text:
Complex formation between the bound ligand and its specific binding partner present in a sample to be analyzed alters the optical properties of the diffraction grating surface and the change can form the basis of an assay method.
|Optical assay: method and apparatus
|Optical sensor for selective detection of substances and/or for the detection of refractive index changes in gaseous, liquid, solid and porous samples
|Tiefenthaler et al.
|Immunoassay using optical interference detection
|Method of making an optical coupler device utilizing volatile liquid to achieve optical contact
|Tomita et al.
|Pattern forming method
|Hirai et al.
|Apparatus and method for homogeneous immunoassay
|Optical specific binding assay with reflection of polarized electromagnetic radiation
|Lundstrom et al.
|Glass support coated with synthetic polymer for bioprocess
|Glass support coated with synthetic polymer for bioprocess
|Anti-fog coated optical substrates
|Diagnostic device for visually detecting presence of biological particles
|Substrate for immunological tests and method of fabrication thereof
|Sosnowski et al.
|Assay technique.
|Assay technique and equipment.
|Optical assay: method and apparatus.
(i) inserting the metallised diffraction grating into a bath containing a casting liquid,
(ii) forming a thin film of a desired polymer over the surface of the casting liquid, and
(iii) either raising the diffraction grating through the casting liquid to engage the film of polymer on the surface of the liquid or allowing the casting liquid to drain out of the bath so that the polymer film on the surface of the liquid drops as the liquid level drops until it engages and spreads over the surface of the diffraction grating, in either case the diffraction grating being located at a small angle to the horizontal to facilitate draining of the casting liquid from the surface of the diffraction grating.
The present invention relates to methods of producing polymer-coated surfaces suitable for use as optical structures. In particular it relates to methods of producing surfaces suitable for use in sensors, for example in biosensors in which one of a pair of binding partners is applied to the surface of a polymer-coated optical structure to form a device for detecting the presence of the complementary component in a sample subsequently brought into contact with the surface.
The properties of simple optical structures have been known for many years and structures such as, for example, diffraction gratings have widespread use, not only as tools for understanding and analysing the wave properties of electromagnetic radiation but also, more recently, as sensors for detecting chemical, biochemical or biological species in a sample.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,926,564 and 3,979,184 both describe the adsorption of immunologically reactive proteins onto rough metallic surfaces such that binding of a complementary component changes the optical properties of the surface in a manner detectable by the unaided eye.
EP-0112721 describes the preparation, and use as biosensors, of diffraction gratings coated with a material (hereinafter called "specific binding partner") capable of binding with the species to be assayed (hereinafter called "ligand") to form a complex. The optical properties of such diffraction gratings are altered as a result of complex formation between the specific binding partner and the ligand and this phenomenon can consequently form the basis of an assay system.
A problem common not only to the use of coated optical structures as biosensors but also to the use of standard optical structures by experimental physicists, is the difficulty of controlling their surface properties. The supporting substrate of such optical structures is often of glass or plastics material but the surface of the structure may comprise a thin metal layer formed, for example, by vacuum deposition. Problems can arise with the use of metal-coated surfaces in corrosive environments which may destroy the integrity of a metal layer. Other inorganic layers e.g. silicon oxide have also been described as diffraction grating surfaces (see, for example, EP-0112721 and EP-0178083). Certain of the optical properties of an optical structure, for example its reflection and/or transmission properties and any surface plasmon resonance effect exhibited, will depend on the composition, thickness and uniformity of such surface layers; the composition of the surface layer also governs its chemical properties. However, the range of chemical and physical properties of known inorganic layers is limited. A still further problem which may occur when using such optical structures as biosensors is that some biologically active molecules, e.g. proteins, may be at least partially inactivated by direct contact with metallic and certain inorganic surfaces.
In contrast, an extremely wide range of chemical and physical properties can be achieved by using appropriate organic polymers and a large number of techniques are known for bonding thereto or adsorbing thereon chemical, biochemical and biological entities. Unfortunately, previous attempts to prepare polymer-coated diffraction gratings have resulted in the polymer coating failing to conform adequately to the surface relief profile of the grating thereby grossly distorting its inherent physical properties.
We have now found that by employing a particular technique known as "solvent casting" it is possible to prepare an optical structure having a uniformly distributed surface layer of organic polymer which conforms well to the surface relief profile of the optical structure.
Thus, in its broadest aspect, the invention provides a method of treating the surface of an optical structure which comprises forming on said surface a thin layer of organic polymer using a solvent casting technique.
In general, the layer of polymer applied to the surface of the grating will have a thickness in the range of 5 nanometers to 100 nanometers, preferably 15 to 20 nanometers. The polymer may be any suitable material which can be cast in a thin layer using a solvent casting technique. The use of cellulose derivatives such as, for example, cellulose nitrate, as the polymer layer is particularly preferred but other polymers may also be used, for example, those mentioned hereinafter.
As mentioned previously the optical characteristics of an optical surface depend not only on its physical relief profile but also on the composition of the surface layer or layers. Thus, the process of the present invention can be applied to produce novel coated optical structures which may prove to be useful tools for experimental physicists and the like. In addition, certain preferred surface layers such as, for example, those capable of supporting surface plasmon resonance e.g. silver may be susceptible to corrosion by, for example, aqueous environments; the present invention provides a means of passivating such a layer such that its integrity is maintained under practical working conditions.
However, the present invention is of particular advantage where the optical structures are diffraction gratings intended to be used as biosensors in a manner analogous to previous proposals (see, for example, EP-0112721). Direct contact between a biologically active material, such as, for example, an antibody or antigen, and a metallic surface may result in contamination or destruction of its biological activity. In this situation the polymer layer conveniently acts as a barrier. Furthermore, the wide range of chemical properties of different polymer surfaces (e.g. availability of free groups for covalent bonding, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, surface charge and dielectric properties) provide versatility and scope for optimising the binding or adsorption of any particular binding partner, such as, for example, an antibody or an antigen. It is important to maintain the native conformation and biological activity of the desired binding partner and to obtain satisfactory immobilisation onto the surface of the optical structure whilst minimising any non-specific binding or steric hindrance.
The method of the present invention hence has particular use in the preparation of biosensors and thus according to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a device for the detection of a ligand which comprises applying to the surface of an optical structure a thin layer of an organic polymer by means of a solvent casting technique and adsorbing on or binding to the said organic polymer, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect.
Biosensors produced in accordance with the invention are especially useful for the detection of antibodies or antigens (in which case the specific binding partner will be an antigen or an antibody, monoclonal or polyclonal, respectively) but other ligands may be detected by the use of other specific binding partners, as discussed hereinafter. However, the sensors produced in accordance with the invention are not limited to biosensors and may comprise chemical sensors such as, for example, gaseous chemical detectors wherein specific adsorption onto or absorption into the polymer layer may occur.
The optical properties of an optical structure coated with a specific binding partner are altered by complex formation between the specific binding partner and the complementary ligand and, in one embodiment of the invention, by comparing the optical characteristics of a standard (untreated) region with those of a treated test region of the surface it is possible to determine qualitatively whether a binding reaction has occurred in the test region. In an alternative embodiment where, for example, the specific binding partner is an antibody, an antibody specific to the antigen to be tested for is adsorbed on or bound to at least one discrete test region on the surface of an optical structure and a protein which is not a specific binding partner for any ligand which may be present in the sample to be tested (denoted herein as a "non-specific protein") is adsorbed on or bound to at least one discrete reference region on said surface. The non-specific protein may be, for example, an inactivated antibody or an antibody raised against a ligand not present in the samples to be tested e.g. where the samples to be tested are human sera, the non-specific protein may be an anti-mouse antibody. Any differences between the non-specific binding of e.g. proteins present in the test sample to either the specific antibody or the non-specific protein can be determined by comparing the optical properties of the test region with the reference region after exposure to a sample which does not contain the antigen to be tested for, so that an appropriate correction can, if necessary, be made. Comparison of the optical characteristics of the test and standard regions of a similar biosensor during or after exposure to a sample to be tested can then provide a measurement of complex formation between the antigen to be tested for and its specific antibody. Each region may comprise a continuous layer of a specific binding partner or each binding partner may be present at discrete intervals within any given region to form a discontinuous layer.
The biosensors produced in accordance with the invention may, for example, be used in assays in ways analogous to those described in EP-0112721 and EP-0178083.
Thus according to a further feature of the present invention there is provided a method of detecting a ligand in a sample which comprises contacting said sample with a biosensor prepared by the process hereinbefore defined and determining whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, an optical characteristic of the biosensor is altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner.
The present invention further provides a biosensor for detecting a ligand comprising an optical structure bearing a thin layer of an organic polymer, which has been applied to the surface of the optical structure by a solvent casting technique, the said organic polymer having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect.
Solvent casting of polymers onto solid or liquid surfaces is a well known technique, reviewed by Mano and Durao, Journal of Chemical Education (1973), 50, 228. The article entitled "On the Technique of Making Thin Celluloid Films" by James Taylor, published in the Journal of Scientific Instruments for 1925 to 1926, Volume 3, pages 400-404, describes the formation on a water surface of celluloid films having thicknesses of the order of 50 nm.
The solvent casting technique preferably used in accordance with the invention involves the formation of a thin polymer film on a liquid surface using a solvent, and subsequently causing relative movement between the surface of the optical structure on which the film is to be formed and the thin polymer film on the liquid surface such that they are brought into contact. The thickness of the film on the liquid surface will to a large extent determine the thickness of the film on the surface of the optical structure, and the thickness of the film on the liquid surface will itself be governed by the quantity and the nature of the polymer used, the surface area and nature of the casting liquid (the term "casting liquid" as used herein refers to the bulk liquid on the surface of which the polymer film is cast). Thus, for example, one drop from a capillary tube of a mixture of 3 g cellulose nitrate in 100 ml of amyl acetate can be made to spread out on a sufficiently large water surface to give a film of cellulose nitrate of only a few nanometers thickness.
As an alternative to solvent casting techniques involving a casting liquid, in certain circumstances it may be possible to cast the film directly onto the surface of the optical structure itself or onto another solid surface followed by transfer of the film to the surface of the optical structure.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to a preferred embodiment wherein the optical structure is a diffraction grating. However, it is to be understood that other optical structures such as, for example, optical waveguides, optical fibres and metal-coated prisms in the correct configuration to exhibit surface plasmon resonance, are all included within the scope of the invention.
As previously mentioned, the supporting substrate of a diffraction grating may comprise glass or plastics material; polycarbonate is particularly preferred. The diffraction grating may be formed in the surface of the supporting substrate which may be covered with, for example, a metal film, such as silver, gold, copper, nickel or aluminium, formed by a process of vapour deposition, electroplating, sputtering, coating, painting, spraying or otherwise. Preferably the metal surface is capable of supporting surface plasmon resonance, and more particularly is of silver, and the metallic film is deposited by vacuum deposition.
Where the diffraction grating is to be used in an optical transmission mode, the metal film must be sufficiently thin, for example up to 50 nm for silver, so as not to unduly impede the passage of light therethrough. Where the diffraction grating is to be used in a reflective mode, then the metal layer can be thicker, for example up to 500 nm, preferably around 100 nm for silver, and is preferably made sufficiently dense to provide a good reflecting surface on the diffraction grating pattern in the surface of the supporting substrate e.g. of plastics or glass.
A particularly preferred method of applying a polymer film to the surface of a metallised diffraction grating comprises the steps of:
1. inserting a metallised polycarbonate diffraction grating into a bath containing the casting liquid, preferably de-ionised distilled water,
2. forming a thin film of the desired polymer over the surface of the casting liquid, and
