoo's chief veterinarian, Dr. Suzan Murray, explained lack of oxygen contributed to liver damage stating:
"This is most likely due to the lungs that were not fully formed, that were impeding the flow, the proper absorption of oxygen, which then led to the death of the liver cells."
The unnamed four-ounce female panda cub was conceived through artificial insemination at the Smithsonian's National Zoo becoming the second born to 14-year-old female Mei Xiang and 15-year-old male Tian Tian, both of which are on loan from the People's Republic of China.
Newborn panda cubs are only about the size of a stick of butter, leaving experts to worry about the threat of physical trauma since the mother can weigh as much as 200 pounds.
The necropsy of the baby panda showed no signs of crushing or external physical problems, adds USA Today.
"There were no signs of internal or external trauma. The final necropsy determined that lung and liver damage ultimately caused the cub's death. Her lungs were poorly developed and likely caused her to have insufficient oxygen, which would be consistent with the changes in the liver. The mortality rate for pandas in their first year in captivity is estimated to be 26 percent for males and 20 percent for females. Some early mortality rates may be underestimated."
The death of the newborn panda brought a depressing ending to a much celebrated event, the birth of a highly endangered species. Zoo officials expected an increase in attendance by a half-million visitors due to the birth.
According to zoo officials, Mei is returning to her old self as well since the death of the panda cub:
"We are happy to report that Mei is almost completely back to her old self! Her hormones have returned to normal levels, as has her behavior. Mei is choosing to go outside in the mornings. In the afternoons she can usually be found napping on her indoor rock work."


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What is the worse matter about the coronavirus pandemic? Social distancing? Or US President Donald Trump? In my opinion, President Trump and his shoddy leadership and outright lies are far worse than the coronavirus pandemic. His latest lie was contradicting his country's own intelligence on the origin of the coronavirus. Mark my words: Trump isRead on »
Posts Tagged: The United States
Red Sociology: ASSIMILATION AS ASSASSINATION
MT comment: Even if the blog entry below speaks of assimilation, or one-way integration of blacks in the United States, it's pretty certain that these types of discussions will pick up in Finland as we become a more culturally diverse society. Who is being assimilated into Finnish society? Are blacks and visible minorities expected toRead on »
Fifty years from Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech
Today marks the 50th anniversary when Martin Luther King Jr.(1929-68) gave his historic "I have a dream" speech. When he gave the speech in Washington on August 28,1963, I was eight years old. Even if I knew nothing about MLK at the time never mind anything about his famous speech, his words would have aRead on »
Julian Abagond: Calling out racism
By Julian Abagond Calling out racism is where you point out that something is racist. It might not seem like a big deal, but it is an important part of fighting racism. It can even stop genocide, as crazy as that sounds. Genocide: Genocides unfold in eight stages. Stopping it at any one stage, stopsRead on »
Racism Review: Interracial Cheerios – What We're Still Ignoring
MT Comment: What would happen if such a commercial were aired in Finland and in other parts of Europe? ________________ A recap for those of you who haven't been following the cereal saga. On May 28 General Mills aired a YouTube Cheerios ad featuring a Black father, White mother and their young biracial daughter. TheRead on »
Whiteness and white privilege speak European languages
As we hold our collective breaths and await to know the identity of the bombings in Boston Monday, too many don't see a suspect but a whole ethnicity or religious group. Tim Wise put it very well in an opinion piece where he makes some distributing revelations about the power of whiteness. If we understandRead on »
Racism Review: Mixed Race, Pretty Face
It was once thought multiracial children were destined to be confused, inwardly conflicted and maladjusted. "Think of the children", used to be the warning used to discourage interracial couples from marrying. Mixed-race children often faced discrimination and prejudice. Experts worried that these children would suffer from poor self-esteem and lack of identity (Fields, Julianna. MultiracialRead on »
Of Birds and Feathers: The PS, the Sweden Democrats, and Their American Bedfellows
By Barachiel "Birds of a feather flock together." I don't know how or if this saying applies to personal relationships, but it is true in the world of politics. And though they undoubtedly hate to admit it, the populist parties of the Nordics and Europe are not exempt. The PS' problematic relationship with Suomen SisuRead on »


