text:
Lynn Conway
Lynn Ann Conway (born January 2, 1938)[2][3] is an American computer scientist, electrical engineer, inventor, and transgender activist.[4]
Lynn Conway
Conway in 2006
|January 2, 1938
White Plains, New York, U.S.
|Alma mater
|Columbia University
|Known for
|Mead & Conway revolution, transgender activism
Charles Rogers
(m. 2002)
|Computer History Museum Fellow (2014) [1]
|Scientific career
|Computer science
Electrical engineering
|IBM Advanced Computing Systems (1960s), Memorex, Xerox PARC (1970s), DARPA, University of Michigan
Conway is notable for a number of pioneering achievements. She worked at IBM in the 1960s and is credited with the invention of generalized dynamic instruction handling, a key advance used in out-of-order execution, used by most modern computer processors to improve performance. She is also widely-known for the Mead & Conway revolution in very large scale integrated (VLSI) microchip design. That revolution spread rapidly through the research universities and computing industries during the 1980s, incubating an emerging electronic design automation industry, spawning the modern 'foundry' infrastructure for chip design and production, and triggering a rush of impactful high-tech startups in the 80s and 90s.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Early life and educationEdit
Conway grew up in White Plains, New York. Conway was shy and experienced gender dysphoria as a child. She became fascinated and engaged by astronomy (building a 6-inch (150 mm) reflector telescope one summer) and did well in math and science in high school. Conway entered MIT in 1955, earning high grades but ultimately leaving in despair after an attempted gender transition in 1957–58 failed due to the medical climate at the time. After working as an electronics technician for several years, Conway resumed education at Columbia University's School of Engineering and Applied Science, earning B.S. and M.S.E.E. degrees in 1962 and 1963.[13][14]
Early research at IBMEdit
Conway was recruited by IBM Research in Yorktown Heights, New York in 1964, and was soon selected to join the architecture team designing an advanced supercomputer, working alongside John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen and other IBM researchers on the Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) project, inventing multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling while working there.[5][7][8][9][10][11][12][15][16][17][18] The Computer History Museum has stated that "the ACS machines appears to have been the first superscalar design, a computer architectural paradigm widely exploited in modern high-performance microprocessors."[7][8][9][10][11][12][17][18]
Gender transitionEdit
After learning of the pioneering research of Harry Benjamin in treating transsexual women[19] and realising that genital affirmation surgery was now possible, Conway sought his help and became his patient. After suffering from severe depression from gender dysphoria, Conway contacted Benjamin, who agreed to provide counseling and prescribe hormones. Under Benjamin's care, Conway began her medical gender transition.[20]
While struggling with life in a male role,[20] Conway had been married to a woman and had two children. Under the legal constraints then in place, she was denied access to their children after transitioning.[20]
Although she had hoped to be allowed to transition on the job, IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to transition[21] to a female gender role.
Career as computer scientistEdit
Upon completing her transition in 1968, Conway took a new name and identity, and restarted her career in what she called "stealth-mode" as a contract programmer at Computer Applications, Inc. She went on to work at Memorex during 1969–1972 as a digital system designer and computer architect.[20][22]
Conway joined Xerox PARC in 1973, where she led the "LSI Systems" group under Bert Sutherland.[23][24] When in PARC, Conway founded the "multiproject wafers" (MPW). This new technology made it possible to pack multiple circuit designs from various sources into one single chip. Her new invention increased production and decreased costs.[25] Collaborating with Ivan Sutherland and Carver Mead of Caltech on VLSI design methodology, she co-authored Introduction to VLSI Systems, a groundbreaking work that would soon become a standard textbook in chip design, used in nearly 120 universities by 1983.[26][27][28][29] With over 70,000 copies sold, and the new integration of her MPC79/MOSIS innovations, the Mead and Conway revolution became part of VLSI design.[30]
In 1978, Conway served as visiting associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, teaching a now famous VLSI design course based on a draft of the Mead–Conway text.[20] The course validated the new design methods and textbook, and established the syllabus and instructor's guidebook used in later courses worldwide.[31][32]
Among Conway's contributions were the invention of dimensionless, scalable design rules that greatly simplified chip design and design tools,[7][8][14][33] and invention of a new form of internet-based infrastructure for rapid prototyping and short-run fabrication of large numbers of chip designs.[7][8][34] The new infrastructure was institutionalized as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) system in 1981. Two years into its success, Mead and Conway received Electronics Magazine's annual award of achievement. [35] Since then, MOSIS has fabricated more than 50,000 circuit designs for commercial firms, government agencies, and research and educational institutions around the world.[36] VLSI researcher Charles Seitz commented that "MOSIS represented the first period since the pioneering work of Eckert and Mauchley on the ENIAC in the late 1940s that universities and small companies had access to state-of-the-art digital technology."[34]
The research methods used to develop the Mead–Conway VLSI design methodology and the MOSIS prototype are documented in a 1981 Xerox report[37] and the Euromicro Journal.[38] The impact of the Mead–Conway work is described in a number of historical overviews of computing.[34][39][40][41][42] Conway and her colleagues have compiled an online archive of original papers that documents much of that work.[43][44]
In the early 1980s, Conway left Xerox to join DARPA, where she was a key architect of the Defense Department's Strategic Computing Initiative, a research program studying high-performance computing, autonomous systems technology, and intelligent weapons technology.[14][45]
In a USA Today article about Conway's joining DARPA, Mark Stefik, a Xerox scientist who worked with her, said "Lynn would like to live five lives in the course of one life" and that she's "charismatic and very energetic".[46] Douglas Fairbairn, a former Xerox associate, said "She figures out a way so that everybody wins."[46]
As sociologist Thomas Streeter discusses in The Net Effect:[47][48] "By taking this job, Conway was demonstrating that she was no antiwar liberal. (In response to critics, she has said, 'if you have to fight, and sometimes you must in order to deal with bad people, history tells us that it really helps to have the best weapons available)".[13] But Conway carried a sense of computers as tools for horizontal communications that she had absorbed at PARC right into DARPA - at one of the hottest moments of the cold war."
Conway joined the University of Michigan in 1985 as professor of electrical engineering and computer science, and associate dean of engineering. There she worked on "visual communications and control probing for basic system and user-interface concepts as applicable to hybridized internet/broadband-cable communications".[14] She retired from active teaching and research in 1998, as professor emerita at Michigan.[49]
In the fall of 2012, the IEEE published a special issue of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine devoted to Lynn Conway's career,[50][51] including a career memoir by Conway[21] and peer commentaries by Chuck House,[52] former Director of Engineering at HP, Carlo Séquin, Professor of EECS at U.C. Berkeley,[53] and Ken Shepard, of Columbia University.[54]
"Clearly a new paradigm had emerged . . . Importantly, imaginative support in terms of infrastructure and idea dissemination proved as valuable as the concepts, tools, and chips. The "electronic book" and the "foundry" were both prescient and necessary, providing momentum and proof-points."[52] Jim Gibbons, former dean of engineering at Stanford University, further states that Lynn Conway, from his perspective, "...was the singular force behind the entire "foundry" development that emerged."[52] Kenneth Shepard, Professor of Biomedical and Electrical Engineering at Columbia University, stated that "Lynn's amazing story of accomplishment and personal triumph in the face of personal adversity and overt discrimination should serve as an inspiration to all young engineers."[54][55]
Transgender activismEdit
When nearing retirement, Conway learned that the story of her early work at IBM might soon be revealed through the investigations of Mark Smotherman that were being prepared for a 2001 publication.[5] She began quietly coming out as a trans woman in 1999 to friends and colleagues about her past gender transition,[56][57][58] using her personal website to tell the story in her own words.[13] Her story was then more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in Scientific American[15] and the Los Angeles Times.[20]
After going public with her story, she began work in transgender activism, intending to "illuminate and normalize the issues of gender identity and the processes of gender transition".[59] She has worked to protect and expand the rights of transgender people. She has provided direct and indirect assistance to numerous other transgender women going through transition and maintains a well-known website providing medical resources and emotional advice. Parts have been translated into most of the world's major languages.[60] She maintains a listing of many successful post-transition transgender people, to, in her words "provide role models for individuals who are facing gender transition".[61] Her website also provides current news related to transgender issues and information on sex reassignment surgery for transsexual women, facial feminization surgery, academic inquiries into the prevalence of transsexualism[62] and transgender and transsexual issues in general.[63][64]
She has also strongly advocated for equal opportunities and employment protections for transgender people in high-technology industry,[6][65][66][67][68][69] and for elimination of the pathologization of transgender people by the psychiatric community.[70][71]
Conway has been a prominent critic of the Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory of male-to-female transsexualism that trans women are motivated either by feminine homosexuality or autogynephilia.[72] She was also a key person in the campaign against J. Michael Bailey's book The Man Who Would Be Queen.[73] Conway and University of Chicago economics professor Dierdre McCloskey wrote letters to Northwestern University, accusing Bailey of "conducting intimate research observations on human subjects without telling them that they were objects of the study."[72] American bioethicist Alice Dreger in her book Galilieo's Middle Finger criticized Conway for filing a lawsuit against Bailey which had "no legal basis," referring to her allegation that Bailey lacked a license as a clinical psychologist when he wrote letters in support of a young trans woman seeking to transition. According to Dreger, as Bailey did not receive compensation for his services, he would not have needed a license in Illinois, and was "completely forthright in his letters supporting the women, both about the fact that he had only had brief conversations with them (as opposed to having provided them with extensive counseling) and about his own qualifications and expertise...[and] even attached copies of his CV." As Dreger argues, "presumably all this was why [Illinois] never bothered to pursue the charge."[74] In response, Conway argued that Dreger "deflects attention away from Bailey's book and the massive trans community protest, and caricatures the entire controversy as nothing more than a vicious effort by three rather witch-like women to 'ruin the life' of a brilliant scientist. In doing so, she stoops to new lows as a dirty-trickster by misquoting sources, exploiting sleazy innuendos and fabricating entire story-episodes in order to defame the three women."[75]
Conway was a cast member in the first all-transgender performance of The Vagina Monologues in Los Angeles in 2004,[76] and appeared in a LOGO-Channel documentary film about that event entitled Beautiful Daughters.[56][77]
In 2009, Conway was named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" on the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots by the International Court System, one of the oldest and largest predominantly gay organizations in the world, and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.[78][79]
In 2013, with support from many prominent thought-leaders in high-technology, Conway and her colleague Leandra Vicci of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill successfully lobbied the Board of Directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for transgender inclusion in the IEEE's Code of Ethics.[80] That Code, known within the profession as much as a code of honor as one of ethics, became fully LGBT inclusive in January 2014, thus impacting the world's largest engineering professional society, with 425,000 members in 160 countries.[81][82][83] In 2014, Time Magazine named Lynn as one of "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture."[4] In 2015 she was selected for inclusion in "The Trans100".[84]
Personal lifeEdit
In 1987, Conway met her husband Charles "Charlie" Rogers, a professional engineer who shares her interest in the outdoors, including whitewater canoeing and motocross racing.[20][85] They soon started living together, and bought a house with 24 acres (97,000 m2) of meadow, marsh, and woodland in rural Michigan in 1994.[20] On August 13, 2002, they were married.[16][56] In 2014, the University of Michigan's The Michigan Engineer alumni magazine documented the connections between Conway's engineering explorations and the adventures in her personal life.[86][87]
Awards and honorsEdit
Conway has received a number of awards and distinctions:
- Electronics 1981 Award for Achievement[88]
- Harold Pender Award of the Moore School, University of Pennsylvania, 1984[89]
- IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984[90]
- Fellow of the IEEE, 1985, "for contributions to VLSI technology"[91]
- John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, 1985[92]
- Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award, May 1985[49][93]
- Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1989[94]
- National Achievement Award, Society of Women Engineers, 1990[95]
- Presidential Appointment to the United States Air Force Academy Board of Visitors, 1996[96]
- Honorary Doctorate, Trinity College, 1998[97]
- Electronic Design Hall of Fame, 2002[98]
- Engineer of the Year, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, 2005[99]
- Named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" by the ICS and NGLTF, 2009.[78][79]
- Computer Pioneer Award, IEEE Computer Society, 2009[7][8]
- Member of the Corporation, Emerita, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 1993-2010[100]
- Fellow Award, Computer History Museum, 2014, "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design." [101][102][103][104][105][106]
- Honorary Doctorate, Illinois Institute of Technology, 2014[107]
- Steinmetz Memorial Lecture, (Invitational), IEEE/Union College, 2015.[108][109][110][111][112]
- IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal, 2015[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120]
- Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts (Invited), Columbia University, 2016[121][122]
- Honorary Doctorate, University of Victoria, 2016[123][124][125][126][127]
- Fellow Award, American Association for the Advance of Science (AAAS), 2016[128][129][130][131]
- Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Address, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2018[132][133][134][135]
Selected worksEdit
- Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1980). Introduction to VLSI Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201043580.
- Conway, Lynn. "Reminiscences of the VLSI Revolution: How a Series of Failures Triggered a Paradigm Shift in Digital Design" (PDF). Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752.
- Conway, Lynn (2011). "IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and Lessons Learned from a 1960's Supercomputer Project" (PDF). In Jones, C. B.; Lloyd, J. L. (eds.). Dependable and Historic Computing: Essays Dedicated to Brian Randell on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday. Springer-Verlag. pp. 185–224. ISBN 978-3-642-24541-1.
- Conway, Lynn. "Lynn Conway's IBM-ACS Archive". University of Michigan. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- Conway, L.; Randell, Brian; Senzig, D. (February 23, 1966). "Dynamic Instruction Scheduling" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- Rozenberg, D.; Conway, L.; Riekert, R. (March 15, 1966). "ACS Simulation Technique" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- Conway, L. (August 25, 1967). "MPM Timing Simulation" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- Conway, L. (November 29, 1967). "ACS Logic Design Conventions: A Guide for the Novice" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- Conway, L (October 31, 1967). "A Proposed ACS Logic Simulation System" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- Conway, L. (August 6, 1968). "The Computer Design Process: A Proposed Plan for ACS" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
- US 5046022, Conway, Lynn; Richard Volz & Michael Walker, "Teleautonomous System and Method Employing Time/Position Synchrony/Desynchrony", issued September 3, 1991.
- US 5444476, Conway, Lynn, "System and Method for Teleinteraction", issued August 22, 1995
- US 5652849, Conway, Lynn & Charles Cohen, "Apparatus and Method for Remote Control Using a Visual Information Stream", issued July 20, 1997
- US 5719622, Conway, Lynn, "Visual Control Selection of Remote Mechanisms", issued February 17, 1998
- US 5745782, Conway, Lynn, "Method and System for Organizing and Presenting Audio/Visual Information", issued April 28, 1998
Further readingEdit
- Saari, Peggy; Allison, Stephen (1996). Scientists: The Lives and Works of 150 Scientists. New York [u.a.]: UXL. ISBN 9780787609603.