3. either raising the diffraction grating through the casting liquid to engage the film of polymer on the surface of the liquid or allowing the casting liquid to drain out of the bath so that the polymer film on the surface of the liquid drops as the liquid level drops until it engages and spreads over the surface of the metallised diffraction grating, in either case the diffraction grating being located at a small angle to the horizontal to facilitate draining of the casting liquid from the surface of the diffraction grating.
Where the diffraction grating is intended to be used as a biosensor as described above the solution of the specific binding partner is preferably left in contact with the polymer for a controlled period of time and, where appropriate, under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity and the like. The process will normally have to be performed under "clean room" conditions and, particularly where the binding partner is a biologically active substance, all the usual precautions must be taken for handling such materials in order to avoid contamination and denaturation or inactivation in any way.
Any surplus solution is preferably removed from the polymer surface and may be recovered by suction or washing and recycled or simply washed away as waste.
The final coated diffraction grating may be dried or otherwise treated and packaged, again generally under "clean room" conditions.
Techniques for bonding specific binding partners to solid phase supports are described in the literature. The binding partner may be bound to the polymer either directly or indirectly. Indirect binding may, for example, be effected by binding to the polymer a reagent Y which selectively interacts with a reagent Z provided on the specific binding partner. In such cases, the reagent Z may for example be such as to render the specific binding partner antigenic to reagent Y which in that case will be an antibody raised to Z. Z may for example be fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine isothiocyanate, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, phenyl isothiocyanate or dansyl chloride. Reagents Y and Z may alternatively be a specific binding protein and the corresponding ligand such as for example avidin and biotin.
It is a desirable but not an essential feature of the invention to provide covalent bonding of the binding partner to the polymer.
The bonding of the specific binding partner, either directly or indirectly, to the polymer may be facilitated by activating the polymer layer, to provide free reactive groups for bonding. Thus, for example, cellulose nitrate can be activated by cyanogen bromide in aqueous solution of preferred pH 10-11. Typically, the cellulose surface is left in contact with the cyanogen bromide solution for a controlled period of time, typically of the order of a few minutes, whilst pH is controlled within the limits indicated above. After this reaction the diffraction grating is removed from the cyanogen bromide solution and washed in cold distilled water and thereafter is optionally dried and stored pending the application thereto of a binding partner, such as, for example, an antibody or an antigenic protein.
The binding of a specific binding partner to an activated polymer surface may be conveniently effected by contacting a solution of the specific binding partner with the polymer surface such that, where the polymer has been activated by the provision of reactive groups as described above, the binding partner may attach to or associate with the reactive groups on the polymer surface. Typically droplets of the solution may be applied to the polymer surface and left for a controlled period of time (typically of the order of some hours) in a controlled environment (particularly a humidity-controlled environment to prevent drying) and in clean room conditions, so that a sufficient quantity of the binding partner becomes bound to the surface of the polymer.
However, the use of cyanogen bromide may not be appropriate if the material which is to be bonded to the polymer is other than a protein, such as, for example, an antigenic polysaccharide.
The invention has wide application and merely as one example may be used in the detection of the Group A Streptococcal bacteria or bacterial antigen in childhood illnesses. However, it is to be understood that the coated diffraction gratings and biosensor diagnostic testing devices produced by the invention are not in any way limited to such an application and can be used for any diagnostic test provided the appropriate binding partner has been applied to the surface of the diffraction grating.
The invention will be particularly described hereinafter with reference to an antibody or an antigen as the specific binding partner or ligand. However, the invention is not to be taken as being limited to methods of preparing biosensors suitable for use in antibody or antigen assays but includes within its scope any sensors prepared by the process of the invention which can be used to detect any chemical, biochemical or biological species in a sample. Examples of suitable binding partners which may be immobilised on an optical structure prepared by the process of the invention and of ligands which may be assayed by the method of the invention are given in Table I below.
|Ligand Specific Binding Partner
antigen specific antibody
antibody antigen
hormone hormone receptor
hormone receptor
polynucleotide complementary polynucleotide
strand strand
avidin biotin
biotin avidin
protein A immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin protein A
enzyme enzyme cofactor (substrate)
or inhibitor
enzyme cofactor enzyme
or inhibitor
lectins specific carbohydrate
specific carbohydrate
of lectins
The method of the invention has very broad applicability but in particular may be used to provide biosensors suitable for assaying: hormones, including peptides hormones (e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinising hormone (LH), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), insulin and prolactin) and non-peptide hormones (e.g. steroid hormones such as cortisol, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, or thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine), oroteins (e.g. carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alphafetoprotein (AFP)), drugs (e.g. digoxin), sugars, toxins, vitamins, viruses, bacteria or microorganisms.
It will be understood that the term "antibody" used herein includes within its scope
(a) any of the various classes or sub-classes of immunoglobulin, e.g. IgG, IgM, derived from any of the animals conventionally used, e.g. sheep, rabbits, goats or mice,
(b) monoclonal antibodies,
(c) intact molecules or "fragments" of antibodies, monoclonal or polyclonal, the fragments being those which contain the binding region of the antibody, i.e. fragments devoid of the Fc portion (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab')2) or the so-called "half-molecule" fragments obtained by reductive cleavage of the disulphide bonds connecting the heavy chain components in the intact antibody.
The method of preparation of fragments of antibodies is well known in the art and will not be described herein.
The term "antigen" as used herein will be understood to include both permanently antigenic species (for example, oroteins, bacteria, bacteria fragments, cells, cell fragments and viruses) and haptens which may be rendered antigenic under suitable conditions.
The following examples describe the preparation of cellulose nitrate films and their subsequent transfer onto diffraction gratings and the binding or adsorption of biological materials onto the surface of such polymer-coated gratings.
All solutions and casting liquids used for the preparation of polymer films and their transfer onto diffraction gratings should be filtered to remove contaminating particles and all operations should be carried out in a clean room.
In a preferred method, a casting tank is chosen such that the area of the water surface is larger (by a factor of 5 or more) than the area of the grating to be covered. This ensures that the diffraction grating is not covered by an edge of the cast polymer film. Where a very thin layer of polymer is required the surface area of the casting tank is preferably sufficiently larger than the area of the cast film to avoid any "edge effect" e.g. five times larger. However, for thicker films it may be preferred to cast the polymer into a ring on the surface on the casting liquid, the area of which can be readily adjusted to control the thickness of the polymer layer.
The tank is cleaned, particularly to remove grease, surfactants or other contaminants, and a diffraction grating support is placed at the bottom of the tank. This support may, for example, comprise a wire grid located at a small angle to the horizontal to allow water to drain between the cast film and the diffraction grating as the two are brought into contact.
The tank is filled with distilled water. It may be advantageous but not essential to adjust the pH or ionic strength of this water in order to promote good adhesion of the polymer film to the diffraction grating. The water level must be above the surface of the diffraction gratings which are to rest on the support.
Diffraction gratings are placed on the support before or after addition of water, grating side up. The diffraction gratings should be clean and free of grease, surfactants or other contaminants before entering the casting tank.
Once the water surface has settled a drop of cellulose nitrate solution, for example cellulose nitrate in amyl acetate, is dropped onto the centre of the water surface. Provided the water surface is free of surfactants, the cellulose nitrate solution spreads to a well defined circular area and the liquid film dries within a few seconds. The rate of drying of the film may be controlled by covering the casting tank with a lid provided with a small hole in the centre through which the cellulose solution is applied. With a uniform film thickness, reflected light interference colours may be observed as the film dries successively thinner.
If the water surface is not clean, the thickness of the cellulose film formed is not uniform and it spreads out into a non-circular patch with `fingers` extending outwards. The non-uniform film thickness is apparent from the random distribution of reflected interference colours.
A polymer film thickness of about 16 nanometers is produced by addition of 10 microliters of a 9% cellulose nitrate solution (9 g cellulose nitrate in 100 ml amyl acetate).
Once the film has dried, water is drained out through a tap at the bottom of the tank, such that the dried polymer film is lowered onto the diffraction grating surface. The diffraction grating and its support are gently removed from the tank and left to dry for several minutes.
We have found that the adhesion of cellulose nitrate to silver-coated polycarbonate diffraction gratings is enhanced by casting the polymer films onto distilled water whose pH has been adjusted to 9 by the addition of, for example, NaOH.
The use of any other solvent castable polymers is possible with the correct choice of solvents and casting surfaces. Thus, for example, cellulose acetate films may be cast from amyl acetate, polystyrene from xylene, polyisobutylene from petroleum ether and polyvinyl chloride--acetate copolymer films can be cast from cyclohexanone onto water surfaces. In some circumstances enforced spreading of the solution on the casting liquid, using conventional techniques, may be necessary.
Film thickness may be controlled by careful selection of:
polymer solution concentration
volume of material applied to the casting liquid surface
type of solvent.
Amyl acetate for example is amphiphilic and spreads rapidly over a clean water surface. Other solvents may not spread as rapidly, with concomitant increases in film thickness.
The technique is not limited to casting on a water surface and other liquids may be used for the casting surface provided the solvent used is largely immiscible with, and the polymer-containing solution is of lower density than, the casting liquid. Thus, for example, ethyl cellulose can be cast onto mercury, diisocyanates together with polyols can be co-cast onto mercury and gelatin can be cast from water onto carbon tetrachloride. It is also possible to produce thin polymer layers using the solvent casting technique to cast the polymer onto a solid surface. Thus, for example, polyethylene terephthalate can be cast from trifluoroacetic acid, polycarbonate from dichloromethane, polyvinyl formal from dioxan, polysulfone from chloroform, cellulose acetate from acetone and polypropylene can be cast from xylene, in each case on to an appropriate substrate. It is to be understood that where the polymer is cast onto a casting liquid the casting liquid must be compatible with the material of the diffraction grating immersed therein and where the polymer is cast onto a solid surface the solvent used to bring the polymer into solution prior to casting must be compatible with the material of the solid surface.
Three different methods of coupling biological molecules to a cellulose nitrate polymer surface on a diffraction grating, have been considered:
(a) covalent bonding
(b) non-covalent adsorption
(c) covalent bonding of the biological molecule to a polymer which is entrapped within the cellulose nitrate.
Established procedures exist for covalently bonding biological materials, such as proteins, to cellulosic material. Published procedures include the use of chemical reagents which modify the polymer unit to form reactive groups which covalently bind to typical protein groups such as, for example, free amino groups.
Commonly used chemical reagents include:
cyanogen bromide
tosyl chloride
titanium complexes
cyanuric chloride
Biological molecules, for example, sheep serum proteins, ribonucleases and immunoglobulins, have been found to bind very efficiently to cellulose nitrate. Simple addition of an aqueous protein solution at room temperature or lower has resulted in bound protein which could not easily be removed by washing with water, buffer solutions or detergents.
For example, incubation of a cellulose nitrate-coated grating for 2 hours at room temperature in 10 mgml-1 bovine γ-globulin, 50 mM NaHCO3, pH 9, resulted in extensive coverage of the diffraction grating with the protein. Various treatments, such as, for example, with mild detergent (5% Tween 20), buffer (50 mM NaHCO3), n-heptane, and pH cycling between pH 2 and 10.6 did not affect the binding of the protein. Stronger detergent treatment (e.g. 2% SDS) has been found to damage the cellulose nitrate film.
This procedure separates the two important functions of the diffraction grating layer
adhesion and conformation to the grating surface
reactivity towards protein or other biological material or binding partner
and meets each requirement with a separate polymer.
A monomeric material is allowed to diffuse into the polymer affixed to the diffraction gratinq. The monomer is then polymerised to give a network of the second polymer entangled in the first, affixed polymer. The second polymer is chosen to have chemical groups that are reactive towards protein or other biological molecules.
Thus, for example, diffraction gratings coated with cellulose nitrate according to the procedure described herein are incubated with 1% aqueous glutaraldehyde monomer solution pH 5.5 for 30 minutes at room temperature. The pH is then adjusted to 10, and the diffraction gratings left for 30 minutes to allow polymerisation of the glutaraldehyde. Polymerisation may be monitored by optical absorbance measurements at 235 nm. Such techniques have been previously described, see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,583. Free reactive carbonyl groups in the polyglutaraldehyde are thus exposed at the surface of the polymer layer.
Treatment of these diffraction gratings with protein solutions, e.g. 5 mgml-1 bovine γ-globulin or 5 mgml-1 ribonuclease, at 4° C. overnight in 50 mM NaHCO3 pH 9, results in strong binding between the protein and the polyglutaraldehyde, believed to be the result of covalent bonding between the polyglutaraldehyde carbonyl groups and the amino groups of the proteins.


