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Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader.
Children's literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Since the 1400s, a large quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics.
There is no single or widely used definition of children's literature.[1]:15–17 It can be broadly defined as anything that children read[2] or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people.[3][4]:xvii Nancy Anderson, of the College of Education at the University of South Florida, defines children's literature as "all books written for children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books, cartoon books, and non-fiction works that are not intended to be read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference materials".[5]
The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature notes that "the boundaries of genre ... are not fixed but blurred".[1]:4 Sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Some works defy easy categorization. J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults. The series' extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children's books.[6]
Despite the widespread association of children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, and the root of many children's tales go back to ancient storytellers.[7]:30 Seth Lerer, in the opening of Children's Literature: A Reader's History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, "This book presents a history of what children have heard and read ... The history I write of is a history of reception."[8]:2
Early children's literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems, that would have been used to educate, instruct, and entertain children.[9] It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of "childhood", that a separate genre of children's literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations, and canon.[10]:x-xi
French historian Philippe Ariès argued in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the modern concept of "childhood" only emerged in recent times, and that for the greater part of history, children were not viewed as greatly different from adults, and were not given significantly different treatment.[11]:5 As evidence for this position, he noted that, apart from instructional and didactic texts for children written by clerics like the Venerable Bede, and Ælfric of Eynsham, there was a lack of any genuine literature aimed specifically at children before the 18th century.[12][13]:11
Other scholars have qualified this viewpoint by noting that there was a literature designed to convey the values, attitudes, and information necessary for children within their cultures,[14] such as the Play of Daniel from the 1100s.[8]:46[15]:4 Pre-modern children's literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational and religious lessons.[15]:6–8
Every culture has its own mythology, unique fables, and other traditional stories that are told for instruction and entertainment.[1]:654 Early folk-type tales included the Panchatantra from India, which was composed about 200 AD and may be "the world's oldest collection of stories for children".[1]:807[7]:301 Oral stories that would have been enjoyed by children include the tale of The Asurik Tree, which dates back at least 3,000 years in Persia.[16]
In Imperial China, children attended public events with their parents, where they would listen to the complicated tales of professional storytellers. Children also watched the plays performed at festivals and fairs. Though not specifically intended for children, the elaborate costumes, acrobatics, and martial arts held even a young child's interest. The stories often explained the background behind the festival, covering folklore, history, and politics. Storytelling may have reached its peak during the Song Dynasty from 960-1279 AD. This traditional literature was used for instruction in Chinese schools until the 20th century.[1]:830–831
Greek and Roman children would have enjoyed listening to stories such as the Odyssey, written by Homer, and Aesop's Fables by the eponymous Aesop.
Examples of medieval literature include Gesta Romanorum, the Roman fables of Avianus, the French Livre pour l'enseignement de ses filles, and the Welsh Mabinogion. In Ireland, many of the thousands of folk stories were recorded in the 11th and 12th centuries. Written in Old Irish on vellum, they began spreading through Europe, influencing other folk tales with stories of magic, witches, and fairies.[7]:256[17]:10
During the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them.[11]:6–7[17]:9 The English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that the (human) mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. Locke himself emphasized the importance of providing children with "easy pleasant books" to develop their minds rather than using force to compel them; "children may be cozen'd into a knowledge of the letters; be taught to read, without perceiving it to be anything but a sport, and play themselves into that which others are whipp'd for." He also suggested that picture books be created for children.
Another influence on this shift in attitudes came from Puritanism, which stressed the importance of individual salvation. Puritans were concerned with the spiritual welfare of their children, and there was a large growth in the publication of "good godly books" aimed squarely at children.[9] Some of the most popular works were by James Janeway, but the most enduring book from this movement, still widely read today, was The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) by John Bunyan.
Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets that were often folded instead of being stitched,[7]:32 were published in Britain; illustrated by woodblock printing, these inexpensive booklets reprinted popular ballads, historical re-tellings, and folk tales. Though not specifically published for children at this time, young people enjoyed the booklets as well.[17]:8 Johanna Bradley says, in From Chapbooks to Plum Cake, that chapbooks kept imaginative stories from being lost to readers under the strict Puritan influence of the time.[13]:17
Hornbooks also appeared in England during this time, teaching children basic information such as the alphabet and the Lord's Prayer.[18] These were brought from England to the American colonies in the mid-17th century. The first such book was a catechism for children written in verse by the Puritan John Cotton. Known as Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes, it was published in 1646, appearing both in England and Boston. Another early book, The New England Primer, was in print by 1691 and used in schools for 100 years. The primer begins, "In Adam's fall We sinned all ...", and continues through the alphabet. It also contained religious maxims, acronyms, spelling help and other educational items, all decorated by woodcuts.[7]:35
In 1634, the Pentamerone from Italy became the first major published collection of European folk tales. Charles Perrault began recording fairy tales in France, publishing his first collection in 1697. They were not well received among the French literary society, who saw them as only fit for old people and children. In 1658, Jan Ámos Comenius in Bohemia published the informative illustrated Orbis Pictus, for children under six learning to read. It is considered to be the first picture book produced specifically for children.[17]:7
The first Danish children's book was The Child's Mirror by Niels Bredal in 1568, an adaptation of a Courtesy book by the Dutch priest Erasmus. A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a German book for young women, became the first Swedish children's book upon its 1591 publication.[1]:700, 706 Sweden published fables and a children's magazine by 1766.
In Italy, Giovanni Francesco Straparola released The Facetious Nights of Straparola in the 1550s. Called the first European storybook to contain fairy-tales, it eventually had 75 separate stories and written for an adult audience.[19] Giulio Cesare Croce also borrowed from stories children enjoyed for his books.[20]:757
Russia's earliest children's books, primers, appeared in the late 16th century. An early example is ABC-Book, an alphabet book published by Ivan Fyodorov in 1571.[1]:765 The first picture book published in Russia, Karion Istomin's The Illustrated Primer, appeared in 1694.[1]:765 Peter the Great's interest in modernizing his country through Westernization helped Western children's literature dominate the field through the 1700s.[1]:765 Catherine the Great wrote allegories for children, and during her reign, Nikolai Novikov started the first juvenile magazine in Russia.[1]:765
The modern children's book emerged in mid-18th century England.[21] A growing polite middle-class and the influence of Lockean theories of childhood innocence combined to create the beginnings of childhood as a concept. A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, written and published by John Newbery, is widely considered as the first modern children's book, published in 1744. It was a landmark as the first children's publication aimed at giving enjoyment to children,[22] containing a mixture of rhymes, picture stories and games for pleasure.[23] Newbery believed that play was a better enticement to children's good behavior than physical discipline,[24] and the child was to record his or her behavior daily.
The book was child–sized with a brightly colored cover that appealed to children—something new in the publishing industry. Known as gift books, these early books became the precursors to the toy books popular in the 19th century.[25] Newbery was also adept at marketing this new genre. According to the journal The Lion and the Unicorn, "Newbery's genius was in developing the fairly new product category, children's books, through his frequent advertisements ... and his clever ploy of introducing additional titles and products into the body of his children's books."[26][27]
The improvement in the quality of books for children, as well as the diversity of topics he published, helped make Newbery the leading producer of children's books in his time. He published his own books as well as those by authors such as Samuel Johnson and Oliver Goldsmith;[28]:36[29] the latter may have written The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, Newbery's most popular book.
Another philosopher who influenced the development of children's literature was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued that children should be allowed to develop naturally and joyously. His idea of appealing to a children's natural interests took hold among writers for children.[7]:41 Popular examples included Thomas Day's The History of Sandford and Merton, four volumes that embody Rousseau's theories. Furthermore, Maria and Richard Lovell Edgeworth's Practical Education: The History of Harry and Lucy (1780) urged children to teach themselves.[30]
Rousseau's ideas also had great influence in Germany, especially on German Philanthropism, a movement concerned with reforming both education and literature for children. Its founder, Johann Bernhard Basedow, authored Elementarwerk as a popular textbook for children that included many illustrations by Daniel Chodowiecki. Another follower, Joachim Heinrich Campe, created an adaptation of Robinson Crusoe that went into over 100 printings. He became Germany's "outstanding and most modern"[1]:736 writer for children. According to Hans-Heino Ewers in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "It can be argued that from this time, the history of European children's literature was largely written in Germany."[1]:737
In the early 19th century, Danish author and poet Hans Christian Andersen traveled through Europe and gathered many well-known fairy tales.[31] He was followed by the Brothers Grimm, who preserved the traditional tales told in Germany.[20]:184 They were so popular in their home country that modern, realistic children's literature began to be looked down on there. This dislike of non-traditional stories continued there until the beginning of the next century.[1]:739–740 The Grimms's contribution to children's literature goes beyond their collection of stories, as great as that is. As professors, they had a scholarly interest in the stories, striving to preserve them and their variations accurately, recording their sources.[7]:259
A similar project was carried out by the Norwegian scholars Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, who collected Norwegian fairy tales and published them as Norwegian Folktales, often referred to as Asbjørnsen and Moe. By compiling these stories, they preserved Norway's literary heritage and helped create the Norwegian written language.[7]:260
In Switzerland, Johann David Wyss published The Swiss Family Robinson in 1812, with the aim of teaching children about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. The book became popular across Europe after it was translated into French by Isabelle de Montolieu.
The shift to a modern genre of children's literature occurred in the mid-19th century, as the didacticism of a previous age began to make way for more humorous, child-oriented books, more attuned to the child's imagination. The availability of children's literature greatly increased as well, as paper and printing became widely available and affordable, the population grew and literacy rates improved.[1]:654–655
Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes appeared in 1857, and is considered to be the founding book in the school story tradition.[32]:7–8 However, it was Lewis Carroll's fantasy, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. Regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children"[7]:44 and as a founding book in the development of fantasy literature, its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature in Britain and Europe that continued until the early 1900s.[32]:18 Another important book of that decade was The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby, by Reverend Charles Kingsley (1862), which became extremely popular in England, and remains a classic of British children's literature.
In 1883, Treasure Island and Kidnapped, both by Robert Louis Stevenson, were extremely popular in the 1880s. Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book was first published in 1894, and J. M. Barrie told the story of Peter Pan in the novel Peter and Wendy in 1911. Johanna Spyri's two-part novel Heidi was published in Switzerland in 1880 and 1881.[1]:749 In the US, children's publishing entered a period of growth after the American Civil War in 1865. Boys' book writer Oliver Optic published over 100 books. In 1868, the "epoch-making book"[7]:45 Little Women, the fictionalized autobiography of Louisa May Alcott, was published. This "coming of age" story established the genre of realistic family books in the United States. Mark Twain released Tom Sawyer in 1876, and in 1880 another bestseller, Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings, a collection of African American folk tales adapted and compiled by Joel Chandler Harris, appeared.[1]:478
The Chinese Revolution of 1911 and World War II brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China. Western science, technology, and literature became fashionable. China's first modern publishing firm, Commercial Press, established several children's magazines, which included Youth Magazine, and Educational Pictures for Children.[1]:832–833 The first Chinese children's writer was Sun Yuxiu, an editor of Commercial Press, whose story The Kingdom Without a Cat was written in the language of the time instead of the classical style used previously. Yuxiu encouraged novelist Shen Dehong to write for children also. Dehong went on to rewrite 28 stories based on classical Chinese literature specifically for children. In 1932, Zhang Tianyi published Big Lin and Little Lin, the first full-length Chinese novel for children.[1]:833–834
The Chinese Revolution of 1949 changed children's literature again. Many children's writers were denounced, but Tianyi and Ye Shengtao continued to write for children and created works that aligned with Maoist ideology. The 1976 death of Mao Zedong provoked more changes sweep China. Many writers from the early part of the century were brought back, and their work became available again. In 1990, General Anthology of Modern Children's Literature of China, a fifteen-volume anthology of children's literature since the 1920s, was released.[1]:834–835
The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with World War I in Great Britain and Europe, and the period before World War II was much slower in children's publishing. The main exceptions in England were the publications of Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne in 1926 and The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1937.[1]:682–683 T. H. White's sequence of Arthurian novels, The Once and Future King, began with The Sword in the Stone, published in 1938. In 1941, children's paperback books were first released in England under the Puffin Books imprint, and their lower prices helped make book buying possible for children during World War II.[1]:475–476
In the 1950s, the book market in Europe began recovering from the effects of two world wars. In Britain, C. S. Lewis published the first installment of The Chronicles of Narnia series in 1950, Dodie Smith's The Hundred and One Dalmatians was published in 1956, and Roald Dahl wrote Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 1964. Children's fantasy literature remained strong in Great Britain throughout the 1900s. In Wales, the Welsh Joint Education Committee and the Welsh Books Council encouraged the publication of children's books in the Welsh language as well as books in English about Wales.
In 1997, J. K. Rowling published the first book in the Harry Potter series in England. Despite its huge success, the children's book market in Britain suffered at the end of the century due to a difficult economy and competition from television and video games. However, picture books continue to do well.[1]:687
The period from 1890 until [1]:705 One of the most influential and internationally most successful Scandinavian children's books from this period is Selma Lagerlöfs The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
The interwar period saw a slow-down in output similar to Britain, although "one of the first mysteries written specifically for children", Emil and the Detectives by Erich Kästner, was published in Germany in 1930.[20]:315
The period during and following World War II became the Classical Age of the picture book in Switzerland, with works by Alois Carigiet, Felix Hoffmann, and Hans Fischer.[1]:683–685, 399, 692, 697, 750 1963 was the first year of the Bologna Children's Book Fair in Italy, which was described as "the most important international event dedicated to the children's publishing".[33] For four days it brings together writers, illustrators, publishers, and book buyers from around the world.[33]
In Russia, Russian fairy tales were introduced to children literature by Aleksandr Afanasyev in his children's edition of his eight-volume Russian Folk Tales in 1871. By the 1860s, literary realism and non-fiction dominated children's literature. More schools were started, using books by writers like Konstantin Ushinsky and Leo Tolstoy, whose Russian Reader included an assortment of stories, fairy tales, and fables. Books written specifically for girls developed in the 1870s and 1880s. Publisher and journalist Evgenia Tur wrote about the daughters of well-to-do landowners, while Aleksandra Annenskaya's stories told of middle-class girls working to support themselves. Vera Zhelikhovsky, Elizaveta Kondrashova, and Nadezhda Lukhmanova also wrote for girls during this period.[1]:767
Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the century. A ten-volume children's encyclopedia was published between 1913 and 1914. Vasily Avenarius wrote fictionalized biographies of important people like Nikolai Gogol and Alexander Pushkin around the same time, and scientists wrote for books and magazines for children. Children's magazines flourished, and by the end of the century there were 61. Lidia Charskaya and Klavdiya Lukashevich continued the popularity of girls' fiction. Realism took a gloomy turn by frequently showing the maltreatment of children from lower classes. The most popular boys' material was Sherlock Holmes, and similar stories from detective magazines.[1]:768
The state took control of children's literature during the October Revolution. Maksim Gorky edited the first children's, Northern Lights, under Soviet rule. People often label the 1920s as the Golden Age of Children's Literature in Russia.[1]:769 Samuil Marshak led that literary decade as the "founder of (Soviet) children's literature".[34]:193 As head of the children's section of the State Publishing House and editor of several children's magazines, Marshak exercised enormous influence by[34]:192–193 recruiting Boris Pasternak and Osip Mandelstam to write for children.
In 1932, professional writers in the Soviet Union formed the state and the police. Communist principles like collectivism and solidarity became important themes in children's literature. Authors wrote biographies about revolutionaries like Lenin and Pavlik Morozov. Alexander Belyayev, who wrote in the 1920s and 1930s, became Russia's first science fiction writer.[1]:770 According to Ben Hellman in the International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "war was to occupy a prominent place in juvenile reading, partly compensating for the lack of adventure stories", during the Soviet Period.[1]:771 More political changes in Russia after World War II brought further change in children's literature. Today, the field is in a state of flux because some older authors are being rediscovered and others are being abandoned.[1]:772
Christian missionaries first established the Calcutta School-Book Society in the 19th century, creating a separate genre for children's literature in that country. Magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared.[1]:808 In the latter half of the century, Raja Shivprasad wrote several well-known books in Hindustani.[1]:810 A number of respected Bengali writers began producing Bengali literature for children including Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, who translated some stories and wrote others himself. Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including one work illustrated by painter Nandalal Bose. They worked from the end of the 1800s into the beginning of the 20th-century. Tagore's work was later translated into English, with Bose's pictures.[1]:811 Behari Lal Puri was the earliest writer for children in Punjabi. His stories were didactic in nature.[1]:815
The first full-length children's book was Khar Khar Mahadev by New Delhi.[1]:809 Children's magazines, available in many languages, were widespread throughout India during this century.[1]:811–820
A Tagore illustration of a Hindu myth
The Crescent Moon by Rabindranath Tagore illus. by Nandalal Bose, Macmillan 1913.
One of American children's literature most famous books was L. Frank Baum's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, published in 1900. "By combining the English fondness for word play with the American appetite for outdoor adventure", Connie Epstein in International Companion Encyclopedia Of Children's Literature says Baum "developed an original style and form that stands alone".[1]:479 Baum wrote thirteen more Oz novels, and other writers continued the Oz series into the twenty-first century.
Between the world wars, demand continued to grow in North America helped by the growth of libraries in both Canada and the United States. Children's reading rooms in libraries, staffed by specially trained librarians, helped create demand for classic juvenile books. Reviews of children's releases began appearing regularly in Publishers Weekly and in The Bookman magazine began to regularly publish reviews of children's releases, and the first Children's Book Week was launched in 1919. In that same year, Louise Seaman Bechtel became the first person to head a juvenile book publishing department in the country. She was followed by May Massee in 1922 and Alice Dalgliesh in 1934.[1]:479–480
The American Library Association began awarding the Newbery Medal, the first children's book award in the world, in 1922.[35] The Caldecott Medal for illustration followed in 1938.[36] The first book by Laura Ingalls Wilder about her life on the American frontier, Little House in the Big Woods appeared in 1932.[20]:471 In 1937 Dr. Seuss published his first book, entitled, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. The young adult book market developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer John R. Tunis', the novel Seventeenth Summer by Maureen Daly, and the Sue Barton nurse book series by Helen Dore Boylston.[37]:11
The already vigorous growth in children's books became a boom in the 1950s, and children's publishing became big business.[1]:481 In 1952, American journalist E. B. White published Charlotte's Web, which was described as "one of the very few books for young children that face, squarely, the subject of death".[20]:467 Maurice Sendak illustrated more than two dozen books during the decade, which established him as an innovator in book illustration.[1]:481 The Sputnik crisis that began in 1957 provided increased interest and government money for schools and libraries to buy science and math books and the non-fiction book market "seemed to materialize overnight".[1]:482
Children's literature can be divided into a number of categories, but it is most easily categorized according to genre or the intended age of the reader.
A literary genre is a category of literary compositions. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, or length. According to Anderson,[38] there are six categories of children's literature (with some significant subgenres):
The criteria for these divisions are vague, and books near a borderline may be classified either way. Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print, and have many illustrations. Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer (if any) illustrations. The categories with an age range are listed below:
Pictures have always accompanied children's stories.[8]:320 A papyrus from Byzantine Egypt, shows illustrations accompanied by the story of Hercules' labors.[39] Modern children's books are illustrated in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in graphic novels. Generally, artwork plays a greater role in books intended for younger readers (especially pre-literate children). Children's picture books often serve as an accessible source of high quality art for young children. Even after children learn to read well enough to enjoy a story without illustrations, they continue to appreciate the occasional drawings found in chapter books.
According to Joyce Whalley in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "an illustrated book differs from a book with illustrations in that a good illustrated book is one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text."[1]:221 Using this definition, the first illustrated children's book is considered to be Orbis Pictus which was published in 1658 by the Moravian author Comenius. Acting as a kind of encyclopedia,Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in Latin and German. It was translated into English in 1659 and was used in homes and schools around Europe and Great Britain for years.[1]:220
Twentieth-century artists such as Kay Nielson, Edmund Dulac, and Arthur Rackham produced illustrations that are still reprinted today.[1]:224–227 Developments in printing capabilities were reflected in children's books. After World War II, offset lithography became more refined, and painter-style illustrations, such as Brian Wildsmith's were common by the 1950s.[1]:233
Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature. Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in three different disciplinary fields: literary studies/cultural studies (literature and language departments and humanities), library and information science, and education. (Wolf, et al., 2011).
Typically, children's literature scholars from literature departments in universities (English, German, Spanish, etc. departments), cultural studies, or in the humanities conduct literary analysis of books. This literary criticism may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern, genre, period, or literary device and may address issues from a variety of critical stances (poststructural, postcolonial, New Criticism, psychoanalytic, new historicism, etc.). Results of this type of research are typically published as books or as articles in scholarly journals.
The field of Library and Information Science has a long history of conducting research related to children's literature.
Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings. They may also study topics such as home use, children's out-of-school reading, or parents' use of children's books. Teachers typically use children's literature to augment classroom instruction.
Many noted awards for children's literature exist in various countries:
International awards also exist as forms of global recognition. These include the Hans Christian Andersen Award, the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, Ilustrarte Bienale for illustration, and the BolognaRagazzi Award for art work and design.[40] Additionally, bloggers with expertise on children's and young adult books give a major series of online book awards called The Cybils Awards, or, Children's and Young Adult Bloggers' Literary Awards.
Cold War, Battle of Stalingrad, Nazi Germany, Battle of the Atlantic, Second Sino-Japanese War
Roald Dahl, J. K. Rowling, Warner Bros., Andy Griffiths, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
Ontario, Quebec City, Quebec, Ottawa, Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Latin literature, Romance languages, Ancient Rome, Rome, Ecclesiastical Latin
Berlin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg, France, United Kingdom
Roald Dahl, Children's literature, Harry Potter, Andy Griffiths, Penguin Books
Children's literature, William Shakespeare, Harry Potter, World Wide Web, John Steinbeck
Children's literature, Books, Treasure Island, The Jungle Book, Lists of books
New York City, Children's literature, United Kingdom, Authority control, The Cat Ate My Gymsuit


