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Electronic Design Engineer (Hardware)
|Job Title:
|Electronic Design Engineer (Hardware)
|Contract Type:
|Bolton, Greater Manchester
|£33000 - £35000 per annum
|Start Date:
|Contact Name:
|Sharon McDonough
|Contact Email:
|Job Published:
|January 12, 2018 15:35
Job Description
Are you an Electronic design engineer who is looking for a new and exciting challenge? Do you have the drive and ambition to take on a new position and make it your own? Do you have a genuine passion for Design and the ability to create new and innovative electronic solutions for various manufacturing industries?
An innovator in precision engineering with over 40 years' service creating bespoke engineering solutions for industries such as Aerospace/Oil and Gas/MOD is at present in a very exciting period of growth. They are looking to add a highly skilled Electronics design engineer who has creative approach and an extensive skill set to be able to produce electronic solutions with the knowledge to exploit numerous manufacturing processes.
You would be part of an already existing team; however, this is a new position and my client would be looking for someone with the confidence and experience to be able to hit the ground running and put their own ideas into play, and own mark on position and make it their own.
The core responsibilities of the Electronic design engineer are as follows but not limited to:
- Electronics design and schematics capturing and detailed electrical circuit design.
- Define electrical and test requirements.
- To provide hardware solutions to production, manufacturing and repair problems.
- To undertake design changes to replace obsolete components (including some mechanical, as required)
- To carry out component and system type testing (including EMC testing where appropriate)
- Prepare and submit technical reports and documentation to support qualification of obsolescent parts to ATEC products.
- Liaison with mechanical engineering about enclosure design.
- To support appropriate design reviews of Technical reports with Engineering Manager and Technical Director.
- To undertake technical investigations, recommending actions and producing reports.
- To ensure documents conform to ATEC, customer and regulatory procedures.
- To attend customer meetings where necessary.
- To provide technical support to the design and development of new equipment.
- Provide support to the Test Department when required.
- Support of prototype and volume manufacture
The ideal candidate will possess the following skill set, qualifications or experience:
- Minimum HND Electrical / Electronic Engineering discipline, together with appropriate technical experience, or alternatively a degree would be preferable.
- Experience in both Digital and Analogue design.
- Experience in circuit simulation and computer-aided design tools (CAD)
- Design proving, and type testing associated with high reliability products
- Knowledge of basic project management principles and be driven to complete tasks to deadlines.
- Sound electrical knowledge and experience in both designing and maintaining electrical / electronic products.
- Familiarisation with defence standards and design of products to meet harsh environments would be advantageous.
This position comes with the opportunity to become part of a growing business who has proven history of great progression from within the business along with career security. This position would suit an experience electronics designer looking a long serving career with a creative edge in a fun and driven business.
Those interested must click apply without delay, or alternatively contact Sharon at Morgan Ryder associates.
At Morgan Ryder we can provide you with a full range of employment opportunities from short term and fixed term temporary vacancies to permanent positions.
We recruit for companies that operate in the following industries: Food and Drink Manufacturers, FMCG, Packaging, Engineering, Automotive, Aerospace, Warehousing, Logistics, Waste Management, Petro Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Power & Renewable Energy.
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A vast English pine room divider - an eleven-leaf movable panelled wall,
mid 20th Century, removed from the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London,
This impressive room divider is offered as one. There is scope to reduce the set or even trim the edges to create a suite of pairs of doors. The screen, at 7.5cm thick could serve well as a static partition wall - panelled to each side. LASSCO will consider splitting the set but will charge a premium for doing so depending on the panels selected.
The Royal College of Surgeons of England, is an independent professional body and registered charity promoting and advancing standards of surgical care for patients, regulating surgery, including dentistry, in England and Wales. The College is located at Lincoln's Inn Fields in London. It publishes multiple medical journals.
The origins of the College date to the fourteenth century. The Company of Surgeons moved from Surgeon's Hall in Old Bailey to a site at 41 Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1797. Construction of the first College building, to a design by George Dance the Younger, and James Lewis, took from 1805 to 1813. In 1833 Sir Charles Barry won the public competition to design a replacement. The library and portico of this building are all that remain today after a German incendiary bomb hit the College in 1941.

subset: commoncrawl


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Is confidence and humility mutually exclusive?
Instead of letting you read the whole post before getting to the answer, I'll say it right at the beginning. Confidence and humility are not mutually exclusive. Confidence and humility need to go together, kinda like milk and cookies.
Confidence has a lot to do with how we perceive ourselves. What we think of ourselves affects the relationships we build, our careers, the kind of jobs we go for, our romantic lives and ultimately how other receive us.
And as a christian what you think of yourself has to be rooted in what God says about you. Here is what He says…
"For we are God's handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do" – Ephesians 2:10
"I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your works, And that my soul knows very well" – Psalms 139:14
"Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good…" – Genesis 1:31
So I am awesome because God has made me awesome.
God wants us to have confidence…in what He has done for us. That's the important part. Having confidence in Him. David said he was great, because God made him great (Psalms 18:35). It is not wrong to believe that our awesome God has created an awesome creation, however it is wrong to believe that you are awesome apart from God. This is where humility (the milk) is needed to wash down the rich sweet taste of confidence (the cookie). See what I did there?
Often times we misunderstand what humility means. When someone compliments us for something we did, we put it down as if it was nothing and could have been done by anybody else; or we just become awkward when someone notices our talent; or we walk around with our heads low, because walking around with your head held high can be seen as being prideful.
Humility actually means having a low view of your own importance. When Jesus talks about humility, it is about service (see Matthew 20:26-27). Humility is not about putting yourself down, it is about putting others before you. C.S Lewis puts it like this,
A really humble man…will not be thinking about humility: he will not be thinking about himself at all.
So, what does humility have to do with confidence? When we shine because of the talent God has given us, or the miracles God has done in our lives, we are shining so that people can see God's work. We show how His awesomeness has made us awesome and all the glory goes to God. When people notice our shine, we are not supposed to dim it, or have this false sense of humility, we are supposed to shine for Jesus, so that people can see our good works and honour Him.
Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven. – Matthew 5:16
An example of this is King Nebuchadnezzar (see Daniel 4). In Daniel 4:2,3 King Neb gives praise to God for what God has done for him. Then God sent him a dream to warn him not to place his confidence in himself but a year later in Daniel 4:30 King Neb places confidence in himself and gives himself the praise. God had to humble him to the point where he lives like an animal for 7 years, until he learnt that all the praise and honour belong to God (Daniel 4:37).
Samuel Brengle wrote,
The axe cannot boast of the trees it has cut down. It could do nothing but for the woodsmen. He made it, he sharpened it, and he used it. The moment he throws it aside; it becomes only old iron. O that I may never lose sight of this.
So, our confidence has to be rooted in God, the source of our awesomeness. We might think we are awesome because of our talent, our skill, and experience—but God reminds us we are awesome because He set it up that way.


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Inspired by the unique painted rickshaws which pack the streets of the Bangladeshi cities, the logo for the ICC World Twenty20 2014 was unveiled on a star-studded evening in Dhaka.
At a glittering gala and in the presence of the ICC vice president Mustafa Kamal and Bangladesh Cricket Board president Nazmul Hassan, the logo for the tournament was launched exactly one year ahead of the tournament finals.
For the first time, 16 men's teams will compete for the ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh alongside eight women's teams, which include for the first time, the hosts.
The event will run from March 16th to April 6th and is scheduled to be played in four cities - Mirpur, Chittagong, Sylhet and Cox's Bazar.


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I just love this character. As Alice, I can wander about asking children if they have seen my rabbit. It's not long before one of them tosses on those ears and I get to play hide and go stilt walk. So much fun!!
This image is from stilt walking at Circle the Wagons in Calgary AB, Canada.


text:
FRONTIER GUARDIAN observes that "Mr. Jonathan Browning is manufacturing some of the most splendid revolving rifles that we ever saw." He invents one of "the earliest known American repeating rifles" when he moves to Nauvoo in 1842. Establishes gunsmith shop in Ogden, Utah where he continues making his unpatented "six-shot repeater." His son John M. Browning is "the father of modern firearms."
[On This Day in Mormon History, http://onthisdayinmormonhistory.blogspot.com]


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Directions & opening times
We are located in the center of Baden-Baden, Lichtentalerstraße 13.
From Basel or Karlsruhe via A5, take the exit Baden-Baden. Continue on the B500 towards Baden-Baden Centrum. From here, follow the traffic control system toward Congress / Augusta Square. Our restaurant is located in the courtyard of Gründerzeitbaus "Goldenes Kreuz" (vis-à-vis Augusta Square).