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Somatic Therapy (sometimes interchangeably referred to as Yoga Therapy) can be used to explore any topics that might typically be explored in conventional talk therapy, such as:
• depression
• anxiety
• self-sabotaging behaviors
• emotional trauma
• chronic pain
• relationship issues
• self esteem/image
• forgiveness
• grief
• trust
• personality and identity issues
Do I Need to Know How to Do Yoga or be flexible?
It is not necessary for you to practice or even know yoga in order to benefit from a somatic (yoga) therapy session. The sessions combine gentle movement informed by your personal experiences, guided by the practitioner. Joining movement with verbal processing in this way helps get you out of your head and into your body so that you have more of your own wisdom and insight available to you.
How Does Somatic Therapy Work?
Somatic therapy combines humanistic psychology, yogic practices and neuroscience to facilitate healing and personal growth. Science now agrees that we hold emotions, trauma and memories in our bodies as well as our brain. When we combine verbal processing with gentle movement, release and rewiring is possible on a deeper and more permanent level. In a somatic therapy session, breath awareness, assisted yoga-like poses and dialogue are utilized so that you may come to your own insights and action steps around your chosen focus. This greater awareness and the insight are transferred into your day to day life so that you may begin to create desired changes within your relationships, work, home and personal life, based on your own deep body-mind insights.
Will Somatic Therapy Help Heal My Physical Injuries?
Somatic therapy is not focused on rehabilitation or healing structural issues in the same way as physical therapy, however, it is a beautiful compliment to help release any body-held memories of trauma or emotional distress related to events surrounding the physical injury. This type of release work can result in significant shifts in the experience of pain and discomfort. In addition to her personal experience of recovery from a skydiving accident years ago, Tanjariitta has several years of experience working with individuals at a state of the art interdisciplinary medical clinic focused on chronic pain.
How Do I Prepare for a Somatic Therapy Session?
Since you will be moving your body, you may choose to eat lighter foods prior to a somatic therapy session. Bring layers of clothing just in case you get hot or cold, which is common in body-centered release work. Other things you may wish to have with you are a journal and some water. After the session, allow yourself some time to process and integrate, rather than planning to run errands or going back to work.
What is the Financial Investment for SomaticTherapy?
Sessions are $150 for 90 minutes. I can offer one-time sessions, collaborate with your primary psychotherapist, or work with you ongoing based on your individual needs.
Ready to Book a Session?
You can book online, or you can contact me with further questions via text or phone at 406.260.6520.
I look forward to working with you!
Client Testimonies for Yoga Therapy and Yoga for Chronic Pain:
"Over the last two and a half years, I have been privileged to benefit from Tanjariitta's instruction, help and support, both in her yoga classes and in private yoga therapy sessions. Her work is geared to helping people at whatever level is appropriate for the client. I have learned so much about my body and how to help myself through working with Tanjariitta. This work continues to be a priority for me." ~ Marilee
"I am a very type A personality, with a background in private military contract work. I came to see Tanjariitta because I heard her speak about trauma and its impact on our brain and body. I have chronic pain and I take blood pressure medications. Since doing sessions and practicing Yoga Nidra with Tanjariitta, my sleep quality has improved noticeably. My blood pressure has also improved to the point where my doctor agrees that I can come down on my medication dose." ~ Mike
"I have loved this work. I have had two major back surgeries and physical therapy has been too much for my body. I am going to use these techniques before my upcoming surgery." ~ Sandra, a 67 year old wheelchair patient
"Working with Tanjariitta has really helped my chronic pain. The movements in her class are easy and gentle, excellent for arthritis and injuries. Tanjariitta is knowledgeable and so very helpful." ~ Melody
"Tanjariitta is excellent at adapting her Gentle Movement class to those attending. It is never intimidating and always enjoyable. I am a 60 year old man who never expected to enjoy yoga. I love it!" ~ Mark
"The Gentle Movement class has been one of the two keys that got me living a fuller, richer, happier life. Her yoga and gentle movement exercises come from a vast array of studies and personal experience with chronic pain herself. The class has changed my life, thank you!" ~ Kelly


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McGinty, Vincent B. and Rangel, Antonio and Newsome, William T. (2016) Orbitofrontal Cortex Value Signals Depend on Fixation Location during Free Viewing. Neuron, 90 (6). pp. 1299-1311. ISSN 0896-6273. PMCID PMC4911340. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160613-125737494