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Welcome to Glebe Farm Holiday Cottages
The perfect dog and family-friendly holiday location in the heart of the beautiful Norfolk countryside
Our dog-friendly holiday cottages are situated on a peaceful working farm in one of north Norfolk's best locations: in the heart of the beautiful Norfolk countryside yet close to City, beach and river. Join us here on the farm for a short break or relaxing holiday in Norfolk – we have large enclosed gardens, uninterrupted views of the countryside and access to plenty of walks for you, your family and the dogs. Sit back, relax, and enjoy a slower pace of life.
Glebe Farm has been owned by the Norton family since the late 1950s. We are a small farm of just 150 hectares, and have our own dairy herd of 60 cows. We have two comfortable, dog-friendly holiday cottages with everything you need for a self-catering break, both with enclosed gardens.
Highlights of Glebe Farm Holiday Cottages:
- You will find a pint of fresh milk from our own dairy herd waiting for you on arrival.
- Two stunning stable conversions: Carriage Barn (graded 4 stars, sleeps 4) and Bridle Barn (sleeps 2)
- Free wifi available throughout
- We welcome dogs and the extensive gardens around the cottages are great for relaxing in and for games and adventures for the kids.
- The cottages are ideally situated for visiting the miles of seashore and pretty towns of the Norfolk coast, the quiet wildernesses of the Broads, the bustling market towns of Aylsham and North Walsham, and, of course, the fine city of Norwich with its historical castle, cathedrals and museums, and its decadent range of shops.
- Food and drink lovers will enjoy the many pubs in the area and the quiet country lanes that surround the farm are ideal for walking and cycling.