- ^ "CHM 2014 Fellow "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design"". Computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Lee, John A. N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ "Computer Pioneers - Lynn Conway". IEEE. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
- ^ a b "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time Magazine. May 29, 2014.
- ^ a b c Mark Smotherman. "IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) – 1961–1969".
- ^ a b "Embracing Diversity – HP employees in Fort Collins, Colorado, welcome Dr. Lynn Conway", hpNOW, February 8, 2001.
- ^ a b c d e f "Lynn Conway: 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient" Archived January 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, IEEE Computer Society, January 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Computer Society Names Computer Pioneers" Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, IEEE Computer Society, January 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c "IEEE Computer Society Video: Lynn Conway receives 2009 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award" on YouTube, July 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Event: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960s", Computer History Museum, February 18, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Computer History Museum Events: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960s" Archived September 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Computer History Museum, February 18, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Historical Reflections: IBM's Single-Processor Supercomputer Efforts - Insights on the pioneering IBM Stretch and ACS projects" by M. Smotherman and D. Spicer, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 53, No. 12, December 2010, pp. 28-30.
- ^ a b c Lynn Conway, "Lynn Conway's Retrospective Part I: Childhood and education," February 9, 2005.
- ^ a b c d Kilbane, Doris. (October 20, 2003.) "Lynn Conway: A trailblazer on professional, personal levels." Archived June 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Electronic Design, via electronic design.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
- ^ a b Paul Wallich, "Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit Archived October 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine," Scientific American, December 2000.
- ^ a b Dianne Lynch, "The Secret Behind 'Project Y': One Woman's Success Story — 'What Works, Works'", ABCNews.com, November 29, 2001.
- ^ a b Mark Smotherman. "IBM ACS Reunion – February 18, 2010, in California".
- ^ a b "The IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project – Video".
- ^ Benjamin, Harry (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. Julian Press. ISBN 9780446824262.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000.) "Through the Gender Labyrinth.". Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times Magazine, page 1. (Free reprint. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.)
- ^ a b Conway, Lynn (2012). "Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. 4 (4): 8–31. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752. ISSN 1943-0582.
- ^ "Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART III: Starting Over". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 12, 1960. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ Adele J. Goldberg (September 1980). "About This Issue..." ACM Computing Surveys. 12 (3): 257–258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300.
- ^ Rob Walker and Nancy Tersini (1992). Silicon Destiny: The Story of Application Specific Integrated Circuits and LSI Logic Corporation. Walker Research Associates. ISBN 0-9632654-0-7.
- ^ "Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Conway, Lynn (December 31, 2012). "The 'Sutherland Letter' of 1976".
- ^ "Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service". ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Paul Wallich, "Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit," Scientific American, December 2000.
- ^ Gina Smith,"Unsung innovators: Lynn Conway and Carver Mead: They literally wrote the book on chip design Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," Computerworld, December 3, 2007.
- ^ "Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service". ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ The MIT'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design, Lynn Conway, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, August 12, 1979.
- ^ Paul Penfield "The VLSI Revolution at MIT" by Paul Penfield 2014 MIT EECS Connector, Spring 2014, pp. 11-13.
- ^ Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7.
- ^ a b c National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt)
- ^ "Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service". ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "The MOSIS Service – More than 50,000 designs in 25 years of operation", http://www.mosis.com/%7C2008
- ^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies, Lynn Conway, Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2, January 19, 1981.
- ^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies, by Lynn Conway, Microprocessing and Microprogramming – The Euromicro Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 1982, pp 209-228.
- ^ Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, by Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 75.
- ^ "Figure II.13: Technological Developments in Computing", in Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1995, page 75.". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, by Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 20.
- ^ "Figure 1.2: Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries", in Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, National Academy Press, 1995, page 20.". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ The VLSI Archive Archived February 8, 2013, at Archive.today, by Lynn Conway, Electronic Design News, June 3, 2009.
- ^ "Lynn Conway's VLSI Archive". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ Dwight B. Davis "Assessing the Stragetic Computing Initiative," by Dwight B. Davis High Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1985.
- ^ a b "Hi-tech resarcher chips in to develop smart computer", Michelle Osborn, USA Today, June 7, 1983, p. 3B.
- ^ "The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet", Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.
- ^ "On Streeter's The Net Effect: A Culture Digitally Dialogue", Gina Neff, Mary Gray, and Thomas Streeter, April 25, 2013.
- ^ a b "Lynn Conway awarded Emerita status at the University of Michigan", December 31, 1998
- ^ Lanzerotti, Mary, ed. (2012). "Editor's Note" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. 4: 1. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2214274.
- ^ "Solid-State Circuits Publishes Special Issue with Lynn Conway's Memoir of the VLSI Revolution", Michigan EECS News, January 31, 2013.
- ^ a b c House, Chuck (2012). "A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. 4 (4): 32–35. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215759. ISSN 1943-0582.
- ^ Sequin, Carlo (2012). "Witnessing the Birth of VLSI Design" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. 4 (4): 36–39. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215758. ISSN 1943-0582.
- ^ a b Shepard, Ken (2012). ""Covering": How We Missed the Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. IEEE. 4 (4): 40–42. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215757. ISSN 1943-0582.
- ^ ACM News (October 12, 2018). "Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution in Microchip Design". Communications of the ACM.
- ^ a b c "Beautiful Daughters Cast: Lynn Conway", LOGO Channel, 2006
- ^ "Class Notes: 2002 Inductees: Here's how many of our 2002 Hall Of Famers enjoy their leisure time and how they still give back to society" Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Doris Kilbane, Electronic Design, October 20, 2003.
- ^ "Secrets Are Out: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender engineers are no longer willing to hide their true selves" Jaimie Schock, Prism Magazine, American Society of Engineering Education, October 2011, pp. 44-47.
- ^ "Lynn Conway's homepage". Ai.eecs.umich.edu.
- ^ "Status of translations of Lynn's webpages, 12-10-13". December 10, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
- ^ "Transsexual Women's Successes". Ai.eecs.umich.edu.
- ^ Olyslager F, Conway L (2008). Transseksualiteit komt vaker voor dan u denkt [Transsexualism is more common than you think]. Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 39-51, 2008. (abstract in English)
- ^ ""Profile: Lynn Conway," Human Rights Campaign (HRC) website". HRC. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ "Biographies of famous LGBT people: Science: Professor Lynn Conway, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans History Month website". Lgbthistorymonth.org.uk. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ "Computer pioneer speaks from the heart about diversity: Transsexual talks at HP, CSU", by Kate Forgach, Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 26, 2001.
- ^ "Chipping Away at Prejudice", by Sarah Wildman, The Advocate, March 13, 2001.
- ^ "What's pride got to do with it?", by Teri Warner, Employee Communications, Circuit for Employees@Intel, July 1, 2003.
- ^ "Why HR should wake up to the needs of transsexual employees", by Christine Burns, Personnel Today, November 18, 2003.
- ^ "Professor Lynn Conway, Guest at Out & Equal". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Dr. Kenneth Zucker's War on Transgenders". Queerty. February 6, 2009.
- ^ Chagmion Antoine (March 6, 2009). "Transgender Crusader – A professor at the University of Michigan is taking on the psychiatric community's ideas about transgendered people and mental illness". CBS News / YouTube.
- ^ a b Carey, Benedict (August 21, 2007). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". New York Times.
- ^ Dreger, A. D. (2008). "The controversy surrounding The man who would be queen: A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (3): 366–421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.
- ^ Alice Dreger, Galileo's Middle Finger
- ^ Conway, Lynn (June 18, 2008). "Dreger's Defense of J. Michael Bailey: The Peer Commentary Papers Tear It Apart".
- ^ VDay LA 2004 Commemorative Page, DeepStealth Productions, Los Angeles CA, 2004.
- ^ "Beautiful Daughters", a documentary by Josh Aronson and Ariel Orr Jordan, LOGO Channel, 2006.
- ^ a b "Trans Hero: Lynn Conway". Stonewall 40: Trans Heroes. International Court System. 2009. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ a b "Recognizing Outstanding Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals in the Struggle for LGBT Equality". National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. June 10, 2009.
- ^ Dana Beyer (January 8, 2014). "Leadership and the Value of Exceptional Allies". Huffington Post.
- ^ "IEEE at a Glace". IEEE.
- ^ "IEEE Code of Ethics". IEEE.
- ^ Maureen McCarty (January 13, 2014). "The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Adopts LGBT-Inclusive Code of Ethics". HRC.
- ^ "The 2015 Trans 100".
- ^ Forman, Ross (September 18, 2013) "Transgender pioneer reflects on sports past". Windy City Times.
- ^ Nicole Casal Moore,"Life, Engineered: How Lynn Conway reinvented her world and ours Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine," The Michigan Engineer, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Fall 2014, pp. 42-49.
- ^ Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.
- ^ "The 1981 Achievement Award – Lynn Conway, Carver Mead" by Martin Marshall, Larry Waller, and Howard Wolff, Electronics, October 20, 1981
- ^ "Penn Engineering: The Harold Pender Award". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.
- ^ "IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984". Ieee.org. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ "Services Update". Ieee.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Franklin Institute honors eight physicists", Physics Today, July 1985.
- ^ "Secretary of Defense Meritorious Achievement Award, May 1985", Meritorious Service Award, May 1985.
- ^ NAE Member Directory, Section 05. Archived October 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (year from The White House Office of the Press Secretary)
- ^ "Society of Women Engineers: Achievement Award Winners". Archived from the original on February 16, 2012.
- ^ President Clinton Names Lynn Conway to the Air Force Academy Board of Visitors", The White House Office of the Press Secretary, January 31, 1996.
- ^ "100 years of engineering excellence". Archived from the original on June 15, 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2008.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), Trinity Reporter, Trinity College, Hartford, CN, Winter 98.
- ^ "Electronic Design Hall of Fame – 2002 Inductees", Electronic Design, October 21, 2002.
- ^ "NOGLSTP to Honor Aberson, Conway, and Raytheon at Awards Ceremony in February" Archived October 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Press Release, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, January 25, 2005.
- ^ "The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Members of the Corporation". Draper.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ ""Lynn Conway: 2014 Fellow", Computer History Museum, 2014 Fellow Awards". Computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Computer History Museum (May 29, 2014). "Computer History Museum 2014 Fellow Lynn Conway". YouTube. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ ""Lynn Conway: Fellow Award Acceptance Speech", Computer History Museum, April 26, 2014" (PDF). Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Computer History Museum (May 20, 2014). "2014 Fellow Lynn Conway". YouTube. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Oral History of Lynn Conway" (PDF). Computer History Museum. February 24, 2014.
- ^ ""Thank Lynn Conway for your cell phone" by Nicole Casal Moore, Michigan Engineering, 2014-04-24". Engin.umich.edu. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Illinois Institute of Technology, ITT Commencement", May 17, 2014.
- ^ "Electrical & Computer Engineering ‹ Log In". Muse.union.edu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Gregg Millett (March 17, 2015). "Steinmetz Memorial Lecture on Schenectady Today". Muse.union.de. Retrieved April 10, 2018 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Technology innovator to headline Steinmetz Memorial Lecture". Union.edu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ ""IEEE Online (Slideshow): Our Travels Through Time: Envisioning Historical Waves of Technological Innovation", The 2015 Steinmetz Memorial Lecture by Lynn Conway, Union College, Apr 21, 2015" (PDF). Sites.ieee.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Steinmetz Memorial Lecture". Ny6mediashare.ensemblevideo.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal", December 2014.
- ^ "Lynn Conway to receive 2015 IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal" Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Michigan Engineering News, December 15, 2014.
- ^ "2015 IEEE Honors: IEEE-RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal - Lynn Conway", IEEE TV, July 2, 2015.
- ^ "IEEE/RSE 2015 James Clerk Maxwell Medal Ceremony and Lecture - Professor Lynn Conway". IEEE-TV. November 12, 2015.
- ^ Conway, Lynn (November 12, 2015), "Our travels through time: envisioning historical waves of technological innovation", IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal Lecture, Royal Society of Edinburgh
- ^ Shoop, Barry (November 12, 2015). "IEEE/RSE Maxwell Medal Citation for Lynn Conway" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh.
- ^ Farrar, Steve (November 12, 2015). "Review of Professor Lynn Conway's 2015 IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal Lecture" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh.
- ^ Linklater, Magnus (November 14, 2015). "'Life in stealth' of a microchip pioneer who migrated to a new identity: Lynn Conway beat transgender bias and began a revolution" (PDF). The Times (UK), Scotland Edition. pp. 36–37.
- ^ Conway, Lynn (March 23, 2016), "Our Travels Through Techno-Social Space-Time: Envisioning Incoming Waves of Technological Innovation", 2016 Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts, Columbia University
- ^ Adams, Jesse (April 7, 2016). "Magill Lecture: Visionary Engineer Lynn Conway BS'62, MS'63 Heralds Dawn of the Techno-Social Age". Columbia University.
- ^ "University of Victoria News, Leaders in computing, athletics, telecommunications and public service receive honorary degrees", September 14, 2016.
- ^ UVic Transgender Archives (November 22, 2016). "Lynn Conway UVic Convocation Nov. 9, 2016". YouTube.
- ^ "Lynn Conway: Honorary Doctor of Engineering". University of Victoria. November 9, 2016.
- ^ Mary Sanseverino, Orator (November 9, 2016). "Professor Lynn Conway's Citation for the Degree Doctor of Engineering, Honoris Causa" (PDF). University of Victoria. Original physical document archived at University of Victoria Libraries, Transgender Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2017.
- ^ "What Words Will You Leave to Guide Them" (PDF). University of Victoria. Lynn Conway Honorary Degree Comments & Convocation Quoem. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2017.
- ^ "Lynn Conway. AAAS". Aaas.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "2016 Fellow". AAAS". Aaas.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "O'Hara, Delia (28 August 2017). "Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway". AAAS". Aaas.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ "Member Spotlight. "Lynn Conway". AAAS". Aaas.org. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
- ^ Zach Robertson (October 18, 2019). "Computing pioneer to receive honorary U-M doctorate". Michigan Engineering News.
- ^ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Winter 2018 Commencement: Honorary Degree Recipients (December 16, 2018). "University of Michigan Video". (t = 0:46:22 to 0:56:56).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: location (link)
- ^ "Citation: Lynn Conway, honorary Doctor of Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Winter 2018 Commencement" (PDF). December 16, 2018.
- ^ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Winter 2018 Commencement: Lynn Conway Commencement Address (December 16, 2018). "University of Michigan Video". (t = 1:11:40 to 1:20:52).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: location (link)


