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What's new in Skype? End-to-end encryption by Microsoft
What's new in Skype? End-to-end encryption by MicrosoftShare:
Skype owned by Microsoft has now received end-to-end encryption for its private conversations which would ensure that the chat content between two people is hidden in both, the chat list and the notifications.
The latest feature is available for all users on Skype iOS, Android, Linux, Mac and Windows and it was reported by MSPoweruser.com. However Microsoft is yet to give its confirmation officially soon.
With the latest encryption feature could be activated from a "New Private Conversation" option that is now part of the "Compose" menu or from the recipient's profile.
Users could participate in only one private conversation from a single device at a time and on switching the conversation to other devices……..Read More>>
Source:- techiyogiz


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This section of our website is the Members Tools area where we will be sharing a range of great tools for all of our members. Registering as a member is free and only take a minute.
If you are already a member, you just need to login. If you not yet a member, you just need to register for a FREE account. We will be adding new tools for our members on a regular basis.
More Information: Terms and Conditions Generator
More Information: Privacy Policy Generator for Google Adsense Publishers
[shareaholic app="share_buttons" id="12656773″]

subset: commoncrawl


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Rail Band ft. Magan Ganessy – Kibaru
This week's song comes from the legendary Malian super-group the Rail Band. One of the most popular acts in Malian musical history, the Rail Band rode the rising wave of African music's mid-20th Century obsession with Latin – and especially Cuban – influences. According to the Band's Wikipedia page this trend started in the Congo in the 1940s, but did not emerge in West Africa till later. This made the Rail Band one of the pioneers of Afro-Latin fusion in Mali. It is a musical genre which is having something of a renaissance in Europe and America, with 60s and 70s African funk being frequently developed by DJs into hip-hop and house sets.
To our knowledge, three of the Rail Band's previous members have been present in the Song of the Week already, Salif Keita being the most famous of them. He left to join the rival Ambassadeurs group early in the project's timeline however. Luckily, superb guitarist and Rail Band legend Djelimady Tounkara joined before Salif Keita departed, and they were able to share some industrious time together. Nainy Diabaté, another enormously popular Malian musician, also developed her career with the band.
This week we have one direct from the group proper that certainly shows off its Latin influences extensively. Some outstanding guitar work in the mid-section too. The Latin aspect is fitting in light of the close of an truly excellent World Cup Finals in Brazil last weekend. Enjoy.


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Dr. Marc J. Salzman, MD, FACS is a board certified plastic surgeon practicing in Louisville, Kentucky since 1992. Originally from Miami, Florida, Dr. Salzman completed his undergraduate education at the University of Florida earning both Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi accolades. After graduating from college in three years, he received his medical degree from Tulane University in New Orleans where he was selected to Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society graduating at the top of his class. He then completed a five year residency in General Surgery at the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York City and obtained Board Certification in General Surgery in 1990. His Plastic Surgery Fellowship was completed at the prestigious Duke University Medical School in 1992. He is also Board Certified in Plastic Surgery since 1994 and a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.
Dr. Salzman has always been interested in education. He is an Assistant Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery at the University of Louisville where he lectures residents in Plastic Surgery grand rounds twice a month. His residents have twice voted him Educator of the Year. He frequently has residents and medical students visit his practice both from U of L as well as other medical schools across the United States.
He has taught numerous medical courses to physicians, nurses and paramedical cosmetologists. He has served as Chief of Surgery at St. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital in Louisville as well as Vice President, President Elect and President of the Kentucky Society of Plastic Surgeons. He is a member of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons as well as numerous regional societies. Dr. Salzman is a member of Allergans Botox® Cosmetic Physicians Network, which teaches the uses of Botox® to other physicians. He is a "Luminary" physician for Sciton and has lectured throughout the US about his role in the development of Laser Lipolysis using a Sciton ProLipoplus™ laser. He has trained physicians from around the world in his technique of Liteshape™ body contouring. He has also been a regional trainer for Radiesse™ and Sculptra™ wrinkle fillers, and Co2, Affirm™ and Cynosure Elite™ Lasers.
Dr. Salzman has a passion for innovation. He is the Founder and CEO of BellaNovus, a Louisville medical device company. The Ouchless Needle, a syringe attached vapocoolant dispenser, was designed and patented by Dr. Salzman. He has likewise has created novel short recovery procedures like the Ageless MiniFacelift™, the Fusion lift and the LiteShape™ procedure for body contouring. Physicians from around the world have come to Louisville to learn procedures developed by Dr. Salzman. His expertise has been sought out by the local media. He has appeared numerous times on WHAS 11, WAVE 3, WLKY and Fox morning news shows to discuss various topics relative to aesthetic surgery. He was listed in the 2006 and 2010 editions of "Best of Louisville" for cosmetic surgery by Louisville Magazine and LEO Magazine Readers Choice Award 2009.Shop Etc. Magazine in 2004, listed Dr. Salzman as one of the top 20 injectors of toxins and fillers in the US.
Above everything, Dr. Salzman is a caring, careful and consummate aesthetic plastic surgeon. His practice is limited to only cosmetic procedures and has been for over 15 years. His areas of expertise are in primary breast augmentation, revisional breast surgery, body contouring, and facial aesthetic surgery. Everyone in the practice is committed to excellence to achieve the best possible results for our patients.
Dr. Salzman's CV


text: TV On The Radio's Dave Sitek Joins Jane's Addiction For a Stint 1:23 AM PST 1/5/2011 by THR staff FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME The indie rock player and producer, who worked on Scarlett Johansson's 2008 debut, will join the Jane's creative team as bassist and co-writer. Producer and TV on the Radio guitarist Dave Sitek is joining Jane's Addiction for a stint, reports Spinner. The recent L.A. transplant, who's also worked with the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Scarlett Johansson, producing her 2008 debut, will play bass and write with the band for their forthcoming as-yet-untitled album, due out this summer. Producer Rich Costey (Muse, Foo Fighters), will be part of the creative team, according to the site. Last year, Jane's Addiction began work on their first new studio album since 2003, with Duff McKagan, formerly of Guns 'N' Roses, more recently with Velvet Revolver, on bass. He left the band in September 2010 citing "creative differences." Since then, there's been little information on the progress of the album, and not much to be gleamed from a statement released by Jane's frontman Perry Farrell which read, "Dave [Navarro], Steve [Perkins] and I are fully immersed in the process of making modern music. It has been a great experience thus far, and the results have so much potential." Said Navarro: "This process has been both inspiring and incredibly freeing. The events over the last year have proven themselves to be a necessary part of the journey as they have led us to our current creative team and direction." FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME THR staff email@example.com @thr


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Doane and Morningside Battle to Five Games
Doane and Morningside went the distance in volleyball action on Saturday evening as the Mustangs picked up the 3-2 win in Crete. Game scores were 25-17, 21-25, 25-18, 19-25, 15-10 in favor of the victor.
Doane (18-6, 5-3 GPAC) was led by Jessy Livers' 15 kills. She added three ace serves and three blocks. Terra Andreasen finished with 12 kills for Doane. Chelsee Marvin posted 10 kills and six total blocks.
Ashley Sluka led the Tigers with 24 set assists and added three ace serves. Heather Davison posted 15 set assists for Doane.
Defensively, Emily Schwisow finished with 20 digs as she was the only Tiger in double figures for digs. Doane finished with six team blocks.
No. 15 Morningside (23-3, 9-1 GPAC) was led by Addi Radke's 23 kills.
Up Next:
The Tigers will play host to Concordia University on October 15 at 7:30 PM.


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"We Gather Together"
Thursday, November 26, 2009
A Little Thanksgiving Evening Music
"We Gather Together"
Posted by Mike aka Proof at 5:30 PM
3 comments:
aw shucks it didnt have sound ..but thanks for the comment at WHT..come again please!..Oh gosh I'm stuffed!..lol..HAPPIEST THANKSGIVING!!:)ReplyDelete
Dunno what to tell you, the sound works for me!ReplyDelete
But, thanks for stopping by! Come again any time!