Augusta Square - garage, Augusta Place
Fina - garage, Lichtentaler Str. 37 - 41
Brenner's Park-Hotel & Spa, Ludwig-Wilhem-Straße 10
Kurhaus - garage, Kaiserallee


text:
|Sunset at the Lajitas House , Big Bend
|Santa Elena Canyon, Big Bend, Texas
As I mentioned at the beginning of the post, Bob's main photographic subjects are birds. I beilive, and Bob can correct me if I'm wrong, that he has documented over 200 speices of birds! Like these and this. Skip on over to Bob's blog, Texas Tweeties and browse around. You will be stunned at some the shots that Bob has taken. Did I tell you that Bob's photograpsh have been featured at museums and in various publications in Texas? They have. Any doubts about Bob's keen eye to frame a shot that is more than just a photograph will be quelled with one look at the photos below of the American Kestrel.
|The Hunt
Be sure to bookmark Texas Tweeties because you'll be sayin' to yourself, "How can a funky old dude who married way up to a chickadee (pun intended) like Ann, be an award-winning photographer?" I'm just sayin'. :)
|The Lunch


text:
Lagrange Illinois
Masonry Concrete Tuck pointing Chimney Repair Cost
Using the right contractor the first time is very important. Most of our clients can't afford to make the mistake of using unqualified contractors. We specialize in producing quality finishes that are performed safely, with little interruption to your life. Call today for a comprehensive consultation on your needs or challenges. We have been proudlySee more
Window Leak Repair for Brick Wall
Water infiltration into your home or building can be unhealthy and lead to structural damage. Addressing these challenges as they become noticeable is the best way to avoid any future costly repairs. We have over 20 years experience in our industry evaluating projects big or small; and as a proud member of the Masonry ContractorsSee more
Pricing for Thin Stone Veneer Installation Masonry Glen Ellyn IL.
A Current Midland Masonry Inc project. We are installing a thin stone veneer at a new hair salon. Call us today at 630.849.1156 for pricing on thin brick and thin stone veneer installation. We can create your perfect look to existing walls, fireplaces and exteriors. Thin Stone Installation Veneer StoneSee more
Tuckpointing brick wall – Chicago Niles Des Plaines Elmwood Park
Midland Masonry Inc. Specializes in the restoration and the repair of masonry walls and structures. Tuck pointing brick mortar joints can add value and beauty to your building. Below is a sample of the work we preform. CALL 630.849.1156 for Midland Masonry to evaluate your building and offer a sensible solution that fits your budget.See more
Chicago Oak Park River Forest Illinois Brick Chimney Repair
Midland Masonry specializes in repairs and restoration of brick work and concrete. Let us evaluate your properties exterior masonry and concrete needs. Maintenance repairs to wall sections by tuck pointing and removing damaged brick can alleviate costly future restoration. BEFORE AFTER Masonry Tuck PointingSee more
Lombard Elmhurst Cost for Masonry Chimney Repairs Tuck Pointing
Midland Masonry fireplace and furnace chimney repairs and rebuilds. New concrete crown and tuck pointing. We specialize in masonry restoration. Call or email to set up convenient onsite consultation, we can estimate the cost of most concrete and masonry projects in a matter of hours. Call today for the best service in the industry! NewSee more
Naperville Illinois New Basement Remodeling New Gas Fireplace
This is a project we are currently working on in the Wheaton / Naperville area. We are installing a new bathroom with steam shower, sitting room with (vent free) gas fireplace, hair station and laundry-room. during the winter months this is a great way for us to stay warm and keep our crews working steady.See more
Chicago Illinois Masonry Waterproofing Tuckpointing Chimney Fireplaces
Currently we are working on a basement waterproofing and remodeling project in the Western Springs / La grange area. We installed new inside drain tiles with sump pit, to evacuate any static pressure around foundation. Also note the walls were covered in a waterproof, mold-proof insulated vapor barrier. We are currently installing a new bathroom,See more
Brick Chimney Repair Lagrange IL. Brick Tuck pointing Water damage
Midland Masonry chimney repairs and rebuilds. New concrete crown and tuck pointing. Please call or email to set up convenient onsite consultation. 630.849.1156 or [email protected] Brick Chimney Before Brick Chimney After New Concrete Crown with Tuck PointingSee more
Hinsdale / Burr Ridge Illinois In Ground Concrete Pool Repair / Brick wall
This was a project completed in late Summer. We worked as a subcontractor tearing out damaged concrete and pouring a new concrete floor and wall sections. The project turned out great! We came back to photo the project and they were already swimming in it!!. IN PROGRESS AfterSee more


text:
Frequent Links
[[File:Flag of Esperanto.svg#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.border|200px]]
The Esperanto flag
|Created by
|L. L. Zamenhof
|Setting and usage
|International auxiliary language
Native: on the order of 1,000 (1996)[1]
L2 users: 160,000–300,000 active or fluent (2001);[citation needed] estimates as high as 2 million total (1999)[2]
Early forms
|Ido and other Esperantidos
Latin (Esperanto alphabet)
Esperanto Braille
|Vocabulary from Romance and Germanic languages, grammar from Slavic languages; possibly relexified Yiddish[3]
|Official status
|Regulated by
|Akademio de Esperanto
|Language codes
Linguist list
Related topics
Esperanto (/ˌɛspəˈraːntoʊ/;[5] [espeˈranto] About this sound listen (help·info)) is a constructed international auxiliary language. It is the most widely spoken constructed language in the world.[6] Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto ("Esperanto" translates as "one who hopes"), the pseudonym under which physician and linguist L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, on 26 July 1887. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy-to-learn, politically neutral language that would transcend nationality and foster peace and international understanding between people with different languages.
Between 100,000 and 2,000,000 people worldwide fluently or actively speak Esperanto, including perhaps 1,000 native speakers who learned Esperanto from birth. Esperanto has a notable presence in 120[7] countries. Its usage is highest in Europe, East Asia, and South America.[8] lernu!, the most popular online learning platform for Esperanto, reported 150,000 registered users in 2013, and sees between 150,000 and 200,000 visitors each month.[9] With about 215,000 articles, Esperanto Wikipedia is the 32nd-largest Wikipedia as measured by the number of articles,[10] and the largest Wikipedia in a constructed language.[11] On 22 February 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language.[12] On 28 May 2015, the language learning platform Duolingo launched an Esperanto course for English speakers, with over seventeen thousand users signed up.[13][14]
The first World Congress of Esperanto was organized in France in 1905. Since then, congresses have been held in various countries every year, with the exceptions of years during the world wars. Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperanto was recommended by the French Academy of Sciences in 1921 and recognized by UNESCO in 1954, which recommended in 1985 that international non-government organizations use Esperanto. Esperanto was the 32nd language accepted as adhering to the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" in 2007.[15]
Esperanto is currently the language of instruction of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino.[16]
Currently, Esperanto is seen by many of its speakers as an alternative or addition to the growing use of English throughout the world, offering a language that is easier to learn than English.[17]
- 1 History
- 2 Official use
- 3 Linguistic properties
- 4 Education
- 5 Community
- 5.1 Geography and demography
- 5.2 Culture
- 5.3 Noted authors in Esperanto
- 5.4 Popular culture
- 5.5 Science
- 5.6 Commerce and trade
- 5.7 Goals of the movement
- 5.8 Symbols and flags
- 5.9 Politics
- 5.10 Religion
- 6 Criticism
- 7 Modifications
- 8 Eponymous entities
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist from Białystok, then part of the Russian Empire. According to Zamenhof, he created the language to foster harmony between people from different countries. His feelings and the situation in Białystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko:[18]
"The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Białystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, so I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil."—L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to Nikolai Borovko, ca. 1895
After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw on the 26th of July 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first world congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Since the Second World War, they have been attended by an average of more than 2,000 people and up to 6,000 people.
Zamenhof's name for the language was simply Internacia Lingvo ("International Language").[19]
Early proposals
The autonomous territory of Neutral Moresnet, between what is today Belgium and Germany, had a sizable proportion of Esperanto-speakers among its small and multiethnic population. There was a proposal to make Esperanto its official language.
However, neither Belgium nor Prussia (now within Germany) had ever surrendered its original claim to it. Around 1900, Germany in particular was taking a more aggressive stance towards the territory and was accused of sabotage and of obstructing the administrative process in order to force the issue. It was the First World War, however, that was the catalyst that brought about the end of neutrality. On 4 August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, leaving Moresnet at first "an oasis in a desert of destruction".[20] In 1915, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, without international recognition.
After the Great War, there was a proposal for the League of Nations to accept Esperanto as their working language, following a report by Nitobe Inazō, an official delegate of League of Nations during the 13th World Congress of Esperanto in Prague. Ten delegates accepted the proposal with only one voice against, the French delegate, Gabriel Hanotaux. Hanotaux did not like how the French language was losing its position as the international language and saw Esperanto as a threat, effectively wielding his veto power to block the decision. However, two years later, the League recommended that its member states include Esperanto in their educational curricula. For this reason, many people see the 1920s as the heyday of the Esperanto movement. Anarchism as a political movement was very supportive during this time of anationalism as well as of the Esperanto language.[21]
Responses of 20th-century totalitarian regimes to Esperanto
Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many totalitarian states. The situation was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain, and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish. In his work, Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler specifically mentioned Esperanto as an example of a language that could be used by an international Jewish conspiracy once they achieved world domination.[22] Esperantists were killed during the Holocaust, with Zamenhof's family in particular singled out for murder.[23] The efforts of some Esperantists to expel Jewish colleagues and align themselves with the Reich were finally futile and Esperanto was forbidden in 1936. Esperantists in German concentration camps taught the language to fellow prisoners,[24] telling guards they were teaching Italian, the language of one of Germany's Axis allies.[citation needed]
In Imperial Japan, the left-wing of the Japanese Esperanto movement was persecuted, but its leaders were careful enough not to give the impression to the government that the Esperantists were revolutionaries, which proved a successful strategy.[25]
In the early years of the Soviet Union, Esperanto was given a measure of government support, and the Soviet Esperanto Association was an officially recognized organization.[26] The degree of support possibly existed because Stalin himself had studied Esperanto.[27] However, in 1937, Stalin reversed this policy. He denounced Esperanto as "the language of spies" and had Esperantists exiled or executed. The use of Esperanto was effectively banned until 1956.[26]
Fascist Italy, however, allowed the use of Esperanto, finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some tourist material in the language.