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Home > Posts > Toolkit > Facebook Releases Guide to Help Nonprofits Maximize
Facebook Releases Guide to Help Nonprofits Maximize
Facebook released a guide this month to help nonprofits improve their relationship-building and marketing through Pages. If you've been managing a Pages account for a long time, it's a great refresher on best practices, but there's not a lot of new content. If you are new to managing Pages for a nonprofit or association, there's plenty here to absorb and apply.
The guide includes a weighty endorsement for using Instagram in conjunction with a Pages account and encourages nonprofits to think visually about their messaging. Having a great cover image at the top of your page is encouraged, and Facebook encourages nonprofits to cultivate their own personal voice (not an institutional one) and engage in dialogue.
Great reminders:
Be brief when writing posts – posts with 100 to 250 characters receive about 60 percent more likes than longer posts. This doesn't mean you can't have a long one every once in a while – but if all your posts are waxing poetically verbose, you are likely driving down your engagement.
Use images and videos with your posts to get more attention – posts that include images or videos generate about 100-180 percent more engagement than the average post. You should experiment with what works for you and gets the most posts.
Be personally authentic – speak in the first-person and use voices from within your organization or the voices of those touched by your organization to cultivate your authentic voice on Facebook.
Be current and relevant – mention a quote related to a national holiday, or post something special on a day related to your cause. Facebook reports that posts referencing Independence Day received 90 percent more engagement than all other posts on July 4th.
Think engagement – thank supporters for posting, re-share what they say, use fill-in-the-blank posts to get people contributing, ask questions, and make your supporters the stars of your page too.
While the guide doesn't go into the nitty-gritty of understanding Insights results that track your nonprofit's page or weigh in on the frequency of posting debate (other than to say you should post daily or weekly), it does underscore key themes that reflect good Page management.
The guide also underscores the importance of nonprofits using Pages on Facebook. Every once in a great while, I still see a nonprofit with an "individual account" that is not using Pages. You should know that if Facebook discovers organizations acting like individuals, they typically delete and ban the individual accounts, which effectively sends the nonprofit back to square one at building a Facebook presence. If you are still operating on an individual account, you need to start transitioning to Pages immediately.
Ami Neiberger-Miller is a public relations strategist and writer. She is the founder of Steppingstone LLC, a virtual and independent public relations practice near Washington, D.C. that provides public relations counsel, social media advice, writing services, and creative design work for publications and websites (portfolio). Ami blogs frequently about media relations, social media, public relations and other issues. She also reviews books on her blog about public relations, nonprofit life, work-family balance and social media practice. Follow her on Twitter @AmazingPRMaven.