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Rummy is one of the simplest game of all times. Its existence is not recent; the Indian population has been familiar with the game for decades now. Especially, with digitization, top rummy websites such as RummyPassion have been consistently witnessing hordes of registrations by rummy players. Have you been playing the rummy game for a long time? Still in a dilemma to know if you have reached the professional stage of rummy? Read on, as we have jotted down a few key signs of an expert rummy player. Let's get started:
It's obvious that every player feels boredom at some point of time while playing the game. But what a professional rummy player does to alleviate boredom is that either he/she takes a break from the game or plays every card for a reason and doesn't let any chance go in vain.
When a player gains brilliance in the game, he/she becomes smart enough to take prudent decisions. These decision-making abilities develop slowly and steadily with the passage of time. He/she knows how to deal with bad cards, i.e., whether to drop or play strategically to win the game.
Another quality of a good rummy player is that he/she keeps focus on playing his/her cards well rather than on winning the game. Also, a professional player knows that losing the game is making them learn and hits back harder the next time.
Winning and losing is a part of the game. Being optimistic throughout the game is the key to win. But most players don't bear the defeat.That shouldn't be the attitude. Controlling your emotions while playing rummy is one of the best signs that convey that you are becoming a skillful player. As said above, the focus should be on playing the cards well, which would certainly lead you someday to the lane of a professional player.
One can't deny the fact that to excel in the rummy game, a player needs to acquire skills, and they come with experience. This is the most important aspect which decides that a player is becoming dexterous. Also, carefully watching the moves of the opponents and quitting the game with perfect timing is the trait of an adroit rummy player.
Online rummy has become a popular card game in recent years. It is a skill game that can be won only when a player takes his/her skills to perfection. So, if you are a player who possesses the traits mentioned above, you're getting good at rummy!


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Ten Ways To Change The World In …
Ten Ways To Change The World In Your Twenties
WHAT KIND OF WORLD DO YOU WANT TO LIVE IN? Throwing a party. Preparing a meal. Sending an email. These are things you do all the time. How can they really make a difference? Ten Ways to Change the World in Your Twenties shows how to transform these everyday activities into world-changing events: Throw a party with a purpose. Prepare a sustainable meal. Send an email to your representative. An inspiring collection of ideas that can make the world a better place, this book taps into the potential of an energetic, influential generation and lights the path to shaping tomorrow by: * Digging into what you love * Volunteering in ways big and small * Supporting political actions that reflect your values * Leading an eco-active lifestyle * Simplifying and reducing your footprint * Using your buying power to encourage better business practices * Eating well locally * Hosting a party with a purpose * Exploring the world through environmentally responsible travel * Turning your passion into a vocation With a rating scale based on the time, money, and lifestyle impact required, and peppered with true tales of twentysomethings who've made an impact, Ten Ways to Change the World in Your Twenties provides resources and opportunities for you to use your talents to help create a history we can all be proud of. *** "Everywhere I go around the planet, I find young people, fresh from college, leading the new green movement. With savvy and heart, they're making a real difference-and as this book shows, you can too!" Bill McKibben | 350.or


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« 'Graduation Promise Act' Introduced in Senate | Main | 'Providence Effect' Documentary Showcases Chicago School »
Tight Economy Drives Cutbacks in High School Counselors
Barely milliseconds after a new report offered vivid illustration of how much students need help applying for college financial aid, we get a survey telling us that some of the folks who could help them do that are getting cut from high school payrolls.
A survey released today by the National Association for College Admission Counseling found that tight economic times are driving freezes or cutbacks in the counseling staffs at the vast majority of high schools.
Troubling, especially in light of a new report showing how important it can be for students to get help filling out the complicated FAFSA financial aid form. That difficulty can prove a stumbling block to college application and enrollment. (See my story about it here; blog item here.)
High school counselors are already so strapped that they can't give much help, if any, on college advising and applications. Cutbacks could only make that situation worse. At some schools, I know, those duties are handled by a career and college counselor, to take the burden off of guidance counselors, who rarely have that sort of training. I wonder if budget cuts are eliminating some of these positions, as well.
Speaking of cutbacks that affect the high-school-to-college pipeline, take a look, too, at this new report from the University of Alabama on cutbacks at the community college level. And this is happening just as the two-year colleges are experiencing a rising tide of interest and enrollment, fueled by the need for retraining in a rough economy, and a high-profile push from the presidential administration to boost Americans' educational attainment. Inside Higher Ed has a story on the study, as well.