That is great! Thanks for sharing it.ReplyDelete
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In addition to excellent service, Holland America is known for its cruise destinations. Rotterdam Canadian Cruise destinations offer guests the opportunity to visit several ports during a seven day cruise. Beginning in Boston, and before ending in Montreal, guests get to explore five destinations. After disembarking in Montreal, guests purchasing an excursion through the Rotterdam, can enjoy touring Montreal before heading home.
You can purchase excursions, for each of the destinations, at the time you book your cruise, or on-board. The EXC Tours Desk on Deck 4 is open throughout the cruise. The EXC Tours Team can help you choose an excursion that is a match for your interests.
Rotterdam Canadian Cruise Destinations And Excursions
Bar Harbor, Maine is a quaint coastal town surrounded by the beautiful Acadia National Park. The town streets boast everything from snack stops to full service restaurants. Lobster is the fish of the day. The ice cream shops are a great place to get dessert, or just a snack. A number of clothing boutiques offer a variety of shopping options.
Boat tours explore the waters and islands that surround Bar Harbor. Guests that take these tours get to see the lighthouses, which seem to be everywhere. Additionally, each season brings the opportunity to see different wildlife, such as whales. Guests can hike, bike or take a horse-and-carriage ride to explore Acadia's lakes and striking coastline.
If you opt to see Bar Harbor on your own, be sure to take advantage the of the free Island Explorer buses. They take guests to Acadia's major sites and to other nearby destinations.
Note: Bar Harbor is a Tender Port. This port is not accessible to large cruise ships. Since the Rotterdam is a large ship, it drops anchor a distance from the port. Rotterdam guests board small ships, called tenders, from the cruise ship to get into the port.
Guests who have mobility issues may have problems getting on and off the ship while tendering because of the steepness of the gangways and steps. This is especially true when trying to do so during low or high tide. The Rotterdam is retrofitted with a tender lift system. It enables guests using wheelchairs to roll directly on and off the tenders while staying in their wheelchairs. However, wind and swells or extreme tide levels may prevent using the ship's tender lift equipment.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
There is so much to see in the port of Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia! It offers history museums, along with music, excellent food and nautical experiences. The Harbor Walk is a mixture of shops and restaurants. You can catch a tour of the harbor on a tugboat, or a land and sea vehicle. You can walk to the center of Halifax or take public transportation.
Excursions arranged through the Rotterdam include guided tours of Halifax. A favorite of many is Peggy's Cove, a fishing village a bus ride away from downtown Halifax.
Before you return to the Rotterdam, check out the local crafts on display in the terminal. The kilts, sweaters, hats and jewelry are beautiful.
Sydney, Nova Scotia
Sydney, on Cape Breton Island, is accessible by causeway to the rest of Nova Scotia. Rotterdam guests can begin exploring Sydney in the the harbor by visiting the shops where local crafts are sold. You can see the world's largest fiddle towering beside the port's cruise pavilion. Sydney boasts of historic homes and houses of worship dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries.
A favorite EXC excursion, a visit to Eskasoni, is a multicultural tour that reflects the two different and distinct cultures of Cape Breton.
Prince Edward Island
The smallest province in Canada, Prince Edward Island, is charming. It is an easy walk from the harbor to Charlottetown, the capital of Prince Edward Island. There are Victorian houses to admire and parks waiting to be explored. Be sure to visit the shop that is all about the classic children's best seller, Anne of Green Gables. It was written by Lucy Maud Montgomery, a native of Prince Edward Island.
Rotterdam EXC Tours features a theater production, Anne & Gilbert, in Charlottetown. It is a musical based on the lead characters from the book, Anne of Green Gables.
Quebec City
There is more to see in this beautiful, historic city than can be seen in the several hours we were in port. I chose to spent my time in the historic district of Quebec. Here, you can walk the streets as they looked centuries ago. Boutiques and restaurants are housed in buildings that reflect the architecture of that time.
Excursions include coach tours of Quebec City and a trip to the shrine of St. Anne de Beaupre and Montmorency Falls.
When the Rotterdam docked in Montreal, guests that purchased an excursion boarded buses for a tour of the City. Since I was getting back to NYC on Amtrak, I asked my cab driver to give me a half hour tour of Montreal. I got to see quite a bit of the downtown area before heading to the train terminal. I purchased an assortment of freshly prepared french foods to have on the train. The ride home, although long, was through beautiful farmland, small towns, and villages in upstate New York.
I enjoyed the various entertainments and activities offered on the Rotterdam. I was delighted to find that America's Test Kitchen was offering cooking demonstrations and hands-on workshops. I was able to attend 2 cooking demonstrations and participate in a pastry workshop.
On 11/14, the 3rd post of this 3 part series, will focus on America's Test Kitchen aboard the Rotterdam.
Thanks for visiting!


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THE Lebow Model 1254 Series rotary torque and torque/angle sensor line is primarily used to monitor operation of systems for fastening strategies such as torque to turn, tension control, torque rate, yield control, as well as auditing and calibrations on fastening tools.
These units accurately measure torque in both the clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Units equipped with the incremental encoders offer 360 pulses per revolution with high low output consisting of two square wave signals with 90 degree phase difference.
The Model 1254 has a sensitivity at rated output of 2mV/V nominal trimmed to ±0.25%. Non-linearity specifications of ±0.25% or better at rated output. All sensors are deadweight calibrated with standards traceable to the NIST. Chase Engineering 02 9439 8299.


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After Crushpad, S.F. sprouts new crop of urban wineries
Just two years ago, winemaking in the heart of San Francisco was a happy reality. A handful of urban wineries were pressing Pinot Noir in the shadow of Potrero Hill.
None drew as much attention as Crushpad, started by software engineer Michael Brill in 2004. Not only could private customers make their own barrels of wine, they could also launch their own wine labels. It was all pitched as a grand return to San Francisco's proud pre-quake winemaking days.
Then in February of last year, Crushpad said it was decamping for Wine Country. It used a Napa facility for about a year before striking a deal with Bill Foley, the deep-pocketed owner of Foley Family Wines, to move into Sonoma's Sebastiani facility. The sudden departure stunned many clients and employees.
Brill, who once touted the virtues of city winemaking, changed his tune, underscoring how most clients weren't even located in the Bay Area. It was far more valuable, he now argues, to be located near the vineyards.
"For me," Brill says, "it was always more about what we did than where we did it."
Several of his San Francisco clients and employees begged to differ. Now, two projects have emerged from the dust left behind.
"When Crushpad left the city and went to Napa, it wasn't my idea of what we had started," says Dave Gifford, co-founder of Dogpatch WineWorks and Crushpad's head of sales for six years. "I really wanted to reach out to what it had been in the early days."
Crushpad veterans
Dogpatch, which opened in April, aims to replicate the make-your-own-barrel concept on a smaller scale. Founded by Gifford and Kevin Doucet, a former Crushpad client and investor, it hosts both private customers and a handful of small commercial clients, including Qualia, Carlotta Wines and Jazz Cellars.
One of their winemaking consultants, Mike Zitzlaff, was Crushpad's director of winemaking. (The other, Andrew Vingiello, launched the Mission District's first modern winery with his A.P. Vin label.)
The second effort, Bluxome Street Winery, has a more commercial tack. Founded by Chris Nelson, a former Crushpad winemaker, and Matthew Reidy, a real-estate investment executive and former Crushpad client who made wine under the Connor Brennan label, it's focused on crafting its own wines. But it also hosts a few former Crushpad labels, including Waits-Mast Family Cellars and Furthermore.
Reidy says he began planning Bluxome four years ago. Those plans solidified when they found a 5,000-square-foot space on a side street near the Caltrain station. The facility officially opened last month, in time for passers-by to the ballpark to witness a harvest-time crush. An expansion will increase space to 9,000 square feet.
In the 19th century, San Francisco was a major wine-producing center (go to sfg.ly/uR6mmr) and Bluxome isn't shy about invoking this winemaking history. Film footage of Market Street from before the 1906 quake runs in the tasting room. In 1905, Bluxome estimates, more than 40 wineries were within five blocks of its SoMa location.