subset: commoncrawl


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Guidance Services
Welcome to Cheraw High School's Guidance Department! Mr. Chauncey Malachi serves students with last names beginning with A-K. Ms. Vivian Patrick serves students with last names beginning with L-Z. Mrs. Gretchen Trexler is the Career Development Facilitator. Mrs. Brandis Hall is the Guidance Secretary.
Click on the tabs to the right to further explore what the guidance department has to offer.


text: Thank you to all of our clients, community, friends, and family who have supported us this year! Thank you for your vote! We are proud to be the tree care professionals that we are today and look forward to stewarding healthy trees and safe neighborhoods for many more years to come!


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NEW YORK (AP/CBSNewYork) — A former emergency medical technician has pleaded guilty to misconduct charges, admitting he posted a cell phone photograph of a corpse taken at a crime scene on Facebook.
Mark Musarella also pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct Friday.
Prosecutors say Musarella responded to a March 30, 2009, the emergency call in Staten Island, where he snapped a picture of 26-year-old Caroline Wimmer, who had been strangled. He then posted the image on the social networking site.
Musarella was fired by the hospital where he worked. Under the terms of his plea deal, he must complete 200 hours of community service and may never work as an EMT again. He faced a year in jail had he been convicted at trial.
The Wimmer's killer has since been convicted of second-degree murder.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
Our paramedics and first responders are taking gruesome crime scene photos and sharing them, our military are killing civilians and using their body parts as bets in a poker game, taking videos of their killings of civilians, posing grinning with the dead bodies of the people they kill. What monsters Americans have turned into.
The last sentence in the article reads "The Wimmer's killer has since been convicted of second-degree murder."
This article is dated almost four months ago, and you still have such an ugly mistake?
Where do you hire your copy editors from, kindergarten?
@John Sheridan ..WRONG. Anyone w/ an "L" tagged on their sentence will never get out, which is why "to life" is added on. Attention seekers that dont do an ounce of research yet are the start & reason false information spread thru out the world, never cease to amaze me. I bet you're also one of those ppl who intentionally provide wrong directions to travelers, sending them thru a maze of mishaps..jus to feel relevant.
Ppl like you & the idiot in this article contribute to taking the light & lively-hood from the lives of others. If I were you I'd re-think my position in life and ask myself, "Is it part of being a decent human-being?"
@ Blue Peas
Actually, you're wrong, 25 to life means a minimum of 25 years, miisbehave and it will be longer. Good behavior, you may get out in 25 or 30, but prisoners ARE indeed parolled all the time.
Maybe you should also stop spreading false information.
This is why people can't do their job, they're too busy taking pictures on the taxpayer time. What a dummy….
That's one Sick Puppy
What a low life! people can be so sick!
Only comments about that jerk, none about how come it was only 2nd degree murder and 25-life? You can look forward to having out in your midst again in 10-12 years.
I'd beat his ass and the f!*%ken n!g that killed this beautiful girl.
ESU's also exist as a non-law enforcement agency based municipal, county or non-government entity and may exist as both career and volunteer groups which are located in both urban, rural and remote areas. In urban areas, ESU's provide temporary emergency response to incidents during major public events to support the jurisdictions primary 911 EMS, fire and rescue service. Urban ESU's also provide tactical emergency medical support, rescue of confined space victims, wildland/urban interface initial fire suppression, underwater rescue/recovery, high angle rope rescue, wildland search & rescue (SAR), auto accidents victim rescue, building collapses. In rural areas, ESU's provide suppression of wildland forest, brush and grass fires that occur, cliff and mountain search and rescue, underwater search and rescue, swift water and flood rescue operations, The key rationale for the integration of the functions is that many rural and remote communities do not have dedicated staffing, resources and infrastructure to sustain immediate 24/7 emergency response.
He's a cop, shows he's ESU E5 on his collar and a cop patch on his arm
Not a cop, an Emergency Medical Technician. In NYC the EMTs are employed and dispatched by the police dept. but that does not make him a cop(no gun no police powers). Some people will take any excuse to bash the police.
it's ES (Emergency Services), use the brain you have in your skull.
I hope the family is preparing a civil lawsuit against this moran !
what an idiot. What good did that do. Loser.
What a heartless moron.