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Product details
When you're rushing to get ready, this dress is easy-peasy to wear, and super-comfortable too. Clever seams give you a flattering shape, while pockets come in handy for storing all your little bits and pieces. It's made from soft cotton slub that will smooth your silhouette and is printed with striking patterns.
- 100% cotton
- Machine washable
- Semi-fitted shape
- Length finishes at knee
- Side pockets
- Short sleeves
- Soft cotton jersey
- Unlined
* Imported
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We operate a 365 no-quibble return policy. However, If an item is returned within 90 days of purchase, we will refund the full amount or offer an exchange.
We are happy to exchange any item within 90 days of receipt, no questions asked. However you may have to pay for returns postage.
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Giselle Jersey Dress
Made from soft-to-the-touch cotton, this relaxed dress delivers simple versatility. Its sleeveless shape is easily layerable, with a neat V-neck and smart button-down front. Utility details come in the form of deep pockets and a fixed tie belt.
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Consider your summer wardrobe complete with this elegant midi dress. It has slender straps for a breezy feel, along with a full, swishy skirt that's perfect for warm weather. Wrap-over detail on the body creates extra-flattering definition at the waist. ...


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2008 Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition
From a tenacious player on the basketball court to a respected automotive stylist off, nine-year NBA veteran Jerome "Junk Yard Dog" Williams puts the same resolve into vehicle customization as he did on the hardwood. Williams and his company, Automotive Street Style, have teamed up with Buick to create a vehicle that appeals to today's urban influencers. The result is a luxury crossover that Williams has dubbed the "Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition." It was revealed at the 2007 Specialty Equipment Market Association Show in Las Vegas.
"Buick is all about style, elegance, luxury and refinement. Those attributes are perfectly represented in Enclave. With the Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition, our goal was to accentuate those qualities while creating a vehicle that befits an urban CEO," said Williams. The Buick Urban CEO Edition represents the first vehicle collaboration between the NBA veteran and General Motors.
The 2008 Buick Enclave lends itself to high-end customization by delivering high-fashion design, luxurious interior comfort and a smooth, quiet ride.
"Buick's resurgence is apparent in its current vehicles: LaCrosse, Lucerne and Enclave; it's a brand with a historically strong appeal in the urban market. Our Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition takes Enclave's already stellar level of luxury and style and raises it another level. It's a slam dunk for urban CEOs, athletes and even soccer moms," Williams said.
Outside, the Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition carries the production vertical waterfall chrome grille. Its shapely body is draped in a rich White Opal paint for a clean, monochromatic appearance. The rear bumper has been streamlined for a more aerodynamic appearance. This special-edition Enclave rides on 24-inch custom Giovanna Canelli chrome wheels outfitted with matching-size Pirelli tires.
Inside, Buick Enclave Urban CEO Edition lets CEOs work and entertain in luxurious comfort and style. For influencers on the go, productivity is enhanced with a wireless Internet connection, the result of a satellite dish embedded into the vehicle's roof. Its integration enables Enclave to retain its aerodynamic shape without impeding interior roominess. The wireless connection allows passengers to surf the information highway while traveling on the asphalt ribbon.
Inside, the Buick Enclave CEO Edition treats all passengers like heads of corporations. Each of the four rear passengers can choose his or her entertainment medium: DVD, Blu-ray disc, programs downloaded from the Internet, or Internet connection. The video is played on four, 10-inch widescreen monitors integrated into the headrest bolsters of the front and middle-row seats. The sound is piped through four four-channel digital headphones; it can also be played through the vehicle's sound system – for those rare occasions when all agree on what to view. Buick Enclave CEO Edition doesn't exclude the front passenger; a seven-inch widescreen monitor is incorporated into the back of the visor.
All passengers – including the driver – are rewarded with sumptuous Dark Chocolate leather for an ultra-luxurious experience. To further accentuate the limo-like ride of this vehicle, white LED accent lights are integrated into the A- and B-pillars.
Buick is General Motors' premium international brand anchored by North America and China regions. A storied, 104-year-old brand in North America, Buick is also one of the most well-known automobile brands in China, with more than 1.3 million Buick owners. Last year, Buick sold more than 300,000 units there and more than 567,000 worldwide, a 17,000-unit increase over 2006. Buick nameplates in North America include the Enclave luxury crossover, Lucerne and LaCrosse entry-luxury sedans. The Buick lineup in China include the LaCrosse and Park Avenue premium sedans, Regal upper-medium sedan, Excelle family and GL8 and FirstLand executive wagons.
- Satellite dish embedded in roof
- White Opal paint
- Monochromatic appearance
- "Floating" Buick emblem in grille
- Streamlined rear bumper
- Pirelli tires: P274/35R24
- Giovanna Canelli Custom Wheels: 24- x 10-inch front and rear
- Full-length center console
- Suede-like Dark Chocolate seat covers and door panels
- LED accent lighting in A- and B-pillars
- Icon Tech video equipment with four, 10-inch VGA/LCD monitors
- Four, four-source digital headphones
3 comments:
I am really suprised that this vehicle came out without AWD. Weird.
Satellite dish embedded in roof.. awesome
Much better. This is a classy undertaking.