subset: commoncrawl


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Access to Skype is being challenged in China as Beijing continues to crack down on communications services it cannot access.
Microsoft's video and voice chat service is the latest in a series of internet services which have been blacklisted in the country due to fears they could help Chinese citizens get around strict censorship and monitoring controls.
Apple pulled the Skype app from its App Store this week, stating: "We have been notified by the Ministry of Public Security that a number of voice over Internet protocol apps do not comply with local law."
Skype is still functioning in China, but access to the app has become difficult.
A spokesperson for Microsoft told Sky News: "We are working to reinstate Skype in various app stores in China. We're passionate about the benefit that Skype offers to our users around the world by facilitating communication and enabling collaboration."
Alongside its removal form the App Store, the Skype app has also been taken off of a number of repositories for Android apps in the country.
After signing a cybersecurity pact in 2015, Moscow and Beijing have both tightened their control over citizens' use of the internet by prohibiting the use of privacy technologies.
China has been far more aggressive in preventing the use of Western technologies, however.
Apple has complied with all of the Chinese Government's requests to remove privacy software from its app store because it had to obey the law, according to company boss Tim Cook.
WhatsApp was also blocked in China ahead of the 19th Party Congress, at which significant changes to China's ruling Communist Party took place – cementing President Xi Jinping as the country's most powerful figure.
Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter remain inaccessible, and censors have also banned the image of Winnie the Pooh – reportedly because the bear was being compared to President Xi.