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How do I recover a View in Yellowfin 6.3
I am trying to move all the reports from Yellowfin 6.3 to Yellowfin 7.1, however in the process looks like i happen to have deleted a view from production.
I checked for back up everywhere, also spoke with the DB guys, but no luck.
Is there a way i can get that View back.
Please help.
Hello Padma,
Thanks for reaching out with the issue you're having. I'd like to start by informing you that Yellowfin 7.1 is currently in end of life support. That means it will only receive critical updates at this time. As of August of this year, Yellowfin 7.1 will no longer receive updates or support. I recommend planning your upgrade path to 7.3 or our upcoming 7.3+ release. You should use these best practices to plan your upgrade path. Although our 6.x series is no longer supported, I'll offer what assistance I can in this matter.
It's unfortunate you don't have a DB backup. I'd ensure you implement a proper backup scheme as part of your upgrade path. Luckily, when a view is deleted in Yellowfin the record remains in the YF Config DB! Before running any queries against the Yellowfin Configuration Database directly, make sure you have a full backup of both your Yellowfin Config DB and your Yellowfin Installation folder. Querying the YF Config DB directly is not supported.
The information you'll be after will be in the ReportView table. There is a column in this table (ViewStatusCode) that is set to 'DELETED' when you delete a view. You can run an update query against this table to set this back to 'OPEN' in order to restore access to the view. Start by getting your ViewId:
- SELECT * FROM ReportView WHERE ViewStatusCode='DELETED';
The ViewDescription should contain your View's Name. Once you find it, note the ViewId. Then run your UPDATE query:
- UPDATE ReportView SET ViewStatusCode='OPEN' WHERE ViewId=xxxx;
where xxxx is the ViewId you find in your previous SELECT statement.
Now restart Yellowfin and the view should return. Let me know how this goes.
Thank a lot for your response.
Where can I find the Report View Table?
hey Ryan,
Would you mind sharing a few screenshots if that is possible, and yeah we are hoping g to upgrade this year..
Thank you
Hi Padma,
The ReportView table will be part of the Yellowfin Configuration Database. This is the database you selected to install into when you first installed Yellowfin and will be dependent on your environment. If you're unsure as to the location of your Yellowfin Configuration Database you'll want to speak with your local System Administrator.
Hey Ryan,
I was able to find that column, now can you also guide where am i running the query?
Am i creating a calculated field with freehand SQL?
or am I supposed to run this query in the DB
Hi Padma,
If you're unsure as to how to query the Yellowfin Configuration Database, I recommend running this past your internal Database Administrators or IT Resource. Running queries directly against the Yellowfin Configuration Database can result in irrevocable data loss. Your Database Administrator will have the proper tools and access to effectively run the queries I've linked.
Hi Ryan,
That totally makes sense.. Thank you so much for your help I really Appreciate that.
Will let you know shortly after the DB's help out
Hi Padma,
I look forward to hearing the results.
Thank you,
Hey Ryan,
looks like they are able to find the view, my only question to you is will i be able to recover the reports with this view??
Hi Padma,
I'm glad you were able to get the view recovered. I didn't think about the reports! The following query can be run, using the ViewId from the previous queries, to restore the reports:
- UPDATE ReportHeader SET ReportStatusCode='OPEN' WHERE ViewId='xxxx';
where xxxx will be the ViewId you used to restore your view.
Let me know if this gets you back up and running!
Thank you,
Hi Ryan,
Looks like we haven't got any reports.
I am attaching a screen shot, if that helps.
Hi Padma,
I notice that a query is being run with a WHERE IN clause. Did you delete multiple views? You should only have to dictate one ViewId to restore the reports. You can see if you have any delete reports with a SELECT query against the ReportHeader table:
- SELECT ReportName,ViewId FROM ReportHeader WHERE ReportStatusCode='DELETED';
This will show deleted reports. You're going to need the ViewId from the single view you restored yesterday to make the query in my last response work properly. Is there a reason you are running the query against multiple ViewId's?
Hi Ryan,
Ah, I recently joined, not sure, but there are so many views when we tried to find 1 view.
that view had 2 to 3 View Id's so we are trying to run, reports against all the view ID's
Where can i find the report Header table?
Hi Padma,
I recommend speaking with the Database Administrators who ran the query that restored the View when we first started troubleshooting this. The query they ran contains the ViewId needed for the subsequent queries.
Thank you,
Hi Ryan,
I sent them the details, I found the table too, just waiting for results to come up once they run the query.
Thanks for your support
Will keep you posted
Hi Padma,
I look forward to the results.
Hi Ryan,
We got the view and the Reports back
Thank you so much..
Hi Padma,
I'm glad to hear you were able to recovery everything! I'll go ahead and mark this as resolved. If you have any further questions or issues don't hesitate to contact us.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Larimar Earrings Round #3078 -This stone radiates love and peace, and promotes tranquility. Larimar effortlessly helps you achieve a deep meditative state. It naturally raises consciousness and harmonies your body and soul to new vibrations. Spiritually it is empowering, dissolving boundaries that constrain the spiritual self, and guiding the soul onto its true pathway in life. Larimar facilitates angelic contact and communication with other realms.