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DetailsThe staple base layer, Rietta is our lightweight knit sweater. Made from our finest lightweight knit of Extra Fine Merino Wool, Rietta is the slim fit choice for the ultimate close to skin comfort. Rietta is finished in the classic way with fashioned shoulders and ribbed trims adding to the slim fit cut. An elegant round neckline completes the look which looks smart framed with a delicate necklace.
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
|Oil and gas industry
Key people
|Melih Han Bilgin (CEO)
|Petroleum products
|US$ 19.5 billion (2012)
|US$ 3 billion (2012)
|Total assets
|US$ 12.5 billion (2012)
|Total equity
|US$ 6.4 billion (2012)
|Turkey Wealth Fund
Number of employees
|4,800 (2013)
Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO) (Turkish Petroleum Corporation) was founded in 1954 by Law No. 6327 with the responsibility of being involved in hydrocarbon exploration, drilling, production, refinery and marketing activities as Turkey's national company.
Being an important actor of the national economy, TPAO achieved many "firsts" of the Turkish oil industry. The company, its history reaching back over a half century, has given rise to seventeen major companies, including Petkim, Tüpraş and POAŞ to Turkey.
Until 1983, as an integrated oil company, it was engaged in all the activity fields of oil industry from exploration to production, refinery, marketing and transportation. Today, TPAO is a national oil company involved in merely upstream (exploration, drilling, well completion and production) sector.[2]
The core activities of TPAO are:
- Exploration, drilling, production and well completion
- Natural gas storage
- Participation to oil and natural gas pipeline projects
- Fuel products distribution (by TPPD[1])
In accordance with the company's vision and mission for meeting Turkey's continuously increasing oil and natural gas demand through domestic and international sources, with the new exploration strategy, the company extends its activities in unexplored basins of Turkey, especially Black Sea and Mediterranean offshore areas.
With seismic surveys held since 2003, it has attained substantial information about the hydrocarbon potential of Turkey offshore. The first economical natural gas discovery made the region the focus of many oil companies.
TPAO continues farm-out activities covering Mersin and İskenderun Bays licenses following Antalya Bay.
In 2013, the company purchased the seismographic research/survey vessel RV Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa worth US$130 million for gas and oil field exploration in Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.[3]
Domestic oil production[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 2013, TPAO produced 12.3 million barrels of crude oil from its fields, which constituted 73% of the total crude oil production of Turkey. 72% of its total oil production is from Batman Region, 27% is from Adıyaman Region and 1% is from Thrace Region.
The average daily production for 2013 is 33,758 barrel/day.
488.1 thousand barrels of oil was produced in 2013 from 47 new oil wells that were put into production. It is 4% of the total production for 2013.
Domestic natural gas production[edit]
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In 2013, TPAO's total natural gas production was 307 million sm³. 96% of this gas production is from Thrace Region, 3% is from Batman Region and 1% is from Adıyaman Region. The oil equivalent of the gas output is 1.8 million barrels.
16.2 million sm3 of natural gas was produced in 2013 from 9 new natural gas wells that were put into production. It is 4.7% of the total production for 2013.
Thus, the total hydrocarbon production of TP is 14.13 million barrels.
Azerbaijan projects:
- Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli project with 6.75% share
- Shah Deniz gas field project with 19% share
- Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project with 6.53% share
- South Caucasus Pipeline project with 9% share
- Alov Exploration project with 10% share
Iraq projects:
- Badra Oil Field Development project with 10% share
- Missan Oil Field Development project with 11.25% share
- Siba Gas Field Development project with 40% share
- Mansuriya Gas Field Development project with 50% share (operator)
Russia project:
TPAO acquired 49% of shares in MOL's BaiTex LLC, which is the holder of the hydrocarbon licenses for Baituganskoye field and Yerilkinsky block in the Volga-Ural region, Russia.[4]
- 1954: Foundation; capital: 150 million TL
- 1958: The first discovery; Germik Field
- 1959: The first district management "Batman "
- 1960: Application of secondary recovery process
- 1960: Establishment of İPRAŞ
- 1961: Discovery of the biggest oil field of Turkey - Batı Raman Field
- 1963: Establishment of the first service station
- 1965: Establishment of PETKİM
- 1966: Establishment of İPRAGAZ
- 1967: Establishment of Aliağa Refinery in İzmir
- 1967: Opening of the first pipeline (Batman-Dörtyol-İskenderun)
- 1968: Annual production: 1 million barrels
- 1968: TPAO Batman Orchestra awarded "Golden Microphone"
- 1969: Establishment of TÜMAŞ
- 1970: The first offshore exploration: Payas-1
- 1970: The first natural gas discovery: Thrace/Hamitabat
- 1971: Adıyaman's first oil discovery
- 1971: Establishment of İGSAŞ
- 1972: Adıyaman-Sarıl Oil Pipeline start-up
- 1974: Establishment of DİTAŞ, BOTAŞ and ADAŞ
- 1974: Establishment of research center
- 1974: Establishment of Cyprus Turkish Petroleum Ltd. Company
- 1975: Establishment of ISILİTAŞ
- 1975: 100 million barrels in production
- 1975: TPAO ranks 204th of the world's biggest companies at Fortune except USA
- 1976: Driiling of Akçakoca-1 well in the Black Sea
- 1977: Establishment of Ankara Drilling District Management
- 1980: New exploration strategies, big increase in discoveries
- 1980: TPAO ranks 97th of the world's biggest companies at Fortune except USA
- 1983: Establishment of Libya Arab-Turkish joint engineering and architecture company
- 1983: Status change in TPAO and disintegration starts
- 1983: TPAO assumed the title of the most oil producing company in Turkey
- 1984: Establishment of the second district management - "Thrace District Management"
- 1985: TPAO ranks 63rd of the world's biggest companies at Fortune except USA
- 1986: Establishment of Kırıkkale Refinery
- 1986: Drilling record in Turkey in 123 wells with 224,392 m (736,194 ft)
- 1987: The deepest drilling in Demre-1 (Kaş-Antalya)
- 1987: TPAO in the international Arenaı
- 1988: Discoveries of Karakuş oil field in Adıyaman and K. Marmara natural gas fields in Marmara Sea
- 1988: Establishment of Turkish Petroleum International Company (TPIC)
- 1989: TPAO ranks 298th at Fortune except USA
- 1991: Modernization in interpretation systems-3D interpretation
- 1991: The first golden year - record in production of 50 years - 75.000 barrels/day - discovery of Karakuş oil field
- 1992: Establishment of the third district management "Adıyaman District Management"
- 1993: Establishment of joint company KTM Ltd.
- 1997: First offshore production in Kuzey Marmara Field
- 1998: First oil discovery in Western Anatolia; Alaşehir-1
- 1999: TPAO initializes the first underground natural gas storage in Turkey
- 1999: Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) main export oil pipeline project
- 2001: South Caucasus Natural Gas Pipeline Project (SCP)
- 2004: First natural gas discovery in Western Black Sea; Ayazlı-1
- 2007: Second golden year: 100.000 barrels/day production
- 2007: Starting of commercial activity of Northern Marmara and Değirmenköy (Silivri) Depleted Gas Reservoir
- 2007: First natural gas production in the Black Sea
- 2009: New drilling record; the drilling of the world's 46th deepest well with a vertical depth of 7,216 m
- 2010: Deep water drilling with "Leiv Eiriksson", Sinop-1 and Yassıhöyük-1; the first deep water operatorship (Yassıhöyük-1)
- 2011: Deep water drilling, Sürmene-1 4,830 m (15,850 ft)
- 2011: Installation of Akçakoca offshore platform[5]
- Three Korean-built deepwater drillships are bought, named after the most famous Ottoman conquerors, and put into commission:
- ^ a b http://www.tppd.com.tr/Sayfalar/index.html
- ^ "Türkiye Petrolleri A.O". www.tpao.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ "Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa Gemisi Hizmete Alındı". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). 2013-02-23. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
- ^ "Türkiye Petrolleri A.O". www.tpao.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ "Türkiye Petrolleri A.O". www.tpao.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 April 2018.