Of course, life south of Market was grittier a century ago, when the neighborhood was dominated by factories and warehouses. Even today, San Francisco's few wineries are mostly situated in industrial slices along Third Street or near Bayshore.
This slice of SoMa offers a rare combination of industrial zoning (which wineries require) and a bevy of fashionable lofts and high-tech tenants like Zynga - just the right mix for Bluxome's event space and open-door tasting room.
"We thought about having an urban winery in a neighborhood that people also wanted to traffic," Nelson says.
Casual spirit
Dogpatch might be less conducive to foot traffic - it's on Third Street near Serpentine restaurant - but it promises to re-create the "drop in, join the sorting crew" spirit offered by Crushpad, which was located nearby.
It has about 30 private clients, who are paying $6,000 to $10,000 per barrel, or about $22 to $35 per finished bottle, to make wine from a host of noted vineyards, including Keller Estate in Sonoma and Anderson Creek in Mendocino. About a third had been Crushpad clients.
Unlike Crushpad, which helped clients to set up their own commercial labels, Dogpatch isn't taking on the complex legal compliance process to secure a winery bond for clients. (Federal law allows multiple wineries to operate in the same space provided they maintain separate inventories and records.) And it hopes to provide a more personal approach to winemaking than Crushpad's online system, which clients used to check on their wines.
"I'm hands-on and Kevin is hands-on with every single barrel," Gifford says.
Running under this discussion is a quiet tension about the past. Some bad feelings were left behind amid Crushpad's departure - not only among employees but among clients who bought into the prospect of urban winemaking, only to wake up one day and find their winery decamping for Napa.
"It caused us to step back and say, 'What are we going to do?' " says Brian Mast of Waits-Mast. "We have full-time lives in San Francisco and we're not going anywhere."
While Crushpad founder Michael Brill appreciates Dogpatch's return-to-roots strategy, he was initially taken aback to find out his former employees and clients linked together. "I thought it was a little weird," he says.
Move or go under
Brill also defends his move north as a simple matter of fiscal necessity. The costs of running his San Francisco facility had risen to a point where Crushpad had to "move up to Wine Country or go out of business."
Plus, he notes, two-thirds of its revenue came from small commercial wineries, most of which weren't locally owned. And he says proximity to vineyards gave his winemakers the ability to fine-tune their work.
The Crushpad refugees seem happier on their own. For one, there's more freedom in their winemaking. While Crushpad's online system gave clients close control over some decisions, it also omitted some crucial choices, like which yeast to use for fermentation.
With Bluxome's fashionable tasting room open six days a week (glasses run $6 to $12) and Dogpatch due to open one early next year, it's easier than ever for city dwellers to get an up-close look at winemaking. After a brief tumult, the promise of San Francisco's urban winemaking is buoyant again.
"If we're pressing Viognier, we'll grab a glass and let you taste it," Nelson says. "We want to be another piece to the fabric of the city."
Bluxome Street Winery, 53 Bluxome St. (near Fourth Street), San Francisco; (415) 543-5353 or bluxomewinery.com. Tasting room open Tuesday-Sunday.
Dogpatch WineWorks, 2455 Third St. (near 22nd Street), San Francisco; (415) 525-4440 or dpwineworks.com.
Jon Bonné is The Chronicle's wine editor. Find him at firstname.lastname@example.com or @jbonne on Twitter.


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This is the view from the patio out back of our place. The mulberry tree has lost its leaves at present so that's it looking all yellow.
Most mornings when I get out of bed I make my breakfast and go and sit outside. I've always done this. Even if it's raining, so long as it's not cold and windy. At the very least, I need a window by which to sit and stare outside. There's just something about being outside and starting my day with a long, slow, gaze into the openness of the outdoors.
Some mornings I will sit there literally for hours, reading, talking with God, singing, receiving and sending encouragements in the Lord with the saints here via 'whatsapp' on my phone. Rocky is usually sprawled across my lap which makes supping on my cup of tea a little difficult but it's a special time and it really sets off the tone of my day.
This past week our church group decided to focus on the theme of Beholding The Lord. So this morning a sister sent through this definition;
Behold – verb. see or observe someone or something, especially of remarkable or impressive nature. Synonyms: view, watch, survey, gaze at, gaze upon, stare at, witness, regard, contemplate, inspect, catch sight of, discern, pay heed to, lay eyes on…
As I meditated on those words – contemplate, survey….view…..I was reminded of how important it is to me to have a view to look at. Every house I've ever lived in as an adult, I have sought the Lord's provision of a view. It hasn't had to be a magnificent ocean front or mountain ranges, though He has spoiled me with these at times. Even just a couple of trees will do and some open sky. I just have to have somewhere to sit outside where I can look off unto something.
This got me thinking. What am I looking for? Why is having a 'view' so important to me?
Well, it gives me a perspective that is outside of myself. When it's dark and dingy inside the house because of either the way it is built without natural light or because of the weather, I can look outside and see openness. I'm comforted and consoled somehow, that there is something bigger and greater than my interior world inside of the house.
This of-course applies to my internal world. Having a perspective of something outside of, greater and more vast than me, is an enormous soothing comfort. And of-course, that something is a Someone. It is Jesus Christ.
I feel that if I were to live in a house without a view, something in me would die. I feel I couldn't do it.
I see that as a picture of my growing desperation and need to behold the Lord. I need to be able to see Him every morning. I need to look and gaze into His face, His vastness, His endlessness. I need to contemplate His bigness, His openness, His enormity. When I do that, I am comforted, strengthened, rested – simply because I see Him! If I cannot see Him, I feel something inside me will die. I feel I couldn't do it. I couldn't go on. Life would become dark and dingy, internal and introspective with no Light.
Since Derek and I are moving to the other side of the country in December, I am already praying for a house with a view.
However, I have to realise that Christ is my view regardless of where I may live physically. He is the eternal vastness and wide open space that my soul longs for in the darkness of the winter seasons. He is the far reaching heights up into an eternal sky where I can soar on His heights. He is the greenery, the oxygen, the shade, the colour, the breeze, the Life of Creation all around me. He is the wideness, the depth, the enormity of God.
Wherever we live brothers and sisters, whether it's in a humpy, in a 1 bedroom studio blocked in by tall apartment complexes and no natural sunlight coming in, or on a mountain top with views that go on forever, Christ is our View. He is our perspective. He is our vantage point. He is the One we gaze upon and survey. In Him we roam a vast land, flowing with milk and honey. Our boundaries have fallen in pleasant places in Christ and no man can adjust our view or take that away from us. Christ is our All.
So I pray you will enjoy the View that is Christ in your life today dear brother and sister. Behold Him all the day long. On the train, in the car, boxed in your office, running after your kids or while out on the tractor – behold Him, gaze at Him, stare at Him, watch Him, contemplate Him, inspect Him, survey Him, lay your eyes upon Him. 🙂


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The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is an ionospheric research program jointly funded by the US Air Force, the US Navy, the University of Alaska and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).[1] Its purpose is to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance purposes.[2] The HAARP program operates a major Arctic facility, known as the HAARP Research Station, on an Air Force owned site near Gakona, Alaska.
The most prominent instrument at the HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the ionosphere. Other instruments, such as a VHF and a UHF radar, a fluxgate magnetometer, a digisonde and an induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region.
Work on the HAARP Station began in 1993. The current working IRI was completed in 2007, and its prime contractor was BAE Advanced Technologies.[1]
As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around $250 million in tax-funded construction and operating costs. HAARP has also been blamed by conspiracy theorists for a range of events, including numerous natural disasters.
1 Objectives
2 Research
3 Instrumentation and operation
4 Site
5 Related facilities
6 Conspiracy theories
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
The HAARP project aims to direct a 3.6 MW signal, in the 2.8–10 MHz region of the HF [High Frequency] band, into the ionosphere. The signal may be pulsed or continuous. Then, effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be examined using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars, HF receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance the study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction, as well as how the natural ionosphere affects radio signals.