After the Spanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted anarchists and Catalan nationalists, among whom the use of Esperanto was extensive,[28] but in the 1950s the Esperanto movement was tolerated again.
Official use
Esperanto has not been a secondary official language of any recognized country. However, there were plans at the beginning of the 20th century to establish Neutral Moresnet as the world's first Esperanto state. In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronation of Rose Island used Esperanto as its official language in 1968. In February 2013 an Avaaz petition was created to make Esperanto one of the official languages of the European Union.[29]
The US Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto,[30] to be used in war games by mock enemy forces. In the summer of 1924, the American Radio Relay League adopted Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language, and hoped that the language would be used by radio amateurs in international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.
Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association, or Education@Internet, which has developed from an Esperanto organization; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. The largest of these, the World Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and UNESCO, which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954.[31] Esperanto is also the first language of teaching and administration of one university, the International Academy of Sciences San Marino.[16]
All the personal documents issued by the World Service Authority, including the World Passport, are written in Esperanto, together with English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, and Chinese.[32]
Linguistic properties
As a constructed language, most scholars would say Esperanto is not genealogically related to any natural language. The phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics are based on the Indo-European languages spoken in Europe. The sound inventory is essentially Slavic, as is much of the semantics, whereas the vocabulary derives primarily from the Romance languages, with a lesser contribution from Germanic languages and minor contributions from Slavic languages and Greek. Pragmatics and other aspects of the language not specified by Zamenhof's original documents were influenced by the native languages of early authors, primarily Russian, Polish, German, and French. However, Paul Wexler proposes that Esperanto is relexified Yiddish, which in turn he claims is a relexified Slavic language.[3]
Esperanto has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romanic, morphologically intensively agglutinative, and to a certain degree isolating in character".[33] Typologically, Esperanto has prepositions and a pragmatic word order that by default is subject–verb–object. Adjectives can be freely placed before or after the nouns they modify, though placing them before the noun is more common. New words are formed through extensive prefixing and suffixing.
Esperanto has 23 consonants, five vowels, and two semivowels that combine with the vowels to form six diphthongs. (The consonant /j/ and semivowel /i̯/ are both written j, and the uncommon consonant /dz/ is written with the digraph dz,[34] which is the only consonant that doesn't have its own letter.) Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress is always on the second-last vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel o is elided, which occurs mostly in poetry. For example, familio "family" is [fa.mi.ˈli.o], with the stress on the second i, but when the word is used without the final o (famili'), the stress remains on the second i: [fa.mi.ˈli].
The 23 consonants are:
The sound /r/ is usually trilled [r], but may be tapped [ɾ]. The /v/ is normally pronounced like English v, but may be pronounced [ʋ] (between English v and w) or [w], depending on the language background of the speaker. A semivowel /u̯/ normally occurs only in diphthongs after the vowels /a/ and /e/, not as a consonant /w/. Common, if debated, assimilation includes the pronunciation of nk as [ŋk] and kz as [ɡz].
A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up to three in initial position (as in stranga, "strange") and four in medial position (as in instrui, "teach"). Final clusters are uncommon except in foreign names, poetic elision of final o, and a very few basic words such as cent "hundred" and post "after".
Esperanto has the five vowels found in such languages as Spanish, Swahili, Modern Hebrew, and Modern Greek.
| [[close front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.i]]
| [[close back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.u]]
| [[mid front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.e]]
| [[mid back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.o]]
| [[open central unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.a]]
There are also two semivowels, /i̯/ and /u̯/, which combine with the monophthongs to form six falling diphthongs: aj, ej, oj, uj, aŭ, and eŭ.
Since there are only five vowels, a good deal of variation in pronunciation is tolerated. For instance, e commonly ranges from [e] (French é) to [ɛ] (French è). These details often depend on the speaker's native language. A glottal stop may occur between adjacent vowels in some people's speech, especially when the two vowels are the same, as in heroo "hero" ([he.ˈro.o] or [he.ˈro.ʔo]) and praavo "great-grandfather" ([pra.ˈa.vo] or [pra.ˈʔa.vo]).
The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Latin script, using a one-sound-one-letter principle. It includes six letters with diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (with circumflex), and ŭ (with breve). The alphabet does not include the letters q, w, x, or y, which are only used when writing unassimilated foreign terms or proper names.
The 28-letter alphabet is:
All unaccented letters are pronounced approximately as in the IPA, with the exception of c. Esperanto j and c are used in a way familiar to speakers of many European languages, but which is largely unfamiliar to English speakers: j has a y sound, as in yellow and boy, and c has a ts sound, as in hits or the zz in pizza.[35] The accented letters are a bit like h-digraphs in English: Ĉ is pronounced like English ch, and ŝ like sh. Ĝ is the g in gem, ĵ a zh sound, as in fusion or French Jacques, and the rare ĥ is like the German Bach, older Scottish English loch, or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in book and 'ck' in chicken.
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.t͡s]]
| [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.t͡ʃ]]
| [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.d͡ʒ]]
| [[voiceless velar fricative#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.x]]
| [[voiced palato-alveolar sibilant#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ʒ]]
| [[voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ʃ]]
| [[semivowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.u̯]]
(in diphthongs)
Writing diacritics
Until the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the "Latin-Extended A" section of the Unicode Standard) caused problems with printing and computing. This was particularly true of the five letters with circumflexes, as they do not occur in any other language. These problems have abated, and are now normally seen only with computing applications that are limited to ASCII characters (typically internet chat systems and databases).
There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an "h-convention", which replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ with ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, and u, respectively. If used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, ch as c followed by h or as ĉ, and would fail to render, for example, the word senchava properly. A more recent "x-convention" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an x (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, and ux.
There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding diacritic letters (EK for Microsoft Windows[36] and Esperanta Klavaro for Windows Phone[37] are examples). Another example is the Esperanto Wikipedia, which accepts the x-convention for input: when a contributor types cx when editing an article, it will appear as the correct ĉ in the article text. (The input pane also accepts ĉ; when the page is saved, it will be changed to cx, so that the x-convention applies uniformly in the wikitext.)
Esperanto words are derived by stringing together prefixes, roots, and suffixes. This process is regular, so that people can create new words as they speak and be understood. Compound words are formed with a modifier-first, head-final order, as in English (compare "birdsong" and "songbird," and likewise, birdokanto and kantobirdo).
The different parts of speech are marked by their own suffixes: all common nouns end in -o, all adjectives in -a, all derived adverbs in -e, and all verbs in one of six tense and mood suffixes, such as the present tense -as. Nouns and adjectives have two cases: nominative for grammatical subjects and in general, and accusative for direct objects and (after a preposition) to indicate direction of movement.
Singular nouns used as grammatical subjects end in -o, plural subject nouns in -oj (pronounced like English "oy"). Singular direct object forms end in -on, and plural direct objects with the combination -ojn (rhymes with "coin"): -o- indicates that the word is a noun, -j- indicates the plural, and -n indicates the accusative (direct object) case. Adjectives agree with their nouns; their endings are singular subject -a (rhymes with "ha!"), plural subject -aj (pronounced "eye"), singular object -an, and plural object -ajn (rhymes with "fine").
The suffix -n, besides indicating the direct object, is used to indicate movement and a few other things as well.
The six verb inflections consist of three tenses and three moods. They are present tense -as, future tense -os, past tense -is, infinitive mood -i, conditional mood -us and jussive mood -u (used for wishes and commands). Verbs are not marked for person or number. Thus, kanti means "to sing", mi kantas means "I sing", vi kantas means "you sing", and ili kantas means "they sing".
Word order is comparatively free. Adjectives may precede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs and objects may occur in any order. However, the article la "the", demonstratives such as tiu "that" and prepositions (such as ĉe "at") must come before their related nouns. Similarly, the negative ne "not" and conjunctions such as kaj "and" and ke "that" must precede the phrase or clause that they introduce. In copular (A = B) clauses, word order is just as important as in English: "people are animals" is distinguished from "animals are people".
The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by Lingvo internacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This book listed 900 roots; these could be expanded into tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, which had a larger set of roots. The rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that speakers use most international forms and then derive related meanings from these.
Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily (but not solely) from the European languages. Not all proposed borrowings become widespread, but many do, especially technical and scientific terms. Terms for everyday use, on the other hand, are more likely to be derived from existing roots; komputilo "computer", for instance, is formed from the verb komputi "compute" and the suffix -ilo "tool". Words are also calqued; that is, words acquire new meanings based on usage in other languages. For example, the word muso "mouse" has acquired the meaning of a computer mouse from its usage in English. Esperanto speakers often debate about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by deriving from or extending the meaning of existing words.
Some compounds and formed words in Esperanto are not entirely straightforward; for example, eldoni, literally "give out", means "publish", paralleling the usage of certain European languages (such as German). In addition, the suffix -um- has no defined meaning; words using the suffix must be learned separately (such as dekstren "to the right" and dekstrumen "clockwise").
There are not many idiomatic or slang words in Esperanto, as these forms of speech tend to make international communication difficult—working against Esperanto's main goal.
Useful phrases
Below are listed some useful Esperanto words and phrases along with IPA transcriptions:
|Good morning
|Bonan matenon
|[ˈbo.nan ma.ˈte.non]
|Good evening
|Bonan vesperon
|[ˈbo.nan ves.ˈpe.ron]
|Good night
|Bonan nokton
|[ˈbo.nan ˈnok.ton]
|Ĝis revido
|[ˈdʒis re.ˈvi.do]
|What is your name?
|Kio estas via nomo?
|[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˌvi.a ˈno.mo]
|My name is Marc.
|Mia nomo estas Marko.
|[ˌmi.a ˈno.mo ˌes.tas ˈmar.ko]
|How are you?
|Kiel vi fartas?
|[ˈki.el vi ˈfar.tas]
|I am well.
|Mi fartas bone.
|[mi ˈfar.tas ˈbo.ne]
|Do you speak Esperanto?
|Ĉu vi parolas Esperante?
|[ˈtʃu vi pa.ˈro.las ˌes.pe.ˈran.te]
|I don't understand you
|Mi ne komprenas vin
|[mi ˌne kom.ˈpre.nas ˌvin]
|All right
|Thank you
|You're welcome
|Ne dankinde
|Forgive me/Excuse me
|Pardonu min
|[par.ˈdo.nu ˈmin]
|Bless you!
|I love you
|Mi amas vin
|[mi ˈa.mas ˌvin]
|One beer, please
|Unu bieron, mi petas
|[ˈu.nu bi.ˈe.ron, mi ˈpe.tas]
|Where is the toilet?
|Kie estas la necesejo?
|[ˈki.e ˈes.tas ˈla ˌne.tse.ˈse.jo]
|What is that?
|Kio estas tio?
|[ˈki.o ˌes.tas ˈti.o]
|That is a dog
|Tio estas hundo
|[ˈti.o ˌes.tas ˈhun.do]
|We will love!
|Ni amos!
|[ni ˈa.mos]
|I am a beginner in Esperanto.
|Mi estas komencanto de Esperanto.
|[mi ˈes.tas ˌko.men.ˈtsan.to de ˌes.pe.ˈran.to]
Sample text
The following short extract gives an idea of the character of Esperanto.[38] (Pronunciation is covered above; the Esperanto letter j is pronounced like English y.)
- Esperanto:
- «En multaj lokoj de Ĉinio estis temploj de la drako-reĝo. Dum trosekeco oni preĝis en la temploj, ke la drako-reĝo donu pluvon al la homa mondo. Tiam drako estis simbolo de la supernatura estaĵo. Kaj pli poste, ĝi fariĝis prapatro de la plej altaj regantoj kaj simbolis la absolutan aŭtoritaton de feŭda imperiestro. La imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas filo de la drako. Ĉiuj liaj vivbezonaĵoj portis la nomon drako kaj estis ornamitaj per diversaj drakofiguroj. Nun ĉie en Ĉinio videblas drako-ornamentaĵoj, kaj cirkulas legendoj pri drakoj.»
- English translation:
- In many places in China, there were temples of the dragon-king. During times of drought, people would pray in the temples that the dragon-king would give rain to the human world. At that time the dragon was a symbol of the supernatural. Later on, it became the ancestor of the highest rulers and symbolised the absolute authority of the feudal emperor. The emperor claimed to be the son of the dragon. All of his personal possessions carried the name "dragon" and were decorated with various dragon figures. Now dragon decorations can be seen everywhere in China and legends about dragons circulate.
The majority of Esperanto speakers learn the language through self-directed study, online tutorials, and correspondence courses taught by volunteers.[citation needed] In more-recent years, free teaching websites, like lernu!, have become popular.
Esperanto instruction is occasionally available at schools, including four primary schools in a pilot project under the supervision of the University of Manchester, and by one count at 69 universities.[39] However, outside China and Hungary, these mostly involve informal arrangements rather than dedicated departments or state sponsorship. Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest had a department of Interlinguistics and Esperanto from 1966 to 2004, after which time instruction moved to vocational colleges; there are state examinations for Esperanto instructors.[40][41] Additionally, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland offers a diploma in Interlinguistics.[42] The Senate of Brazil passed a bill in 2009 that would make Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum in public schools, although mandatory if there is demand for it. As of 2012[update] the bill is still under consideration by the Chamber of Deputies.[43][44][45]
Various educators have estimated that Esperanto can be learned in anywhere from one quarter to one twentieth the amount of time required for other languages.[46] Claude Piron, a psychologist formerly at the University of Geneva and Chinese–English–Russian–Spanish translator for the United Nations, argued that Esperanto is far more intuitive than many ethnic languages. "Esperanto relies entirely on innate reflexes [and] differs from all other languages in that you can always trust your natural tendency to generalize patterns. [...] The same neuropsychological law [—called by] Jean Piaget generalizing assimilation—applies to word formation as well as to grammar."[47]
The Institute of Cybernetic Pedagogy at Paderborn (Germany) has compared the length of study time it takes natively French-speaking high-school students to obtain comparable 'standard' levels in Esperanto, English, German, and Italian.[48] The results were:
- 2000 hours studying German = 1500 hours studying English = 1000 hours studying Italian (or any other Romance language) = 150 hours studying Esperanto.
Third-language acquisition
Four primary schools in Britain, with some 230 pupils, are currently following a course in "propaedeutic Esperanto"—that is, instruction in Esperanto to raise language awareness and accelerate subsequent learning of foreign languages—under the supervision of the University of Manchester. As they put it,
- Many schools used to teach children the recorder, not to produce a nation of recorder players, but as a preparation for learning other instruments. [We teach] Esperanto, not to produce a nation of Esperanto-speakers, but as a preparation for learning other languages.[49]
Studies have been conducted in New Zealand,[50] United States,[51][52][53] Germany,[54] Italy[55] and Australia.[56] The results of these studies were favorable and demonstrated that studying Esperanto before another foreign language expedites the acquisition of the other, natural, language. This appears to be because learning subsequent foreign languages is easier than learning one's first foreign language, whereas the use of a grammatically simple and culturally flexible auxiliary language like Esperanto lessens the first-language learning hurdle. In one study,[57] a group of European secondary school students studied Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, and ended up with a significantly better command of French than a control group, who studied French for all four years. Similar results have been found for other combinations of native and second languages, as well as for arrangements in which the course of study was reduced to two years, of which six months is spent learning Esperanto.[56]
Geography and demography
Esperanto is by far the most widely spoken constructed language in the world.[58] Speakers are most numerous in Europe and East Asia, especially in urban areas, where they often form Esperanto clubs.[59] Esperanto is particularly prevalent in the northern and central countries of Europe; in China, Korea, Japan, and Iran within Asia;[25] in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico in the Americas;[2] and in Togo in Africa.[60]
Number of speakers
An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers was made by Sidney S. Culbert, a retired psychology professor at the University of Washington and a longtime Esperantist, who tracked down and tested Esperanto speakers in sample areas in dozens of countries over a period of twenty years. Culbert concluded that between one and two million people speak Esperanto at Foreign Service Level 3, "professionally proficient" (able to communicate moderately complex ideas without hesitation, and to follow speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.).[61] Culbert's estimate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed part of his listing of estimates for all languages of more than one million speakers, published annually in the World Almanac and Book of Facts. Culbert's most detailed account of his methodology is found in a 1989 letter to David Wolff.[62] Since Culbert never published detailed intermediate results for particular countries and regions, it is difficult to independently gauge the accuracy of his results.
In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of language speakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus the number for Esperanto speakers is shown as two million. This latter figure appears in Ethnologue. Assuming that this figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. Although it is not Zamenhof's goal of a universal language, it still represents a level of popularity unmatched by any other constructed language.
Marcus Sikosek (now Ziko van Dijk) has challenged this figure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. He estimated that even if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, assuming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide would lead one to expect about 180 in the city of Cologne. Van Dijk finds only 30 fluent speakers in that city, and similarly smaller-than-expected figures in several other places thought to have a larger-than-average concentration of Esperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a total of about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto organizations (other estimates are higher). Though there are undoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not members of any Esperanto organization, he thinks it unlikely that there are fifty times more speakers than organization members.[59]
Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on native-born Esperanto speakers, presented the following scheme[1] to show the overall proportions of language capabilities within the Esperanto community:
- 1,000 have Esperanto as their native language.