text:
Dead Sea
The Dead Sea – part of the Afro-Syrian Rift, the Dead Sea is the lowest point on earth, about 380 meters below sea level. Rich in minerals, the Dead Sea attracts vacationers from around the world who come to enjoy the thermo-mineral springs, in Dead Sea water, the bromine-saturated air and of course a float in the salty waters is a must!
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The therapeutic black mud, found exclusively on the shores of the Dead Sea, does wonders for everyone's complexion.
But mainly it is fun !


text:
Play Checkers Board Game Online - English Draughts
Checkers: First, you have to choose if you are going to play against the computer or a friend in this fun and addicting classic board game. You will start, because your checkers will be red. There are some simple checkers rules for those who don't yet know them:
The players take turns moving one of their own pieces. The checkers are usually named 'Man' and 'King'. A 'Man' is an ordinary single checker, which may move one square diagonally and can only move forward (onto an empty square). The 'King', which is what a man becomes if it reaches the last rank, may move back and forward. In this game, captures are mandatory. If a square diagonally in front of a 'Man' is occupied by an opponent's checker, and if the square beyond that checker in the same direction is empty, the 'Man' may jump over the opponent's checker and land on the empty square. The opponent's piece is then removed from the board. If in the course of single or multiple jumps the man reaches the last rank, becoming a king, the turn shifts to the opponent. No further 'continuation' jump is possible. You will see that the rules are not as confusing, as it may seem at first, when you will begin to play the game. Good luck!
How to Play: Left click on a checker using your computer mouse and while still holding it, drag the checker to the place you want him to be put.
If this Flash-based game no longer works on IE11 on your PC / MAC, try playing on Chrome or Firefox browser.