text:
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This is a documentation of the journey of a hockey mom and author (children's book, The Puck Hog)
Thursday, June 25, 2015
Thursday, June 11, 2015
Dialing It Down for the Summer
You've noticed some skill in your young hockey player's game and you're thinking -- hoping, really -- a free ride to a Division One college program might be possible. So you consider having your youngster play year-round, focusing only on hockey. You might be doing your child more hard than good.
My daughter dials it down when they shut off the lights in the rink for the last time. She gets a taste of other sports ( like lacrosse) and gets to meet other coaches and kids. I like that idea. It turns out that this is also a great idea for the hockey side of my daughter's game.
"It's been proven over and over that cross training can be helpful for all sports. Let the player have fun, explore and find their way. Especially when they're young," says Syracuse Mountain Hockey coach Scott Montagna, whose son played D1 Hockey. If the goal is to play D1, there will come a time when you'll need to invest a serious amount of time and effort into training. "There are very few naturals in hockey," he told me.
The father of a college hockey star and NHL draft pick, who asked to remain anonymous for this article, says his son always played several sports growing up. When the time came to get serious, he still took time away from the rink. "In the spring and summer, we would cut back to one or maybe twice a week," he said. "The kids need a break mentally and physically from the intense AAA schedule. The parents need a break, too."
Burnout can be a factor and that's when knowing your kid comes into play. "I've seen kids who will skate two to three hours a day if they can and they are bummed when their parents make them leave," says Montagna. "The most important thing is you can't force it on your child."
"An athlete's most valued instinct is desire. There's no way a child can keep optimal motivation for a sport if they're playing 12 months a year. It becomes a job," says
coach Bill Cahill, whose
daughter plays four sports. Oswego,
Veteran hockey coach John Katko, from
encourages his sons to play other sports too. "To me, the more sports you
can play the better. You develop different muscles, coordination, skills with
different sports, which in the end makes you a better athlete," he said. Camillus, NY
Keep in mind that the numbers are against your child. A 1985 study of all 30,000 10 years olds playing hockey in Ontario found that just 147 -- about 1 in every 200 youth players -- made it to D1 or juniors, and just 32 of those ever played a shift in the NHL. Only 15 played more than one season and only six played long enough to get an NHL pension.
And one final reminder from the father of that college hockey star and NHL prospect: "The thing I always tell people is I am raising a person, not a hockey player. A sport is just a tool. Using more sports means I have more tools to raise the best person possible."
Posted by Syracuse Hockey Mom's Network at 6:20 PM No comments:
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Welcome to the Grace of Yes Book Club! We're reading Lisa Hendey's new book, The Grace of Yes: Eight Virtues for Generous Living.
"It may appear a contradiction to have a chapter by this title in a book all about saying yes to God's will in our lives," Lisa Hendey says a page into "The Grace of No," but "the more I live in a yes mindset, the more I realize the mandatory presence of a few, well-timed no responses along the way."
I'm a "yes" kind of girl. I get excited about ideas and love to see them to completion. But the past year has been a year of no for me.
Not going to lie---it's uncharted territory for me, this saying no business.
Like Lisa, I have had to learn how to safeguard the people and projects to which I've said yes by setting limits for myself. The problem is, people-pleasing is one of my dominant faults, and, when asked a favor, I do everything I can to avoid having to answer no.
("We're looking for someone to donate their pancreas for the church auction!" Well, if it's for Jesus…)
When I read "The Grace of No," I knew Lisa was speaking to me. I was facing yet another round of hard decisions, trying to discern what to cut in order to take care of family concerns (my son was diagnosed with autism in May) as well as some health concerns of my own. I had already quit school and turned down a number of interesting projects in the previous six months. The fat, I thought, had already been trimmed.
Then, surprise! Another baby on the way. When your time is spent bowed before the porcelain throne, how quickly yes becomes no!
The nos I've already spoken have safeguarded my family because my family needs me the most, and the nos I have yet to say will further protect my obligation to them. As Lisa points out toward the end of the chapter, quoting her friend, it's no good to be "so heavenly minded that [we're] no earthly good."
"So does this mean that I stop giving of myself to worthy causes and needs beyond my family or loved ones?" Lisa asks. "Absolutely not. It simply means that I must exercise some discipline and discernment before I jump into things."
As the Queen of Impulsive Decisions, I usually do my discernment after I've already said yes to a hundred things and am drowning in an ocean of responsibility---hence, learning to say no. But, as Lisa says, I also don't want to stop giving of myself, absolutely. To that end, I've learned another new word:
Maybe is the word of discernment. It's what we say when we're neither ready to say yes or no. Maybe leaves doors open while we go seek the Lord's will and others' guidance.
After maybe has to come yes or no. Alluding to Our Lord's words in her prayer at the end of the chapter, Lisa reminds us that our yes should be yes; our no, no. One mark of human maturity and consideration for others is the strength to speak the truth---the truth of our frailty, our limitations, and our decisions---with love. We owe it to God, others, and also ourselves.
To Ponder, Reflect, and Discuss:
- In what situations do I find myself struggling to say no? What is it about those situations that triggers my insecurity, my lack of follow through, or my impulsivity?
- Other than your spouse, do you have a trusted person to whom you can go for advice when you're in discernment? What qualities do you most appreciate about that person? What are the most helpful suggestions you've received from them?
- Have you ever said no and regretted it? Why?
- Do you tend to say no or yes first? Why?
Feel free to comment on your own thoughts from this week's reading, your impressions and reflections, and/or your answers to these questions.
Next week, we'll cover Chapter 8: The Grace of Rebirth. For the complete reading schedule and information about our Book Club, visit the Grace of Yes Book Club page.
Copyright 2014 Rhonda Ortiz
About the Author
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Trump Tracker: Pioneer updates on America's president
Kali Persall,
Managing Editor
June 28, 2017
What Happened? On Friday, President Donald Trump signed the Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability and Whistleblower Protection Act of 2017 into law, which gives the VA more power to fire federal employees "quickly and effectively" and strengthens protections for VA whistleblowers, according...
Will "Putin-gate" derail progressive resistance?
Craig Collins Ph.D.,
CSUEB Lecturer
February 22, 2017
Craig Collins, Ph.D. teaches political science and environmental law at California State University East Bay and was a founding member of the Green Party of California. If events in Washington (and Moscow) continue to unfold as they have over the last few months, it appears that the groundsw...


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Texas troubador Ray Wylie Hubbard, who grew up in Oak Cliff, performs at the Kessler Theater tonight.
The singer/songwriter recently appeared on Ray Benson's TV show, "The Texas Music Scene," in a segment where he drives around our neighborhood and tells a story about Ringo Starr.
During the segment, he phones Starr to tell him he's recorded his song "Coochy Coochy" on the album "Grifter's Hymnal."


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A Best Practices Resource for Business Wellness
Welcome to the Healthy Business Bookmark – a carefully curated set of resources developed by Arete HR Inc. to help owners and managers address common issues affecting business health.
We invite you to search for topics of interest, scroll through the categories, listen to our podcasts and read informative, eye-opening guides and articles. We welcome your requests, too. Just send an email to email@example.com


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Ready to research CVS Health and discover 10,000 other top national sponsors?
CVS Health signs deal with MassChallenge WOONSOCKET, R.I., Sept. 30, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- CVS Health (CVS) today announced that it was partnering with top startup accelerator MassChallenge and digital health venture fund Rock Health to drive faster innovation and expand areas of focus for connected health solutions. On the heels of the opening of its Digital Innovation Lab in June, these new collaborative relationships further demonstrate CVS Health's commitment to driving rapid and impactful innovation in digital health solutions.
CVS Health partners with USA Football WOONSOCKET, R.I., July 9, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- MinuteClinic, a division of CVS Caremark and the largest and fastest growing provider of walk-in medical clinics in the United States, announced today a joint marketing and sponsorship agreement with USA Football, football's national governing body. As part of this agreement, MinuteClinic has been named USA Football's official sports physical provider.


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Are you worried about your child's weight? According to Healthdirect, many children and infants tend to look plump, so you likely have nothing to worry about. But as a parent, it's hard to just wave away concern for your child, no matter how minor it might seem. One way you can determine if your worry should be taken more seriously is to check your child's body mass index (BMI for short). This measurement tool divides a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and the result will place a person within a certain percentile range. If your child happens to be in the 95th percentile or greater, then it is likely they are obese.
However, the BMI does not measure body fat directly, so for a professional appraisal of your child's condition, consider consulting a physician.
Now, the physician may see your child as perfectly fit and healthy. And if so, that's great! But if not, and your dreaded fear has become a reality, then here are a few tips to help your child deal with obesity.
Encourage Daily Activity
Children need at least an hour of physical activity every day. Without exercise, children are prone to a number of health risks. Some of these risks include the loss of muscle strength and endurance, weaker bones, and a poor immune system. But we know how tough it can be to avoid these problems, especially when your child has a preference for inactive hobbies, such as playing video games and watching cartoons. To make physical activity less of a chore to your child, break those 60 minutes of exercise into smaller parts throughout the day. And if you can turn it into a parent-child bonding time over bicycling, playing sports, or some other activity, you're sure to find your child more enthusiastic about getting out and about.
Keep Your Family Meals Nutritious and Delicious
One of the easier ways you can help your child deal with obesity is through your mealtimes. With the correct amount of foods, such as protein, grains, fruits, and vegetables, your child will gain a number of benefits. Some of these include being better able to maintain a healthy weight, avoid the risk of chronic diseases, and boost your overall health.
You can encourage your child to eat healthier by acting as their role model. Children are quick learners and tend to develop habits from the actions they see their parents take. That means you should make sure that you both try to limit eating excessive sugary and fatty foods and focus on consuming water and healthy foods.
Develop a Plan with Your Physician
Even with the best of plans and intentions, you may find that your physical fitness plan is still not quite working out for your child. It may be time then to consult a physician for a different plan of attack. If your child is of 18 years or over, then they may be eligible for pharmaceutical assistance from an Orlistat prescription. In combination with a low-calorie, low-fat diet and exercise, this pharmaceutical can help your child from gaining the weight they struggled so hard to lose.
To make this assistance easier on your wallet, you might want to consider a resource like Rx Connected. This site can connect you to licensed international and Canadian pharmacies that will be able to offer you and your child a prescription that is more affordable than you might find elsewhere in the United States.
Throughout all this, you're likely dealing with non-stop worry about your child. No parent wants their child to have anything but happy, healthy childhood. But keep in mind that your child is likely just as worried as you are. Their mental health is just as important as their physical health, so don't forget to make your chosen fitness plan encouraging and positive as you two work towards a healthier life.