- 10,000 speak it fluently.
- 100,000 can use it actively.
- 1,000,000 understand a large amount passively.
- 10,000,000 have studied it to some extent at some time.
In the absence of Dr. Culbert's detailed sampling data, or any other census data, it is impossible to state the number of speakers with certainty. According to the website of the World Esperanto Association:
- Numbers of textbooks sold and membership of local societies put the number of people with some knowledge of the language in the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions.[63]
In 2009 Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven used 2001 year census data[64] from Hungary[65] and Lithuania as a base for an estimate, resulting in approximately 160,000 to 300,000 to speak the language actively or fluently throughout the world, with about 80,000 to 150,000 of these being in the European Union.[66]
Native speakers
Native Esperanto speakers, denaskuloj, have learned the language from birth from Esperanto-speaking parents.[67] This usually happens when Esperanto is the chief or only common language in an international family, but sometimes occurs in a family of devoted Esperantists.[68] The 15th edition of Ethnologue cited estimates that there were 200 to 2,000 native speakers in 1996,[69] but these figures were removed from the 16th and 17th editions.[70]
Esperantists can access an international culture, including a large body of original as well as translated literature. There are more than 25,000 Esperanto books, both originals and translations, as well as several regularly distributed Esperanto magazines. In 2013 a museum about Esperanto opened in China.[71] Esperantists use the language for free accommodations with Esperantists in 92 countries using the Pasporta Servo or to develop pen pal friendships abroad through the Esperanto Pen Pal Service.[72]
Every year, 1,500–3,000 Esperantists meet for the World Congress of Esperanto (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto).[73][74]
Historically, much Esperanto music, such as Kaj Tiel Plu, has been in various folk traditions.[75] There is also a variety of classical and semi-classical choral music, both original and translated, as well as large ensemble music that includes voices singing Esperanto texts. Lou Harrison, who incorporated styles and instruments from many world cultures in his music, used Esperanto titles and/or texts in several of his works, most notably La Koro-Sutro (1973). David Gaines used Esperanto poems as well as an excerpt from a speech by Dr. Zamenhof for his Symphony No. 1 (Esperanto) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (1994–98). He wrote original Esperanto text for his Povas plori mi ne plu (I Can Cry No Longer) for unaccompanied SATB choir (1994).
There are also shared traditions, such as Zamenhof Day, and shared behaviour patterns. Esperantists speak primarily in Esperanto at international Esperanto meetings.
Detractors of Esperanto occasionally criticize it as "having no culture". Proponents, such as Prof. Humphrey Tonkin of the University of Hartford, observe that Esperanto is "culturally neutral by design, as it was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not to be the carrier of any one national culture". The late Scottish Esperanto author William Auld wrote extensively on the subject, arguing that Esperanto is "the expression of a common human culture, unencumbered by national frontiers. Thus it is considered a culture on its own."[76]
Some authors of works in Esperanto are:
Popular culture
Esperanto has been used in a number of films and novels. Typically, this is done either to add the exotic flavour of a foreign language without representing any particular ethnicity, or to avoid going to the trouble of inventing a new language. The Charlie Chaplin film The Great Dictator (1940) showed Jewish ghetto shop signs in Esperanto. Two full-length feature films have been produced with dialogue entirely in Esperanto: Angoroj, in 1964, and Incubus, a 1965 B-movie horror film. A language school teaching Esperanto is featured in Graham Greene's novel The Confidential Agent, which was made into a film starring Charles Boyer and Lauren Bacall (1945). Other amateur productions have been made, such as a dramatization of the novel Gerda Malaperis (Gerda Has Disappeared). In Stamboul Train, Greene used Esperanto as the language on signs at the main train station in Budapest. A number of mainstream films in national languages have used Esperanto in some way.
Esperanto is used as the universal language in the far future of Harry Harrison's Stainless Steel Rat and Deathworld stories. Poul Anderson's story "High Treason" takes place in a future where Earth became united politically but was still divided into many languages and cultures, and Esperanto became the language of its space armed forces, fighting wars with various extraterrestrial races.
The opening song to the popular video game Final Fantasy XI, "Memoro de la Ŝtono", was written in Esperanto. It was the first game in the series that was played online, and would have players from both Japan and North America (official European support was added after the North American launch) playing together on the same servers, using an auto-translate tool to communicate. The composer, Nobuo Uematsu, felt that Esperanto was a good language to symbolize worldwide unity.
In the geek fiction novel "Off to Be the Wizard", Esperanto is programmed as the language that triggers all of the wizard's spells. Philip, Martin's teacher, explains that this is because "no one really speaks Esperanto and it's easy to learn".
Esperanto is also found in the comic book series Saga as the language Blue, spoken by the inhabitants of Wreath. It is rendered in blue-colored text. Blue is generally only spoken by inhabitants of Wreath, while most other cultures use a universal language that appears to be simply named "Language." Some Wreath inhabitants use translator rings to communicate with those who don't speak Blue. Magic seems to be activated via the linguistic medium of blue.
In the television show Red Dwarf, the bulk of which takes place more than three million years in the future, crewman Arnold Rimmer constantly spends his time trying to learn Esperanto and failing, even compared to his bunkmate Dave Lister who only maintains a casual interest. Additionally many of the signs around the ship Red Dwarf are written in both English and Esperanto. The novel Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers states that, although not required, it is widely expected that officers in the Space Corps be fluent in the language, hence Rimmer's interest.
In 1921 the French Academy of Sciences recommended using Esperanto for international scientific communication.[77] A few scientists and mathematicians, such as Maurice Fréchet (mathematics), John C. Wells (linguistics), Helmar Frank (pedagogy and cybernetics), and Nobel laureate Reinhard Selten (economics) have published part of their work in Esperanto. Frank and Selten were among the founders of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino, sometimes called the "Esperanto University", where Esperanto is the primary language of teaching and administration.[78][79]
A message in Esperanto was recorded and included in Voyager 1's Golden Record.
Commerce and trade
Esperanto business groups have been active for many years. The French Chamber of Commerce did research in the 1920s and reported in The New York Times in 1921 that Esperanto seemed to be the best business language.[80]
Goals of the movement
Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language to foster international understanding. It was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second language, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto speakers in the early decades of the movement. Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations.[77]
Those Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called finvenkistoj, from fina venko, meaning "final victory", or pracelistoj, from pracelo, meaning "original goal".[81] Those who focus on the intrinsic value of the language are commonly called raŭmistoj, from Rauma, Finland, where a declaration on the near-term unlikelihood of the "fina venko" and the value of Esperanto culture was made at the International Youth Congress in 1980.[82]
The Prague Manifesto (1996) presents the views of the mainstream of the Esperanto movement and of its main organisation, the World Esperanto Association (UEA).[83]
Symbols and flags
The earliest flag, and the one most commonly used today, features a green five-pointed star against a white canton, upon a field of green. It was proposed to Zamenhof by Irishman Richard Geoghegan, author of the first Esperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. The flag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer. A version with an "E" superimposed over the green star is sometimes seen. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with the color of the field changed from green to red.[84]
In 1987, a second flag design was chosen in a contest organized by the UEA celebrating the first centennial of the language. It featured a white background with two stylised curved "E"s facing each other. Dubbed the "jubilea simbolo" (jubilee symbol),[85] it attracted criticism from some Esperantists, who dubbed it the "melono" (melon) because of the design's elliptical shape. It is still in use, though to a lesser degree than the traditional symbol, known as the "verda stelo" (green star).[86]
Esperanto has been placed in many proposed political situations. The most popular of these is the Europe—Democracy—Esperanto, which aims to establish Esperanto as the official language of the European Union. Grin's Report, published in 2005 by François Grin found that the use of English as the lingua franca within the European Union costs billions annually and significantly benefits English-speaking countries financially. The report considered a scenario where Esperanto would be the lingua franca and found that it would have many advantages, particularly economically speaking, as well as ideologically.
Esperanto has served an important role in several religions, such as Oomoto from Japan and the Bahá'í Faith from Iran, and has been encouraged by others, like some Spiritist movements.
The Oomoto religion encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers and includes Zamenhof as one of its deified spirits.[87]
Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith encourages the use of an auxiliary international language. The Baha'i's believe that it will not be the language of the future, although it has great potential in this role, as it has not been chosen by the people.[88] L. L. Zamenhof's daughter Lidja became a Bahá'í,[89] and various volumes of the Bahá'í literatures and other Baha'i books have been translated into Esperanto. In 1973, the Bahá'í Esperanto-League for active Bahá'í supporters of Esperanto was founded.