This will enable scientists to develop techniques to mitigate these effects in order to improve the reliability and/or performance of communication and navigation systems, which would have a wide range of applications in both the civilian and military sectors, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation, and advancements in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead to improved methods for submarine communication and the ability to remotely sense the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, among other things. One application would be to map out the underground complexes of countries. The current facility lacks the range to reach these countries, but the research could be used to develop a mobile platform.[3]
The HAARP program began in 1990. The project is funded by the Office of Naval Research and jointly managed by the ONR and Air Force Research Laboratory, with the principal involvement of the University of Alaska. Many other universities and educational institutions have been involved in the development of the project and its instruments, namely the University of Alaska (Fairbanks), Stanford University, Penn State University (ARL), Boston College, UCLA, Clemson University, Dartmouth College, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Massachusetts, MIT, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, and the University of Tulsa. The project's specifications were developed by the universities, which are continuing to play a major role in the design of future research efforts.
According to HAARP's management, the project strives for openness and all activities are logged and publicly available. Scientists without security clearances, even foreign nationals, are routinely allowed on site. The HAARP facility regularly (once a year on most years according to the HAARP home page) hosts open houses, during which time any civilian may tour the entire facility. In addition, scientific results obtained with HAARP are routinely published in major research journals (such as Geophysical Research Letters, or Journal of Geophysical Research), written both by university scientists (American and foreign) or by US Department of Defense research lab scientists. Each summer, the HAARP holds a summer-school for visiting students, including foreign nationals, giving them an opportunity to do research with one of the world's foremost research instruments.
HAARP's main goal is basic science research of the uppermost portion of the atmosphere, known as the ionosphere. Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the sun's x-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are still enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere.
The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, showing minute-to-minute changes, daily changes, seasonal changes, and year-to-year changes. This profile becomes particularly complicated near the Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like aurorae.
The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is still too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power, and a more flexible and agile HF beam.
Some of the main scientific findings from HAARP include:
Generation of very low frequency radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas
Production of weak luminous glow (below what can be seen with the naked eye, but measurable) from absorption of HAARP's signal
Production of extremely low frequency waves in the 0.1 Hz range. These are next to impossible to produce any other way, because the length of a transmit antenna is dictated by the wavelength of the signal it is designed to produce.
Generation of whistler-mode VLF signals which enter the magnetosphere, and propagate to the other hemisphere, interacting with Van Allen radiation belt particles along the way
VLF remote sensing of the heated ionosphere
Research at the HAARP includes:
Ionospheric super heating
Plasma line observations
Stimulated electron emission observations
Gyro frequency heating research
Spread F observations
High velocity trace runs
Airglow observations
Heating induced scintillation observations
VLF and ELF generation observations [4]
Radio observations of meteors
Polar mesospheric summer echoes: PMSE have been studied using the IRI as a powerful radar, as well as with the 28 MHz radar, and the two VHF radars at 49 MHz and 139 MHz. The presence of multiple radars spanning both HF and VHF bands allows scientists to make comparative measurements that may someday lead to an understanding of the processes that form these elusive phenomena.
Research on extraterrestrial HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment (2008).[5][6]
Testing of Spread Spectrum Transmitters (2009)
Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere
Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic storms
The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
Instrumentation and operation
The main instrument at HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high power, high-frequency phased array radio transmitter with a set of 180 antennas, disposed in an array of 12×15 units that occupy a rectangle of about 33 acres (13 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the ionosphere. The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes.
During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the antenna array and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between 70 km (43 mi) to 350 km (217 mi) (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 µW/cm², tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced, however, can be observed with the sensitive scientific instruments installed at the HAARP Station, and these observations can provide information about the dynamics of plasmas and insight into the processes of solar-terrestrial interactions.[7]
Each antenna element consists of a crossed dipole that can be polarized for linear, ordinary mode (O-mode), or extraordinary mode (X-mode) transmission and reception.[8][9] Each part of the two section crossed dipoles are individually fed from a custom built transmitter, that has been specially designed with very low distortion. The Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of the IRI is limited by more than a factor of 10 at its lower operating frequencies. Much of this is due to higher antenna losses and a less efficient antenna pattern.
The IRI can transmit between 2.7 and 10 MHz, a frequency range that lies above the AM radio broadcast band and well below Citizens' Band frequency allocations. The HAARP Station is licensed to transmit only in certain segments of this frequency range, however. When the IRI is transmitting, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is 100 kHz or less. The IRI can transmit in continuous waves (CW) or in pulses as short as 10 microseconds (µs). CW transmission is generally used for ionospheric modification, while transmission in short pulses frequently repeated is used as a radar system. Researchers can run experiments that use both modes of transmission, first modifying the ionosphere for a predetermined amount of time, then measuring the decay of modification effects with pulsed transmissions.
There are other geophysical instruments for research at the Station. Some of them are:
A fluxgate magnetometer built by the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, available to chart variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Rapid and sharp changes of it may indicate a geomagnetic storm.
A digisonde that provides ionospheric profiles, allowing scientists to choose appropriate frequencies for IRI operation. The HAARP makes current and historic digisonde information available online.
An induction magnetometer, provided by the University of Tokyo, that measures the changing geomagnetic field in the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) range of 0–5 Hz.
The project site (62°23?30?N 145°09?03?W) is north of Gakona, Alaska just west of Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park. An environmental impact statement led to permission for an array of up to 180 antennas to be erected.[10] The HAARP has been constructed at the previous site of an over-the-horizon radar (OTH) installation. A large structure, built to house the OTH now houses the HAARP control room, kitchen, and offices. Several other small structures house various instruments.
The HAARP site has been constructed in three distinct phases: [11]
The Developmental Prototype (DP) had 18 antenna elements, organized in three columns by six rows. It was fed with a total of 360 kilowatts (kW) combined transmitter output power. The DP transmitted just enough power for the most basic of ionospheric testing.
The Filled Developmental Prototype (FDP) had 48 antenna units arrayed in six columns by eight rows, with 960 kW of transmitter power. It was fairly comparable to other ionospheric heating facilities. This was used for a number of successful scientific experiments and ionospheric exploration campaigns over the years.
The Final IRI (FIRI) is the final build of the IRI. It has 180 antenna units, organized in 15 columns by 12 rows, yielding a theoretical maximum gain of 31 dB. A total of 3.6 MW of transmitter power will feed it, but the power is focused in the upward direction by the geometry of the large phased array of antennas which allow the antennas to work together in controlling the direction. As of March 2007, all the antennas were in place, the final phase was completed and the antenna array was undergoing testing aimed at fine-tuning its performance to comply with safety requirements required by regulatory agencies. The facility officially began full operations in its final 3.6 MW transmitter power completed status in the summer of 2007, yielding an effective radiated power (ERP) of 5.1 Gigawatts or 97.1 dBW at maximum output. However, the site typically operates at a fraction of that value due to the lower antenna gain exhibited at standard operational frequencies.[12]
Related facilities
In America, there are two related ionospheric heating facilities: the HIPAS, near Fairbanks, Alaska, and (currently offline for reconstruction) one at the Arecibo Observatory Link text in Puerto Rico. The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility, capable of transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power (ERP), near Tromsø, Norway.[13] Russia has the Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, in Vasilsursk near Nizhniy Novgorod, capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP.