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This week Advocacy for Animals pays tribute to an unsung hero of the 20th-century animal rights movement. As a career official of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), R. Dale Hylton, who passed away in February, devoted nearly 35 years of his life to preventing the cruel treatment of animals in entertainment and experimentation, to improving professional standards at animal shelters and animal-control agencies throughout the United States, and to spreading humane values through outreach and education programs for adults and children. His dedication and professionalism helped to make the HSUS by far the largest animal-welfare organization in the United States and one of the largest such groups in the world by 1998, the year of his retirement. His success on behalf of the HSUS seems all the more remarkable considering that, during the first decades of his tenure (the 1960s and '70s), the animal rights movement in the United States had barely begun, and the public there and in other industrialized countries was largely unaware of, or indifferent to, the extent of animal cruelty involved in modern farming, food production, entertainment, and scientific research.
Following is Encyclopædia Britannica's article on Hylton, written by Jeannette Nolen, Britannica's Social Science Editor.
R. Dale Hylton
in full Robert Dale Hylton (b. May 20, 1930, Strathmore, Calif.–d. Feb. 1, 2008 , Decatur, Ill.), animal rights activist and humane educator who served for more than three decades as advisor, consultant, and investigator for the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS).
During World War II, Hylton's parents divorced and his mother remarried. Relocating to San Bernardino, the family coped with nationwide food rationing by growing vegetables, canning fruit from local groves, and raising animals, including milk cows and chickens. Hylton was affectionate toward animals from an early age, even adopting a bull calf as a personal pet.
After graduating from San Bernardino High School, Hylton attended a bible college in La Verne, Calif. He worked as a ticket seller for Greyhound Bus Lines before being drafted into the 2nd Army Medical Corps, where he completed training to become a surgical nurse at the Presidio military installation in San Francisco. He was soon assigned to a mobile surgical evacuation unit but was never shipped overseas.
In 1964 Hylton was hired as an investigator for the HSUS in Washington, D.C., joining the organization's ongoing effort to bring the laboratory-animal trade under federal regulation. By posing as an animal dealer in Pennsylvania, Hylton was able to document the unofficial and clandestine auction of dogs and cats, a widespread practice designed to prevent owners from tracing the whereabouts of missing pets. On the basis of evidence submitted by the HSUS, the Pennsylvania state legislature in 1965 adopted a law that required dealers to obtain a kennel license in order to sell dogs. Hylton's reports were later presented as evidence during Congressional hearings on the federal Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Signed into law in August of that year, the Animal Welfare Act remains the only federal statute regulating animal treatment in the areas of research, transport, exhibition, and commerce.
In September 1966 Hylton pleaded guilty to charges brought against him by a disgruntled dog dealer, who invoked a 19th-century statute designed to prevent identity misrepresentation by strikebreakers and Pinkerton agents. Reassigned to other investigation and outreach activities, Hylton played a prominent role in local and state campaigns designed to demonstrate the inherent cruelty of rodeos. In West Virginia, he signed a complaint against a rodeo contestant who who broke a calf's leg during a roping event. After the contestant fled to avoid facing charges, Hylton told local reporters: "Cowboys seem to be very brave when it comes to jerking an animal around on the end of a rope, but not when it comes to facing a magistrate." Hylton also acted as field representative and consultant in the HSUS's nationwide effort to reform animal shelters, municipal pounds, and other animal-control agencies and organizations.
After briefly serving as interim director of the New Jersey branch of the HSUS, Hylton was appointed in 1967 as program director of the National Humane Education Center (NHEC), the HSUS's new humane-education headquarters and model animal shelter in Waterford, Va. His activities included investigating and leading instruction in humane methods of animal euthanasia at Waterford. He also conceived and produced monthly publications for the Kindness Club, a humane-education program for children aged 6 to 16.
When the HSUS decided to sell the NHEC in the mid-1970s, Hylton moved to the HSUS's Washington office, where he continued his work in humane education and assisted in the development of a shelter-accreditation program. As a member of the HSUS's Accreditation Committee, he participated in on-site inspections and evaluated the animal-control practices and humane-education programs of animal shelters seeking the formal endorsement of the HSUS. Prior to his retirement in 1998, Hylton also worked on a project to convert to microfilm the early correspondence and other documents of the HSUS for use by future historians of the organization.
—Jeannette Nolen
Images: Hylton with evidence of rodeo cruelty (courtesy of The Humane Society of the United States).
To Learn More
- Profile of R. Dale Hylton by Bernard Unti, from the Humane Society of the United States
- Accomplishments of the HSUS, from the Humane Society of the United States
Books We Like
Protecting All Animals: A Fifty-Year History of the Humane Society of the United States
Bernard Unti (2004)
The definitive history of the HSUS, by the organization's senior policy advisor.
The State of the Animals IV: 2007
Deborah J. Salem and Andrew N. Rowan, eds. (2007)
The fourth volume in the State of the Animals series, featuring contributions by leading researchers and scholars on current and emerging issues in animal protection.
The Use of Animals in Higher Education: Problems, Alternatives, and Recommendations
Jonathan Balcombe (2000)
A thorough discussion of alternatives to dissection and live-animal use in higher education by a former associate director for education in the Animal Research Issues section of the HSUS.


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John Dobberstein is managing editor of No–Till Farmer and the Conservation Tillage Guide.
Today, in the magazine's E-Tip newsletter, he tipped his hat to those no-till and cover crop innovators for helping to change the face of agriculture…perhaps globally!
While some farmers have no-tilled and planted cover crops for decades, the practice has only taken serious root in the past eight to 10 years. The Oregon Ryegrass Commission has played a strategic role in that effort. With long time cooperation between Oregon annual ryegrass seed growers and University Extension agents like Mike Plumer and crop consultants like Dan Towery, a decade of trials attracted a lot of followers. Quickly, innovative farmers showed their neighbors, and conservation tillage was launched.
The Ryegrass Commission also sponsored early conferences on no-till and cover crop management, because they wanted to keep errors at a minimum. The last thing one wants is a bad experience to spoil the potential for growth.
So, here's Dobberstein's comments about the growth of no-till and cover crops, and his hearty encouragement to keep up the good effort. Click here for the full newsletter:
In the last month, while listening to leaders in both the private sector and federal government, no-till continues to be talked about on a national and global scale as a way to ease environmental and food-production challenges. Here's what I've seen:
• Early in June, BASF held its Agricultural Solutions Media Summit (check out our Tweets) and tackled the issue of sustainability in food systems. A new research tool unveiled by the company, AgBalance, showed the use of conservation tillage had increased by 13% in Iowa between 2000 and 2010, and that a variety of best-management practices and hybrid improvements boosted the overall sustainability of corn production in the state by 40% during that time.
• Just yesterday, the USDA announced another $8.4 million in funding for voluntary farming-related projects that will address water-quality issues in several states bordering the Mississippi River. No-till, precision technology and cover crops will be crucial in this effort.
"Cover crops are one of the most exciting things that we're doing," said NRCS chief Dave White. "When I was growing up, it was winter wheat or cereal rye that was discussed. But now we're getting different mixes out there with many different species."