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First Drop!
Vocal start
Second Drop
"Typecell" is a producer and DJ of electronic music presently residing in Kassel/Hessen - Germany. Having bought his first set of turntables and a mixer at the age of 14 came in 1992 the birth of "DJ P.M.C." and first DJ experiences in Clubs and Events followed. In 1996, he started with producing own tracks. His first official releases were put out on his own label, Genetic Rhythm Records, and were subsequently followed by more releases on such labels as Bonzai Records / N.E.W.S., Red Alert Records, Thunderdom, House Nation, as well as many others.
In 1999, he created a new alter ego for himself under the name "Typecell" for his more experimental tracks; fusing techno and drum and bass. His reputation was built in the underground scene by utilizing a series of mix tapes and numerous innovative releases on vinyl, CDs and mp3. About 2002, he started up his long-cultivated drum and bass record label, Protogen Records, which was aimed at a more forward-thinking, club-friendly drum and bass sound. after several well respected releases from artists around the world, the label was forced to shut down after the main distribution went bankrupt. in 2004 he started "Subplate Recordings", focused mainly on dark, minimalistic, neurofunk and techstep sounds aswell on experimental electronic bass music. since then, Typecell has received a great level of resonance and support from many well-known, respected Drum N Bass, as well as Techno, artists worldwide. he released 10 LP's and several tracks & ep's on diverse labels worldwide.
Listen to all music and sounds of Typecell and follow this user by signing in for free.
You can listen to 163 tracks and mixes and follow this user as 258 did before.
This artist liked 75 tracks, followed 258 others and reshared 34 tracks and mixes. 44 other people are following this page too.
youtube.com/Typecell instagram....l.official


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On March 27th, Governor Patrick declared the ongoing opiate epidemic a public health emergency. Overdoses from heroin have skyrocketed in Massachusetts since 2000, with 185 people dying between November 2013 and February 2014.
Governor Patrick gave several emergency orders to address the growing abuse of opiates. First and foremost, the Governor ordered the Department of Public Health (DPH) to make Narcan available immediately to all first-responders and more accessible to families and friends of drug users. Narcan, the brand name for naloxone, is an easy-to-use drug that is administered nasally and instantly halts overdoses. Its use was previously prohibited outside of state-run pilot programs (in which 20,000+ first responders were trained to administer Narcan) but will now be available to all first-responders and for sale to the public at pharmacies.
Governor Patrick also announced a ban on the sale of Zohydro, a potentially lethal narcotic painkiller that can easily be abused, however this mandate has since been overturned in court. The state is currently looking into placing restrictions on prescribing the painkiller. The Governor also mandated that all physicians and pharmacies monitor prescriptions of narcotic painkillers and other drugs commonly abused. Before this, drug monitoring was voluntary.
In addition, the Governor announced an added $20 million in funding to increase treatment and recovery services for the general public, state prisons, and county jails. The recently-release House Ways and Means budget proposal included this increased funding.
Funding for programming and operations of the Bureau of Substance Abuse Services has been increased by $5.5 million to allow for expanded services for Section 35 clients, including a central intake system, the placement of addiction specialists in specific courts to assist in treatment placements, and funding to expand detoxification services and clinical stabilization services. The budget also included a new line item that would fund the Governor-ordered naloxone (Narcan) distribution programs. If included in the final budget, this funding would go into effect on July 1st.


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In a digital age of instantaneous gratification, there are few things more exciting than getting your film prints back after several weeks of not knowing what your photos looked like. I do often miss the darkroom for that reason – watching an image materialise to the sound of running water, and the strangely therapeutic repetition of rubber tongs in and out of pungent chemical baths.
I digress.
A few of my favourite frames upon a first flick through of a sizable pile (and so a speedy, slightly light-leaked scan job) are these three from a visit to a frozen afternoon visit to Rachel Comey's dreamy NYC space with the MATCHES team. I've come to love Rachel's generously roomy outerwear and expertly muted fall colour palettes since I first lusted after her signature leather ankle boots years ago, when I still had long hair, and was still working on a PC (god forbid).
Like Dries Van Noten or Marni, say, I definitely feel that Rachel Comey is a brand and lifestyle that a woman grows into once she learns to be comfortable in her own skin and insecurities, beyond which point the apparel and most of the shoes become essentially ageless. There will never be a time when you won't need beautifully tailored denim, a durable blouse, tan leather, and a loudly understated coat to engulf whatever Mum jeans and button-down situation you have going on underneath. For this Fall/Winter collection, I was particularly a fan of the brand's dramatic expansion in textures (namely into an interesting laminated and embossed leather) and shoe styles (while I have yet to commit to any kind of flatform bandwagon, I wholly appreciate Rachel Comey's chunky wedges that are just about halfway there.


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New! Here is a link to the complete, play-tested rules for Gonen's World: The Roleplaying Game.
Some quick links to background material are below (all of the material is also in the main rules, however).
- Map of Vlodasai
- Geography - Noteworthy map features described.
- History - A (relatively) brief guide to the history of Gonen's World.
- Culture - Notes on how folks live in Vlodasai.
page revision: 9, last edited: 30 May 2008 21:54


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Early this week, I saw several facebook posts stating about Chetan Bhagat's plagiarism issue. I came to know that a Bengaluru based author, Anvita Bajpai has accused Chetan Bhagat for plagiarising her story, Drawing Parallels in his recent book, One Indian Girl. These posts were then followed by several media coverages across the country.
Generally, I prefer not to speak about any controversial issue. But then something was different this time. Firstly, I am friends with Anvita Bajpai at facebook since past 3-4 years. Secondly, I have seen her at the Bangalore Literature Festival where she claims to have given her book to Chetan Bhagat for review.
Let me rewind my life a few years back. It was mid of 2014 when I landed Bangalore looking for better job opportunities. Somewhere in early August that year, I met Vikram Sampath, founder of Bangalore Literature Festival at International Folk Festival at Jaya Mahal Palace, Bengaluru. He introduced me to Shinie Anthony, another founder of the Bangalore Literature Festival. I came to learn about the festival through them.
Almost after one and half month later, Bangalore Literature Festival was conducted. Since this was the first Literature Festival I was attending, I was quite excited. Chetan Bhagat was available on the very first day for the inaugration ceremony of the festival. I was quite new to the industry and thought getting rave reviews from popular authors would help my book. That was the reason I carried few of my books to the event.
I believe it was after 2:30 pm, when Chetan Bhagat was done with his session with Shinie Anthony, he walked towards the Author's Lounge. Several fans of him followed him. I believe this crowd had lot of new authors as well as aspiring ones. I was too a part of the crowd. We waited outside the Author's Lounge for Chetan Bhagat to come out, either to give our books, get his book/s signed or getting few pictures clicked with him.
I was sitting outside the Author's Lounge when I saw Anvita Bajpai near the drinking water area for the first time. Her face felt known to me. With social communities getting bigger and bigger, I understood she is one among the authors I've added in facebook. I scrolled down my friend list to find out who she was and landed over her profile after few minutes. Since I did not find any necessity, I did not buzz her. I waited there for Chetan Bhagat to come out.
In case, we all trust her, I would say, she must have given her book to Chetan Bhagat the same day. I too gave my book to Chetan. And, I believe, many others gave it too. But then, would Chetan Bhagat remember each one of us? Would he care to read all our books? I'm not sure what happens to books when it goes to someone like Chetan Bhagat.
By 26th April, late night, I saw a facebook post by Anvita Bajpai claiming in her own words that some of her friend shared links where glimpses of her book "Life, Odds & Ends" can be seen in hands of Chetan Bhagat during BLF 2014.
I tried to have a better look and was shocked seeing the image. And, that is also the reason why I'm writing a post about this whole issue.
It was not Anvita's book which she claimed. It was the first edition of my debut short story collection, Emotions Unplugged over which the tea cup was placed. I'm sharing the image Anvita shared in the facebook post as well as the cover of the first edition of Emotions Unplugged below for your reference:
(Click on the image to enlarge it.)
If you try to have a closer look of the image Anvita shared, you can see the top right corner of the book cover has some white space which was actually in my book cover. Moreover, you can also have a look of one of the bulbs below the white space.
Another thing that the picture doesn't say is - The red piece of cloth and the bag in the left corner in the image belongs to Shinie Anthony. I'm sure if inquired and requested (hoping she has a good memory), she can confirm that the book kept below the tea cup belongs to me and not Anvita Bajpai.
I'm not sure if Anvita got the high resolution image as she requested, but I'm afraid that her claim mentioning glimpses of her book, Life, Odds & Ends in hands of Chetan Bhagat during BLF 2014 based on the image she shared is totally wrong. Moreover, Chetan didn't carry any book in his hand all through the event.
I'm not saying that Anvita must have posted the image knowingly to prove her point that Chetan carried her book. It totally might be a mistake she did, but thought she is correct.
However, this also makes me think. - Can't it be the same case when she accused Chetan Bhagat? Can't it be just few mere incidences that she thought has been copied from her book? I'm not sure who among the two, I must trust.
But I want this whole issue to get closed soon because this surely is not a good sign for the industry which is already facing a lot of problems. If Anvita Bajpai is true, she must get the compensation she is demanding. Though I'm not in favour of stopping the sales of the title, One Indian Girl. However, if Chetan Bhagat is true, he must get back the honour that he has won all these years because of his hard work.
As I write this, I completely have faith on the judiciary system of the country and whatever decision they share in the months to come. I shall surely respect it.
I would have chosen to stay mum as I do in all other cases. After all, I belong to a society where we don't care to speak until we are the victim. But then, I had a thought. Today, it is Chetan Bhagat who is accused, it is Anvita Bajpai who seems to be the victim. But tomorrow, it can be me. Will I still be mum?