Conspiracy theories
See also: List of conspiracy theories: Development of weapons technology
HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories, with individuals ascribing various hidden motives and capabilities to the project. Journalist Sharon Weinberger called HAARP "the Moby Dick of conspiracy theories" and said the popularity of conspiracy theories often overshadows the benefits HAARP may provide to the scientific community.[14][15]
The alleged dangers of HAARP were dramatized in popular culture by Marvel Comics, author Tom Clancy, and The X-Files. A Russian military journal wrote that ionospheric testing would "trigger a cascade of electrons that could flip Earth's magnetic poles." The European Parliament and the Alaska state legislature held hearings about HAARP, the former citing "environmental concerns." Author of the self-published Angels Don't Play This HAARP, Nick Begich has told lecture audiences that HAARP could trigger earthquakes and turn the upper atmosphere into a giant lens so that "the sky would literally appear to burn." [16] [17]
Skeptic computer scientist David Naiditch called HAARP "a magnet for conspiracy theorists", saying the project has been blamed for triggering catastrophes such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, thunderstorms, and devastating earthquakes in Pakistan and the Philippines aimed to shake up "terrorists." Naiditch says HAARP has been blamed for diverse events including major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Conspiracy theorists have also suggested links between HAARP and the work of Nikola Tesla (particularly potential combinations of HAARP energy with Tesla's work on pneumatic small-scale earthquake generation) and physicist Bernard Eastlund. According to Naiditch, HAARP is an attractive target for conspiracy theorists because "its purpose seems deeply mysterious to the scientifically uninformed".[18] Conspiracy theorists have linked HAARP to numerous earthquakes. An opinion piece on a Venezuelan state-run television channel's website named HAARP as a cause of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[19][20][21]
In popular culture
A fictionalized HAARP was the setting for a stage in the X-Men Legends game.[22] HAARP was also featured in the animated series G.I. Joe: Resolute and in the first episode of Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura.
Background of the HAARP Project
Prepared by Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., GNSH
Military interest in space became intense during and after World War II because of the introduction of rocket science, the companion to nuclear technology. The early versions include the buzz bomb and guided missiles. They were thought of as potential carriers of both nuclear and conventional bombs.
Rocket technology and nuclear weapon technology developed simultaneously between 1945 and 1963. During this time of intensive atmospheric nuclear testing, explosions at various levels above and below the surface of the earth were attempted. Some of the now familiar descriptions of the earth's protective atmosphere, such as the existence of the Van Allen belts, were based on information gained through stratospheric and ionospheric experimentation.
The earth's atmosphere consists of the troposphere, from sea level to about 16 km above the earth's surface; the stratosphere (which contains the ozone level) which extends from about the 16 to 48 km above the earth; and the ionosphere which extends from 48 km to over 50,000 km above the surface of the earth.
The earth's protective atmosphere or "skin" extends beyond 3,200 km above sea level to the large magnetic fields, called the Van Allen Belts, which can capture the charged particles sprayed through the cosmos by the solar and galactic winds. These belts were discovered in 1958 during the first weeks of the operation of America's first satellite, Explorer I. They appear to contain charged particles trapped in the earth's gravity and magnetic fields. Primary galactic cosmic rays enter the solar system from interstellar space, and are made up of protons with energies above 100 MeV, extending up to astronomically high energies. They make up about 100 percent of the high energy rays. Solar rays are generally of lower energy, below 20 MeV (which is still high energy in earth terms). These high energy particles are affected by the earth's magnetic field and by geomagnetic latitude (distance above or below the geomagnetic equator). The flux density of low energy protons at the top of the atmosphere is normally greater at the poles than at the equator. The density also varies with solar activity, being at a minimum when solar flares are at a minimum.
The Van Allen belts capture charged particles (protons, electrons and alpha particles) and these spiral along the magnetic force lines toward the polar regions where the force lines converge. They are reflected back and forth between the magnetic force lines near the poles. The lower Van Allen Belt is about 7700 km above the earth's surface, and the outer Van Allen Belt is about 51,500 km above the surface. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Van Allen belts are most intense along the equator, and effectively absent over the poles. They dip to 400 km over the South Atlantic Ocean, and are about 1,000 km high over the Central Pacific Ocean. In the lower Van Allen Belt, the proton intensity is about 20,000 particles with energy above 30 MeV per second per square centimeter. Electrons reach a maximum energy of 1 MeV, and their intensity has a maximum of 100 million per second per square centimeter. In the outer Belt, proton energy averages only 1 MeV. For compar-ison, most charged particles discharged in a nuclear explosion range between 0.3 and 3 MeV, while diagnostic medical X-ray has peak voltage around 0.5 MeV.
Project Argus (1958)
Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded three fission type nuclear bombs 480 km above the South Atlantic Ocean, in the part of the lower Van Allen Belt closest to the earth's surface. In addition, two hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston Island in the Pacific. The military called this "the biggest scientific experiment ever undertaken." It was designed by the US Department of Defense and the US Atomic Energy Commission, under the code name Project Argus. The purpose appears to be to assess the impact of high altitude nuclear explosions on radio transmission and radar operations because of the electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and to increase understanding of the geomagnetic field and the behavior of the charged particles in it.
This gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic radiation belts encompassing almost the whole earth, and injected sufficient electrons and other energetic particles into the ionosphere to cause world wide effects. The electrons traveled back and forth along magnetic force lines, causing an artificial "aurora" when striking the atmosphere near the North Pole.
The US Military planned to create a "telecommunications shield" in the ionosphere, reported in 13-20 August 1961, Keesings Historisch Archief (K.H.A.). This shield would be created "in the ionosphere at 3,000 km height, by bringing into orbit 350,000 million copper needles, each 2-4 cm long [total weight 16 kg], forming a belt 10 km thick and 40 km wide, the needles spaced about 100 m apart." This was designed to replace the ionosphere "because telecommunications are impaired by magnetic storms and solar flares." The US planned to add to the number of copper needles if the experiment proved to be successful. This plan was strongly opposed by the Intentional Union of Astronomers.
Project Starfish (1962)
On July 9, 1962, the US began a further series of experiments with the ionosphere. From their description: "one kiloton device, at a height of 60 km and one megaton and one multi-megaton, at several hundred kilometers height" (K.H.A., 29 June 1962). These tests seriously disturbed the lower Van Allen Belt, substantially altering its shape and intensity. "In this experiment the inner Van Allen Belt will be practically destroyed for a period of time; particles from the Belt will be transported to the atmosphere. It is anticipated that the earth's magnetic field will be disturbed over long distances for several hours, preventing radio communication. The explosion in the inner radiation belt will create an artificial dome of polar light that will be visible from Los Angeles" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). A Fijian Sailor, present at this nuclear explosion, told me that the whole sky was on fire and he thought it would be the end of the world. This was the experiment which called forth the strong protest of the Queen's Astronomer, Sir Martin Ryle in the UK.
"The ionosphere [according to the under-standing at that time] that part of the atmosphere between 65 and 80 km and 280- 320 km height, will be disrupted by mechanical forces caused by the pressure wave following the explosion. At the same time, large quantities of ionizing radiation will be released, further ionizing the gaseous components of the atmosphere at this height. This ionization effect is strengthened by the radiation from the fission products… The lower Van Allen Belt, consisting of charged particles that move along the geomagnetic field lines… will similarly be disrupted. As a result of the explosion, this field will be locally destroyed, while countless new electrons will be introduced into the lower belt" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). "On 19 July… NASA announced that as a consequence of the high altitude nuclear test of July 9, a new radiation belt had been formed, stretching from a height of about 400 km to 1600 km; it can be seen as a temporary extension of the lower Van Allen Belt" (K.H.A. 5 August 1962).
As explained in the Encyclopedia Britannica: "… Starfish made a much wider belt [than Project Argus] that extends from low altitude out past L=3 [i.e. three earth radiuses or about 13,000 km above the surface of the earth]." Later in 1962, the USSR undertook similar planetary experiments, creating three new radiation belts between 7,000 and 13,000 km above the earth. According to the Encyclopedia, the electron fluxes in the lower Van Allen Belt have changed markedly since the 1962 high- altitude nuclear explosions by the US and USSR, never returning to their former state. According to American scientists, it could take many hundreds of years for the Van Allen Belts to destabilize at their normal levels. (Research done by: Nigel Harle, Borderland Archives, Cortenbachstraat 32, 6136 CH Sittard, Netherlands.)