In 1908, spiritist Camilo Chaigneau wrote an article named "Spiritism and Esperanto" in the periodic La Vie d'Outre-Tombe recommending the use of Esperanto in a "central magazine" for all spiritists and esperantists. Esperanto then became actively promoted by spiritists, at least in Brazil, initially by Ismael Gomes Braga and František Lorenz; the latter is known in Brazil as Francisco Valdomiro Lorenz, and was a pioneer of both spiritist and Esperantist movements in this country.[90]
The Brazilian Spiritist Federation publishes Esperanto coursebooks, translations of Spiritism's basic books, and encourages Spiritists to become Esperantists.[91]
Bible translations
The first translation of the Bible into Esperanto was a translation of the Tanakh or Old Testament done by L. L. Zamenhof. The translation was reviewed and compared with other languages' translations by a group of British clergy and scholars before its publication at the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1910. In 1926 this was published along with a New Testament translation, in an edition commonly called the "Londona Biblio". In the 1960s, the Internacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj tried to organize a new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible version.[92] Since then, the Dutch Remonstrant pastor Gerrit Berveling has translated the Deuterocanonical or apocryphal books in addition to new translations of the Gospels, some of the New Testament epistles, and some books of the Tanakh or Old Testament. These have been published in various separate booklets, or serialized in Dia Regno, but the Deuterocanonical books have appeared in recent editions of the Londona Biblio.
Christian Esperanto organizations include two that were formed early in the history of Esperanto:
- 1910—The International Union of Catholic Esperantists. Two Roman Catholic popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual urbi et orbi blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.[citation needed]
- 1911—The International Christian Esperantists League.
Individual churches using Esperanto include:
- The Quaker Esperanto Society, with activities as described in an issue of "The Friend"[93]
- 1910—First Christadelphian publications in Esperanto.[94][95]
- There are instances of Christian apologists and teachers who use Esperanto as a medium. Nigerian pastor Bayo Afolaranmi's "Spirita nutraĵo" (spiritual food) Yahoo mailing list, for example, has hosted weekly messages since 2003.[96]
Chick Publications, publisher of Protestant fundamentalist themed evangelistic tracts, has published a number of comic book style tracts by Jack T. Chick translated into Esperanto, including "This Was Your Life!" ("Jen Via Tuta Vivo!")[97]
Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran called on Muslims to learn Esperanto and praised its use as a medium for better understanding among peoples of different religious backgrounds. After he suggested that Esperanto replace English as an international lingua franca, it began to be used in the seminaries of Qom. An Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was published by the state shortly thereafter.[98][99] In 1981, its usage became less popular when it became apparent that followers of the Bahá'í Faith were interested in it.[98]
Esperanto was conceived as a language of international communication, more precisely as a universal second language.[100] Since publication, there has been debate over whether it is possible for Esperanto to attain this position, and whether it would be an improvement for international communication were it to do so; Esperanto proponents have also been criticized for diverting public funds to encourage its study over more-useful living world languages.[101]
Since Esperanto is a planned language, there have been many criticisms of minor points.[102] An example is Zamenhof's choice of the word edzo over something like spozo for "husband, spouse",[103] or his choice of the Classic Greek and Old Latin singular and plural endings -o, -oj, -a, -aj over their Medieval contractions -o, -i, -a, -e. (Both these changes were adopted by the Ido reform, though Ido dispensed with adjectival agreement altogether.) Some more common examples of general criticism include the following:
- Esperanto has not yet achieved the hopes of its founder to become a universal second language. Well over a century since its publication, the Esperanto-speaking community remains comparatively tiny with respect to the world population. In the case of the United Kingdom, for instance, Esperanto is rarely taught in schools, because it is regarded by the government as not meeting the needs of the national curriculum.[104]
- The vocabulary and grammar are based on major European languages, and are not universal. Both the grammar and the 'international' vocabulary are difficult for many Asians, among others, and give an unfair advantage to speakers of European languages.[105]
- The vocabulary, diacritic letters,[103] and grammar are too dissimilar from the major European languages,[citation needed] and therefore Esperanto is not as easy as it could be for speakers of those languages to learn, even though it is much easier to learn than any other European language.[106][107] Attempts to address the "not European enough" criticism include the younger planned languages Ido, Interlingua.[108]
- Either that Esperanto has no native culture,[109] or that Esperanto culture is Euro-centric. Although it has a large international literature, Esperanto does not encapsulate a specific culture. Its vocabulary and semantics are derived from European languages. Both infuse the language with a European world view.[110]
- The vocabulary is too large. Rather than deriving new words from existing roots, large numbers of new roots are adopted into the language with the intent of being internationally accommodating when in reality the language only caters to European languages. This makes the language more difficult for non-Europeans than it needs to be.[105] A similar argument is made by many Esperanto speakers, not against the language itself but against the way it is (in their view) misused by many (mostly European) speakers; they argue that compounds or derivations should be used whenever possible, and new root words borrowed only when absolutely necessary.[111][112]
- Esperanto asymmetry in gender formation makes it sexist.[109] Most kin terms and titles are masculine by default and only feminine when so specified. There have been many attempts to address this issue, of which one of the better known is iĉism[113] (used by the Esperantist writer Jorge Camacho),[114] from which Riism derived.
- Esperanto is, looks, and/or sounds artificial. This criticism is often due to the letters with circumflex diacritics, which some find odd or cumbersome, along with their being invented specifically for Esperanto rather than borrowed from existing languages; as well as being arguably unnecessary, as for example with the use of ŭ instead of w.[109] Others claim that an artificial language will necessarily be deficient, due to its very nature,[115] although the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has found that Esperanto fulfills all the requirements of a living language.[116] In Culture and Value, Ludwig Wittgenstein said:
Esperanto. The feeling of disgust we get if we utter an invented word with invented derivative syllables. The word is cold, lacking in associations, and yet it plays at being 'language'. A system of purely written signs would not disgust us so much.[117]
Though Esperanto itself has changed little since the publication of the Fundamento de Esperanto (Foundation of Esperanto), a number of reform projects have been proposed over the years, starting with Zamenhof's proposals in 1894 and Ido in 1907. Several later constructed languages, such as Universal, were based on Esperanto.
In modern times, attempts have been made to eliminate perceived sexism in the language, such as Riism.
Eponymous entities
There are some geographical and astronomical features named after Esperanto, or after its creator L. L. Zamenhof. These include Esperanto Island in Zed Islands off Livingston Island,[118] and the asteroids 1421 Esperanto and 1462 Zamenhof discovered by Finnish astronomer and Esperantist Yrjö Väisälä.
See also
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- Distributed Language Translation
- Color argument
- Comparison between Esperanto and Ido
- Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua
- Comparison between Esperanto and Novial
- Encyclopedia of Esperanto
- EoLA
- ESP-Disk
- Esperantic Studies Foundation
- Esperanto library
- Esperanto magazine
- Esperanto Wikipedia
- Esperantology
- Esperantujo
- lernu!
- Indigenous Dialogues
- North American Summer Esperanto Institute
- Semajno de Kulturo Internacia
- ^ a b Lindstedt, Jouko. "Re: Kiom?" (posting). email@example.com, 22 April 1996.
- ^ a b Esperanto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ a b Wexler, Paul (2002). Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110898736.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Esperanto". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
- ^ Zasky, Jason (2009-07-20), "Discouraging Words", Failure Magazine,
But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika Okrent
- ^ "Universala Esperanto-Asocio: Kio estas UEA?". Uea.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "User locations". Pasporta Servo. Retrieved 6 January 2014..
- ^ "La programo de la Kleriga lundo en UK 2013". Universala Esperanto Asocio. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
- ^ "List of Wikipedias". Meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "List of Wikipedias by language group". Meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Brants, Thorsten (February 22, 2012). "Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj". Google Translate Blog. Google. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
- ^ "Esperanto for English Speakers". Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ^ "Esperanto for English speakers now in Beta!". Duolingo. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "edukado.net → / Ekzamenoj / Referenckadro". Edukado.net. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ a b "Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj (AIS) San-Marino". Ais-sanmarino.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Grin Report, page 81 "Thus Flochon (2000: 109) notes that 'the Institute of Cybernetic Education of Paderborn (Germany) has compared the learning times of several groups of French-speaking baccalauréat students to reach an equivalent "standard" level in four different languages: Esperanto, English, German and Italian. The results are as follows: to reach this level, 2000 hours of German study produce a linguistic level equivalent to 1500 hours of English study, 1000 hours of Italian study and ... 150 hours of Esperanto study.' No comment." Other estimates scattered in the literature confirm faster achievement in target language skills in Esperanto than in all the other languages with which the comparison has been made (Ministry of Education [Italy], 1995) as well as propaedeutic benefits of Esperanto (Corsetti and La Torre, 1995)."
- ^ The letter is quoted in Esperanto: The New Latin for the Church and for Ecumenism, by Ulrich Matthias. Translation from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Maire Mullarney
- ^ "Esperanto". Ling.ohio-state.edu. 2003-01-25. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Musgrave, George Clarke. Under Four Flags for France, 1918, p. 8
- ^ "Anarkiistoj estis inter la pioniroj de la disvastigo de Esperanto. En 1905 fondiĝis en Stokholmo la unua anarkiisma Esperanto-grupo. Sekvis multaj aliaj: en Bulgario, Ĉinio kaj aliaj landoj. Anarkiistoj kaj anarki-sindikatistoj, kiuj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito apartenis al la nombre plej granda grupo inter la proletaj esperantistoj, fondis en 1906 la internacian ligon Paco-Libereco, kiu eldonis la Internacian Socian Revuon. Paco-libereco unuiĝis en 1910 kun alia progresema asocio, Esperantista Laboristaro. La komuna organizaĵo nomiĝis Liberiga Stelo. Ĝis 1914 tiu organizaĵo eldonis multe da revolucia literaturo en Esperanto, interalie ankaŭ anarkiisma. Tial povis evolui en la jaroj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito ekzemple vigla korespondado inter eŭropaj kaj japanaj anarkiistoj. En 1907 la Internacia Anarkiisma Kongreso en Amsterdamo faris rezolucion pri la afero de internacia lingvo, kaj venis dum la postaj jaroj similaj kongresaj rezolucioj. Esperantistoj, kiuj partoprenis tiujn kongresojn, okupiĝis precipe pri la internaciaj rilatoj de la anarkiistoj.""ESPERANTO KAJ ANARKIISMO" by Will Firth
- ^ Sutton, Geoffrey (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto, 1887–2007. Mondial. ISBN 978-1-59569-090-6.