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Homework Help Links
General Help
Ask Rose - Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology's Homework Hotline provides FREE math and science homework help to Indiana students in grades 6-12 from 7-10 p.m. Sunday-Thursday, September-May.
Khan Academy - Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom.
Literature and Writing
Absolute Shakespeare - Are all of the library's copies of Romeo & Juliet checked out? Don't sweat it! Check out Absolute Shakespeare for digitized versions of Shakespeare's famous works.
Accelerated Reader: Click on the link to view the books available via the AR website and their corresponding point values.
Lexile Scores: The link will take you to the official lexile site, but other helpful lexile sites include Scholastic Book Wizard and Lexile titles for High Lexile Readers.
Purdue OWL: The Purdue Online Writing Lab provides writing tips for students in grades 7-12 as well as full guides on how to properly cite using APA or MLA style.
Sparknotes.com: No Fear Shakespeare - Read through the works of Shakespeare with ease with this site that puts the traditional Shakespearean text side-by-side with the modern English translation.
Math & Science
WebElements Periodic Table of Elements - Find a complete, interactive table of elements containing an information page about each element, including photographs.
Sources and Research
The British Library - For research across the pond, The British Library provides many digitalized collections including British newspapers, festival books, manuscripts, and more that are searchable by subject, time period, region, language, and resource type.
Opposing Viewpoints - Viewpoints provides pro and con perspectives on a wide range of current social issues. Depending on the topic, the site also contains links to primary source items as well as media (video, audio, images). (log-in with your MPHPL card required)
Library of Congress - The Library of Congress offers primary sources including photographs, maps, newspapers, sound recordings, and more.
National Archives - The National Archives is another fantastic site for primary sources including documents, photos, and records.
Area School Links
Penn-Harris-Madison School Corporation
Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend Schools


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Joy Carpets, Inc. Teen Zone 1556 Blue Rug
From $175.00
- Weave: Machine Made
- Item: Rug
- Brand: Joy Carpets, Inc.
- Country: USA
- Collection: Teen Zone
- Color: Blue
- Color Number: Roundabout 03
- Accent Colors: Teal, Yellow
- Styles: Childrens, Teens, Transitional
- Design: Circles
- Fiber: Nylon
Joy Carpets introduced the concept of educational and recreational carpeting. The Sports Fan line is durable and fun. Perfect for children or recreational rooms. These colorful, modern area rug with a whimsical twist will lighten the mood in any room...perfect for teens!
Flammability Rating: Class I
**Please note Oval/Round rug patterns may vary from Rectangular image shown - Please inquire for alternate shaped rug images**
The color descriptions and images shown have been supplied by the manufacturer. The actual pattern may vary as it is scaled to fit each rug's size and shape. All sizes and colors are approximate. We encourage all customers to view these products in person whenever possible. We cannot be held responsible for individual monitor settings. If you are unsure of the true colors, please contact us, we are here to help.


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By Ian Todd
November 21 2019
The Premiership Champions have been found to have broken the salary cap rules. Is th punishment handed out correct or is Saracens being punished for its success in player development and recruitment?
The recent penalty imposed on Saracens for breaching the salary cap rules has excited considerable controversy.
However, as soon as the method that the cap was avoided came to light, that the owner of Saracens was entering into commercial arrangements with particular players at the club, it was easy to see that there was a case to answer. Many observers had expressed incredulity at Saracens ability to assemble a squad of such strength within the rules and it certainly seemed that these arrangements derived solely from the fact that rugby players at Saracens were involved and not because they had particularly brilliant business ideas in which the club's owner would ordinarily wish to invest. The cap rules include income derived from rugby sources and it was hard to see how these arrangements derived from anything other than rugby.
The adjudicators appear to agree and have imposed the maximum penalty allowed for. A fine of over £5.3 million and a 35 point deduction. Naturally Saracens wish to appeal, although the grounds for such an appeal are less clear. The breaches to the rules took place in the previous three seasons not, importantly, in this one. It is difficult to see how the same breaches are not currently taking place but presumably Saracens will be permitted to address this issue over the course of the current season. Given that the breaches took place over at least three seasons, in which Saracens won the Premiership and European Cup, the penalty imposed seems less harsh.
Let us be clear Saracens have been found to have cheated its way to success. Other clubs have been disadvantaged by having to compete with a club that broke the rules of the competition. In athletics Ben Johnson sought pharmaceutical help in winning his Olympic race, he was caught, disqualified, banned and had his title taken away. Saracens has been convicted of financial doping and has simply been fined and handicapped in the current race.
Is that the correct punishment?


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Current Newswire:
CNET News.com: Sony Taps Linux For Playstation DevelopmentMar 29, 1999, 10:07 (0 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Stephen Shankland)
Thanks to Marc Gallagher for this link.
"Sony has tapped the Linux operating system for use in a simulation that will help developers come up with games for its next-generation PlayStation more quickly."
"The simulation software, a mockup of the chip that will underlie future Playstation equipment, will enable game developers to write code despite the fact that hardware isn't yet available, said Scott Petry, vice president of marketing at Cygnus Solutions, the company that wrote the simulation software. The software will run on Intel architecture computer systems running Linux, a Unix-like operating system."


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Welcome to Emory Decatur Hospital's Online Maternity Pre-admission application. You can preregister for having your baby at Emory Decatur Hospital in two different ways.
We'd be delighted to show you our mother and baby facilities and encourage you to tour the maternity facility between 28-36 weeks in your pregnancy. Register by calling 404.501.WELL (9355). The tour starts with a presentation in the comfort of the auditorium. The presentation includes:
The presentation is followed by an opportunity to pre-register for admission, which minimizes delays and makes your admission when you are in labor quick and trouble-free. Be sure to bring a photo ID and your insurance card to the tour.
Get Acquainted begins in our auditorium while comfortably seated and
ends with a walk through our Labor & Delivery and Mother-Baby units.
Learn about Labor & Delivery and the importance of skin-to-skin
after birth, Rooming-In on the Mother-Baby unit and much more. Receive
information on parking, infant safety, visitors, baby photos and
pediatricians. You can complete your pre-registration, so remember to
bring a copy of your photo ID and insurance card. This class is ideal
for those between 28 – 36 weeks of gestation.
Fee: $0.00
Call 404.501.WELL or click here to register.
If you would rather pre-register online, you may click here to pre-register. Prior to proceeding with the Pre-admission process, please review and accept Emory Decatur Hospital's Joint Notice of Health Information Privacy Practices. Below you will be asked to accept acknowledgement of the Notice of Privacy Practices in the Use and Disclosure of Personal Health Information.
If you have any questions concerning during the pre-registration process, please contact us at 404.501.1389.
Emory Decatur Hospital
Maternity Center


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Since its inception in 2013, our community and education programme Mayflower Engage has partnered with over 125,000 people through workshops, events, projects and performances. We believe that engagement in the Arts can be life changing and we endeavour to give opportunities for people of all ages to take part, develop skills and have fun.
Join industry professionals to develop your singing and acting skills within a comfortable, friendly setting. Focus on the songs, scenes and themes from upcoming shows. Each workshop takes place in our Circle Lounge and includes refreshments.
View Upcoming Workshops
These are great fun for you and your little ones. These popular enjoyable workshops encourage parents and children to participate together exploring movement and music through the blossoming creative imaginations of the young participants. These workshops are suitable for children aged 18 months to 8 years old.
View Upcoming Workshops
Packed with vibrant activities to keep young people busy. Whether you have an interest in singing, dance or acting, all of our workshops promise to be full of fun and games whilst, building your confidence learning new skills and making new friends.
View Upcoming Workshops
If you want to explore areas of the theatre not many get to venture or learn more about the third largest theatre in the country, then join us on a public tour.
View Upcoming Tours
Head of Creative Learning
Creative Learning Manager
Community Programme Leader
Community Programme Coordinator
Education Programme Leader
Youth & Music Coordinator
Participation Programme Leader
Participation Programme Coordinator
We are Arts Award SupportersMayflower Theatre are proud to deliver Arts Awards throughout our youth programme including MMYT, My Story, Spotlights and Opera Engage. We are also pleased to be Arts Award supporters.
Visit the Arts Award website for more information.
Updates on rescheduled and cancelled shows
When you book online you will be able to view the price zones for each performance.
Priority booking and more. Join us in keeping our Grade II listed building alive with the best in live theatre.
This site requires cookies to run. For more information View our privacy policy.


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Expert Set - Templates for Pages, Keynote, Numbers 2.0
Are you a small-business owner or an entrepreneur? If so, you surely need a clear visual identity, and there's no better value for money than Set for Business.
With Set for Business, you get 10 packs or in total 300 of templates.
Every pack contains templates for Pages:
- Business Cards
- Brochures
- Faxes
- Flyers
- Envelopes
- Letters
- Invitations
- Invoices
- And much more.
Spreadsheets for Numbers:
- Various Calendars
- Evaluations
Keynote theme in two sizes:
- Standard 4:3
- Widescreen 16:9
Mail stationery template.
You will also get a bonus pack of Pages templates for the fun side of running a business.
From the rich hues of Imperial to the effortless flair of Dandy, every style has a lot to offer.
It is easy to edit:
- All designs for Pages, Keynote, and Numbers are fully customizable.
- You can type your own text, add your images, as well as change the colors, fonts, sizes, and shapes of various elements.
- Some of the stationery templates for Mail also feature media placeholders to accommodate your logo or illustrations.
Requires: Pages 5.0, Keynote 6.0, Numbers 3.0, Mac OS X 10.7 Mail or later.
Version 2.0
- Bug Fixes.
- Title: Expert Set - Templates for Pages, Keynote, Numbers 2.0
- Developer: Alungu
- Compatibility: OS X 10.8 or later, 64-bit processor
- Language: English
- Includes: K'ed by TNT
- Size: 30.02 MB
- View in Mac App Store