SPS: Solar Power Satellite Project (1968)
In 1968 the US military proposed Solar Powered Satellites in geostationary orbit some 40,000 km above the earth, which would intercept solar radiation using solar cells on satellites and transmit it via a microwave beam to receiving antennas, called rectennas, on earth. The US Congress mandated the Department of Energy and NASA to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment on this project, to be completed by June 1980, and costing $25 Million. This project was designed to construct 60 Solar Powered Satellites over a thirty year period at a cost between $500 and $800 thousand million (in 1968 dollars), providing 100 percent of the US energy needs in the year 2025 at a cost of $3000 per kW. At that time, the project cost was two to three times larger than the whole Department of Energy budget, and the projected cost of the electricity was well above the cost of most conventional energy sources. The rectenna sites on earth were expected to take up to 145 square kilometers of land, and would preclude habitation by any humans, animals or even vegetation. Each Satellite was to be the size of Manhattan Island.
Saturn V Rocket (1975)
Due to a malfunction, the Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced "a large ionospheric hole" (Mendillo, M. Et al., Science p. 187, 343, 1975). The disturbance reduced the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius, and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate experimentation with the ionosphere.
SPS Military Implications (1978)
Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around 1978, and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an energy program, it had significant military implications. One of the most significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the possibility of developing a satellite-borne beam weapon for anti-ballistic missile (ABM) use. The satellites were to be in geosynchronous orbits, each providing an excellent vantage point from which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed continuously. It was speculated that a high-energy laser beam could function as a thermal weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some discussion of electron weapon beams, through the use of a laser beam to preheat a path for the following electron beam.
The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti- personnel weapon, which could be directed toward an enemy. If the main microwave beam was redirected away from its rectenna, toward enemy personnel, it could use an infrared radiation wave- length (invisible) as an anti-personnel weapon. It might also be possible to transmit high enough energy to ignite combustible materials. Laser beam power relays could be made from the SPS satellite to other satellites or platforms, for example aircraft, for military purposes. One application might be a laser powered turbofan engine which would receive the laser beam directly in its combustion chamber, producing the required high temperature gas for its cruising operation. This would allow unlimited on-station cruise time. As a psychological weapon, the SPS was capable of causing general panic
The SPS would be able to transmit power to remote military operations anywhere needed on earth. The manned platform of the SPS would provide surveillance and early warning capability, and ELF linkage to submarines. It would also provide the capability of jamming enemy communications. The potential for jamming and creating communications is significant. The SPS was also capable of causing physical changes in the ionosphere
President Carter approved the SPS Project and gave it a go- ahead, in spite of the reservation which many reviewers, myself included, expressed. Fortunately, it was so expensive, exceeding the entire Department of Energy budget, that funding was denied by the Congress. I approached the United Nations Committee on Disarmament on this project, but was told that as long as the program was called Solar Energy by the United States, it could not be considered a weapons project. The same project resurfaced in the US under President Reagan. He moved it to the much larger budget of the Department of Defense and called it Star Wars. Since this is more recent history, I will not discuss the debate which raged over this phase of the plan.
By 1978, it was apparent to the US Military that communications in a nuclear hostile environment would not be possible using traditional methods of radio and television technology (Jane's Military Communications 1978). By 1982, GTE Sylvania (Needham Heights, Massachusetts) had developed a command control electronic sub-system for the US Air Force's Ground Launch Cruise Missiles (GLCM) that would enable military commanders to monitor and control the missile prior to launch both in hostile and non-hostile environments. The system contains six radio subsystems, created with visible light using a dark beam (not visible) and is resistant to the disruptions experienced by radio and television. Dark beams contribute to the formation of energetic plasma in the atmosphere. This plasma can become visible as smog or fog. Some has a different charge than the sun's energy, and accumulates in places where the sun's energy is absent, like the polar regions in the winter. When the polar spring occurs, the sun appears and repels this plasma, contributing to holes in the ozone layer. This military system is called: Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN). (See The SECOMII Communication System, by Wayne Olsen, SAND 78- 0391,Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 1978.) This innovative emergency radio system was apparently never implemented in Europe, and exists only in North America.
Orbit Maneuvering System (1981)
Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, "a series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories" in order to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they could "induce ionospheric holes" and began to experiment with holes made in the daytime, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. They experimented with the effects of "artificially induced ionospheric depletions on very low frequency wave lengths, on equatorial plasma instabilities, and on low frequency radio astronomical observations over Roberval, Quebec, Kwajelein, in the Marshall Islands and Hobart, Tasmania" (Advanced Space Research, Vo1.8, No. 1, 1988).
Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985)
An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to perform space physics experiments in earth orbit was launched, using the OMS injections of gases to "cause a sudden depletion in the local plasma concentration, the creation of a so called ionospheric hole." This artificially induced plasma depletion can then be used to investigate other space phenomena, such as the growth of the plasma instabilities or the modification of radio propagation paths. The 47 second OMS burn of July 29, 1985, produced the largest and most long-lived ionospheric hole to date, dumping some 830 kg of exhaust into the ionosphere at sunset. A 6 second, 68 km OMS release above Connecticut in August 1985, produced an airglow which covered over 400,000 square km.
During the 1980's, rocket launches globally numbered about 500 to 600 a year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many more during the Gulf War. The Shuttle is the largest of the solid fuel rockets, with twin 45 meter boosters. All solid fuel rockets release large amounts of hydrochloric acid in their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about 75 tons of ozone destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those launched since 1992 inject even more ozone-destroying chlorine, about 187 tons, into the stratosphere (which contains the ozone layer).
Mighty Oaks (1986)
In April 1986, just before the Chernobyl disaster, the US had a failed hydrogen test at the Nevada Test Site called Mighty Oaks. This test, conducted far underground, consisted of a hydrogen bomb explosion in one chamber, with a leaded steel door to the chamber, two meters thick, closing within milliseconds of the blast. The door was to allow only the first radioactive beam to escape into the "control room" in which expensive instrumentation was located. The radiation was to be captured as a weapon beam. The door failed to close as quickly as planned, causing the radioactive gases and debris to fill the control room, destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. The experiment was part of a program to develop X-ray and particle beam weapons. The radioactive releases from Mighty Oaks were vented, under a "licensed venting" and were likely responsible for many of the North American nuclear fallout reports in May 1986, which were attributed to the Chernobyl disaster.
Desert Storm (1991)
According to Defense News, April 13 – 19, 1992, the US deployed an electromagnetic pulse weapon (EMP) in Desert Storm, designed to mimic the flash of electricity from a nuclear bomb. The Sandia National Laboratory had built a 23,000 square meter laboratory on the Kirkland Air Force Base, 1989, to house the Hermes II electron beam generator capable of producing 20 Trillion Watt pulses lasting 20 billionths to 25 billionths of a second. This X-ray simulator is called a Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator. A stream of electrons hitting a metal plate can produce a pulsed X-ray or gamma ray. Hermes II had produced electron beams since 1974. These devises were apparently tested during the Gulf War, although detailed information on them is sparse.
High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993)
The HAARP Program is jointly managed by the US Air Force and the US Navy, and is based in Gakona, Alaska. It is designed to "understand, simulate and control ionospheric processes that might alter the performance of communication and surveillance systems." The HAARP system intends to beam 3.6 Gigawatts of effective radiated power of high frequency radio energy into the ionosphere in order to:
Generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves for communicating with submerged submarines
Conduct geophysical probes to identify and characterize natural ionospheric processes so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or control them
Generate ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of high frequency energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for Department of Defense purposes,
Electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical emissions which could be used to control radio wave propagation properties
Generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the reflection/scattering properties of radio waves,
Use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology.
Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present)
The Poker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of Fairbanks, Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the Geophysical Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract. About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from this site, and in 1994, a 16 meter long rocket was launched to help NASA "understand chemical reactions in the atmosphere associated with global climate change." Similar experiments, but using Chemical Release Modules (CRM), have been launched from Churchill, Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's "Project Waterhole" disrupted an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February 1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orion rockets were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were observed from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico.