"Hitler specifically attacked Esperanto as a threat in a speech in Munich (1922) and in Mein Kampf itself (1925). The Nazi Minister for Education banned the teaching of Esperanto on 17 May 1935 ....all Esperantists were essentially enemies of the state, serving through their language Jewish-internationalist aims" (pages 161–162)
- ^ "About ESW and the Holocaust Museum". Esperantodc.org. 1995-12-05. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Lins, Ulrich (1988). Die gefährliche Sprache. Gerlingen: Bleicher. p. 112. ISBN 3883500232.
- ^ a b Lins, Ulrich (2008). "Esperanto as language and idea in China and Japan" (PDF). Language Problems and Language Planning (John Benjamins) 32 (1): 47–60. ISSN 0272-2690. doi:10.1075/lplp.32.1.05lin. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ a b "Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7". Donh.best.vwh.net. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Leon Trotsky. "Chapter IV: The period of reaction: Leon Trotsky: Stalin –An appraisal of the man and his influence (1940)". Marxists.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española". Nodo50.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Esperanto, an official language of the European Union, now!". Avaaz. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "The Maneuver Enemy website". Kafejo.com. 2004-06-02. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Unesco and Esperanto". Uea.org. 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "World Government Documents (Personal)". Worldservice.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Blank, Detlev (1985). Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung ("International Planned Languages. An Introduction"). Akademie-Verlag. ISSN 0138-55 X.
- ^ Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985) Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto, §17, 22
- ^ These letters occasionally have these values in English as well, for example the j in hallelujah, Jarlsberg, or Jägermeister, and the c in the name of composer Penderecki, Czech president Václav Havel, or the mineral letovicite.
- ^ "Ek!". Esperanto.mv.ru. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Esperanto keyboard for Windows phone
- ^ Maire Mullarney Everyone's Own Language, p147, Nitobe Press, Channel Islands, 1999
- ^ "Esperanto en universitatoj". Uea.Org. 2003-04-17. Retrieved 2010-12-05.[dead link]
- ^ "enhavo". Web.archive.org. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Elte Btk". Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Diploma in Interlinguistics (ESPERANTO)". Archived from the original on 2012-04-18.
- ^ "Atividade Legislativa – Projetos e Matrias" (in português). Senado.gov.br. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "PL 6162/2009 – Projetos de Lei e Outras Proposições – Câmara dos Deputados" (in português). Camara.gov.br. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Entidades manifestam apoio à proposta de incluir ensino de Esperanto na grade de disciplinas da rede pública". Senado Federal – Portal de Notícias (in português). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Is Esperanto four times easier to learn?". Esperanto-USA. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Piron, Claude: "The hidden perverse effect of the current system of international communication", published lecture notes
- ^ Flochon, Bruno, 2000, « L'espéranto », in Gauthier, Guy (ed.) Langues: une guerre à mort, Panoramiques. 4e trim. 48: 89–95. Cited in François Grin, L'enseignement des langues étrangères comme politique publique (French)
- ^ "Springboard to Languages". Springboard2languages.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Report: Article in Enciklopedio de Esperanto, volume I, p.436, on the pedagogic value of Esperanto.
- ^ Report: Christian Rudmick, The Wellesley College Danish-Esperanto experiment.
- ^ Report: Edward Thorndike, Language Learning. Bureau of Publications of Teachers College, 1933. Interlingua.org
- ^ Helen S. Eaton, "The Educational Value of an Artificial Language." The Modern Language Journal, #12, pp. 87–94 (1927). Blackwellpublishing.com
- ^ Protocols of the annual November meetings in Paderborn "Laborkonferencoj: Interlingvistiko en Scienco kaj Klerigo" (Working conference: Interlinguistics in Science and Education), which can be obtained from the Institute of Pedagogic Cybernetics in Paderborn. Also in the works by Frank, Lobin, Geisler, and Meder.
- ^ "Study International Language (known as Esperanto) Commission, Interministerial Decree" (PDF). Internacialingovo.org. 1993. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ a b Andrew Norman. "home". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Williams, N. (1965) 'A language teaching experiment', Canadian Modern Language Review 22.1: 26–28
- ^ Byram, Michael (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge. p. 464. ISBN 0-415-33286-9.
- ^ a b Sikosek, Ziko M. Esperanto Sen Mitoj ("Esperanto without Myths"). Second edition. Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 2003.
- ^ "Afrika Agado" (in Esperanto). Pagesperso-orange.fr. Archived from the original on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Culbert, Sidney S. Three letters about his method for estimating the number of Esperanto speakers, scanned and HTMLized by David Wolff
- ^ "Number of Esperantists (methods)". Panix.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven (2009-05-17). "Popolnombradoj donas indikon pri la kvanto de esperantistoj — Libera Folio" (in Esperanto). Liberafolio.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Population by knowledge of languages". Nepszamlalas.hu. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven (2009-05-17). "Popolnombradoj donas indikon pri la kvanto de esperantistoj — Libera Folio" (in Esperanto). Liberafolio.org. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code:epo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Jouko Lindstedt (January 2006). "Native Esperanto as a Test Case for Natural Language" (PDF). University of Helsinki—Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures.
- ^ Template:E15
- ^ Template:E16
- ^ "China's first Esperanto museum opens". Xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Ziko van Dijk. Sed homoj kun homoj: Universalaj Kongresoj de Esperanto 1905–2005. Rotterdam: UEA, 2005.
- ^ Szilvási László. "International Esperanto meetings". Eventoj.hu. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "musicexpress.com.br". Musicexpress.com.br. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.
- ^ a b Peter Glover Forster (1982). The Esperanto Movement. Walter de Gruyter. p. 181. ISBN 978-90-279-3399-7.
- ^ "Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj rande de pereo". Libera Folio (in Esperanto). 2011-09-05. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Frank, Helmar; Fössmeier, Reinhard (2000). AIS — La Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino / Die Internationale Akademie der Wissenschaften San Marino. Institut für Kybernetik. p. 449. ISBN 9783929853124.
- ^ "PARIS BUSINESS MEN WOULD USE ESPERANTO; Chamber of Commerce Committee Finds It Useful as a Code in International Trade.". The New York Times. 16 February 1921. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ [5][dead link]
- ^ "Flags of Esperanto". Flagspot.net. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ "Esperanto flag: The jubilee symbol". Fotw.net. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Esperanto flag". Fotw.net. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "The Oomoto Esperanto portal". Oomoto.or.jp. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "The Baha'i Faith and Esperanto". Bahaa Esperanto-Ligo ( B.E.L. ). Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Zamenhof, Lidia". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 368. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ^ Invalid language code. O Espiritismo e o Esperanto (Spiritism and Esperanto)
- ^ "Uma só língua, uma só bandeira, um só pastor: Spiritism and Esperanto in Brazil by David Pardue" (PDF). University of Kansas Libraries. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "La Sankta Biblio – "Londona text"". Archived from the original on 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ Eric Walker (27 May 2005). "Esperanto Lives On". The Friend.
- ^ Botten J. The Captive Conscience 2002 p.110 re. Esperanto speaking Christadelphians in Tsarist Russia.
- ^ "Internacia Biblio-Misio". Biblio-misio.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Bayo Afolaranmi. "Spirita nutraĵo" (in Esperanto). Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ "Esperanto "This Was Your Life"". Chick.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b "Esperanto – Have any governments opposed Esperanto?". Donald J. Harlow. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "Esperanto in Iran (in Persian)". Porneniu. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
- ^ "Esperanto.org". Esperanto.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Christopherculver.com". Christopherculver.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ There have been a number of attempts to reform the language, the most well-known of which is the language Ido which resulted in a schism in the community at the time, beginning in 1907. See "Why Ido?" The International Language of Ido. 18 March 2008. 4 February 2009 Idolinguo.org.uk.
- ^ a b "Why Ido?" The International Language of Ido. 18 Mach 2008. 4 February 2009 Idolinguo.org.