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Uno dare is a favorite card game that is getting famous every day. UNO has started gaining popularity for its easy technique and clear rules. It is a simple color and number matching game. The biggest advantage of UNO game is that it can be enjoyed by everybody in the family. From grandparents to kids everybody can enjoy a game of UNO. No matter what the occasion is, UNO seems the favorite choice for the group.
UNO has managed to draw a huge population towards itself. Due to the huge fan following, UNO has strived to put many other features and development in the game. A different variation of the game is introduced. This is the reason that today also, UNO holds the top position in the card game sector. One of the variants of UNO is UNO Dare. It is like UNO but with new fun and more engaging rules and cards. It is the perfect combination of original UNO but with the twist of challenging and teasing. In UNO dare, you not only play UNO but also you complete a dare.
Uno Dare Rules: the complete guide :
In UNO Dare, you can customize your dare accordingly before starting with the game. In addition to the usual UNO cards, there are four additional dare cards. The objective is same as original UNO. You must get rid of your cards before your opponent does and reach the decided number of points.
Read : Phase 10 rules
Dare card list:
To make the game interesting, there are four dare list cards in each deck. Before the game starts, you need to choose your dare list because you cannot use more than one dare card per game.
There are themes for the dare card.
- Family
- Show-off
- Daredevil
- House Rules
The 1st 3 are predefined rules. They have 16 dares on each of the cards. The dares can make you stand on one foot, to become a pirate, to show your dance moves. Uno dare house rules ideas the "House Rules" are the one which is customised by the players before the game starts.
Action Cards:
UNO dare like original UNO, has action cards. The usual Reverse and Skip card are there. The addition is the Dare card and Wild Dare card. Reverse, as we know from the classic UNO, reverse the direction of play. Skip card makes the next person playing to sit out for the current round.
The new addition is Dare card. The dare card is meant to have fun. So, whenever you are writing your own dares, please make sure that everybody is comfortable with what you are writing. Please do not force your peers to do any dare that they aren't comfortable with. In worst case scenario, if someone refuses to do the dare, he or she can draw 2 cards as punishment.
The rule for playing this card is like Uno rules. This card can be played on either another dare card or same colour card. When a dare card shows up in the game, you need to carry out the dare. Which dare you need to carry out will be determined by the number on the dare card. The dare corresponding to the number in the dare list card is the task you need to perform before proceeding with the game. If you choose to do the dare, it is mandatory you complete is or else you must draw two cards. Also, if the card is the first card on the discard pile, the player, in turn, must either complete the dare or draw 2 cards.
Read : Uno Roboto Rules
The another additional card is Wild Dare card. This card has the same functionality as the Dare card. Either you complete the dare, or you draw two cards. The added feature is that the player who plays this card has the chance to choose the next colour that to be played to continue the game. So, if you are getting unlucky with the cards in your game, you can turn the tables with this card.
Couse of Action:
The gameplay of Uno dare is similar to that of Uno basics. First, a dealer is chosen. The dealer deals and distribute 7 cards to each player. The deck is carefully shuffled to avoid any coincidences and to provide each player the fair opportunity. The rest of the deck is kept face down to form the "Draw Pile". The topmost card is turned up and faces up to form the "Discard Pile". The color or the number is the criteria a player must fulfill to play.
The game typically starts from dealer's left. The person must match the color or the number of the first card from the discard pile. In case, the player does not have the same color or the number card, he has to draw a card from the Draw Pile. And in case the card drawn matches the number or the color of the card on the discard pile, the player plays that card. In other scenario, if the player has a wild card, he can play that card and change the color of the game. But use your Action cards wisely because they are usually the game changers in Uno.
The play then moves forward to the next player. Just in case if you have the card that matches the number and the color of the card as the topmost card on the discard pile and you do not want to play it, you can do it. But you will have to draw a card instead. It is your call to make because some cards you may feel that it can be helpful to you for the future turns. So, you have to be super diligent choosing your options.
The game then moves forward in the similar fashion. When the Draw pile is near to exhaustion, the Discard Pile is then shuffled and converted into the draw pile. Make sure that the Discard Pile is shuffled well or else there will be non-uniformity.
The play will continue then. The main objective of this game is to discard your cards before anybody else. That is the major goal. So, try to dispense your cards as soon as possible. While playing make sure to say "UNO" when you are down to last card. In case you fail to yell UNO and other players catch you before the next player's turn, you will be forced to pick 2 cards. This is why you need to be attentive in the game to lookout for the players who fails to call out UNO at the specific time. It is your chance to make them stay in the game and not let them win before you. Similarly, you have to be attentive that you do not forget to yell Uno and giving the opportunity to another player to back you down.
Read More : Best Places to play Uno
At the end of the game, if you are left with cards, the points are added. The points are corresponding to the number of the care. Like if you have eight numbered card. It means your point is 8. In case you are left with action cards, the pint goes high for them. The Reverse, Skip and Dare cards have 20 points each while the dare card has 50 points. It is advisable that you get rid of the action card before the game ends. The winner is the one who has the least points. Your objective is to get rid of the cards and acquire the least points.
There is an alternative way to end the game as well. It is suggested to set a game point before you start playing the game. Once a player reaches the decided point, the game stops. But there is a twist. The player who reaches the point does not win, rather the player with the least point till that point of the game wins. So, do not get ahead of yourself and try making the points. Because then you will lose the game.
Uno indeed has become household's choice for a chilling Friday night with family and the twist of Uno Dare has helped to maintain the freshness in the game. Uno does not give their players a moment of boredom before it comes out with something extra ordinary. No matter what age group it is, Uno is loved by all. The new Dare cards with the addition of "House Rule Card" has made the game fun and different. You can add you own innovation to the game. Uno made sure to give you the opportunity to innovative the game style according to you.
Final words:
Till date, no other card game has managed to engage people as much as Uno. the positive point of Uno dare is that the dares are really simple which make everybody comfortable around. Sometimes some dares go out of hand but that's to Uno Dare card's rules, there is a way out of uncomfortable dares. Uno Dare is no doubt one of the best innovation in the sector of card games. So, do not wait. Gather your friends and family and have a dareful evening with them.


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Cooking the eggs in a separate pan, rather than on the flatbreads, gets these pizzas on the table in record time.
How to Make It
Preheat broiler to high.
Place flatbreads on a baking sheet lightly coated with cooking spray; lightly coat tops of bread with cooking spray. Broil 1 minute. Remove pan from oven; turn breads over. Lightly coat with cooking spray. Broil 1 minute.
Heat a large skillet over medium heat. Add 1 teaspoon oil to pan. Add onion, salt, and red pepper; cook 3 minutes. Add spinach; cook 1 minute. Remove mixture from pan; keep warm.
Wipe pan clean with a paper towel. Heat pan over medium heat. Add remaining 2 teaspoons oil to pan; swirl to coat. Crack eggs into pan; cook 1 minute on each side or until desired degree of doneness.
Divide spinach mixture evenly among flatbreads. Top evenly with cheese and chopped prosciutto. Broil 1 minute or until cheese melts. Top each flatbread with 1 egg; sprinkle black pepper over eggs. Serve immediately.


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Free Domain Names
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Gone are the days of not being able to identify a cell phone number. With reverse telephone number look up, you can...Full Review
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Ironically enough, now that the United States is moving away from being a manufacturing society, what is left of the...Full Review
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Both Google and Microsoft are probably one of the largest and richest companies in the world. Both have made their...Full Review