The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and a 15 meter antenna, they have beamed high intensity signals into the upper atmosphere, generating a controlled disturbance in the ionosphere. As early as 1992, the Navy talked of creating 10 kilometer long antennas in the sky to generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves needed for communicating with submarines. Another purpose of these experiments is to study the Aurora Borealis, called by some an outdoor plasma lab for studying the principles of fusion. Shuttle flights are now able to generate auroras with an electron beam. On November 10, 1991, and aurora borealis appeared in the Texas sky for the first time ever recorded, and it was seen by people as far away as Ohio and Utah, Nebraska and Missouri. The sky contained "Christmas colors" and various scientists were quick to blame it on solar activity. However, when pressed most would admit that the ionosphere must have been weakened at the time, so that the electrically charged particle hitting the earth's atmosphere created the highly visible light called airglow. These charged particles are normally pulled northwards by the earth's magnetic forces, to the magnetic north pole. The Northern Lights, as the aurora borealis is called, normally occurs in the vortex at the pole where the energetic particles, directed by the magnetic force lines, are directed.
It would be rash to assume that HAARP is an isolated experiment which would not be expanded. It is related to fifty years of intensive and increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper atmosphere.
It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space laboratory construction which is separately being planned by the United States. HAARP is an integral part of a long history of space research and development of a deliberate military nature.
The military implications of combining these projects is alarming.
Basic to this project is control of communications, both disruption and reliability in hostile environments. The power wielded by such control is obvious.
The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening.
The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space shield against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a devise for repairing the ozone layer.
Further References:
C.L. Herzenberg, Physics and Society, April 1994.
R. Williams, Physics and Society, April 1988.
B. Eastlund, Microwave News, May/June 1994.
W. Kofinan and C. Lathuillere, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 14, No. 11, pp 1158-1161, November 1987 (Includes French experiments at EISCAT).
G. Metz and F.W. Perkins. Ionospheric Modification Theory: Past Present and Future, Radio Science, Vo1.9, No. 11, pp 885 -888, November 1974.
Connection Between Chemtrails, Geoengineering, GMO, and HAARP
Posted by Brian Andrews Chemtrail News, Featured Saturday, January 22nd, 2011
1. What is Haarp?
HAARP is another "alpha-bet" geo-physics term for playing an electro-magnetic, "rainbow" game like "jacks" where the New World Order/Illuminati/high-degreed freemasonry global elite, toss the ball in our skies and then with the dipolar, radio frequency antenna, matrix-ed "jacks" tethered to the ground at a HAARP facility in Alaska and they create SKY MAGIC based on the fact that they are Luciferian mad scientists.
The HAARP antenna units resemble a "jack" which looks like a 3-D graph with "x", "y" and "z" axis.
These units are matrix-ed together in a 33 acre plot in Alaska and they beam radio frequencies (VLF, 0.9-1 Hz) into the ionosphere, which is high above our earth's surface (125 miles) and it is the thin, shield that originally was placed there by God, to protect life on earth from damaging solar radiation.
HAARP is an ionospheric heater in that its antenna matrix can shoot out electro-magnetic (EM) "jack" wave frequencies at the speed of light which are polarized in a circle so they have charges going east/west & north/south, hence they are like tumbling, rolling, racing EM, tiny "jack" magneto-spheres, which circle clock-wise and/or counter-clockwise having their own north & south poles.
This EMP-cum-matrix strike ionizes the ionosphere abnormally and overheats the plasma layer and almost instantaneously completely disrupts the earth's natural, magnetic sphere from the North Pole to the South Pole and back.
The bubble HAARP creates when it overheats this ionosphere layer can be used to draw the climate-tsar JET STREAMS, higher up & into its box canyon.
This can create climate change lasting many months.
They can ping the newly created ionosphere bubble with ELF waves, the frequency of human brains and create mass mind control on targeted populations.
They can also ping targeted populations with the electromagnetic field finger print of any plague disease(whether viral or bacterial) and this can create the disease without the pathological organism being present.
2. What are chemtrails and how do chemtrails and HAARP work together?
CIA Project Cloverleaf was the initial aerosolized heavy metal chemtrail spraying op.
Chemtrail barium salts absorb electromagnetic radiation, aluminum dioxides reflect it.
Chemtrail spraying allegedly commenced over N.A. by the early 1990s, using commercial & military airplanes and being sold as a Greenhouse gas/global warming mitigation strategy of the skies, which was & still is primarily in the hands of the U.S. military.
Barium, aluminum, thorium and selenium were/still are processed into sub-micron particles and ionized with a special electrical charge, for chemtrail spraying.
Theoretically, the partial science fraud sold to local gov'ts and inquiring sheople in N.A., was/is that the chemtrail heavy metal spraying will block and/or reflect the sunlight from entering the earth's atmosphere, so that dangerous UV radiation levels will decline.
But it appears chemtrail spraying is actually be used with HAARP to create weather modification and/or climate change as a military tool, to gain control of targeted populations.
Microwaves, ELF, VLF and EMR/EMF-based systems are transmitted into the atmosphere, reflected by the ionosphere and back to earth's atmosphere, polluted with chemtrails which contain various airborne, chemical particulates and other electromagnetic frequency absorbers and/or reflectors which are used to push or pull the JET STREAMS from their normal course and hence this will change weather patterns.
Drought induction occurs by heating the stratosphere (second major layer of the earth's atmosphere) with microwaves, placing airborne chemical particulates in the airspace and thereby changing the base-line moisture gradients via microwaves from HAARP and desiccating chemically with barium, aluminum and potassium mixtures.
The severe drought in southern Russia along with the severe flooding in Pakistan in the summer of 2010 was allegedly created by likely a HAARP-like/scalar/ionospheric heater facility in Russia or Norway which split the JET STREAM over part of the world and turbo-charged it over Pakistan while diverting it away from southern Russia.
3. Is "geoengineering" another word for chemtrails, to sell this concept to the public?
The prefix "geo" is Greek for "earth", so geo-engineering broadly could mean earth-engineering but is appears to be a buzz world now in terms of global meteorology, as science involved with climate change, as a military weapon.
In 1966, a geo-physicist commented that the key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy will release vast amounts of energy.
It appears HAARP is the delivery program of this vision.
4. As a farmer, why should I be concerned about the sky, geoengineering/chemtrails?
Well, in parts of North America now, where they have been heavily chemtrail spraying for at least two decades, especially the heavily populated Eastern Seaboard, the level of selenium dropped from the sky by C130 tanker planes and turning up in the agricultural soils, is so high that plants will not grow in it.
In Saskatchewan Canada, we have obviously been under Illuminati-ordered climate change via HAARP (Alaska) and chemtrail spraying all of 2010.
It was really obvious here in the spring & summer of 2010, when parts of this province received two to three times the average annual precipitation amount historically recorded for SK, in three months.
This water-logged the crops and created harvest damage anomalies and even potato blight which I have never seen in my decades of gardening in Saskatchewan Canada.
The induced-drought via HAARP in the summer of 2010 in Russia where the wheat crop failed and this means that global exports of bread wheat are vastly decreased,– is an obvious reason for concern.
If the New World Order is after global population reduction this is the way to go—change the climate so that food production is vastly disrupted.
5. How is geoengineering relating to Monsanto GMO seeds?
Monsanto told the farmers who can't grow plants in the chemtrail-spraying-induced, high selenium soils that they are now genetically engineering (GMO) plants that will thrive in high-selenium soils.
But as a veterinarian and mixed farmer, I can tell you that although minute amounts of selenium are necessary for plant-eating farm animals to remain healthy, a little too much is highly toxic.
Certain native plants on pasture tend to uptake & concentrate selenium in their plant parts; this process of selenium uptake may be accelerated in times of drought.
5. What is "orgonite" and how can it be used to balance the chemtrails?
I, as a trained scientist with three science degrees, have no experience with orgonite or what is known in eclectic circles as a cloud buster technique which is supposed to decrease the harm of chemtrails in the heavens.
"Holes in Heaven HAARP and Advances in Tesla-Technology" video embed added by aircrap.org:
It's not only greenhouse gas emissions: Washington's new world order weapons
have the ability to trigger climate change.
By Michel Chossudovsky – Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa and TFF associate, author of The Globalization of Poverty, second edition, Common Courage Press
The important debate on global warming under UN auspices provides but a partial picture of climate change; in addition to the devastating impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the ozone layer, the World's climate can now be
modified as part of a new generation of sophisticated "non-lethal weapons." Both the Americans and the Russians have developed capabilities to manipulate the World's climate.