- ^ Who, What, Why? (2008-07-16). "Bbc News". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b "Is Esperanto's vocabulary bloated?". Rickharrison.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ "Claude Piron, articles en anglais: "Linguistic Communication – A Comparative Field Study"". Claudepiron.free.fr. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ C.E. King, A.S. Bryntsev, F.D. Sohn, Report on the implications of additional languages in the United Nations system, Geneva: UN, Joint Inspection Unit, 1977, document A/32/237
- ^ "What is Esperanto?". Langsuuage-learning-advisor.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ a b c "Critiche all'esperanto ed alle altre lingue internazionali". Parracomumangi.altervista.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Europe's Babylon[dead link]
- ^ La Bona Lingvo, Claude Piron. Vienna: Pro Esperanto, 1989. La lingvo volas eleganti, ne elefanti. "The language wants to be elegant, not elephantine."
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ "PMEG". Bertilow.com. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Camacho, Jorge. Sur la linio. Rakontoj kaj noveloj de Georgo Kamaĉo. Enkonduko de Fernando de Diego. – Berkeley : Eldonejo Bero, 1991.
- ^ Claude Piron cites and replies to several such criticisms in his Le Défi des Langues (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994).
- ^ Laŭ la komuna opinio de gvidaj fakuloj de la Instituto, Esperanto apartenas al la kategorio de vivaj lingvoj. Pli detale traktante la temon, konsiderante la historion kaj la nunan staton de Esperanto, a.) ĝi estas grandmezure normigita, b.) amplekse sociiĝinta, c.) ne-etna viva lingvo, kiu en sekundara lingva komunumo plenumas ĉiujn eblajn lingvajn funkciojn, kaj samtempe ĝi funkcias kiel pera lingvo. – Ĉi supre diritaj respegulas la sciencan starpunkton de nia Instituto. "Malgranda fina venko". El Hungario
- ^ "Wittgenstein on Esperanto". The Autodidact Project. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ "Esperanto Island". Data.aad.gov.au. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Further reading
- Emily van Someren. Republication of the thesis 'The EU Language Regime, Lingual and Translational Problems'.
- Ludovikologia dokumentaro I Tokyo: Ludovikito, 1991. Facsimile reprints of the Unua Libro in Russian, Polish, French, German, English and Swedish, with the earliest Esperanto dictionaries for those languages.
- Fundamento de Esperanto. HTML reprint of 1905 Fundamento, from the Academy of Esperanto.
- Esperanto Lessons. Including the alphabet, adjectives, nouns, plural, gender, numbers, phrases, grammar, vocabulary, verbs, exam, audio, and translation.
- Auld, William. La Fenomeno Esperanto ("The Esperanto Phenomenon"). Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.
- Butler, Montagu C. Step by Step in Esperanto. ELNA 1965/1991. ISBN 0-939785-01-3.
- DeSoto, Clinton (1936). 200 Meters and Down. West Hartford, Connecticut, US: American Radio Relay League, p. 92.
- Crystal, David, article "Esperanto" in The New Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, 2002.
- Crystal, David, How Language Works (pages 424–5), Penguin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-101552-1.
- Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: Esperanto PDF (25.4 KB). Evertype, 2001.
- Forster, Peter G. The Esperanto Movement. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1982. ISBN 90-279-3399-5.
- Gledhill, Christopher. The Grammar of Esperanto: A Corpus-Based Description. Second edition. Lincom Europa, 2000. ISBN 3-89586-961-9.
- Harlow, Don. The Esperanto Book. Self-published on the web (1995–96).
- Okrent, Arika. In the Land of Invented Languages.
- Wells, John. Lingvistikaj aspektoj de Esperanto ("Linguistic aspects of Esperanto"). Second edition. Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1989.
- Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus, Dr. Esperanto's International Language: Introduction & Complete Grammar The original 1887 Unua Libro, English translation by Richard H. Geoghegan; HTML online version 2006. Print edition (2007) also available from ELNA or UEA.
- Patterson, Robert; Huff, Stanley M. (November 1999), "The Decline and Fall of Esperanto", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 6 (6): 444–446, PMC 61387, PMID 10579602, doi:10.1136/jamia.1999.0060444
External links
|Esperanto edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Esperanto at DMOZ
- UEA.org – Website of the World Esperanto Association
- Kurso Saluton! – International Course
- Lernu!
- Esperanto Bookshelf at Project Gutenberg
- Esperanta babilejo – Esperanto chat
- Eldonejo Mistera Sturno Short-story e-books with linked dictionary defining all uncommon terms.
- 1985 UNESCO resolutions
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I don't know it if *will be done* but it should be somewhat easy to do, given thatadventurepants_ wrote:im pretty sure the 'ring' is going to be controlled by the secret handshake between Live and the APC, thats the impression i got from Jesse on the other thread.Surreal wrote:no answer on the ring?
Im confident one of the boffins here will reverse engineer it using MFL, to allow other devices to use it.
a) Max supports transparencies, alphachannels, that sorta thing.
b) m4l will support floating windows
c) It'll be cool in itself to sorta "mess with" the gui, hehe.


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Andrew and I had the opportunity to take Pixie to get checked into the Volunteers of America (VOA) Detox facility this morning. Andrew met Pixie a few years ago on the streets of La Jolla and has gotten to know her and care for her as much as he could. With a four month waiting...
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T-shirt for Ale Lovers!
This bold monochrome tee is an ode to Skinner's first ever brew, Cornish Knocker. It will mark you out as a avid beer connoisseur - always a great conversation starter at parties.
The eye-catching design looks fresh through all seasons. It works brilliantly tucked into jeans or a high-waisted skirt for a more fitted look on a night out, or leave it untucked to keep it casual.
The design is hand screen-printed for maximum durability and the 100% organic cotton fabric is luxuriously soft on the skin.
Hand designed by artists
Each of our ales is designed by a different artist. Cornish Knocker's new look comes from the pen of Joe McLaren, an artist who's work has graced many publications by revered authors such as Lewis Carroll, Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Orwell, and John Betjeman.
Organic, sustainable and fair trade
We are committed to being a sustainable low-carbon brewery, and this attitude permeates everything we do. That's why all our T-shirts are certified as Earth Positive by the Global Organic Textile Standards. Our T-shirts are made from 100% sustainably sourced organic cotton and produced in Fair Wear Foundation approved textile factories.
Key details:
- Style: Unisex cut
- Sizes available: S, M, L, XL, XXL
- Colour: Black
- Front design: Skinner's Brewery logo on left breast
- Back design: Cornish Knocker logo
- Composition: 100% combed organic cotton
- Care instructions: Machine wash at 30 degrees
- Delivery: All orders will be sent within 3-5 working days


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Exclusive MotoGP™ paddock experience day - Assen 2020
|Drenthe (DR)
Due to popular demand, Two Wheels for Life and MotoGP™ are offering 300 fans exclusive access to the MotoGP™ paddock at the Grand Prix of the Netherlands - TT Circuit Assen on Thursday 25th June 2020. Ticket holders will have access to the paddock between 12:00-18:00 giving you the opportunity to look behind-the-scenes of MotoGP™ and see the current riders up close as they prepare for the race weekend ahead. Tickets cost €80 and include paddock access and lunch at the paddock restaurant. Tickets for children aged 5-12 are €40 and children aged 4 and under go free. These tickets are not on sale anywhere else and are extremely popular, so make sure you book early to guarantee your place. Important Information • Travel & Accommodation is not included • One week prior to the event you will receive a link to register for the event online - THIS MUST BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE 23rd JUNE • Passes are to be collected from the accreditation centre on the day • Tickets are non-refundable.


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Unum Group Announces Annual Investor Meeting
CHATTANOOGA, Tenn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--
Unum Group (UNM) announced today that it will hold its annual investor meeting on Tuesday, December 17, 2019, at the Grand Hyatt New York. The meeting will start at 8:00am EST and is anticipated to conclude by 10:30am EST. The event will be simulcast in a listen-only mode on the "Investors" page of the company's website (www.unumgroup.com) approximately 15 minutes prior to the start of the meeting.
The presentation will be available on the "News and Events" page and will remain on the website for one year after the event.
Unum Group is a leading provider of financial protection benefits in the United States and the United Kingdom and the largest provider of disability income protection in the world. Its businesses are Unum US, Colonial Life, Unum UK, and Unum Poland. Unum's portfolio includes disability, life, accident and critical illness, dental and vision coverage, which help protect millions of working people and their families in the event of an illness or injury. Unum also provides stop-loss coverage to help self-insured employers protect against unanticipated medical costs. The company reported revenues of $11.6 billion in 2018 and provided $7.2 billion in benefits.
For more information, connect with us on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191108005357/en/


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American Club Systems offers a variety of services to help you and you fitness business. Below are some of our services listed. For a complete list, contact Von Hardin with American Club Systems today!
Complete Training of Health Club Employees, Owners
- Member and service oriented training for all employees
- Ongoing training system that are superior in the industry
- Mandatory boot camps for all employees and management
Total Club Development
- Demographic and feasibility studies
- Site selections
- Lease negotiations
- Equipment selection
- Construction consultation & build-out
- Pre-enrollment
- Grand opening
- Management hiring and training
- System operations
Comprehensive Operations Publications
- Sales handbooks
- Operations manuals
- Monthly marketing newsletter
- Sample promotion material
- Corporate marketing packages
Proven Marketing Strategies
- Internal club promotions and fitness parties
- Open House
- Guest appearance programs
- External prospecting lists
- Publicity by creating news worthy events