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Water Works says chemical plume has passed Cincinnati
Ohio River intake valves to open Thursday
Ohio River water will soon be flowing through the Greater Cincinnati Water Works system again.
Water quality samples collected at GCWW and NKY Water District intakes show the Elk River Spill of 4-methylcyclohexane methanol has passed through the Cincinnati area, the utilities said.
As a result, GCWW will open its Ohio River intakes and begin normal operations at approximately 2 p.m. Thursday.
"Our water quality team has not detected the chemical in the Ohio River water since 4 a.m. this morning," said Tony Parrott, Executive Director of Greater Cincinnati Water Works and the Metropolitan Sewer District, in a news release.
GCWW has been collecting Ohio River water samples and monitoring the Ohio River since the chemical spilled into the Elk River last week near Charleston, West Virginia.
The water utility shut down its intakes shortly before midnight on Tuesday as a precautionary measure to protect its drinking water supply.
Water has come from storage tanks and the Great Miami Aquifer in southern Butler County since the closure.
The Northern Kentucky Water District said it was reopening its Ohio River intakes as well.
WLWT News 5 will have more on this story as it becomes available.


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Fall is just around the corner, and a dog's activity level often increases with the cooler weather. It is wise to take a few minutes to evaluate your pet's gate to make sure no subtle changes have occurred. That is an easy chore if you understand flexion and extension and how your dog should move.
The muscular system is divided into axial and appendicular parts that correspond to the axial and appendicular skeleton. Muscles of the head, neck, spine and trunk make up the axial muscles while the muscles of the pectoral girdle, front limb, pelvic girdle and hind limb compose the appendicular muscles. One should consider the action of muscles when evaluating the gait of a dog. This is especially true when considering which muscles may be compromised in a dog that is limping.
Skeletal muscles allow the dog to move by changing the angle of one bone to another at a joint. Freely movable joints, synovial joints, exhibit several types of movement including flexion and extension.
Flexion describes the movement of two bones in relation to one another in a manner that decreases the angle at their joint. If a dog bends or flexes his foreleg at the elbow or wrist or the hind limb at the stifle or hock, the angle of the two bones at their joint is decreased (Fig. 1a). The rule of thumb is that muscles that flex a joint are above the joint and on the side that the joint angle is decreased (Fig. 1b).
|Figure 1 – (a.) Sand flexes at the elbow (1), the wrist (2), the hock (3) and the knee (4) as handler, Debbie Coggin, moves him around the show ring. (b.) The muscles responsible for flexion are above or proximal to the joint on the side that the joint angle is decreased.
On the other hand, extension increases the angle of two bones at their joint. Therefore, if the forelimb is flexed at the elbow and the dog extends or straightens the leg, the angle of the elbow joint will increase (Fig. 2a). Muscles that extend a joint are usually below the joint and on the side opposite of the joint angle increase (Fig. 2b).
|Figure 2 – (a) Continuing around the show ring, Sand extends his elbow to maintain an even smooth gait. (b) The extensor muscles that increase the angle of the elbow are located below or distal to the joint on the side opposite that the joint angle is increased.
This information helps evaluate a dog with a limp. Watch him move to determine if he has difficulty flexing or extending a joint in the affected limb. Now you know which muscles may be strained or injured. You can palpate for tenderness to determine if rest or a visit to the veterinarian are indicated. The discomfort of sore achy muscles caused by overexerting or other neuromuscular problems can be soothed by appropriate massage. Regular massage also decreases the risk of injury.
It is not necessary to learn names of all the muscles in a dog's body. It is very helpful to know where muscles responsible for actions like flexion and extension of joints are located. This gives you a great advantage when assessing movement or aberrations of movement in a dog.
Note: This material is excerpted from Dr. C. Sue Furman's book, Canine Massage for the Athlete in Every Dog©.
C. Sue Furman, Ph.D.


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For all the summer school talk, politics is still a closed shop run by dinosaurs
Opinion: Each of the big parties has stood by while sovereignty has been eroded
Poland in the 1980s reanimated its society around the concept of solidarity, but there is little solidarity in Ireland. Photograph: Getty Images
This is a good time of the year to talk about political reform. It is the time of the long holiday for both houses of the Oireachtas. It's the time of summer schools. It's safe to talk about "political reform. It makes politicians seem brave and garners headlines – and everyone knows that, come autumn, the whole matter can be shelved. But this autumn there is a referendum so the wider issue of political reform cannot be wholly avoided.
The Government is campaigning for the abolition of the Seanad. Others point to recent months, when dissenting Dáil voices have been crushed, to emphasise the importance of an independent chamber.
Whatever the outcome of the referendum, the case for wider political reform remains and the political mainstream will fight it every inch of the way. It is not in their interests. They will focus on details such as the number of days/weeks the Dáil is sitting – as evidence of "reform".
The one institution that remains unchanged despite all that has happened in the last five years is the political system. A fair description of it would be dinosaurs operating a cartel. There is a pretence there is a distinction between the three larger parties. The two main ones – Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael – have obscure names – and the third, Labour, is separated by a chasm from the values of James Connolly. The cause of the divide between FF and FG has no resonance in contemporary Ireland – it is rooted in history.
Founding principles
In any event, each of the three has long departed from their foundational principles. Each has demonstrated it is prepared to sell out on any residual echoes of such principles to acquire – and retain – power; and they are not too keen on fellow politicians who take a different view. Fine Gael took on the bailout agreed by Fianna Fáil with hardly a pause for breath. Labour has been willing participants in the most regressive budgets in modern history. Fine Gael has rejected the pro-life mandate with which it was entrusted. Fianna Fáil is largely a party of expediency, alienated from the membership and the few principle-based members of the shadow cabinet.
Each of the three has moved in and out of coalition, according as the weariness of the electorate has required.
Promises and commitments made "before the election" count for little. Even politicians now acknowledge as much. There can be little doubt any of the three would form a coalition with Sinn Féin if, in the words of the press release that would, no doubt, accompany such a development, "it were in the interests of the country".
Each of the parties has stood by passively as national sovereignty has been eroded. This used to be something our system purported to care about. Germany has no such scruples about defending its sovereignty in its constitutional court, as the willingness of the Bundesbank to square up to the European Central Bank this year clearly demonstrated.
Barriers to entry
It's all very much a closed shop. There is an intense dislike on the part of the incumbents of those who would challenge "the way that it's always been". The barriers to entry are formidable.
The sheer extent of voter dissatisfaction (apart from those who vote with their feet and leave the country) simply does not square with the absence of new parties willing to put new propositions on the economy to the public. There is a real fear about challenging the status quo that's new and probably intended (the controllers, as Noam Chomsky deems them, have been rereading their Machiavelli).
"Reform" is driven by those deemed to have "a safe pair of hands". Election manifestos have as much relevance as "prebudget submissions" to the Minister for Finance. No one reads them with intent to commit the crime of reimaging policy or our "democracy".
Poland, in the cauldron of the 1980s, reanimated its sense of political self-worth around the concept of "solidarity": there is no sense of solidarity in Ireland – or of "respect" for the person in the queue or the polling booth.
Does this matter? And would any of the "new crowd" be different? It matters there is such cynicism and frustration about the governance of the country. It matters this governance has been wrested from the people and arrogated to the politically powerful and to political technocrats.
It matters that democratic debate can be stifled by the guillotine and the (mis)use of the whip's office. It matters that the hearts of tens of millions in the euro zone are broken by long-term unemployment while political "leaders" talk about "staying the course". It matters that fresh ideas and people are being deterred by the mindset that says: "Sure, can't they join the parties that are there – aren't they good enough for them?'" It matters all right.
Prof Ray Kinsella lectures in economics and is editor of Acute Healthcare in Ireland