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StormPins is Social Weather app where users drop alert pins on a map with pictures, video. The app also ties into Pin Responder which is a web based platform used by emergency managers & the media to send & receive alerts.Get Started
Octal IT Solution is counted among the top mobile application developers. We create outstanding mobile apps to allow our users to exactly decipher the ideations of innovation in order to make their enterprises truly distinctive. Experience a dignified quality in the custom mobile app development and grapple an seamless and robust mobility ecosystem with highly interactive displays and reaffirmed quality. Development team at Octal build scalable and engaging mobile apps as per your business requirements that are highly sophisticated and extremely functional.
With our profound experience, methodologies and development process, we provide top notch app solutions utilizing cutting edge technologies. You may Hire Mobile App Developers from our astute skilled team that makes us quite unique among the crowd of other app development companies.
We adopt multiple operating system, app development platforms, cross platforms and devices for developing robust and scalable mobile apps with clean displays that are truly astonishing. Working with iPhone Application Development, Google Android Application Development and Multi Platform App Development to latest technologies such as IoT App Development, AI, ML, Beacon and beyond to conserve your clientele with the out-of-box functional solutions that are undoubtedly perfect and improvised. So, grab an enriched enterprise mobility solution with our rapid mobile app development that strictly adheres to your idea.
Empowering modern day enterprises, we offer custom business & enterprise mobile app development services which provide better potential and make the business environment more transparent, intelligent, communication and work flow assistant for your user. With our innovative and business-driven approach, With our sound development process we work as companion for entrepreneurs to thrive and achieve much bigger business perspectives.
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The trend of geolocation based mobile applications has dense entrenched in the mobile app business. With its ability to integrate with smartphones and other devices, Octal IT Solution has brought a new level of advancement in location and monitoring based services such as mapping of cities and places, navigation on fields, asset tracking, Location based marketingetc to deliver précised tracking & Monitoring solutions.
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We will get in touch with you at the earliest.
Pune is a beautiful city that is known for its lush greens, low air-pollution, peaceful atmosphere, education hubs, MNCs, entertainment zones and more. Being one of the most loved cities in the country, Pune has a lot to offer its residents. The real estate industry in Pune is booming today with a number of residential and commercial projects in different parts of the city and its outskirts as well. Godrej Horizon is a new residential project in Pune by Godrej Properties that offers a world of luxury and comfort from start to finish!
Extended over vast acres of land, this development contains 4 spectacular towers that offer 1BHK, 2BHK, as well as 3BHK luxury apartments with large apartment areas that provide beautiful luxury space for all your needs and requirements.
Godrej Horizon Pune is a pre-certified IGBC Gold Green Homes development that offers the highest level of luxury and comfort for a lavish life filled with peace and serenity! The apartments are spacious, provide beautiful natural lighting, cross ventilation and contain high-end fittings & fixtures, high-quality flooring in every room, elegant kitchens with superior platforms and multiple provisions, private gardens, decorative doors, large balconies and windows providing jaw-dropping views of lush greens and the horizons of Pune,hi-tech safety features and the list just goes on. This residential development also offers a wide range of world-class external amenities that will blow your mind! With something special for you and every member of your family, experience a comprehensive lifestyle that will fill you up with joy. The external amenities include a clubhouse for recreation, swimming pool, meditation centre, hi-tech gymnasium, jogging track, internal/external sports facilities and a play-zone for your kids, day care centre, dedicated area for senior citizens, multipurpose hall, large landscape courtyards, cycling track, wide open space of 70,000 sq. ft., efficient car parking, power back-up for emergencies and well-trained security. This development also takes up rain water harvesting and organic waste management to help the environment. This development is where you can experience life like never before!
Located at Undri in Pune, Godrej Horizon NIBM Undri has a number of your daily and emergency landmarks in close proximity and offers a life of convenience that is simply outstanding! Places like schools, colleges, institutes, malls, shopping centres, entertainment zones, clubs, pubs, lounges, cinemas, cafes, restaurants, banks, ATMs, hospitals, medical centres, public transport and a lot more can be found and accessed in the shortest amount of time possible. The strategic location of this development also offers easy connectivity to a number of prime locations in Pune.
Godrej Properties Limited focuses on high-end luxury at low-end prices and the same applies to this remarkable residential development at well. The Godrej Horizon price is affordable and lets you enjoy premium luxury and comfort without worrying about a heavy load on your wallet! You can conveniently choose from a number of payment plans available along with easy home loans at low interest rates, NRI services, customer support and more for a happy purchase.
Godrej Horizon
NIBM, Undri, Pune
Website : www.horizonundripune.com


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Outdoor kitchens become the hottest trend of remodeling projects. Many homeowners want a simple outdoor kitchen in their homes, as a good place to have a nice gathering with friends and family members in the weekend while enjoying delicious foods. Building a simple and small outdoor kitchen can be done quicker in less a week and this feature able to increase a home value. Here are several tips to build simple outdoor kitchens.
Choosing a location
Does your home have a patio or deck? They are a good place to build an outdoor kitchen and won't take a lot of cost because no need to create a foundation anymore. Before stating your project, ask a professional to evaluate the patio or deck structure. In order to hold the additional weight of an outdoor kitchen, these areas need extra bracing.
Make sure your outdoor kitchen close to the house, especially near the indoor kitchen, so you will be easier to grab everything you need in the refrigerator unless you put a extra fridge for your outdoor kitchen. In this problem, you must thinking about the electrical grid to turn on the fridge and other appliances.
A good location must prioritize safety! Make sure the outdoor kitchens aren't near to flammable things such as patio roof, wood trellises or tree limbs.
The construction
Just like indoor kitchens, the outdoor kitchens also need water and electricity. If you want to put a gas grill, in this case, the outdoor kitchen also needs a gas line too. Water is really important if you want to build a sink, so does with electricity to turn on the kitchen appliances. Since you are going to build a simple one, there is no need to provide all those three features. Better choose two features only.
Do you want to put a cabinet? In this case, you have to find a high quality cabinet made of indestructible and weather-resistant materials. However, this cabinet is really expensive.
These are two things help you out to build outdoor kitchens with simple concept. Even though simple, do not forget pay attention to comfort factor.


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At CBD Liquid Labs our aim is to develop the highest quality cannabidiol (CBD) products derived from organic hemp.
We offer innovative, premium products which can help to balance the human endocannabinoid system.
These include CBD oils, flavoured liquids, isolate and concentrate. We believe that through targeting the endocannabinoid system, our clients are able to restore their natural balance.


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Royal York Beer
Brewmaster's Notes
We are very proud to be partnered with the Royal York Hotel and the experience of meeting their Executive Chef and touring their facilities during the development of this beer was fantastic. Their philosophy of fresh and local ingredients being a given is exactly in line with our view of using the best ingredients you can get and not excepting substitutes. The proximity of the hotel and their bees to our brewpub means that the bees likely feed in the flower boxes on our patios in the Distillery District where this beer is made! Be nice to any bees you meet in the downtown core of Toronto–they are on a very important mission!
A collaboration between the Royal York Hotel in Toronto and Mill Street. The Royal York produces honey in hives on their rooftop as part of their philosophy of sourcing local food for their hotel. Exclusively available at the bars at the Royal York Hotel, this cream ale is infused with honey during aging giving it a wonderful sweetness that is a perfect complement to the nutty malt character and herbal hop character.
Tasting Notes: Light honey and noble hop aroma and creamy mouthfeel with notes of toasted and caramel malts and a wonderful honey/floral finish. Perfect.
Appearance: Light amber with white head
Aroma: Honey/floral hops with light caramel malt undertones
Body: Low/medium
Serving Suggestions: Roasted poultry, medium cow's milk cheeses, baclava
Hops Variety: New Zealand Wakatu and Pacific Gem, Czech Saaz, Uk Fuggle
Malt Variety: Pale malt, wheat malt, roasted barley, munich malt
Yeast: American Ale and German Lager
Glassware: Tulip Pint Glass
Style: Cream Ale
Serving Temp: 2-4 deg C