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J.K. Rowling's first novel for adults, The Casual Vacancy, had a mixed reception from both critics and from the Harry Potter Fan Club. A strange setting, some might have thought - revolving around the
Pagford Parish Council and a battle between two factions within the village. And certainly not the language one had come to expect from the Wizard of Hogwarts.
Barry Fairbrother falls down dead on page 5 he sets the wheels in motion for a Parish Council election, at the heart of which will be all he has worked for in terms of bringing the warring factions of Pagford together. All through the book the reader
cannot help but wonder what would have happened if Barry hadn't died so unexpectedly on page 5. Most of all,we wonder what difference it would have made to poor, doomed Krystal Weedon, the "bad girl", desperately trying to keep her dysfunctional family
together, whose talent as a rower Barry worked hard to foster.
Knowing something about local government, I winced at some of the obvious errors in this tale of
a parish council at war - the book is not as well-researched as it might seem though I doubt that will worry many readers. The strong language throughout will shock some - I can imagine parents hiding the book from their
sons and daughters.
Reviewers have made much of Rowling's depiction of the smug, middle class Pagford stalwarts and certainly most of the characters are not particularly likeable on the surface.
However this is a book about secrets and at the heart of the book are the secrets that almost every one of the characters harbours. It is in understanding the secrets that the reader comes to understand (if not to like) the characters.
I cried at the end. One review I read said the main problem with The Casual Vacancy is that, unlike in the Harry Potter novels, there is no hope of redemption, no magic
wand to dispel the evil. Certainly there is no sense that everyone will "live happily ever after."
But the fact that I cried meant I cared. That must count for
Karen,I'll be able to help you with information on the usher's as Thomas Henry Usher is my aunt's ancestor as well can you please email me so we can talk
Hi Karen,I thought I would try again to see if I can get a response from you again please email me so we can talk further. My email is: email@example.com
Hello NajlaYour daughter's already loved toys are being loved all over again by my trio. It's destiny, indeed... xx
Hi Najla, how lovely to hear from you. I can assure you and your daughter that the princesses and the poo have gone to a very good home!


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Free shipping on all orders over R600. Due to high volumes there may be potential delays in delivery and response times. Click here for more details.
Our body jewellery is made with surgical steel, making it ideal for daily wear. This stunning clicker earring features a classic micro hoop design in a silver-tone.
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Let me start off by saying I know how shoddy I've been at this blogging thing lately and to all my die hard readers who drop me DMs asking me when I'm writing about boys again (hehe working on it, I good need material after all, wink wink) I've decided to do The Royal Rundown at least once a week on where to eat, what to buy, where to travel and perhaps some fun stories about my life in between! SO drop me a comment on what you'd like to hear about!
Okay here goes…
Things to buy
So I've travelling every week and I've had to take extra care of my beauty routine (which to be fair is usually pretty non-existent) but I know my body always has some crazy reaction when I travel. And it hasn't proven me wrong this time round, urgh! When I went to Limpopo I had breakouts on my chin and around my mouth which isn't the cutest thing ever and freaks me out because my skin is usually clear. I used face mask as often as could. I really enjoyed the Himalaya herbal purifying mask, I got it at Wellness warehouse.
My hair has also not particularly been happy with me because I have neglected it to the point where I decided to give it a blow dry because I actually couldn't deal anymore. As I write this I'm currently sitting with the Shea moisture intensive masque on, it is my favourite apart from My naturals masque. Remember curly hair gets extremely dry so a deep conditioner once a week helps a whole lot.
Because of all the travelling I didn't want to mess up my sleep patterns (I track it with my Fitbit Alta HR) so I tried the brand new sleep cocoon by Dermalogica for the past week in which I was in Durban for it a bit. PROs: I didn't lose any sleep, my sleep patterns remained consistent; the engineering of the bottle is pretty amazing, no spillage during travel or excessive use of product because of the pump. It absorbs really well & doesn't leave you greasy.
Everyone has been asking me about my latest highlighter (my Instagram followers are high key stalkers). It's actually super cheap (R160) from Dischem, mine is the LA girl Strobing powder in shade: 80 Watts. It's a decent size and I don't need to use a lot of product to get that highlight on fleek.
I just received the Babor limited edition festival ampoules and I'll be trying the Hydra glow & Lifting star, I've heard SO much about this amazing product so I'll definitely let you know!
Things to eat
So I landed up in Durban twice in the last month and usually I find it boring and way too humid but this time round I really enjoyed it, I'm not really even sure why BUT Angie took me to a spot I fell inlove with. The Antique café is a super quaint joint that is a bit hidden but that adds to its charm. Both times I went there on a Saturday morning and sat outside in the garden, only to be swept away to the streets of Paris listening to La Vie en Rose being played on an accordion by a guy who I imagine is a Frenchman. I was in heaven. The food is all-round the bomb but my must-tries have to be the bee sting for all the sweet lovers, the sweetcorn scrambled eggs, shakshuka and the best homemade lemonade that has ever passed these lips.
Things to try
If you are in the Jozi area and you don't have time to shop, too hungover to shop, don't like humans in general or something of this nature then you'll be pleased to know that there's a new kid on the block, OneCart they're a 2 hour delivery service I used to buy some last minute goodies for my Limpopo trip and they tracked my order and kept me updated from order to dispatch and delivery! It's a yes from me. And this includes alcohol, even better! PS. Dischem is one of their shops & I got my highlighter here:)


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Includes 2 night Camping Stay at the Stubbers Adventure Centre in Upminster
£20 spending Money Recommended!
Out of stock
|Trip Details
This thrip will take place on 19th – 20th October 2019 leaving from Holiplay Ryelands, Oakley Road South Norwood, SE25 4XG.
Registered Children aged 8 – 14 years are welcome to attended. New children are also welcome however a full Holiplay registration must be completed first http://www.holiplay.co.uk/kids-camp-registration.
The party will be travelling down to Thorpe Park & Milton Keynes via Mini Bus.
Children will be staying over night at the Holiday Inn Milton Keynes in twin bedrooms. Girls and boys will be paired up in each room.
The Trip Leaders this year will be Regional Manager Tara Hubbard and Play Leader Manager Sean Hines.
All children will need a minimum of £20 additional spending money for lunch at the Thorpe Park, snacks and souvenirs. Their budget will be £10 per day.


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mbaltuch posted a topic in Evernote General DiscussionsI am running windows 10, 64 bit. I was notified of an update today, which I downloaded and attempted to run. It failed with the warning: (.\Bootstapper.cpp:916) 0x643:Fatal error during installation. Any ideas what might be wrong? Thanks, Mitch


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Our Skillet Lasagna recipe brings the flavors of lasagna together in just 25 minutes with 4 ingredients and very little prep. The delicious tomato and fresh ricotta cooking sauce is the key to getting this comfort food family favorite on the table fast!
Spring Pasta Primavera
Penne pasta, chicken, asparagus and peas combine with a tasty Alfredo sauce resulting in an easy and delicious meal that everyone will enjoy. Plus, you can have this fantastic dish on the table in just 25 minutes!
Chicken Florentine Calzones
Forget the takeout menu! You can make homemade calzones right in your own kitchen. Refrigerated pizza dough is cut into rectangles and encloses a tasty filling made with cooked chicken, spinach, mozzarella cheese and a chicken pot pie oven sauce. 20 minutes in the oven results in golden, delicious calzones ready for dipping in your favorite Italian sauce.
Creamy Turkey Primavera
In a pinch for dinner? Hot cooked spaghetti combines with frozen peas and carrots, Alfredo sauce, turkey and Parmesan cheese for a simple but delicious dish that's perfect for busy weeknights. Try it this week, you will enjoy the results!
Easy Chicken Parm Sandwiches
Looking for a quick and yummy sandwich recipe? Fully-cooked breaded chicken cutlets simmer in a scrumptious Italian sauce and are topped with mozzarella cheese. They're served on Kaiser rolls for an easy and delicious sandwich that's guaranteed to please.
Zucchini Florentine Pasta Skillet
Sautéed zucchini combines with farfalle pasta, a savory Italian sauce and mozzarella cheese for an easy and delicious skillet pasta dish that can't be beat. It's loaded with great flavor and ready in just 30 minutes.
Spicy Pasta & Beef Skillet
This Italian-style skillet pasta dish features sautéed ground beef and onion combined with a spicy red pepper sauce, rotini pasta and Parmesan cheese. It's got kicked up flavor that will have your family begging for more!
Stromboli Wraps
" Stromboli gets a makeover with these Italian-style wraps. Warm flour tortillas are spread with a savory pesto marinara sauce and wrap around a filling of salami, capicola, shredded cheese and roasted red peppers. 15 minutes in the oven results in golden wraps that are chock full of incredible flavor."
Chicken Alfredo
Seasoned, sautéed boneless chicken breast strips and fettuccine are bathed in a savory garlic and Parmesan Alfredo sauce. The result is a mouth-watering dish that can't be beat!
Broccoli Mac & Cheese
Broccoli, pasta, shredded Cheddar and a creamy cheese sauce are combined and topped with a tasty bread crumb mixture. It's a family-friendly dish that's a guaranteed winner!