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Bar Social
One of my collaborations has been with Everybody Loves Raymond writer Tom Caltabiano on his web series Bar Social. On set, I've worked as the AC/DIT for about ten episodes of our three-camera interviews, shot in the most fun production environment one could ask for. That ease extended to our editing sessions where we cut down the interviews to their 5-minute episodes as seen on YouTube.


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We flew to Vegas so that the fiance could go rockclimbing with his bro-mance while my cousin and I caught up on girl time. We only stayed for a couple of days before heading to UTAH!
Now fiance and I lovelovelove Utah. We went to Zion back in 2009 and LOVED it. We drove down one afternoon, slept, did the Narrows AND Angel's Landing in one day, then drove back to Reno.
|Conquered both in the same day
We've been saying we need to go back to Utah, so we decided to make a week of our little Vegas trip. We rented a car (which was a hassle and a half) and booked it to Zion.
Fiance really wanted to do some slot canyoneering so we threw on our helmets, grabbed a rope and some waterproof bags, and found our slot.
Now Zion is hot. A lot hotter than the 66 degree weather here in Portland. So when everyone kept asking, "Are you going to bring a wetsuit?" All I could think was, "It's hot here. I'm not a baby, I don't need a wetsuit."
We chose to do the Pine Creek Canyon slot. We REALLY wanted to do subway, but didn't have luck getting the permit. Pine Creek was a great introductory slot for us. It only took about 4 hours to complete and all of the rappels were bolted. I HIGHLY recommend this if you ever get a chance to do a slot.
The very first jump was into a 6ft pool. I found out REALLY quickly why everyone was suggesting wetsuits. After making the freezing cold jump I saw there were a ton of guys. Like... guy central.
Wore a wetsuit.
And here is little Ashley running around in a tank top and shorts. I was prepared to turn around and book it back to the campsite, but decided to pretend to be a badass and not need a wetsuit.
Anyhow, the slot was amazing. It was beautiful. The pictures don't do it justice! One day we'll be able to go back and do more slots.
|And then he asks me, "hey babe - you ever thought you'd have to hitchhike?" Just when I thought I'd done it all...


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The Inishowen Peninsula is Ireland's most northerly land mass. There you will find some of the most magnificent unspoiled scenery the island has to offer. Today I thought I might share some photos I took of Doagh Beach, on the western coast of Inishowen.
We visited on a bright, sunny day in mid-summer 2011. We found a secluded, unspoiled beach.
An inlet of the Atlantic ocean flows into the cove, separating this beach from Five Fingers Strand. The view is breathtaking.
Not even a footprint marked the soft sands.
Well, not until we arrived to leave our marks,
And bounce rocks across the waters.
This is truly God's country, hidden in an unspoiled, majestic landscape.
My kids are looking forward to their trip to Ireland next year. They often ask if they can go back to the empty beach to throw rocks into the water. Oh, the joys of childhood memories.
Here is the view from the opposite side of the peninsula, looking down on Five Fingers Strand and across the waters to Doagh Beach. In typical Irish fashion the weather changed within a matter of hours. The beautiful blue skies we experienced during our beachside escapades, had disappeared behind a curtain of gray clouds by the time we drove around the coast to the other side.
The Inishowen Peninsula may seem out of the way to many tourists, but if you love scenic driving trips, this northerly Irish headland is a must-see.
Slán agus beannacht leat!
(Goodbye and blessings)
Irish American Mom