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Welcome to the PWP® Alumni Community!
Success is built on identifying strengths and nurturing opportunities and PWP® believes that this is best achieved through developing teams with clear roles and goals! Using the ARC© model teams are able to set goals and apply new approaches, track the outcomes and effect of the plan and share knowledge to build on successes. We believe so strongly in the importance of collaboration we are excited to provide PWP® Alumni an opportunity to do that here!
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Saturday, January 28, 2006
Commitment (LS06)
Session Evaluations (LS06)
Here are basically all of the written comments:
- More before and after
- links to Redbooks or tech center (There were some links at the end of the slides.)
- "excellent for even experienced iseries shop" (This was great to hear! We were hoping that newbies and experienced admins would be able to get something from this.)
- wanted more time for material (We wanted more time as well - that's why there was less before/after and no mention of disk.)
- "best session I have been to in years" and this was from one "considering iseries" (WOW - thanks!)
- should mention disk next time (We will definitely try to update this and hopefully present again together!)
- "can be taken back and put in place" (Great to hear that you can start using this!)
Apology to Gab and All
To those who have read the now defunct posts (mine and hers), I am also sorry for any stain on the community caused only by me. As we had mentioned at the Bloggers BOF, we are a family. And I was being the black sheep (a role I never take).
I would like to thank Gab for her graciousness in offering to strike-through this and start over. She and I had a great AIM session and this was easily worked through. I offered to delete the post which was something she agreed to let me do. I hope that we can all put this behind us and move forward with what we've learned at Lotusphere. Honestly, everytime I think about it now I feel physically sick! Gab is an amazing administrator and a wonderful speaker - that Cluster Jumpstart was awesome!! We all have a lot to learn from her!
Sadly, there was some confusion on the GURU stage and I was hearing something that was not intended to be heard that way. I followed through completely in the wrong way. I have blogged about this particular Sametime problem here starting in June, 2005 (and, ironically, I even had a crash in the closing session...). So it was something personal for me I have been dealing with for nearly 8 months and I felt my comments were being slighted (which they were not). This was no excuse. I have corresponded with 2 others who have contacted me about this. I probably deserved to be raked over the coals by them, but they both were overly kind and fatherly to me in their correction of my wrong - so thank you!
Thursday, January 26, 2006
SeaWorld Was Great! (LS06)
I had a great time last night. I rode over with Christopher Byrne and Deborah Latter. They are the compliance and change control gurus! We had a blast hanging out. Other than Christopher running from the impending soak from Shamu, it was awesome. We actually didn't get soaked.
Well, I'm in an Activity Centric Collaboration session that's just starting. This is something revolutionary that IBM is working on for users to "organize the work around activities." Think of being able to have an activity in Notes and easily organize and share (via RSS) the activity and dropping files, emails, IMs, etc... Awesome stuff!
Wednesday, January 25, 2006
Exam 610 Passed!!
Just passed the Notes/Domino 6/6.5 Application Development Foundation Skills exam!
I got an 82% (needed 75 to pass). On three sections I scored 100% and got 70% and 80% on the other two.
Tuesday, January 24, 2006
Bloggers' BOF (LS06)
The main thing that I would echo is that if you're not currently blogging, go ahead and start. You should also not hesitate to comment at other blogs. This at least gets your name out there and helps to make friends (or enemies...). I can really attest to something that Ed said.
He mentioned that blogging is a very good way to not only get your name out in the community, but also that it can help you get noticed by those who approve sessions (he pointed out that many of the people in the room were also speakers) and provides a means for them to see how well you communicate. While I generally will post techy items, you don't need to have a tech blog to "get noticed." Like Jess said at the BOF, you just have to post about things that others will find interesting. Even if it's just that you saw some strange shape made by your Cheerios. I would definitely say that being active in this community aided in the approval of the session I co-presented.
I look forward to staying active and hopefully being able to add feeds for some new bloggers who may have been inspired at the BOF!
Who's going to JamFest Tuesday Night? (LS06)
Just wondering who's planning on coming? I'm up in the air on it... Comment if so.
Day One (LS06)
Okay, so this is a little late as I'm waiting for the 2nd class on Day 2 to start. It's on DDM - which as you know is something I'm really liking about Domino 7.
Anyway, Day 1 went great. As I've previously posted, Kim Greene and my session went very well. I also checked out Lance and Dwight's session on AJAX and DXL. I'm looking forward to getting their application. I spent some time on the showcase floor too. Got my LotusUserGroup.org shirt (can't remember her name, but the LUG lady knew me as "The iSeries Guy"). I also got my "I'm a L.U.G. NUT!" pin. It's fitting because my nickname is Nut (short for Whisonant) and I didn't want the "Sametime Stud" or "Domino Diva" pins!
I also went to a session on Web Services but it wasn't what I was hoping for.
Last night was the JamFest also. It was cool but I didn't even get up to play. There were many more "eager" players... But it was great to meet and hang out with people. After the JamFest was karaoke at Kimono's. It was the first time I had been. I didn't sing, but many did and some were good. I left way earlier than the ones who stayed to close it down...
Our iSeries Session At Lotusphere 2006 (LS06)
Here is a link to the Color PDF of the presentation. I will also be placing a link on the menu over on the left.
Monday, January 23, 2006
Prepped for Session and Sametime News Story (LS06)
Also, I've already had one power user from back home send me a Yahoo! news story about IBM integrating AOL, Y!, and Google IM platforms into Sametime 7.5. The word is getting around!
On that note, IBM really was pressing the point that they are the innovators in this arena during the Opening General Session.
Opening General Session (LS06)
This thing is packed!! Word is that the entire front section is just for the press. Some major announcements - just see these highlights:
* Jason Alexander speaks! He's hilarious...
* DWA and Notes with Sametime for Mac - live demo!
* Over 1500 Notes wins over Exchange!
* GoodLink for Lotus
* Wanda - Portable Notes on USB stick
* Notes/SAP integration next quarter - prior to MS/SAP integration
* This was the feature Rocky was talking about
* IM on BlackBerry - in Message window not separate chat app
* Web Services on BB
* Connectivity with AIM, Y!, and Google Talk!! WOW! With no additional purchase.
* Sametime 7.5 - emoticons too! Voice Chat, built on Eclipse! Screen capture to put in chat
* Better UI for Web Conferencing too
* 15 Million users of Sametime
* IBM Workplace Forms - very nice!
* Domino builder for Eclipse?
* Shipping WCS and WMC today!
* IBM Productivity Tools
* Activity Explorer for WMC 2.6
* Domino "Next" - Websphere Portal integrated to Domino (Lotus Domino 8?)
* Hannover - The richest Implementation of activity centric computing, improved mail threads, ctrl-click to select multiples
* Hannover Demo was awesome! Way to go Lotus!!
* Oh yeah - NO CRASHES from these major demos (remember the infamous MS BSoD with major announcements?)
Sunday, January 22, 2006
The Shirts! (LS06)
Get this from Workflow Studios (see Lance Spellman)
Get this from OpenNTF.org
Jumpstart Day (LS06)
The first session I went to was the Java Jumpstart for the Domino Developer from Tom Duff and Julian Robichaux. This was a great session!! As Julian posted last week, he had a demo of a Pie Chart and Bar Graph all from within Notes. It was a great session, but I didn't win a prize. This session was packed out in a fairly large room. The highlights were Julian squirting Tom with a watergun (as part of a coding example) and also Julian's laser pionter (a.k.a. Red Light Saber!!)
Speaking of prizes, though, I did get two t-shirts. Bruce Elgort gave me an OpenNTF.org shirt and Lance Spellman gave me the coveted "Take Your Exchange Server and SHOVE It!" shirt. Also, John Roling gave me an "I'm A Sicko!" button. Awesome - thanks guys...
The second session I went to was An Introduction to All Things IBM Lotus Domino Clustering by Gabriella Davis. To be a strictly admin session, there was a packed room here too. It was a good session and I have some notes on some clustering things I would like to implement. However, I disagree with her statement that clustered unread marks are fixed as of 6.5. I know I've seen these still get out of sync. It is true that there is now a setting to control this, but with server and/or client crashes this number can be skewed across replicas.
Saturday, January 21, 2006
IBM Announcements Monday (LS06)
I was reading Ed Brill's blog on the ride down to Orlando, and he mentioned that "IBM is indeed making a number of important, wide-ranging announcements on Monday."
Looking forward to what they may be - I'm guessing they will be made during the Opening General Session.
Happy Birthday Honey!!
Sadly I'm leaving on my wife's birthday. Happy Birthday...
Finally On The Road (LS06)
Decided to meet my manager closer to the interstate. When my wife dropped me off we realized I didn't have my hang-up shirts and pants. Well we're now on the road after picking them up!
Thursday, January 19, 2006
New Domino 7 for iSeries NotesBench Results
Here is the report.
My question to an IBMer was:
Were there any gains by using V5R4 as opposed to V5R3?
Since I just posted this, I also got an email back from IBM on the results. Basically, you should just note that the processor speed being used in the NotesBench is 1.9GHz (the current i595 processor is 1.65GHz...) You figure out what that means! Should be a new hardware announcement with V5R4.
Also, from previous performance reports we know that the R6 workload performs better than R7.
It's also interesting that it was completed by October 19, 2005 on what must have been "beta" versions of the Operating System that isn't even out yet.
I'll have to look through the full reports that are attached to the NotesBench report.
Now Playing: "Undecided" by James LaBrie
Testing from BlackBerry
Just testing. I enabled my blogspot email address - just send an email to the address and it publishes the post. I figure I can use this to post more frequently next week!
Wednesday, January 18, 2006
Random Thoughts for Today...
I've been using the BlackBerry 8700c for a couple of days now and it's great. Perhaps the best feature by far is the EDGE Internet service. It's FAST!!
On the ride down to Sphere, I'm planning on cramming for the Lotus 610 exam to get my first Dev certification. I took it once about 1.5 years ago and missed it by two questions (literally...). I should get it this time. If I pass it I may also attempt exam 623 to finish up my Advanced Admin certification. And if that goes well, I may try for the Domino 7 admin update, but there may not be time for all of that! Although when I went to an iSeries COMMON conference in 2003 I passed 4 advanced admin exams.
Tuesday, January 17, 2006
I will be blogging later (possibly after Sphere) about a new toy I got yesterday - a BlackBerry 8700c. This thing is awesome!
Monday, January 16, 2006
New iSeries Group PTF!
The group PTF number is SF99314 for 5.3 and SF99313 for 5.2. This has been a long time coming... it is a group PTF for TCP/IP and Ethernet!
IBM Creates New TCP/IP and Ethernet PTF Group
"If you have been suffering each time you tried to figure out how to patch the TCP/IP software on your AS/400, iSeries, or i5 server, IBM has listened to your complaints and has created a new TCP/IP and Ethernet PTF Group."
Now Playing: "Superstitious" by Stevie Ray Vaughan
Sunday, January 15, 2006
Tips for Lotusphere Attendees
About to run through something: =)
iSeries Architecture
Database Maintenance
Performance Tuning
Sametime for iSeries
Upgrading to Domino 7
Saturday, January 14, 2006
egoSurf - Why Not?
Google - 9,805
Yahoo - 3,771
Oh, I decided to look at the Biggest Egos link. This is hilarious - I'm not sure how accrurate this is now because I've seen other Domino bloggers with far bigger egos than myself...
Now Playing: "Pull Me Under" by Dream Theater
Thursday, January 12, 2006
i5/OS V5R4 and Storage Changes
On that note, I have some more technical observations about some things in this article from The Four Hundred (that I mentioned in the previous post).
According to Herring, starting with the Power5+ generation, IBM is going to do away with the idea of requiring IOPs for storage....The AS/400 architecture was always unique in that it supported what is really asymmetric multiprocessing, with relatively modestly powered central processors hooked to legions of intelligent I/O processors that were equipped with microcode that allowed them to run what would otherwise be thought of as jobs suited for a central operating system. Going forward, IBM is doing away with this architecture, said Herring, as much to get the i5 and p5 lines in synch as to improve the availability of the i5 servers.
We also read that the old IOP architecture can remain. This is good to hear. Initially, I read into this that the entire IOP architecture would be removed. But after review, it's just the storage IOPs that will be removed. Another interesting observation about this is that IBM is working on having the i5 and p5 lines more closely related. We know that at IBM Rochester they build and ship i5 and p5 systems. As I have read from an IBMer, "It takes an iSeries to deliver a pSeries..." - meaning that the Rochester manufacturing lines use an iSeries with Domino to aid in the manufacturing of i5 and p5 systems!
Also in the article, we read that The difficulty of moving to a SAN architecture for storage with the iSeries has to do with the much-praised single-level storage in the platform. First, OS/400 needs to boot locally as it is currently written, Moreover, OS/400 needs to have both main memory and disk to create its single-level memory, and OS/400 doesn't share well. But the techies in Rochester are working on a way to boot OS/400 across a SAN fabric. Moreover, IBM is also working on a way to allow HA software to failover one server attached to a SAN to another server attached to the same SAN. To use Herring's words, this is like using a SAN as a logical independent auxiliary storage pool (iASP).
To quote Darth Vader - "Impressive. Most Impressive!" I have spoken with our IBM Customer Engineers on this and they have mentioned testing this with a customer in our area. So this is definitely not just an abstract IBM is considering.
Now Playing: "Carolina Blue" by Tony MacAlpine
Which one is me?
Me and Mini-Me...
Now Playing: "Circus du Soleil" by Tony MacAlpine
Wednesday, January 11, 2006
Domino 7.0 Upgrade - Part Four
Now, let me throw out some performance numbers for you...
Mail Server CPU Utilization is down between 5% and 13.5%
App Server CPU Utilization is down 13.2%
Mail Server Memory Utilization is up 36% +
App Server Memory Utilization is down 2.4% (basically even...)
Now Playing: "The Separated Man" by Neal Morse
Guru? News to me...
We're BAAAACK! Last year Gurupalooza! was an instant hit - and due to overwhelming demand, we're bringing it back again this year. After spending four days drinking deep that collaboration kool-aid, you're ready to top it off with a second helping of knowledge from your Best Practices track speakers. They spent the week sharing their knowledge, tricks, and lessons learned with you and now you have one final opportunity to fill in any gaps left from the week by asking them your questions. So, top off your Lotusphere experience with another helping of collaborative knowledge - there's enough for everyone to share!
So, when you go to Gurupalooza - please don't ask me any questions... See you there!
Now Playing: "Octavarium" by Dream Theater
Monday, January 9, 2006
Assistance Needed - Domino Development
179 MB View Index (24% of total db size!)
22,000 Documents
16,000 of the Docs in one of the views in question
About 200 documents edited per day on average
Here are some of the "basics" that I have checked:
Program Document running UPDALL -V on this specific DB every 30 minutes
Advanced Database Properties:
For the users, the view is embedded on a page showing them their own documents. Regardless of whether we open the view directly or via the page it takes several minutes to open, so this leads me to the view being the issue and not the Show Single Category criteria. That criteria is:
@If(@IsMember("[Admin]";@UserRoles);"*";@IsMember("[Post Proof]";@UserRoles); "Post-Proofing";@IsMember("[Pre Proof]";@UserRoles);"Pre-Proofing"; @IsMember("[Graphics]";@UserRoles);"Graphics";@Name([CN]; @UserName))
The view selection criteria is:
"Simple Search" - "uses 'Contract Tracking' form"
All columns refer to fields on the documents (i.e. no date/time functions in the view...):
ResponsiblePerson, Year, Directory, AccountNumber, ApplicancName, Status, CompletedBySales, DateCompleted
The first 3 columns are Categorized. The 4th column is sorted Ascending. None of the columns allow the user to sort.
Any further insights?
By the way, the newest Taking Notes podcast was really good about large-scale Domino deployments. Right up the alley of us iSeries guys...
Now Playing: "Learning to Live" by Dream Theater
Judge Alito Confirmation Hearings Start Today
Here is an excerpt from one of the posts over the weekend:
"Senate Democrats on Sunday promised a drawn-out confirmation and perhaps a filibuster for Samuel Alito if the Supreme Court nominee evades or refuses to answer their questions on abortion, presidential war powers and other issues..."
Also, I was reading from On Governmental Authority by Martin Luther from 1523. I find his advice fairly sufficient for our current discussions on the judiciary and the upcoming hearings:
"Besides, we cannot conceive how an authority could or should act in a situation except where it can see, know, judge, condemn, change, and modify. What would I think of a judge who should blindly decide cases which he neither hears nor sees?"
This is exactly what South Carolina's own Senator Lindsay Graham addresses in The Post's blog:
No, not at all. But let's talk about the abortion question for a moment. When President Clinton chose twice -- he had two picks on his watch -- he chose Ginsberg and Breyer, people left of center. Justice Ginsberg openly embraced the idea that there was a constitutional right to an abortion.
I don't agree with that, but Republicans who were pro-life and, I guess, a few Democrats who were pro-life, did not hold that position against her. They believed that she would decide the cases based on the facts and the law.
So we're not going to sit back and watch a double standard to be imposed here. People who have come from Democratic nominees have openly embraced the idea that they believe there's a constitutional right to abortion. They were not disqualified.
If Judge Alito advocated that Roe v. Wade was wrongly decided, that is no -- that's not a disqualifying event. An extraordinary circumstance could never be having a different philosophy. You expect Republicans to pick people differently than Democrats.
What I think an extraordinary circumstance would be -- someone's character, integrity problems, or clearly they're an ideologue, they don't care what the law is, they've got their own agenda. There is no evidence of that in this case.
And the fact that he may disagree with somebody on a particular issue like abortion -- well, that happens all the time. That happens when Clinton picked Ginsberg and Breyer. She was the ACLU executive general counsel. I disagree with her about everything she basically advocated. But I can understand why she was given 96 votes.
Saturday, January 7, 2006
Remember the April Fool's Joke?
Well, Greg Simmons told me that someone was asking him if our Company was switching to Exchange. They said they saw that someone said at a website or blog that we were doing that. Well, I guess they were talking about this April Fool's post of mine. But who knows?
Now Playing: "Dance of Souls" by Arwen
Thursday, January 5, 2006
Some Brief Updates
Lotusphere Presentation - It's all wrapped up. We uploaded it to IBM's server on Friday. Now to practice... We both think it's going to be awesome!!
Woman who sought and is living her Porpoise Driven Life
Jamfest 2006 - The wiki is doing pretty good. There are a lot of cool songs there. Now to learn a lot of them... I think I will be taking my cheaper guitar, though. It's an OLP MM4. Mine is red and I have replaced the neck and bridge pickups with some great sounding DiMarzios. It's a great little guitar!
Monday, January 2, 2006
Who's Going to Lotusphere?
I believe that a good many people are meeting at ESPN Zone on Saturday evening. I think my boss and I are going to go. We're driving down on Saturday, so we'll be there Saturday evening.
Maybe Next Year
Oh well, as is the usual slogan from the fans - "Maybe Next Year!"
Now Playing: "What Would You Say" by Dave Matthews Band