In the US, the technology is being perfected under the High-frequency Active Aural Research Program (HAARP) as part of the ("Star Wars") Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI). Recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP is fully operational and has the ability of potentially triggering floods, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes.
From a military standpoint, HAARP is a weapon of mass destruction. Potentially, it constitutes an instrument of conquest capable of selectively destabilising agricultural and ecological systems of entire regions.
While there is no evidence that this deadly technology has been used, surely the United Nations should be addressing the issue of "environmental warfare" alongside the debate on the climatic impacts of greenhouse gases.
Despite a vast body of scientific knowledge, the issue of deliberate climatic manipulations for military use has never been explicitly part of the UN agenda on climate change. Neither the official delegations nor the environmental action groups participating in the Hague Conference on Climate Change (CO6) (November 2000) have raised the broad issue of "weather warfare" or "environmental modification techniques (ENMOD)" as relevant to an understanding of climate change.
The clash between official negotiators, environmentalists and American business lobbies has centered on Washington's outright refusal to abide by commitments on carbon dioxide reduction targets under the 1997 Kyoto protocol.(1) The impacts of military technologies on the World's climate are not an object of discussion or concern. Narrowly confined to greenhouse gases, the ongoing debate on climate change serves Washington's strategic and defense objectives.
World renowned scientist Dr. Rosalie Bertell confirms that "US military scientists are working on weather systems as a potential weapon. The methods include
the enhancing of storms and the diverting of vapor rivers in the Earth's atmosphere to produce targeted droughts or floods."(2)
Already in the 1970s, former National Security advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski had foreseen in his book "Between Two Ages" that:
"Technology will make available, to the leaders of major nations, techniques for conducting secret warfare, of which only a bare minimum of the security forces need be appraised… Techniques of weather modification could be employed to produce prolonged periods of drought or storm. "
Marc Filterman, a former French military officer, outlines several types of "unconventional weapons" using radio frequencies. He refers to "weather war," indicating that the U.S. and the Soviet Union had already "mastered the know-how needed to unleash sudden climate changes (hurricanes, drought) in the early 1980s." (3) These technologies make it "possible to trigger atmospheric disturbances by using Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radar [waves]." (4)
A simulation study of future defense "scenarios" commissioned for the US Air Force calls for: "US aerospace forces to 'own the weather' by capitalizing on emerging technologies and focusing development of those technologies to war-fighting applications." From enhancing friendly operations or disrupting those of the enemy via small-scale tailoring of natural weather patterns to complete dominance of global communications and counterspace control, weather-modification offers the war fighter a wide-range of possible options to defeat or coerce an adversary. In the United States, weather-modification will likely become a part of national security policy with both domestic and international applications. Our government will pursue such a policy, depending on its interests, at various levels. (5)
The High-Frequency Active Aural Research Program (HAARP) based in Gokoma Alaska-jointly managed by the US Air Force and the US Navy-is part of a new generation of sophisticated weaponry under the US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Operated by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate, HAARP constitutes a system of powerful antennas capable of creating "controlled local modifications of the ionosphere".
Scientist Dr. Nicholas Begich-actively involved in the public campaign against HAARP-describes HAARP as: "A super-powerful radiowave-beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere (upper layer of the atmosphere) by focusing a beam and heating those areas. Electromagnetic waves then bounce back onto earth and penetrate everything-living and dead." (6)
Dr. Rosalie Bertell depicts HAARP as "a gigantic heater that can cause major disruption in the ionosphere, creating not just holes, but long incisions in the protective layer that keeps deadly radiation from bombarding the planet." (7)
HAARP has been presented to public opinion as a program of scientific and academic research. US military documents seem to suggest, however, that HAARP's main objective is to "exploit the ionosphere for Department of Defense purposes." (8) Without explicitly referring to the HAARP program, a US Air Force study points to the use of "induced ionospheric modifications" as a means of altering weather patterns as well as disrupting enemy communications and radar.(9)
According to Dr. Rosalie Bertell, HAARP is part of a integrated weapons' system, which has potentially devastating environmental consequences: "It is related to fifty years of intensive and increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper atmosphere. It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space laboratory construction which is separately being planned by the United States. HAARP is an integral part of a long history of space research and development of a deliberate military nature.
The military implications of combining these projects is alarming. The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver very large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on earth via laser and particle beams, are frightening. The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space shield against incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a device for repairing the ozone layer. (10)
In addition to weather manipulation, HAARP has a number of related uses: "HAARP could contribute to climate change by intensively bombarding the atmosphere with high-frequency rays. Returning low-frequency waves at high intensity could also affect people's brains, and effects on tectonic movements cannot be ruled out. (11).
More generally, HAARP has the ability of modifying the World's electro-magnetic field. It is part of an arsenal of "electronic weapons" which US military researchers consider a "gentler and kinder warfare". (12)
HAARP is part of the weapons arsenal of the New World Order under the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). From military command points in the US, entire national economies could potentially be destabilized through climatic manipulations. More importantly, the latter can be implemented without the knowledge of the enemy, at minimal cost and without engaging military personnel and equipment as in a conventional war. The use of HAARP-if it were to be applied-could have potentially devastating impacts on the World's climate.
Responding to US economic and strategic interests, it could be used to selectively modify climate in different parts of the World resulting in the destabilization of agricultural and ecological systems. It is also worth noting that the US Department of Defense has allocated substantial resources to the development of intelligence and monitoring systems on weather changes. NASA and the Department of Defense's National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) are working on "imagery for studies of flooding, erosion, land-slide hazards, earthquakes, ecological zones, weather forecasts, and climate change" with data relayed from satellites. (13)
According to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) signed at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro:
"States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction." (14).
It is also worth recalling that an international Convention ratified by the UN General Assembly in 1997 bans "military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects." (15) Both the US and the Soviet Union were signatories to the Convention. The Convention defines "environmental modification techniques" as referring to any technique for changing-through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes-the dynamics, composition or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere or of outer space." (16) Why then did the UN-disregarding the 1977 ENMOD Convention as well as its own charter-decide to exclude from its agenda climatic changes resulting from military programs?
In February 1998, responding to a report of Mrs. Maj. Britt Theorin-Swedish MEP and longtime peace advocate–, the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy held public hearings in Brussels on the HAARP program.(17) The Committee's "Motion for Resolution" submitted to the European Parliament: "Considers HAARP by virtue of its far-reaching impact on the environment to be a global concern and calls for its legal, ecological and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body; [the Committee] regrets the repeated refusal of the United States Administration to give evidence to the public hearing into the environmental and public risks [of&] the HAARP program." (18.)
The Committee's request to draw up a "Green Paper" on "the environmental impacts of military activities", however, was casually dismissed on the grounds that the European Commission lacks the required jurisdiction to delve into "the links between environment and defense". (19) Brussels was anxious to avoid a showdown with Washington.
While there is no concrete evidence of HAARP having been used, scientific findings suggest that it is at present fully operational. What this means is that HAARP could potentially be applied by the US military to selectively modify the climate of an "unfriendly nation" or "rogue state" with a view to destabilizing its national economy. Agricultural systems in both developed and developing countries are already in crisis as a result of New World Order policies including market deregulation, commodity dumping, etc. Amply documented, IMF and World Bank "economic medicine" imposed on the Third World and the countries of the former Soviet block has largely contributed to the destabilization of domestic agriculture. In turn, the provisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have supported the interests of a handful of Western agri-biotech conglomerates in their quest to impose genetically modified (GMO) seeds on farmers throughout the World.
It is important to understand the linkage between the economic, strategic and military processes of the New World Order. In the above context, climatic manipulations under the HAARP program (whether accidental or deliberate) would inevitably exacerbate these changes by weakening national economies, destroying infrastructure and potentially triggering the bankruptcy of farmers over vast areas. Surely national governments and the United Nations should address
the possible consequences of HAARP and other "non-lethal weapons" on climate change.


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