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Psychological health and safety in the workplace is an issue of growing concern for employers across the country. A number of initiatives and events focus attention on mental health issues and explore strategies to improve psychological health and safety as well as the productivity of those experiencing mental health issues at work. Some of these are listed below.
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By Roberto Hugo Gonzalez
As originally published in Texas Border Business newsprint edition October 2018
Enrique Baldivia, with Operations, at Cano and Son's Trucking, LLC. represented the company during the Pharr International Trucking Expo. This company provides vital dry and refrigerated freight services.
Baldivia said that they do logistics for Grande Produce, and work with most of the major companies in the Maquila area from Reynosa to the 48 States in the United States. Their services are provided at any time of the year, year-round.
How big is the company regarding trailers?"We currently run 140 tractors; we have about 350 trailers and 800 refrigerated units."
The company started operations in 2000 and originated in San Juan, Texas from their location at109 West Dicker Rd. They also have 'Cano Mexico'in charge of doing their border crossings.
Cano and Son's Trucking is an excellent company that provides dozens of employment opportunities for the region. Currently, they operate their fleet with 140 drivers, and about 70 employees between the shop, office, and management.
What makes you different from your competition? "We care. We follow freights all the way to destination and update as needed." The company uses a sophisticated e-logs system and satellite tracking through Omni Tracks.
"Yes, it's all electronically monitored. We have the satellite connection in all our trailers, and so we're able to do updates anytime." Baldivia said that he really likes to work with this company. "The Cano brothers are good people," he finalized.


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Customer Testimonials
"I love Broadway Animal Hospital and I trust them 100%. They are so caring and wonderful, and if one of my dogs has an emergency they are wonderful at squeezing us in. My parents are new to my city and their elderly dog got very sick, right after the move. Broadway saved her life and gave us updates throughout the day while she was there (three days). I know if it wasn't for Broadway, Gussie wouldn't have survived. I cannot recommend them enough!"


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What does it take to rescue animals in bad situations and move them to safe locations hundreds of miles away? It takes a dedicated organization, with devoted volunteers, and a network of pilots with a love of animals.
Animal Rescue Flights (ARF) was organized in 2008 by a group of pilots who wanted to offer their time, skills, and aircraft to transport animals from overcrowded kill shelters to rescue groups where they could be adopted by loving families. With the help of volunteer pilots, cabin crews, planners, drivers, rescue, and shelter volunteers ARF is able to change the lives of distressed animals and the lives of the families that adopt them.
- Every year 6-8 million dogs and cats enter shelters across the United States.
- Each year 3-4 million of those dogs and cats are adopted by loving families.
- The remaining 3-4 million dogs and cats are euthanized every year.
Animal Rescue Flight's continued goal is to provide pilots, shelters, rescues, and transport organizations with the information they need for the safe and legal transportation of animals for adoption and to aggressively promote the benefits and importance of spaying and neutering to prevent tomorrow's animals from becoming today's rescues. For more information on the Animal Rescue Flights please visit their website: http://www.animalrescueflights.org/
Join Southeast Aerospace in donating to this amazing organization so that they may continue to keep the dogs flying to better futures.


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Ooooh! It's so amazing! It came out way better than I expected. I can't even stop staring at it. I've wanted to do one of these for so long but couldn't get my tape skinny enough. Then a lovely lady from the FB group I'm in was nice enough to send me 2 rolls of striping tape. I couldn't wait to get outside to take a photo in the sun and then it started raining balls outside. So sadly it only looks good under my mini desk lamp. Check the photo below to see what I'm talking about. The holo didn't even show up. ):Oh well! When the sun comes out, it's on. It's gonna be the most stunning mani I've ever done IMO. Let me know what you all think.
Layla Holo Flash Black - 2 coats
Zoya Savita - 1 coat
striping tape