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Support for international and multicultural students at ISU is described by Liz Mendez-Shannon from the new ISU Office for Diversity and Inclusion, together with Elizabeth Martínez-Podolsky - Multicultural Liaison Officer, Undergraduate Retention Specialist in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; and Tabatha Cruz - Program Coordinator for Retention and leader of the Multicultural Vision Program.
Photo by Jill Itzen, Iowa State Daily
Hoodies and Hijabs at ISU: fears and visions of students and residents, including one of the rally organizers, Wesley Harris, a PHD candidate in the ISU School of Education and president of the ISU Black Graduate Student Association, and Dr. Martino Harmon, Sr. Vice President of Student Affairs.
Diane Birt of the Ames Interfaith Refugee Alliance explains how this group is preparing Ames to receive refugees. They are offering yard signs at this time, that supports refugees. If you would like to order a yard sign, go to the Ames Progressive Alliance web page and click the "News" tab, to get to the order form.
Online Resources:
- ISU Office for Diversity and Inclusion
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
- Multicultural Vision Program
- Hoodies and Hijabs
- Vice President of Student Affairs
- Ames Interfaith Refugee Alliance
- Ames Progressive Alliance
Originally broadcast 02/10/2017
Listen here now


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Parents Handbook
In our Parents Handbook you can find all kinds of useful "day to day" information and rules about our school.
We hope you find it a useful document. It is not intended to replace the prospectus but rather to be used as a hands on "Everyday Information Tool".