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Harold & Kumar exposed the underground stoner heaven that is White Castle, and now the chain is considering upping the ante by selling alcohol. After the urging of customers, one location in Lafayette, Indiana is selling wine for $4.50 and seasonal or domestic beers for $3.
The restaurant doubles as a Blaze Modern BBQ, and some patrons thought that liquor would be the perfect addition. They're obviously firm believers in the "customer is always right" motto.
This appears to be a trend, as other fast-food restaurants have experimented with selling liquor. Starbucks has started serving beer at some locations on a trial basis, and a Burger King in Miami opened the Whopper Bar South Beach (seen above) earlier this year. Typical.
As you'd expect, customers were delighted that the White Castle in Lafayette was peddling liquor, but the fact that so many fast food employees are under 21 is preventing them from going big with this plan. Can you imagine the backlash from the first underage drinking case at White Castle? We'd write about it.
[via Seattle Times]
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Coffee time in Eaux-Vives Park It's time to indulge yourself
The Restaurant du Parc des Eaux-Vives, located in the homonymous park, offers you an authentic relaxation moment by tasting coffee creations elaborated with a Nespresso barista chef.
To pair with your delicious coffee such as Viennois Chocolate Cookie or Pink Cappuccino and white chocolate, you can enjoy a tasty home-made pastry.
The breathtaking view on this flowery and green park as well as on Lake Geneva completes this moment of well-being. That's what happiness looks like.
- Address
- Quai Gustave-Ador 82 - 1207 Genève
Web: https://www.parcdeseauxvives.ch Telephone: +41 22 849 75 75


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Halloween Decor Ideas!
As promised we've stuck to our Halloween theme, we've got a few tricks for you to spook up your house!
Welcome tricko treaters with a little spooky place!
Create a photo studio space for them to remember your memories, a food spread with a spooky twist or just decorate like a Haunted house!
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- Sailor Brinkley-Cook looks like her model mom Christie Brinkley.
- She is a member of the 2018 Sport's Illustrated Swimsuit rookie class.
- Photos from the shoot show the uncanny resemblance.
Sailor Brinkley-Cook could be her mother's twin.
The 19-year-old model is a member of the 2018 Sport's Illustrated Swimsuit rookie class, and looks exactly like her famous model mom, Christie Brinkley, in new behind-the-scene photos.
MJ Day, editor of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit, shared some photos that captured the similarities.
In one photo, Day compared the two.
"I swore I wasn't going to draw comparisons today, but I'm sorry there is no denying @sailorbrinkleycook = @christiebrinkley," she wrote.
Cook looked completely at ease on the Aruba beach for the shoot.
The teen model and her mom both graced the pages of the 2017 swimsuit edition together.
"Obviously we loved Sailor from the get go," Day said on the SI website. "Meeting and shooting her last year was one of the highlights of my career... Much like her mom, she embodies everything it means to be an SI Swimsuit model, but she's doing it in a way that is very much her own."


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When in the 20s, your brain is still developing and acquiring new skills and perspectives. It's the best time to get out and explore. You can stay in cheaper hotels & homestays, party all night long and wakeup for sightseeing the following day during your trip to India. You have fewer family responsibilities and it's easy to make up for the time spent acquiring new experiences, meeting interesting strangers and exploring some of the best travel destinations to visit in India.
To give you a push, we've prepared a bucket list of 20 splendid destinations to visit in India before you turn 30.
Stunning Travel Destinations in India
1 – Lahaul & Spiti, Himachal Pradesh
Rudyard Kipling, a famous poet, and novelist described it as 'a world within a world.' With its river streams, ancient monasteries, picturesque valleys, long winding roads and barren splendor, Lahaul & Spiti is a virgin paradise. No Indian travel guide can be complete without a mention of this trekking mecca.
2 – Solang Valley, Himachal Pradesh
From skiing and skating to horse riding, paragliding, and zorbing, Solang Valley near Manali in Himachal Pradesh is one place where you can truly relish adventures and get back home with unforgettable experiences from your trip to India.
3 – Gulmarg, Jammu & Kashmir
A paradise for adventure seekers and nature lovers, Gulmarg is known as the 'heartland of winter sports.' Travel websites describe this place as ageless beauty personified. A multitude of sightseeing options are available here and a good chunk of honeymoon packages in India include this destination in their itinerary.
4 – Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
A vast stretch of white salt, it is one of the largest salt deserts in the world. Camel rides, live folk music performances, cultural festivals and walks on the white lands stretched as far as you can see under a moonlit sky are some of the unforgettable travel experiences that you can have here.
5 – Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu
Known as the 'blue mountains,' Nilgiris in the Western Ghats is famous for its narrow valleys with numerous rivers cutting through them and steep hills. A paradise for trekkers and cyclists, it's a great destination for solo travel in India. An Indian travel guide operating in the Western Ghats will recommend this place.
6 – Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
A serene hill station in the Himalayas, Ranikhet is known for its spectacular hilly terrains, salubrious climate, ancient temples and dense forests. The word 'Ranikhet' literally means "Queens' Meadow."
7 – Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
Frequently referred to as 'Yoga Capital of the World' by travel sites, Rishikesh in Uttarakhand is the hub of a multitude of ancient temples, meditation centers, yoga institutes, and adventure sports centers. If a spiritualist asks where to travel in India – we'll always recommend Rishikesh among the best options.
8 – Binsar, Uttarakhand
A picturesque, sleepy hamlet situated amidst a vast wildlife sanctuary, Binsar is somewhat cut off from the outer world. It offers majestic views of snowy Himalayan peaks.
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9 – Coorg, Karnataka
Known as the 'Scotland of India,' it's nestled in the lap of nature. At the edge of the Western Ghats, Coorg is famous for the local culture, verdant greenery, coffee plantations, rivulets cutting through hills, spice farms and exotic sceneries.
10 – Gangtok, Sikkim
Gateway to North-East India, Gangtok is a beautiful hill town wreathed in clouds. It's an ideal destination for nature lovers, travel photographers, and trekking enthusiasts.
11 – Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh
An enchanting Himalayan town, Tawang is best known for its majestic landscapes and ancient monasteries. It is the birthplace of the Dalai Lama. If you're on the lookout for North-East India tour packages, Tawang should be in it.
12 – Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya
Living root bridges here offer a sight to behold. One of the wettest places on earth, Cherrapunjee is also known for its majestic waterfalls and ancient caves.
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13 – Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh
One of the most scenic valleys in the country, Ziro is famous for its crystal clear blue skies, layered rice fields, and deep green forests. Home to a unique tribal group, Ziro Valley is should be in your list when planning a trip to India if you're looking to unwind in solitude.
14 – Goa
There is more to Goa than just trance parties and beaches that serve as a magnet for tourists in not just India but all over the world. Here, the Indian culture blissfully mingles with Portuguese influences. A trip to India is incomplete without a visit to Goa!
15 – Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir
A mystical Himalayan town bounded by mighty mountain ranges, Ladakh is an ancient Buddhist kingdom, famous for its splendid landscapes, rich culture, and monasteries.
16 – Mysore, Karnataka
Steeped in royal history, Mysore offers a wonderful glimpse of South Indian history, culture and people. Famous for yoga, silk sarees, architecture, ancient upholstery and sandalwood, Mysore was earlier known as the City of Palaces.
Read More: How to lose post-c-section pooch?
17 – Kaziranga National Park, Assam
Home to one-horned rhinos, Kaziranga National Park is known for its majestic elephant safaris. For a wildlife photographer's trip to India, Kaziranga is a must-visit if you love to travel.
18 – Kerala
Glistening backwaters, beautiful beaches, and tea-and-spice covered hills – Kerala is one of the most serenely gorgeous states in India. It's a tropical paradise. A large number of foreigners opting for Indian tour packages are in fact headed to Kerala.
19 – Andaman Islands
From mesmerizing sunsets to the thrills of parasailing, snorkeling, and scuba-diving, Andaman offers them all and a whole lot more.
20 – Udaipur, Rajasthan
Crown jewel of the Indian state of Rajasthan, Udaipur is referred to as 'the city of lakes' and 'the Venice of the East.' Rich in natural beauty, Udaipur is known for its serene lakes and flattering architectural marvels.
What Do You Think?
Did you find this post interesting? Share your thoughts! Did I miss any beauty of India? Let me know in the comments!


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Ok, maybe I'm just thick but I can paste custom ship skins into the online editor (before you stab me for being the umpteenth person to ask where the paste button is, that isn't the problem). Every time I copy an image and click the paste button I get a Security Alert dialog box (Do you want to provide the contents of your clipboard to this movie?), I click OK and absolutely nothing happens. Is there something wrong with my computer or am I just doing something basic horribly, humiliatingly wrong?
Hi everyone by the way, enjoy my first post.


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Tuesday, May 15, 2007
Holding These Truths
One thing that struck me, and which I've seen before in "atheism is just as ethical as theism" type arguments, is the absolute faith that basic modern Western/Judeo-Christian ethical and political standards can be effortlessly derived from "common experience" such that there is no need to seek divine law in order to reach objective moral standards.
I seem to recall in some online debate a while back putting forward the statement "all men were created equal" as an ethical and political standard which can be derived from Christianity ("there is no male or female, no Jew or Gentile in Christ") but cannot be "empirically" established -- since if one goes about things by means of empirical evidence it very quickly becomes obvious that all people are not created equal. It is no mere accident of the times, I think, that despite the fact that Plato and Aristotle had arrived at the idea that all humanity were the same in substance, it never occurred to them that they should be treated as political equals.
"Oh, that's easy," I was told. "You don't need to empirically prove that all humans are equal, because history quickly proves that society functions best if all human are treated as if they were equal. A society can't be sufficiently optimized if the best minds aren't given freedom, and the societal costs of successfully identifying the best minds is higher than simply giving everyone equal opportunity."
Which is all very cute and pat, unless one stops to consider whether history does indeed prove this. Example: When I was at the argumentative but unformed age of thirteen, I once got myself into a debate over politics and asserted: "An absolute autocracy such as Tsarist Russia, the Persian Empire or Ancient Egypt forces intelligent people outside the ruling class into rebellion, thus creating instability, while a democracy such as ancient Athens harnessed the energies of all the best mines and allowed an unprecedented flowering of culture."
Well, it did allow a great flowering of culture, but as my intellectual opponent immediately pointed out to me, Athens heyday (from Solon to the end of the Peloponnesian War) lasted only around 200 years, while Egypt lasted (in comparative stability) for over 2500 years from the unification of the upper and lower kingdoms until the conquest by Alexander.
If one really does want to get "empirical" and talk about what history "proves", it proves that a stable society is best achieved by a society with low but reliable technology and an absolute belief in a god-king.
4 comments:
- Anonymous said...
The equality in question is surely something like moral equality, not general physical, economical, or intellectual equality; otherwise the claim would be patently false. But once we see it as an assertion of moral equality, it is not quickly refuted or confirmed by empirical evidence (although, in the end, I think it is confirmed by empirical evidence, together with a helping of philosophy).
The history of the conception of universal human moral worth is a long and complicated one, and I think pretty much any moral on either "side" that one tries to extract from the history will be wrong. One strand of the movement toward the universalist conception is already in Socrates in the Meno, and there are certainly universalist lines mixed in with the meritocracy of Plato in the Republic. By the time one reaches the Stoics, I think there are reasonably clear statements of some form of universalism. But in its modern form, it doesn't really show up until the seventeenth century or so, which means it's a bit hard to credit either the Greeks or Christianity with full credit for the idea. And it's not like a very strong version of universalism enjoys great popularity even today (witness, for example, the stunning lack of support for the idea that there is a universal human right of relocation that entails the necessity of open borders).
My own preferred route here (admittedly sketchy) would be that a certain core of human moral worth derives from very fundamental aspects of human cognitive abilities (the ability to plan, to feel pleasure and pain, to reflect on one's own situation, to feel bonds of affection with others, and so on) which are indeed equally present (because they are so fundamental) throughout all people.
- Darwin said...
I agree with you that the equality we're talking about here is moral equality.
However, the concern I'd have about grounding human moral worth in the fundamental cognitive abilities that you mention would be that all of those admit to degrees, and in certain situations (mental illness, youth, age, etc.) some or many of those characteristics may not be present. Perhaps I'm too Thomistic here, but it doesn't sit well with me to hold that an individual could change in kind from "individual with human moral worth" to "individual without human moral worth" during a lifetime.
So my tendency would be to say that human moral worth derives from our identity as human creatures, and that the value of being a human derives from the presence of the qualities you mention in the set of essential human qualities. Thus, and individual who for whatever reason permanently or temporarily lacks one or more of those qualities is not by that reason lacking in human worth.
This, I think, is a pretty good example of how far contemplation of natural law can get you in the absense of any revelation.
Though at the same time, it is sadly worth noting that without the force of revelation, the Stoics and Epicurians and the like (fond though I am of them) never seemed able to get much real conformity to their precepts except among the naturally ascetic.
- Anonymous said...
"while a democracy such as ancient Athens harnessed the energies of all the best mines and allowed an unprecedented flowering of culture.""
The Athenians would of course have laughed at the concept of "all men being created equal". Barbarians equal to Greeks? Other Greeks being equal to Athenians? Ridiculous! Then of course there is the point that much of the revenue for the Athenian state was gleaned from the silver mine at Laurium where 10,000-20,000 slaves toiled. What history demonstrates in this area is that most people in most times have emphatically not thought that "all men are created equal". It is only certain religions, chiefly Christianity, that lend any support to this concept. I think non-theists rapidly jettison this idea, as we see in such current debates as abortion, especially of children with genetic defects, and embryonic stem cell research. Once you no longer believe that human life has intrisic worth, it is all too easy to view people "not like me" as less than human, and, ultimately, disposable.
- Darwin said...
"while a democracy such as ancient Athens harnessed the energies of all the best mines and allowed an unprecedented flowering of culture."
Actually, this was actually a case of spell checking gone badly awry. I ment to say "minds", but since silver mines were a major element in Athenian history, the typo took on a whole new set of meanings.